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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Music_(Zakir_Hussain_album)
Making Music (Zakir Hussain album)
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
1987 studio album by Zakir HussainMaking MusicStudio album by Zakir HussainReleased1987RecordedDecember 1986StudioRainbow StudioOslo, NorwayGenreJazzworld jazzIndo jazzLength49:14LabelECM 1349ProducerManfred EicherZakir Hussain chronology Song for Everyone(1985) Making Music(1987) Tabla Duet(1988) Making Music is an album by Indian tabla player and composer Zakir Hussain recorded in 1986 and released on ECM the following year. The quartet features flautist Hariprasad Chaurasia, guitarist John McLaughlin and saxophonist Jan Garbarek. Reception The AllMusic review by Michael G. Nastos awarded the album 2½ stars stating "World fusion/jazz group falls short of its great potential." Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Track listing All compositions by Zakir Hussain except as indicated "Making Music" - 12:31 "Zakir" (John McLaughlin) - 6:23 "Water Girl" - 3:52 "Toni" - 3:51 "Anisa" - 9:14 "Sunjog" - 7:36 "You and Me" (Hussain, McLaughlin) - 2:12 "Sabah" - 3:35 Personnel Zakir Hussain – tabla, percussion, voice Hariprasad Chaurasia – flutes John McLaughlin – acoustic guitar Jan Garbarek – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone References ^ ECM discography accessed November 9, 2011 ^ a b Nastos, M. G. Allmusic Review accessed November 9, 2011 vteJohn McLaughlinSolo albums Extrapolation Where Fortune Smiles Devotion My Goal's Beyond Electric Guitarist Electric Dreams Belo Horizonte Music Spoken Here Live at the Royal Festival Hall Que Alegria Time Remembered: John McLaughlin Plays Bill Evans Tokyo Live After the Rain The Promise The Guitar Trio The Heart of Things The Heart of Things: Live in Paris Thieves and Poets Industrial Zen Floating Point To the One Now Here This Black Light Liberation Time with Miles Davis In a Silent Way Bitches Brew Jack Johnson Live-Evil On the Corner Big Fun Get Up with It Circle in the Round Directions You're Under Arrest Aura The Cellar Door Sessions 1970 with theMahavishnu Orchestra The Inner Mounting Flame Birds of Fire The Lost Trident Sessions Between Nothingness & Eternity Apocalypse Visions of the Emerald Beyond Inner Worlds Mahavishnu Adventures in Radioland with Shakti and Remember Shakti Shakti with John McLaughlin A Handful of Beauty Natural Elements Remember Shakti Remember Shakti – The Believer Remember Shakti – Saturday Night in Bombay This Moment Collaborative albums Super Nova Emergency! Things We Like Escalator over the Hill One Man Dog Love Devotion Surrender Welcome Moto Grosso Feio School Days Friday Night in San Francisco Passion, Grace and Fire Round Midnight (soundtrack) Making Music Universal Syncopations Five Peace Band Live Saturday Night in San Francisco Related articles Discography vteJan GarbarekStudio albums Esoteric Circle Afric Pepperbird Sart Triptykon Witchi-Tai-To Dansere Dis Places Photo with Blue Sky, White Cloud, Wires, Windows and a Red Roof Aftenland Eventyr Paths, Prints Wayfarer It's OK to Listen to the Gray Voice All Those Born with Wings Legend of the Seven Dreams Rosensfole I Took Up the Runes StAR Ragas and Sagas Twelve Moons Atmos Madar Visible World Rites Mnemosyne In Praise of Dreams Live albums Officium (1994) Dresden: In Concert (2009) Officium Novum (2010) Compilations Works Selected Recordings Rarum, Vol. 2: Selected Recordings Related articles ECM Records Keith Jarrett Terje Rypdal Ralph Towner Eberhard Weber Hilliard Ensemble
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Action_Party_(Costa_Rica)
Citizens' Action Party (Costa Rica)
["1 History and elections","1.1 Founding and 2002 election","1.2 2006 election","1.3 2010 election","1.4 2014 election","1.5 2018 election","2 Platform","2.1 International relations","3 Controversies","3.1 Estafa cases","4 Members","4.1 2010–2014 Mayors","4.2 Other notable members of PAC","5 Electoral performance","5.1 Presidential","5.2 Parliamentary","6 References","7 External links"]
Political party in Costa Rica Citizens' Action Party Partido Acción CiudadanaLeaderCarlos Alvarado QuesadaPresidentMarta Eugenia Solano AriasSecretary-GeneralAntony Cascante RamírezVice PresidentAlfredo ChavarríaTreasurerAura Martínez PérezFounded2000IdeologySocial democracyProgressivismAnti-corruptionFiguerismPolitical positionCentre-leftInternational affiliationProgressive AllianceColors  Gold  RedLegislative Assembly0 / 57Mayors5 / 82Alderpeople34 / 508Syndics18 / 486District councillors111 / 1,944Intendants1 / 8President0 / 1Party flagWebsitehttp://www.pac.cr/Politics of Costa RicaPolitical partiesElections The Citizens' Action Party (Spanish: Partido Acción Ciudadana; commonly abbreviated as PAC) is a political party in Costa Rica. Its platform is based on encouraging citizen participation and involvement in politics. One of its guiding ideals is to fight against corruption, arguing that it is one of the main causes of underdevelopment and voter apathy. The party took a leading role in the failed campaign against Costa Rica's membership of the Central American Free Trade Agreement. History and elections Founding and 2002 election Main article: 2002 Costa Rican general election PAC was founded in December 2000 by several dissidents from Costa Rica's two traditional parties, the National Liberation Party and the Social Christian Unity Party. Originally an anti-corruption party, it startled the Costa Rican political arena with a very strong showing in the 2002 general elections. In the presidential vote, party founder and candidate Ottón Solís was able to secure 26% of the votes – an unprecedented amount for a third party in Costa Rica – and force a runoff between the PLN and PUSC. The party won 21.9% of the popular vote and 14 out of 57 seats in the Legislative Assembly, making it the third strongest political force in the legislature. A few months later, however, after a series of internal disputes, six of the party's 14 deputies resigned from the party, leaving PAC with only eight seats. 2006 election Main article: 2006 Costa Rican general election In the February 5, 2006 parliamentary election, the party won 17 out of 57 seats. Ottón Solís ran for president again, losing to the PLN's Oscar Arias Sanchez by less than 2% of the votes. Arias only won by a few thousand votes over the 40 percent threshold required to avoid a runoff. The number of spoiled ballots was larger than the margin between Solís and Arias. PAC's Youth General Assembly, 2016 After the 2006 election, Ótton Solís took a year away from politics to teach in the United States. Former PLN Secretary General Luis Guillermo Solís' name began being circulated at meetings of the "ungroup," an informal gathering of PAC officials, led by former deputy Alberto Salom. Several PAC officials wanted Luis Guillermo Solís to run as a deputy in San José and as a vice presidential candidate in 2010. Future President Luis Guillermo Solís joined the party in 2009. and attended meetings of the "ungroup" shortly thereafter in anticipation of the 2014 election. 2010 election Main article: 2010 Costa Rican general election In the 2010 election, Ottón Solís ran for his third and final time as president. Laura Chinchilla of the PLN won, but Ottón Solís finished with 25.2% of the votes. PAC won the second fraction in the Legislative Assembly with 11 deputies elected. Six candidates won municipal elections in the rural communities of Aserrí, Matina, Hojancha, Cañas, Los Chiles y Guatuso. 2014 election Main article: 2014 Costa Rican general election PAC supporters wave their traditional colors to celebrate Luis Guillermo Solís' victory on 6 April 2014 In 2013, PAC held its second national convention. It was an open convention in which any citizen could vote, despite party affiliation. Four candidates vied for the primary to represent PAC in the 2014 national elections: Epsy Campbell Barr, Juan Carlos Mendoza, Luis Guillermo Solís, and Ronald Solís Bolaños, with Luis Guillermo Solís winning 35% of the votes. On 6 April 2014, Luis Guillermo Solís became the president elect of Costa Rica. PAC candidates won 13 seats in the Legislative Assembly. 2018 election Main article: 2018 Costa Rican general election The third national convention was held between only two candidates, both former ministers on PAC's first cabinet; Minister of Economy Welmer Ramos and Minister of Labor Carlos Alvarado. Ramos was an economist, more socially conservative and close to the "ottonista" faction, whilst Alvarado was writer and political scientist, much more socially liberal and younger, close to the "progresista" faction. Alvarado won the primary election becoming PAC's first time candidate during government. Despite suffering from a diminished popularity due to the Cementazo scandal affecting the image of Luis Guillermo Solis' government, Alvarado's progressive positions boost him into the second round as a counter-reaction after the growth of Evangelical Christian singer and ultra-conservative candidate Fabricio Alvarado after the backlash against the IACHR's ruling ordering the country to legalize same-sex marriage, winning by a wide margin in the second round with 60% of the votes and more than 1,300,000 votes over the 39% and around 800,000 votes of his rival, becoming the second time that the party achieved more than a million votes in second round. Platform While cleaning up corruption has been one of PAC's main goals since its creation, Solís has added to the party's platform. He wants to build infrastructure, bolster Costa Rica's universal health care and social security systems and push for environmentally friendly policies. Historically, PAC has opposed free trade agreements such as CAFTA, which Solís claims is improperly implemented. In addition, PAC claims that the country's tax system is inadequate, saying that a more progressive system is needed. International relations PAC is a member of the Progressive Alliance. It maintains informal relations with other progressive and social democratic parties. Ottón Solís has independently met with Ricardo Lagos of the Socialist Party of Chile during a visit to Costa Rica, Cristina Fernández, and members of the Democratic Party of the United States. Controversies Estafa cases The party was affected in 2016 by a conviction for irregular handling of funds when treasurer Maynor Sterling and an official of the headquarters named Bolaños were found guilty of trying to collect from the Supreme Elections Court for goods and services donated by adherents of the party. The conviction carried a fine of 500 million colones and jail terms for the two involved. In December 2020, the PAC resorts to requesting donations to pay the debt for fraud to the State. Members 2010–2014 Mayors 2010–2014 Mayors Name (Last, First) Municipality Lawson, Elvis Matina Morales Mora, Víctor Aserrí Pineda, Eduardo Hojancha Álvaro, Solano Los Chiles Torres, Abelino Guatuso Zúñiga, Lizanías Cañas Other notable members of PAC Notable Members of PAC Name (Last, First) Notes Campbell Barr, Epsy Deputy 2002–2006 and 2014–2018, party president 2005–2009, politician, civil rights advocate Blanco, Wilfrido Vice Minister of Education Abel Pacheco administration (2002–2006). Former PLN member. Carazo Zeledón, Rodrigo Alberto National Ombudsman 1993–1997, and deputy 2002–2006. Son of ex-president Rodrigo Carazo Odio Chacón Echeverría, Ana Helena Minister of Public Safety (Abel Pacheco administration (2002–2006), deputy (2006–2010), daughter of Luis Manuel Chacón (founding member of PUSC), Vice President (2014). Salom Echeverría, Alberto president of the Costa Rican Federation of University Students 1974–1975, vice president of National University of Costa Rica 1995–2000, deputy for PAC (2006–2010). Cañas Escalante, Alberto founding member of PAC, secretary of the Founding Junta of the Second Republic 1948, United Nations ambassador 1948–1949, president Editorial Costa Rica, deputy 1962–1966, Legislative Assembly President 1994–1998, Prime Minister 1970–1974. Fallas, Helio Minister of Planning Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier administration (1990–1994), Minister of Housing during Abel Pacheco administration (2002–2006), Vice President, 2014. Former PUSC member Fonseca Corrales, Elizabeth historian, professor Universidad de Costa Rica. 2010 leader of PAC fraction in National Assembly. Miranda, Guido Executive President Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social. Former PLN member. Mendoza García, Juan Carlos deputy 2010–2014, Factional President 2010-1011, and Legislative Assembly President 2011–2012. Morales Mora, Víctor Minister of Labor Miguel Ángel Rodríguez administration (1998–2002), and deputy (Calderón Fournier administration) 1990–1994, Aserrí Mayor. Former PUSC member. Penón Góngora, Margarita first lady of Costa Rica 1986–1990 (ex-wife of Óscar Arias) and deputy (2002–2006). Replaced by Aguilar Mirambell in 2005 after resignation. Salas Bonilla, Jorge Antonio Mayor of Tibás Cantón 2007–2011. Solano, Hernán Vice Minister of Youth Abel Pacheco administration (2002–2006). Former PUSC member. Solís Fallas, Ottón Minister of Planning Óscar Arias administration (1986–1988), deputy (Figueres administration) 1994–1998, founding member of PAC, three-time presidential candidate for PAC, deputy 2014–2018. Solís Bolaños, Ronald deputy with PAC 2006–2010, anti-CAFTA activist, businessman. Ran in PAC presidential primary in 2013. Solís Rivera, Luis Guillermo Politician, historian, professor of Latin American Studies. Ex PLN Secretary General. President Elect 2014–2018. Trejos Lalli, Eduardo Internationalist and advisor, current Intelligence Director Villasuso, Juan Manuel President of Costa Rican Institute of Electricity Luis Alberto Monge administration (1982–1983), Minister of Planning Luis Alberto Monge administration (1983–1986). Former PLN member. Electoral performance Presidential Election Candidate First round Second round Votes % Position Result Votes % Position Result 2002 Ottón Solís 400,681 26.19% 3rd Lost 2006 646,382 39.80% 2nd Lost 2010 464,454 25.15% 2nd Lost 2014 Luis Guillermo Solís 629,866 30.64% 1st ─ 1,314,327 77.81% 1st Won 2018 Carlos Alvarado Quesada 466,129 21.63% 2nd ─ 1,322,908 60.59% 1st Won 2022 Welmer Ramos González 13,803 0.66% 10th Lost Parliamentary Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Government 2002 Ottón Solís 334,162 22.0% 14 / 57 New 3rd Opposition 2006 409,030 25.3% 17 / 57 3 2nd Opposition 2010 334,636 17.6% 11 / 57 6 2nd Opposition 2014 Luis Guillermo Solís 480,969 23.4% 13 / 57 2 2nd Government 2018 Carlos Alvarado Quesada 347,703 16.3% 10 / 57 3 3rd Government 2022 Welmer Ramos González 44,622 2.2% 0 / 57 10 7th Extra-parliamentary References ^ "Pese a ser 'figueristas', en La Lucha votaron PAC". La Nación. Retrieved 27 January 2020. ^ Badilla, Gabriela. "Solís visitó finca de los Figueres en lo que denominó un "acto histórico"". Teletica. Retrieved 27 January 2020. ^ Smith, Amy Erica (Apr 2, 2018). "Is Costa Rica's presidential election a victory for liberalism?". Vox. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ "Centre-left, pro-gay marriage candidate wins Costa Rica election". France24. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2021. ^ Arrieta, Esteban (8 August 2019). "Progresistas y conservadores repetirían elecciones del 2018". Retrieved 12 May 2021. ^ "Participants announces". progressive-alliance.info. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2016. ^ "Opposition candidate and former historian Luis Guillermo Solís elected as Costa Rica's next president". 7 April 2014. ^ "Costa Rican centrist set for election win". ^ "Global Elections Round-Up: Last 12 Months". Fitch Solutions. 31 July 2018. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020. ^ a b c Oviedo, Estaban (8 April 2014). "Luis Guillermo Solís: El profesor desconocido que, en tres años, llegó a ser el presidente" . La Nación (San Jose) (in Spanish). San José. Retrieved 8 April 2014. ^ Ortiz de Zárate (editor), Roberto (March 2014). "Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera, CIDOB" (in Spanish). Barcelona: Barcelona Centre for International Affairs. Retrieved 1 April 2014. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help) ^ Agüero R., Mercedes (18 March 2014). "Diálogo y acuerdo, las palabras de moda en futuros diputados". La Nacion (Costa Rica). Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014. ^ Garcia, David Alire; Pretel, Enrique Andres. "Costa Rica center-left easily wins presidency in vote fought on gay rights". Reuters. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ Stanley, Katherine. "Carlos Alvarado wins Costa Rica's presidency in a landslide". The Tico Times. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ Dyer, Zach (3 November 2013). "Costa Rican presidential candidate Luis Guillermo Solís: 'It's not going to be business as usual'". The Tico Times. Retrieved 3 February 2014. ^ Díaz, Luis Edo. (27 January 2014). "Luis Guillermo Solís llama a sus seguidores a 'cambiar la historia' patria" . La Nación (in Spanish). San José. Retrieved 3 February 2014. ^ Sequeira, Aaron (20 February 2014). "Luis Guillermo Solís propone evitar firma de nuevos tratados comerciales" . La Nación (in Spanish). San José. Retrieved 20 February 2014. ^ a b Leiton, Patricia (24 March 2014). "PAC haría reforma fiscal, impuesto por impuesto" . La Nacion (in Spanish). San José. Retrieved 24 March 2014. ^ "Parties & Organisations". ^ "Felicita Argentina a presidente-electo de Costa Rica" . La Prensa Latina (in Spanish). Havana. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014. ^ "PAC recurrirá a donaciones para cancelar deuda por estafa al Estado". www.larepublica.net (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ Ruiz Ramón, Gerardo (9 October 2013). "PAC ofrece candidatura a la vicepresidencia a Ana Helena Chacón". La Nacion (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica. Retrieved 26 March 2014. ^ diputados Accessed on Nov 22, 2007. External links Official website (in Spanish) vteCitizens' Action PartyPartido Acción CiudadanaNational Executive Committee Marta Eugenia Solano Arias (President) Antony Cascante Ramírez (Secretary General) Aura Martínez Pérez (Treasurer) 2014-2018 Deputies(13 / 57)San José Epsy Campbell Barr Ottón Solís Víctor Hugo Morales Zapata Marcela Guerrero Campos Ruperto Marvin Atencio Delgado Alajuela Nidia María Jiménez Vásquez Javier Francisco Cambronero Arguedas Franklin Corella Vargas Cartago Emilia Molina Cruz Marco Vinicio Redondo Quirós Heredia Henry Mora Jiménez Marlene Madrigal Flores Puntarenas Laura María Garro Sánchez Notable members Carlos Alvarado Quesada Wilfrido Blanco Margarita Bolaños Arquín Epsy Campbell Barr Alberto Cañas Escalante Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría Helio Fallas Elizabeth Fonseca Corrales Juan Carlos Mendoza García Guido Miranda Víctor Morales Mora Olivier Pérez González Jorge Antonio Salas Bonilla Alberto Salom Echeverría Olga Marta Sánchez Oviedo Hernán Solano Luis Guillermo Solís Ottón Solís Fallas Ronald Solís Bolaños Eduardo Trejos Lalli Gloria Valerín Rodríguez Juan Manuel Villasuso Leda Zamora Chaves Issues and beliefs Christian socialism Social democracy Progressivism Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of Costa Rica Category vtePolitical parties in Costa Rica Parliamentary fractions in the Legislative Assembly National Liberation Party (19) Social Democratic Progress Party (10) Social Christian Unity Party (9) New Republic Party (7) Liberal Progressive Party (6) Broad Front (6) Extra-parliamentary parties Accessibility without Exclusion A Just Costa Rica Christian Democratic Alliance Citizens' Action Party Costa Rican Renewal Party Libertarian Movement National Integration Party National Union Party National Restoration Party New Generation Party Social Christian Republican Party United People United We Can Workers' Party Cantonal and provincial parties Cartago Green Party Authentic Limonense Party Escazu's Progressive Yoke 21st Century Curridabat Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of Costa Rica
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Originally an anti-corruption party, it startled the Costa Rican political arena with a very strong showing in the 2002 general elections. In the presidential vote, party founder and candidate Ottón Solís was able to secure 26% of the votes – an unprecedented amount for a third party in Costa Rica – and force a runoff between the PLN and PUSC.The party won 21.9% of the popular vote and 14 out of 57 seats in the Legislative Assembly, making it the third strongest political force in the legislature. A few months later, however, after a series of internal disputes, six of the party's 14 deputies resigned from the party, leaving PAC with only eight seats.","title":"History and elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Costa_Rican_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Costa_Rican_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Oscar Arias Sanchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Arias_Sanchez"},{"link_name":"spoiled ballots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiled_ballot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asamblea_General_de_Juventud_PAC_2016,_Liceo_de_Costa_Rica.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Luis Guillermo Solís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Guillermo_Sol%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desconocido-10"},{"link_name":"San José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desconocido-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIDOB-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desconocido-10"}],"sub_title":"2006 election","text":"In the February 5, 2006 parliamentary election, the party won 17 out of 57 seats. Ottón Solís ran for president again, losing to the PLN's Oscar Arias Sanchez by less than 2% of the votes. Arias only won by a few thousand votes over the 40 percent threshold required to avoid a runoff. The number of spoiled ballots was larger than the margin between Solís and Arias.PAC's Youth General Assembly, 2016After the 2006 election, Ótton Solís took a year away from politics to teach in the United States. Former PLN Secretary General Luis Guillermo Solís' name began being circulated at meetings of the \"ungroup,\" an informal gathering of PAC officials, led by former deputy Alberto Salom.[10] Several PAC officials wanted Luis Guillermo Solís to run as a deputy in San José and as a vice presidential candidate in 2010.[10]Future President Luis Guillermo Solís joined the party in 2009.[11] and attended meetings of the \"ungroup\" shortly thereafter in anticipation of the 2014 election.[10]","title":"History and elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Chinchilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Chinchilla"},{"link_name":"Aserrí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aserr%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Cañas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1as_(canton)"}],"sub_title":"2010 election","text":"In the 2010 election, Ottón Solís ran for his third and final time as president. Laura Chinchilla of the PLN won, but Ottón Solís finished with 25.2% of the votes. PAC won the second fraction in the Legislative Assembly with 11 deputies elected. Six candidates won municipal elections in the rural communities of Aserrí, Matina, Hojancha, Cañas, Los Chiles y Guatuso.","title":"History and elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PAC_Plaza_Roosevelt_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luis Guillermo Solís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Guillermo_Sol%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"second national convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Action_Party_presidential_primary,_2013"},{"link_name":"Epsy Campbell Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsy_Campbell_Barr"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"Luis Guillermo Solís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Guillermo_Sol%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Ronald Solís Bolaños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Sol%C3%ADs_Bola%C3%B1os"},{"link_name":"president elect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_elect"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"2014 election","text":"PAC supporters wave their traditional colors to celebrate Luis Guillermo Solís' victory on 6 April 2014In 2013, PAC held its second national convention. It was an open convention in which any citizen could vote, despite party affiliation. Four candidates vied for the primary to represent PAC in the 2014 national elections: Epsy Campbell Barr, Juan Carlos Mendoza, Luis Guillermo Solís, and Ronald Solís Bolaños, with Luis Guillermo Solís winning 35% of the votes.On 6 April 2014, Luis Guillermo Solís became the president elect of Costa Rica. PAC candidates won 13 seats in the Legislative Assembly.[12]","title":"History and elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third national convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens%27_Action_Party_presidential_primary,_2017"},{"link_name":"Welmer Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welmer_Ramos"},{"link_name":"Carlos Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Alvarado_Quesada"},{"link_name":"Luis Guillermo Solis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Guillermo_Solis"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Christian"},{"link_name":"singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_music"},{"link_name":"Fabricio Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabricio_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"IACHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanley-14"}],"sub_title":"2018 election","text":"The third national convention was held between only two candidates, both former ministers on PAC's first cabinet; Minister of Economy Welmer Ramos and Minister of Labor Carlos Alvarado. Ramos was an economist, more socially conservative and close to the \"ottonista\" faction, whilst Alvarado was writer and political scientist, much more socially liberal and younger, close to the \"progresista\" faction. Alvarado won the primary election becoming PAC's first time candidate during government.Despite suffering from a diminished popularity due to the Cementazo scandal affecting the image of Luis Guillermo Solis' government, Alvarado's progressive positions boost him into the second round as a counter-reaction after the growth of Evangelical Christian singer and ultra-conservative candidate Fabricio Alvarado after the backlash against the IACHR's ruling ordering the country to legalize same-sex marriage, winning by a wide margin in the second round with 60% of the votes and more than 1,300,000 votes over the 39% and around 800,000 votes of his rival, becoming the second time that the party achieved more than a million votes in second round.[13][14]","title":"History and elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"universal health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care"},{"link_name":"social security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tico-2013-11-03-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"CAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_Free_Trade_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leiton-18"}],"text":"While cleaning up corruption has been one of PAC's main goals since its creation, Solís has added to the party's platform. He wants to build infrastructure, bolster Costa Rica's universal health care and social security systems and push for environmentally friendly policies.[15][16] Historically, PAC has opposed free trade agreements such as CAFTA, which Solís claims is improperly implemented.[17] In addition, PAC claims that the country's tax system is inadequate, saying that a more progressive system is needed.[18]","title":"Platform"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Progressive Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Cristina Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"International relations","text":"PAC is a member of the Progressive Alliance.[19] It maintains informal relations with other progressive and social democratic parties. Ottón Solís has independently met with Ricardo Lagos of the Socialist Party of Chile during a visit to Costa Rica, Cristina Fernández, and members of the Democratic Party of the United States.[20]","title":"Platform"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Elections Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Electoral_Court_of_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Estafa cases","text":"The party was affected in 2016 by a conviction for irregular handling of funds when treasurer Maynor Sterling and an official of the headquarters named Bolaños were found guilty of trying to collect from the Supreme Elections Court for goods and services donated by adherents of the party. The conviction carried a fine of 500 million colones and jail terms for the two involved. In December 2020, the PAC resorts to requesting donations to pay the debt for fraud to the State.[21]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010–2014 Mayors","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other notable members of PAC","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Presidential","title":"Electoral performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Parliamentary","title":"Electoral performance"}]
[{"image_text":"PAC's Youth General Assembly, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Asamblea_General_de_Juventud_PAC_2016%2C_Liceo_de_Costa_Rica.jpg/220px-Asamblea_General_de_Juventud_PAC_2016%2C_Liceo_de_Costa_Rica.jpg"},{"image_text":"PAC supporters wave their traditional colors to celebrate Luis Guillermo Solís' victory on 6 April 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PAC_Plaza_Roosevelt_2.jpg/220px-PAC_Plaza_Roosevelt_2.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Pese a ser 'figueristas', en La Lucha votaron PAC\". La Nación. Retrieved 27 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/pese-a-ser-figueristas-en-la-lucha-votaron-pac/GTDSTDVTQZCOXL7HMRDSBSKYCY/story/","url_text":"\"Pese a ser 'figueristas', en La Lucha votaron PAC\""}]},{"reference":"Badilla, Gabriela. \"Solís visitó finca de los Figueres en lo que denominó un \"acto histórico\"\". Teletica. Retrieved 27 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teletica.com/43925_solis-visito-finca-de-los-figueres-en-lo-que-denomino-un-acto-historico","url_text":"\"Solís visitó finca de los Figueres en lo que denominó un \"acto histórico\"\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Amy Erica (Apr 2, 2018). \"Is Costa Rica's presidential election a victory for liberalism?\". Vox. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Erica_Smith","url_text":"Smith, Amy Erica"},{"url":"https://www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2018/4/2/17188426/costa-rica-election","url_text":"\"Is Costa Rica's presidential election a victory for liberalism?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Centre-left, pro-gay marriage candidate wins Costa Rica election\". France24. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/20180402-centre-left-pro-gay-marriage-candidate-carlos-alvarado-wins-costa-rica-election","url_text":"\"Centre-left, pro-gay marriage candidate wins Costa Rica election\""}]},{"reference":"Arrieta, Esteban (8 August 2019). \"Progresistas y conservadores repetirían elecciones del 2018\". Retrieved 12 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/progresistas-y-conservadores-repetirian-elecciones-del-2018","url_text":"\"Progresistas y conservadores repetirían elecciones del 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Participants announces\". progressive-alliance.info. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://progressive-alliance.info/2015/03/26/mexico-participants-announces-3/","url_text":"\"Participants announces\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opposition candidate and former historian Luis Guillermo Solís elected as Costa Rica's next president\". 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://ticotimes.net/2014/04/06/opposition-candidate-and-former-historian-luis-guillermo-solis-elected-as-costa-ricas-next-president","url_text":"\"Opposition candidate and former historian Luis Guillermo Solís elected as Costa Rica's next president\""}]},{"reference":"\"Costa Rican centrist set for election win\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/4/6/costa-rican-centrist-set-for-election-win","url_text":"\"Costa Rican centrist set for election win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Elections Round-Up: Last 12 Months\". Fitch Solutions. 31 July 2018. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022100031/https://www.fitchsolutions.com/country-risk-sovereigns/global-elections-round-last-12-months-31-07-2018","url_text":"\"Global Elections Round-Up: Last 12 Months\""},{"url":"https://www.fitchsolutions.com/country-risk-sovereigns/global-elections-round-last-12-months-31-07-2018","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oviedo, Estaban (8 April 2014). \"Luis Guillermo Solís: El profesor desconocido que, en tres años, llegó a ser el presidente\" [Luis Guillermo Solís: The unknown professor who, in three years, became president]. La Nación (San Jose) (in Spanish). San José. Retrieved 8 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nacion.com/nacional/elecciones2014/Luis-Guillermo-Solis-desconocido-presidente_0_1407059351.html","url_text":"\"Luis Guillermo Solís: El profesor desconocido que, en tres años, llegó a ser el presidente\""}]},{"reference":"Ortiz de Zárate (editor), Roberto (March 2014). \"Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera, CIDOB\" (in Spanish). Barcelona: Barcelona Centre for International Affairs. Retrieved 1 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_central_y_caribe/costa_rica/luis_guillermo_solis_rivera","url_text":"\"Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera, CIDOB\""}]},{"reference":"Agüero R., Mercedes (18 March 2014). \"Diálogo y acuerdo, las palabras de moda en futuros diputados\". La Nacion (Costa Rica). Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140402113223/http://www.nacion.com/elecciones_2014/Dialogo-acuerdo-palabras-futuros-diputados_0_1403059747.html","url_text":"\"Diálogo y acuerdo, las palabras de moda en futuros diputados\""},{"url":"http://www.nacion.com/elecciones_2014/Dialogo-acuerdo-palabras-futuros-diputados_0_1403059747.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Garcia, David Alire; Pretel, Enrique Andres. \"Costa Rica center-left easily wins presidency in vote fought on gay rights\". Reuters. Retrieved 2 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-costarica-election/costa-rica-center-left-easily-wins-presidency-in-vote-fought-on-gay-rights-idUSKBN1H80XC","url_text":"\"Costa Rica center-left easily wins presidency in vote fought on gay rights\""}]},{"reference":"Stanley, Katherine. \"Carlos Alvarado wins Costa Rica's presidency in a landslide\". The Tico Times. Retrieved 2 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ticotimes.net/2018/04/01/carlos-alvarado-will-be-costa-ricas-48th-president","url_text":"\"Carlos Alvarado wins Costa Rica's presidency in a landslide\""}]},{"reference":"Dyer, Zach (3 November 2013). \"Costa Rican presidential candidate Luis Guillermo Solís: 'It's not going to be business as usual'\". The Tico Times. Retrieved 3 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ticotimes.net/2013/11/04/costa-rican-presidential-candidate-luis-guillermo-solis-it-s-not-going-to-be-business-as-usual","url_text":"\"Costa Rican presidential candidate Luis Guillermo Solís: 'It's not going to be business as usual'\""}]},{"reference":"Díaz, Luis Edo. (27 January 2014). \"Luis Guillermo Solís llama a sus seguidores a 'cambiar la historia' patria\" [Luis Guillermo Solís calls on his supporters to 'change history' for the country]. La Nación (in Spanish). San José. Retrieved 3 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nacion.com/nacional/elecciones2014/Luis-Guillermo-Solis-seguidores-historia_0_1393060748.html","url_text":"\"Luis Guillermo Solís llama a sus seguidores a 'cambiar la historia' patria\""}]},{"reference":"Sequeira, Aaron (20 February 2014). \"Luis Guillermo Solís propone evitar firma de nuevos tratados comerciales\" [Luis Guillermo Solís proposes avoiding the signing of new free trade agreements]. La Nación (in Spanish). San José. Retrieved 20 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nacion.com/nacional/elecciones2014/Luis-Guillermo-Solis-tratados-comerciales_0_1397860268.html","url_text":"\"Luis Guillermo Solís propone evitar firma de nuevos tratados comerciales\""}]},{"reference":"Leiton, Patricia (24 March 2014). \"PAC haría reforma fiscal, impuesto por impuesto\" [PAC will make fiscal reforms, tax by tax]. La Nacion (in Spanish). San José. Retrieved 24 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nacion.com/economia/politica-economica/PAC-haria-reforma-fiscal-impuesto_0_1404259568.html","url_text":"\"PAC haría reforma fiscal, impuesto por impuesto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parties & Organisations\".","urls":[{"url":"http://progressive-alliance.info/network/parties-and-organisations/","url_text":"\"Parties & Organisations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Felicita Argentina a presidente-electo de Costa Rica\" [Argentina congratulates president-elect of Costa Rica]. La Prensa Latina (in Spanish). Havana. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&idioma=1&id=2556281&Itemid=1","url_text":"\"Felicita Argentina a presidente-electo de Costa Rica\""}]},{"reference":"\"PAC recurrirá a donaciones para cancelar deuda por estafa al Estado\". www.larepublica.net (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/pac-recurrira-a-donaciones-para-cancelar-deuda-por-estafa-al-estado","url_text":"\"PAC recurrirá a donaciones para cancelar deuda por estafa al Estado\""}]},{"reference":"Ruiz Ramón, Gerardo (9 October 2013). \"PAC ofrece candidatura a la vicepresidencia a Ana Helena Chacón\". La Nacion (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica. Retrieved 26 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nacion.com/nacional/politica/Elecciones_2014-Ana_Elena_Chacon-PAC-PUSC-candidata_a_vicepresidenta_0_1371063091.html","url_text":"\"PAC ofrece candidatura a la vicepresidencia a Ana Helena Chacón\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.pac.cr/","external_links_name":"http://www.pac.cr/"},{"Link":"https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/pese-a-ser-figueristas-en-la-lucha-votaron-pac/GTDSTDVTQZCOXL7HMRDSBSKYCY/story/","external_links_name":"\"Pese a ser 'figueristas', en La Lucha votaron PAC\""},{"Link":"https://www.teletica.com/43925_solis-visito-finca-de-los-figueres-en-lo-que-denomino-un-acto-historico","external_links_name":"\"Solís visitó finca de los Figueres en lo que denominó un \"acto histórico\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2018/4/2/17188426/costa-rica-election","external_links_name":"\"Is Costa Rica's presidential election a victory for liberalism?\""},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/20180402-centre-left-pro-gay-marriage-candidate-carlos-alvarado-wins-costa-rica-election","external_links_name":"\"Centre-left, pro-gay marriage candidate wins Costa Rica election\""},{"Link":"https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/progresistas-y-conservadores-repetirian-elecciones-del-2018","external_links_name":"\"Progresistas y conservadores repetirían elecciones del 2018\""},{"Link":"http://progressive-alliance.info/2015/03/26/mexico-participants-announces-3/","external_links_name":"\"Participants announces\""},{"Link":"https://ticotimes.net/2014/04/06/opposition-candidate-and-former-historian-luis-guillermo-solis-elected-as-costa-ricas-next-president","external_links_name":"\"Opposition candidate and former historian Luis Guillermo Solís elected as Costa Rica's next president\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/4/6/costa-rican-centrist-set-for-election-win","external_links_name":"\"Costa Rican centrist set for election win\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022100031/https://www.fitchsolutions.com/country-risk-sovereigns/global-elections-round-last-12-months-31-07-2018","external_links_name":"\"Global Elections Round-Up: Last 12 Months\""},{"Link":"https://www.fitchsolutions.com/country-risk-sovereigns/global-elections-round-last-12-months-31-07-2018","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nacion.com/nacional/elecciones2014/Luis-Guillermo-Solis-desconocido-presidente_0_1407059351.html","external_links_name":"\"Luis Guillermo Solís: El profesor desconocido que, en tres años, llegó a ser el presidente\""},{"Link":"http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_central_y_caribe/costa_rica/luis_guillermo_solis_rivera","external_links_name":"\"Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera, CIDOB\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140402113223/http://www.nacion.com/elecciones_2014/Dialogo-acuerdo-palabras-futuros-diputados_0_1403059747.html","external_links_name":"\"Diálogo y acuerdo, las palabras de moda en futuros diputados\""},{"Link":"http://www.nacion.com/elecciones_2014/Dialogo-acuerdo-palabras-futuros-diputados_0_1403059747.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-costarica-election/costa-rica-center-left-easily-wins-presidency-in-vote-fought-on-gay-rights-idUSKBN1H80XC","external_links_name":"\"Costa Rica center-left easily wins presidency in vote fought on gay rights\""},{"Link":"http://www.ticotimes.net/2018/04/01/carlos-alvarado-will-be-costa-ricas-48th-president","external_links_name":"\"Carlos Alvarado wins Costa Rica's presidency in a landslide\""},{"Link":"http://www.ticotimes.net/2013/11/04/costa-rican-presidential-candidate-luis-guillermo-solis-it-s-not-going-to-be-business-as-usual","external_links_name":"\"Costa Rican presidential candidate Luis Guillermo Solís: 'It's not going to be business as usual'\""},{"Link":"http://www.nacion.com/nacional/elecciones2014/Luis-Guillermo-Solis-seguidores-historia_0_1393060748.html","external_links_name":"\"Luis Guillermo Solís llama a sus seguidores a 'cambiar la historia' patria\""},{"Link":"http://www.nacion.com/nacional/elecciones2014/Luis-Guillermo-Solis-tratados-comerciales_0_1397860268.html","external_links_name":"\"Luis Guillermo Solís propone evitar firma de nuevos tratados comerciales\""},{"Link":"http://www.nacion.com/economia/politica-economica/PAC-haria-reforma-fiscal-impuesto_0_1404259568.html","external_links_name":"\"PAC haría reforma fiscal, impuesto por impuesto\""},{"Link":"http://progressive-alliance.info/network/parties-and-organisations/","external_links_name":"\"Parties & Organisations\""},{"Link":"http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&idioma=1&id=2556281&Itemid=1","external_links_name":"\"Felicita Argentina a presidente-electo de Costa Rica\""},{"Link":"https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/pac-recurrira-a-donaciones-para-cancelar-deuda-por-estafa-al-estado","external_links_name":"\"PAC recurrirá a donaciones para cancelar deuda por estafa al 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Yemen
Law enforcement in Yemen
["1 References"]
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Law enforcement in Yemen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) Yemen's primary and most feared internal security and intelligence-gathering force is the Political Security Organization (PSO) جهاز الأمن السياسي, led by military officers; it reports directly to the president and operates its own detention centers. There are an estimated 150,000 personnel in the PSO. The Central Security Organization, which is part of the Ministry of Interior, maintains a paramilitary force and also has its own extrajudicial detention facilities. Also attached to the Ministry of Interior is the Criminal Investigative Department (CID) of the police, which conducts most criminal investigations and arrests. The total strength of the CID is estimated to be 13,000 personnel. According to the U.S. Department of State, members of the PSO and Ministry of Interior police forces have committed serious human rights violations, including physical abuse and lengthy detentions without formal charges. In 2002 the government established the National Security Bureau, which reports directly to the president and appears to have similar responsibilities to those of the PSO, but it remains unclear how the two organizations coordinate their responsibilities. References ^ a b c d e f g Country profile: Yemen. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (August 2008). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. vteLaw enforcement in AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal vteYemen articlesHistory Timeline Ancient history Minaean Himyar Kingdom of Aksum Sasanian Islamic history Modern Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) Alwaziri coup North Yemen Civil War Yemenite Wars 1972 1979 South Yemen Civil War Unification 1994 Civil War Houthi insurgency Takeover Aftermath of the takeover Crisis (2011–present) Revolution Civil war (2014–present) Saudi–led intervention Saudi–led blockade Famine in Yemen (2016–present) 2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen Taiz campaign Conflict related attacks 1992 Yemen hotel bombings 2007 attack on tourists in Yemen 2008 attack on the United States embassy in Yemen 2008 attack on tourists in Yemen 2008 Bin Salman mosque bombing 2009 Yemeni tourist attacks 2012 Sanaʽa bombing 2013 Iranian diplomat kidnapping 2013 Sana'a attack 2014 Ibb bombing 2014 Rada' bombings 2015 Aden car bombing 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Yemen bombings Other various attacks Attacks tied to Al-Qaeda insurgency Geography Borders Cities Districts Governorates Islands National parks Rivers Politics House of Representatives Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Law enforcement Political parties President Vice President Prime Minister Military Republican Guard Navy Air Force Coast Guard Economy Energy Rial (currency) Mining Telecommunications Tourism Transport Khat Society Demographics Tribes Education Health Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Media Museums Music Public holidays Sport OutlineIndex Category This Yemen-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This law enforcement–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Arms_Conference_Treaty
Washington Naval Conference
["1 Background","2 Meeting","3 Agreements","4 Results","5 Termination","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources and further reading","8.1 Primary sources","9 External links"]
1921–22 disarmament conference in Washington D.C., US Washington Naval Conference. Date: November 12, 1921 to February 6, 1922 The Washington Naval Conference was a disarmament conference called by the United States and held in Washington, D.C., from November 12, 1921, to February 6, 1922. It was conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations. It was attended by nine nations (the United States, Japan, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal) regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. Germany was not invited to the conference, as restrictions on its navy had already been set in the Versailles Treaty. Soviet Russia was also not invited to the conference. It was the first arms control conference in history, and is still studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. Held at Memorial Continental Hall, in Downtown Washington, it resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty (more commonly known as the Washington Naval Treaty), the Nine-Power Treaty, and a number of smaller agreements. These treaties preserved the peace during the 1920s but were not renewed in the increasingly hostile world of the Great Depression. Background The global appetite for peace and disarmament was aplenty throughout the 1920s. Women had just won the right to vote in many countries, and they helped convince politicians that money could be saved, votes won, and future wars avoided by stopping the arms race. Across the world, leaders of the women's suffrage movement formed international organizations such as the International Council of Women and the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Historian Martin Pugh writes that they achieved the greatest influence in the 1920s, "when they helped to promote women's contribution to the anti-war movement throughout the Western world." In the United States, practically all the major Protestant denominations and highly-visible Protestant spokesmen were strong supporters of international peace efforts. They collaborated to work to educate their local congregations on the need for peace and disarmament. At the end of World War I, the British still had the largest navy afloat, but its big ships were becoming obsolete, and the Americans and the Japanese were rapidly building expensive new warships. Britain and Japan were allies in a treaty that was due to expire in 1922. Although there were no immediate dangers, observers increasingly pointed to the American-Japanese rivalry for control of the Pacific Ocean as a long-term threat to world peace. By then, considering their colonial interests in Asia, the British decided that it was better for them to cast their lot with Washington than Tokyo. To stop a needless, expensive, and possibly dangerous arms race, the major countries signed a series of naval disarmament agreements. Meeting The American delegation, led by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, included Elihu Root, Henry Cabot Lodge and Oscar Underwood, the last being the Democratic minority leader in the Senate. The conference's primary objective was to restrain Japanese naval expansion in the waters of the West Pacific, especially with regard to fortifications on strategically-valuable islands. Its secondary objectives were intended to obtain an ultimate limit to Japanese expansion and also an alleviation of concerns over possible antagonism with the British. They were to eliminate Anglo-American tension by abrogating the Anglo-Japanese alliance, to agree upon a favorable naval ratio vis-à-vis Japan, and to have the Japanese officially accept a continuation of the Open Door Policy in China. The British, however, took a more cautious and tempered approach. Indeed, the British officials brought certain general desires to the conference: to achieve peace and stability in the West Pacific; avoid a naval arms race with the United States; thwart Japanese encroachment into areas under their influence; and preserve the security of Singapore, Hong Kong, and Dominion countries, but they did not enter the conference with a specific laundry list of demands. Rather, they brought with them a vague vision of what the West Pacific should look like after an agreement. Japanese officials were more focused on specifics than the British, and they approached the conference with two primary goals: to sign a naval treaty with Britain and the United States and to obtain official recognition of Japan's special interests in Manchuria and Mongolia. Japanese officials also brought other issues to the conference: a strong demand to remain in control of Yap, Siberia, and Tsingtao as well as more general concerns about the growing presence of American fleets in the Pacific. The American hand was strengthened by the interception and decryption of secret instructions from the Japanese government to its delegation. The message revealed the lowest naval ratio that would be acceptable to Tokyo; US negotiators used that knowledge to push the Japanese. This success, one of the first in the US government's budding eavesdropping and cryptology efforts, led eventually to the growth of such agencies. The head of the Japanese delegation to the Washington Naval Conference was Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, who during the first four decades of the twentieth century led a political movement in Japan that promoted democracy and international goodwill with the U.S., Europe and Asia. His influence was significant in the negotiations and ratification of the Washington Naval Treaty. Agreements US President Warren Harding called the Washington Conference a deal that all countries thought best for themselves. To resolve technical disputes about the quality of warships, the conferees adopted a standard based on the tonnage displacement, a simple measure of the size of a ship. A ten-year agreement fixed the ratio of battleships at 5:5:3: 525,000 tons for the US, 525,000 tons for Britain, and 315,000 tons for Japan. Smaller limits with a ratio of 1.67 applied to France and Italy. Battleships, the dominant weapons systems of the era, could be no larger than 35,000 tons. The major powers allowed themselves 135,000:135,000:81,000 tons for the newly-developed aircraft carriers. While the admirals were unhappy, peace activists strongly supported the results and successfully worked for ratification. In the United States they included the World Peace Foundation; the American Association for International Conciliation; the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; the Women's Peace Society; the Women's World Disarmament Committee; the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, and the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America. The Washington Conference exactly captured the worldwide popular demand for peace and disarmament. Without an agreement, the US, Britain and Japan would have engaged in an expensive buildup, with each fearing the other two getting too powerful. However, even with the restrictions, the agreement solidified Japan's position as a great power and was treated as a colonial power with equal diplomatic interests, a first for a non-Western nation. The naval treaty was concluded on February 6, 1922. Ratifications of the treaty were exchanged in Washington on August 17, 1923, and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on April 16, 1924. Japan agreed to revert Shandong to Chinese control by an agreement concluded on February 4, 1922. Ratifications of the agreement were exchanged in Beijing on June 2, 1922, and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on July 7, 1922. Results The Washington Naval Treaty led to an effective end to building new battleship fleets, and the few ships that were built were limited in size and armament. Many existing capital ships were scrapped or sunk. Some ships under construction were turned into aircraft carriers instead. Even with the treaty, the major navies remained suspicious of one another and briefly (1927–1930) engaged in a race to build heavy cruisers, which had been limited in size (10,000 tons) but not numbers. That oversight was resolved on value of cruisers by the London Naval Treaty of 1930, which specified a 10:10:7 ratio for cruisers and destroyers. For the first time, submarines were also limited, with Japan given parity with the US and Britain, at 53,000 tons each. (Submarines typically displaced 1,000-2,000 tons each.) The US Navy maintained an active building program that replaced obsolescent warships with technically more sophisticated new models in part because its construction yards were important sources of political patronage and so were well protected by Congress. During the New Deal, relief funds were used to build more warships. "The naval program was wholly mine," President Franklin Roosevelt boasted. Termination The pacts and the treaties that resulted from the Washington Naval Treaty remained in effect for fourteen years. Japan ended participation in 1936. See also London Naval Treaty (1930) Second London Naval Treaty Anglo-German Naval Agreement References ^ a b Wright, Quincy (1922). "The Washington Conference". American Political Science Review. 16 (2): 285–297. doi:10.2307/1943964. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1943964. S2CID 147404493. ^ a b Thorson, Winston B. (1 January 1946). "Pacific Northwest Opinion on the Washington Conference of 1921-1922". The Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 37 (2): 109–127. JSTOR 40486746. ^ a b "Washington Naval Conference". u-s-history.com. Retrieved 2011-12-18. ^ a b "On the Trail of Military Intelligence History: A Guide to the Washington, DC, Area" (PDF). fas.org. Retrieved May 5, 2022. ^ Michael J. Turner, Britain and the World in the Twentieth Century (2010) p. 10 ^ Pugh, Martin (2000). The March of the Women: A Revisionist Analysis of the Campaign for Women's Suffrage, 1866-1914. Oxford University Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780198207757. ^ Robert Moats Miller, "The Attitudes of the Major Protestant Churches in America Toward War and Peace, 1919-1929", The Historian 19#1 (1956), pp. 13-38 online. ^ Richard W. Fanning, Peace and disarmament: naval rivalry & arms control, 1922-1933 (1995) pp. 1-24 ^ "Introduction to The Art of Peace: the illustrated biography of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa". TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com. 13 April 2020. ^ Katz, Stan S. (2019). The Art of Peace - An illustrated biography on Prince Tokugawa Iesato. Horizon Productions. ^ Roger Dingman, Power in the Pacific: the origins of naval arms limitation, 1914–1922 (1976) p. 217 ^ Germany was still limited to zero by the Versailles Treaty, and Soviet Russia, a pariah nation because of its communism, was not invited. ^ Richard Fanning, Peace and Disarmament: Naval Rivalry and Arms Control, 1922-1933 (University Press of Kentucky, 2014) p. 9. online ^ Richard Fanning, "Peace groups and the campaign for naval disarmament, 1927-1936." Peace & Change (1990) 15#1 pp 26–45. ^ Joshua Schenkein, "Japan, The Great Power: Industrialization Through The Lens Of Zaibatsu.", pp. 1–5. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 25, pp. 202–227. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 10, pp. 310-331. ^ "China and Japan - Treaty for the settlement of outstanding questions relative to Shantung, signed at Washington February 4, 1922 LNTSer 78; 10 LNTS 309". www.worldlii.org. Retrieved May 5, 2022. ^ George W. Baer, One Hundred Years of Sea Power: The U. S. Navy, 1890-1990 (1994) pp. 108-9. ^ Quoted in Harlow A. Hyde, Scraps of paper: the disarmament treaties between the world wars (1988) p. 239 ^ "Results of the Washington Naval Conference". www.u-s-history.com. Sources and further reading Buell, Raymond Leslie. The Washington Conference (D. Appleton, 1922) online Dingman, Roger. Power in the Pacific: the origins of naval arms limitation, 1914–1922 (1976) Dukes, Paul. The USA in the Making of the USSR: The Washington Conference 1921-22 and 'Uninvited Russia'. (Routledge, 2004). Earle, Neil. "Public Opinion for Peace: Tactics of Peace Activists at the Washington Conference on Naval Armament (1921-1922)." Journal of Church and State 40#1 (1998), pp. 149–69, online. Elleman, Bruce A. "The Washington Conference, 1921–1922." in International Competition in China, 1899-1991. (Routledge, 2015). 89-102. Fanning, Richard W. Peace and disarmament: Naval rivalry & arms control, 1922–1933 (1995) online Ferris, John. Armaments and allies: The Anglo-Japanese strategic relationship, 1911–1921 (Routledge, 2003). Field, Andrew. Royal Navy Strategy in the Far East, 1919–1939 (2004) Gibbs, Norman. "The Naval Conferences of the Interwar Years: A study in Anglo-American Relations" Naval War College Review 30#1 (Special issue Summer 1977), pp. 50–63 Online Goldman, Emily O. Sunken Treaties: Naval Arms Control between the Wars. (Pennsylvania State U. Press, 1994). 352 pp. Goldstein, Erik, and John H. Maurer, eds. The Washington Conference, 1921–22: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor (Psychology Press, 1994) topical essays by experts. Hayashi, Mika. "Disarmament Debates around the 1899 Hague Peace Conference and the 1921–1922 Washington Conference: Community-Oriented Aspirations and Individual Security Concerns." Journal of the History of International Law/Revue d'histoire du droit international 1.aop (2021): 1-28. Jordan, John (2011). Warships after Washington: The Development of Five Major Fleets 1922–1930. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-117-5. Kaufman, Robert Gordon. Arms Control during the Prenuclear Era: The United States and Naval Limitation between the Two World Wars. Columbia U. Press, 1990. 289 pp. Kitching; Carolyn J. Britain and the Problem of International Disarmament, 1919–1934 Rutledge, 1999 online Louria, Margot. Triumph and Downfall: America's Pursuit of Peace and Prosperity, 1921-1933 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). McKercher, B. J. C. "'A Certain Irritation': The White House, the State Department, and the Desire for a Naval Settlement with Great Britain, 1927–1930." Diplomatic History 31.5 (2007): 829-863. O'Brien; Phillips Payson. British and American Naval Power: Politics and Policy, 1900–1936 (Praeger Studies in Diplomacy and Strategic Thought) (1998) Schenkein, Joshua. "Japan, The Great Power: Industrialization Through The Lens Of Zaibatsu." 2014 ASIN: B00NRHRMW2 Seymour, Charles (1922). "Washington Conference" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. Willoughby, Westel Woodbury. China at the Conference: A Report. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1922. Primary sources Papers Relating to Pacific and Far Eastern Affairs. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1922. External links Media related to Washington Naval Treaty at Wikimedia Commons vteWarren G. Harding 29th President of the United States (1921–1923) 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1904–1906) Life Harding Home Harding Tomb The Marion Star Electoral history of Warren G. Harding 1914 United States Senate election in Ohio 1920 United States presidential election Front porch campaign 1920 Republican National Convention Presidency(timeline) Inauguration of Warren G. Harding Washington Naval Conference Depression of 1920–1921 Agricultural Appropriations Act of 1922 Budget and Accounting Act Bureau of the Budget General Accounting Office Cable Act Capper–Volstead Act Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill Emergency Quota Act Emergency Tariff of 1921 Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 Future Trading Act Fordney–McCumber Tariff Grain Futures Act Great Railroad Strike of 1922 Knox–Porter Resolution Revenue Act of 1921 Sheppard–Towner Act Veterans Administration Willis Graham Act List of federal judges appointed by Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding Supreme Court candidates Harding Railroad Car Voyage of Understanding Teapot Dome scandal Public image The President's Daughter Cultural depictions of Warren G. Harding List of memorials to Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding Presidential Center Historical reputation of Warren G. Harding Family Florence Harding (wife) Elizabeth Ann Blaesing (daughter) George Tryon Harding (father) Carolyn Harding Votaw (sister) Nan Britton (mistress) Laddie Boy (pet dog) ← Woodrow Wilson Calvin Coolidge → Category Authority control databases: National Japan
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Date: November 12, 1921 to February 6, 1922The Washington Naval Conference was a disarmament conference called by the United States and held in Washington, D.C., from November 12, 1921, to February 6, 1922.[1]\nIt was conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations. It was attended by nine nations (the United States, Japan, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal)[2][3]\nregarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia.[1]\nGermany was not invited to the conference, as restrictions on its navy had already been set in the Versailles Treaty. Soviet Russia was also not invited to the conference. It was the first arms control conference in history, and is still studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. [citation needed]Held at Memorial Continental Hall, in Downtown Washington,[4]\nit resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty (more commonly known as the Washington Naval Treaty), the Nine-Power Treaty, and a number of smaller agreements. These treaties preserved the peace during the 1920s but were not renewed in the increasingly hostile world of the Great Depression.","title":"Washington Naval Conference"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"won the right to vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"International Council of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_of_Women"},{"link_name":"International Woman Suffrage Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women"},{"link_name":"Martin Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Pugh_(author)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"major Protestant denominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"allies in a treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance"},{"link_name":"American-Japanese rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations#World_War_I_and_1920s"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The global appetite for peace and disarmament was aplenty throughout the 1920s. Women had just won the right to vote in many countries, and they helped convince politicians that money could be saved, votes won, and future wars avoided by stopping the arms race.[5] Across the world, leaders of the women's suffrage movement formed international organizations such as the International Council of Women and the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Historian Martin Pugh writes that they achieved the greatest influence in the 1920s, \"when they helped to promote women's contribution to the anti-war movement throughout the Western world.\"[6] In the United States, practically all the major Protestant denominations and highly-visible Protestant spokesmen were strong supporters of international peace efforts. They collaborated to work to educate their local congregations on the need for peace and disarmament.[7]At the end of World War I, the British still had the largest navy afloat, but its big ships were becoming obsolete, and the Americans and the Japanese were rapidly building expensive new warships. Britain and Japan were allies in a treaty that was due to expire in 1922. Although there were no immediate dangers, observers increasingly pointed to the American-Japanese rivalry for control of the Pacific Ocean as a long-term threat to world peace. By then, considering their colonial interests in Asia, the British decided that it was better for them to cast their lot with Washington than Tokyo. To stop a needless, expensive, and possibly dangerous arms race, the major countries signed a series of naval disarmament agreements.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Charles Evans Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Elihu Root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Root"},{"link_name":"Henry Cabot Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge"},{"link_name":"Oscar Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Underwood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thorson1946-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-u-s-history-3"},{"link_name":"West Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Yap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia"},{"link_name":"Tsingtao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao"},{"link_name":"interception and decryption of secret instructions from the Japanese government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Chamber"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fas.org-4"},{"link_name":"Prince Iyesato Tokugawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Iesato"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The American delegation, led by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, included Elihu Root, Henry Cabot Lodge and Oscar Underwood,[2][3] the last being the Democratic minority leader in the Senate. The conference's primary objective was to restrain Japanese naval expansion in the waters of the West Pacific, especially with regard to fortifications on strategically-valuable islands. Its secondary objectives were intended to obtain an ultimate limit to Japanese expansion and also an alleviation of concerns over possible antagonism with the British. They were to eliminate Anglo-American tension by abrogating the Anglo-Japanese alliance, to agree upon a favorable naval ratio vis-à-vis Japan, and to have the Japanese officially accept a continuation of the Open Door Policy in China.The British, however, took a more cautious and tempered approach. Indeed, the British officials brought certain general desires to the conference: to achieve peace and stability in the West Pacific; avoid a naval arms race with the United States; thwart Japanese encroachment into areas under their influence; and preserve the security of Singapore, Hong Kong, and Dominion countries, but they did not enter the conference with a specific laundry list of demands. Rather, they brought with them a vague vision of what the West Pacific should look like after an agreement. [citation needed]Japanese officials were more focused on specifics than the British, and they approached the conference with two primary goals: to sign a naval treaty with Britain and the United States and to obtain official recognition of Japan's special interests in Manchuria and Mongolia. Japanese officials also brought other issues to the conference: a strong demand to remain in control of Yap, Siberia, and Tsingtao as well as more general concerns about the growing presence of American fleets in the Pacific.The American hand was strengthened by the interception and decryption of secret instructions from the Japanese government to its delegation. The message revealed the lowest naval ratio that would be acceptable to Tokyo; US negotiators used that knowledge to push the Japanese. This success, one of the first in the US government's budding eavesdropping and cryptology efforts, led eventually to the growth of such agencies.[4]The head of the Japanese delegation to the Washington Naval Conference was Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, who during the first four decades of the twentieth century led a political movement in Japan that promoted democracy and international goodwill with the U.S., Europe and Asia. His influence was significant in the negotiations and ratification of the Washington Naval Treaty.[9][10]","title":"Meeting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warren Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Harding"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"tonnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnage"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier#Origins"},{"link_name":"World Peace Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Peace_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Endowment for International Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace"},{"link_name":"Women's Peace Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Peace_Society"},{"link_name":"Women's International League for Peace and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Council_of_Churches_of_Christ_in_America"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"great power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"US President Warren Harding called the Washington Conference a deal that all countries thought best for themselves.[11] To resolve technical disputes about the quality of warships, the conferees adopted a standard based on the tonnage displacement, a simple measure of the size of a ship. A ten-year agreement fixed the ratio of battleships at 5:5:3: 525,000 tons for the US, 525,000 tons for Britain, and 315,000 tons for Japan. Smaller limits with a ratio of 1.67 applied to France and Italy.[12] Battleships, the dominant weapons systems of the era, could be no larger than 35,000 tons. The major powers allowed themselves 135,000:135,000:81,000 tons for the newly-developed aircraft carriers.While the admirals were unhappy, peace activists strongly supported the results and successfully worked for ratification. In the United States they included the World Peace Foundation; the American Association for International Conciliation; the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; the Women's Peace Society; the Women's World Disarmament Committee; the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, and the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America. [13]The Washington Conference exactly captured the worldwide popular demand for peace and disarmament.[14] Without an agreement, the US, Britain and Japan would have engaged in an expensive buildup, with each fearing the other two getting too powerful. However, even with the restrictions, the agreement solidified Japan's position as a great power and was treated as a colonial power with equal diplomatic interests, a first for a non-Western nation.[15]The naval treaty was concluded on February 6, 1922. Ratifications of the treaty were exchanged in Washington on August 17, 1923, and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on April 16, 1924.[16]Japan agreed to revert Shandong to Chinese control by an agreement concluded on February 4, 1922. Ratifications of the agreement were exchanged in Beijing on June 2, 1922, and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on July 7, 1922.[17][18]","title":"Agreements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carriers"},{"link_name":"heavy cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser#Washington_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"London Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"Franklin Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The Washington Naval Treaty led to an effective end to building new battleship fleets, and the few ships that were built were limited in size and armament. Many existing capital ships were scrapped or sunk. Some ships under construction were turned into aircraft carriers instead.Even with the treaty, the major navies remained suspicious of one another and briefly (1927–1930) engaged in a race to build heavy cruisers, which had been limited in size (10,000 tons) but not numbers.[19] That oversight was resolved on value of cruisers by the London Naval Treaty of 1930, which specified a 10:10:7 ratio for cruisers and destroyers. For the first time, submarines were also limited, with Japan given parity with the US and Britain, at 53,000 tons each. (Submarines typically displaced 1,000-2,000 tons each.) The US Navy maintained an active building program that replaced obsolescent warships with technically more sophisticated new models in part because its construction yards were important sources of political patronage and so were well protected by Congress. During the New Deal, relief funds were used to build more warships. \"The naval program was wholly mine,\" President Franklin Roosevelt boasted.[20]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The pacts and the treaties that resulted from the Washington Naval Treaty remained in effect for fourteen years. Japan ended participation in 1936.[21]","title":"Termination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/washingtonconfe00buelgoog"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jstor.org/stable/23920280"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//core.ac.uk/download/pdf/232564992.pdf"},{"link_name":"Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/44641788"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84832-117-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-117-5"},{"link_name":"Rutledge, 1999 online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108212804"},{"link_name":"Seymour, Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Seymour"},{"link_name":"\"Washington Conference\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Washington_Conference"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"Willoughby, Westel Woodbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westel_W._Willoughby"}],"text":"Buell, Raymond Leslie. The Washington Conference (D. Appleton, 1922) online\nDingman, Roger. Power in the Pacific: the origins of naval arms limitation, 1914–1922 (1976)\nDukes, Paul. The USA in the Making of the USSR: The Washington Conference 1921-22 and 'Uninvited Russia'. (Routledge, 2004).\nEarle, Neil. \"Public Opinion for Peace: Tactics of Peace Activists at the Washington Conference on Naval Armament (1921-1922).\" Journal of Church and State 40#1 (1998), pp. 149–69, online.\nElleman, Bruce A. \"The Washington Conference, 1921–1922.\" in International Competition in China, 1899-1991. (Routledge, 2015). 89-102.\nFanning, Richard W. Peace and disarmament: Naval rivalry & arms control, 1922–1933 (1995) online\nFerris, John. Armaments and allies: The Anglo-Japanese strategic relationship, 1911–1921 (Routledge, 2003).\nField, Andrew. Royal Navy Strategy in the Far East, 1919–1939 (2004)\nGibbs, Norman. \"The Naval Conferences of the Interwar Years: A study in Anglo-American Relations\" Naval War College Review 30#1 (Special issue Summer 1977), pp. 50–63 Online\nGoldman, Emily O. Sunken Treaties: Naval Arms Control between the Wars. (Pennsylvania State U. Press, 1994). 352 pp.\nGoldstein, Erik, and John H. Maurer, eds. The Washington Conference, 1921–22: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor (Psychology Press, 1994) topical essays by experts.\nHayashi, Mika. \"Disarmament Debates around the 1899 Hague Peace Conference and the 1921–1922 Washington Conference: Community-Oriented Aspirations and Individual Security Concerns.\" Journal of the History of International Law/Revue d'histoire du droit international 1.aop (2021): 1-28.\nJordan, John (2011). Warships after Washington: The Development of Five Major Fleets 1922–1930. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-117-5.\nKaufman, Robert Gordon. Arms Control during the Prenuclear Era: The United States and Naval Limitation between the Two World Wars. Columbia U. Press, 1990. 289 pp.\nKitching; Carolyn J. Britain and the Problem of International Disarmament, 1919–1934 Rutledge, 1999 online\nLouria, Margot. Triumph and Downfall: America's Pursuit of Peace and Prosperity, 1921-1933 (Cambridge University Press, 2001).\nMcKercher, B. J. C. \"'A Certain Irritation': The White House, the State Department, and the Desire for a Naval Settlement with Great Britain, 1927–1930.\" Diplomatic History 31.5 (2007): 829-863.\nO'Brien; Phillips Payson. British and American Naval Power: Politics and Policy, 1900–1936 (Praeger Studies in Diplomacy and Strategic Thought) (1998)\nSchenkein, Joshua. \"Japan, The Great Power: Industrialization Through The Lens Of Zaibatsu.\" 2014 ASIN: B00NRHRMW2\nSeymour, Charles (1922). \"Washington Conference\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.\nWilloughby, Westel Woodbury. China at the Conference: A Report. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1922.","title":"Sources and further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papers Relating to Pacific and Far Eastern Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WrhJAQAAMAAJ"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"Papers Relating to Pacific and Far Eastern Affairs. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1922.","title":"Sources and further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Washington Naval Conference. Date: November 12, 1921 to February 6, 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Conference_on_Limitation_of_Armaments%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/220px-The_Conference_on_Limitation_of_Armaments%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg"}]
[{"title":"London Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty"},{"title":"Second London Naval Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_London_Naval_Treaty"},{"title":"Anglo-German Naval Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement"}]
[{"reference":"Wright, Quincy (1922). \"The Washington Conference\". American Political Science Review. 16 (2): 285–297. doi:10.2307/1943964. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1943964. S2CID 147404493.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400019493/type/journal_article","url_text":"\"The Washington Conference\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1943964","url_text":"10.2307/1943964"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554","url_text":"0003-0554"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1943964","url_text":"1943964"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147404493","url_text":"147404493"}]},{"reference":"Thorson, Winston B. (1 January 1946). \"Pacific Northwest Opinion on the Washington Conference of 1921-1922\". The Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 37 (2): 109–127. JSTOR 40486746.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40486746","url_text":"40486746"}]},{"reference":"\"Washington Naval Conference\". u-s-history.com. Retrieved 2011-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1354.html","url_text":"\"Washington Naval Conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"On the Trail of Military Intelligence History: A Guide to the Washington, DC, Area\" (PDF). fas.org. Retrieved May 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/irp/agency/inscom/trail.pdf","url_text":"\"On the Trail of Military Intelligence History: A Guide to the Washington, DC, Area\""}]},{"reference":"Pugh, Martin (2000). The March of the Women: A Revisionist Analysis of the Campaign for Women's Suffrage, 1866-1914. Oxford University Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780198207757.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Pugh_(author)","url_text":"Pugh, Martin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr0l-ugTy4IC&pg=PA86","url_text":"The March of the Women: A Revisionist Analysis of the Campaign for Women's Suffrage, 1866-1914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198207757","url_text":"9780198207757"}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction to The Art of Peace: the illustrated biography of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa\". TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com. 13 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theemperorandthespy.com/2020/04/the-art-of-peace-the-illustrated-biography-on-prince-iyesato-tokugawa/","url_text":"\"Introduction to The Art of Peace: the illustrated biography of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa\""}]},{"reference":"Katz, Stan S. (2019). The Art of Peace - An illustrated biography on Prince Tokugawa Iesato. Horizon Productions.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"China and Japan - Treaty for the settlement of outstanding questions relative to Shantung, signed at Washington February 4, 1922 [1922] LNTSer 78; 10 LNTS 309\". www.worldlii.org. Retrieved May 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/LNTSer/1922/78.html","url_text":"\"China and Japan - Treaty for the settlement of outstanding questions relative to Shantung, signed at Washington February 4, 1922 [1922] LNTSer 78; 10 LNTS 309\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results of the Washington Naval Conference\". www.u-s-history.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1356.html","url_text":"\"Results of the Washington Naval Conference\""}]},{"reference":"Jordan, John (2011). Warships after Washington: The Development of Five Major Fleets 1922–1930. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-117-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-117-5","url_text":"978-1-84832-117-5"}]},{"reference":"Seymour, Charles (1922). \"Washington Conference\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Seymour","url_text":"Seymour, Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Washington_Conference","url_text":"\"Washington Conference\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Papers Relating to Pacific and Far Eastern Affairs. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1922.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WrhJAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Papers Relating to Pacific and Far Eastern Affairs"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Giatzis
Dimitrios Giatzis
["1 Life","2 References"]
Dimitrios GiatzisNative nameΔημήτριος ΓιατζήςBornc. 1891Lamia, Kingdom of GreeceDiedc. 1964Allegiance Kingdom of GreeceService/branch Hellenic ArmyYears of service1910–19411945–1949Rank Lieutenant GeneralCommands held3rd Infantry Division (Chief of Staff)II Army Corps (Staff)VI Border SectorChief of Staff of the Infantry InspectorateIII Infantry Brigade9th Infantry DivisionI Army CorpsChief of the Hellenic Army General StaffWarsBalkan Wars First Balkan War Second Balkan War World War I Macedonian front Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)World War II Greco-Italian War Battle of Greece Greek Civil WarAwards Cross of Valour in Gold (twice) Dimitrios Giatzis (Greek: Δημήτριος Γιατζής, 1891–1964) was a senior Hellenic Army officer who held senior commands during the Greek Civil War of 1946–49, serving as commander of First Army and Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff in 1947–49. Life Dimitrios Giatzis was born in Lamia in 1891, and enlisted in the Hellenic Army as a volunteer on 12 March 1910. Promoted to NCO, he took part in the Balkan Wars of 1912–13, and after studies at the NCO School was commissioned as an Infantry Second Lieutenant on 27 December 1914. He subsequently fought on the Macedonian front during World War I and in the Asia Minor Campaign, first as a company commander and later as a staff officer, being promoted to Lieutenant in 1917 and to Captain in 1920. In the interwar period he served successively as battalion commander, chief of staff of the 3rd Infantry Division, in the staff of II Army Corps, in the Administrative Directorate of the Ministry for Military Affairs, commander of VI Border Sector (1938–40) and briefly chief of staff of the Infantry Inspectorate, before assuming command of III Infantry Brigade in September 1940. During this period he advanced to Major (1923), Lt. Colonel (1931), and Colonel (1935). He led III Brigade during the first months of the Greco-Italian War, and was appointed chief of infantry to 8th Infantry Division in January 1941, a post in which he remained until the Greek capitulation following the German invasion of Greece in April. Following liberation he joined the re-forming Army, and was named briefly commander of the 2nd National Guard Division in January 1945, before assuming command of the 9th Infantry Division in the next month. On 15 May 1946, he was appointed commander of the newly re-established I Army Corps at Athens, and in February 1947 he became the first commander of the newly formed First Army at Volos. He was moved to the post of Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff on 1 November, a post he held concurrently with the ad hoc function of Commander-in–chief of the Army following the disbandment of First Army in March 1948, until 20 January 1949, when he retired from service at his own request. Dimitrios Giatzis died in 1964. References ^ Note: Greece officially adopted the Gregorian calendar on 16 February 1923 (which became 1 March). All dates prior to that, unless specifically denoted, are Old Style. ^ a b c d e f g "Αντιστράτηγος ΓΙΑΤΖΗΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ του ΧΡΗΣΤΟΥ, ΑΜ 7645". Συνοπτική Ιστορία του Γενικού Επιτελείου Στρατού 1901–2001 (in Greek). Athens: Hellenic Army History Directorate. 2001. p. 168. ISBN 960-7897-44-7. Military offices Preceded byLt General Konstantinos Ventiris Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff 1 November 1947 – 20 January 1949 Succeeded byLt General Georgios Kosmas vteChiefs of the Hellenic Army General Staff Sapountzakis Danglis Nider§ Kontogiannis§ Dousmanis Metaxas† Dousmanis Moschopoulos Stratigos† Charalambis A. Vlachopoulos Gouvelis Dousmanis Exadaktylos§ Makrykostas Dousmanis N. Vlachopoulos Klados Mazarakis-Ainian Sarigiannis Mazarakis-Ainian N. Vlachopoulos Merentitis† Mazarakis-Ainian K. Manetas Th. Manetas Katheniotis Chasapidis Papagos Pallis Batas Maraveas Skoulas Bourdaras Laios† Liosis† Ventiris Liosis† Dromazos Spiliotopoulos Ventiris Giatzis Kosmas Grigoropoulos Tsakalotos Tsingounis Gikas Nikolopoulos Seiradakis Kardamakis Sakellariou Gennimatas Spandidakis Angelis ‡ Tsoumbas ‡ Zagorianakos ‡ Mastrantonis ‡ Galatsanos ‡ Davos ‡ Gratzios Karagiannis Panagopoulos Kourkafas Pentheroudakis Vellidis Veryvakis Skarvelis Kapravelos K. Voulgaris Paragioudakis Panagiotakis Antonakopoulos Charvalas Douvas Grapsas D. Voulgaris Frangos Ziazias Ginis Tselios Manolas Tellidis Stefanis Kambas Lelousis § Substitute Chiefs of the General Staff for the Rear Areas/Interior (as opposed to the Field Staff)† Deputy Chiefs substituting during vacancies ‡ Under the title "Chief of the Army"
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Army"},{"link_name":"Greek Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"First Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Army_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Army General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Army_General_Staff"}],"text":"Dimitrios Giatzis (Greek: Δημήτριος Γιατζής, 1891–1964) was a senior Hellenic Army officer who held senior commands during the Greek Civil War of 1946–49, serving as commander of First Army and Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff in 1947–49.","title":"Dimitrios Giatzis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamia_(city)"},{"link_name":"Balkan Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Macedonian front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_front"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"interwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar"},{"link_name":"3rd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"II Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Army_Corps_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Greco-Italian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Italian_War"},{"link_name":"8th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"German invasion of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"9th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"I Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Army_Corps_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"First Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Army_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Volos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volos"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Army General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Army_General_Staff"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"}],"text":"Dimitrios Giatzis was born in Lamia in 1891, and enlisted in the Hellenic Army as a volunteer on 12 March 1910. Promoted to NCO, he took part in the Balkan Wars of 1912–13, and after studies at the NCO School was commissioned as an Infantry Second Lieutenant on 27 December 1914.[2]He subsequently fought on the Macedonian front during World War I and in the Asia Minor Campaign, first as a company commander and later as a staff officer, being promoted to Lieutenant in 1917 and to Captain in 1920.[2] In the interwar period he served successively as battalion commander, chief of staff of the 3rd Infantry Division, in the staff of II Army Corps, in the Administrative Directorate of the Ministry for Military Affairs, commander of VI Border Sector (1938–40) and briefly chief of staff of the Infantry Inspectorate, before assuming command of III Infantry Brigade in September 1940. During this period he advanced to Major (1923), Lt. Colonel (1931), and Colonel (1935).[2]He led III Brigade during the first months of the Greco-Italian War, and was appointed chief of infantry to 8th Infantry Division in January 1941, a post in which he remained until the Greek capitulation following the German invasion of Greece in April.[2]Following liberation he joined the re-forming Army, and was named briefly commander of the 2nd National Guard Division in January 1945, before assuming command of the 9th Infantry Division in the next month. On 15 May 1946, he was appointed commander of the newly re-established I Army Corps at Athens, and in February 1947 he became the first commander of the newly formed First Army at Volos. He was moved to the post of Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff on 1 November, a post he held concurrently with the ad hoc function of Commander-in–chief of the Army following the disbandment of First Army in March 1948, until 20 January 1949, when he retired from service at his own request.[2]Dimitrios Giatzis died in 1964.[2]","title":"Life"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Αντιστράτηγος ΓΙΑΤΖΗΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ του ΧΡΗΣΤΟΥ, ΑΜ 7645\". Συνοπτική Ιστορία του Γενικού Επιτελείου Στρατού 1901–2001 [A Concise History of the Hellenic Army General Staff 1901–2001] (in Greek). Athens: Hellenic Army History Directorate. 2001. p. 168. ISBN 960-7897-44-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-7897-44-7","url_text":"960-7897-44-7"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvitserk
Hvitserk
["1 Sources","2 References","3 Sources"]
Scandinavian warlord during the Viking era For the mountain Gunnbjørnfjeld also called Hvitserk, see Gunnbjørn. Hvitserk (Hvítserkr, "White-Shirt") was one of the sons of the legendary 9th-century Viking Ragnar Lodbrok and his wife Aslaug. Sources Hvitserk is attested to by the Tale of Ragnar's Sons (Ragnarssona þáttr). He is not mentioned in any source that mentions Halfdan Ragnarsson, one of the leaders of the Great Heathen Army that invaded the Kingdom of East Anglia in 867, or vice versa, which consequently led some scholars to suggest that they are the same individual with Hvitserk being only a nickname. After having avenged his father together with his brothers, he went to Gardarike (Garðaríki). Hvitserk also pillaged with the Rus. He was, however, opposed by such a large foe that he could not win. When asked about how he wished to die, he decided to be burned alive at a stake of human remains. The Ukrainian historian Leontii Voitovych assumed that Hvitserk was possibly another name of the Kievan prince Askold. Modern depictions of Hvitserk as a son of Ragnar include History's historical drama television series Vikings, where he features as Ragnar's son by Aslaug (played by Marco Ilsø). References ^ "Ragnar Lodbrok och hans söner". Heimskringla.no. Retrieved March 25, 2016. ^ "Hvitsärk". Nordisk familjebok. Retrieved March 25, 2016. ^ Per G. Norseng. "Gardarike". Retrieved March 25, 2016. ^ Войтович Л.В. Чи був Рагнар Лодброк на руських землях? // Україна в Центрально-Східній Європі. — Вип. 16. — К., 2016. C. 93-107. ^ "Ubbe - Vikings Cast | HISTORY". HISTORY. Retrieved 27 March 2018. Sources This article contains content from the Owl Edition of Nordisk familjebok, a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904 and 1926, now in the public domain. vteViking activity in Great BritainAnglo-SaxonMajor monarchs Offa of Mercia (757–796) Ælla of Northumbria (unk–867) Edmund the Martyr of East Anglia (855–869) Æthelred the Unready (978–1013, 1014–1016) Wessex: Ecgberht (802–839) Æthelwulf (839–858) Alfred the Great (871–899) Edward the Elder (899–924) Æthelstan (924–939) Eadred (946–954 Major leaders Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians (c. 881–911) Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians (911–918) Odda, Ealdorman of Devon (878) Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire (855–?877) VikingMonarchs Knýtlinga Harthacnut (1035–1042) Cnut (1016–1035) Harold Harefoot (1035–1040) Svein Knutsson (1030–1035) Northumbria Guthred (883–895) Eric Bloodaxe (947–948, 952–954) Amlaíb Cuarán (941–944) Gofraid ua Ímair (921–934) Olaf Guthfrithson (939–941) Ragnall ua Ímair (c. 914–921) England Sweyn Forkbeard (1013–1014) Ecgberht I of Northumbria (867–872) Burgred of Mercia (852–874) Ceolwulf II of Mercia (874–880) Eohric of East Anglia (917–927) Major leaders Ivar the Boneless (865–870) Halfdan Ragnarsson (865–877) Ubba (865–878) Hvitserk (865–870) Guthrum (874–890) Hastein (892–896) Thorkell the Tall (c. 970–1024) BattlesViking raids: 793–850 Lindisfarne (793) Isle of Sheppey (835) Battle of Hingston Down (838) Battle of Rochester (842) Carhampton (843) Battle of Aclea (851) First invasion 865–896Great Heathen Army(865–78) Battle of York (867) Siege of Nottingham (867) Battle of Englefield (870) Battle of Ashdown (871) Battle of Meretun (871) Battle of Basing (871) Battle of Reading (871) Sea Battle near Swanage (877) Battle of Chippenham (878) Battle of Cynwit (878) Battle of Edington (878) Battle of London (886) Siege of Exeter (893, 1001) Battle of Fearnhamme (893) Battle of Benfleet (894) The Danelaw Buttington (893) First Stamford (894) The Holme (902) Tettenhall (910) Tempsford (917) Derby (917) Second Stamford (918) Corbridge (918) Brunanburh (937) Stainmore (954) Second invasion: 980–1012The Danelaw Maldon (991) Battle of Pinhoe (1001) First Alton (1001) St Brice's Day (1002) Ringmere (1010) Cnut's invasion (1015–1016) Brentford Assandun Harald's invasion (1066) Fulford (1066) Stamford Bridge (1066) PlacesViking settlements Danelaw (865–896) Jorvik (866–954) North Sea Empire English petty kingdoms Wessex (519–927) Kent (410–825) Northumbria (653–954) Mercia (527–918) East Anglia (c. 550–918) Treaties Treaty of Wedmore (886) Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum (c. 890) Culture "Battle of Brunanburh" (poem) Cuerdale Hoard England runestones Furness Hoard List of English words of Old Norse origin Norse–Gaels Old Norse Ragnar Lodbrok Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom Silverdale Hoard Vale of York Hoard
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gunnbjørn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B8rn"},{"link_name":"legendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"Ragnar Lodbrok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok"},{"link_name":"Aslaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslaug"}],"text":"For the mountain Gunnbjørnfjeld also called Hvitserk, see Gunnbjørn.Hvitserk (Hvítserkr, \"White-Shirt\") was one of the sons of the legendary 9th-century Viking Ragnar Lodbrok and his wife Aslaug.","title":"Hvitserk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tale of Ragnar's Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tale_of_Ragnar%27s_Sons"},{"link_name":"Halfdan Ragnarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson"},{"link_name":"Great Heathen Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gardarike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardarike"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leontii Voitovych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontii_Voitovych"},{"link_name":"Askold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askold"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings_(2013_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Aslaug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslaug"},{"link_name":"Marco Ilsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Ils%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Hvitserk is attested to by the Tale of Ragnar's Sons (Ragnarssona þáttr). He is not mentioned in any source that mentions Halfdan Ragnarsson, one of the leaders of the Great Heathen Army that invaded the Kingdom of East Anglia in 867, or vice versa, which consequently led some scholars to suggest that they are the same individual with Hvitserk being only a nickname.[1]After having avenged his father together with his brothers, he went to Gardarike (Garðaríki). Hvitserk also pillaged with the Rus. He was, however, opposed by such a large foe that he could not win. When asked about how he wished to die, he decided to be burned alive at a stake of human remains.[2][3]The Ukrainian historian Leontii Voitovych assumed that Hvitserk was possibly another name of the Kievan prince Askold.[4]Modern depictions of Hvitserk as a son of Ragnar include History's historical drama television series Vikings, where he features as Ragnar's son by Aslaug (played by Marco Ilsø).[5]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_f%C3%B6r_Nordisk_familjeboks_uggleupplaga.png"},{"link_name":"Nordisk familjebok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Viking activity in Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Offa of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Ælla of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Edmund the Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr"},{"link_name":"Æthelred the Unready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready"},{"link_name":"Ecgberht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Æthelwulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Alfred the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Edward the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Æthelstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan"},{"link_name":"Eadred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadred"},{"link_name":"Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians"},{"link_name":"Æthelflæd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d"},{"link_name":"Odda, Ealdorman of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odda,_Ealdorman_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Knýtlinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga"},{"link_name":"Harthacnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harthacnut"},{"link_name":"Cnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut"},{"link_name":"Harold Harefoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Harefoot"},{"link_name":"Svein Knutsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svein_Knutsson"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Guthred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthred"},{"link_name":"Eric Bloodaxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe"},{"link_name":"Amlaíb Cuarán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Gofraid ua Ímair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair"},{"link_name":"Olaf Guthfrithson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson"},{"link_name":"Ragnall ua Ímair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair"},{"link_name":"Sweyn Forkbeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard"},{"link_name":"Ecgberht I of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecgberht_I_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Burgred of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Ceolwulf II of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceolwulf_II_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Eohric of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Ivar the Boneless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless"},{"link_name":"Halfdan Ragnarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson"},{"link_name":"Ubba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba"},{"link_name":"Hvitserk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Guthrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrum"},{"link_name":"Hastein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastein#%22Hastein%22_in_England"},{"link_name":"Thorkell the Tall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall"},{"link_name":"Lindisfarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne#Vikings"},{"link_name":"Isle of Sheppey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey#Vikings"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hingston Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down"},{"link_name":"Battle of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent#Saxon"},{"link_name":"Carhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carhampton#History"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aclea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea"},{"link_name":"Great Heathen Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army"},{"link_name":"Battle of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nottingham#Anglo-Saxon_era"},{"link_name":"Battle of Englefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ashdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown"},{"link_name":"Battle of Meretun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun"},{"link_name":"Battle of Basing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Basing"},{"link_name":"Battle of Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)"},{"link_name":"Sea Battle near Swanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanage#History"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chippenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cynwit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit"},{"link_name":"Battle of Edington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edington"},{"link_name":"Battle of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London#Anglo-Saxon_and_Viking_period_London"},{"link_name":"Siege of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter#Medieval_times"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fearnhamme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnham#The_Anglo-Saxon_period"},{"link_name":"Battle of Benfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet"},{"link_name":"The Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"link_name":"Buttington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington"},{"link_name":"First Stamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)"},{"link_name":"The Holme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme"},{"link_name":"Tettenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall"},{"link_name":"Tempsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"Second Stamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)"},{"link_name":"Corbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge"},{"link_name":"Brunanburh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh"},{"link_name":"Stainmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore"},{"link_name":"The Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"link_name":"Maldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pinhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe"},{"link_name":"First Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton"},{"link_name":"St Brice's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre"},{"link_name":"Ringmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere"},{"link_name":"Cnut's invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut%27s_invasion_of_England"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)"},{"link_name":"Assandun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun"},{"link_name":"Harald's invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada#Invasion_of_England"},{"link_name":"Fulford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford"},{"link_name":"Stamford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"link_name":"Jorvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_York"},{"link_name":"North Sea Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Empire"},{"link_name":"petty kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Wedmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum"},{"link_name":"\"Battle of Brunanburh\" (poem)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Cuerdale Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerdale_Hoard"},{"link_name":"England runestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_runestones"},{"link_name":"Furness Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furness_Hoard"},{"link_name":"List of English words of Old Norse origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin"},{"link_name":"Norse–Gaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Ragnar Lodbrok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok"},{"link_name":"Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Silverdale Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverdale_Hoard"},{"link_name":"Vale of York Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_York_Hoard"}],"text":"This article contains content from the Owl Edition of Nordisk familjebok, a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904 and 1926, now in the public domain.vteViking activity in Great BritainAnglo-SaxonMajor monarchs\nOffa of Mercia (757–796)\nÆlla of Northumbria (unk–867)\nEdmund the Martyr of East Anglia (855–869)\nÆthelred the Unready (978–1013, 1014–1016)\nWessex:\nEcgberht (802–839)\nÆthelwulf (839–858)\nAlfred the Great (871–899)\nEdward the Elder (899–924)\nÆthelstan (924–939)\nEadred (946–954\nMajor leaders\nÆthelred, Lord of the Mercians (c. 881–911)\nÆthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians (911–918)\nOdda, Ealdorman of Devon (878)\nWulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire (855–?877)\nVikingMonarchs\nKnýtlinga\nHarthacnut (1035–1042)\nCnut (1016–1035)\nHarold Harefoot (1035–1040)\nSvein Knutsson (1030–1035)\nNorthumbria\nGuthred (883–895)\nEric Bloodaxe (947–948, 952–954)\nAmlaíb Cuarán (941–944)\nGofraid ua Ímair (921–934)\nOlaf Guthfrithson (939–941)\nRagnall ua Ímair (c. 914–921)\nEngland\nSweyn Forkbeard (1013–1014)\nEcgberht I of Northumbria (867–872)\nBurgred of Mercia (852–874)\nCeolwulf II of Mercia (874–880)\nEohric of East Anglia (917–927)\nMajor leaders\nIvar the Boneless (865–870)\nHalfdan Ragnarsson (865–877)\nUbba (865–878)\nHvitserk (865–870)\nGuthrum (874–890)\nHastein (892–896)\nThorkell the Tall (c. 970–1024)\nBattlesViking raids: 793–850\nLindisfarne (793)\nIsle of Sheppey (835)\nBattle of Hingston Down (838)\nBattle of Rochester (842)\nCarhampton (843)\nBattle of Aclea (851)\nFirst invasion 865–896Great Heathen Army(865–78)\nBattle of York (867)\nSiege of Nottingham (867)\nBattle of Englefield (870)\nBattle of Ashdown (871)\nBattle of Meretun (871)\nBattle of Basing (871)\nBattle of Reading (871)\nSea Battle near Swanage (877)\nBattle of Chippenham (878)\nBattle of Cynwit (878)\n\nBattle of Edington (878)\nBattle of London (886)\nSiege of Exeter (893, 1001)\nBattle of Fearnhamme (893)\nBattle of Benfleet (894)\nThe Danelaw\nButtington (893)\nFirst Stamford (894)\nThe Holme (902)\nTettenhall (910)\nTempsford (917)\nDerby (917)\nSecond Stamford (918)\nCorbridge (918)\nBrunanburh (937)\nStainmore (954)\nSecond invasion: 980–1012The Danelaw\nMaldon (991)\nBattle of Pinhoe (1001)\nFirst Alton (1001)\nSt Brice's Day (1002)\nRingmere (1010)\nCnut's invasion (1015–1016)\nBrentford\nAssandun\nHarald's invasion (1066)\nFulford (1066)\nStamford Bridge (1066)\nPlacesViking settlements\nDanelaw (865–896)\nJorvik (866–954)\nNorth Sea Empire\nEnglish petty kingdoms\nWessex (519–927)\nKent (410–825)\nNorthumbria (653–954)\nMercia (527–918)\nEast Anglia (c. 550–918)\nTreaties\nTreaty of Wedmore (886)\nTreaty of Alfred and Guthrum (c. 890)\nCulture\n\"Battle of Brunanburh\" (poem)\nCuerdale Hoard\nEngland runestones\nFurness Hoard\nList of English words of Old Norse origin\nNorse–Gaels\nOld Norse\nRagnar Lodbrok\nNordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom\nSilverdale Hoard\nVale of York Hoard","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ragnar Lodbrok och hans söner\". Heimskringla.no. Retrieved March 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://heimskringla.no/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok_och_hans_s%C3%B6ner_%28NFS%29","url_text":"\"Ragnar Lodbrok och hans söner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hvitsärk\". Nordisk familjebok. Retrieved March 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/nfbk/0748.html","url_text":"\"Hvitsärk\""}]},{"reference":"Per G. Norseng. \"Gardarike\". Retrieved March 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/Gardarike","url_text":"\"Gardarike\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ubbe - Vikings Cast | HISTORY\". HISTORY. Retrieved 27 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/shows/vikings/cast/hvitserk","url_text":"\"Ubbe - Vikings Cast | HISTORY\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://heimskringla.no/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok_och_hans_s%C3%B6ner_%28NFS%29","external_links_name":"\"Ragnar Lodbrok och hans söner\""},{"Link":"https://runeberg.org/nfbk/0748.html","external_links_name":"\"Hvitsärk\""},{"Link":"https://snl.no/Gardarike","external_links_name":"\"Gardarike\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.com/shows/vikings/cast/hvitserk","external_links_name":"\"Ubbe - Vikings Cast | HISTORY\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Roy_Wilson
Billy Roy Wilson
["1 Education and career","2 Federal judicial service","3 Name change","4 References","5 Sources"]
American judge (born 1939) For other people named Billy Wilson or William Wilson, see William Wilson (disambiguation). Billy Roy WilsonSenior Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of ArkansasIncumbentAssumed office October 1, 2008Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of ArkansasIn officeOctober 1, 1993 – October 1, 2008Appointed byBill ClintonPreceded byGarnett Thomas EiseleSucceeded byD. Price Marshall Jr. Personal detailsBornWilliam Roy Wilson Jr. (1939-12-18) December 18, 1939 (age 84)Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.EducationHendrix College (BA)Vanderbilt University (JD) Billy Roy Wilson (born William Roy Wilson Jr. on December 18, 1939) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas. Education and career Born in Little Rock, Arkansas, Wilson received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Hendrix College in 1962 and a Juris Doctor from Vanderbilt University Law School in 1965. He was in private practice in Texarkana, Arkansas from 1965 to 1966. He was a deputy prosecuting attorney of Miller County, Arkansas from 1965 to 1966. He was in the United States Navy as a lieutenant (junior grade) from 1966 to 1969. He was in private practice in Little Rock, Arkansas from 1969 to 1993. He briefly served as acting Arkansas Attorney General in the mid-1970s. Federal judicial service Wilson is a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas. Wilson was nominated by President Bill Clinton on August 6, 1993, to a seat vacated by G. Thomas Eisele. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 30, 1993, and received his commission on October 1, 1993. He assumed senior status on October 1, 2008. Name change On January 12, 2011, Wilson's name was legally changed from William Roy Wilson Jr. to Billy Roy Wilson, which was his intended name at birth. Two days later, the United States District Court directed that all cases before Wilson hereafter reflect his new name. References ^ "Encyclopedia of Arkansas". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 2020-09-10. ^ "Wilson, Billy Roy". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved 2020-09-10. ^ Judge Name Change from William R. Wilson Jr. to Billy Roy Wilson (January 14, 2011). United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas. Accessed July 16, 2013. Sources Billy Roy Wilson at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Legal offices Preceded byG. Thomas Eisele Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas 1993–2008 Succeeded byD. Price Marshall Jr. vteSenior district judges of the Eighth Circuit Court of AppealsE. Arkansas Wright Wilson W. Arkansas Hendren Dawson Holmes N. Iowa Reade S. Iowa Longstaff Pratt Gritzner Minnesota Alsop Magnuson Doty Davis Tunheim Montgomery Frank Ericksen Nelson Wright E. Missouri Filippine Hamilton Perry Webber Laughrey Sippel Limbaugh Fleissig Ross W. Missouri Sachs Whipple Gaitan Smith Fenner Laughrey Sippel Nebraska Kopf Bataillon Gerrard North Dakota Conmy Hovland South Dakota Piersol Kornmann Schreier
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Wilson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"senior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"},{"link_name":"United States district judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Arkansas"}],"text":"For other people named Billy Wilson or William Wilson, see William Wilson (disambiguation).Billy Roy Wilson (born William Roy Wilson Jr. on December 18, 1939) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas.","title":"Billy Roy Wilson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Little Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Hendrix College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrix_College"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University_Law_School"},{"link_name":"private practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_of_law"},{"link_name":"Texarkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texarkana,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"prosecuting attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecuting_attorney"},{"link_name":"Miller County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"lieutenant (junior grade)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Attorney_General"}],"text":"Born in Little Rock, Arkansas, Wilson received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Hendrix College in 1962 and a Juris Doctor from Vanderbilt University Law School in 1965. He was in private practice in Texarkana, Arkansas from 1965 to 1966. He was a deputy prosecuting attorney of Miller County, Arkansas from 1965 to 1966. He was in the United States Navy as a lieutenant (junior grade) from 1966 to 1969. He was in private practice in Little Rock, Arkansas from 1969 to 1993.[1] He briefly served as acting Arkansas Attorney General in the mid-1970s.","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"G. Thomas Eisele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Thomas_Eisele"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"senior status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_status"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FJC-2"}],"text":"Wilson is a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas. Wilson was nominated by President Bill Clinton on August 6, 1993, to a seat vacated by G. Thomas Eisele. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 30, 1993, and received his commission on October 1, 1993. He assumed senior status on October 1, 2008.[2]","title":"Federal judicial service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On January 12, 2011, Wilson's name was legally changed from William Roy Wilson Jr. to Billy Roy Wilson, which was his intended name at birth. Two days later, the United States District Court directed that all cases before Wilson hereafter reflect his new name.[3]","title":"Name change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Roy Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fjc.gov/node/1389921"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges"},{"link_name":"Federal Judicial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_8th_Circuit_senior_district_judges"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_8th_Circuit_senior_district_judges"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_8th_Circuit_senior_district_judges"},{"link_name":"Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"E. Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Webber_Wright"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"W. Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Hendren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimm_Larry_Hendren"},{"link_name":"Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_T._Dawson"},{"link_name":"Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_K._Holmes_III"},{"link_name":"N. Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Reade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_R._Reade"},{"link_name":"S. Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Longstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Earl_Longstaff"},{"link_name":"Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Pratt"},{"link_name":"Gritzner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Gritzner"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Alsop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Alsop"},{"link_name":"Magnuson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_A._Magnuson"},{"link_name":"Doty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Doty"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Davis"},{"link_name":"Tunheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Tunheim"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_D._Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan_W._Frank"},{"link_name":"Ericksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_N._Ericksen"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Richard_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_Wright"},{"link_name":"E. Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Filippine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Louis_Filippine"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Constance_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_D._Perry"},{"link_name":"Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Richard_Webber"},{"link_name":"Laughrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanette_Kay_Laughrey"},{"link_name":"Sippel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_W._Sippel"},{"link_name":"Limbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_N._Limbaugh_Jr."},{"link_name":"Fleissig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_G._Fleissig"},{"link_name":"Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Andrew_Ross"},{"link_name":"W. Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_F._Sachs"},{"link_name":"Whipple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Whipple"},{"link_name":"Gaitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_J._Gaitan_Jr."},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortrie_D._Smith"},{"link_name":"Fenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_A._Fenner"},{"link_name":"Laughrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanette_Kay_Laughrey"},{"link_name":"Sippel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_W._Sippel"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Kopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_G._Kopf"},{"link_name":"Bataillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bataillon"},{"link_name":"Gerrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Gerrard"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Conmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Anthony_Conmy"},{"link_name":"Hovland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_L._Hovland"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Piersol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_L._Piersol"},{"link_name":"Kornmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Kornmann"},{"link_name":"Schreier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Schreier"}],"text":"Billy Roy Wilson at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.vteSenior district judges of the Eighth Circuit Court of AppealsE. Arkansas\nWright\nWilson\nW. Arkansas\nHendren\nDawson\nHolmes\nN. Iowa\nReade\nS. Iowa\nLongstaff\nPratt\nGritzner\nMinnesota\nAlsop\nMagnuson\nDoty\nDavis\nTunheim\nMontgomery\nFrank\nEricksen\nNelson\nWright\nE. Missouri\nFilippine\nHamilton\nPerry\nWebber\nLaughrey\nSippel\nLimbaugh\nFleissig\nRoss\nW. Missouri\nSachs\nWhipple\nGaitan\nSmith\nFenner\nLaughrey\nSippel\nNebraska\nKopf\nBataillon\nGerrard\nNorth Dakota\nConmy\nHovland\nSouth Dakota\nPiersol\nKornmann\nSchreier","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Encyclopedia of Arkansas\". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 2020-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/billy-roy-wilson-12130/","url_text":"\"Encyclopedia of Arkansas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilson, Billy Roy\". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved 2020-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/wilson-billy-roy","url_text":"\"Wilson, Billy Roy\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/billy-roy-wilson-12130/","external_links_name":"\"Encyclopedia of Arkansas\""},{"Link":"https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/wilson-billy-roy","external_links_name":"\"Wilson, Billy Roy\""},{"Link":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20140605214304/http://www.are.uscourts.gov/default.cfm?content=PublicNotice","external_links_name":"Judge Name Change from William R. Wilson Jr. to Billy Roy Wilson"},{"Link":"https://www.fjc.gov/node/1389921","external_links_name":"Billy Roy Wilson"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acknowledgment_(creative_arts)
Acknowledgment (creative arts and sciences)
["1 Spelling","2 See also","3 References"]
Expression of gratitude for assistance in creating a work It has been suggested that Credit (creative arts) be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since June 2024. In the creative arts and scientific literature, an acknowledgment (British English: acknowledgement) is an expression of a gratitude for assistance in creating an original work. Receiving credit by way of acknowledgment rather than authorship indicates that the person or organization did not have a direct hand in producing the work in question, but may have contributed funding, criticism, or encouragement to the author(s). Various schemes exist for classifying acknowledgments; Cronin et al. give the following six categories: moral support financial support editorial support presentational support instrumental/technical support conceptual support, or peer interactive communication (PIC) Apart from citation, which is not usually considered to be an acknowledgment, acknowledgment of conceptual support is widely considered to be the most important for identifying intellectual debt. Some acknowledgments of financial support, on the other hand, may simply be legal formalities imposed by the granting institution. Occasionally, bits of science humor can also be found in acknowledgments. There have been some attempts to extract bibliometric indices from the acknowledgments section (also called "acknowledgments paratext") of research papers to evaluate the impact of the acknowledged individuals, sponsors and funding agencies. Spelling The spelling acknowledgment is standard in American English and Canadian English. However, the spelling acknowledgement is used in British English, Australian English, and other English-speaking regions. See also Acknowledgment index Attribution (copyright) Billing (filmmaking) Byline Closing credits Credit (creative arts) Opening credits Possessory credit Signature block Title sequence WGA screenwriting credit system References ^ a b "Acknowledgement vs. Acknowledgment – Correct Spelling – Grammarist". Grammarist. September 22, 2012. ^ Cronin, Blaise; McKenzie, Gail; Stiffler, Michael (1992). "Patterns of acknowledgment". Journal of Documentation. 48 (2): 107–122. doi:10.1108/eb026893. ^ Wright, Glen (January 19, 2016). "The best academic acknowledgements ever". Times Higher Education. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016. ^ Salager-Meyer, Françoise; Alcaraz Ariza, María Ángeles; Pabón Berbesí, Maryelis (2009). ""Backstage solidarity" in Spanish- and English-written medical research papers: Publication context and the acknowledgment paratext". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 60 (2): 307–317. doi:10.1002/asi.20981. ^ Giles, C. L.; Councill, I. G. (December 15, 2004). "Who gets acknowledged: Measuring scientific contributions through automatic acknowledgment indexing" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (51): 17599–17604. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10117599G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407743101. PMC 539757. PMID 15601767. ^ Councill, Isaac G.; Giles, C. Lee; Han, Hui; Manavoglu, Eren (2005). "Automatic acknowledgement indexing: expanding the semantics of contribution in the CiteSeer digital library". Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Knowledge capture. K-CAP '05. pp. 19–26. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.59.1661. doi:10.1145/1088622.1088627. ISBN 1-59593-163-5. vteBook designPage layout and typography Annotation Footnote Gloss Marginal note Scholia Canons of page construction Catchword Column Footer Header Headpiece Illumination Initial Historiated Inhabited Margin Miniature Ornament Page numbering Pull quote Recto and verso Rubric Rubrication Typeface Font Front and back covers Anthropodermic bibliopegy Bookbinding Buckram Dust jacket Hardcover Leather Paperback Picture cover Treasure binding Endpapers Marbled Front matter Half-title bastard title Frontispiece Title page Edition notice Imprimi potest Nihil obstat Imprimatur Dedication Epigraph Table of contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Prologue Printer's mark Body matter Body text Chapters Illustrations Parts Sections Tipped-in pages Back matter Afterword Conclusion Epilogue Outro Postscript Addendum/Appendix Endnotes Glossary Bibliography Index Errata Colophon Postface Author page Other elements Book curse Bookplate ex-librīs Book rhyme Die-cutting Extra-illustration Fore-edge painting Intentionally blank page Pop-ups Slipcase Thumb index
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Goan_Catholics
Architecture of Goan Catholics
["1 Design influences","2 Exteriors","2.1 Cornices","2.2 Gateposts and Compound walls","2.3 Use of colour","3 Interiors","4 Churches","5 Photo gallery","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
The architecture of Goan Catholics has strong Portuguese and native Goan influences. It developed over the Portuguese India era (1500s–1961). Many of the 16th and 17th colonial Catholic churches were built in the Portuguese Baroque style. Most of the historic houses still standing were built between the 18th century and the early part of the 20th century, in a mix of Neoclassical and Gothic Revival styles. Design influences Factors that influenced residential design in Goa include: Protection from fierce seasonal monsoons. Portuguese Empire rule and the subsequent Christianisation of Goa allowed Catholic Goans to travel all over the world without fear. When these Goan travellers returned home, they brought with them ideas and influences from other countries. The Goan master builders executed these ideas using local building materials, making the Goan house a mixture and adaptation of design elements and influences from various cultures. The traditional Manueline and Baroque styles of contemporary churches in Portugal. A Portuguese aesthetic was encouraged to integrate newly converted Goan Catholics with the Portuguese rulers. However, the natives did not cut themselves off from their village roots completely, and the resulting cultural fusion affected house design. Exteriors A traditional Portuguese-influenced Goan Catholic home. Basilica of Bom Jesus, another example of Portuguese architecture The traditional pre-Portuguese homes were inward-looking with small windows; this reflected the secluded role of women. The houses opened into courtyards, and rarely opened onto streets. The Catholic houses built or refurbished between the middle of the 18th and the 20th centuries were more outward-looking and ornamental, with balcões (covered porches) and verandas facing the street. The large balcões had built-in seating, open to the street, where men and women could sit together and ‘see and be seen’, chat with their neighbours, or just enjoy the evening breeze. These balcões are bordered by ornamental columns that sometimes continued along the steps and added to the stature of the house. This, together with the plinth, which usually indicated the status of the owners. The houses of rich landlords had high plinths with grand staircases leading to the front door or balcão. A typical red Mangalore tile used for the roofing of traditional built Goan Catholic houses Large ornamental windows with stucco mouldings open onto verandas. These may appear purely decorative, but have their origins in similar mouldings in the windows of Portuguese houses. There these elements of style were devices to help sailors identify their homes at a distance as they sailed in. The design is therefore an import but serves a similar purpose in Goa: to help construct the identity of the home. Windows gradually became more decorative, ornate, and expressive. Front doors were flanked by columns or pilasters. Railings were the most intricate embellishment in a Goan house. Pillars, piers, and colours do not seem to be influenced by any style in particular; rather they conform to a rather mixed bag of architectural styles. Cornices Country tiles used as a corbel are a feature peculiar to Goa. The effect achieved is aesthetically pleasing, giving the roof projection a solid, moulded appearance. Gateposts and Compound walls Gateways consisted of elaborately carved compound walls on either side of the gate posts. Use of colour Dramatic and startling colour—initially achieved with vegetable and natural dyes—plays an important role in Goan architecture. Colour was decorative and used purely to create a sensation. With a colour wash, the house looked "dressed" and therefore displayed the economic well-being of the family that lived in it. Here art in architecture performed a social function. However, this was not completely a matter of individual choice, since during Portuguese rule the owner of the house could be fined if his house was not painted. The walls were made of mud and then later of laterite stone; they were usually plastered then painted. Very few buildings are coloured exactly alike and solid colours are used for front facades; interiors are usually in paler colours/white with solid color highlights. This rendering or piping in white is the result of the unwritten rule during the Portuguese occupation of Goa that no private house or building could be painted in white. Only churches and chapels enjoyed this privilege. It is understandable that Goan Christians followed this rule, as white was associated with the Virgin Mary and therefore the virtues of purity and chastity (both desirable in Goa), but, surprisingly, Goan Hindus also respected this practice. As a result of this code, an interesting and aesthetically pleasing trend developed, as competition among neighbours gave impetus to variety. Interiors Most houses are symmetrical with the entrance door occupying the place of honour. Typically this front door leads to a foyer which then either leads to the sala (the main hall for entertaining a large number of guests) or the sala de visita (a smaller hall for entertaining a small number of guests) and in some cases the chapel in the house. From here one can also directly enter the rest of the house, which usually revolved around a courtyard. Typically the master bedroom opens into the sala or is close to it. The dining room is usually perpendicular to these rooms; the bedrooms flank the courtyard, and the kitchens and service areas are at the rear of the house. In the case of two-story houses, a staircase, either from the foyer or the dining room, leads to more bedrooms. Consisting of humble burnt earth plastered over with cow dung and hay, or with elaborate patterns made with tiles imported from Europe, the floors in Goan houses have been both workplaces and statements. Almost all Goan houses have a false ceiling of wood. Churches The Portuguese regime, mandated the arrival of many Roman Catholic missionaries, particularly the Portuguese Jesuits, who were instrumental in building many churches in Goa. The Goan Catholic style of constructing churches thus came to be influenced by the Portuguese style. Notable are the Se Cathedral and Basilica of Bom Jesus. Photo gallery Church of St Cajetan, Velha Goa Basilica of Bom Jesus Notes ^ a b c d e "Traditional Goan house". Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2008-09-11. References Annabel Mascarenhas, Heta Pandit and (1999). Houses of Goa. Architecture Autonomous, Goa. External links The Goan House Archived 2008-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baroque style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"}],"text":"Many of the 16th and 17th colonial Catholic churches were built in the Portuguese Baroque style. Most of the historic houses still standing were built between the 18th century and the early part of the 20th century, in a mix of Neoclassical and Gothic Revival styles.","title":"Architecture of Goan Catholics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monsoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"without fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_pani_(taboo)"},{"link_name":"Manueline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manueline"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal"}],"text":"Factors that influenced residential design in Goa include:Protection from fierce seasonal monsoons.\nPortuguese Empire rule and the subsequent Christianisation of Goa allowed Catholic Goans to travel all over the world without fear. When these Goan travellers returned home, they brought with them ideas and influences from other countries. The Goan master builders executed these ideas using local building materials, making the Goan house a mixture and adaptation of design elements and influences from various cultures.\nThe traditional Manueline and Baroque styles of contemporary churches in Portugal.\nA Portuguese aesthetic was encouraged to integrate newly converted Goan Catholics with the Portuguese rulers. However, the natives did not cut themselves off from their village roots completely, and the resulting cultural fusion affected house design.","title":"Design influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Goa_Portuguese_Villa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Igreja_Bom_Jesus_Goa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Bom Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Bom_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"plinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mangalore_tile.svg"},{"link_name":"Mangalore tile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore_tiles"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilasters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GA-1"}],"text":"A traditional Portuguese-influenced Goan Catholic home.Basilica of Bom Jesus, another example of Portuguese architectureThe traditional pre-Portuguese homes were inward-looking with small windows; this reflected the secluded role of women. 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These may appear purely decorative, but have their origins in similar mouldings in the windows of Portuguese houses. There these elements of style were devices to help sailors identify their homes at a distance as they sailed in. The design is therefore an import but serves a similar purpose in Goa: to help construct the identity of the home. Windows gradually became more decorative, ornate, and expressive.Front doors were flanked by columns or pilasters.Railings were the most intricate embellishment in a Goan house. Pillars, piers, and colours do not seem to be influenced by any style in particular; rather they conform to a rather mixed bag of architectural styles.[1]","title":"Exteriors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GA-1"}],"sub_title":"Cornices","text":"Country tiles used as a corbel are a feature peculiar to Goa. The effect achieved is aesthetically pleasing, giving the roof projection a solid, moulded appearance.[1]","title":"Exteriors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GA-1"}],"sub_title":"Gateposts and Compound walls","text":"Gateways consisted of elaborately carved compound walls on either side of the gate posts.[1]","title":"Exteriors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laterite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterite"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GA-1"}],"sub_title":"Use of colour","text":"Dramatic and startling colour—initially achieved with vegetable and natural dyes—plays an important role in Goan architecture. Colour was decorative and used purely to create a sensation. With a colour wash, the house looked \"dressed\" and therefore displayed the economic well-being of the family that lived in it. Here art in architecture performed a social function. However, this was not completely a matter of individual choice, since during Portuguese rule the owner of the house could be fined if his house was not painted.The walls were made of mud and then later of laterite stone; they were usually plastered then painted. Very few buildings are coloured exactly alike and solid colours are used for front facades; interiors are usually in paler colours/white with solid color highlights.This rendering or piping in white is the result of the unwritten rule during the Portuguese occupation of Goa that no private house or building could be painted in white. Only churches and chapels enjoyed this privilege. It is understandable that Goan Christians followed this rule, as white was associated with the Virgin Mary and therefore the virtues of purity and chastity (both desirable in Goa), but, surprisingly, Goan Hindus also respected this practice. As a result of this code, an interesting and aesthetically pleasing trend developed, as competition among neighbours gave impetus to variety.[1]","title":"Exteriors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GA-1"}],"text":"Most houses are symmetrical with the entrance door occupying the place of honour. Typically this front door leads to a foyer which then either leads to the sala (the main hall for entertaining a large number of guests) or the sala de visita (a smaller hall for entertaining a small number of guests) and in some cases the chapel in the house. From here one can also directly enter the rest of the house, which usually revolved around a courtyard. Typically the master bedroom opens into the sala or is close to it. The dining room is usually perpendicular to these rooms; the bedrooms flank the courtyard, and the kitchens and service areas are at the rear of the house. In the case of two-story houses, a staircase, either from the foyer or the dining room, leads to more bedrooms.Consisting of humble burnt earth plastered over with cow dung and hay, or with elaborate patterns made with tiles imported from Europe, the floors in Goan houses have been both workplaces and statements.Almost all Goan houses have a false ceiling of wood.[1]","title":"Interiors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Se Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Bom Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Bom_Jesus"}],"text":"The Portuguese regime, mandated the arrival of many Roman Catholic missionaries, particularly the Portuguese Jesuits, who were instrumental in building many churches in Goa. The Goan Catholic style of constructing churches thus came to be influenced by the Portuguese style. Notable are the Se Cathedral and Basilica of Bom Jesus.","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Igreja_da_Divina_Provid%C3%AAncia_(S%C3%A3o_Caetano).jpg"},{"link_name":"Velha Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velha_Goa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bom_jesus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Bom Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Bom_Jesus"}],"text":"Church of St Cajetan, Velha Goa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBasilica of Bom Jesus","title":"Photo gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GA_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GA_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GA_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GA_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GA_1-4"},{"link_name":"\"Traditional Goan house\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080907105356/http://www.goacom.com/pictures/house1.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.goacom.com/pictures/house1.html"}],"text":"^ a b c d e \"Traditional Goan house\". Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2008-09-11.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"A traditional Portuguese-influenced Goan Catholic home.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_Goa_Portuguese_Villa.jpg/250px-India_Goa_Portuguese_Villa.jpg"},{"image_text":"Basilica of Bom Jesus, another example of Portuguese architecture","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Igreja_Bom_Jesus_Goa.jpg/150px-Igreja_Bom_Jesus_Goa.jpg"},{"image_text":"A typical red Mangalore tile used for the roofing of traditional built Goan Catholic houses","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mangalore_tile.svg/200px-Mangalore_tile.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Traditional Goan house\". Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2008-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907105356/http://www.goacom.com/pictures/house1.html","url_text":"\"Traditional Goan house\""},{"url":"http://www.goacom.com/pictures/house1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Annabel Mascarenhas, Heta Pandit and (1999). Houses of Goa. Architecture Autonomous, Goa.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_League_in_Palestine
National Liberation League in Palestine
["1 History","2 References"]
Defunct political party National Liberation League عصبة التحرر الوطني في فلسطينFounded1943Dissolved1948Split fromPalestine Communist PartyMerged intoMakiIdeologyCommunismPolitical positionFar-leftPolitics of PalestinePolitical partiesElections The National Liberation League in Palestine (Arabic: عصبة التحرر الوطني في فلسطين, ʿuṣbat at-taḥrīr al-waṭaniyy fi filasṭīn) was a political party in Palestine, founded in early 1944 by Arab members of the Palestine Communist Party (which had experienced a split between Jewish and Arab members the previous year), Bulus Farah and his followers, and other trade unionists and left wing intellectuals. History The founders included Haidar Abdel-Shafi, Mukhlis Amer, Emil Habibi, Mufid Nashashibi and Emile Toma. It published the al-Ittihad newspaper in Haifa, a journal which still exists. It was the only Arab Palestinian party to support the 1947 UN Partition Plan, in line with the official position of the Soviet Union. In October 1948, after the formation of the State of Israel, the NLL merged with Maki. Since both Arab and Jewish Communists still hoped to establish two states on the terms of the UN Partition Plan, it was decided that the Maki and NLL party organizations would merge in the areas that the UN had laid out for a Jewish state, while the NLL would continue to exist as an independent party in areas of Israel that were to have been part of an Arab state under the UN plan. NLL leaders were added to an expanded Maki Central Committee. In practice, the NLL quickly ceased to exist within Israel except in name, and in April 1949 al-Ittihad and its Hebrew sister paper, Kol HaAm, quietly dropped all references to the NLL. On July 20, 1949, Egypt destroyed the remnant of the NLL existing in Gaza, arresting 33 people. In 1951, its members in the West Bank joined the Communist Party of Jordan. References ^ Beinin 40, 42 ^ Beinin, Joel. Was the Red Flag Flying There?: Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948-1965. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. pp. 51-52. ^ Beinin 52 ^ Beinin, Joel. Was the Red Flag Flying There?: Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948-1965. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. pp. 124-25. ^ Beinin, Joel. Was the Red Flag Flying There?: Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948-1965. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. pp. 144. ^ Joel Beinin (1989). Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation. South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-363-2.
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[]
null
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/intifadapalestin00lock","external_links_name":"Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_leave
Marriage leave
["1 Status around the world","2 See also","3 References"]
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (January 2019) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 287 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|zh|婚假}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Marriage leave is the legal right to enjoy leave of absence by an employee due to them getting married without loss of wages. Status around the world In the Republic of Ireland, civil servants are entitled 5 days. In Malta, every employee is entitled to 2 days' marriage leave. In Spain, an employee is entitled to 15 calendar days from the day of the wedding. In Vietnam, according to the Labor Code, an employee is entitled to 3 days of paid leave when they get married, and 1 day of paid leave when a child of theirs get married. They are also entitled to 1 day of unpaid leave when their father, mother, natural brother or sister gets married. See also Honeymoon References Look up marriage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ^ Special Leave with pay on Marriage. Department of Public Expenditure and Reform. 11 April 2016. ^ "Employment and Industrial Relations Act". justiceservices.gov.mt. Retrieved 2018-11-23. ^ "Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores". BOE - Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). 23 October 2015. ^ LABOUR CODE 2012 - English translation vteEmploymentClassifications Academic tenure Casual Contingent work Full-time job Gig worker Job sharing Part-time job Self-employment Side job Skilled worker Journeyman Technician Independent contractor Labour hire Temporary work Laborer Wage labour Hiring Application Background check Business networking Cover letter Curriculum vitae Drug testing Employment contract Employment counsellor Executive search list Induction programme Job fair Job fraud Job hunting Job interview Letter of recommendation Onboarding Overqualification Person–environment fit Personality–job fit theory Personality hire Probation Recruitment Résumé Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates Underemployment Work-at-home scheme Roles Cooperative Employee Employer Internship Job Labour hire Permanent employment Supervisor Volunteering Working class Blue-collar Green-collar Grey-collar Pink-collar Precariat White-collar Red-collar New-collar No-collar Orange-collar Scarlet-collar Black-collar Gold-collar Career and training Apprenticeship Artisan Master craftsman Avocation Career assessment Career counseling Career development Coaching Creative class Education Continuing education E-learning Employability Further education Graduate school Induction training Knowledge worker Licensure Lifelong learning Overspecialization Practice-based professional learning Professional association Professional certification Professional development Professional school Reflective practice Retraining Vocational education Vocational school Vocational university Mentorship Occupational Outlook Handbook Practice firm Profession Operator Professional Tradesman Vocation Attendance Break Career break Furlough Gap year Leave of absence Long service leave No call, no show Sabbatical Sick leave Time clock Schedules 35-hour workweek Four-day week Eight-hour day 996 working hour system Flextime On-call Overtime Remote work Retroactive overtime Six-hour day Shift work Working time Workweek and weekend Wages and salaries Income bracket Income tax Living wage Maximum wage National average salary World Europe Minimum wage Canada Hong Kong Europe United States Progressive wage Singapore Overtime rate Paid time off Performance-related pay Salary cap Wage compression Working poor Benefits Annual leave Casual Friday Child care Disability insurance Health insurance Life insurance Marriage leave Parental leave Pension Sick leave Take-home vehicle Safety and health Crunch Epilepsy and employment Human factors and ergonomics Karoshi List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents Occupational burnout Occupational disease Occupational exposure limit Occupational health psychology Occupational injury Occupational noise Occupational stress Personal protective equipment Repetitive strain injury Right to sit Sick building syndrome Work accident Occupational fatality Workers' compensation Workplace health promotion Workplace phobia Workplace wellness Equal opportunity Affirmative action Equal pay for equal work Gender pay gap Glass ceiling Infractions Corporate collapses and scandals Accounting scandals Control fraud Corporate behaviour Corporate crime Discrimination Exploitation of labour Dress code Employee handbook Employee monitoring Evaluation Labour law Sexual harassment Sleeping while on duty Wage theft Whistleblower Workplace bullying Workplace harassment Workplace incivility Willingness Boreout Careerism Civil conscription Conscription Critique of work Dead-end job Job satisfaction McJob Organizational commitment Refusal of work Slavery Bonded labour Human trafficking Labour camp Penal labour Peonage Truck wages Unfree labour Wage slavery Work ethic Work–life interface Downshifting Slow living Workaholic Termination At-will employment Dismissal Banishment room Constructive dismissal Wrongful dismissal Employee offboarding Exit interview Layoff Notice period Pink slip Resignation Letter of resignation Restructuring Retirement Mandatory retirement Retirement age Retirement planning Severance package Golden handshake Golden parachute Turnover Unemployment Barriers to entry Discouraged worker Economic depression Great Depression Long Depression Frictional unemployment Full employment Graduate unemployment Involuntary unemployment Jobless recovery Phillips curve Recession Great Recession Job losses caused by the Great Recession Lists of recessions Recession-proof job Reserve army of labour Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Types of unemployment Unemployment benefits Unemployment Convention, 1919 Unemployment extension List of countries by unemployment rate Employment rates Employment-to-population ratio Wage curve Youth unemployment Public programs Workfare Unemployment insurance Make-work job Job creation program Job creation index Job guarantee Employer of last resort Guaranteed minimum income Right to work Historical: U.S.A: Civil Works Administration Works Progress Administration Comprehensive Employment and Training Act See also Bullshit job Busy work Credentialism and educational inflation Emotional labor Evil corporation Going postal Kiss up kick down Labor rights Make-work job Narcissism in the workplace Post-work society Presenteeism Psychopathy in the workplace Sunday scaries Slow movement (culture) Toxic leader Toxic workplace Workhouse See also templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Corporate titles Organized labor This labor-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This family-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Honeymoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeymoon"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_River
Bighorn River
["1 Course","2 Names","3 See also","4 Further reading","5 Notes","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°09′18″N 107°28′28″W / 46.15500°N 107.47444°W / 46.15500; -107.47444For other uses, see Bighorn River (disambiguation). River in Wyoming and Montana, United States Bighorn RiverGreat Horn RiverThe CQA Four Mile Bridge over Bighorn RiverMap of the Wind-Bighorn RiverNative nameIisaxpúatahcheeaashisee (Crow)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateWyoming/MontanaCitiesDubois, Crowheart, Johnstown, Riverton, Thermopolis, Lucerne, Kirby, Winchester, South Flat, Mc Nutt, Worland, Washakie Ten, Manderson, Basin, Greybull, Fort SmithPhysical characteristicsSourceTwo Ocean Mountain • locationWind River Range, Teton County • coordinates43°44′50″N 110°04′27″W / 43.74722°N 110.07417°W / 43.74722; -110.07417 • elevation9,760 ft (2,970 m) MouthYellowstone River • locationBighorn, Montana, Treasure County • coordinates46°09′18″N 107°28′28″W / 46.15500°N 107.47444°W / 46.15500; -107.47444 • elevation2,687 ft (819 m)Length185 mi (298 km)Basin size22,885 sq mi (59,270 km2)Discharge  • locationBighorn • average3,954 cu ft/s (112.0 m3/s) Basin featuresTributaries  • leftEast Fork Wind River, Greybull River, Shoshone River • rightLittle Wind River, Nowood River, Little Bighorn River The Bighorn River is a tributary of the Yellowstone, approximately 461 miles (742 km) long, in the states of Wyoming and Montana in the western United States. The river was named in 1805 by fur trader François Larocque for the bighorn sheep he saw along its banks as he explored the Yellowstone. The upper reaches of the Bighorn, south of the Owl Creek Mountains in Wyoming, are known as the Wind River. The two rivers are sometimes referred to as the Wind/Bighorn. The Wind River officially becomes the Bighorn River at the Wedding of the Waters, on the north side of the Wind River Canyon near the town of Thermopolis. From there, the river flows through the Bighorn Basin in north central Wyoming, passing through Thermopolis and Hot Springs State Park. At the border with Montana, the river turns northeast, and flows past the north end of the Bighorn Mountains, through the Crow Indian Reservation, where the Yellowtail Dam forms the Bighorn Lake reservoir. The reservoir and the surrounding canyon are part of the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area. The Little Bighorn River joins the Bighorn near the town of Hardin, Montana. Approximately 50 miles (80 km) farther downriver, the Bighorn River ends where it joins the Yellowstone. Course The river carves a canyon through Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area The Bighorn River begins as the Wind River in the Rocky Mountains at Wind River Lake, near Two Ocean Mountain and the summit of Togwotee Pass. The Wind River flows southeast receiving the east fork of the Wind River from the north, and enters the Wind River Basin, flowing past Dubois and Johnstown, to Riverton, where it receives the Little Wind River. The river then changes direction to the northeast and then the north, flowing into Boysen Reservoir, which is formed by Boysen Dam. Below the dam it enters the Wind River Canyon, where the river narrows and forms many rapids. At the end of the canyon the Wind River widens out in an area called the Wedding of the Waters where it becomes the Bighorn River and enters the Bighorn Basin. The Bighorn continues northward, passing through Thermopolis, Worland, and Basin. At Greybull it receives the Greybull River, and about 30 mi (48 km) north of that confluence it enters Bighorn Lake, where it is joined by the Shoshone River. North of the confluence with the Shoshone, the reservoir narrows as the river enters the Bighorn Canyon, where it crosses into Montana. At the end of the canyon, the river passes through Yellowtail Dam and Afterbay Dam. The river turns to the northeast and enters the Great Plains. At Hardin the river is joined by the Little Bighorn River. Approximately 50 mi (80 km) downriver from the Little Bighorn, in Big Horn County, the Bighorn empties into the Yellowstone. Names Bighorn River in Montana The Bighorn River has also been known as the Great Horn River, Le Corne and Iisaxpúatahcheeaashisee in the Apsáalooke language which translates to English as Large Bighorn Sheep River. Its Gros Ventre name is ʔɔ́tééíníícááh, 'wild sheep river'. See also Montana portal List of rivers of Montana List of rivers of Wyoming Montana Stream Access Law Further reading Sullivan, Gordon (2008). Saving Homewaters: The Story of Montana's Streams and Rivers. Woodstock, VT: The Countryman Press. ISBN 978-0-88150-679-2. Notes ^ "Wind River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 1979-06-05. Retrieved 2011-04-05. ^ a b "Bighorn River, MT". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. ^ "USGS Surface Water data for Montana: USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics". ^ Aarstad, Rich; Arguimbau, Ellie; Baumler, Ellen; Porsild, Charlene; Shovers, Brian (2009). Montana Place Names. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-9759196-1-3. ^ "Apsáalooke Place Names Database". Library @ Little Big Horn College. Archived from the original on 2014-11-11. Retrieved 2013-04-27. ^ Cowell, A.; Taylor, A.; Brockie, T. (2016). "Gros Ventre ethnogeography and place names: A diachronic perspective". Anthropological Linguistics. 58 (2): 132–170. doi:10.1353/anl.2016.0025. S2CID 151520012. External links State of Wyoming: Bighorn River Basin U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Wind/Bighorn River Drainage (archive) Wyoming Game and Fish map showing the Wind River becoming the Bighorn (archive) vteState of MontanaHelena (capital)Topics Index Climate change Congressional delegations Geography Government Governors History bibliography People Protected areas Sports State symbols The Last Best Place Transportation Tourist attractions Society Abortion Cannabis Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Gun laws Politics LGBT rights Regions Eastern Montana The Flathead Glacier National Park Regional designations of Montana Western Montana Yellowstone Largest cities Anaconda Belgrade Billings Bozeman Butte Columbia Falls Dillon Glendive Great Falls Hamilton Havre Helena Kalispell Laurel Lewistown Livingston Miles City Missoula Polson Sidney Whitefish Counties Beaverhead Big Horn Blaine Broadwater Carbon Carter Cascade Chouteau Custer Daniels Dawson Deer Lodge Fallon Fergus Flathead Gallatin Garfield Glacier Golden Valley Granite Hill Jefferson Judith Basin Lake Lewis and Clark Liberty Lincoln Madison McCone Meagher Mineral Missoula Musselshell Park Petroleum Phillips Pondera Powder River Powell Prairie Ravalli Richland Roosevelt Rosebud Sanders Sheridan Silver Bow Stillwater Sweet Grass Teton Toole Treasure Valley Wheatland Wibaux Yellowstone Montana portal vteState of WyomingCheyenne (capital)Topics Bibliography Governors Delegations History People State symbols Radio stations Society Abortion Climate change Crime Demographics Economy Education Gun laws LGBT rights Politics Regions Black Hills Grand Teton Great Basin Powder River Country Red Desert Yellowstone Cities Buffalo Casper Cheyenne Cody Douglas Evanston Gillette Green River Jackson Kemmerer Lander Laramie Newcastle Powell Rawlins Riverton Rock Springs Sheridan Torrington Worland Counties Albany Big Horn Campbell Carbon Converse Crook Fremont Goshen Hot Springs Johnson Laramie Lincoln Natrona Niobrara Park Platte Sheridan Sublette Sweetwater Teton Uinta Washakie Weston Wyoming portal Authority control databases NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bighorn River (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_River_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_River"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"bighorn sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_sheep"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Owl Creek Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl_Creek_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Wind River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Wedding of the Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_the_Waters,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Thermopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermopolis,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Bighorn Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_Basin"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Bighorn Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Crow Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_Nation"},{"link_name":"Yellowtail Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowtail_Dam"},{"link_name":"Bighorn Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_Lake"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon"},{"link_name":"Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Little Bighorn River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bighorn_River"},{"link_name":"Hardin, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin,_Montana"}],"text":"For other uses, see Bighorn River (disambiguation).River in Wyoming and Montana, United StatesThe Bighorn River is a tributary of the Yellowstone, approximately 461 miles (742 km) long, in the states of Wyoming and Montana in the western United States. The river was named in 1805 by fur trader François Larocque for the bighorn sheep he saw along its banks as he explored the Yellowstone.[4]The upper reaches of the Bighorn, south of the Owl Creek Mountains in Wyoming, are known as the Wind River. The two rivers are sometimes referred to as the Wind/Bighorn. The Wind River officially becomes the Bighorn River at the Wedding of the Waters, on the north side of the Wind River Canyon near the town of Thermopolis. From there, the river flows through the Bighorn Basin in north central Wyoming, passing through Thermopolis and Hot Springs State Park.At the border with Montana, the river turns northeast, and flows past the north end of the Bighorn Mountains, through the Crow Indian Reservation, where the Yellowtail Dam forms the Bighorn Lake reservoir. The reservoir and the surrounding canyon are part of the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area.The Little Bighorn River joins the Bighorn near the town of Hardin, Montana. Approximately 50 miles (80 km) farther downriver, the Bighorn River ends where it joins the Yellowstone.","title":"Bighorn River"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A108,_Bighorn_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area,_Montana,_USA,_2004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Wind River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Togwotee Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togwotee_Pass"},{"link_name":"Wind River Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Basin"},{"link_name":"Dubois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubois,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Johnstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstown,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Riverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverton,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Little Wind River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Wind_River_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Boysen Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boysen_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Boysen Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boysen_Dam"},{"link_name":"Wind River Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Bighorn Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_Basin"},{"link_name":"Thermopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermopolis,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Worland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worland,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Greybull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greybull,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Greybull River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greybull_River"},{"link_name":"Bighorn Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_Lake"},{"link_name":"Shoshone River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone_River"},{"link_name":"Bighorn Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Yellowtail Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowtail_Dam"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Little Bighorn River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bighorn_River"},{"link_name":"Big Horn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Horn_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_River"}],"text":"The river carves a canyon through Bighorn Canyon National Recreation AreaThe Bighorn River begins as the Wind River in the Rocky Mountains at Wind River Lake, near Two Ocean Mountain and the summit of Togwotee Pass. The Wind River flows southeast receiving the east fork of the Wind River from the north, and enters the Wind River Basin, flowing past Dubois and Johnstown, to Riverton, where it receives the Little Wind River. The river then changes direction to the northeast and then the north, flowing into Boysen Reservoir, which is formed by Boysen Dam. Below the dam it enters the Wind River Canyon, where the river narrows and forms many rapids. At the end of the canyon the Wind River widens out in an area called the Wedding of the Waters where it becomes the Bighorn River and enters the Bighorn Basin. The Bighorn continues northward, passing through Thermopolis, Worland, and Basin. At Greybull it receives the Greybull River, and about 30 mi (48 km) north of that confluence it enters Bighorn Lake, where it is joined by the Shoshone River. North of the confluence with the Shoshone, the reservoir narrows as the river enters the Bighorn Canyon, where it crosses into Montana. At the end of the canyon, the river passes through Yellowtail Dam and Afterbay Dam. The river turns to the northeast and enters the Great Plains. At Hardin the river is joined by the Little Bighorn River. Approximately 50 mi (80 km) downriver from the Little Bighorn, in Big Horn County, the Bighorn empties into the Yellowstone.","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bighorn_River.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-2"},{"link_name":"Apsáalooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gros Ventre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bighorn River in MontanaThe Bighorn River has also been known as the Great Horn River, Le Corne[2] and Iisaxpúatahcheeaashisee in the Apsáalooke language which translates to English as Large Bighorn Sheep River.[5] Its Gros Ventre name is ʔɔ́tééíníícááh, 'wild sheep river'.[6]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saving Homewaters: The Story of Montana's Streams and Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/savinghomewaters0000sull"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88150-679-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88150-679-2"}],"text":"Sullivan, Gordon (2008). Saving Homewaters: The Story of Montana's Streams and Rivers. Woodstock, VT: The Countryman Press. ISBN 978-0-88150-679-2.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GNIS_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Wind River\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1604544"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gnis_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gnis_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Bighorn River, MT\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/779903"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"USGS Surface Water data for Montana: USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//waterdata.usgs.gov/mt/nwis/annual/?format=sites_selection_links&search_site_no=06294700&agency_cd=USGS&referred_module=sw"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9759196-1-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9759196-1-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Apsáalooke Place Names Database\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141111014834/http://lib.lbhc.edu/index.php?q=node%2F200&search=&d=Big+Horn&s=&submit=Go"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lib.lbhc.edu/index.php?q=node%2F200&search=&d=Big+Horn&s=&submit=Go"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/anl.2016.0025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fanl.2016.0025"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"151520012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151520012"}],"text":"^ \"Wind River\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 1979-06-05. Retrieved 2011-04-05.\n\n^ a b \"Bighorn River, MT\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.\n\n^ \"USGS Surface Water data for Montana: USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics\".\n\n^ Aarstad, Rich; Arguimbau, Ellie; Baumler, Ellen; Porsild, Charlene; Shovers, Brian (2009). Montana Place Names. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-9759196-1-3.\n\n^ \"Apsáalooke Place Names Database\". Library @ Little Big Horn College. Archived from the original on 2014-11-11. Retrieved 2013-04-27.\n\n^ Cowell, A.; Taylor, A.; Brockie, T. (2016). \"Gros Ventre ethnogeography and place names: A diachronic perspective\". Anthropological Linguistics. 58 (2): 132–170. doi:10.1353/anl.2016.0025. S2CID 151520012.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The river carves a canyon through Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/A108%2C_Bighorn_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area%2C_Montana%2C_USA%2C_2004.jpg/220px-A108%2C_Bighorn_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area%2C_Montana%2C_USA%2C_2004.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bighorn River in Montana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bighorn_River.jpg/220px-Bighorn_River.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Montana portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Montana"},{"title":"List of rivers of Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Montana"},{"title":"List of rivers of Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wyoming"},{"title":"Montana Stream Access Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Stream_Access_Law"}]
[{"reference":"Sullivan, Gordon (2008). Saving Homewaters: The Story of Montana's Streams and Rivers. Woodstock, VT: The Countryman Press. ISBN 978-0-88150-679-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/savinghomewaters0000sull","url_text":"Saving Homewaters: The Story of Montana's Streams and Rivers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88150-679-2","url_text":"978-0-88150-679-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Wind River\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 1979-06-05. Retrieved 2011-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1604544","url_text":"\"Wind River\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Bighorn River, MT\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/779903","url_text":"\"Bighorn River, MT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"USGS Surface Water data for Montana: USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/mt/nwis/annual/?format=sites_selection_links&search_site_no=06294700&agency_cd=USGS&referred_module=sw","url_text":"\"USGS Surface Water data for Montana: USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Aarstad, Rich; Arguimbau, Ellie; Baumler, Ellen; Porsild, Charlene; Shovers, Brian (2009). Montana Place Names. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-9759196-1-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9759196-1-3","url_text":"978-0-9759196-1-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Apsáalooke Place Names Database\". Library @ Little Big Horn College. Archived from the original on 2014-11-11. Retrieved 2013-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141111014834/http://lib.lbhc.edu/index.php?q=node%2F200&search=&d=Big+Horn&s=&submit=Go","url_text":"\"Apsáalooke Place Names Database\""},{"url":"http://lib.lbhc.edu/index.php?q=node%2F200&search=&d=Big+Horn&s=&submit=Go","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cowell, A.; Taylor, A.; Brockie, T. (2016). \"Gros Ventre ethnogeography and place names: A diachronic perspective\". Anthropological Linguistics. 58 (2): 132–170. doi:10.1353/anl.2016.0025. S2CID 151520012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fanl.2016.0025","url_text":"10.1353/anl.2016.0025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151520012","url_text":"151520012"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Killefer
Bill Killefer
["1 Major League career","2 Career statistics","3 Managing and coaching career","3.1 Managerial record","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
American baseball player, coach, and manager Baseball player Bill KilleferReindeer Bill Killefer, Philadelphia Phillies, Library of Congress photographCatcher / ManagerBorn: (1887-10-10)October 10, 1887Bloomingdale, Michigan, U.S.Died: July 3, 1960(1960-07-03) (aged 72)Elsmere, Delaware, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 13, 1909, for the St. Louis BrownsLast MLB appearanceOctober 1, 1921, for the Chicago CubsMLB statisticsBatting average.238Home runs4Runs batted in240Managerial record524–622Winning %.457 TeamsAs player St. Louis Browns (1909–1910) Philadelphia Phillies (1911–1917) Chicago Cubs (1918–1921) As manager Chicago Cubs (1921–1925) St. Louis Browns (1930–1933) As coach St. Louis Cardinals (1926) St. Louis Browns (1927–1929) Brooklyn Dodgers (1939) Philadelphia Phillies (1942) William Lavier Killefer (October 10, 1887 – July 3, 1960), nicknamed "Reindeer Bill", was an American professional baseball player, coach, and manager. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 1909 to 1921 for the St. Louis Browns, Philadelphia Phillies, and Chicago Cubs. Killefer, who was nicknamed "Reindeer Bill" due to his speed afoot, is notable for being the favorite catcher of Hall of Fame pitcher Grover Cleveland Alexander and, for being one of the top defensive catchers of his era. After his playing career, he continued to work as a coach and a manager for a Major League Baseball career that spanned a total of 48 years. Major League career Killefer made his major league debut at the age of 21 with the St. Louis Browns on September 13, 1909. After the 1910 season in which the Browns finished in last place, Killefer was released to the Buffalo Bisons of the Eastern League. Under the tutelage of Bisons' manager George Stallings, Killefer developed into a refined catcher. His contract was purchased by the Philadelphia Phillies on August 19, 1911, and he played his first game as a starter on October 3. The Phillies pitcher on that day was Grover Cleveland Alexander, and the game marked the first of 250 times the pair teamed up as a battery in the major leagues. Although he was a light hitter, Killefer became known for his strong defensive skills. In 1913, he led National League catchers with 166 assists, 130 baserunners caught stealing, a 50.6% caught stealing percentage, and finished second in putouts and fielding percentage. In 1914, Killefer made news when it was reported that he had signed with the Chicago Whales of the Federal League, although he denied the report. When the Phillies offered him a salary increase, he decided to sign with the Phillies, which led the Federal League to file a lawsuit against him and the Phillies. A judge ruled against the Federal League and Killefer remained with the Phillies. From 1915 to 1917, Alexander and Killefer solidified their reputation as the best battery in baseball, with Alexander posting three consecutive 30-win seasons. Killefer had one of his best seasons for the Phillies in 1917. He led National League catchers with a .984 fielding percentage, as well as in putouts, double plays, and total chances. He also had one of his best seasons offensively with a .274 batting average. After the 1917 season, in one of the most lopsided trades in major league history, the financially strapped Phillies sent Killefer and Alexander to the Chicago Cubs for two players and $55,000 in cash. With the Cubs, Killefer was credited with strengthening their pitching staff. The Cubs won the 1918 National League pennant before losing to the Boston Red Sox in the 1918 World Series. Killefer had another strong season in 1919, hitting a career-high .286 batting average and leading National League catchers in fielding percentage, putouts and assists. He served as player-manager for the Cubs in 1921 before retiring as a player at age 33. Career statistics In a thirteen-year major league career, Killefer played in 1,035 games, accumulating 751 hits in 3,150 at bats for a .238 career batting average along with 4 home runs and 240 runs batted in. He had a career fielding percentage of .977. While he was not a powerful hitter, he possessed a strong throwing arm and a talent for working with pitchers. Killefer led National League catchers in fielding percentage four consecutive seasons from 1916 to 1919. He also led the league three times in putouts, assists and in baserunners caught stealing. Killefer caught 115 shutouts in his career, ranking him 16th all-time among major league catchers. Killefer's reputation as a defensive standout is enhanced because of the era in which he played. In the Deadball Era, catchers played a huge defensive role, given the large number of bunts and stolen base attempts, as well as the difficulty of handling the spitball pitchers who dominated pitching staffs. Richard Kendall of the Society for American Baseball Research devised an unscientific study that ranked Killefer as the most dominating fielding catcher in major league history. Managing and coaching career After his playing career ended, Killefer continued as manager of the Cubs until he was fired after 75 games in 1925. He was hired by St. Louis Cardinals manager Rogers Hornsby as a coach for the 1926 season. The Cardinals went on to win the 1926 World Series with Killefer receiving credit for his help with the pitching staff. In 1927, he was hired by the St. Louis Browns as a coach, and he became their manager in 1930. Killefer enjoyed little success as the Browns' manager, never finishing above fifth place as the depression-era team had cut its payroll significantly. He was fired in 1933 and took two years off from organised baseball. Killefer accepted a role as manager for the Sacramento Solons in the Pacific Coast League, leading them to a first-place finish in 1937. He later coached for the Brooklyn Dodgers and managed the minor league Milwaukee Brewers. His managerial record was 524–622 (.457) in nine seasons. Killefer's last on-the-field position in the major leagues was as a coach for the 1942 Philadelphia Phillies. He also served as a scout for the Cleveland Indians, the Phillies and the Dodgers. As a scout for the Indians, Killefer was involved in the signing of Larry Doby in 1947 (the American League's first black player). Killefer was credited with helping the development of such catching standouts as Bob O'Farrell, Gabby Hartnett, Rick Ferrell, and Walker Cooper. He died in Elsmere, Delaware, at age 72. His brother, Red Killefer, was also a major league baseball player. Political economist Nancy Killefer is a granddaughter. Managerial record Team Year Regular season Postseason Games Won Lost Win % Finish Won Lost Win % Result CHC 1921 57 23 34 .404 7th in NL – – – – CHC 1922 154 80 74 .519 5th in NL – – – – CHC 1923 154 83 71 .539 4th in NL – – – – CHC 1924 153 81 72 .529 5th in NL – – – – CHC 1925 75 33 42 .440 fired – – – – CHC total 593 300 293 .506 0 0 – SLB 1930 154 64 90 .416 6th in AL – – – – SLB 1931 154 63 91 .409 5th in AL – – – – SLB 1932 154 63 91 .409 6th in AL – – – – SLB 1933 91 34 57 .374 fired – – – – SLB total 553 224 329 .405 0 0 – Total 1146 524 622 .457 0 0 – See also List of Major League Baseball player–managers List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Weatherby, Charlie. "The Baseball Biography Project: Bill Killefer". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved 17 July 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h "Bill Killefer Stats - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ Deadball stars of the National League, Thomas P. Simon, Brassey's, 2004 ISBN 1-57488-860-9 ISBN 978-1-57488-860-7 ^ "1913 National League Fielding Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ "Pete Alexander Stats - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ "1917 National League Fielding Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ "Baseball Digest, October 1987, Vol. 46, No. 10, ISSN 0005-609X". ^ a b Babe Ruth and the 1918 Red Sox, Allan Wood, iUniverse, 2000 ISBN 0-595-14826-3 ISBN 978-0-595-14826-4 ^ "1918 World Series - Boston Red Sox over Chicago Cubs (4-2) - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ "1919 National League Fielding Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ "Baseball Digest, July 2001, Vol. 60, No. 7, ISSN 0005-609X". ^ "The Encyclopedia of Catchers - Trivia December 2010 - Career Shutouts Caught". The Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers. Retrieved 29 December 2015. ^ "For Catchers, The Name of the Game is Defense, by George Vass, Baseball Digest, May 2005, Vol. 64, No. 3, ISSN 0005-609X". ^ "Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers - Dominating Catchers". members.tripod.com. ^ a b "Bill Killefer Managerial Record - Baseball-Reference.com". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ a b "TheDeadballEra.com :: Bill Killefer's Obit". www.thedeadballera.com. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bill Killefer. Career statistics and player information from MLB, or Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors) Bill Killefer at SABR (Baseball BioProject) vteChicago Cubs managers Albert Spalding (1876–1877) Bob Ferguson (1878) Cap Anson (1879) Silver Flint (1879) Cap Anson (1880–1897) Tom Burns (1898–1899) Tom Loftus (1900–1901) Frank Selee (1902–1905) Frank Chance (1905–1912) Johnny Evers (1913) Hank O'Day (1914) Roger Bresnahan (1915) Joe Tinker (1916) Fred Mitchell (1917–1920) Johnny Evers (1921) Bill Killefer (1921–1925) Rabbit Maranville (1925) George Gibson (1925) Joe McCarthy (1926–1930) Rogers Hornsby (1930–1932) Charlie Grimm (1932–1938) Gabby Hartnett (1938–1940) Jimmie Wilson (1941–1944) Roy Johnson (1944) Charlie Grimm (1944–1949) Frankie Frisch (1949–1951) Phil Cavarretta (1951–1953) Stan Hack (1954–1956) Bob Scheffing (1957–1959) Charlie Grimm (1960) Lou Boudreau (1960) College of Coaches Vedie Himsl (1961) Harry Craft (1961) El Tappe (1961–1962) Lou Klein (1961–1962, 1965) Charlie Metro (1962) Bob Kennedy (1963–1965) Leo Durocher (1966–1972) Whitey Lockman (1972–1974) Jim Marshall (1974–1976) Herman Franks (1977–1979) Joey Amalfitano (1979) Preston Gómez (1980) Joey Amalfitano (1980–1981) Lee Elia (1982–1983) Charlie Fox (1983) Jim Frey (1984–1986) John Vukovich (1986) Gene Michael (1986–1987) Frank Lucchesi (1987) Don Zimmer (1988–1991) Joe Altobelli (1991) Jim Essian (1991) Jim Lefebvre (1992–1993) Tom Trebelhorn (1994) Jim Riggleman (1995–1999) Don Baylor (2000–2002) Rene Lachemann (2002) Bruce Kimm (2002) Dusty Baker (2003–2006) Lou Piniella (2007–2010) Mike Quade (2010–2011) Dale Sveum (2012–2013) Rick Renteria (2014) Joe Maddon (2015–2019) David Ross (2020–2023) Craig Counsell (2024–present) vteBaltimore Orioles managers Hugh Duffy (1901) Jimmy McAleer (1902–1909) Jack O'Connor (1910) Bobby Wallace (1911–1912) George Stovall (1912–1913) Jimmy Austin (1913) Branch Rickey (1913–1915) Fielder Jones (1916–1918) Jimmy Austin (1918) Jimmy Burke (1918–1920) Lee Fohl (1921–1923) Jimmy Austin (1923) George Sisler (1924–1926) Dan Howley (1927–1929) Bill Killefer (1930–1933) Allen Sothoron (1933) Rogers Hornsby (1933–1937) Jim Bottomley (1937) Gabby Street (1938) Ski Melillo (1938) Fred Haney (1939–1941) Luke Sewell (1941–1946) Zack Taylor (1946) Muddy Ruel (1947) Zack Taylor (1948–1951) Rogers Hornsby (1952) Marty Marion (1952–1953) Jimmy Dykes (1954) Paul Richards (1955–1961) Lum Harris (1961) Billy Hitchcock (1962–1963) Hank Bauer (1964–1968) Earl Weaver (1968–1982) Joe Altobelli (1983–1985) Cal Ripken (1985) Earl Weaver (1985–1986) Cal Ripken (1987–1988) Frank Robinson (1988–1991) Johnny Oates (1991–1994) Phil Regan (1995) Davey Johnson (1996–1997) Ray Miller (1998–1999) Mike Hargrove (2000–2003) Lee Mazzilli (2004–2005) Sam Perlozzo (2005–2007) Dave Trembley (2007–2010) Juan Samuel (2010) Buck Showalter (2010–2018) Brandon Hyde (2019–present)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"catcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Browns"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_Baseball_Reference-2"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_Alexander"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Baseball playerWilliam Lavier Killefer (October 10, 1887 – July 3, 1960), nicknamed \"Reindeer Bill\", was an American professional baseball player, coach, and manager. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from 1909 to 1921 for the St. Louis Browns, Philadelphia Phillies, and Chicago Cubs.[1][2] Killefer, who was nicknamed \"Reindeer Bill\" due to his speed afoot, is notable for being the favorite catcher of Hall of Fame pitcher Grover Cleveland Alexander and, for being one of the top defensive catchers of his era.[1][3] After his playing career, he continued to work as a coach and a manager for a Major League Baseball career that spanned a total of 48 years.","title":"Bill Killefer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Browns"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_Baseball_Reference-2"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons"},{"link_name":"Eastern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"George Stallings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stallings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_Alexander"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"assists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"caught stealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught_stealing"},{"link_name":"putouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putout"},{"link_name":"fielding percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_percentage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chicago Whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Whales"},{"link_name":"Federal League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"double plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_play"},{"link_name":"total chances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_chances"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_Baseball_Reference-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Chicago_Cubs_season"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Babe_Ruth_and_the_1918_Red_Sox-8"},{"link_name":"National League pennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_pennant"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"1918 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_Baseball_Reference-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"player-manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-manager"}],"text":"Killefer made his major league debut at the age of 21 with the St. Louis Browns on September 13, 1909.[2] After the 1910 season in which the Browns finished in last place, Killefer was released to the Buffalo Bisons of the Eastern League.[1] Under the tutelage of Bisons' manager George Stallings, Killefer developed into a refined catcher.[1]His contract was purchased by the Philadelphia Phillies on August 19, 1911, and he played his first game as a starter on October 3.[1] The Phillies pitcher on that day was Grover Cleveland Alexander, and the game marked the first of 250 times the pair teamed up as a battery in the major leagues.[1] Although he was a light hitter, Killefer became known for his strong defensive skills.[1] In 1913, he led National League catchers with 166 assists, 130 baserunners caught stealing, a 50.6% caught stealing percentage, and finished second in putouts and fielding percentage.[4]In 1914, Killefer made news when it was reported that he had signed with the Chicago Whales of the Federal League, although he denied the report.[1] When the Phillies offered him a salary increase, he decided to sign with the Phillies, which led the Federal League to file a lawsuit against him and the Phillies.[1] A judge ruled against the Federal League and Killefer remained with the Phillies.[1]From 1915 to 1917, Alexander and Killefer solidified their reputation as the best battery in baseball, with Alexander posting three consecutive 30-win seasons.[1][5] Killefer had one of his best seasons for the Phillies in 1917. He led National League catchers with a .984 fielding percentage, as well as in putouts, double plays, and total chances.[6] He also had one of his best seasons offensively with a .274 batting average.[2]After the 1917 season, in one of the most lopsided trades in major league history, the financially strapped Phillies sent Killefer and Alexander to the Chicago Cubs for two players and $55,000 in cash.[1][7] With the Cubs, Killefer was credited with strengthening their pitching staff.[8] The Cubs won the 1918 National League pennant before losing to the Boston Red Sox in the 1918 World Series.[9] Killefer had another strong season in 1919, hitting a career-high .286 batting average and leading National League catchers in fielding percentage, putouts and assists.[2][10] He served as player-manager for the Cubs in 1921 before retiring as a player at age 33.","title":"Major League career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_played"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"at bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_bats"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_Baseball_Reference-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_Baseball_Reference-2"},{"link_name":"hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Babe_Ruth_and_the_1918_Red_Sox-8"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"fielding percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_percentage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_Baseball_Reference-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_Baseball_Reference-2"},{"link_name":"shutouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutouts_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Deadball Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadball_Era"},{"link_name":"bunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunt_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"stolen base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_base"},{"link_name":"spitball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitball"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Society for American Baseball Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Research"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In a thirteen-year major league career, Killefer played in 1,035 games, accumulating 751 hits in 3,150 at bats for a .238 career batting average along with 4 home runs and 240 runs batted in.[2] He had a career fielding percentage of .977.[2] While he was not a powerful hitter, he possessed a strong throwing arm and a talent for working with pitchers.[8] Killefer led National League catchers in fielding percentage four consecutive seasons from 1916 to 1919.[2][11] He also led the league three times in putouts, assists and in baserunners caught stealing.[2] Killefer caught 115 shutouts in his career, ranking him 16th all-time among major league catchers.[12]Killefer's reputation as a defensive standout is enhanced because of the era in which he played. In the Deadball Era, catchers played a huge defensive role, given the large number of bunts and stolen base attempts, as well as the difficulty of handling the spitball pitchers who dominated pitching staffs.[13] Richard Kendall of the Society for American Baseball Research devised an unscientific study that ranked Killefer as the most dominating fielding catcher in major league history.[14]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"Rogers Hornsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Hornsby"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"1926 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_Manager_record_at_Baseball_Reference-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Solons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Solons"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers_(minor_league_baseball_team)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_Manager_record_at_Baseball_Reference-15"},{"link_name":"1942 Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Philadelphia_Phillies_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_New_York_Times_Obituary_at_thedeadballera.com-16"},{"link_name":"Larry Doby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Doby"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"Bob O'Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_O%27Farrell"},{"link_name":"Gabby Hartnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabby_Hartnett"},{"link_name":"Rick Ferrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Ferrell"},{"link_name":"Walker Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_at_The_Baseball_Biography_Project-1"},{"link_name":"Elsmere, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsmere,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Killefer_New_York_Times_Obituary_at_thedeadballera.com-16"},{"link_name":"Red Killefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Killefer"},{"link_name":"Nancy Killefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Killefer"}],"text":"After his playing career ended, Killefer continued as manager of the Cubs until he was fired after 75 games in 1925.[1] He was hired by St. Louis Cardinals manager Rogers Hornsby as a coach for the 1926 season.[1] The Cardinals went on to win the 1926 World Series with Killefer receiving credit for his help with the pitching staff.[1] In 1927, he was hired by the St. Louis Browns as a coach, and he became their manager in 1930.[15] Killefer enjoyed little success as the Browns' manager, never finishing above fifth place as the depression-era team had cut its payroll significantly.[1] He was fired in 1933 and took two years off from organised baseball.[1]Killefer accepted a role as manager for the Sacramento Solons in the Pacific Coast League, leading them to a first-place finish in 1937.[1] He later coached for the Brooklyn Dodgers and managed the minor league Milwaukee Brewers.[1] His managerial record was 524–622 (.457) in nine seasons.[15] Killefer's last on-the-field position in the major leagues was as a coach for the 1942 Philadelphia Phillies.[1] He also served as a scout for the Cleveland Indians, the Phillies and the Dodgers.[16] As a scout for the Indians, Killefer was involved in the signing of Larry Doby in 1947 (the American League's first black player).[1] Killefer was credited with helping the development of such catching standouts as Bob O'Farrell, Gabby Hartnett, Rick Ferrell, and Walker Cooper.[1]He died in Elsmere, Delaware, at age 72.[16] His brother, Red Killefer, was also a major league baseball player. Political economist Nancy Killefer is a granddaughter.","title":"Managing and coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Managerial record","title":"Managing and coaching career"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Major League Baseball player–managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_player%E2%80%93managers"},{"title":"List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_St._Louis_Cardinals_coaches"}]
[{"reference":"Weatherby, Charlie. \"The Baseball Biography Project: Bill Killefer\". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved 17 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioproj.sabr.org/bioproj.cfm?a=v&v=l&bid=2580&pid=7496","url_text":"\"The Baseball Biography Project: Bill Killefer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Killefer Stats - Baseball-Reference.com\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/k/killebi01.shtml","url_text":"\"Bill Killefer Stats - Baseball-Reference.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"1913 National League Fielding Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1913-fielding-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1913 National League Fielding Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pete Alexander Stats - Baseball-Reference.com\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/a/alexape01.shtml","url_text":"\"Pete Alexander Stats - Baseball-Reference.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"1917 National League Fielding Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1917-fielding-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1917 National League Fielding Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball Digest, October 1987, Vol. 46, No. 10, ISSN 0005-609X\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6TMDAAAAMBAJ&q=bill+killefer+baseball+digest&pg=PA16","url_text":"\"Baseball Digest, October 1987, Vol. 46, No. 10, ISSN 0005-609X\""}]},{"reference":"\"1918 World Series - Boston Red Sox over Chicago Cubs (4-2) - Baseball-Reference.com\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/1918_WS.shtml","url_text":"\"1918 World Series - Boston Red Sox over Chicago Cubs (4-2) - Baseball-Reference.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"1919 National League Fielding Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1919-fielding-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1919 National League Fielding Leaders - Baseball-Reference.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball Digest, July 2001, Vol. 60, No. 7, ISSN 0005-609X\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LSsDAAAAMBAJ&q=july+2001+fielding+leaders+baseball+digest&pg=PA86","url_text":"\"Baseball Digest, July 2001, Vol. 60, No. 7, ISSN 0005-609X\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Encyclopedia of Catchers - Trivia December 2010 - Career Shutouts Caught\". The Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bb_catchers.tripod.com/catchers/tmonth1.htm","url_text":"\"The Encyclopedia of Catchers - Trivia December 2010 - Career Shutouts Caught\""}]},{"reference":"\"For Catchers, The Name of the Game is Defense, by George Vass, Baseball Digest, May 2005, Vol. 64, No. 3, ISSN 0005-609X\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9S0DAAAAMBAJ&q=baseball+digest+defensive+catchers&pg=PA26","url_text":"\"For Catchers, The Name of the Game is Defense, by George Vass, Baseball Digest, May 2005, Vol. 64, No. 3, ISSN 0005-609X\""}]},{"reference":"\"Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers - Dominating Catchers\". members.tripod.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://members.tripod.com/bb_catchers/catchers/dominate.htm","url_text":"\"Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers - Dominating Catchers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Killefer Managerial Record - Baseball-Reference.com\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/managers/killebi01.shtml","url_text":"\"Bill Killefer Managerial Record - Baseball-Reference.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"TheDeadballEra.com :: Bill Killefer's Obit\". www.thedeadballera.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedeadballera.com/Obits/Obits_K/Killefer.Bill.Obit.html","url_text":"\"TheDeadballEra.com :: Bill Killefer's Obit\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Bio_Polytechnic
Korea Bio Polytechnic
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°08′44″N 127°01′19″E / 36.14551°N 127.02181°E / 36.14551; 127.02181Korea Bio PolytechnicHangul한국폴리텍바이오대학Hanja韓國폴리텍바이오大學Revised RomanizationHanguk Pollitek Baio DaehakMcCune–ReischauerHanguk P'ollit'ek Paio Taehak Korea Bio Polytechnic College is a two-year institute of higher learning in Nonsan 320-905, South Korea. It has five departments with a total of one hundred fifty students. The departments include: Department of Bioelectronics and Bioinformatics Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine Department of Bio Quality Control Department of Bio-Food Technology References ^ http://english.nonsan.go.kr/nsforeign/english/sub_frame.jsp?menu=02&sub=01&tab=01&stab=03 External links Official website (in Korean) 36°08′44″N 127°01′19″E / 36.14551°N 127.02181°E / 36.14551; 127.02181 This South Korea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Turner_(film)
Mr. Turner
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Music","5 Release","5.1 Piracy","6 Critical reception","7 Accolades","8 References","9 External links"]
2014 film by Mike Leigh This article is about the film. For people with this surname, see Turner (surname). Mr. TurnerTheatrical film posterDirected byMike LeighWritten byMike LeighProduced byGeorgina LoweStarring Timothy Spall Dorothy Atkinson Marion Bailey Paul Jesson Lesley Manville Martin Savage CinematographyDick PopeEdited byJon GregoryMusic byGary YershonProductioncompanies Film4 Focus Features International Lipsync Productions Thin Man Films Xofa Productions Distributed byEntertainment One Films (United Kingdom)Diaphana Films (France)Prokino Filmverleih (Germany)Release dates 15 May 2014 (2014-05-15) (Cannes) 31 December 2014 (2014-12-31) (United Kingdom) Running time150 minutesCountries United Kingdom France Germany LanguageEnglishBudget£8.4 millionBox office$22.2 million Mr. Turner is a 2014 biographical drama film based on the last 25 years of the life of artist J. M. W. Turner (1775–1851). Written and directed by Mike Leigh, the film stars Timothy Spall in the title role, with Dorothy Atkinson, Paul Jesson, Marion Bailey, Lesley Manville, and Martin Savage. It premiered in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival, where Spall won the award for Best Actor and Dick Pope received a special jury prize for the film's cinematography. The film was critically acclaimed and received four nominations each at the 87th Academy Awards and 68th British Academy Film Awards. Its soundtrack, by Gary Yerson, was nominated for multiple awards. Describing Turner as "a great artist: a radical, revolutionary painter", writer/director Leigh explained, "I felt there was scope for a film examining the tension between this very mortal, flawed individual, and the epic work, the spiritual way he had of distilling the world". Plot The film depicts the last quarter-century of the British painter J. M. W. Turner's life. Profoundly affected by the death of his father, loved by his housekeeper, Hannah Danby, whom he takes for granted and occasionally uses sexually, he forms a close and loving relationship with a seaside landlady, Mrs. Booth, with whom he eventually lives incognito in Chelsea, where he dies. Turner travels, paints, stays with the country aristocracy, visits a brothel, is a popular if anarchic member of the Royal Academy of Arts, has himself strapped to the mast of a ship so that he can paint a snowstorm, and is both celebrated and reviled by the public and by royalty. The story recreates the memorable occasion during the Royal Academy salon of 1832 when Turner's seascape Helvoetsluys was placed next to Constable's The Opening of Waterloo Bridge seen from Whitehall. Seeing how the muted tones of his own painting paled next to Constable's vibrant work, in a quick stroke Turner adds a smear of red paint representing a buoy. Recognising Turner's genius, Constable says, "He's been here and fired a gun." Cast Timothy Spall as J. M. W. Turner: The controversial artist; he never married but had two lovers. He fathered two children with one, though he denied paternity. Dorothy Atkinson as Hannah Danby (1786—1853): Turner's devoted housekeeper for 40 years, whom he exploits sexually in the film. (Leigh said that the sexual relationship was "an invention not based on any historical evidence".) She suffered from the skin disease psoriasis and died two years after Turner. Marion Bailey as Sophia Booth (1798—1875): Turner's landlady and lover, twice widowed, with one son by her first husband. After her second husband died, she became involved with Turner. Paul Jesson as William Turner Snr (1745—1829): Turner's father, a barber. His wife died young in a mental hospital, and their only other child died at 5. He lived with his artist son until his death, which deeply affected Turner. Lesley Manville as Mary Somerville, a scientist and friend of Turner. She gained renown at a time when women engaging seriously in scientific study was not condoned. Martin Savage as Benjamin Robert Haydon: Turner's friend, an artist who committed suicide. Ruth Sheen as Sarah Danby (1760—1861): Hannah's aunt by marriage and Turner's first lover and the mother of his two unacknowledged daughters. Her husband and Hannah's uncle, a musician, had died, leaving her a young widow. David Horovitch as Dr Price: Turner's doctor Karl Johnson as Mr. Booth, a sea captain and second husband of Sophia Booth Peter Wight as Joseph Gillott: wealthy arts patron Joshua McGuire as John Ruskin Stuart McQuarrie as Ruskin's father Sylvestra Le Touzel as Ruskin's mother Leo Bill as J. E. Mayall: pioneering photographer Kate O'Flynn as Prostitute: Eliza is the young prostitute sketched by Turner. Sinead Matthews as Queen Victoria: the young queen who sneers at Turner's later work. Karina Fernandez as Miss Coggins: musician who plays Dido's Lament by Henry Purcell, to Turner's singing. Richard Bremmer as George Jones: artist famous for battle scenes Mark Stanley as Clarkson Stanfield: marine painter Jamie Thomas King as David Roberts: Scottish Orientalist painter Tom Wlaschiha as Prince Albert Patrick Godfrey as Lord Egremont: arts patron (such as Carew) and owner of Petworth House where Turner spent much time. Niall Buggy as John Carew: Irish sculptor Fred Pearson as Sir William Beechy: portrait painter Tom Edden as C. R. Leslie: genre painter Clive Francis as Martin Archer Shee: portrait painter Robert Portal as Sir Charles Eastlake: painter and gallery director James Fleet as John Constable: landscape painter, doyen of the Romantic movement Nicholas Jones as Sir John Soane: neo-classical architect and art collector Roger Ashton-Griffiths as Henry William Pickersgill: portrait painter Simon Chandler as Sir Augustus Wall Callcott: landscape artist Edward de Souza as Thomas Stothard: painter and engraver Oliver Maltman as theatre actor Sam Kelly as theatre actor Production The original screenplay was written by Mike Leigh with research by historian Jacqueline Riding. Mr. Turner was filmed in several locations around the UK. Margate was not used to represent Turner's Margate, which was filmed at Kingsand in Cornwall. The production visited Kent to shoot a couple of scenes. Wentworth Woodhouse in Rotherham stood in for the Royal Academy in London, with the production crew meticulously recreating the way the paintings of the era were displayed. HMS Gannet in the Historic Dockyard Chatham was used in the scene where Turner has himself strapped to the mast of a sailing ship during a storm. Stangate Creek doubled as the Thames when Turner and his friends are rowed along the Thames and discuss HMS Victory, then toast HMS Temeraire. Music Main article: Mr. Turner (soundtrack) Release Mr. Turner had its premiere at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival, where it competed for the Palme d'Or, with Spall winning Best Actor and Dick Pope winning the Vulcan Award. Entertainment One released the film in the United Kingdom on 31 December 2014. Sony Pictures Classics handled the United States distribution, with a release date of 19 December 2014. It was screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. Piracy The film was leaked by the hacker group "Guardians of Peace" onto peer-to-peer file sharing websites on 27 November 2014, more than three weeks ahead of its intended U.S. theatrical release, as part of the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack. Along with it came Fury and three other then unreleased Sony Pictures films (Annie, Still Alice and To Write Love on Her Arms). Within three days of the initial leak, an estimated 63,379 unique IPs had downloaded Mr. Turner. Critical reception Mr. Turner received praise from critics. Spall's performance was lauded, along with Yershon's score and Pope's cinematography. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 97%, based on 196 reviews, with an average score of 8.40/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Led by a masterful performance from Timothy Spall and brilliantly directed by Mike Leigh, Mr. Turner is a superior Hollywood biopic." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 94 out of 100 based on 44 critics. Critic Katie Kilkenny of The Atlantic called it "a gorgeous, important film". Observer critic Mark Kermode described the film as a "portrait of a man wrestling light with his hands as if it were a physical element: tangible, malleable, corporeal". Slate reviewer Dana Stevens wrote, "Writing about Mr. Turner a few weeks after seeing it, I feel a craving to be again immersed in its world, which is rich with colors, textures, and, it sometimes almost seems, smells". The consonance between the film and its subject was addressed by Sir Nicholas Serota, director of the Tate Galleries in England: “Mike Leigh and Timothy Spall’s great achievement is showing us how the artist approached the physical business of painting. But they also convey the spirit of a man whose reputation as a curmudgeon is unwarranted, given his passionate interest in people and the world around him. There is a great humanitarian streak in Turner and Mike Leigh has found a way of capturing this on film, as he has done so often before.” Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three and a half out of four, writing that like Leigh's 1999 film Topsy-Turvy, about the creation of Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera The Mikado, " understands creative people on every conceivable level, and translates that understanding with a deftness rarely seen outside of astute documentaries about creative people. To watch it is to feel as though you're a part of its world... experiencing tiny fluctuations in received wisdom and sudden changes of artistic direction that can only be sensed by professionals who are plugged into their art form, and completely in command of their talents." Accolades List of awards and nominations Award / Film Festival Category Recipient(s) Result 87th Academy Awards Best Cinematography Dick Pope Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Best Original Score Gary Yershon Nominated Best Production Design Suzie Davies, Charlotte Watts Nominated 29th ASC Awards Theatrical Motion Picture Dick Pope Nominated 23rd Britannia Awards Excellence in Directing Mike Leigh Won 68th British Academy Film Awards Best Cinematography Dick Pope Nominated Best Production Design Suzie Davies, Charlotte Watts Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Best Makeup & Hair Christine Blundell, Lesa Warrener Nominated 17th British Independent Film Awards Best British Independent Film Mr. Turner Nominated Best Director Mike Leigh Nominated Best Actor Timothy Spall Nominated Best Supporting Actress Dorothy Atkinson Nominated Best Technical Achievement Dick Pope Nominated 67th Cannes Film Festival Best Actor Timothy Spall Won Vulcan Award Dick Pope Won Palme d'Or Mike Leigh Nominated 34th Hawaii International Film Festival EuroCinema Hawai'i Award for Best Film Mr. Turner Won 35th London Film Critics' Circle Awards Film of the Year Mr. Turner Nominated British Film of the Year Mr. Turner Nominated Actor of the Year Timothy Spall Nominated Supporting Actress of the Year Marion Bailey Nominated British Actor of the Year Timothy Spall Won Director of the Year Mike Leigh Nominated Technical Achievement Award Dick Pope Nominated 86th National Board of Review Awards Top 10 Independent Films Mr. Turner Won 49th National Society of Film Critics Awards Best Actor Timothy Spall Won 80th New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actor Timothy Spall Won References ^ "Mr. Turner". Film4. 31 October 2014. ^ Foundas, Scott (15 May 2014). "Cannes Film Review: 'Mr. Turner'". Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "MR. TURNER (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014. ^ "Mr. Turner (2014)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved 29 March 2015. ^ "2014 Official Selection". Cannes. Retrieved 17 April 2014. ^ "Awards 2014 : Competition". Cannes. Retrieved 25 May 2014. ^ "London Film School celebrate Cannes win". 29 May 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ Walsh, David (18 September 2012). "Toronto International Film Festival 2014—Part 1: Something different in filmmaking". ICFI. World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 21 September 2014. ^ CineVue (29 April 2014). "Cannes 2014: 'Mr. Turner' preview". CineVue - Award-winning UK film site. ^ Ben Child (23 October 2012). "Timothy Spall to play JMW Turner in Mike Leigh biopic". The Guardian. London. ^ Short documentary film: The Many Colours of Mr. Turner. Narrated by: Mike Leigh. Producer: Special Treats Productions. ^ Kent Film Office (15 October 2014). "Kent Film Office Mr Turner Article". ^ "Cannes Film Festival: Official Selection Lineup Announced - Variety". Variety. 17 April 2014. ^ "Toronto Film Festival Lineup". Variety. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014. ^ a b "Sony's New Movies Leak Online Following Hack Attack". Variety. 30 November 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014. ^ "Mr. Turner (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 18 November 2022. ^ "Mr. Turner Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved 22 February 2015. ^ Kilkenny, Katie (24 December 2014). "Mr. Turner Turns a Man Into a Myth, Beautifully". The Atlantic. Retrieved 24 September 2015. ^ Kermode, Mark (2 November 2014). "Mr Turner review – Mike Leigh shines a brilliant new light on the great master". The Observer. Retrieved 24 September 2015. ^ Stevens, Dana (18 December 2014). "Mr. Turner". Slate. Retrieved 24 September 2015. ^ Serota is quoted in Gilbey, Ryan (16 January 2015). "The Baftas vs Mike Leigh: why is our greatest auteur continually snubbed?". The Guardian. ^ Seitz, Matt Zoller Seitz (19 December 2014). "Mr. Turner Movie Review & Film Summary". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved 24 July 2017. ^ "2015 Oscars Nominees 87th Academy Awards Nominations". oscar.go.com. 15 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015. ^ "ASC Awards Nominees: 'Birdman', 'Unbroken', 'Mr Turner' On Cinematographers List". Deadline Hollywood. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015. ^ "The Jaguar Britannia Awards 2014". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014. ^ "BAFTA Nominations: 'Grand Budapest Hotel' Leads With 11 – Full List". Deadline Hollywood. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015. ^ "British Independent Film Awards Nominations 2014!". British Independent Film Awards. 7 November 2014. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2014. ^ "Cannes:"Winter Sleep" Takes The Palme D'Or; Festival Award Winners Announced". Penske Business Media, LLC. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014. ^ "Hawaii International Film Festival". IMDb.com. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014. ^ "Mr. Turner leads London Critics nominations". 16 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014. ^ "2014 Award Winners". NationalBoardOfReview.org. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014. ^ "2014 Awards". nationalsocietyoffilmcritics.com. 3 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015. ^ "2014 Awards". NYFCC.com. 1 December 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014. External links Official Website Mr. Turner at IMDb Mr. Turner at AllMovie Mr. Turner at Metacritic Mr. Turner at Box Office Mojo Mr. Turner at Rotten Tomatoes vteMike Leigh Awards and nominations Works Feature films Bleak Moments (1971) High Hopes (1988) Life Is Sweet (1990) Naked (1993) Secrets & Lies (1996) Career Girls (1997) Topsy-Turvy (1999) All or Nothing (2002) Vera Drake (2004) Happy-Go-Lucky (2008) Another Year (2010) Mr. Turner (2014) Peterloo (2018) Hard Truths (2024) Television Hard Labour (1973) The Permissive Society (1975) Nuts in May (1976) Knock for Knock (1976) Abigail's Party (1977) Kiss of Death (1977) Grown-Ups (1980) Home Sweet Home (1982) Meantime (1983) Four Days in July (1984) The Short and Curlies (1987) A Running Jump (2012) Plays The Box Play (1965) Ecstasy (1979) Too Much of a Good Thing (1979, broadcast 1992) Greek Tragedy (1989) vteJ. M. W. TurnerPaintings Interior of a Romanesque Church (c. 1795–1800) Landscape with Windmill and Rainbow (c. 1795–1800) Diana and Callisto (c. 1796) Fishermen at Sea (1796) Interior of a Gothic Church (c. 1797) Limekiln at Coalbrookdale (c. 1797) Moonlight, a Study at Millbank (1797) Aeneas and the Sibyl, Lake Avernus (c. 1798) Buttermere Lake, with Part of Cromackwater, Cumberland, a Shower (1798) Caernarvon Castle (c. 1798) Morning amongst the Coniston Fells, Cumberland (1798) Shipping by a Breakwater (1798) Tivoli and the Roman Campagna (c. 1798) View of a Town (c. 1798) Dolbadarn Castle (1798–1799) Self-Portrait (c. 1799) View in Wales: Mountain Scene with Village and Castle – Evening (c. 1799–1800) Welsh Mountain Landscape (c. 1799–1800) A Beech Wood with Gypsies round a Campfire (c. 1800) A Beech Wood with Gypsies Seated in the Distance (c. 1800) Landscape with Lake and Fallen Tree (c. 1800) View on Clapham Common (c. 1800–1805) The Shipwreck (1805) London from Greenwich Park (1809) The Fifth Plague of Egypt (1810) High Street, Oxford (1810) Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army ​Crossing the Alps (1812) Dido building Carthage, or, ​The Rise of the Carthaginian Empire (1815) Dort or Dordrecht: ​The Dort packet-boat from Rotterdam becalmed (1818) The Field of Waterloo (1818) England: Richmond Hill, on the Prince Regent's Birthday (1819) Rome, from the Vatican (1820) The Battle of Trafalgar (1822) Port Ruysdael (1826) Chichester Canal (1828) Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus (1829) Funeral of Sir Thomas Lawrence (1830) Childe Harold's Pilgrimage - Italy (1832) The Fountain of Indolence (1834) The Golden Bough (1834) Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore (1834) The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16th October, 1834 (1835) Rome, From Mount Aventine (1835) Venice, from the Porch of Madonna della Salute (c. 1835) The Fighting Temeraire Tugged to Her Last Berth ​to Be Broken up (1838) Modern Rome – Campo Vaccino (1839) Slave Ship ​(Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, ​Typhoon Coming On) (1840) Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth (1842) The Blue Rigi (1842) The Red Rigi (1842) Peace – Burial at Sea (1842) War. The Exile and the Rock Limpet (1842) Light and Colour (Goethe's Theory) – ​The Morning after the Deluge – ​Moses Writing the Book of Genesis (1843) Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway (1844) Sunrise with Sea Monsters (1845) Norham Castle, Sunrise (c. 1845) Whalers (c. 1845) The Beacon Light (unknown) Prints Liber Studiorum (1807–1819) Museums Sandycombe Lodge Related The Painter (2011 play) Mr. Turner (2014 film) Thomas Price Turner Turner Prize Turner Contemporary Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turner (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_(surname)"},{"link_name":"biographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_film"},{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"J. M. W. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"Mike Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Timothy Spall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Spall"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"Paul Jesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jesson"},{"link_name":"Marion Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Lesley Manville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Manville"},{"link_name":"Martin Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Savage_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"2014 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannes2014-5"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Actor_Award_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014Winners-6"},{"link_name":"Dick Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Pope_(cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"87th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/87th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"68th British Academy Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_British_Academy_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Its soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Turner_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walsh-8"}],"text":"This article is about the film. For people with this surname, see Turner (surname).Mr. Turner is a 2014 biographical drama film based on the last 25 years of the life of artist J. M. W. Turner (1775–1851). Written and directed by Mike Leigh, the film stars Timothy Spall in the title role, with Dorothy Atkinson, Paul Jesson, Marion Bailey, Lesley Manville, and Martin Savage. It premiered in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival,[5] where Spall won the award for Best Actor[6] and Dick Pope received a special jury prize for the film's cinematography.[7]The film was critically acclaimed and received four nominations each at the 87th Academy Awards and 68th British Academy Film Awards. Its soundtrack, by Gary Yerson, was nominated for multiple awards.Describing Turner as \"a great artist: a radical, revolutionary painter\", writer/director Leigh explained, \"I felt there was scope for a film examining the tension between this very mortal, flawed individual, and the epic work, the spiritual way he had of distilling the world\".[8]","title":"Mr. Turner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. M. W. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The film depicts the last quarter-century of the British painter J. M. W. Turner's life. Profoundly affected by the death of his father, loved by his housekeeper, Hannah Danby, whom he takes for granted and occasionally uses sexually, he forms a close and loving relationship with a seaside landlady, Mrs. Booth, with whom he eventually lives incognito in Chelsea, where he dies.Turner travels, paints, stays with the country aristocracy, visits a brothel, is a popular if anarchic member of the Royal Academy of Arts, has himself strapped to the mast of a ship so that he can paint a snowstorm, and is both celebrated and reviled by the public and by royalty.[9]The story recreates the memorable occasion during the Royal Academy salon of 1832 when Turner's seascape Helvoetsluys was placed next to Constable's The Opening of Waterloo Bridge seen from Whitehall. Seeing how the muted tones of his own painting paled next to Constable's vibrant work, in a quick stroke Turner adds a smear of red paint representing a buoy. Recognising Turner's genius, Constable says, \"He's been here and fired a gun.\"","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timothy Spall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Spall"},{"link_name":"J. M. W. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ManyColours-11"},{"link_name":"psoriasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoriasis"},{"link_name":"Marion Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Paul Jesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jesson"},{"link_name":"Lesley Manville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Manville"},{"link_name":"Mary Somerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Somerville"},{"link_name":"Martin Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Savage_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Robert Haydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Haydon"},{"link_name":"Ruth Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Sheen"},{"link_name":"David Horovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horovitch"},{"link_name":"Karl Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Johnson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Peter Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wight_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gillott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gillott"},{"link_name":"Joshua McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_McGuire"},{"link_name":"John Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin"},{"link_name":"Stuart McQuarrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_McQuarrie"},{"link_name":"Sylvestra Le Touzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvestra_Le_Touzel"},{"link_name":"Leo Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Bill"},{"link_name":"J. E. Mayall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayall"},{"link_name":"Kate O'Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_O%27Flynn"},{"link_name":"Sinead Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinead_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Karina Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karina_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"Dido's Lament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido%27s_Lament"},{"link_name":"Henry Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Purcell"},{"link_name":"Richard Bremmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bremmer"},{"link_name":"George Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jones_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Mark Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Clarkson Stanfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson_Frederick_Stanfield"},{"link_name":"Jamie Thomas King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_King_(actor)"},{"link_name":"David Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Tom Wlaschiha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wlaschiha"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort"},{"link_name":"Patrick Godfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Godfrey"},{"link_name":"Lord Egremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wyndham,_3rd_Earl_of_Egremont"},{"link_name":"Petworth House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petworth_House"},{"link_name":"Niall Buggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Buggy"},{"link_name":"John Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Carew"},{"link_name":"William Beechy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beechy"},{"link_name":"C. R. Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Leslie"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_works"},{"link_name":"Clive Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Francis"},{"link_name":"Martin Archer Shee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Archer_Shee"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Eastlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lock_Eastlake"},{"link_name":"James Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fleet"},{"link_name":"John Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Jones_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Soane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Soane"},{"link_name":"Roger Ashton-Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ashton-Griffiths"},{"link_name":"Henry William Pickersgill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_William_Pickersgill"},{"link_name":"Simon Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Augustus Wall Callcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Wall_Callcott"},{"link_name":"Edward de Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Souza"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stothard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stothard"},{"link_name":"Oliver Maltman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Maltman"},{"link_name":"Sam Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Kelly"}],"text":"Timothy Spall as J. M. W. Turner: The controversial artist; he never married but had two lovers. He fathered two children with one, though he denied paternity.[10]\nDorothy Atkinson as Hannah Danby (1786—1853): Turner's devoted housekeeper for 40 years, whom he exploits sexually in the film. (Leigh said that the sexual relationship was \"an invention not based on any historical evidence\".[11]) She suffered from the skin disease psoriasis and died two years after Turner.\nMarion Bailey as Sophia Booth (1798—1875): Turner's landlady and lover, twice widowed, with one son by her first husband. After her second husband died, she became involved with Turner.\nPaul Jesson as William Turner Snr (1745—1829): Turner's father, a barber. His wife died young in a mental hospital, and their only other child died at 5. He lived with his artist son until his death, which deeply affected Turner.\nLesley Manville as Mary Somerville, a scientist and friend of Turner. She gained renown at a time when women engaging seriously in scientific study was not condoned.\nMartin Savage as Benjamin Robert Haydon: Turner's friend, an artist who committed suicide.\nRuth Sheen as Sarah Danby (1760—1861): Hannah's aunt by marriage and Turner's first lover and the mother of his two unacknowledged daughters. Her husband and Hannah's uncle, a musician, had died, leaving her a young widow.\nDavid Horovitch as Dr Price: Turner's doctor\nKarl Johnson as Mr. Booth, a sea captain and second husband of Sophia Booth\nPeter Wight as Joseph Gillott: wealthy arts patron\nJoshua McGuire as John Ruskin\nStuart McQuarrie as Ruskin's father\nSylvestra Le Touzel as Ruskin's mother\nLeo Bill as J. E. Mayall: pioneering photographer\nKate O'Flynn as Prostitute: Eliza is the young prostitute sketched by Turner.\nSinead Matthews as Queen Victoria: the young queen who sneers at Turner's later work.\nKarina Fernandez as Miss Coggins: musician who plays Dido's Lament by Henry Purcell, to Turner's singing.\nRichard Bremmer as George Jones: artist famous for battle scenes\nMark Stanley as Clarkson Stanfield: marine painter\nJamie Thomas King as David Roberts: Scottish Orientalist painter\nTom Wlaschiha as Prince Albert\nPatrick Godfrey as Lord Egremont: arts patron (such as Carew) and owner of Petworth House where Turner spent much time.\nNiall Buggy as John Carew: Irish sculptor\nFred Pearson as Sir William Beechy: portrait painter\nTom Edden as C. R. Leslie: genre painter\nClive Francis as Martin Archer Shee: portrait painter\nRobert Portal as Sir Charles Eastlake: painter and gallery director\nJames Fleet as John Constable: landscape painter, doyen of the Romantic movement\nNicholas Jones as Sir John Soane: neo-classical architect and art collector\nRoger Ashton-Griffiths as Henry William Pickersgill: portrait painter\nSimon Chandler as Sir Augustus Wall Callcott: landscape artist\nEdward de Souza as Thomas Stothard: painter and engraver\nOliver Maltman as theatre actor\nSam Kelly as theatre actor","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margate"},{"link_name":"Kingsand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsand"},{"link_name":"Wentworth Woodhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Woodhouse"},{"link_name":"HMS Gannet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Gannet_(1878)"},{"link_name":"Historic Dockyard Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"HMS Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Victory"},{"link_name":"HMS Temeraire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Temeraire_(1798)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The original screenplay was written by Mike Leigh with research by historian Jacqueline Riding. Mr. Turner was filmed in several locations around the UK. Margate was not used to represent Turner's Margate, which was filmed at Kingsand in Cornwall. The production visited Kent to shoot a couple of scenes. Wentworth Woodhouse in Rotherham stood in for the Royal Academy in London, with the production crew meticulously recreating the way the paintings of the era were displayed. HMS Gannet in the Historic Dockyard Chatham was used in the scene where Turner has himself strapped to the mast of a sailing ship during a storm. Stangate Creek doubled as the Thames when Turner and his friends are rowed along the Thames and discuss HMS Victory, then toast HMS Temeraire.[12]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_premiere"},{"link_name":"2014 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Entertainment One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_One"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Classics"},{"link_name":"2014 Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indiewire-14"}],"text":"Mr. Turner had its premiere at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival,[13] where it competed for the Palme d'Or, with Spall winning Best Actor and Dick Pope winning the Vulcan Award. Entertainment One released the film in the United Kingdom on 31 December 2014. Sony Pictures Classics handled the United States distribution, with a release date of 19 December 2014. It was screened in the Special Presentations section of the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.[14]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Entertainment hack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Entertainment_hack"},{"link_name":"Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fury_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Annie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Still Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Alice"},{"link_name":"To Write Love on Her Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Write_Love_on_Her_Arms_(film)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hack-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hack-15"}],"sub_title":"Piracy","text":"The film was leaked by the hacker group \"Guardians of Peace\" onto peer-to-peer file sharing websites on 27 November 2014, more than three weeks ahead of its intended U.S. theatrical release, as part of the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack. Along with it came Fury and three other then unreleased Sony Pictures films (Annie, Still Alice and To Write Love on Her Arms).[15] Within three days of the initial leak, an estimated 63,379 unique IPs had downloaded Mr. Turner.[15]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"Mark Kermode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kermode"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Serota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Serota"},{"link_name":"Tate Galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Galleries"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Matt Zoller Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Zoller_Seitz"},{"link_name":"RogerEbert.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RogerEbert.com"},{"link_name":"Topsy-Turvy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsy-Turvy"},{"link_name":"Gilbert and Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"The Mikado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mikado"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Mr. Turner received praise from critics. Spall's performance was lauded, along with Yershon's score and Pope's cinematography. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 97%, based on 196 reviews, with an average score of 8.40/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Led by a masterful performance from Timothy Spall and brilliantly directed by Mike Leigh, Mr. Turner is a superior Hollywood biopic.\"[16] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 94 out of 100 based on 44 critics.[17]Critic Katie Kilkenny of The Atlantic called it \"a gorgeous, important film\".[18] Observer critic Mark Kermode described the film as a \"portrait of a man wrestling light with his hands as if it were a physical element: tangible, malleable, corporeal\".[19] Slate reviewer Dana Stevens wrote, \"Writing about Mr. Turner a few weeks after seeing it, I feel a craving to be again immersed in its world, which is rich with colors, textures, and, it sometimes almost seems, smells\".[20]The consonance between the film and its subject was addressed by Sir Nicholas Serota, director of the Tate Galleries in England: “Mike Leigh and Timothy Spall’s great achievement is showing us how the artist approached the physical business of painting. But they also convey the spirit of a man whose reputation as a curmudgeon is unwarranted, given his passionate interest in people and the world around him. There is a great humanitarian streak in Turner and Mike Leigh has found a way of capturing this on film, as he has done so often before.”[21]Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three and a half out of four, writing that like Leigh's 1999 film Topsy-Turvy, about the creation of Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera The Mikado, \"[Mr. Turner] understands creative people on every conceivable level, and translates that understanding with a deftness rarely seen outside of astute documentaries about creative people. To watch it is to feel as though you're a part of its world... experiencing tiny fluctuations in received wisdom and sudden changes of artistic direction that can only be sensed by professionals who are plugged into their art form, and completely in command of their talents.\"[22]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Mr. Turner\". Film4. 31 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.film4.com/reviews/2014/mr-turner","url_text":"\"Mr. Turner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film4","url_text":"Film4"}]},{"reference":"Foundas, Scott (15 May 2014). \"Cannes Film Review: 'Mr. Turner'\". Retrieved 1 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/cannes-film-review-mr-turner-1201182098/","url_text":"\"Cannes Film Review: 'Mr. Turner'\""}]},{"reference":"\"MR. TURNER (12A)\". British Board of Film Classification. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://bbfc.co.uk/AVF314579","url_text":"\"MR. TURNER (12A)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. Turner (2014)\". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved 29 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=mrturner.htm","url_text":"\"Mr. Turner (2014)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Official Selection\". Cannes. Retrieved 17 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/60533.html","url_text":"\"2014 Official Selection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Awards 2014 : Competition\". Cannes. Retrieved 25 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/awardCompetition.html","url_text":"\"Awards 2014 : Competition\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Film School celebrate Cannes win\". 29 May 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theknowledgeonline.com/the-knowledge-bulletin/post/2014/05/29/London-Film-School-celebrate-Cannes-win","url_text":"\"London Film School celebrate Cannes win\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, David (18 September 2012). \"Toronto International Film Festival 2014—Part 1: Something different in filmmaking\". ICFI. World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 21 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/09/18/tff1-s18.html","url_text":"\"Toronto International Film Festival 2014—Part 1: Something different in filmmaking\""}]},{"reference":"CineVue (29 April 2014). \"Cannes 2014: 'Mr. Turner' preview\". CineVue - Award-winning UK film site.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cine-vue.com/2014/04/cannes-2014-mr-turner-preview.html","url_text":"\"Cannes 2014: 'Mr. Turner' preview\""}]},{"reference":"Ben Child (23 October 2012). \"Timothy Spall to play JMW Turner in Mike Leigh biopic\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/oct/23/timothy-spall-jmw-turner-mike-leigh","url_text":"\"Timothy Spall to play JMW Turner in Mike Leigh biopic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Kent Film Office (15 October 2014). \"Kent Film Office Mr Turner Article\".","urls":[{"url":"http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/2014/10/mr-turner-2014/","url_text":"\"Kent Film Office Mr Turner Article\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cannes Film Festival: Official Selection Lineup Announced - Variety\". Variety. 17 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2014/film/news/cannes-unveils-2014-official-selection-lineup-1201158710/","url_text":"\"Cannes Film Festival: Official Selection Lineup Announced - Variety\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Toronto Film Festival Lineup\". Variety. 22 July 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_Time
Arrow of time
["1 Overview","2 Conception by Eddington","3 Arrows","3.1 Psychological/perceptual arrow of time","3.2 Thermodynamic arrow of time","3.3 Cosmological arrow of time","3.4 Radiative arrow of time","3.5 Causal arrow of time","3.6 Quantum arrow of time","3.7 Particle physics (weak) arrow of time","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Concept in physics of one-way time For other uses, see Arrow of time (disambiguation). This article is an overview of the subject. For a more technical discussion and for information related to current research, see Entropy (arrow of time). "The Arrow of Time" redirects here. For the soundtrack for Timelapse of the Future, see Timelapse of the Future § Soundtrack. Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882–1944) The arrow of time, also called time's arrow, is the concept positing the "one-way direction" or "asymmetry" of time. It was developed in 1927 by the British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington, and is an unsolved general physics question. This direction, according to Eddington, could be determined by studying the organization of atoms, molecules, and bodies, and might be drawn upon a four-dimensional relativistic map of the world ("a solid block of paper"). The arrow of time paradox was originally recognized in the 1800s for gases (and other substances) as a discrepancy between microscopic and macroscopic description of thermodynamics / statistical Physics: at the microscopic level physical processes are believed to be either entirely or mostly time-symmetric: if the direction of time were to reverse, the theoretical statements that describe them would remain true. Yet at the macroscopic level it often appears that this is not the case: there is an obvious direction (or flow) of time. Overview The symmetry of time (T-symmetry) can be understood simply as the following: if time were perfectly symmetrical, a video of real events would seem realistic whether played forwards or backwards. Gravity, for example, is a time-reversible force. A ball that is tossed up, slows to a stop, and falls is a case where recordings would look equally realistic forwards and backwards. The system is T-symmetrical. However, the process of the ball bouncing and eventually coming to a stop is not time-reversible. While going forward, kinetic energy is dissipated and entropy is increased. Entropy may be one of the few processes that is not time-reversible. According to the statistical notion of increasing entropy, the "arrow" of time is identified with a decrease of free energy. In his book The Big Picture, physicist Sean M. Carroll compares the asymmetry of time to the asymmetry of space: While physical laws are in general isotropic, near Earth there is an obvious distinction between "up" and "down", due to proximity to this huge body, which breaks the symmetry of space. Similarly, physical laws are in general symmetric to the flipping of time direction, but near the Big Bang (i.e., in the first many trillions of years following it), there is an obvious distinction between "forward" and "backward" in time, due to relative proximity to this special event, which breaks the symmetry of time. Under this view, all the arrows of time are a result of our relative proximity in time to the Big Bang and the special circumstances that existed then. (Strictly speaking, the weak interactions are asymmetric to both spatial reflection and to flipping of the time direction. However, they do obey a more complicated symmetry that includes both.) Conception by Eddington In the 1928 book The Nature of the Physical World, which helped to popularize the concept, Eddington stated: Let us draw an arrow arbitrarily. If as we follow the arrow we find more and more of the random element in the state of the world, then the arrow is pointing towards the future; if the random element decreases the arrow points towards the past. That is the only distinction known to physics. This follows at once if our fundamental contention is admitted that the introduction of randomness is the only thing which cannot be undone. I shall use the phrase 'time's arrow' to express this one-way property of time which has no analogue in space. Eddington then gives three points to note about this arrow: It is vividly recognized by consciousness. It is equally insisted on by our reasoning faculty, which tells us that a reversal of the arrow would render the external world nonsensical. It makes no appearance in physical science except in the study of organization of a number of individuals. (In other words, it is only observed in entropy, a statistical mechanics phenomenon arising from a system.) Arrows Psychological/perceptual arrow of time Main article: Time perception A related mental arrow arises because one has the sense that one's perception is a continuous movement from the known past to the unknown future. This phenomenon has two aspects: memory (we remember the past but not the future) and volition (we feel we can influence the future but not the past). The two aspects are a consequence of the causal arrow of time: past events (but not future events) are the cause of our present memories, as more and more correlations are formed between the outer world and our brain (see correlations and the arrow of time); and our present volitions and actions are causes of future events. This is because the increase of entropy is thought to be related to increase of both correlations between a system and its surroundings and of the overall complexity, under an appropriate definition; thus all increase together with time. Past and future are also psychologically associated with additional notions. English, along with other languages, tends to associate the past with "behind" and the future with "ahead", with expressions such as "to look forward to welcoming you", "to look back to the good old times", or "to be years ahead". However, this association of "behind ⇔ past" and "ahead ⇔ future" is culturally determined. For example, the Aymara language associates "ahead ⇔ past" and "behind ⇔ future" both in terms of terminology and gestures, corresponding to the past being observed and the future being unobserved. Similarly, the Chinese term for "the day after tomorrow" 後天 ("hòutiān") literally means "after (or behind) day", whereas "the day before yesterday" 前天 ("qiántiān") is literally "preceding (or in front) day", and Chinese speakers spontaneously gesture in front for the past and behind for the future, although there are conflicting findings on whether they perceive the ego to be in front of or behind the past. There are no languages that place the past and future on a left–right axis (e.g., there is no expression in English such as *the meeting was moved to the left), although at least English speakers associate the past with the left and the future with the right. The words "yesterday" and "tomorrow" both translate to the same word in Hindi: कल ("kal"), meaning " day remote from today." The ambiguity is resolved by verb tense. परसों ("parson") is used for both "day before yesterday" and "day after tomorrow", or "two days from today". तरसों ("tarson") is used for "three days from today" and नरसों ("narson") is used for "four days from today". The other side of the psychological passage of time is in the realm of volition and action. We plan and often execute actions intended to affect the course of events in the future. From the Rubaiyat: The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ,   Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor Wit. Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line,   Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it. — Omar Khayyam (translation by Edward Fitzgerald). In June 2022, researchers reported in Physical Review Letters finding that salamanders were demonstrating counter-intuitive responses to the arrow of time in how their eyes perceived different stimuli. Thermodynamic arrow of time Main article: Entropy as an arrow of time The arrow of time is the "one-way direction" or "asymmetry" of time. The thermodynamic arrow of time is provided by the second law of thermodynamics, which says that in an isolated system, entropy tends to increase with time. Entropy can be thought of as a measure of microscopic disorder; thus the second law implies that time is asymmetrical with respect to the amount of order in an isolated system: as a system advances through time, it becomes more statistically disordered. This asymmetry can be used empirically to distinguish between future and past, though measuring entropy does not accurately measure time. Also, in an open system, entropy can decrease with time. British physicist Sir Alfred Brian Pippard wrote: "There is thus no justification for the view, often glibly repeated, that the Second Law of Thermodynamics is only statistically true, in the sense that microscopic violations repeatedly occur, but never violations of any serious magnitude. On the contrary, no evidence has ever been presented that the Second Law breaks down under any circumstances." However, there are a number of paradoxes regarding violation of the second law of thermodynamics, one of them due to the Poincaré recurrence theorem. This arrow of time seems to be related to all other arrows of time and arguably underlies some of them, with the exception of the weak arrow of time. Harold Blum's 1951 book Time's Arrow and Evolution discusses "the relationship between time's arrow (the second law of thermodynamics) and organic evolution." This influential text explores "irreversibility and direction in evolution and order, negentropy, and evolution." Blum argues that evolution followed specific patterns predetermined by the inorganic nature of the earth and its thermodynamic processes. Cosmological arrow of time See also: Entropy, Entropy as an arrow of time, and Past hypothesis The cosmological arrow of time points in the direction of the universe's expansion. It may be linked to the thermodynamic arrow, with the universe heading towards a heat death (Big Chill) as the amount of Thermodynamic free energy becomes negligible. Alternatively, it may be an artifact of our place in the universe's evolution (see the Anthropic bias), with this arrow reversing as gravity pulls everything back into a Big Crunch. If this arrow of time is related to the other arrows of time, then the future is by definition the direction towards which the universe becomes bigger. Thus, the universe expands—rather than shrinks—by definition. The thermodynamic arrow of time and the second law of thermodynamics are thought to be a consequence of the initial conditions in the early universe. Therefore, they ultimately result from the cosmological set-up. Radiative arrow of time Waves, from radio waves to sound waves to those on a pond from throwing a stone, expand outward from their source, even though the wave equations accommodate solutions of convergent waves as well as radiative ones. This arrow has been reversed in carefully worked experiments that created convergent waves, so this arrow probably follows from the thermodynamic arrow in that meeting the conditions to produce a convergent wave requires more order than the conditions for a radiative wave. Put differently, the probability for initial conditions that produce a convergent wave is much lower than the probability for initial conditions that produce a radiative wave. In fact, normally a radiative wave increases entropy, while a convergent wave decreases it, making the latter contradictory to the second law of thermodynamics in usual circumstances. Causal arrow of time A cause precedes its effect: the causal event occurs before the event it causes or affects. Birth, for example, follows a successful conception and not vice versa. Thus causality is intimately bound up with time's arrow. An epistemological problem with using causality as an arrow of time is that, as David Hume maintained, the causal relation per se cannot be perceived; one only perceives sequences of events. Furthermore, it is surprisingly difficult to provide a clear explanation of what the terms cause and effect really mean, or to define the events to which they refer. However, it does seem evident that dropping a cup of water is a cause while the cup subsequently shattering and spilling the water is the effect. Physically speaking, correlations between a system and its surrounding are thought to increase with entropy, and have been shown to be equivalent to it in a simplified case of a finite system interacting with the environment. The assumption of low initial entropy is indeed equivalent to assuming no initial correlations in the system; thus correlations can only be created as we move forward in time, not backwards. Controlling the future, or causing something to happen, creates correlations between the doer and the effect, and therefore the relation between cause and effect is a result of the thermodynamic arrow of time, a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. Indeed, in the above example of the cup dropping, the initial conditions have high order and low entropy, while the final state has high correlations between relatively distant parts of the system – the shattered pieces of the cup, as well as the spilled water, and the object that caused the cup to drop. Quantum arrow of time Quantum evolution is governed by equations of motions that are time-symmetric (such as the Schrödinger equation in the non-relativistic approximation), and by wave function collapse, which is a time-irreversible process, and is either real (by the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics) or apparent only (by the many-worlds interpretation and relational quantum mechanics interpretation). The theory of quantum decoherence explains why wave function collapse happens in a time-asymmetric fashion due to the second law of thermodynamics, thus deriving the quantum arrow of time from the thermodynamic arrow of time. In essence, following any particle scattering or interaction between two larger systems, the relative phases of the two systems are at first orderly related, but subsequent interactions (with additional particles or systems) make them less so, so that the two systems become decoherent. Thus decoherence is a form of increase in microscopic disorder – in short, decoherence increases entropy. Two decoherent systems can no longer interact via quantum superposition, unless they become coherent again, which is normally impossible, by the second law of thermodynamics. In the language of relational quantum mechanics, the observer becomes entangled with the measured state, where this entanglement increases entropy. As stated by Seth Lloyd, "the arrow of time is an arrow of increasing correlations". However, under special circumstances, one can prepare initial conditions that will cause a decrease in decoherence and in entropy. This has been shown experimentally in 2019, when a team of Russian scientists reported the reversal of the quantum arrow of time on an IBM quantum computer, in an experiment supporting the understanding of the quantum arrow of time as emerging from the thermodynamic one. By observing the state of the quantum computer made of two and later three superconducting qubits, they found that in 85% of the cases, the two-qubit computer returned to the initial state. The state's reversal was made by a special program, similarly to the random microwave background fluctuation in the case of the electron. However, according to the estimations, throughout the age of the universe (13.7 billion years) such a reversal of the electron's state would only happen once, for 0.06 nanoseconds. The scientists' experiment led to the possibility of a quantum algorithm that reverses a given quantum state through complex conjugation of the state. Note that quantum decoherence merely allows the process of quantum wave collapse; it is a matter of dispute whether the collapse itself actually takes place or is redundant and apparent only. However, since the theory of quantum decoherence is now widely accepted and has been supported experimentally, this dispute can no longer be considered as related to the arrow of time question. Particle physics (weak) arrow of time Main article: CP violation Certain subatomic interactions involving the weak nuclear force violate the conservation of both parity and charge conjugation, but only very rarely. An example is the kaon decay. According to the CPT theorem, this means they should also be time-irreversible, and so establish an arrow of time. Such processes should be responsible for matter creation in the early universe. That the combination of parity and charge conjugation is broken so rarely means that this arrow only "barely" points in one direction, setting it apart from the other arrows whose direction is much more obvious. This arrow had not been linked to any large-scale temporal behaviour until the work of Joan Vaccaro, who showed that T violation could be responsible for conservation laws and dynamics. See also A Brief History of Time Anthropic principle Ilya Prigogine Loschmidt's paradox Maxwell's demon Quantum Zeno effect Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1999 Samayā Time evolution Time reversal signal processing Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory References ^ Weinert, Friedel (2004-11-25). The Scientist as Philosopher: Philosophical Consequences of Great Scientific Discoveries. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 143. ISBN 978-3-540-21374-1. ^ David Albert on Time and Chance ^ Tuisku, P.; Pernu, T.K.; Annila, A. (2009). "In the light of time". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 465 (2104): 1173–1198. Bibcode:2009RSPSA.465.1173T. doi:10.1098/rspa.2008.0494. ^ a b Esposito, M., Lindenberg, K., & Van den Broeck, C. (2010). Entropy production as correlation between system and reservoir. New Journal of Physics, 12(1), 013013. ^ Ladyman, J.; Lambert, J.; Weisner, K.B. What is a Complex System? Eur. J. Philos. Sci. 2013, 3, 33–67. ^ a b Ulrich, Rolf; Eikmeier, Verena; de la Vega, Irmgard; Ruiz Fernández, Susana; Alex-Ruf, Simone; Maienborn, Claudia (2012-04-01). "With the past behind and the future ahead: Back-to-front representation of past and future sentences". Memory & Cognition. 40 (3): 483–495. doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0162-4. ISSN 1532-5946. PMID 22160871. ^ "(6/13/2006) For Andes Tribe, It's Back To The Future". www.albionmonitor.com. Retrieved 2023-09-13. ^ Núñez, Rafael E.; Sweetser, Eve. "With the Future Behind Them: Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time" (PDF). Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020. ^ Gu, Yan; Zheng, Yeqiu; Swerts, Marc (2019). "Which Is in Front of Chinese People, Past or Future? The Effect of Language and Culture on Temporal Gestures and Spatial Conceptions of Time". Cognitive Science. 43 (12): e12804. doi:10.1111/cogs.12804. ISSN 1551-6709. PMC 6916330. PMID 31858627. ^ mbdg.net Chinese-English Dictionary — accessed 2017-01-11 ^ Bahri, Hardev (1989). Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary. Delhi: Rajpal & Sons. p. 95. ISBN 978-81-7028-002-6. ^ Alexiadou, Artemis (1997). Adverb placement: a case study in antisymmetric syntax. Amsterdam : Benjamins. p. 108. ISBN 978-90-272-2739-3. ^ Hindi-English.org Hindi English Dictionary परसों — accessed 2017-01-11 ^ "Meaning of तरसों in Hindi | Hindi meaning of तरसों (तरसों ka Hindi Matlab)". Archived from the original on 2021-09-11. Retrieved 2021-09-11. ^ Lynn, Christopher W.; Holmes, Caroline M.; Bialek, William; Schwab, David J. (2022-09-06). "Decomposing the Local Arrow of Time in Interacting Systems". Physical Review Letters. 129 (11): 118101. arXiv:2112.14721. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.129k8101L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.118101. PMC 9751844. PMID 36154397. ^ A. B. Pippard, Elements of Chemical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics (1966), p. 100. ^ Blum, Harold F. (1951). Time's Arrow and Evolution (First ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02354-0. ^ Morowitz, Harold J. (September 1969). "Book review: Time's arrow and evolution: Third Edition". Icarus. 11 (2): 278–279. Bibcode:1969Icar...11..278M. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(69)90059-1. PMC 2599115. ^ McN., W. P. (November 1951). "Book reviews: Time's Arrow and Evolution". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 24 (2): 164. PMC 2599115. ^ Susskind, Leonard. "Boltzmann and the Arrow of Time: A Recent Perspective". Cornell University. Retrieved June 1, 2016. ^ Mathias Fink (30 November 1999). "Time-Reversed Acoustic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2016. ^ Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry, pp. 109–111. ^ Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry, chapter 6 ^ a b Schlosshauer, M. (2005). Decoherence, the measurement problem, and interpretations of quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern physics, 76(4), 1267. ^ Wolchover, Natalie (25 April 2014). "New Quantum Theory Could Explain the Flow of Time". Wired – via www.wired.com. ^ Univ of Bristol (26 Nov 2021) Time-Reversal Phenomenon: In the Quantum Realm, Not Even Time Flows As You Might Expect Lead: Professor Caslav Brukner: "quantum systems can simultaneously evolve along two opposite time arrows — both forward and backward in time". ^ a b Lesovik, G. B.; Sadovskyy, I. A.; Suslov, M. V.; Lebedev, A. V.; Vinokur, V. M. (13 March 2019). "Arrow of time and its reversal on the IBM quantum computer". Nature. 9 (1): 4396. arXiv:1712.10057. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.4396L. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40765-6. PMC 6416338. PMID 30867496. S2CID 3527627. ^ a b c "Physicists reverse time using quantum computer". Phys.org. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019. ^ "Home". Physics World. 11 March 2008. ^ Vaccaro, Joan (2016). "Quantum asymmetry between time and space". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 472 (2185): 20150670. arXiv:1502.04012. Bibcode:2016RSPSA.47250670V. doi:10.1098/rspa.2015.0670. PMC 4786044. PMID 26997899. Further reading Lebowitz, Joel L. (2008). "Time's arrow and Boltzmann's entropy". Scholarpedia. 3 (4): 3448. Bibcode:2008SchpJ...3.3448L. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.3448. Boltzmann, Ludwig (1964). Lectures On Gas Theory. University Of California Press. Translated from the original German by Stephen G. Brush. Originally published 1896/1898. Carroll, Sean (2010). From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time. Dutton. Website. Coveney, Peter; Highfield, Roger (1990), The Arrow of Time: A voyage through science to solve time's greatest mystery, London: W. H. Allen, Bibcode:1990atvt.book.....C, ISBN 978-1-85227-197-8. Feynman, Richard (1965). The Character of Physical Law. BBC Publications. Chapter 5. Halliwell, J. J.; et al. (1994). Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-56837-1. (technical). Mersini-Houghton, L., Vaas, R. (eds.) (2012) The Arrows of Time. A Debate in Cosmology. Springer. 2012-06-22. ISBN 978-3-642-23258-9. (partly technical). Peierls, R (1979). Surprises in Theoretical Physics. Princeton. Section 3.8. Penrose, Roger (1989). The Emperor's New Mind. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851973-7. Chapter 7. Penrose, Roger (2004). The Road to Reality. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-04447-9. Chapter 27. Price, Huw (1996). Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510095-2. Website. Zeh, H. D (2010). The Physical Basis of The Direction of Time. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-42081-1. Official website for the book. "BaBar Experiment Confirms Time Asymmetry". External links The Ritz-Einstein Agreement to Disagree, a review of historical perspectives of the subject, prior to the evolvement of quantum field theory The Thermodynamic Arrow: Puzzles and Pseudo-Puzzles Huw Price on Time's Arrow Arrow of time in a discrete toy model The Arrow of Time Why Does Time Run Only Forwards, by Adam Becker, bbc.com vteTimeKey concepts Past Present Future Eternity Measurementand standardsChronometry UTC UT TAI Unit of time Orders of magnitude (time) Measurementsystems Italian six-hour clock Thai six-hour clock 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Relative hour Daylight saving time Chinese Decimal Hexadecimal Hindu Metric Roman Sidereal Solar Time zone Calendars Main types Solar Lunar Lunisolar Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Solar Hijri Chinese Hindu Panchang Maya List Clocks Main types astronomical astrarium atomic quantum hourglass marine sundial watch mechanical stopwatch water-based Cuckoo clock Digital clock Grandfather clock History Timeline ChronologyHistory Astronomical chronology Big History Calendar era Deep time Periodization Regnal year Timeline Philosophy of time A series and B series B-theory of time Chronocentrism Duration Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Perdurantism Presentism Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time ReligionMythology Ages of Man Destiny Immortality Dreamtime Kāla Time and fate deities Father Time Wheel of time Kalachakra Human experienceand use of time Chronemics Generation time Mental chronometry Music tempo time signature Rosy retrospection Tense–aspect–mood Time management Yesterday – Today – Tomorrow Time in scienceGeology Geological time age chron eon epoch era period Geochronology Geological history of Earth Physics Absolute space and time Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Instant Proper time Spacetime Theory of relativity Time domain Time translation symmetry Time reversal symmetry Other fields Chronological dating Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Clock reaction Glottochronology Time geography Related Leap year Memory Moment Space System time Tempus fugit Time capsule Time immemorial Time travel Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arrow of time (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(arrow_of_time)"},{"link_name":"Timelapse of the Future § Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelapse_of_the_Future#Soundtrack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arthur_Stanley_Eddington.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Eddington"},{"link_name":"asymmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetry"},{"link_name":"time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time"},{"link_name":"Arthur Eddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Eddington"},{"link_name":"unsolved general physics question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics"},{"link_name":"atoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom"},{"link_name":"molecules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule"},{"link_name":"bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_object"},{"link_name":"four-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional_space"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"microscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic"},{"link_name":"macroscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroscopic"},{"link_name":"thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"statistical Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Physics"},{"link_name":"microscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic"},{"link_name":"time-symmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-symmetry"},{"link_name":"macroscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroscopic"}],"text":"For other uses, see Arrow of time (disambiguation).This article is an overview of the subject. For a more technical discussion and for information related to current research, see Entropy (arrow of time).\"The Arrow of Time\" redirects here. For the soundtrack for Timelapse of the Future, see Timelapse of the Future § Soundtrack.Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882–1944)The arrow of time, also called time's arrow, is the concept positing the \"one-way direction\" or \"asymmetry\" of time. It was developed in 1927 by the British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington, and is an unsolved general physics question. This direction, according to Eddington, could be determined by studying the organization of atoms, molecules, and bodies, and might be drawn upon a four-dimensional relativistic map of the world (\"a solid block of paper\").[1]The arrow of time paradox was originally recognized in the 1800s for gases (and other substances) as a discrepancy between microscopic and macroscopic description of thermodynamics / statistical Physics: at the microscopic level physical processes are believed to be either entirely or mostly time-symmetric: if the direction of time were to reverse, the theoretical statements that describe them would remain true. Yet at the macroscopic level it often appears that this is not the case: there is an obvious direction (or flow) of time.","title":"Arrow of time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T-symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-symmetry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"kinetic energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy"},{"link_name":"entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy"},{"link_name":"not time-reversible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreversibility"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Big Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Picture_(Carroll_book)"},{"link_name":"Sean M. Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_M._Carroll"},{"link_name":"isotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropic"},{"link_name":"physical laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_law"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang"},{"link_name":"first many trillions of years following it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe"},{"link_name":"weak interactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction"},{"link_name":"more complicated symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPT_symmetry"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The symmetry of time (T-symmetry) can be understood simply as the following: if time were perfectly symmetrical, a video of real events would seem realistic whether played forwards or backwards.[2] Gravity, for example, is a time-reversible force. A ball that is tossed up, slows to a stop, and falls is a case where recordings would look equally realistic forwards and backwards. The system is T-symmetrical. However, the process of the ball bouncing and eventually coming to a stop is not time-reversible. While going forward, kinetic energy is dissipated and entropy is increased. Entropy may be one of the few processes that is not time-reversible. According to the statistical notion of increasing entropy, the \"arrow\" of time is identified with a decrease of free energy.[3]In his book The Big Picture, physicist Sean M. Carroll compares the asymmetry of time to the asymmetry of space: While physical laws are in general isotropic, near Earth there is an obvious distinction between \"up\" and \"down\", due to proximity to this huge body, which breaks the symmetry of space. Similarly, physical laws are in general symmetric to the flipping of time direction, but near the Big Bang (i.e., in the first many trillions of years following it), there is an obvious distinction between \"forward\" and \"backward\" in time, due to relative proximity to this special event, which breaks the symmetry of time. Under this view, all the arrows of time are a result of our relative proximity in time to the Big Bang and the special circumstances that existed then. (Strictly speaking, the weak interactions are asymmetric to both spatial reflection and to flipping of the time direction. However, they do obey a more complicated symmetry that includes both.)[citation needed]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"randomness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness"},{"link_name":"consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness"},{"link_name":"reasoning faculty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason"},{"link_name":"physical science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_science"},{"link_name":"statistical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"arising from a system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_property"}],"text":"In the 1928 book The Nature of the Physical World, which helped to popularize the concept, Eddington stated:Let us draw an arrow arbitrarily. If as we follow the arrow we find more and more of the random element in the state of the world, then the arrow is pointing towards the future; if the random element decreases the arrow points towards the past. That is the only distinction known to physics. This follows at once if our fundamental contention is admitted that the introduction of randomness is the only thing which cannot be undone. I shall use the phrase 'time's arrow' to express this one-way property of time which has no analogue in space.Eddington then gives three points to note about this arrow:It is vividly recognized by consciousness.\nIt is equally insisted on by our reasoning faculty, which tells us that a reversal of the arrow would render the external world nonsensical.\nIt makes no appearance in physical science except in the study of organization of a number of individuals. (In other words, it is only observed in entropy, a statistical mechanics phenomenon arising from a system.)","title":"Conception by Eddington"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arrows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory"},{"link_name":"volition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volition_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"correlations and the arrow of time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(arrow_of_time)#Correlations"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elv-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Aymara language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_language_idiosyncrasies"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego_(Freudian)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"left–right axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-axis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rubaiyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubaiyat_of_Omar_Khayyam"},{"link_name":"Omar Khayyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayyam"},{"link_name":"Edward Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_FitzGerald_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022-06-22_PRL-15"},{"link_name":"Physical Review Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters"},{"link_name":"salamanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander"},{"link_name":"counter-intuitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-intuitive"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"sub_title":"Psychological/perceptual arrow of time","text":"A related mental arrow arises because one has the sense that one's perception is a continuous movement from the known past to the unknown future. This phenomenon has two aspects: memory (we remember the past but not the future) and volition (we feel we can influence the future but not the past). The two aspects are a consequence of the causal arrow of time: past events (but not future events) are the cause of our present memories, as more and more correlations are formed between the outer world and our brain (see correlations and the arrow of time); and our present volitions and actions are causes of future events. This is because the increase of entropy is thought to be related to increase of both correlations between a system and its surroundings[4] and of the overall complexity, under an appropriate definition;[5] thus all increase together with time.Past and future are also psychologically associated with additional notions. English, along with other languages, tends to associate the past with \"behind\" and the future with \"ahead\", with expressions such as \"to look forward to welcoming you\", \"to look back to the good old times\", or \"to be years ahead\". However, this association of \"behind ⇔ past\" and \"ahead ⇔ future\" is culturally determined.[6] For example, the Aymara language associates \"ahead ⇔ past\" and \"behind ⇔ future\" both in terms of terminology and gestures, corresponding to the past being observed and the future being unobserved.[7][8] Similarly, the Chinese term for \"the day after tomorrow\" 後天 (\"hòutiān\") literally means \"after (or behind) day\", whereas \"the day before yesterday\" 前天 (\"qiántiān\") is literally \"preceding (or in front) day\", and Chinese speakers spontaneously gesture in front for the past and behind for the future, although there are conflicting findings on whether they perceive the ego to be in front of or behind the past.[9][10] There are no languages that place the past and future on a left–right axis (e.g., there is no expression in English such as *the meeting was moved to the left), although at least English speakers associate the past with the left and the future with the right.[6]The words \"yesterday\" and \"tomorrow\" both translate to the same word in Hindi: कल (\"kal\"),[11] meaning \"[one] day remote from today.\"[12] The ambiguity is resolved by verb tense. परसों (\"parson\") is used for both \"day before yesterday\" and \"day after tomorrow\", or \"two days from today\".[13]तरसों (\"tarson\") is used for \"three days from today\"[14] and नरसों (\"narson\") is used for \"four days from today\".The other side of the psychological passage of time is in the realm of volition and action. We plan and often execute actions intended to affect the course of events in the future. From the Rubaiyat:The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ,\n  Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor Wit.\nShall lure it back to cancel half a Line,\n  Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it.\n\n\n— Omar Khayyam (translation by Edward Fitzgerald).In June 2022, researchers reported[15] in Physical Review Letters finding that salamanders were demonstrating counter-intuitive responses to the arrow of time in how their eyes perceived different stimuli.[clarification needed]","title":"Arrows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second law of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"Sir Alfred Brian Pippard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Pippard"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"paradoxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"violation of the second law of thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics#Irreversibility"},{"link_name":"Poincaré recurrence theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_recurrence_theorem"},{"link_name":"weak arrow of time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Particle_physics_(weak)_arrow_of_time"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Harold Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_F._Blum"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blum1951-17"},{"link_name":"organic evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_evolution"},{"link_name":"irreversibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreversibility"},{"link_name":"negentropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negentropy"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrow-review-18"},{"link_name":"inorganic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-19"}],"sub_title":"Thermodynamic arrow of time","text":"The arrow of time is the \"one-way direction\" or \"asymmetry\" of time. The thermodynamic arrow of time is provided by the second law of thermodynamics, which says that in an isolated system, entropy tends to increase with time. Entropy can be thought of as a measure of microscopic disorder; thus the second law implies that time is asymmetrical with respect to the amount of order in an isolated system: as a system advances through time, it becomes more statistically disordered. This asymmetry can be used empirically to distinguish between future and past, though measuring entropy does not accurately measure time. Also, in an open system, entropy can decrease with time.British physicist Sir Alfred Brian Pippard wrote: \"There is thus no justification for the view, often glibly repeated, that the Second Law of Thermodynamics is only statistically true, in the sense that microscopic violations repeatedly occur, but never violations of any serious magnitude. On the contrary, no evidence has ever been presented that the Second Law breaks down under any circumstances.\"[16] However, there are a number of paradoxes[which?] regarding violation of the second law of thermodynamics, one of them due to the Poincaré recurrence theorem.This arrow of time seems to be related to all other arrows of time and arguably underlies some of them, with the exception of the weak arrow of time.[clarification needed]Harold Blum's 1951 book Time's Arrow and Evolution[17] discusses \"the relationship between time's arrow (the second law of thermodynamics) and organic evolution.\" This influential text explores \"irreversibility and direction in evolution and order, negentropy, and evolution.\"[18] Blum argues that evolution followed specific patterns predetermined by the inorganic nature of the earth and its thermodynamic processes.[19]","title":"Arrows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy"},{"link_name":"Entropy as an arrow of time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_as_an_arrow_of_time"},{"link_name":"Past hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_arrow"},{"link_name":"heat death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_Universe"},{"link_name":"Thermodynamic free energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy"},{"link_name":"Anthropic bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_bias"},{"link_name":"Big Crunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch"},{"link_name":"initial conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_conditions"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Cosmological arrow of time","text":"See also: Entropy, Entropy as an arrow of time, and Past hypothesisThe cosmological arrow of time points in the direction of the universe's expansion. It may be linked to the thermodynamic arrow, with the universe heading towards a heat death (Big Chill) as the amount of Thermodynamic free energy becomes negligible. Alternatively, it may be an artifact of our place in the universe's evolution (see the Anthropic bias), with this arrow reversing as gravity pulls everything back into a Big Crunch.If this arrow of time is related to the other arrows of time, then the future is by definition the direction towards which the universe becomes bigger. Thus, the universe expands—rather than shrinks—by definition.The thermodynamic arrow of time and the second law of thermodynamics are thought to be a consequence of the initial conditions in the early universe.[20] Therefore, they ultimately result from the cosmological set-up.","title":"Arrows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_waves"},{"link_name":"sound waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_waves"},{"link_name":"wave equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_equation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Radiative arrow of time","text":"Waves, from radio waves to sound waves to those on a pond from throwing a stone, expand outward from their source, even though the wave equations accommodate solutions of convergent waves as well as radiative ones. This arrow has been reversed in carefully worked experiments that created convergent waves,[21] so this arrow probably follows from the thermodynamic arrow in that meeting the conditions to produce a convergent wave requires more order than the conditions for a radiative wave. Put differently, the probability for initial conditions that produce a convergent wave is much lower than the probability for initial conditions that produce a radiative wave. In fact, normally a radiative wave increases entropy, while a convergent wave decreases it,[citation needed] making the latter contradictory to the second law of thermodynamics in usual circumstances.","title":"Arrows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality"},{"link_name":"epistemological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemological"},{"link_name":"David Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elv-4"},{"link_name":"future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future"},{"link_name":"correlations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(arrow_of_time)#Correlations"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Causal arrow of time","text":"A cause precedes its effect: the causal event occurs before the event it causes or affects. Birth, for example, follows a successful conception and not vice versa. Thus causality is intimately bound up with time's arrow.An epistemological problem with using causality as an arrow of time is that, as David Hume maintained, the causal relation per se cannot be perceived; one only perceives sequences of events. Furthermore, it is surprisingly difficult to provide a clear explanation of what the terms cause and effect really mean, or to define the events to which they refer. However, it does seem evident that dropping a cup of water is a cause while the cup subsequently shattering and spilling the water is the effect.Physically speaking, correlations between a system and its surrounding are thought to increase with entropy, and have been shown to be equivalent to it in a simplified case of a finite system interacting with the environment.[4] The assumption of low initial entropy is indeed equivalent to assuming no initial correlations in the system; thus correlations can only be created as we move forward in time, not backwards. Controlling the future, or causing something to happen, creates correlations between the doer and the effect,[22] and therefore the relation between cause and effect is a result of the thermodynamic arrow of time, a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics.[23] Indeed, in the above example of the cup dropping, the initial conditions have high order and low entropy, while the final state has high correlations between relatively distant parts of the system – the shattered pieces of the cup, as well as the spilled water, and the object that caused the cup to drop.","title":"Arrows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schrödinger equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation"},{"link_name":"wave function collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function_collapse"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"many-worlds interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation"},{"link_name":"relational quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"quantum decoherence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence"},{"link_name":"thermodynamic arrow of time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(arrow_of_time)"},{"link_name":"scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering"},{"link_name":"phases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(waves)"},{"link_name":"quantum superposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlosshauer-24"},{"link_name":"Seth Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolchover-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iqoqi-26"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"quantum computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computer"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-27"},{"link_name":"superconducting qubits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_quantum_computing#Qubit_archetypes"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phys-28"},{"link_name":"microwave background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_background"},{"link_name":"electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phys-28"},{"link_name":"age of the universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_universe"},{"link_name":"nanoseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoseconds"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phys-28"},{"link_name":"quantum algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_algorithm"},{"link_name":"quantum state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_state"},{"link_name":"complex conjugation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugation"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlosshauer-24"}],"sub_title":"Quantum arrow of time","text":"Quantum evolution is governed by equations of motions that are time-symmetric (such as the Schrödinger equation in the non-relativistic approximation), and by wave function collapse, which is a time-irreversible process, and is either real (by the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics) or apparent only (by the many-worlds interpretation and relational quantum mechanics interpretation).The theory of quantum decoherence explains why wave function collapse happens in a time-asymmetric fashion due to the second law of thermodynamics, thus deriving the quantum arrow of time from the thermodynamic arrow of time. In essence, following any particle scattering or interaction between two larger systems, the relative phases of the two systems are at first orderly related, but subsequent interactions (with additional particles or systems) make them less so, so that the two systems become decoherent. Thus decoherence is a form of increase in microscopic disorder – in short, decoherence increases entropy. Two decoherent systems can no longer interact via quantum superposition, unless they become coherent again, which is normally impossible, by the second law of thermodynamics.[24] In the language of relational quantum mechanics, the observer becomes entangled with the measured state, where this entanglement increases entropy. As stated by Seth Lloyd, \"the arrow of time is an arrow of increasing correlations\".[25][26]However, under special circumstances, one can prepare initial conditions that will cause a decrease in decoherence and in entropy. This has been shown experimentally in 2019, when a team of Russian scientists reported the reversal of the quantum arrow of time on an IBM quantum computer, in an experiment supporting the understanding of the quantum arrow of time as emerging from the thermodynamic one.[27] By observing the state of the quantum computer made of two and later three superconducting qubits, they found that in 85% of the cases, the two-qubit computer returned to the initial state.[28] The state's reversal was made by a special program, similarly to the random microwave background fluctuation in the case of the electron.[28] However, according to the estimations, throughout the age of the universe (13.7 billion years) such a reversal of the electron's state would only happen once, for 0.06 nanoseconds.[28] The scientists' experiment led to the possibility of a quantum algorithm that reverses a given quantum state through complex conjugation of the state.[27]Note that quantum decoherence merely allows the process of quantum wave collapse; it is a matter of dispute whether the collapse itself actually takes place or is redundant and apparent only. However, since the theory of quantum decoherence is now widely accepted and has been supported experimentally, this dispute can no longer be considered as related to the arrow of time question.[24]","title":"Arrows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"weak nuclear force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_nuclear_force"},{"link_name":"parity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)"},{"link_name":"charge conjugation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_conjugation"},{"link_name":"kaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaon"},{"link_name":"decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_decay"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"CPT theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPT_symmetry"},{"link_name":"matter creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryogenesis"},{"link_name":"Joan Vaccaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Vaccaro"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Particle physics (weak) arrow of time","text":"Certain subatomic interactions involving the weak nuclear force violate the conservation of both parity and charge conjugation, but only very rarely. An example is the kaon decay.[29] According to the CPT theorem, this means they should also be time-irreversible, and so establish an arrow of time. Such processes should be responsible for matter creation in the early universe.That the combination of parity and charge conjugation is broken so rarely means that this arrow only \"barely\" points in one direction, setting it apart from the other arrows whose direction is much more obvious. This arrow had not been linked to any large-scale temporal behaviour until the work of Joan Vaccaro, who showed that T violation could be responsible for conservation laws and dynamics.[30]","title":"Arrows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lebowitz, Joel L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_L._Lebowitz"},{"link_name":"\"Time's arrow and Boltzmann's entropy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.3448"},{"link_name":"Scholarpedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarpedia"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2008SchpJ...3.3448L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SchpJ...3.3448L"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4249/scholarpedia.3448","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.3448"},{"link_name":"Boltzmann, Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann"},{"link_name":"Carroll, Sean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_M._Carroll"},{"link_name":"From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Eternity_to_Here:_The_Quest_for_the_Ultimate_Theory_of_Time"},{"link_name":"Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170516034619/http://eternitytohere.com/"},{"link_name":"Coveney, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Coveney"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1990atvt.book.....C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990atvt.book.....C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85227-197-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85227-197-8"},{"link_name":"Feynman, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman"},{"link_name":"The Character of Physical Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Character_of_Physical_Law"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-56837-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56837-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-642-23258-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-23258-9"},{"link_name":"Penrose, Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose"},{"link_name":"The Emperor's New Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/emperorsnewmind00penr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-851973-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-851973-7"},{"link_name":"Penrose, Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-224-04447-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-04447-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-510095-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510095-2"},{"link_name":"Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.usyd.edu.au/time/price/TAAP.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-42081-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-42081-1"},{"link_name":"Official website for the book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140109011212/http://time-direction.de/"},{"link_name":"\"BaBar Experiment Confirms Time Asymmetry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2012-11-19-babar-trv.aspx"}],"text":"Lebowitz, Joel L. (2008). \"Time's arrow and Boltzmann's entropy\". Scholarpedia. 3 (4): 3448. Bibcode:2008SchpJ...3.3448L. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.3448.\nBoltzmann, Ludwig (1964). Lectures On Gas Theory. University Of California Press. Translated from the original German by Stephen G. Brush. Originally published 1896/1898.\nCarroll, Sean (2010). From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time. Dutton. Website.\nCoveney, Peter; Highfield, Roger (1990), The Arrow of Time: A voyage through science to solve time's greatest mystery, London: W. H. Allen, Bibcode:1990atvt.book.....C, ISBN 978-1-85227-197-8.\nFeynman, Richard (1965). The Character of Physical Law. BBC Publications. Chapter 5.\nHalliwell, J. J.; et al. (1994). Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-56837-1. (technical).\nMersini-Houghton, L., Vaas, R. (eds.) (2012) The Arrows of Time. A Debate in Cosmology. Springer. 2012-06-22. ISBN 978-3-642-23258-9. (partly technical).\nPeierls, R (1979). Surprises in Theoretical Physics. Princeton. Section 3.8.\nPenrose, Roger (1989). The Emperor's New Mind. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851973-7. Chapter 7.\nPenrose, Roger (2004). The Road to Reality. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-04447-9. Chapter 27.\nPrice, Huw (1996). Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510095-2. Website.\nZeh, H. D (2010). The Physical Basis of The Direction of Time. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-42081-1. Official website for the book.\n\"BaBar Experiment Confirms Time Asymmetry\".","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882–1944)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arthur_Stanley_Eddington.jpg/200px-Arthur_Stanley_Eddington.jpg"}]
[{"title":"A Brief History of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Time"},{"title":"Anthropic principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle"},{"title":"Ilya Prigogine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine"},{"title":"Loschmidt's paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loschmidt%27s_paradox"},{"title":"Maxwell's demon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_demon"},{"title":"Quantum Zeno effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Zeno_effect"},{"title":"Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures"},{"title":"Samayā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samay%C4%81"},{"title":"Time evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_evolution"},{"title":"Time reversal signal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_reversal_signal_processing"},{"title":"Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93Feynman_absorber_theory"}]
[{"reference":"Weinert, Friedel (2004-11-25). The Scientist as Philosopher: Philosophical Consequences of Great Scientific Discoveries. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 143. ISBN 978-3-540-21374-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-R4ANHu-csMC&pg=PA143","url_text":"The Scientist as Philosopher: Philosophical Consequences of Great Scientific Discoveries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-21374-1","url_text":"978-3-540-21374-1"}]},{"reference":"Tuisku, P.; Pernu, T.K.; Annila, A. (2009). \"In the light of time\". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 465 (2104): 1173–1198. Bibcode:2009RSPSA.465.1173T. doi:10.1098/rspa.2008.0494.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.2008.0494","url_text":"\"In the light of time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009RSPSA.465.1173T","url_text":"2009RSPSA.465.1173T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.2008.0494","url_text":"10.1098/rspa.2008.0494"}]},{"reference":"Ulrich, Rolf; Eikmeier, Verena; de la Vega, Irmgard; Ruiz Fernández, Susana; Alex-Ruf, Simone; Maienborn, Claudia (2012-04-01). \"With the past behind and the future ahead: Back-to-front representation of past and future sentences\". Memory & Cognition. 40 (3): 483–495. doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0162-4. ISSN 1532-5946. PMID 22160871.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fs13421-011-0162-4","url_text":"\"With the past behind and the future ahead: Back-to-front representation of past and future sentences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3758%2Fs13421-011-0162-4","url_text":"10.3758/s13421-011-0162-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1532-5946","url_text":"1532-5946"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22160871","url_text":"22160871"}]},{"reference":"\"(6/13/2006) For Andes Tribe, It's Back To The Future\". www.albionmonitor.com. Retrieved 2023-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.albionmonitor.com/0606a/aymara.html","url_text":"\"(6/13/2006) For Andes Tribe, It's Back To The Future\""}]},{"reference":"Núñez, Rafael E.; Sweetser, Eve. \"With the Future Behind Them: Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time\" (PDF). Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200121131545/http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/%7Enunez/web/FINALpblshd.pdf","url_text":"\"With the Future Behind Them: Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time\""},{"url":"http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~nunez/web/FINALpblshd.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gu, Yan; Zheng, Yeqiu; Swerts, Marc (2019). \"Which Is in Front of Chinese People, Past or Future? The Effect of Language and Culture on Temporal Gestures and Spatial Conceptions of Time\". Cognitive Science. 43 (12): e12804. doi:10.1111/cogs.12804. ISSN 1551-6709. PMC 6916330. PMID 31858627.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6916330","url_text":"\"Which Is in Front of Chinese People, Past or Future? The Effect of Language and Culture on Temporal Gestures and Spatial Conceptions of Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcogs.12804","url_text":"10.1111/cogs.12804"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1551-6709","url_text":"1551-6709"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6916330","url_text":"6916330"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31858627","url_text":"31858627"}]},{"reference":"Bahri, Hardev (1989). Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary. Delhi: Rajpal & Sons. p. 95. ISBN 978-81-7028-002-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7028-002-6","url_text":"978-81-7028-002-6"}]},{"reference":"Alexiadou, Artemis (1997). Adverb placement: a case study in antisymmetric syntax. Amsterdam [u.a.]: Benjamins. p. 108. ISBN 978-90-272-2739-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2739-3","url_text":"978-90-272-2739-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Meaning of तरसों in Hindi | Hindi meaning of तरसों (तरसों ka Hindi Matlab)\". Archived from the original on 2021-09-11. Retrieved 2021-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210911213835/https://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-in-Hindi#gsc.tab=0","url_text":"\"Meaning of तरसों in Hindi | Hindi meaning of तरसों (तरसों ka Hindi Matlab)\""},{"url":"https://shabdkosh.raftaar.in/Meaning-of-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-in-Hindi#gsc.tab=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lynn, Christopher W.; Holmes, Caroline M.; Bialek, William; Schwab, David J. (2022-09-06). \"Decomposing the Local Arrow of Time in Interacting Systems\". Physical Review Letters. 129 (11): 118101. arXiv:2112.14721. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.129k8101L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.118101. PMC 9751844. PMID 36154397.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9751844","url_text":"\"Decomposing the Local Arrow of Time in Interacting Systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.14721","url_text":"2112.14721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PhRvL.129k8101L","url_text":"2022PhRvL.129k8101L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.129.118101","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.118101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9751844","url_text":"9751844"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36154397","url_text":"36154397"}]},{"reference":"Blum, Harold F. (1951). Time's Arrow and Evolution (First ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02354-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_F._Blum","url_text":"Blum, Harold F."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tmcNnwEACAAJ","url_text":"Time's Arrow and Evolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02354-0","url_text":"978-0-691-02354-0"}]},{"reference":"Morowitz, Harold J. (September 1969). \"Book review: Time's arrow and evolution: Third Edition\". Icarus. 11 (2): 278–279. Bibcode:1969Icar...11..278M. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(69)90059-1. PMC 2599115.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2599115","url_text":"\"Book review: Time's arrow and evolution: Third Edition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Icar...11..278M","url_text":"1969Icar...11..278M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2869%2990059-1","url_text":"10.1016/0019-1035(69)90059-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2599115","url_text":"2599115"}]},{"reference":"McN., W. P. (November 1951). \"Book reviews: Time's Arrow and Evolution\". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 24 (2): 164. PMC 2599115.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2599115","url_text":"\"Book reviews: Time's Arrow and Evolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Journal_of_Biology_and_Medicine","url_text":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2599115","url_text":"2599115"}]},{"reference":"Susskind, Leonard. \"Boltzmann and the Arrow of Time: A Recent Perspective\". Cornell University. Retrieved June 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cornell.edu/video/leonard-susskind-1-boltzmann-and-the-arrow-of-time","url_text":"\"Boltzmann and the Arrow of Time: A Recent Perspective\""}]},{"reference":"Mathias Fink (30 November 1999). \"Time-Reversed Acoustic\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_Fink","url_text":"Mathias Fink"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051231022842/http://www4.ncsu.edu/~fouque/fink.pdf","url_text":"\"Time-Reversed Acoustic\""},{"url":"http://www4.ncsu.edu/~fouque/fink.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wolchover, Natalie (25 April 2014). \"New Quantum Theory Could Explain the Flow of Time\". Wired – via www.wired.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2014/04/quantum-theory-flow-time/","url_text":"\"New Quantum Theory Could Explain the Flow of Time\""}]},{"reference":"Lesovik, G. B.; Sadovskyy, I. A.; Suslov, M. V.; Lebedev, A. V.; Vinokur, V. M. (13 March 2019). \"Arrow of time and its reversal on the IBM quantum computer\". Nature. 9 (1): 4396. arXiv:1712.10057. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.4396L. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40765-6. PMC 6416338. PMID 30867496. S2CID 3527627.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6416338","url_text":"\"Arrow of time and its reversal on the IBM quantum computer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.10057","url_text":"1712.10057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...9.4396L","url_text":"2019NatSR...9.4396L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-40765-6","url_text":"10.1038/s41598-019-40765-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6416338","url_text":"6416338"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30867496","url_text":"30867496"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3527627","url_text":"3527627"}]},{"reference":"\"Physicists reverse time using quantum computer\". Phys.org. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://phys.org/news/2019-03-physicists-reverse-quantum.html","url_text":"\"Physicists reverse time using quantum computer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phys.org","url_text":"Phys.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Physics World. 11 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://physicsworld.com/p/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"Vaccaro, Joan (2016). \"Quantum asymmetry between time and space\". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 472 (2185): 20150670. arXiv:1502.04012. Bibcode:2016RSPSA.47250670V. doi:10.1098/rspa.2015.0670. PMC 4786044. PMID 26997899.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786044","url_text":"\"Quantum asymmetry between time and space\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.04012","url_text":"1502.04012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RSPSA.47250670V","url_text":"2016RSPSA.47250670V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.2015.0670","url_text":"10.1098/rspa.2015.0670"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786044","url_text":"4786044"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26997899","url_text":"26997899"}]},{"reference":"Lebowitz, Joel L. (2008). \"Time's arrow and Boltzmann's entropy\". Scholarpedia. 3 (4): 3448. Bibcode:2008SchpJ...3.3448L. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.3448.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_L._Lebowitz","url_text":"Lebowitz, Joel L."},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.3448","url_text":"\"Time's arrow and Boltzmann's entropy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarpedia","url_text":"Scholarpedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SchpJ...3.3448L","url_text":"2008SchpJ...3.3448L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.3448","url_text":"10.4249/scholarpedia.3448"}]},{"reference":"Boltzmann, Ludwig (1964). Lectures On Gas Theory. University Of California Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann","url_text":"Boltzmann, Ludwig"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Sean (2010). From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time. Dutton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_M._Carroll","url_text":"Carroll, Sean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Eternity_to_Here:_The_Quest_for_the_Ultimate_Theory_of_Time","url_text":"From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time"}]},{"reference":"Coveney, Peter; Highfield, Roger (1990), The Arrow of Time: A voyage through science to solve time's greatest mystery, London: W. H. Allen, Bibcode:1990atvt.book.....C, ISBN 978-1-85227-197-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Coveney","url_text":"Coveney, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990atvt.book.....C","url_text":"1990atvt.book.....C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85227-197-8","url_text":"978-1-85227-197-8"}]},{"reference":"Feynman, Richard (1965). The Character of Physical Law. BBC Publications.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman","url_text":"Feynman, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Character_of_Physical_Law","url_text":"The Character of Physical Law"}]},{"reference":"Halliwell, J. J.; et al. (1994). Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-56837-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56837-1","url_text":"978-0-521-56837-1"}]},{"reference":"The Arrows of Time. A Debate in Cosmology. Springer. 2012-06-22. ISBN 978-3-642-23258-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-23258-9","url_text":"978-3-642-23258-9"}]},{"reference":"Peierls, R (1979). Surprises in Theoretical Physics. Princeton.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Penrose, Roger (1989). The Emperor's New Mind. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851973-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose","url_text":"Penrose, Roger"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewmind00penr","url_text":"The Emperor's New Mind"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-851973-7","url_text":"978-0-19-851973-7"}]},{"reference":"Penrose, Roger (2004). The Road to Reality. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-04447-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose","url_text":"Penrose, Roger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-04447-9","url_text":"978-0-224-04447-9"}]},{"reference":"Price, Huw (1996). Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510095-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510095-2","url_text":"978-0-19-510095-2"}]},{"reference":"Zeh, H. D (2010). The Physical Basis of The Direction of Time. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-42081-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-42081-1","url_text":"978-3-540-42081-1"}]},{"reference":"\"BaBar Experiment Confirms Time Asymmetry\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2012-11-19-babar-trv.aspx","url_text":"\"BaBar Experiment Confirms Time Asymmetry\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugler
Thierry Mugler
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Retirement from fashion","2.2 Fragrances","3 Legacy","4 Personal life and death","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
French fashion designer (1948–2022) "Mugler" redirects here. For the American politician, see Martha Mugler. Thierry MuglerMugler in 2014BornManfred Thierry Mugler(1948-12-21)21 December 1948Strasbourg, FranceDied23 January 2022(2022-01-23) (aged 73)Vincennes, FranceOccupationFashion designerKnown forAngel fragrance, perfumes, Demi Moore's dress from Indecent ProposalPartnerKrzysztof Leon Dziemaszkiewicz Manfred Thierry Mugler (French pronunciation: ; 21 December 1948 – 23 January 2022) was a French fashion designer, creative director and creative adviser of Mugler. In the 1970s, Mugler launched his eponymous fashion house; and quickly rose to prominence in the following decades for his avant-garde, architectural, hyperfeminine and theatrical approach to haute couture. He was one of the first designers to champion diversity in his runway shows, which often tackled racism and ageism, and incorporated non-traditional models such as drag queens, porn stars, and transgender women. In 2002, he retired from the brand, and returned in 2013 as the creative adviser. At the beginning of his career he designed signature looks for Michael Jackson, Madonna, Grace Jones, Duran Duran, Viktor Lazlo, David Bowie and Diana Ross; most notably Demi Moore's dress from the 1993 movie Indecent Proposal, which was once coined "the most famous dress of the 1990s". In 1992, he directed and designed the outfits for George Michael's "Too Funky" music video; also that year he launched the perfume Angel, which became one of the best-selling perfumes of the 20th century. Mugler's fall 1995 haute couture collection, marking the 20th anniversary of his brand, was staged at the Cirque d'hiver venue in Paris; and has been referred to as the "Woodstock of Fashion", for having over 300 designed looks, an elaborate set design, dozens of high-profile supermodels and a performance from James Brown. He also designed costumes for Beyoncé's I Am... World Tour, and created a one-off design for Kim Kardashian to wear to the 2019 Met Gala. Early life and education Thierry Mugler was born in Strasbourg, France. At the age of 9, he began to study classical dance. By 14, he joined the ballet corps for the Rhin Opera (Opéra national du Rhin). As a teenager, he also began formal interior design training at the Strasbourg School of Decorative Arts. Career 1984 pleated gold lamé dress 1988 Flame Corset & red power suit 1990 'Rainbow Dress' (Indianapolis Museum of Art exhibit) Automobile dress and motorcycle bustier Mugler designed for the London boutiques Mr. Freedom and Mother Wouldn't Like It in the 1960s. In 1971, he began designing clothes for Karim, already showing the broad-shouldered, 1940s-derived looks he would become famous for in later years. In 1972, his full-skirted raincoat became a hit. At the age of 24, Mugler moved to Paris. He began designing clothes for Gudule, a Parisian boutique. At 26, he began to design for a variety of large ready-to-wear fashion houses in Paris, Milan, London and Barcelona. In 1973, Mugler created his first personal collection called "Café de Paris". The style of the collection was both sophisticated and urban. Melka Tréanton, a powerful fashion editor, helped to launch his career. In 1976, she asked him to show his work in Tokyo for an event organized by Shiseido. The 1977 showing of his spring 1978 line displayed a punk influence. In 1978, he opened his first Paris boutique at the Place des Victoires in the 1er Arrondissement and rapidly gained attention as among the most extreme of the Fall 1978 broad-shoulder brigade of designers, with a penchant for mid-20th-century sci-fi themes and exaggerated 1940s-50s-style glamour marked by sharply constructed tailoring. He used exclusively Maud Frizon footwear in his late seventies-early eighties women's collections, the most influential shoe designer of the period. At the same time, Mugler launched a fashion collection for men. He would continue into the following decade with his 1940s-style shoulders on 1950s-tailored suits amid retrograde Wagnerian showmanship. During the 1980s and 1990s Mugler became an internationally recognized designer, often grouped with his friends Claude Montana and Azzedine Alaïa but known especially for his shapely suits, and his collections garnered much commercial success. Except for a couple of sedate salon presentations in 1986 and 1987 (when he also reduced his shoulder padding), his fashion shows were extravagant affairs held in arena-like environments and the collections associated with them had themes, sci-fi and cavewoman themes in the late seventies, celestial themes later, a 60s theme one season, an Africa theme another, a vampire-devil theme the next, and an aquatic theme the next, with ongoing creative motifs that would span multiple collections, like his late-eighties inclusion of garments and accessories modeled after the tailfins and chrome trim of 1950s U.S. automobiles, most recognizably 1959 Cadillacs. Mugler designed the dresses of Viktor Lazlo for hosting Eurovision 1987. He created the black dress worn by Demi Moore in the 1993 movie Indecent Proposal. Mugler published his first photography book in 1988, Thierry Mugler: Photographer. This was followed by a monograph in 1999, titled Fashion Fetish Fantasy, which assembles photos of his creations. Mugler also directed short films, advertising films and video clips. He regularly designed costumes for musical comedies, concerts, operas and the theatre (including Macbeth for the Comédie Française). He worked with Robert Altman and George Michael (he directed the video for Michael's "Too Funky" in 1992). He also directed the first advertising film for one of his fragrances, Alien. In 1990, Clarins acquired a 34 percent share in Thierry Mugler Couture when it signed a deal to produce the brand's fragrances. At the request of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture, he completed his first haute couture collection in 1992. By 1997, Clarins increased this share to 83.5 percent, acquiring its stake by purchasing stock from Mugler, the Marceau Group and Didier Grumbach. Since then, Clarins has held the rights to the Thierry Mugler name. Retirement from fashion Clarins shuttered the ready-to-wear component of Mugler's brand in 2003, due to financial losses. It kept the perfume division open as it was profitable. Mugler left fashion in 2002. When asked about the subject, he said: "Fashion is beautiful, 3-D art on a human being. But it wasn't enough, which is why I went on to create in other ways. For me, it wasn't the right tool anymore. But perfume still interests me". In 2002, Mugler collaborated with the Cirque du Soleil. He directed "Extravaganza", one of the scenes of Zumanity, and also created all of the costumes and the identity of the characters in the show. In 2008, the Mugler brand launched Thierry Mugler Beauty, a high-end line of cosmetics. In 2009, Mugler worked as artistic advisor to singer Beyoncé. He created the costumes for her "I Am... World Tour". In September 2010, Nicola Formichetti was announced to be the Creative Director of the Thierry Mugler brand. He changed the brand name to MUGLER, removing the first name, and in January 2011, he launched the revival of the brand's menswear collection in collaboration with Romain Kremer. An April 2010 New York Times story discussed Mugler's cosmetic transformation. " taken to calling himself Manfred and transformed his body...into what is apparently a 240-pound spectacle of muscle and nipple and tattoo..." With over two years of being the creative director of MUGLER, Formichetti announced in April 2013 that he and the fashion house would be parting ways. Formichetti left MUGLER to work for the Italian brand Diesel. In December 2013, House of Mugler announced David Koma as the artistic director. In 2016, Mugler created and directed the music video and staging for San Marino's Eurovision Song Contest entry "I Didn't Know" performed by Turkish singer Serhat. Despite retiring from his brand in 2003, he made the exception to design under his name "House of Mugler" for the Met Gala in 2019 and for Kim Kardashian. Getting his inspiration from Sophia Loren in the film Boy on a Dolphin, Mugler envisioned a wet California girl; hence the creation of the "wet couture dress". The American designer Casey Cadwallader was named Mugler's new creative director in December 2017. During the period of the pandemic, Mugler skipped runways for video shows that were co-created with DIS magazine's spin-off, Torso Solutions. Megan Thee Stallion, Chloe Sevigny, Bella Hadid, and Eartheater were featured in the Mugler Spring 2022 Ready-to-Wear Collection video which ended with a brief homage to the late Mugler. The homage was dancing feature by prima ballerina Maria Kochetkova and vogueing superstar Barbie Swaee. After an almost three year hiatus from runway shows, Mugler returned to an in-person show in Paris FW 2023. The runway featured models Adut Akech, Paloma Elsesser, Eva Herzigova, Ziwe, Arca and Memphy. An image was shown on an extra-large TV screen flanked by a staircase in the middle of the runway fusing digital with IRL. Fragrances Further information: Angel (perfume) Angel for men (A*Men) Mugler's first perfume appeared in 1992 and was called "Angel". It contains a combination of praline and chocolate mixed with a strong accord of patchouli. It would be a part of a new fragrance type called gourmand. The Angel bottle, in the shape of a faceted star, was created by the Brosse Master Glassmakers. Fans of the fragrance include Diana Ross, Barbara Walters, Eva Mendes and Hillary Clinton. In 1996, Mugler followed up Angel with a male version named Angel Men or A*Men. This fragrance includes notes of caramel, coffee, vanilla, patchouli and honey. In 2005, Alien was created, the second major Thierry Mugler fragrance. Also in 2005, Mugler launched the "Thierry Mugler Perfume Workshops", which are open to the general public and led by specialists of the perfumery and oenology world. In 2006, Mugler completed a project for the launch of Tom Tykwer's film Perfume. In collaboration with the IFF company, Mugler created a box set of fifteen compositions. During 2007, still following the metamorphosis theme, Mugler launched Mirror, Mirror, a collection of five fragrances, created as "perfume-trickery" to "enhance one's presence". Angel and Alien together produce about $280 million in sales annually. In 2010, the fragrance Womanity was released by the House of Mugler. Angel Muse was released in 2015; Angel Nova was released in June 2020. The most recent Angel flanker is Angel Elixir, released in February 2023 with a campaign starring Hunter Schafer. Legacy In later years, Mugler's vintage designs saw a significant resurgence among celebrities, including Lady Gaga in the music video for "Telephone", and Cardi B who worked with Mugler, often wearing his vintage designs on red carpets and music videos, as well as mentioning the brand in the song "Wild Side". His vintage designs are among the most coveted luxury vintage brands for Generation Z consumers, according to Teen Vogue. In 2019, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts launched the 'Thierry Mugler: Couturissime' exhibition dedicated to him. Since 2019, visual artist Chris Klein, started painting some of Mugler's designs. Personal life and death Mugler was openly gay and a longtime bodybuilder. Following his departure from fashion he became reclusive, went by his first name (Manfred) and began extensive bodybuilding. In 2019, he said "Thierry Mugler" was a label and a brand, and as such he wanted to move on to other things. Mugler had several accidents that changed his appearance. His nose was destroyed in a jeep crash. A motorcycle accident involved steel cables which saw Mugler have a piece of metal removed from his leg. In an interview with Interview magazine, Mugler stated, "I asked another surgeon if he could do some things to my chin, and then I was happy to get the bloody anesthesia. He actually took a piece of bone from my hip and put it on my chin, so I don't have any plastic or silicone. It's all bones. I wanted my face to represent progress, because after years of being a thin, charming dancer, I wanted to be a warrior. I've done so much in my life. I've fought so much. I'm a superhero, so it's normal to have the face of one." Mugler died of natural causes at his residence in Vincennes near Paris, on 23 January 2022, at the age of 73. See also Robot couture References ^ "Iconic Fashion Designer Manfred Thierry Mugler Has Passed Away Age 73". Marie Claire. 23 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Kloster, Caroline (20 November 2020). "Why Did Mugler Become the Go-To Brand for Celebrities?". CR Fashion Book. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Diderich, Joelle (28 September 2021). "The Originals: Manfred Thierry Mugler". WWD. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Dazed (25 May 2018). "That time a porn star and Ivana Trump walked for Mugler". Dazed. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Fenner, Justin (19 April 2013). "Thierry Mugler Returns to Mugler After Departure of Formichetti's Designers". POPSUGAR Fashion. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "MICHAEL JACKSON PHOTOSHOOT JACKET". www.julienslive.com. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Jelly-Schapiro, Joshua (22 November 2016). Island People: The Caribbean and the World. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-385-34977-2. ^ By (29 October 2020). "Vintage Vamp: Grace Jones". www.essence.com. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 8 August 1992. ^ Kapferer, Jean-Noel (3 December 2008). The Luxury Strategy: Break the Rules of Marketing to Build Luxury Brands. Kogan Page Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7494-5601-6. ^ Burr, Chandler (6 January 2009). The Perfect Scent: A Year Inside the Perfume Industry in Paris and New York. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-42577-7. ^ Feingold, Sarah (25 July 2019). "90s Nostalgia: Backstage At Thierry Mugler Fall/Winter 1995 – NBGA MAG – No Basic Girls Allowed". Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Woo, Kin (1 March 2019). "'The Woodstock of Fashion': Remembering Thierry Mugler's Most Legendary Show". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Sayej, Nadja (19 March 2019). "7 Dresses That Define Thierry Mugler, From Cardi B to Kim K". Garage. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ ""You Have To Be Brave To Be Happy": Thierry Mugler On His Quest For True Beauty". British Vogue. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Pace, Lilly; Hechkoff, Sadie (11 July 2019). "Mugler Muses Throughout History". CR Fashion Book. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Chan, Tim (24 January 2022). "Thierry Mugler, Fashion Designer to David Bowie and Beyoncé, Dead at 73". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Menkes, Suzy (16 July 2019). "Manfred Thierry Mugler: Back in Fashion". British Vogue. Retrieved 16 October 2019. ^ a b "Mugler Joins the Cirque". WWD. Retrieved 16 October 2019. ^ a b Shardlow, Phoebe (11 February 2019). "Exploring Thierry Mugler's Everlasting Impact on Fashion". Elle. ^ "Dress, Autumn-Winter 1984". KCI Digital Archive. Kyoto Costume Institute. ^ Hyde, Nina S. (23 October 1978). "Getting in Shape". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2022. Mugler's English is nearly perfect. He picked it up while designing for two way-out boutiques in London - Mr. Freedom and Mother Wouldn't Like It - in the mid-1960s. ^ Mulvagh, Jane (1988). "1971". Vogue History of 20th Century Fashion. London: Viking, the Penguin Group. p. 319. ISBN 0-670-80172-0. Thierry Mugler (for Karim) velvet jersey, bias-cut skirt and blouse. ^ Mulvagh, Jane (1988). "1971". Vogue History of 20th Century Fashion. London: Viking, the Penguin Group. p. 322. ISBN 0-670-80172-0. Thierry Mugler showed his first collection in Paris, which concentrated on an angular, wide-shouldered cut reminiscent of the forties. ^ Hyde, Nina S. (23 October 1978). "Getting in Shape". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2022. There were short-term jobs with firms in London and Paris, with limited success until six years ago, when he designed a raincoat with a full skirt that sold by the thousands. ^ "Window Display Exhibition in Paris to Commemorate the 30th Anniversary of Shiseido Cosmetics Sales in France" (PDF) (Press release). 19 August 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2019. ^ Hyde, Nina S. (24 October 1977). "Thinking Big for Spring". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2022. There is punk influence at Thierry Mugler, including a punk model with fluorescent yellow hair... ^ Hyde, Nina S. (29 October 1977). "And Now 'Punk Chic'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 April 2022. At Thierry Mugler, black leather and safety-pin jewelry showed up on the runway worn by the cool, blonde Edwige. ^ Morris, Bernadine (9 April 1979). "Paris Fashions Unveiled in Super Bowl Style". The New York Times. p. D8. Retrieved 8 December 2021. Montana and Mugler both pioneered the giant shoulder‐pad movement last year ... ^ Hyde, Nina S. (23 October 1978). "Getting in Shape". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2022. He explains clearly why he chooses this silhouette: 'Big shoulders give a woman a sense of grandeur and height and presence'. ^ Duka, John (13 November 1978). "Paris is Yesterday". New York. Vol. 11, no. 46. pp. 111–112. Retrieved 11 December 2021. f have their way, American women will be wearing big, big, big padded shoulders...On the Flash Gordon side of French ready-to-wear Retro are such designers as Claude Montana, Thierry Mugler, and France Andrevie....At Mugler,... a big-shouldered Flash Gordon jacket... ^ Russell, Mary (8 April 1979). "Fashion/Beauty Fallout from Paris". The New York Times. p. SM19. Retrieved 13 December 2021. The Paris avant‐garde designers Thierry Mugler and Claude Montana continue taking fashion risks and making headlines with futuristic leathers and knits....Thierry Mugler loves the Krypton scenes from Superman, but his futuristic clothes are real... ^ "Fashion View". The New York Times. 30 December 1979. p. SM6. Retrieved 10 December 2021. ...Thierry Mugler's Star Trekesque gigantic shoulders.... ^ Hyde, Nina S. (12 December 1979). "Maud Frizon, the Designer Behind the Colorful Cone Heels". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 February 2022. Paris designers Claude Montana, Sonia Rykiel, Thierry Mugler and others used only her shoes in their recent collections. ^ Morris, Bernadine (27 February 1983). "The Directions of the Innovators". The New York Times. p. 132. Retrieved 15 December 2021. Today's avant-garde designers -including the Frenchmen Claude Montana, Thierry Mugler, Jean-Paul Gaultier and Azzedine Alaia - strike out in many directions. But, while some seem radical, they are actually reworking themes from the past, borrowing from periods before the 1960's. ^ Mulvagh, Jane (1988). "1976-1986". Vogue History of 20th Century Fashion. London: Viking, the Penguin Group. p. 345. ISBN 0-670-80172-0. Mugler...present plastic breastplates, space suits, three-foot-wide shoulders, molded nipples, cinched torsos and tottering high heels. ^ Hyde, Nina S. (16 September 1978). "Fall Fashion Blitz: The Show's the Thing for Washington Stores". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 March 2022. Thierry Mugler found that his audience at Bloomingdale's one evening included a group of kids shopping with their parents. He admonished one store executive: 'You know, my clothes are not for children'. ^ Russell, Mary (1 July 1977). "Paris Signals". Vogue. USA: 151. Thierry and Claude Montana speak to each other every day...There is no competition among these designers; they all admire each other... ^ Morris, Bernadine (1 November 1985). "Provocative is the Word for Spring". The New York Times. p. A22. Retrieved 14 December 2021. went on to influence the cut of the clothes of his friends Claude Montana and Thierry Mugler. ^ Morris, Bernadine (21 September 1982). "Notes on Fashion". The New York Times. p. B1. Retrieved 13 December 2021. ...ow explain the resurgence of short, tight skirts, body-cupping knitted dresses, spindly heels and other constricting clothes...avored by...such designers as Azzedine Alaia, Thierry Mugler and Claude Montana... ^ Mulvagh, Jane (1988). "1976-1986". Vogue History of 20th Century Fashion. London: Viking, the Penguin Group. p. 345. ISBN 0-670-80172-0. Like Gaultier and Montana, Mugler married couture traditions with cult dressing....The overt sexuality of Mugler's clothes was upstaged by his close friend Azzedine Alaïa... ^ Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1989). "Designers of the World, Unite!". Details. VII (9). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 304. ISSN 0740-4921. ...uyers and clients recognized – and ordered – wonderfully tailored suits. ^ Morris, Bernadine (18 October 1986). "Mugler: Softer Effects". The New York Times: 34. Retrieved 4 April 2022. Thierry Mugler, whose name has been synonymous with elaborately staged fashion shows, offered a straightforward presentation for the first time in his showroom at 130 Rue du Faubourg St. Honore. Six shows, spread over the first three days of the spring and summer openings here, each played to audiences of about 100 people. It was quite possible to see the clothes clearly and not be mesmerized by theatrical effects. ^ Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1988). "Fashionating Rhythm". Details. VI (8). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 120. ISSN 0740-4921. For the last year , Mugler had successfully retreated to intimate showroom presentations... ^ Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1987). "The Collections Spring Forward". Details. VI (3). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 104. ISSN 0740-4921. Thierry Mugler...chang the location of his show to the intimacy of a small 150-seat salon, rather than mounting his customary spectacle for 2500–5000 viewers... ^ Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1987). "The Collections Spring Forward". Details Magazine. VI (3). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 102, 120. ISSN 0740-4921. ...Mugler broke away from his heroic silhouette to a softer proportioned one....moving away from his heavily padded goddesses...in soft, delicate dresses and transparent gowns...with demure puffed sleeves. ^ McColl, Patricia (18 March 1984). "Fashion Preview". The New York Times. p. 79. Retrieved 14 December 2021. Instead of a classic runway exhibition, Mugler has taken over the Salle du Zenith (a pop-music concert hall) and sold tickets for 4,000 of the 6,000 seats because, as he has always claimed, 'fashion is a spectacle'. ^ Hyde, Nina (24 March 1984). "Fashions on Faith". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2022. On a runway that stretched like wings across Le Zenith, an enormous tent created for rock concerts...Mugler ...hour-plus show....ore than 6,000 at the sold-out Mugler show. ^ Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1988). "Fashionating Rhythm". Details. VI (8). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 120. ISSN 0740-4921. Mugler...returned to a grand-scale theatrical production....Like previous Mugler spectacles, the production dwarfed many of the designs. There is no denying the entertainment value of Mugler's show... ^ Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1989). "Designers of the World, Unite!". Detailis. VII (9). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 303. ISSN 0740-4921. Mugler...has always built his collections around a theme, often a tightrope walk between the magical and the ridiculous. ^ Russell, Mary (2 April 1978). "Fall Fashion Preview". The New York Times. p. SM19. Retrieved 13 December 2021. Thierry Mugler goes sci‐fi with Flash Gordon, and walks on the wild side with shiny leather jackets and epauleted cadets. ^ Morris, Bernadine (15 October 1979). "In Paris, High Fashion's Latest Trip is to Outer Space". The New York Times: B14. Retrieved 17 May 2023. Thierry Mugler...goes back...to the cavemen...To an audio background of thunder and shrieks, his dazed‐looking cavewomen wear minidresses with shredded hems. ^ Hyde, Nina (24 March 1984). "Fashions on Faith". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2022. ...Mugler brought heaven to earth and redesigned the firmament in his fashion spectacle...odels dressed to represent the angel Gabriel, the 'Winged Victory,' Cupid and other heavenly beings stood quietly as the Madonna appeared on center stage, holding a baby, and the Lady of Fatima, suspended by a wire, was lowered onto the runway. The background music included the 'Hallelujah Chorus' and 'Ave Maria'. ^ Schiro, Anne-Marie (26 March 1985). "Notes on Fashion". The New York Times: A22. Retrieved 8 February 2022. Thierry Mugler reminded his audience of just what many of them looked like in the 1960's in their minidresses, wildly colored prints, beads and link belts of plastic disks. Remember those? ^ Morris, Bernadine (22 March 1985). "Japanese Designers Lower Shock Quotient". The New York Times: A18. Retrieved 4 April 2022. Thierry Mugler...is now into the psychedelic 1960's. Miniskirts and maxicoats, bell-bottom trousers, bubble-shaped dresses and Op Art jumpsuits, Afro wigs and short, straight Vidal Sassoon haircuts... ^ Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1988). "Fashionating Rhythm". Details. VI (8). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 120. ISSN 0740-4921. The theme was African, a sort of stereotype of the Frenchman's fantasy of colonial Africa. ^ Cunningham, Bill (1 September 1988). "The Colllllections". Details. VII (4). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 191, 283. ISSN 0740-4921. Mugler blended vampires with Paris high fashion....Thierry Mugler unleashed a sinister parade of vampires and bedeviled goddesses. ^ Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1989). "Designers of the World, Unite!". Details. VII (9). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 199, 303–307. ISSN 0740-4921. Thierry Mugler went underwater in search of sea goddesses....From Thierry Mugler's...underwater-inspired collection, a lamé mermaid gown with fish-gill slashes on the hips and thighs that opened and closed as the model moved. Sea monster dresses....This year's...clothes have been constructed with fins down the shoulders,...suit pockets cut out like the toothy jaws of a shark,...fin-shaped earrings,... suit jacket...in shades of blue water. ^ Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1988). "Fashionating Rhythm". Details. VI (8). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 120. ISSN 0740-4921. The fronts of spring suits jut out with soft, sculptured fins suggesting 1950s Cadillacs. ^ Cunningham, Bill (1 September 1989). "To the Future Through the Past". Details. VIII (3). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 261. ISSN 0740-4921. Thierry Mugler's silver leather jacket, with miniature Fifties automobile air vents as pocket flaps and taillights as lapel jewels. ^ Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1989). "Designers of the World, Unite!". Details. VII (9). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 307. ISSN 0740-4921. A handbag styled after a Fifties automobile. ^ Cadillac Motor Car Division, General Motors Corporation (1 August 1958). 1959 Cadillac. USA: General Motors Corporation. Retrieved 7 May 2022. ^ "Throwback Thursday: 1987 - Eurovision Song Contest". eurovision.tv. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ Mugler, Thierry; Lang, Jack (1988). Thierry Mugler: Photographer. Rizzoli. ISBN 0847809994. ^ Mugler, Thierry (1998). Thierry Mugler: Fashion Fetish Fantasy. General Publishing. ISBN 1575441055. ^ Constance C. R. White (17 June 1997), Clarins Buys Mugler New York Times. ^ "Turbulence Continues off High Fashion's Runways: Mugler Sets Couture Line". The New York Times International Edition. 4 February 1992. Retrieved 16 October 2019. ^ Constance C. R. White (17 June 1997), Clarins Buys Mugler New York Times. ^ a b Wilson, Eric (30 April 2010). 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"The Inspiration Behind Kim Kardashian's Met Gala Look". Retrieved 16 October 2019. ^ "Why This Wild '80s Designer Is Making a Comeback". The Cut. 27 February 2019. ^ "Casey Cadwallader, the New Man at Mugler, Talks About Taking On the Legendary French Label". Vogue. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ "Mugler's New Creative Director Casey Cadwallader Has The Keys To The House - Interview". L'Officiel USA. Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ "Megan Thee Stallion Fronts Mugler's Spring/Summer 2022 Film — Fashion Collection". L'Officiel USA. Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ "Mugler's Return to the Runway Was Full of '90s Supermodels & It Girls". W Magazine. 27 January 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2023. ^ "The Celebrity Fragrance Guide | Colognes, Perfumes & Fragrances that Celebrities Wear". The Celebrity Fragrance Guide. ^ "A*Men Mugler cologne - a fragrance for men 1996". www.fragrantica.com. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "5 ФАКТОВ О ДИЗАЙНЕРЕ ТЬЕРРИ МЮГЛЕРЕ И ЕГО БРЕНДЕ MUGLER". Elle Ukraine (in Russian). 24 January 2022. ^ "'Perfume' — It's Not Another Snuff Film". NPR.org. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "Thierry Mugler Miroir Miroir / Mirror Mirror Collection ~ new fragrances :: Now Smell This". nstperfume.com. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Wilson, Eric (30 April 2010). "Thierry Mugler, Still Creating a Stir". The New York Times International Edition. Retrieved 16 October 2019. ^ womanity.com ^ "Angel Nova Perfume EAU DE PARFUM | Mugler Official Site". Mugler. Retrieved 15 May 2023. ^ Criales-Unzueta, José (15 February 2023). "With Angel Elixir, Thierry Mugler's Iconic Fragrance Gets a Next-Gen Reboot". Vogue. Retrieved 6 November 2023. ^ "Normani feat. Cardi B 'Wild Side' lyrics meaning explained". Capital XTRA. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Ware, Asia Milia (29 September 2021). "Cardi B Is Back and She's in Feathers". The Cut. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ Khan, Aamina (17 January 2022). "11 Fashion Brands and Shop Vintage". Teen Vogue. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "Mugler Retrospective at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts". Clarins Group. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "Chris Klein, Passion Écarlate (Thierry Mugler Collection)". Plus One Gallery. Retrieved 12 March 2024. ^ Haj-Najafi, Daryoush (6 April 2010). "Thierry Mugler". Vice. Retrieved 28 August 2022. ^ a b Bernstein, Jacob (24 January 2022). "Thierry Mugler, Genre-Busting French Fashion Designer, Dies at 73". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "Thierry Mugler Bares All". Interview Magazine. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "French fashion designer Thierry Mugler dies aged 73". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 January 2022. External links Mugler Fashion and Fragrances Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Australia Artists Victoria Photographers' Identities RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Media related to Thierry Mugler at Wikimedia Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martha Mugler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Mugler"},{"link_name":"[manfʁɛd tjɛʁi myɡlɛʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"haute couture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"ageism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism"},{"link_name":"drag queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_queen"},{"link_name":"porn stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Grace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Jones"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"Viktor Lazlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Lazlo"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"Demi Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Moore"},{"link_name":"Indecent Proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indecent_Proposal"},{"link_name":"George Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Michael"},{"link_name":"Too Funky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Funky"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"perfume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume"},{"link_name":"Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(perfume)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cirque d'hiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_d%27hiver"},{"link_name":"Woodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"I Am... World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am..._(Beyonc%C3%A9_tour)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kim Kardashian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kardashian"},{"link_name":"Met Gala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_Gala"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"\"Mugler\" redirects here. For the American politician, see Martha Mugler.Manfred Thierry Mugler (French pronunciation: [manfʁɛd tjɛʁi myɡlɛʁ]; 21 December 1948 – 23 January 2022) was a French fashion designer, creative director and creative adviser of Mugler. In the 1970s, Mugler launched his eponymous fashion house; and quickly rose to prominence in the following decades for his avant-garde, architectural, hyperfeminine and theatrical approach to haute couture.[1][2] He was one of the first designers to champion diversity in his runway shows, which often tackled racism and ageism, and incorporated non-traditional models such as drag queens, porn stars, and transgender women.[3][4] In 2002, he retired from the brand, and returned in 2013 as the creative adviser.[5]At the beginning of his career he designed signature looks for Michael Jackson,[6] Madonna,[7] Grace Jones,[8] Duran Duran, Viktor Lazlo, David Bowie and Diana Ross; most notably Demi Moore's dress from the 1993 movie Indecent Proposal, which was once coined \"the most famous dress of the 1990s\". In 1992, he directed and designed the outfits for George Michael's \"Too Funky\" music video;[9] also that year he launched the perfume Angel, which became one of the best-selling perfumes of the 20th century.[10][11] Mugler's fall 1995 haute couture collection, marking the 20th anniversary of his brand, was staged at the Cirque d'hiver venue in Paris; and has been referred to as the \"Woodstock of Fashion\", for having over 300 designed looks, an elaborate set design, dozens of high-profile supermodels and a performance from James Brown.[12][13]He also designed costumes for Beyoncé's I Am... World Tour,[14][15] and created a one-off design for Kim Kardashian to wear to the 2019 Met Gala.[16][17]","title":"Thierry Mugler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Opéra national du Rhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_national_du_Rhin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cirquedusoleil.com-19"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg School of Decorative Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_%C3%A9cole_des_arts_du_Rhin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elle-20"}],"text":"Thierry Mugler was born in Strasbourg, France. At the age of 9, he began to study classical dance.[18] By 14, he joined the ballet corps for the Rhin Opera (Opéra national du Rhin).[19] As a teenager, he also began formal interior design training at the Strasbourg School of Decorative Arts.[20]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thierry_Mugler_Exhibit_-_Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Art_27.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thierry_Mugler_Exhibit_-_Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Art_17.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rainbow_dress_by_Thierry_Mugler.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thierry_Mugler_Exhibit_-_Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Art_66.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mr. Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Freedom_(fashion)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"ready-to-wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready-to-wear"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elle-20"},{"link_name":"Shiseido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiseido"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_fashion"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Place des Victoires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_des_Victoires"},{"link_name":"1er Arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Fall 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(fashion)#Fall_1978"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Maud Frizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Frizon"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Claude Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Montana"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Azzedine Alaïa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzedine_Ala%C3%AFa"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"1959 Cadillacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Series_62#Sixth_generation_(1959%E2%80%931960)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Viktor Lazlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Lazlo"},{"link_name":"Eurovision 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_1987"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurovision2-63"},{"link_name":"Demi Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Moore"},{"link_name":"Indecent Proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indecent_Proposal"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon-64"},{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon2-65"},{"link_name":"Comédie Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Robert Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Altman"},{"link_name":"George Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Michael"},{"link_name":"Too Funky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Funky"},{"link_name":"Clarins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarins"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_Syndicale_de_la_Haute_Couture"},{"link_name":"haute couture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couture"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transformed-69"}],"text":"1984 pleated gold lamé dress[21]1988 Flame Corset & red power suit1990 'Rainbow Dress' (Indianapolis Museum of Art exhibit)Automobile dress and motorcycle bustierMugler designed for the London boutiques Mr. Freedom and Mother Wouldn't Like It in the 1960s.[22] In 1971, he began designing clothes for Karim,[23] already showing the broad-shouldered, 1940s-derived looks he would become famous for in later years.[24] In 1972, his full-skirted raincoat became a hit.[25] At the age of 24, Mugler moved to Paris. He began designing clothes for Gudule, a Parisian boutique. At 26, he began to design for a variety of large ready-to-wear fashion houses in Paris, Milan, London and Barcelona.[20]In 1973, Mugler created his first personal collection called \"Café de Paris\". The style of the collection was both sophisticated and urban. Melka Tréanton, a powerful fashion editor, helped to launch his career. In 1976, she asked him to show his work in Tokyo for an event organized by Shiseido.[26] The 1977 showing of his spring 1978 line displayed a punk influence.[27][28] In 1978, he opened his first Paris boutique at the Place des Victoires in the 1er Arrondissement and rapidly gained attention as among the most extreme of the Fall 1978 broad-shoulder brigade of designers,[29][30] with a penchant for mid-20th-century sci-fi themes[31][32][33] and exaggerated 1940s-50s-style glamour marked by sharply constructed tailoring. He used exclusively Maud Frizon footwear in his late seventies-early eighties women's collections, the most influential shoe designer of the period.[34] At the same time, Mugler launched a fashion collection for men. He would continue into the following decade with his 1940s-style shoulders on 1950s-tailored suits[35] amid retrograde Wagnerian showmanship.[36][37]During the 1980s and 1990s Mugler became an internationally recognized designer, often grouped with his friends Claude Montana[38] and Azzedine Alaïa[39][40][41] but known especially for his shapely suits,[42] and his collections garnered much commercial success. Except for a couple of sedate salon presentations in 1986 and 1987[43][44][45] (when he also reduced his shoulder padding),[46] his fashion shows were extravagant affairs held in arena-like environments[47][48][49] and the collections associated with them had themes,[50] sci-fi[51] and cavewoman themes[52] in the late seventies, celestial themes later,[53] a 60s theme one season,[54][55] an Africa theme another,[56] a vampire-devil theme the next,[57] and an aquatic theme the next,[58] with ongoing creative motifs that would span multiple collections, like his late-eighties inclusion of garments and accessories modeled after the tailfins and chrome trim of 1950s U.S. automobiles,[59][60][61] most recognizably 1959 Cadillacs.[62]Mugler designed the dresses of Viktor Lazlo for hosting Eurovision 1987.[63] He created the black dress worn by Demi Moore in the 1993 movie Indecent Proposal.Mugler published his first photography book in 1988, Thierry Mugler: Photographer.[64] This was followed by a monograph in 1999, titled Fashion Fetish Fantasy, which assembles photos of his creations.[65]Mugler also directed short films, advertising films and video clips. He regularly designed costumes for musical comedies, concerts, operas and the theatre (including Macbeth for the Comédie Française). He worked with Robert Altman and George Michael (he directed the video for Michael's \"Too Funky\" in 1992). He also directed the first advertising film for one of his fragrances, Alien.In 1990, Clarins acquired a 34 percent share in Thierry Mugler Couture when it signed a deal to produce the brand's fragrances.[66] At the request of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture, he completed his first haute couture collection in 1992.[67] By 1997, Clarins increased this share to 83.5 percent, acquiring its stake by purchasing stock from Mugler, the Marceau Group and Didier Grumbach.[68] Since then, Clarins has held the rights to the Thierry Mugler name.[69]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fashionmag-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Cirque du Soleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil"},{"link_name":"Zumanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumanity"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"I Am... World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am..._(Beyonc%C3%A9_tour)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cirquedusoleil.com-19"},{"link_name":"Nicola Formichetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Formichetti"},{"link_name":"Creative Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Director"},{"link_name":"menswear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menswear"},{"link_name":"Romain Kremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Kremer"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"cosmetic transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetic_surgery"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transformed-69"},{"link_name":"Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"David Koma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Koma"},{"link_name":"artistic director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_director"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016"},{"link_name":"I Didn't Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Didn%27t_Know"},{"link_name":"Serhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhat_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurovision-77"},{"link_name":"Met Gala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_Gala"},{"link_name":"Kim Kardashian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kardashian"},{"link_name":"Sophia Loren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Loren"},{"link_name":"Boy on a Dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_on_a_Dolphin"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Casey Cadwallader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casey_Cadwallader&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"DIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIS_(collective)"},{"link_name":"Megan Thee Stallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion"},{"link_name":"Chloe Sevigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Sevigny"},{"link_name":"Bella Hadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Hadid"},{"link_name":"Eartheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eartheater_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Maria Kochetkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Kochetkova"},{"link_name":"vogueing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(dance)"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Adut Akech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adut_Akech"},{"link_name":"Paloma Elsesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma_Elsesser"},{"link_name":"Eva Herzigova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Herzigov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Ziwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziwe_Fumudoh"},{"link_name":"Arca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Memphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphy"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"Retirement from fashion","text":"Clarins shuttered the ready-to-wear component of Mugler's brand in 2003, due to financial losses. It kept the perfume division open as it was profitable.[70] Mugler left fashion in 2002.[71] When asked about the subject, he said: \"Fashion is beautiful, 3-D art on a human being. But it wasn't enough, which is why I went on to create in other ways. For me, it wasn't the right tool anymore. But perfume still interests me\".[72]In 2002, Mugler collaborated with the Cirque du Soleil. He directed \"Extravaganza\", one of the scenes of Zumanity, and also created all of the costumes and the identity of the characters in the show.In 2008, the Mugler brand launched Thierry Mugler Beauty, a high-end line of cosmetics.In 2009, Mugler worked as artistic advisor to singer Beyoncé.[73] He created the costumes for her \"I Am... World Tour\".[19]In September 2010, Nicola Formichetti was announced to be the Creative Director of the Thierry Mugler brand. He changed the brand name to MUGLER, removing the first name, and in January 2011, he launched the revival of the brand's menswear collection in collaboration with Romain Kremer.[74]An April 2010 New York Times story discussed Mugler's cosmetic transformation. \"[Mugler has] taken to calling himself Manfred and transformed his body...into what is apparently a 240-pound spectacle of muscle and nipple and tattoo...\"[69]With over two years of being the creative director of MUGLER, Formichetti announced in April 2013 that he and the fashion house would be parting ways. Formichetti left MUGLER to work for the Italian brand Diesel.[75]In December 2013, House of Mugler announced David Koma as the artistic director.[76]In 2016, Mugler created and directed the music video and staging for San Marino's Eurovision Song Contest entry \"I Didn't Know\" performed by Turkish singer Serhat.[77]Despite retiring from his brand in 2003, he made the exception to design under his name \"House of Mugler\" for the Met Gala in 2019 and for Kim Kardashian. Getting his inspiration from Sophia Loren in the film Boy on a Dolphin, Mugler envisioned a wet California girl; hence the creation of the \"wet couture dress\".[78][79]The American designer Casey Cadwallader was named Mugler's new creative director in December 2017.[80][81] During the period of the pandemic, Mugler skipped runways for video shows that were co-created with DIS magazine's spin-off, Torso Solutions. Megan Thee Stallion, Chloe Sevigny, Bella Hadid, and Eartheater were featured in the Mugler Spring 2022 Ready-to-Wear Collection video which ended with a brief homage to the late Mugler. The homage was dancing feature by prima ballerina Maria Kochetkova and vogueing superstar Barbie Swaee.[82]After an almost three year hiatus from runway shows, Mugler returned to an in-person show in Paris FW 2023. The runway featured models Adut Akech, Paloma Elsesser, Eva Herzigova, Ziwe, Arca and Memphy.[83] An image was shown on an extra-large TV screen flanked by a staircase in the middle of the runway fusing digital with IRL.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angel (perfume)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(perfume)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angel_Men_(1413014127).jpg"},{"link_name":"Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(perfume)"},{"link_name":"praline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praline_(nut_confection)"},{"link_name":"patchouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patchouli"},{"link_name":"gourmand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourmand_(fragrance)"},{"link_name":"Diana Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Ross"},{"link_name":"Barbara Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Walters"},{"link_name":"Eva Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"oenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenology"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Tom Tykwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tykwer"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Hunter Schafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Schafer"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"Fragrances","text":"Further information: Angel (perfume)Angel for men (A*Men)Mugler's first perfume appeared in 1992 and was called \"Angel\". It contains a combination of praline and chocolate mixed with a strong accord of patchouli. It would be a part of a new fragrance type called gourmand. The Angel bottle, in the shape of a faceted star, was created by the Brosse Master Glassmakers. Fans of the fragrance include Diana Ross, Barbara Walters, Eva Mendes and Hillary Clinton.[84]In 1996, Mugler followed up Angel with a male version named Angel Men or A*Men. This fragrance includes notes of caramel, coffee, vanilla, patchouli and honey.[85]In 2005, Alien was created, the second major Thierry Mugler fragrance. Also in 2005, Mugler launched the \"Thierry Mugler Perfume Workshops\", which are open to the general public and led by specialists of the perfumery and oenology world.[86]In 2006, Mugler completed a project for the launch of Tom Tykwer's film Perfume. In collaboration with the IFF company, Mugler created a box set of fifteen compositions.[87]During 2007, still following the metamorphosis theme, Mugler launched Mirror, Mirror, a collection of five fragrances, created as \"perfume-trickery\" to \"enhance one's presence\".[88]Angel and Alien together produce about $280 million in sales annually.[89]In 2010, the fragrance Womanity was released by the House of Mugler.[90]Angel Muse was released in 2015; Angel Nova was released in June 2020.[91] The most recent Angel flanker is Angel Elixir, released in February 2023 with a campaign starring Hunter Schafer.[92]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_(song)"},{"link_name":"Cardi B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardi_B"},{"link_name":"Wild Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Side_(Normani_song)"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Generation Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Z"},{"link_name":"Teen Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Vogue"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Montreal Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Chris Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Klein_(visual_artist)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"text":"In later years, Mugler's vintage designs saw a significant resurgence among celebrities, including Lady Gaga in the music video for \"Telephone\", and Cardi B who worked with Mugler, often wearing his vintage designs on red carpets and music videos, as well as mentioning the brand in the song \"Wild Side\".[93][94] His vintage designs are among the most coveted luxury vintage brands for Generation Z consumers, according to Teen Vogue.[95]In 2019, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts launched the 'Thierry Mugler: Couturissime' exhibition dedicated to him.[96] Since 2019, visual artist Chris Klein, started painting some of Mugler's designs.[97]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-99"},{"link_name":"bodybuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodybuilding"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fashionmag-71"},{"link_name":"Interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"anesthesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Vincennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincennes"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-99"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"text":"Mugler was openly gay and a longtime bodybuilder.[98][99] Following his departure from fashion he became reclusive, went by his first name (Manfred) and began extensive bodybuilding. In 2019, he said \"Thierry Mugler\" was a label and a brand, and as such he wanted to move on to other things.[71]Mugler had several accidents that changed his appearance. His nose was destroyed in a jeep crash. A motorcycle accident involved steel cables which saw Mugler have a piece of metal removed from his leg. In an interview with Interview magazine, Mugler stated, \"I asked another surgeon if he could do some things to my chin, and then I was happy to get the bloody anesthesia. He actually took a piece of bone from my hip and put it on my chin, so I don't have any plastic or silicone. It's all bones. I wanted my face to represent progress, because after years of being a thin, charming dancer, I wanted to be a warrior. I've done so much in my life. I've fought so much. I'm a superhero, so it's normal to have the face of one.\"[100]Mugler died of natural causes at his residence in Vincennes near Paris, on 23 January 2022, at the age of 73.[99][101]","title":"Personal life and death"}]
[{"image_text":"1984 pleated gold lamé dress[21]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thierry_Mugler_Exhibit_-_Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Art_27.jpg/170px-Thierry_Mugler_Exhibit_-_Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Art_27.jpg"},{"image_text":"1988 Flame Corset & red power suit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Thierry_Mugler_Exhibit_-_Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Art_17.jpg/170px-Thierry_Mugler_Exhibit_-_Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Art_17.jpg"},{"image_text":"1990 'Rainbow Dress' (Indianapolis Museum of Art exhibit)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rainbow_dress_by_Thierry_Mugler.jpg/170px-Rainbow_dress_by_Thierry_Mugler.jpg"},{"image_text":"Automobile dress and motorcycle bustier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Thierry_Mugler_Exhibit_-_Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Art_66.jpg/170px-Thierry_Mugler_Exhibit_-_Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Art_66.jpg"},{"image_text":"Angel for men (A*Men)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Angel_Men_%281413014127%29.jpg/220px-Angel_Men_%281413014127%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Robot couture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_couture"}]
[{"reference":"\"Iconic Fashion Designer Manfred Thierry Mugler Has Passed Away Age 73\". Marie Claire. 23 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marieclaire.com.au/manfred-thierry-mugler-dead-at-73","url_text":"\"Iconic Fashion Designer Manfred Thierry Mugler Has Passed Away Age 73\""}]},{"reference":"Kloster, Caroline (20 November 2020). \"Why Did Mugler Become the Go-To Brand for Celebrities?\". CR Fashion Book. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/a34620461/why-did-mugler-become-the-go-to-brand-for-celebrities/","url_text":"\"Why Did Mugler Become the Go-To Brand for Celebrities?\""}]},{"reference":"Diderich, Joelle (28 September 2021). \"The Originals: Manfred Thierry Mugler\". WWD. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/wwd-the-originals-thierry-mugler-interview-1234946039/","url_text":"\"The Originals: Manfred Thierry Mugler\""}]},{"reference":"Dazed (25 May 2018). \"That time a porn star and Ivana Trump walked for Mugler\". Dazed. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/40151/1/a-porn-star-and-ivana-trump-walked-for-mugler-ss92-fashion-week","url_text":"\"That time a porn star and Ivana Trump walked for Mugler\""}]},{"reference":"Fenner, Justin (19 April 2013). \"Thierry Mugler Returns to Mugler After Departure of Formichetti's Designers\". POPSUGAR Fashion. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fabsugar.com/Thierry-Mugler-Comes-Back-Mugler-29620550","url_text":"\"Thierry Mugler Returns to Mugler After Departure of Formichetti's Designers\""}]},{"reference":"\"MICHAEL JACKSON PHOTOSHOOT JACKET\". www.julienslive.com. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.julienslive.com/lot-details/index/catalog/77/lot/33956","url_text":"\"MICHAEL JACKSON PHOTOSHOOT JACKET\""}]},{"reference":"Jelly-Schapiro, Joshua (22 November 2016). Island People: The Caribbean and the World. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-385-34977-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fRycCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22mugler%22+%22michael+jackson%22&pg=PT454","url_text":"Island People: The Caribbean and the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-34977-2","url_text":"978-0-385-34977-2"}]},{"reference":"By (29 October 2020). \"Vintage Vamp: Grace Jones\". www.essence.com. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.essence.com/articles/vintage-vamp-grace-jones-2/","url_text":"\"Vintage Vamp: Grace Jones\""}]},{"reference":"Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 8 August 1992.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VxAEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22mugler%22+%22michael+jackson%22&pg=PA36","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Kapferer, Jean-Noel (3 December 2008). The Luxury Strategy: Break the Rules of Marketing to Build Luxury Brands. Kogan Page Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7494-5601-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YLuoXQ2NKmsC&dq=mugler+angel&pg=PA150","url_text":"The Luxury Strategy: Break the Rules of Marketing to Build Luxury Brands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7494-5601-6","url_text":"978-0-7494-5601-6"}]},{"reference":"Burr, Chandler (6 January 2009). The Perfect Scent: A Year Inside the Perfume Industry in Paris and New York. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-42577-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0bF4yK5fVZQC&dq=mugler+angel&pg=PA159","url_text":"The Perfect Scent: A Year Inside the Perfume Industry in Paris and New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42577-7","url_text":"978-0-312-42577-7"}]},{"reference":"Feingold, Sarah (25 July 2019). \"90s Nostalgia: Backstage At Thierry Mugler Fall/Winter 1995 – NBGA MAG – No Basic Girls Allowed\". Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nobasicgirlsallowed.com/90s-nostalgia-backstage-at-thierry-mugler-fall-winter-1995/","url_text":"\"90s Nostalgia: Backstage At Thierry Mugler Fall/Winter 1995 – NBGA MAG – No Basic Girls Allowed\""}]},{"reference":"Woo, Kin (1 March 2019). \"'The Woodstock of Fashion': Remembering Thierry Mugler's Most Legendary Show\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/01/t-magazine/thierry-mugler-1995-show.html","url_text":"\"'The Woodstock of Fashion': Remembering Thierry Mugler's Most Legendary Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Sayej, Nadja (19 March 2019). \"7 Dresses That Define Thierry Mugler, From Cardi B to Kim K\". Garage. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://garage.vice.com/en_us/article/43zm5p/thierry-mugler-dresses","url_text":"\"7 Dresses That Define Thierry Mugler, From Cardi B to Kim K\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"You Have To Be Brave To Be Happy\": Thierry Mugler On His Quest For True Beauty\". British Vogue. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/manfred-thierry-mugler-photographer-book","url_text":"\"\"You Have To Be Brave To Be Happy\": Thierry Mugler On His Quest For True Beauty\""}]},{"reference":"Pace, Lilly; Hechkoff, Sadie (11 July 2019). \"Mugler Muses Throughout History\". CR Fashion Book. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220124021235/https://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/g28267313/mugler-muses-throughout-history/","url_text":"\"Mugler Muses Throughout History\""},{"url":"https://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/g28267313/mugler-muses-throughout-history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chan, Tim (24 January 2022). \"Thierry Mugler, Fashion Designer to David Bowie and Beyoncé, Dead at 73\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/thierry-mugler-death-obit-musicians-celebs-1289500/","url_text":"\"Thierry Mugler, Fashion Designer to David Bowie and Beyoncé, Dead at 73\""}]},{"reference":"Menkes, Suzy (16 July 2019). \"Manfred Thierry Mugler: Back in Fashion\". British Vogue. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/manfred-thierry-mugler-back-in-fashion","url_text":"\"Manfred Thierry Mugler: Back in Fashion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Vogue","url_text":"British Vogue"}]},{"reference":"\"Mugler Joins the Cirque\". WWD. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/mugler-joins-the-cirque-722403/","url_text":"\"Mugler Joins the Cirque\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily","url_text":"WWD"}]},{"reference":"Shardlow, Phoebe (11 February 2019). \"Exploring Thierry Mugler's Everlasting Impact on Fashion\". Elle.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/trends/a26287890/thierry-muglers-everlasting-impact-on-fashion/","url_text":"\"Exploring Thierry Mugler's Everlasting Impact on Fashion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_(magazine)","url_text":"Elle"}]},{"reference":"\"Dress, Autumn-Winter 1984\". KCI Digital Archive. Kyoto Costume Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kci.or.jp/en/archives/digital_archives/1980s/KCI_329","url_text":"\"Dress, Autumn-Winter 1984\""}]},{"reference":"Hyde, Nina S. (23 October 1978). \"Getting in Shape\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2022. Mugler's English is nearly perfect. He picked it up while designing for two way-out boutiques in London - Mr. Freedom and Mother Wouldn't Like It - in the mid-1960s.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Hyde","url_text":"Hyde, Nina S."},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/10/23/getting-in-shape/052480e0-6727-490f-bfe7-98bb0a73804a/","url_text":"\"Getting in Shape\""}]},{"reference":"Mulvagh, Jane (1988). \"1971\". Vogue History of 20th Century Fashion. London: Viking, the Penguin Group. p. 319. ISBN 0-670-80172-0. Thierry Mugler (for Karim) velvet jersey, bias-cut skirt and blouse.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-80172-0","url_text":"0-670-80172-0"}]},{"reference":"Mulvagh, Jane (1988). \"1971\". Vogue History of 20th Century Fashion. London: Viking, the Penguin Group. p. 322. ISBN 0-670-80172-0. Thierry Mugler showed his first collection in Paris, which concentrated on an angular, wide-shouldered cut reminiscent of the forties.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-80172-0","url_text":"0-670-80172-0"}]},{"reference":"Hyde, Nina S. (23 October 1978). \"Getting in Shape\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2022. There were short-term jobs with firms in London and Paris, with limited success until six years ago, when he designed a raincoat with a full skirt that sold by the thousands.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Hyde","url_text":"Hyde, Nina S."},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/10/23/getting-in-shape/052480e0-6727-490f-bfe7-98bb0a73804a/","url_text":"\"Getting in Shape\""}]},{"reference":"\"Window Display Exhibition in Paris to Commemorate the 30th Anniversary of Shiseido Cosmetics Sales in France\" (PDF) (Press release). 19 August 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shiseidogroup.com/releimg/1790-e.pdf","url_text":"\"Window Display Exhibition in Paris to Commemorate the 30th Anniversary of Shiseido Cosmetics Sales in France\""}]},{"reference":"Hyde, Nina S. (24 October 1977). \"Thinking Big for Spring\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2022. There is punk influence at Thierry Mugler, including a punk model with fluorescent yellow hair...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Hyde","url_text":"Hyde, Nina S."},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1977/10/24/thinking-big-for-spring/69607aa7-4a9e-4e4a-882e-32172a15cdc6/","url_text":"\"Thinking Big for Spring\""}]},{"reference":"Hyde, Nina S. (29 October 1977). \"And Now 'Punk Chic'\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 April 2022. At Thierry Mugler, black leather and safety-pin jewelry showed up on the runway worn by the cool, blonde [French punk icon] Edwige.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Hyde","url_text":"Hyde, Nina S."},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1977/10/29/and-now-punk-chic/ef17f57e-977b-4f6a-a2ff-c35e328ab1bd/","url_text":"\"And Now 'Punk Chic'\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Bernadine (9 April 1979). \"Paris Fashions Unveiled in Super Bowl Style\". The New York Times. p. D8. Retrieved 8 December 2021. Montana and Mugler both pioneered the giant shoulder‐pad movement last year [1978]...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/09/archives/paris-fashions-unveiled-in-super-bowl-style.html","url_text":"\"Paris Fashions Unveiled in Super Bowl Style\""}]},{"reference":"Hyde, Nina S. (23 October 1978). \"Getting in Shape\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2022. He explains clearly why he chooses this silhouette: 'Big shoulders give a woman a sense of grandeur and height and presence'.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Hyde","url_text":"Hyde, Nina S."},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/10/23/getting-in-shape/052480e0-6727-490f-bfe7-98bb0a73804a/","url_text":"\"Getting in Shape\""}]},{"reference":"Duka, John (13 November 1978). \"Paris is Yesterday\". New York. Vol. 11, no. 46. pp. 111–112. Retrieved 11 December 2021. [I]f [Paris designers] have their way, American women will be wearing big, big, big padded shoulders...On the Flash Gordon side of French ready-to-wear Retro are such designers as Claude Montana, Thierry Mugler, and France Andrevie....At Mugler,...[it took the form of] a big-shouldered Flash Gordon jacket...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-OACAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22france+andrevie%22+1978&pg=PA111","url_text":"\"Paris is Yesterday\""}]},{"reference":"Russell, Mary (8 April 1979). \"Fashion/Beauty Fallout from Paris\". The New York Times. p. SM19. Retrieved 13 December 2021. The Paris avant‐garde designers Thierry Mugler and Claude Montana continue taking fashion risks and making headlines with futuristic leathers and knits....Thierry Mugler loves the Krypton scenes from Superman, but his futuristic clothes are real...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/08/archives/fashionbeauty-fallout-from-paris-fashionbeauty.html","url_text":"\"Fashion/Beauty Fallout from Paris\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion View\". The New York Times. 30 December 1979. p. SM6. Retrieved 10 December 2021. ...Thierry Mugler's Star Trekesque gigantic shoulders....","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/30/archives/fashion-view-decoding-the-styles-of-the-70s.html","url_text":"\"Fashion View\""}]},{"reference":"Hyde, Nina S. (12 December 1979). \"Maud Frizon, the Designer Behind the Colorful Cone Heels\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 February 2022. Paris designers Claude Montana, Sonia Rykiel, Thierry Mugler and others used only her shoes in their recent collections.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Hyde","url_text":"Hyde, Nina S."},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/12/12/maud-frizon-the-designer-behind-the-colorful-cone-heels/d0628720-7fa3-49c6-9aa5-5c8276d6a1fc/","url_text":"\"Maud Frizon, the Designer Behind the Colorful Cone Heels\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Bernadine (27 February 1983). \"The Directions of the Innovators\". The New York Times. p. 132. Retrieved 15 December 2021. Today's avant-garde designers -including the Frenchmen Claude Montana, Thierry Mugler, Jean-Paul Gaultier and Azzedine Alaia - strike out in many directions. But, while some seem radical, they are actually reworking themes from the past, borrowing from periods before the 1960's.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/02/27/magazine/the-directions-of-the-innovators.html","url_text":"\"The Directions of the Innovators\""}]},{"reference":"Mulvagh, Jane (1988). \"1976-1986\". Vogue History of 20th Century Fashion. London: Viking, the Penguin Group. p. 345. ISBN 0-670-80172-0. Mugler...present[ed] plastic breastplates, space suits, three-foot-wide shoulders, molded nipples, cinched torsos and tottering high heels.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-80172-0","url_text":"0-670-80172-0"}]},{"reference":"Hyde, Nina S. (16 September 1978). \"Fall Fashion Blitz: The Show's the Thing for Washington Stores\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 March 2022. Thierry Mugler found that his audience at Bloomingdale's one evening included a group of kids shopping with their parents. He admonished one store executive: 'You know, my clothes are not for children'.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Hyde","url_text":"Hyde, Nina S."},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/09/16/fall-fashion-blitz-the-shows-the-thing-for-washington-stores/5f59515e-0931-4d71-a5a9-a18795d58812/","url_text":"\"Fall Fashion Blitz: The Show's the Thing for Washington Stores\""}]},{"reference":"Russell, Mary (1 July 1977). \"Paris Signals\". Vogue. USA: 151. Thierry [Mugler] and Claude Montana speak to each other every day...There is no competition among these designers; they all admire each other...","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morris, Bernadine (1 November 1985). \"Provocative is the Word for Spring\". The New York Times. p. A22. Retrieved 14 December 2021. [Alaïa] went on to influence the cut of the clothes of his friends Claude Montana and Thierry Mugler.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/01/style/provacative-is-the-word-for-spring.html","url_text":"\"Provocative is the Word for Spring\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Bernadine (21 September 1982). \"Notes on Fashion\". The New York Times. p. B1. Retrieved 13 December 2021. ...[H]ow explain the resurgence of short, tight skirts, body-cupping knitted dresses, spindly heels and other constricting clothes...[f]avored by...such designers as Azzedine Alaia, Thierry Mugler and Claude Montana[?]...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/21/style/notes-on-fashion.html","url_text":"\"Notes on Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"Mulvagh, Jane (1988). \"1976-1986\". Vogue History of 20th Century Fashion. London: Viking, the Penguin Group. p. 345. ISBN 0-670-80172-0. Like Gaultier and Montana, Mugler married couture traditions with cult dressing....The overt sexuality of Mugler's clothes was upstaged by his close friend Azzedine Alaïa...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-80172-0","url_text":"0-670-80172-0"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1989). \"Designers of the World, Unite!\". Details. VII (9). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 304. ISSN 0740-4921. ...[B]uyers and clients recognized – and ordered – [Mugler's] wonderfully tailored suits.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-4921","url_text":"0740-4921"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Bernadine (18 October 1986). \"Mugler: Softer Effects\". The New York Times: 34. Retrieved 4 April 2022. Thierry Mugler, whose name has been synonymous with elaborately staged fashion shows, offered a straightforward presentation for the first time in his showroom at 130 Rue du Faubourg St. Honore. Six shows, spread over the first three days of the spring and summer openings here, each played to audiences of about 100 people. It was quite possible to see the clothes clearly and not be mesmerized by theatrical effects.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/18/style/mugler-softer-effects.html","url_text":"\"Mugler: Softer Effects\""}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1988). \"Fashionating Rhythm\". Details. VI (8). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 120. ISSN 0740-4921. For the last year [1987], Mugler had successfully retreated to intimate showroom presentations...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-4921","url_text":"0740-4921"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1987). \"The Collections Spring Forward\". Details. VI (3). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 104. ISSN 0740-4921. Thierry Mugler...chang[ed] the location of his show to the intimacy of a small 150-seat salon, rather than mounting his customary spectacle for 2500–5000 viewers...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-4921","url_text":"0740-4921"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1987). \"The Collections Spring Forward\". Details Magazine. VI (3). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 102, 120. ISSN 0740-4921. ...Mugler broke away from his heroic silhouette to a softer proportioned one....moving away from his heavily padded goddesses...in soft, delicate dresses and transparent gowns...with demure puffed sleeves.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-4921","url_text":"0740-4921"}]},{"reference":"McColl, Patricia (18 March 1984). \"Fashion Preview\". The New York Times. p. 79. Retrieved 14 December 2021. Instead of a classic runway exhibition, Mugler has taken over the Salle du Zenith (a pop-music concert hall) and sold tickets for 4,000 of the 6,000 seats because, as he has always claimed, 'fashion is a spectacle'.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/18/magazine/fashion-preview.html","url_text":"\"Fashion Preview\""}]},{"reference":"Hyde, Nina (24 March 1984). \"Fashions on Faith\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2022. On a runway that stretched like wings across Le Zenith, an enormous tent created for rock concerts[,]...Mugler [presented an]...hour-plus show....[M]ore than 6,000 at[tended] the sold-out Mugler show.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Hyde","url_text":"Hyde, Nina"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1984/03/24/fashions-on-faith/518f8398-6dfb-4ffc-be30-d88ca63c819d/","url_text":"\"Fashions on Faith\""}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1988). \"Fashionating Rhythm\". Details. VI (8). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 120. ISSN 0740-4921. Mugler...returned to a grand-scale theatrical production....Like previous Mugler spectacles, the production dwarfed many of the designs. There is no denying the entertainment value of Mugler's show...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-4921","url_text":"0740-4921"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1989). \"Designers of the World, Unite!\". Detailis. VII (9). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 303. ISSN 0740-4921. Mugler...has always built his collections around a theme, often a tightrope walk between the magical and the ridiculous.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-4921","url_text":"0740-4921"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Mary (2 April 1978). \"Fall Fashion Preview\". The New York Times. p. SM19. Retrieved 13 December 2021. Thierry Mugler goes sci‐fi with Flash Gordon, and walks on the wild side with shiny leather jackets and epauleted cadets.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/02/archives/fall-fashion-preview-strong-pointers-from-paris-fall-fashion.html","url_text":"\"Fall Fashion Preview\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Bernadine (15 October 1979). \"In Paris, High Fashion's Latest Trip is to Outer Space\". The New York Times: B14. Retrieved 17 May 2023. Thierry Mugler...goes back...to the cavemen...To an audio background of thunder and shrieks, his dazed‐looking cavewomen wear minidresses with shredded hems.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/15/archives/in-paris-high-fashions-latest-trip-is-to-outer-space-a-fashionable.html","url_text":"\"In Paris, High Fashion's Latest Trip is to Outer Space\""}]},{"reference":"Hyde, Nina (24 March 1984). \"Fashions on Faith\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 February 2022. ...Mugler brought heaven to earth and redesigned the firmament in his fashion spectacle...[M]odels dressed to represent the angel Gabriel, the 'Winged Victory,' Cupid and other heavenly beings stood quietly as the Madonna appeared on center stage, holding a baby, and the Lady of Fatima, suspended by a wire, was lowered onto the runway. The background music included the 'Hallelujah Chorus' and 'Ave Maria'.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Hyde","url_text":"Hyde, Nina"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1984/03/24/fashions-on-faith/518f8398-6dfb-4ffc-be30-d88ca63c819d/","url_text":"\"Fashions on Faith\""}]},{"reference":"Schiro, Anne-Marie (26 March 1985). \"Notes on Fashion\". The New York Times: A22. Retrieved 8 February 2022. Thierry Mugler reminded his audience of just what many of them looked like in the 1960's in their minidresses, wildly colored prints, beads and link belts of plastic disks. Remember those?","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/26/style/notes-on-fashion.html","url_text":"\"Notes on Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Bernadine (22 March 1985). \"Japanese Designers Lower Shock Quotient\". The New York Times: A18. Retrieved 4 April 2022. Thierry Mugler...is now into the psychedelic 1960's. Miniskirts and maxicoats, bell-bottom trousers, bubble-shaped dresses and Op Art jumpsuits, Afro wigs and short, straight Vidal Sassoon haircuts...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/22/style/japanese-designers-lowers-hock-quotient.html","url_text":"\"Japanese Designers Lower Shock Quotient\""}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1988). \"Fashionating Rhythm\". Details. VI (8). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 120. ISSN 0740-4921. The theme was African, a sort of stereotype of the Frenchman's fantasy of colonial Africa.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-4921","url_text":"0740-4921"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Bill (1 September 1988). \"The Colllllections\". Details. VII (4). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 191, 283. ISSN 0740-4921. Mugler blended vampires with Paris high fashion....Thierry Mugler unleashed a sinister parade of vampires and bedeviled goddesses.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-4921","url_text":"0740-4921"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1989). \"Designers of the World, Unite!\". Details. VII (9). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 199, 303–307. ISSN 0740-4921. Thierry Mugler went underwater in search of sea goddesses....From Thierry Mugler's...underwater-inspired collection, a lamé mermaid gown with fish-gill slashes on the hips and thighs that opened and closed as the model moved. Sea monster dresses....This year's...clothes have been constructed with fins down the shoulders,...suit pockets cut out like the toothy jaws of a shark,...fin-shaped earrings,...[and] suit jacket[s]...in shades of blue water.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-4921","url_text":"0740-4921"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1988). \"Fashionating Rhythm\". Details. VI (8). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 120. ISSN 0740-4921. The fronts of [Mugler's] spring suits jut out with soft, sculptured fins suggesting 1950s Cadillacs.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-4921","url_text":"0740-4921"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Bill (1 September 1989). \"To the Future Through the Past\". Details. VIII (3). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 261. ISSN 0740-4921. Thierry Mugler's silver leather jacket, with miniature Fifties automobile air vents as pocket flaps and taillights as lapel jewels.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-4921","url_text":"0740-4921"}]},{"reference":"Cunningham, Bill (1 March 1989). \"Designers of the World, Unite!\". Details. VII (9). New York, NY: Details Publishing Corp.: 307. ISSN 0740-4921. A [Mugler] handbag styled after a Fifties automobile.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0740-4921","url_text":"0740-4921"}]},{"reference":"Cadillac Motor Car Division, General Motors Corporation (1 August 1958). 1959 Cadillac. USA: General Motors Corporation. Retrieved 7 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cadillac/1959_Cadillac/1959_Cadillac_Brochure/dirindex.html","url_text":"1959 Cadillac"}]},{"reference":"\"Throwback Thursday: 1987 - Eurovision Song Contest\". eurovision.tv. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/story/throwback-thursday-1987","url_text":"\"Throwback Thursday: 1987 - Eurovision Song Contest\""}]},{"reference":"Mugler, Thierry; Lang, Jack (1988). Thierry Mugler: Photographer. Rizzoli. ISBN 0847809994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lang_(French_politician)","url_text":"Lang, Jack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0847809994","url_text":"0847809994"}]},{"reference":"Mugler, Thierry (1998). Thierry Mugler: Fashion Fetish Fantasy. General Publishing. ISBN 1575441055.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1575441055","url_text":"1575441055"}]},{"reference":"\"Turbulence Continues off High Fashion's Runways: Mugler Sets Couture Line\". The New York Times International Edition. 4 February 1992. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/04/style/IHT-turbulence-continues-off-high-fashions-runways-mugler-sets-couture.html","url_text":"\"Turbulence Continues off High Fashion's Runways: Mugler Sets Couture Line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_International_Edition","url_text":"The New York Times International Edition"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Eric (30 April 2010). \"Thierry Mugler, a Designer Transformed\". The New York Times. p. ST1. ISSN 0362-4331.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Thierry Mugler bids au revoir to couture. (News)\". European Cosmetic Markets. 20 (2). February 2003.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Flanagan, Noreen (1 March 2019). \"An Exclusive Interview with Fashion's OG Bad Boy, the Mysterious Manfred Thierry Mugler\". Fashion.","urls":[{"url":"https://fashionmagazine.com/fashion/thierry-mugler-archives-couturissime/","url_text":"\"An Exclusive Interview with Fashion's OG Bad Boy, the Mysterious Manfred Thierry Mugler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_(magazine)","url_text":"Fashion"}]},{"reference":"Long, April (28 October 2017). \"Thierry Mugler Glances Back at His Fantastical Past\". Elle.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elle.com/beauty/a12468934/magic-man-november-2017/","url_text":"\"Thierry Mugler Glances Back at His Fantastical Past\""}]},{"reference":"Foley, Bridget (26 March 2009). \"Thierry Mugler to Design Beyonce Tour\". WWD.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/mugler-for-beyonce-woman-meets-warrior-2082354/","url_text":"\"Thierry Mugler to Design Beyonce Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Menkes, Suzy (17 January 2013). \"On top of the world\". The New York Times International Edition. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/18/fashion/on-top-of-the-world.html","url_text":"\"On top of the world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_International_Edition","url_text":"The New York Times International Edition"}]},{"reference":"\"Nicola Formichetti hired by Diesel after leaving Thierry Mugler\". New York Daily News. 4 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/fashion/nicola-formichetti-hired-diesel-article-1.1307447","url_text":"\"Nicola Formichetti hired by Diesel after leaving Thierry Mugler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Socha, Miles (12 December 2013). \"Thierry Mugler Names David Koma Artistic Director\". WWD.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/thierry-mugler-taps-david-koma-7312059/","url_text":"\"Thierry Mugler Names David Koma Artistic Director\""}]},{"reference":"Roxburgh, Gordon (9 March 2016). \"San Marino: Serhat presents \"I Didn't Know\"\". Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/story/san-marino-serhat-presents-i-didn-t-know","url_text":"\"San Marino: Serhat presents \"I Didn't Know\"\""}]},{"reference":"Lezmi, Josh (6 May 2019). \"The Inspiration Behind Kim Kardashian's Met Gala Look\". Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/the-inspiration-behind-kim-kardashians-met-gala-look.html/","url_text":"\"The Inspiration Behind Kim Kardashian's Met Gala Look\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why This Wild '80s Designer Is Making a Comeback\". The Cut. 27 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecut.com/2019/02/who-is-designer-thierry-mugler.html","url_text":"\"Why This Wild '80s Designer Is Making a Comeback\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cut_(magazine)","url_text":"The Cut"}]},{"reference":"\"Casey Cadwallader, the New Man at Mugler, Talks About Taking On the Legendary French Label\". Vogue. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/article/mugler-casey-cadwallader","url_text":"\"Casey Cadwallader, the New Man at Mugler, Talks About Taking On the Legendary French Label\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mugler's New Creative Director Casey Cadwallader Has The Keys To The House - Interview\". L'Officiel USA. 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Elle Ukraine (in Russian). 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://elle.ua/ru/moda/fashion-blog/5-faktov-o-dizaynere-terri-myuglere-i-ego-brende-mugler/","url_text":"\"5 ФАКТОВ О ДИЗАЙНЕРЕ ТЬЕРРИ МЮГЛЕРЕ И ЕГО БРЕНДЕ MUGLER\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Perfume' — It's Not Another Snuff Film\". NPR.org. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6730085","url_text":"\"'Perfume' — It's Not Another Snuff Film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thierry Mugler Miroir Miroir / Mirror Mirror Collection ~ new fragrances :: Now Smell This\". nstperfume.com. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nstperfume.com/2007/10/19/thierry-mugler-miroir-miroir-mirror-mirror-collection-new-fragrances/","url_text":"\"Thierry Mugler Miroir Miroir / Mirror Mirror Collection ~ new fragrances :: Now Smell This\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Eric (30 April 2010). \"Thierry Mugler, Still Creating a Stir\". The New York Times International Edition. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/fashion/02MUGLER.html","url_text":"\"Thierry Mugler, Still Creating a Stir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_International_Edition","url_text":"The New York Times International Edition"}]},{"reference":"\"Angel Nova Perfume EAU DE PARFUM | Mugler Official Site\". Mugler. Retrieved 15 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.muglerusa.com/fragrance/womens-fragrances/angel/angel-nova/M020604168.html","url_text":"\"Angel Nova Perfume EAU DE PARFUM | Mugler Official Site\""}]},{"reference":"Criales-Unzueta, José (15 February 2023). \"With Angel Elixir, Thierry Mugler's Iconic Fragrance Gets a Next-Gen Reboot\". Vogue. Retrieved 6 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/article/thierry-mugler-angel-elixir-hunter-schafer","url_text":"\"With Angel Elixir, Thierry Mugler's Iconic Fragrance Gets a Next-Gen Reboot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Normani feat. Cardi B 'Wild Side' lyrics meaning explained\". Capital XTRA. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.capitalxtra.com/news/normani-feat-cardi-b-wild-side-lyrics-meaning-breakdown-explained/","url_text":"\"Normani feat. Cardi B 'Wild Side' lyrics meaning explained\""}]},{"reference":"Ware, Asia Milia (29 September 2021). \"Cardi B Is Back and She's in Feathers\". The Cut. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecut.com/2021/09/cardi-b-arrives-in-bold-feathers-for-muglers-paris-exhibit.html","url_text":"\"Cardi B Is Back and She's in Feathers\""}]},{"reference":"Khan, Aamina (17 January 2022). \"11 Fashion Brands and Shop Vintage\". Teen Vogue. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teenvogue.com/story/gen-z-most-coveted-fashion-brands","url_text":"\"11 Fashion Brands and Shop Vintage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mugler Retrospective at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts\". Clarins Group. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.groupeclarins.com/en/news/mugler-retrospective-montreal-museum-fine-arts","url_text":"\"Mugler Retrospective at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Klein, Passion Écarlate (Thierry Mugler Collection)\". Plus One Gallery. Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.plusonegallery.com/artists/249-chris-klein/works/3173/","url_text":"\"Chris Klein, Passion Écarlate (Thierry Mugler Collection)\""}]},{"reference":"Haj-Najafi, Daryoush (6 April 2010). \"Thierry Mugler\". Vice. Retrieved 28 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/avjxmz/thierry-mugler","url_text":"\"Thierry Mugler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)","url_text":"Vice"}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Jacob (24 January 2022). \"Thierry Mugler, Genre-Busting French Fashion Designer, Dies at 73\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/23/style/thierry-mugler-dead.html","url_text":"\"Thierry Mugler, Genre-Busting French Fashion Designer, Dies at 73\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Thierry Mugler Bares All\". Interview Magazine. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/thierry-mugler-bares-all","url_text":"\"Thierry Mugler Bares All\""}]},{"reference":"\"French fashion designer Thierry Mugler dies aged 73\". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://amp.theguardian.com/fashion/2022/jan/24/french-fashion-designer-thierry-mugler-dies-aged-73","url_text":"\"French fashion designer Thierry Mugler dies aged 73\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Women_from_Hell
Seven Women from Hell
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
1961 film by Robert D. Webb Seven Women from HellDirected byRobert D. WebbWritten byJesse Lasky Jr. and Pat Silver-LaskyProduced byHarry SpaldingStarringPatricia OwensDenise DarcelCesar RomeroJohn KerrMargia DeanCinematographyFloyd CrosbyEdited byJodie CopelanMusic byPaul DunlapProductioncompanyAssociated Producers (API)Distributed by20th Century-FoxRelease date October 1961 (1961-10) Running time88 min.CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$300,000 Seven Women from Hell is a 1961 war drama directed by Robert D. Webb and starring Patricia Owens, Denise Darcel (in her final film), Margia Dean, Yvonne Craig and Cesar Romero about women prisoners in a Japanese World War II prison camp, interned with other prisoners. Plot When the Japanese invade New Guinea in 1942, Grace Ingram (Patricia Owens), an Australian member of a scientific expedition, is captured and then imprisoned in a women's detention camp. She shares her prison barrack with six other women: Janet Cook (Yvonne Craig), a pregnant American teenager; Ann Van Laer (Sylvia Daneel), a tightlipped but sympathetic German widow; Claire Oudry (Denise Darcel), a French waitress; Mai-Lu Ferguson (Pilar Seurat), a Eurasian nurse; and two other Americans, Mara Shepherd (Margia Dean), an ignorant rich woman, and Regan (Evadne Baker), a soft-spoken young lady. During a bombing raid, Janet's baby is born dead and the humane Captain Oda (Bob Okazaki) is killed. Sergeant Takahashi (Richard Loo), his sadistic assistant, assumes command of the camp, and a friendly Japanese, Doctor Matsumo (Yuki Shimoda), helps the women escape. Mara is recaptured and tortured to death, and Claire and Regan are killed by rifle fire. The surviving four encounter a wounded American flyer, Lt. Bill Jackson (John Kerr), who helps them make their way to the beach but dies before they can reach safety. A wealthy planter, Luis Hullman (Cesar Romero), finds the girls, feigns friendship, and then attempts to hand them over to the Japanese. But the women learn of his plan, kill him, and escape by boat to the Allied lines. Cast Patricia Owens as Grace Ingram Denise Darcel as Claire Oudry Cesar Romero as Luis Hullman John Kerr as Lt. Bill Jackson Margia Dean as Mara Shepherd Yvonne Craig as Janet Cook Pilar Seurat as Mai-Lu Ferguson Sylvia Daneel as Anna Van Laer Richard Loo as Sgt. Takahashi Evadne Baker as Regan Bob Okazaki as Capt. Oda Yuki Shimoda as Dr. Matsumo Lloyd Kino as Rapist Guard Kam Fong as House Guard Robert Ishibashi as Truck Driver Production The film was written by Jesse Lasky Jr. and his wife, Pat Silver-Lasky for producer Robert Lippert, who had a deal with Fox to make low budget films. John Kerr was signed to star. The film was shot in Hawaii in June 1961. See also List of American films of 1961 References ^ Solomon, Aubrey. Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-8108-4244-1. p253 ^ The New York Times Movies ^ "SEVEN WOMEN FROM HELL". Monthly Film Bulletin. Vol. 29. 1962. p. 41. ProQuest 1305823520. ^ "SEVEN WOMEN FROM HELL". Monthly Film Bulletin. Vol. 29, no. 336. London. Jan 1, 1962. p. 41. ^ http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=89661 ^ Hopper, H. "Entertainment". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 167907873. ^ Hopper, Hedda (May 23, 1961). "Entertainment: Red Skelton Will Star in Own Story Filming Planned in Tokyo; Chevalier in 'The castaways'". Los Angeles Times. p. A7. ^ Dexter, Maury (2012). Highway to Hollywood (PDF). p. 109. ^ Scheuer, P. K. (Jun 6, 1961). "Randall envisions malibu pied piper". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 167915352. External links Seven Women from Hell at IMDb Seven Women from Hell at AllMovie Seven Women from Hell at the TCM Movie Database Seven Women from Hell at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films vteFilms directed by Robert D. Webb The Caribbean Mystery (1945) The Spider (1945) The Glory Brigade (1953) Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953) White Feather (1955) Seven Cities of Gold (1955) On the Threshold of Space (1956) The Proud Ones (1956) Love Me Tender (1956) The Way to the Gold (1957) Guns of the Timberland (1960) Seven Women from Hell (1961) Pirates of Tortuga (1961) The Cape Town Affair (1967) The Jackals (1967)
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Webb and starring Patricia Owens, Denise Darcel (in her final film), Margia Dean, Yvonne Craig and Cesar Romero about women prisoners in a Japanese World War II prison camp, interned with other prisoners.[2][3][4]","title":"Seven Women from Hell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"invade New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign"},{"link_name":"Patricia Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Owens_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Craig"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Daneel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Daneel"},{"link_name":"Denise Darcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Darcel"},{"link_name":"Pilar Seurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar_Seurat"},{"link_name":"Margia Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margia_Dean"},{"link_name":"Evadne Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Baker"},{"link_name":"Bob Okazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Okazaki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Loo"},{"link_name":"Yuki Shimoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki_Shimoda"},{"link_name":"John Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerr_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Cesar Romero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Romero"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"When the Japanese invade New Guinea in 1942, Grace Ingram (Patricia Owens), an Australian member of a scientific expedition, is captured and then imprisoned in a women's detention camp. She shares her prison barrack with six other women: Janet Cook (Yvonne Craig), a pregnant American teenager; Ann Van Laer (Sylvia Daneel), a tightlipped but sympathetic German widow; Claire Oudry (Denise Darcel), a French waitress; Mai-Lu Ferguson (Pilar Seurat), a Eurasian nurse; and two other Americans, Mara Shepherd (Margia Dean), an ignorant rich woman, and Regan (Evadne Baker), a soft-spoken young lady.During a bombing raid, Janet's baby is born dead and the humane Captain Oda (Bob Okazaki) is killed. Sergeant Takahashi (Richard Loo), his sadistic assistant, assumes command of the camp, and a friendly Japanese, Doctor Matsumo (Yuki Shimoda), helps the women escape.Mara is recaptured and tortured to death, and Claire and Regan are killed by rifle fire. The surviving four encounter a wounded American flyer, Lt. Bill Jackson (John Kerr), who helps them make their way to the beach but dies before they can reach safety. A wealthy planter, Luis Hullman (Cesar Romero), finds the girls, feigns friendship, and then attempts to hand them over to the Japanese. But the women learn of his plan, kill him, and escape by boat to the Allied lines.[5]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patricia Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Owens_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Denise Darcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Darcel"},{"link_name":"Cesar Romero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Romero"},{"link_name":"John Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerr_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Margia Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margia_Dean"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Craig"},{"link_name":"Pilar Seurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilar_Seurat"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Daneel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Daneel"},{"link_name":"Richard Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Loo"},{"link_name":"Evadne Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evadne_Baker"},{"link_name":"Yuki Shimoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki_Shimoda"},{"link_name":"Kam Fong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam_Fong"}],"text":"Patricia Owens as Grace Ingram\nDenise Darcel as Claire Oudry\nCesar Romero as Luis Hullman\nJohn Kerr as Lt. Bill Jackson\nMargia Dean as Mara Shepherd\nYvonne Craig as Janet Cook\nPilar Seurat as Mai-Lu Ferguson\nSylvia Daneel as Anna Van Laer\nRichard Loo as Sgt. Takahashi\nEvadne Baker as Regan\nBob Okazaki as Capt. Oda\nYuki Shimoda as Dr. Matsumo\nLloyd Kino as Rapist Guard\nKam Fong as House Guard\nRobert Ishibashi as Truck Driver","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pat Silver-Lasky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Silver-Lasky"},{"link_name":"Robert Lippert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lippert"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerr_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dexter-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The film was written by Jesse Lasky Jr. and his wife, Pat Silver-Lasky for producer Robert Lippert, who had a deal with Fox to make low budget films.[6] John Kerr was signed to star.[7]The film was shot in Hawaii in June 1961.[8][9]","title":"Production"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of American films of 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1961"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Athalarichos
John Athalarichos
["1 Life","2 References","3 Sources"]
Son of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius John Athalarichos (Greek: Ἰωάννης Ἀθαλάριχος; Latin: Ioannes Athalaricus), also spelled as Atalarichos, Athalaric, and At'alarik, was an illegitimate son of the 7th century Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. In 637 or 634, depending on the source, he was alleged to have taken part in a plot to overthrow Heraclius and seize the throne. His name, Athalarichos, is Gothic, composed of the elements Athala (from Proto-Germanic word *aþala meaning "noble") and richos (from *reiks meaning "ruler"). Life Athalarichos first appears in 622, when he was sent, along with Heraclius' nephew Stephen and John, the illegitimate son of the patrician Bonus, as a hostage to the Avars to cement a peace agreement. In 635 or 637, some Armenian figures, at the time very influential in Constantinople, felt their interests would be better served under a new emperor. Their candidate to replace Heraclius was Athalarichos. Also involved were the curopalates Varaztirots, son of Smbat Bagratuni; David Saharuni, Athalarichos' cousin; and Heraclius' nephew, the magister Theodore. Varaztirots pushed for a bloodless coup, in which the emperor would be forced into exile. The scheme was never executed, as an informer among the conspirators told the imperial court that Athalarichos was planning a coup attempt. Once Heraclius confirmed the story, he ordered the arrest of everyone involved. His advisers recommended the plotters be executed, but Heraclius was quoted by the historian Sebeos as saying, "Since you did as you did with regard to me and did not want to dip your hand into my blood and the blood of my sons, I shall not reach for you and your sons. Go where I order you, and I will have mercy upon you." While he did spare their lives, Heraclius ordered the amputation of each plotter's nose and hands. In addition to being thus mutilated, Athalarichos was exiled to Prinkipo, one of the Princes' Islands. Theodore received the same treatment, but was sent to Gaudomelete (possibly modern day Gozo) with additional instructions to cut off one leg. References ^ Kaegi 2003, p. 120. ^ a b Charanis 1959, p. 34. ^ a b c Sebeos; Translated from Old Armenian by Robert Bedrosian. "Sebeos History:A History of Heraclius". History Workshop. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Chapter 29{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris (1992), p. 706. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris (1992), pp. 706, 1282–1285, 1363–1364. ^ a b Nicephorus, ed. Mango (1990), p. 73. Sources Charanis, Peter (1959), "Ethnic Changes in the Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 13 (1), Trustees for Harvard University: 23–44, doi:10.2307/1291127, ISSN 0070-7546, JSTOR 1291127 Kaegi, Walter Emil (27 March 2003), Heraclius: emperor of Byzantium (2003 ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-81459-6 Mango, Cyril, ed. (1990), Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople: Short History (1990 ed.), Dumbarton Oaks, ISBN 0-88402-184-X Martindale, John R.; Jones, A.H.M.; Morris, John (1992), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire - Volume III, AD 527–641, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20160-8
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaegi_p._120-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charanis_p._34-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sebeos-3"},{"link_name":"illegitimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)"},{"link_name":"Heraclius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"John Athalarichos (Greek: Ἰωάννης Ἀθαλάριχος; Latin: Ioannes Athalaricus), also spelled as Atalarichos,[1] Athalaric,[2] and At'alarik,[3] was an illegitimate son of the 7th century Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. In 637 or 634, depending on the source, he was alleged to have taken part in a plot to overthrow Heraclius and seize the throne. His name, Athalarichos, is Gothic, composed of the elements Athala (from Proto-Germanic word *aþala meaning \"noble\") and richos (from *reiks meaning \"ruler\").[citation needed]","title":"John Athalarichos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrikios"},{"link_name":"Bonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_(patrician)"},{"link_name":"Avars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charanis_p._34-2"},{"link_name":"curopalates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curopalates"},{"link_name":"Varaztirots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaz-Tirots_II_Bagratuni"},{"link_name":"David Saharuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Saharuni"},{"link_name":"Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_(sobrinho_de_Her%C3%A1clio)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sebeos-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sebeos-3"},{"link_name":"Sebeos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebeos"},{"link_name":"amputation of each plotter's nose and hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture"},{"link_name":"exiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile"},{"link_name":"Prinkipo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada"},{"link_name":"Princes' Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes%27_Islands"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicephorus_p._73-6"},{"link_name":"Gozo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicephorus_p._73-6"}],"text":"Athalarichos first appears in 622, when he was sent, along with Heraclius' nephew Stephen and John, the illegitimate son of the patrician Bonus, as a hostage to the Avars to cement a peace agreement.[4]In 635 or 637, some Armenian figures, at the time very influential in Constantinople,[2] felt their interests would be better served under a new emperor. Their candidate to replace Heraclius was Athalarichos. Also involved were the curopalates Varaztirots, son of Smbat Bagratuni; David Saharuni, Athalarichos' cousin; and Heraclius' nephew, the magister Theodore. Varaztirots pushed for a bloodless coup, in which the emperor would be forced into exile.[3][5]The scheme was never executed, as an informer among the conspirators told the imperial court that Athalarichos was planning a coup attempt. Once Heraclius confirmed the story, he ordered the arrest of everyone involved.[3] His advisers recommended the plotters be executed, but Heraclius was quoted by the historian Sebeos as saying, \"Since you did as you did with regard to me and did not want to dip your hand into my blood and the blood of my sons, I shall not reach for you and your sons. Go where I order you, and I will have mercy upon you.\"While he did spare their lives, Heraclius ordered the amputation of each plotter's nose and hands. In addition to being thus mutilated, Athalarichos was exiled to Prinkipo, one of the Princes' Islands.[6] Theodore received the same treatment, but was sent to Gaudomelete (possibly modern day Gozo) with additional instructions to cut off one leg.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dumbarton Oaks Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Papers"},{"link_name":"Trustees for Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1291127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1291127"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0070-7546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0070-7546"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1291127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1291127"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-81459-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81459-6"},{"link_name":"Mango, Cyril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Mango"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Dumbarton Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88402-184-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-184-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-20160-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20160-8"}],"text":"Charanis, Peter (1959), \"Ethnic Changes in the Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century\", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 13 (1), Trustees for Harvard University: 23–44, doi:10.2307/1291127, ISSN 0070-7546, JSTOR 1291127\nKaegi, Walter Emil (27 March 2003), Heraclius: emperor of Byzantium (2003 ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-81459-6\nMango, Cyril, ed. (1990), Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople: Short History (1990 ed.), Dumbarton Oaks, ISBN 0-88402-184-X\nMartindale, John R.; Jones, A.H.M.; Morris, John (1992), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire - Volume III, AD 527–641, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20160-8","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Sebeos; Translated from Old Armenian by Robert Bedrosian. \"Sebeos History:A History of Heraclius\". History Workshop. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2009. Chapter 29","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebeos","url_text":"Sebeos"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081209005043/http://rbedrosian.com/seb9.htm","url_text":"\"Sebeos History:A History of Heraclius\""},{"url":"http://rbedrosian.com/seb9.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Charanis, Peter (1959), \"Ethnic Changes in the Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century\", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 13 (1), Trustees for Harvard University: 23–44, doi:10.2307/1291127, ISSN 0070-7546, JSTOR 1291127","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Papers","url_text":"Dumbarton Oaks Papers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University","url_text":"Trustees for Harvard University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291127","url_text":"10.2307/1291127"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0070-7546","url_text":"0070-7546"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291127","url_text":"1291127"}]},{"reference":"Kaegi, Walter Emil (27 March 2003), Heraclius: emperor of Byzantium (2003 ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-81459-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81459-6","url_text":"0-521-81459-6"}]},{"reference":"Mango, Cyril, ed. (1990), Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople: Short History (1990 ed.), Dumbarton Oaks, ISBN 0-88402-184-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Mango","url_text":"Mango, Cyril"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople","url_text":"Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks","url_text":"Dumbarton Oaks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-184-X","url_text":"0-88402-184-X"}]},{"reference":"Martindale, John R.; Jones, A.H.M.; Morris, John (1992), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire - Volume III, AD 527–641, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20160-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20160-8","url_text":"0-521-20160-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_24th_Middlesex_district
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 24th Middlesex district
["1 Locales represented","1.1 Former locales","2 Representatives","3 See also","4 Legislator portraits","5 References","6 External links"]
American legislative district Map of Massachusetts House of Representatives' 24th Middlesex district, based on the 2010 United States census. Massachusetts House of Representatives' 24th Middlesex district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers part of Middlesex County. Democrat Dave Rogers of Cambridge has represented the district since 2013. Candidates for this district seat in the 2020 Massachusetts general election include Jennifer Fries. Locales represented The district includes the following localities: part of Arlington Belmont part of Cambridge The current district geographic boundary overlaps with those of the Massachusetts Senate's 2nd Middlesex district, 4th Middlesex district, and 2nd Suffolk and Middlesex district. Former locales The district previously covered: North Reading, circa 1872 Reading, circa 1872 Wilmington, circa 1872 Representatives Stephen K. Fielding, circa 1858 John C. Jepson, circa 1858 Geo. Stevens, circa 1858 Walter Burnham, circa 1859 John A. Goodwin, circa 1859 Tappan Wentworth, circa 1859 Solomon K. Dexter, circa 1888 George Francis Morey, circa 1888 Warren Chapman Daggett, circa 1920 Wilbur F. Lewis, circa 1920 Catherine E. Falvey, 1941-1944 Joseph F. Leahy, circa 1951 Paul A. McCarthy, circa 1951 Harold A. Palmer, circa 1951 William Francis Hogan, circa 1975 Anne M. Paulsen circa 2003–2007 William N. Brownsberger 2007–2021 David M. Rogers, 2013–current See also List of Massachusetts House of Representatives elections List of Massachusetts General Courts List of former districts of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Other Middlesex County districts of the Massachusetts House of Representatives: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32nd, 33rd, 34th, 35th, 36th, 37th Legislator portraits Frank Torrey James Chambers William Weeks Arthur Robinson Warren Chapman Daggett William French Hiram Nichols Dearborn Wilbur Lewis Eugene Giroux Francis Ryan John Donahue Henry Murray Paul McCarthy G. Edward Bradley Michael John Simonelli Joseph Travaline Marie Elizabeth Howe William Hogan Michael Rea William Greene Anne Paulsen William Brownsberger References ^ "Massachusetts Representative Districts". Sec.state.ma.us. Retrieved May 1, 2020. ^ a b c Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Elections Division. "State Representative elections: 24th Middlesex district". PD43+. Retrieved May 1, 2020. ^ "Massachusetts Women's Political Caucus Political Action Committee Endorsed Candidates", Mwpc.org, retrieved August 5, 2020 ^ Massachusetts General Court, "Chapter 153. An Act Relative to Establishing Representative Districts in the General Court", Acts (2011) ^ David Jarman (July 30, 2019), "Upper legislative district ↔ lower legislative district correspondences: MA", How do counties, House districts, and legislative districts all overlap?, Daily Kos, State House Districts to State Senate Districts ^ a b c "Representative Districts". Massachusetts Register. Boston: Sampson, Davenport, & Company. 1872. ^ a b c "Massachusetts House of Representatives". Massachusetts Register. Boston: Adams, Sampson & Co. 1858. pp. 10–12. ^ a b c Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Manual for the Use of the General Court. Boston. 1859 – via Internet Archive.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b Geo. F. Andrews, ed. (October 16, 1888). "Representatives: Middlesex County". 1888 State House Directory. Official Gazette, Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Lakeview Press. ^ a b Public Officials of Massachusetts: 1920. Boston Review. October 16, 2023. ^ "History of Women in the Massachusetts Legislature 1923 – 2015" (PDF). Massachusetts Caucus of Women Legislators. 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ a b c 1951–1952 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston. ^ 1975–1976 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston. ^ "Anne M. Paulsen (D)". Past Elections. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved September 28, 2021. External links Ballotpedia "24th Middlesex District, MA". Censusreporter.org. (State House district information based on U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey). Belmont League of Women Voters League of Women Voters of Arlington, Massachusetts vteDistricts of the Massachusetts General CourtSenate Berkshire, Hampshire, Franklin, and Hampden Bristol and Norfolk Bristol and Plymouth: 1st, 2nd Cape and Islands Essex: 1st, 2nd, 3rd Essex and Middlesex: 1st, 2nd Hampden Hampden and Hampshire: 1st, 2nd Hampshire, Franklin and Worcester Middlesex: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th Middlesex and Norfolk: 1st, 2nd Middlesex and Suffolk Middlesex and Worcester Norfolk, Bristol and Middlesex Norfolk, Bristol and Plymouth Norfolk and Plymouth Norfolk and Suffolk Plymouth and Barnstable Plymouth and Bristol: 1st, 2nd Plymouth and Norfolk Suffolk: 1st, 2nd Suffolk and Middlesex: 1st, 2nd Worcester: 1st, 2nd Worcester, Hampden, Hampshire and Middlesex Worcester and Middlesex Worcester and Norfolk Obsolete districts HouseBarnstable1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5thBerkshire1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4thBristol1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14thCape and IslandsBarnstable, Dukes and NantucketEssex  1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18thFranklin1st, 2ndHampden1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12thHampshire1st, 2nd, 3rdMiddlesex1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32nd, 33rd, 34th, 35th, 36th, 37thNorfolk  1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15thPlymouth1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12thSuffolk1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19thWorcester1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18thDefunct districts  Former districts Commons vteMembers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives193rd General Court (2023–2024) Speaker of the House Ron Mariano (D) Speaker pro tempore Kate Hogan (D) Majority leader Michael Moran (D) Minority leader Bradley Jones Jr. (R) ▌Chris Flanagan (D, 1st Barnstable) ▌Kip Diggs (D, 2nd Barn.) ▌David Vieira (R, 3rd Barn.) ▌Sarah Peake (D, 4th Barn.) ▌Steven Xiarhos (R, 5th Barn.) ▌Dylan Fernandes (D, Barn., Dukes, Nan.) ▌John Barrett (D, 1st Berkshire) ▌Tricia Farley-Bouvier (D, 2nd Berk.) ▌Smitty Pignatelli (D, 3rd Berk.) ▌F. Jay Barrows (R, 1st Bristol) ▌Jim Hawkins (D, 2nd Bris.) ▌Carol Doherty (D, 3rd Bris.) ▌Steve Howitt (R, 4th Bris.) ▌Patricia Haddad (D, 5th Bris.) ▌Carole Fiola (D, 6th Bris.) ▌Alan Silvia (D, 7th Bris.) ▌Paul Schmid (D, 8th Bris.) ▌Christopher Markey (D, 9th Bris.) ▌William M. Straus (D, 10th Bris.) ▌Christopher Hendricks (D, 11th Bris.) ▌Norman Orrall (R, 12th Bris.) ▌Antonio Cabral (D, 13th Bris.) ▌Adam Scanlon (D, 14th Bris.) ▌Dawne Shand (D, 1st Essex) ▌Kristin Kassner (D, 2nd Ess.) ▌Andy Vargas (D, 3rd Ess.) ▌Estela Reyes (D, 4th Ess.) ▌Ann-Margaret Ferrante (D, 5th Ess.) ▌Jerry Parisella (D, 6th Ess.) ▌Manny Cruz (D, 7th Ess.) ▌Jenny Armini (D, 8th Ess.) ▌Donald Wong (R, 9th Ess.) ▌Daniel Cahill (D, 10th Ess.) ▌Peter Capano (D, 11th Ess.) ▌Thomas Walsh (D, 12th Ess.) ▌Sally Kerans (D, 13th Ess.) ▌Adrianne Ramos (D, 14th Ess.) ▌Ryan Hamilton (D, 15th Ess.) ▌Francisco E. Paulino (D, 16th Ess.) ▌Frank A. Moran (D, 17th Ess.) ▌Tram Nguyen (D, 18th Ess.) ▌Natalie Blais (D, 1st Frnk.) ▌Susannah Whipps (I, 2nd Frnk.) ▌Todd Smola (R, 1st Hpdn.) ▌Brian Ashe (D, 2nd Hpdn.) ▌Nicholas Boldyga (R, 3rd Hpdn.) ▌Kelly Pease (R, 4th Hpdn.) ▌Patricia Duffy (D, 5th Hpdn.) ▌Michael Finn (D, 6th Hpdn.) ▌Aaron Saunders (D, 7th Hpdn.) ▌Shirley Arriaga (D, 8th Hpdn.) ▌Orlando Ramos (D, 9th Hpdn.) ▌Carlos Gonzalez (D, 10th Hpdn.) ▌Bud Williams (D, 11th Hpdn.) ▌Angelo Puppolo (D, 12th Hpdn.) ▌Lindsay Sabadosa (D, 1st Hampshire) ▌Daniel R. Carey (D, 2nd Hpsh.) ▌Mindy Domb (D, 3rd Hpsh.) ▌Margaret Scarsdale (D, 1st Middlesex) ▌James Arciero (D, 2nd Mid.) ▌Kate Hogan (D, 3rd Mid.) ▌Danielle Gregoire (D, 4th Mid.) ▌David Linsky (D, 5th Mid.) ▌Priscila Sousa (D, 6th Mid.) ▌Jack Lewis (D, 7th Mid.) ▌James Arena-DeRosa (D, 8th Mid.) ▌Thomas M. Stanley (D, 9th Mid.) ▌John J. Lawn (D, 10th Mid.) ▌Kay Khan (D, 11th Mid.) ▌Ruth Balser (D, 12th Mid.) ▌Carmine Gentile (D, 13th Mid.) ▌Simon Cataldo (D, 14th Mid.) ▌Michelle Ciccolo (D, 15th Mid.) ▌Rodney Elliott (D, 16th Mid.) ▌Vanna Howard (D, 17th Mid.) ▌Rady Mom (D, 18th Mid.) ▌Dave Robertson (D, 19th Mid.) ▌Bradley Jones Jr. (R, 20th Mid.) ▌Kenneth Gordon (D, 21st Mid.) ▌Marc Lombardo (R, 22nd Mid.) ▌Sean Garballey (D, 23rd Mid.) ▌Dave Rogers (D, 24th Mid.) ▌Marjorie Decker (D, 25th Mid.) ▌Michael Connolly (D, 26th Mid.) ▌Erika Uyterhoeven (D, 27th Mid.) ▌Joe McGonagle (D, 28th Mid.) ▌Steven Owens (D, 29th Mid.) ▌Richard Haggerty (D, 30th Mid.) ▌Michael Day (D, 31st Mid.) ▌Kate Lipper-Garabedian (D, 32nd Mid.) ▌Steven Ultrino (D, 33rd Mid.) ▌Christine Barber (D, 34th Mid.) ▌Paul Donato (D, 35th Mid.) ▌Colleen Garry (D, 36th Mid.) ▌Dan Sena (D, 37th Mid.) ▌Bruce Ayers (D, 1st Norfolk) ▌Tackey Chan (D, 2nd Norf.) ▌Ron Mariano (D, 3rd Norf.) ▌James M. Murphy (D, 4th Norf.) ▌Mark Cusack (D, 5th Norf.) ▌William C. Galvin (D, 6th Norf.) ▌William Driscoll (D, 7th Norf.) ▌Ted Philips (D, 8th Norf.) ▌Marcus Vaughn (R, 9th Norf.) ▌Jeffrey Roy (D, 10th Norf.) ▌Paul McMurtry (D, 11th Norf.) ▌John H. Rogers (D, 12th Norf.) ▌Denise Garlick (D, 13th Norf.) ▌Alice Peisch (D, 14th Norf.) ▌Tommy Vitolo (D, 15th Norf.) ▌Matt Muratore (R, 1st Plymouth) ▌Susan Gifford (R, 2nd Plym.) ▌Joan Meschino (D, 3rd Plym.) ▌Patrick J. Kearney (D, 4th Plym.) ▌David DeCoste (R, 5th Plym.) ▌Vacant (6th Plym.) ▌Alyson Sullivan (R, 7th Plym.) ▌Angelo D'Emilia (R, 8th Plym.) ▌Gerard Cassidy (D, 9th Plym.) ▌Michelle DuBois (D, 10th Plym.) ▌Rita Mendes (D, 11th Plym.) ▌Kathleen LaNatra (D, 12th Plym.) ▌Adrian Madaro (D, 1st Suffolk) ▌Daniel Joseph Ryan (D, 2nd Suff.) ▌Aaron Michlewitz (D, 3rd Suff.) ▌David Biele (D, 4th Suff.) ▌Christopher Worrell (D, 5th Suff.) ▌Russell Holmes (D, 6th Suff.) ▌Chynah Tyler (D, 7th Suff.) ▌Jay Livingstone (D, 8th Suff.) ▌John F. Moran (D, 9th Suff.) ▌Bill MacGregor (D, 10th Suff.) ▌Judith García (D, 11th Suff.) ▌Brandy Fluker Oakley (D, 12th Suff.) ▌Daniel J. Hunt (D, 13th Suff.) ▌Robert Consalvo (D, 14th Suff.) ▌Sam Montaño (D, 15th Suff.) ▌Jessica Giannino (D, 16th Suff.) ▌Kevin Honan (D, 17th Suff.) ▌Michael Moran (D, 18th Suff.) ▌Jeff Turco (D, 19th Suff.) ▌Kimberly Ferguson (R, 1st Worcester) ▌Jonathan Zlotnik (D, 2nd Wor.) ▌Mike Kushmerek (D, 3rd Wor.) ▌Natalie Higgins (D, 4th Wor.) ▌Donnie Berthiaume (R, 5th Wor.) ▌John Marsi (R, 6th Wor.) ▌Paul Frost (R, 7th Wor.) ▌Michael Soter (R, 8th Wor.) ▌David Muradian (R, 9th Wor.) ▌Brian Murray (D, 10th Wor.) ▌Hannah Kane (R, 11th Wor.) ▌Meghan Kilcoyne (D, 12th Wor.) ▌John J. Mahoney (D, 13th Wor.) ▌Jim O'Day (D, 14th Wor.) ▌Mary Keefe (D, 15th Wor.) ▌Dan Donahue (D, 16th Wor.) ▌David LeBoeuf (D, 17th Wor.) ▌Joseph D. McKenna (R, 18th Wor.) ▌Kate Donaghue (D, 19th Wor.) ▌Democratic (133) ▌Republican (25) ▌Independent (1) ▌Vacant (1) Massachusetts General Court Massachusetts House of Representatives Massachusetts Senate vteGovernment of MassachusettsLegislative General Court Senate (Members, President) House of Representatives (Members, Speaker) Executive Governor (List) Lt. Governor Attorney General Auditor Secretary of the Commonwealth Treasurer and Receiver-General Office for Administration and Finance Department of Elementary and Secondary Education Department of Higher Education Emergency Management Agency Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs Department of Environmental Protection Department of Revenue Office of Health and Human Services Office of Housing and Economic Development Office of Labor and Workforce Development Department of Mental Health Department of Public Health Office of Public Safety and Security Department of Public Utilities Department of Transportation Department of Youth Services Judicial Boston Municipal Court District Court Superior Court Land Court Juvenile Court Housing Court Massachusetts Probate and Family Court Appeals Court (Judges) Supreme Judicial Court Essex Probate and Family Court Middlesex Probate and Family Court Independent agencies Board of Library Commissioners Commission Against Discrimination Commission on the Status of Women Disabled Persons Protection Commission Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board Massachusetts District Attorneys Massachusetts Inspector General Office of Campaign and Political Finance Office of the Comptroller Massachusetts Sheriffs State Ethics Commission Law Constitution General Laws Code of Massachusetts Regulations Abortion Alcohol Cannabis Capital punishment Crime Elder law Gambling Gun laws LGBT rights Taxation
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_map_24th_Middlesex_district_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_DC10SLDL25141_001.png"},{"link_name":"2010 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"legislative districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_districts"},{"link_name":"lower house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts General Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court"},{"link_name":"Middlesex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Dave Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Rogers_(Massachusetts_politician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elections-2"},{"link_name":"2020 Massachusetts general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Massachusetts_general_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Map of Massachusetts House of Representatives' 24th Middlesex district, based on the 2010 United States census.Massachusetts House of Representatives' 24th Middlesex district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers part of Middlesex County.[1] Democrat Dave Rogers of Cambridge has represented the district since 2013.[2] Candidates for this district seat in the 2020 Massachusetts general election include Jennifer Fries.[3]","title":"Massachusetts House of Representatives' 24th Middlesex district"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acts2011-4"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Belmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"2nd Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate%27s_2nd_Middlesex_district"},{"link_name":"4th Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate%27s_4th_Middlesex_district"},{"link_name":"2nd Suffolk and Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate%27s_2nd_Suffolk_and_Middlesex_district"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upper2019-5"}],"text":"The district includes the following localities:[4]part of Arlington\nBelmont\npart of CambridgeThe current district geographic boundary overlaps with those of the Massachusetts Senate's 2nd Middlesex district, 4th Middlesex district, and 2nd Suffolk and Middlesex district.[5]","title":"Locales represented"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Reading,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Register1872-6"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Register1872-6"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Register1872-6"}],"sub_title":"Former locales","text":"The district previously covered:North Reading, circa 1872 [6]\nReading, circa 1872 [6]\nWilmington, circa 1872 [6]","title":"Locales represented"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1858Register-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1858Register-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1858Register-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1859manual-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1859manual-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1859manual-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette1888-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette1888-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-officials-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-officials-10"},{"link_name":"Catherine E. Falvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_E._Falvey"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officers1951-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officers1951-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officers1951-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1975officers-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commonwealth-Elections-Paulsen-14"},{"link_name":"William N. Brownsberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._Brownsberger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elections-2"},{"link_name":"David M. Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Rogers_(Massachusetts_politician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elections-2"}],"text":"Stephen K. Fielding, circa 1858 [7]\nJohn C. Jepson, circa 1858 [7]\nGeo. Stevens, circa 1858 [7]\nWalter Burnham, circa 1859 [8]\nJohn A. Goodwin, circa 1859 [8]\nTappan Wentworth, circa 1859 [8]\nSolomon K. Dexter, circa 1888 [9]\nGeorge Francis Morey, circa 1888 [9]\nWarren Chapman Daggett, circa 1920 [10]\nWilbur F. Lewis, circa 1920 [10]\nCatherine E. Falvey, 1941-1944[11]\nJoseph F. Leahy, circa 1951 [12]\nPaul A. McCarthy, circa 1951 [12]\nHarold A. Palmer, circa 1951 [12]\nWilliam Francis Hogan, circa 1975 [13]\nAnne M. Paulsen circa 2003–2007 [14]\nWilliam N. Brownsberger 2007–2021[2]\nDavid M. Rogers, 2013–current[2]","title":"Representatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1908_Frank_Torrey_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1908_James_Chambers_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1908_William_E_Weeks_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1918_Arthur_Robinson_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1918_Warren_Chapman_Daggett_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1918_William_P_French_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1923_Hiram_Nichols_Dearborn_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1923_Wilbur_Lewis_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1935_Eugene_Giroux_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1935_Francis_Ryan_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1935_John_Donahue_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1945_Henry_Murray_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1945_Paul_McCarthy_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1953_G_Edward_Bradley_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1953_Michael_John_Simonelli_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1967_Joseph_Travaline_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1967_Marie_Elizabeth_Howe_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1975_William_Hogan_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1983_Michael_Rea_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1995_William_Greene_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2005_Anne_Paulsen_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives.png"},{"link_name":"Anne Paulsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Paulsen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_N._Brownsberger.jpg"}],"text":"Frank Torrey\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames Chambers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam Weeks\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArthur Robinson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWarren Chapman Daggett\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam French\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHiram Nichols Dearborn\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilbur Lewis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEugene Giroux\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrancis Ryan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohn Donahue\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHenry Murray\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaul McCarthy\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tG. Edward Bradley\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMichael John Simonelli\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJoseph Travaline\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMarie Elizabeth Howe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam Hogan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMichael Rea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam Greene\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnne Paulsen\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWilliam Brownsberger","title":"Legislator portraits"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Massachusetts House of Representatives' 24th Middlesex district, based on the 2010 United States census.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2013_map_24th_Middlesex_district_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_DC10SLDL25141_001.png/220px-2013_map_24th_Middlesex_district_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives_DC10SLDL25141_001.png"}]
[{"title":"List of Massachusetts House of Representatives elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elections_in_Massachusetts#Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"title":"List of Massachusetts General Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_General_Courts"},{"title":"List of former districts of the Massachusetts House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_districts_of_the_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"title":"1st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_1st_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_2nd_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"3rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_3rd_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_4th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"5th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_5th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"6th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_6th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"7th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_7th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"8th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_8th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_9th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"10th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_10th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_11th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"12th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_12th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_13th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"14th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_14th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"15th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_15th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"16th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_16th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"17th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_17th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"18th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_18th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"19th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_19th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"20th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_20th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"21st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_21st_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"22nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_22nd_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"23rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_23rd_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"25th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_25th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"26th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_26th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"27th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_27th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"28th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_28th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"29th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_29th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"30th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_30th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"31st","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_31st_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"32nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_32nd_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"33rd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_33rd_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"34th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_34th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"35th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_35th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"36th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_36th_Middlesex_district"},{"title":"37th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives%27_37th_Middlesex_district"}]
[{"reference":"\"Massachusetts Representative Districts\". Sec.state.ma.us. Retrieved May 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/eledist/reps11idx.htm","url_text":"\"Massachusetts Representative Districts\""}]},{"reference":"Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Elections Division. \"State Representative elections: 24th Middlesex district\". PD43+. Retrieved May 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/search/year_from:1970/year_to:2020/office_id:8/district_id:58814","url_text":"\"State Representative elections: 24th Middlesex district\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massachusetts Women's Political Caucus Political Action Committee Endorsed Candidates\", Mwpc.org, retrieved August 5, 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://mwpc.org/mwpc-political-action-committee-2020-endorsed-candidates","url_text":"\"Massachusetts Women's Political Caucus Political Action Committee Endorsed Candidates\""}]},{"reference":"Massachusetts General Court, \"Chapter 153. An Act Relative to Establishing Representative Districts in the General Court\", Acts (2011)","urls":[{"url":"https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2011/Chapter153","url_text":"\"Chapter 153. An Act Relative to Establishing Representative Districts in the General Court\""}]},{"reference":"David Jarman (July 30, 2019), \"Upper legislative district ↔ lower legislative district correspondences: MA\", How do counties, House districts, and legislative districts all overlap?, Daily Kos, State House Districts to State Senate Districts","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2019/7/30/1848730/-How-do-counties-House-districts-and-legislative-districts-all-overlap-These-new-tools-show-you","url_text":"\"Upper legislative district ↔ lower legislative district correspondences: MA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Kos","url_text":"Daily Kos"}]},{"reference":"\"Representative Districts\". Massachusetts Register. Boston: Sampson, Davenport, & Company. 1872.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/massachusettsreg1872bost/page/27/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Representative Districts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massachusetts House of Representatives\". Massachusetts Register. Boston: Adams, Sampson & Co. 1858. pp. 10–12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/massachusettsreg1858bost/page/n21/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Massachusetts House of Representatives\""}]},{"reference":"Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Manual for the Use of the General Court. Boston. 1859 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manualforuseofge1859mass/page/200/mode/2up","url_text":"Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Manual for the Use of the General Court"}]},{"reference":"Geo. F. Andrews, ed. (October 16, 1888). \"Representatives: Middlesex County\". 1888 State House Directory. Official Gazette, Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Lakeview Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/officialgazette1888andr/page/42/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Representatives: Middlesex County\""}]},{"reference":"Public Officials of Massachusetts: 1920. Boston Review. October 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/publicofficialso1920bost","url_text":"Public Officials of Massachusetts: 1920"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Women in the Massachusetts Legislature 1923 – 2015\" (PDF). Massachusetts Caucus of Women Legislators. 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/264678/ocn910514718.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"History of Women in the Massachusetts Legislature 1923 – 2015\""}]},{"reference":"1951–1952 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/publicofficersof19511952bost","url_text":"1951–1952 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts"}]},{"reference":"1975–1976 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/publicofficersof19751976bost","url_text":"1975–1976 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts"}]},{"reference":"\"Anne M. Paulsen (D)\". Past Elections. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved September 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://electionstats.state.ma.us/candidates/view/Anne-M-Paulsen","url_text":"\"Anne M. Paulsen (D)\""}]},{"reference":"\"24th Middlesex District, MA\". Censusreporter.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusreporter.org/profiles/62000US25141-24th-middlesex-district-ma/","url_text":"\"24th Middlesex District, MA\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Williams_(lighting_designer)
Willie Williams (set designer)
["1 Gallery and architectural installations","2 Theatre works","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]
British stage and lighting designer Show design, U2 360° Tour, 2009 Show design, R.E.M., Up Tour, 1999 Show design, George Michael, 25 Live Tour, 2006 'Vigil' installation, Canterbury Cathedral, 2006 William Peter Charles Williams (born 1959) is an English show director, stage and lighting designer and video director for concerts, theatre and multimedia projects. He is best known for his work with the rock band U2, and is recognised as one of the leading artists in this field. William Gibson, writing in Wired magazine, said "Willie Williams combines a passionate delight in technology with an infectious low-tech joy. His innovations have become industry standards." He was born in 1959 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne and raised on Ecclesall Road, Sheffield, the son of Robert Woodman Williams, a singer and medical practitioner; he sang with South Yorkshire Opera. Williams excelled at mathematics and science in school and planned to study physics at University College, London. Punk rock encouraged him to enter the music industry instead: he began doing lights for various bands such as Deaf School and Stiff Little Fingers. Williams has been responsible for the design of U2's tours from 1983 onward, most famously the Zoo TV Tour (1992–1993), and most recently U2:UV Achtung Baby Live at Sphere (2023–2024). The residency, which opened the Sphere, was met with universal acclaim, with The Daily Telegraph stating that U2 and Williams had "changed live entertainment forever". He has also worked with musical artists such as R.E.M., David Bowie, The Rolling Stones, Robbie Williams, Darren Hayes, George Michael and Self Esteem. Williams has designed for the Montreal-based dance company La La La Human Steps. Other collaborations have been with Laurie Anderson, Marianne Faithfull and the Kronos Quartet, most notably on Sun Rings, a joint effort with NASA that combines the string quartet's music with video and audio material collected by the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft. Gallery and architectural installations In 2015, Williams designed the giant kinetic chandelier installed at Omnia nightclub at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. He has exhibited his own kinetic light sculptures in several art galleries. The sculptures, entitled "Lumia Domestica", create kaleidoscopic projections in the tradition of Nicolas Schöffer and Thomas Wilfred by refracting light through household glassware. Other public works include the creation of lighting installations at London's Southbank Centre and within Canterbury Cathedral; "SkyChurch", a multimedia performance space at the Experience Music Project in Seattle, Washington, and a permanent exhibit at Cleveland's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum. Theatre works Theatre shows Williams has worked on include Prima Facie, starring Jodie Comer, at the Harold Pinter Theatre, London and John Golden Theatre on Broadway, for which he won a New York Drama Desk Award; We Will Rock You, Little Britain Live, French and Saunders Still Alive, Steve Coogan is Alan Partridge and Other Less Successful Characters, The Fast Show Live, Barbarella and Pam Ann. Awards 1987: Lighting Director of the Year, Performance Magazine, United States 1992: Lighting Designer of the Year, Performance Magazine, United States 1992: Lighting Designer of the Year, Lighting Dimensions International, United States 2000: Top 25 Visionaries in Entertainment, Wired Magazine, United States 2001: Eddy Award for Excellence in Design, New York 2002: Lighting Designer of the Year, Live Magazine Awards, London 2003: Lighting Designer of the Year, Total Production Awards, London 2006: Lighting Designer of the Year, Total Production Awards, London 2006; Metropolitan Home, Design 100 2007: Best in Book, Creative Review Annual (George Michael, 25 Live Tour) 2008: Excellence in Design Award (George Michael, 25 Live Tour), Live Design, New York 2009: Redden Award for Excellence in Design, United States 2010: Live Production of the Year (U2 360° Tour), Lighting Designer of the Year and Video Visionary, Total Production Awards, London 2016: Most Creative Stage Production (U2, Innocence + Experience Tour), Pollstar Concert Industry Awards 2019: Honorary Fellowship, Rose Bruford College of Theatre & Performance 2023: New York Drama Desk Award, Outstanding Lighting Design of a Play (Prima Facie). Shared with Natasha Chivers. References ^ Marian Sandberg. "LDI 2007". Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2007. ^ William Gibson. "U2's City of Blinding Lights". Retrieved 1 August 2005. ^ "Las Vegas Sphere: U2 creative chief on show, reaction and Sheffield life". BBC News. 6 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023. ^ Paul McGuinness (2008). U2byU2. ISBN 9780007196692. Retrieved 15 July 2008. ^ McCormick, Neil. "U2, Sphere review: this spectacular concert will change live entertainment forever". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 October 2023. ^ Larry Shaw. "R.E.M. Monster Tour". Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2005. ^ Hannah Kate Kinnersley. "Re:Sources". Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2004. ^ Ellen Lampert-Greaux. "Birdman". Retrieved 1 December 2007. ^ Live Design. "25 Live". Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2007. ^ Kronos Quartet. "SunRings". Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2008. ^ Marian Sandberg. "Omnia Nightclub: The Chandelier By The Numbers". Retrieved 9 April 2015. ^ Meryl Doney. "Wallspace". Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2008. ^ Sarah Rushton-Read. "LSI online". Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2004. ^ AW. "Architecture Week". Retrieved 19 July 2007. ^ IMDB. "IMDB". Retrieved 6 June 2007. ^ Marianne Sandberg. "Live Design". Retrieved 6 October 2011. ^ Mark Cunningham. "TPI 2002". Retrieved 31 January 2005. ^ Mark Cunningham. "TPI 2003". Retrieved 31 January 2005. ^ Mark Cunningham. "TPI 2006". Retrieved 2 February 2006. ^ Marian Sandberg. "LDI 2009". Retrieved 16 November 2009. ^ Mark Cunningham. "TPI 2010". Retrieved 31 January 2015. ^ Pollstar. "Pollstar Awards 2016". Retrieved 2 December 2016. External links Official website Rolling Stone Interview vteDrama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design for a Play David Hersey (2009) Justin Townsend (2016) Christopher Akerlind (2017) Neil Austin (2018) Amith Chandrashaker (2019) Heather Gilbert (2020) No Award (2021) Christopher Akerlind / Amith Chandrashaker (2022) Natasha Chivers and Willie Williams (2023) Jane Cox (2024)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U2_360_Tour_Croke_Park_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:REM_Up_Tour_1999_A.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Michael_25_Live_Tour_A.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Michael"},{"link_name":"25 Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willie_Williams_Vigil_Canterbury.JPG"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_designer"},{"link_name":"lighting designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting_designer"},{"link_name":"multimedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"William Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Newcastle-upon-Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne"},{"link_name":"Ecclesall Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesall_Road"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"University College, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_London"},{"link_name":"Punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Deaf School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_School"},{"link_name":"Stiff Little Fingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiff_Little_Fingers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Zoo TV Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo_TV_Tour"},{"link_name":"U2:UV Achtung Baby Live at Sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2:UV_Achtung_Baby_Live_at_Sphere"},{"link_name":"Sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_(venue)"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M._(band)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Robbie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Williams"},{"link_name":"Darren Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Hayes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"George Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Michael"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Self Esteem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_Esteem_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"La La La Human Steps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_La_La_Human_Steps"},{"link_name":"Laurie Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Marianne Faithfull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Faithfull"},{"link_name":"Kronos Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronos_Quartet"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Voyager 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1"},{"link_name":"Voyager 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Show design, U2 360° Tour, 2009Show design, R.E.M., Up Tour, 1999Show design, George Michael, 25 Live Tour, 2006'Vigil' installation, Canterbury Cathedral, 2006William Peter Charles Williams (born 1959) is an English show director, stage and lighting designer and video director for concerts, theatre and multimedia projects. He is best known for his work with the rock band U2, and is recognised as one of the leading artists in this field.[1] William Gibson, writing in Wired magazine, said \"Willie Williams combines a passionate delight in technology with an infectious low-tech joy. His innovations have become industry standards.\"[2]He was born in 1959 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne and raised on Ecclesall Road, Sheffield,[3] the son of Robert Woodman Williams, a singer and medical practitioner; he sang with South Yorkshire Opera. Williams excelled at mathematics and science in school and planned to study physics at University College, London. Punk rock encouraged him to enter the music industry instead: he began doing lights for various bands such as Deaf School and Stiff Little Fingers.[4]Williams has been responsible for the design of U2's tours from 1983 onward, most famously the Zoo TV Tour (1992–1993), and most recently U2:UV Achtung Baby Live at Sphere (2023–2024). The residency, which opened the Sphere, was met with universal acclaim, with The Daily Telegraph stating that U2 and Williams had \"changed live entertainment forever\".[5] He has also worked with musical artists such as R.E.M.,[6][7] David Bowie, The Rolling Stones, Robbie Williams, Darren Hayes,[8] George Michael[9] and Self Esteem.Williams has designed for the Montreal-based dance company La La La Human Steps. Other collaborations have been with Laurie Anderson, Marianne Faithfull and the Kronos Quartet, most notably on Sun Rings, a joint effort with NASA that combines the string quartet's music with video and audio material collected by the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft.[10]","title":"Willie Williams (set designer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caesars Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesars_Palace"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lumia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumia_(art)"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Schöffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sch%C3%B6ffer"},{"link_name":"Thomas Wilfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wilfred"},{"link_name":"Southbank Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southbank_Centre"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Experience Music Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_Music_Project"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 2015, Williams designed the giant kinetic chandelier installed at Omnia nightclub at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas.[11] He has exhibited his own kinetic light sculptures in several art galleries.[12] The sculptures, entitled \"Lumia Domestica\", create kaleidoscopic projections in the tradition of Nicolas Schöffer and Thomas Wilfred by refracting light through household glassware. Other public works include the creation of lighting installations at London's Southbank Centre and within Canterbury Cathedral;[13] \"SkyChurch\", a multimedia performance space at the Experience Music Project in Seattle, Washington, and a permanent exhibit at Cleveland's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Museum.[14]","title":"Gallery and architectural installations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prima Facie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_Facie_(play)"},{"link_name":"Jodie Comer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Comer"},{"link_name":"Harold Pinter Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter_Theatre"},{"link_name":"John Golden Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Golden_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Drama Desk Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award"},{"link_name":"We Will Rock You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Will_Rock_You_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Little Britain Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Britain_Live"},{"link_name":"French and Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Saunders"},{"link_name":"Steve Coogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coogan"},{"link_name":"Alan Partridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Partridge"},{"link_name":"The Fast Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fast_Show"},{"link_name":"Barbarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarella_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Pam Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Ann"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Theatre shows Williams has worked on include Prima Facie, starring Jodie Comer, at the Harold Pinter Theatre, London and John Golden Theatre on Broadway, for which he won a New York Drama Desk Award; We Will Rock You, Little Britain Live, French and Saunders Still Alive, Steve Coogan is Alan Partridge and Other Less Successful Characters, The Fast Show Live, Barbarella and Pam Ann.[15][16]","title":"Theatre works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Rose Bruford College of Theatre & Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bruford_College"},{"link_name":"Drama Desk Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award"},{"link_name":"Prima Facie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_Facie_(play)"}],"text":"1987: Lighting Director of the Year, Performance Magazine, United States\n1992: Lighting Designer of the Year, Performance Magazine, United States\n1992: Lighting Designer of the Year, Lighting Dimensions International, United States\n2000: Top 25 Visionaries in Entertainment, Wired Magazine, United States\n2001: Eddy Award for Excellence in Design, New York\n2002: Lighting Designer of the Year, Live Magazine Awards, London[17]\n2003: Lighting Designer of the Year, Total Production Awards, London[18]\n2006: Lighting Designer of the Year, Total Production Awards, London[19]\n2006; Metropolitan Home, Design 100\n2007: Best in Book, Creative Review Annual (George Michael, 25 Live Tour)\n2008: Excellence in Design Award (George Michael, 25 Live Tour), Live Design, New York\n2009: Redden Award for Excellence in Design, United States[20]\n2010: Live Production of the Year (U2 360° Tour), Lighting Designer of the Year and Video Visionary, Total Production Awards, London[21]\n2016: Most Creative Stage Production (U2, Innocence + Experience Tour), Pollstar Concert Industry Awards[22]\n2019: Honorary Fellowship, Rose Bruford College of Theatre & Performance\n2023: New York Drama Desk Award, Outstanding Lighting Design of a Play (Prima Facie). Shared with Natasha Chivers.","title":"Awards"}]
[{"image_text":"Show design, U2 360° Tour, 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/U2_360_Tour_Croke_Park_2.jpg/220px-U2_360_Tour_Croke_Park_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Show design, R.E.M., Up Tour, 1999","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/REM_Up_Tour_1999_A.jpg/220px-REM_Up_Tour_1999_A.jpg"},{"image_text":"Show design, George Michael, 25 Live Tour, 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/George_Michael_25_Live_Tour_A.jpg/220px-George_Michael_25_Live_Tour_A.jpg"},{"image_text":"'Vigil' installation, Canterbury Cathedral, 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Willie_Williams_Vigil_Canterbury.JPG/220px-Willie_Williams_Vigil_Canterbury.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Marian Sandberg. \"LDI 2007\". Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929020008/http://livedesignonline.com/ldi/willie-williams-projection-classes-ldi2007/index.html","url_text":"\"LDI 2007\""},{"url":"http://livedesignonline.com/ldi/willie-williams-projection-classes-ldi2007/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"William Gibson. \"U2's City of Blinding Lights\". Retrieved 1 August 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2005/08/u2-2/","url_text":"\"U2's City of Blinding Lights\""}]},{"reference":"\"Las Vegas Sphere: U2 creative chief on show, reaction and Sheffield life\". BBC News. 6 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-67023330","url_text":"\"Las Vegas Sphere: U2 creative chief on show, reaction and Sheffield life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Paul McGuinness (2008). U2byU2. ISBN 9780007196692. Retrieved 15 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yUKT-wkHYkQC&pg=PA379","url_text":"U2byU2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007196692","url_text":"9780007196692"}]},{"reference":"McCormick, Neil. \"U2, Sphere review: this spectacular concert will change live entertainment forever\". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/concerts/u2-sphere-las-vegas-review/","url_text":"\"U2, Sphere review: this spectacular concert will change live entertainment forever\""}]},{"reference":"Larry Shaw. \"R.E.M. Monster Tour\". Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060822100323/http://www.blsi.com/portfolio_rem.html","url_text":"\"R.E.M. Monster Tour\""},{"url":"http://www.blsi.com/portfolio_rem.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hannah Kate Kinnersley. \"Re:Sources\". Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090624103714/http://livedesignonline.com/mag/show_business_willie_williams/","url_text":"\"Re:Sources\""},{"url":"http://livedesignonline.com/mag/show_business_willie_williams/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ellen Lampert-Greaux. \"Birdman\". Retrieved 1 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://livedesignonline.com/concerts/birdman/","url_text":"\"Birdman\""}]},{"reference":"Live Design. \"25 Live\". Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120223084114/http://livedesignonline.com/excellenceawards/george_michael_live_european_tour_120507/","url_text":"\"25 Live\""},{"url":"http://livedesignonline.com/excellenceawards/george_michael_live_european_tour_120507/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kronos Quartet. \"SunRings\". Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080119085645/http://kronosquartet.org/SR/index.html","url_text":"\"SunRings\""},{"url":"http://www.kronosquartet.org/SR/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marian Sandberg. \"Omnia Nightclub: The Chandelier By The Numbers\". Retrieved 9 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://livedesignonline.com/omnia-nightclub-hakkasan-group/omnia-nightclub-chandelier-numbers/","url_text":"\"Omnia Nightclub: The Chandelier By The Numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Meryl Doney. \"Wallspace\". Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111003060409/http://www.wallspace.org.uk/exhibitions/williams/index.html","url_text":"\"Wallspace\""},{"url":"http://www.wallspace.org.uk/exhibitions/williams/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sarah Rushton-Read. \"LSI online\". Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109230126/http://www.lsionline.co.uk/news/story/Fourth-Phase-at-Canterbury-Cathedral/MWFKHK","url_text":"\"LSI online\""},{"url":"http://www.lsionline.co.uk/news/story/Fourth-Phase-at-Canterbury-Cathedral/MWFKHK","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"AW. \"Architecture Week\". Retrieved 19 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.architectureweek.com/2000/0719/design_2-3.html","url_text":"\"Architecture Week\""}]},{"reference":"IMDB. \"IMDB\". Retrieved 6 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0931944/","url_text":"\"IMDB\""}]},{"reference":"Marianne Sandberg. \"Live Design\". Retrieved 6 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://livedesignonline.com/concerts/1006_willie_williams_master_classes","url_text":"\"Live Design\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Cunningham. \"TPI 2002\". Retrieved 31 January 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://issuu.com/markcunningham2/docs/tpiawards_2002_review","url_text":"\"TPI 2002\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Cunningham. \"TPI 2003\". Retrieved 31 January 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://issuu.com/markcunningham2/docs/tpiawards_2003_review","url_text":"\"TPI 2003\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Cunningham. \"TPI 2006\". Retrieved 2 February 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://etnow.com/news/2006/2/tpi-awards-06-the-winners","url_text":"\"TPI 2006\""}]},{"reference":"Marian Sandberg. \"LDI 2009\". Retrieved 16 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://livedesignonline.com/news/redden-award-winners-announced","url_text":"\"LDI 2009\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Cunningham. \"TPI 2010\". Retrieved 31 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://issuu.com/markcunningham2/docs/tpiawards_2010_review","url_text":"\"TPI 2010\""}]},{"reference":"Pollstar. \"Pollstar Awards 2016\". Retrieved 2 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://pollstar.com/article/pollstar-award-winners-44540","url_text":"\"Pollstar Awards 2016\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_McKeen
Jock McKeen
["1 Education and honours","2 Career","2.1 Individual career","2.2 Partnership with Bennet Wong","2.3 The Haven Institute","3 References","4 Selected McKeen peer-reviewed journal articles","5 Wong and McKeen collaborative publications","5.1 Books","5.2 Selected peer-reviewed journal articles","6 External links"]
Canadian physician (born 1946) Jock McKeenBorn (1946-10-19) October 19, 1946 (age 77)Owen Sound, Ontario, CanadaEducationUniversity of Western Ontario, College of Chinese Acupuncture (UK)Years active1964-presentKnown forCo-founder, Haven InstituteMedical careerProfessionPhysician, acupuncturist, author, lecturerInstitutionsHaven InstituteResearchHuman Potential Movement John Herbert Ross McKeen (born October 19, 1946), is a Canadian physician, acupuncturist, author and lecturer who co-founded the Haven Institute (Gabriola Island, Canada) with Bennet Wong. He has written on East-West medicine, alternative medicine, holistic health, Asian studies and personal growth. Education and honours McKeen received his M.D. from the University of Western Ontario in 1970, and did his medical internship at the Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, B.C., Canada, 1970-71. He received a Lic.Ac.(UK), from the College of Chinese Acupuncture, Oxford, England, in 1974. He was inducted into Alpha Omega Alpha Honour Medical Society in 1968. In 2012, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters by Vancouver Island University for his work with Bennet Wong in establishing the Haven Institute. Career Individual career McKeen was a regular panelist for many years on the weekly television quiz show Take Your Choice. In 1969, he was part of a medical field clinic in Jamaica. In 1969 and 1970, he worked in street clinics and drug crisis centres with the Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Research Foundation, London, Ontario. Between 1971-1974, McKeen was on the staff of the Royal Columbian Hospital in New Westminster, B.C., working in emergency medicine. In 1973-74, he studied classical Chinese acupuncture with J. R. Worsley at the College of Chinese Acupuncture in Oxford, England. He returned to Vancouver to establish a medical practice using acupuncture and psychological approaches. McKeen has advocated integration of eastern and western medical approaches, encouraging western medicine to study oriental approaches and acupuncturist to cooperate with western medicine. He engaged in advocacy resulting in legislation permitting nonmedical practitioners to use acupuncture. From 1984-88, he was a member of the Senate of the Academy of Sciences for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Victoria, B.C., which established the Canadian College of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine. He was appointed in 1988 as a Charter Member of the American Academy of Medical Acupuncture. From 1987 on, he has been teaching classical Chinese philosophy and medicine in Asia. He was appointed Professor of Humanistic Psychology at Hua Wei University in Shen Zhen, China in 2007. Partnership with Bennet Wong He worked jointly with the Canadian psychiatrist Bennet Wong since 1970 in group psychotherapy and growth groups until Wong's death in 2013. Their long-standing professional partnership is the subject of Ben and Jock: A Biography by Gerry Fewster. They proposed a harmonious blending of eastern and western medical approaches. They conducted onsite trainings in Thailand for the Peace Corps, and taught a 20-day seminar entitled "Harmony: East-West Integration" in Taipei, Taiwan, and Beijing, China. A core thesis of their living philosophy is that people become ill when they hold back from each other, and can become healthier in the revelation of an intimate relationship. They have written and lectured about human sexuality. Couples, a video series that documents their relationship work, has been featured on PBS television. From 2004 until 2008, they were consultants to Hua Wei Corporation, a Chinese global telecommunications company, advising about management training and corporate development. Their belief was that business can be a vehicle for relationship development, and thus a way to enhance health, wellness and life fulfillment. The Haven Institute Main article: Haven Institute (Gabriola Island, Canada) Wong and McKeen founded the Haven Institute in 1983 and were active in its development until 2004, when they passed their ownership of the Institute into The Haven Foundation, a federally recognized Canadian non-profit charity. Both men are now Emeritus Faculty of The Haven Institute. References ^ *Staff Writer (January 6, 2012), "Founders of Haven get honourary degrees", The Star, Nanaimo, BC, p. 6. ^ *McKeen, J. (1969), "Outpost Medicine in Alexandria, Jamaica", University of Western Ontario Medical Journal, pp. 4–6, ISSN 0042-0336. ^ *McKeen, J. (July 1981), "Acupuncture: Modern Perspectives on an Ancient Healing Art", Canadian Active Health, Vancouver, BC. ^ *Assaf, M (December 24, 2011), "Haven self-development programs foster international relationships", Nanaimo News Bulletin, Nanaimo, BC, p. 11. ^ *Walton, Paul (May 19, 2012), "Haven Founders release new book", Daily News, Nanaimo, BC, pp. C1, C2. ^ *Hao, Tan (September 17, 2007), "East Meets West in a Deep Place", 21st Century Economics, Guanzhou, China, pp. 20–22. ^ * Gomori, Maria. (2002), Passion For Freedom, Taipei: Zhang Lao, p. 203, ISBN 957-693-581-4, OCLC 62134500. ^ * Fewster, Gerry (2001), Ben and Jock: A Biography, Parksville, BC: Oolichan Books, ISBN 0-88982-202-6, OCLC 48242601. ^ *Pearce, Deborah (June 23, 1992), "Wordly Convergence", Times Colonist, Victoria, BC, p. C1, C2. ^ *Daswani, Kavita (November 6, 1989), "Therapists Blend East and West", South China Morning Post, Hong Kong, p. 8. ^ *Macdonald, Phil (November 15, 1989), "Stress Will Take Toll: Doctors", The Hong Kong Standard, Hong Kong, p. 17. ^ * Allen, Wayne (2005), This Endless Moment, Waterloo, ON: Phoenix Centre Press, pp. 20–24, ISBN 0-9684446-2-8, OCLC 56532288. ^ *Welburn, Lynn (October 5, 2005), "Health and Happiness - a Book on Mind/Body Connection", The Star, Nanaimo, BC, p. A18. ^ *Stajic, Janina (March 25, 2013), "To be empathic or not, that is the question", The Sounder, vol. 23, no. 12, Gabriola, BC. ^ *Vesely, Carolin (February 26, 2004), "Internet Intimacy a Myth, Say Relationship Experts", Winnipeg Free Press, Winnipeg, MB. ^ *Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (2001), Couples: Real People, Real Issues (5-part video series), Portland, OR: Letting Go Foundation, ISBN 0-9701657-0-6, OCLC 48135757. ^ *Yim, Su-Jin (March 2, 2001), "Tempting Reality from OPB", The Oregonian, Portland, OR, p. E4, E5. ^ * Irvine, David; Reger, Jim (2006), The Authentic Leader, Sanford, FL: DC Press, p. 158, ISBN 1-932021-19-1, OCLC 71152339. ^ *Daily News, Staff Writer (January 23, 2004), "Haven Foundation Continues Mandate", Nanaimo Daily News, Nanaimo, BC, pp. A4. ^ *Stajic, Janina (September 22, 2008), "Haven's 25th Anniversary", The Sounder, Gabriola, BC, archived from the original on July 16, 2011, retrieved November 20, 2008. Selected McKeen peer-reviewed journal articles McKeen, J. (December 1969), "Outpost Medicine in Alexandria, Jamaica", University of Western Ontario Medical Journal, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 52–54, ISSN 0042-0336, OCLC 149709671. McKeen, J. (1970), "Adolescent Medicine", University of Western Ontario Medical Journal, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 33–37, ISSN 0042-0336, OCLC 149709671. McKeen, JH (1970), "Adolescence and Drug Abuse", Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, vol. 20, no. 100, pp. 288–290, ISSN 0035-8797, OCLC 103731586, PMC 2237365, PMID 5492620. Wong and McKeen collaborative publications Books Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1992), A Manual For Life, Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-0-X, OCLC 27223856. McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1993), As It Is In Heaven: Selected Poems of Jock McKeen (also translated into Chinese), Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-1-8, OCLC 28217440. Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1995), In and Out of Our Own Way: The Teaching Stories of Bennet Wong & Jock McKeen, Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-2-6, OCLC 35877330. McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1996), The Relationship Garden (also translated into Chinese), Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-3-4, OCLC 35925439. McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1998), The (New) Manual For Life (also translated into Chinese), Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-4-2, OCLC 39615478. McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (2005), A Book About Health & Happiness (also translated into Chinese and Spanish), Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-6-9, OCLC 63209802. McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (2012), The Illuminated Heart: Perspectives on East-West Psychology and Thought, Gabriola Island, BC: The Haven Institute Press, ISBN 978-0-9784618-0-5. McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (2013), Joining: The Relationship Garden, Gabriola Island, BC: The Haven Institute Press, ISBN 978-0-9784618-4-3. Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (2013), Being: A Manual For Life, Gabriola Island, BC: The Haven Institute Press, ISBN 978-0-9784618-3-6. Selected peer-reviewed journal articles Sulzbacher, S.; Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (April 1981), "Long Term Therapeutic Effects of a Three Month Intensive Growth Group", Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 148–153, ISSN 0160-6689, OCLC 116055941, PMID 7204360. Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (August 1981), "The Doctor-Patient Relationship: Current Challenges", B.C. Medical Association Journal, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 370–372, ISSN 0007-0556, OCLC 1586013. McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1983), "Energy: What Is It?", Journal of Traditional Acupuncture, vol. VII, no. 2, pp. 9–11. Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1987), "To Be ... Loving ... To Be", Journal of Child Care, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 43–55, ISSN 0715-5883, OCLC 9387043. Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (November 1987), "Traditional Chinese Acupuncture and the Personality", Proceedings of the First World Congress of Natural Medicine, Beijing, China, pp. 29–32. Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (December 1988), "East Meets West: Illness and Health", Proceedings of the 4th Scientific Meeting of the Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists, Hong Kong, pp. 42–43. Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1990), "If The Student Is the Subject, What is the Object?", Journal of Child and Youth Care, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 35–45, ISSN 0840-982X. Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1989), "Memories of Abuse: A Call for a Balanced Perspective", Journal of Child and Youth Care, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 67–81, ISSN 0840-982X, OCLC 106954744. Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1990), "A Case of Multiple Life Threatening Illnesses Related to Early Ritual Abuse", Journal of Child and Youth Care, no. Special Issue, pp. 1–26, ISBN 0-919813-75-5, ISSN 0840-982X, archived from the original on 2008-07-05, retrieved 2008-11-20. Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1994), "The Walking Wounded: A Way of Life?", SKOLE The Journal of Alternative Education, Albany, NY, pp. 79–89, ISSN 1056-9197, OCLC 271539713. McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1998), "The Needles Are Not The Point: A Proposal for a Dialogical Understanding of Acupuncture Therapy", Journal of Family Life, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 56–59, ISSN 1078-4667, OCLC 31093272. McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (September 1999), "Therapy and Education", Association For Humanistic Psychology Perspective, pp. 28–29, ISSN 0022-1678, OCLC 19254255. External links Media related to Jock McKeen at Wikimedia Commons Curriculum Vitae for Jock McKeen - link on The Haven's Founders' page "A Dynamic Model of Empathy" - video of TEDx talk by Jock McKeen on YouTube Jock McKeen's Eulogy for Father Jack Sproule (2016) "Psychology in China" - article by Jock McKeen & Bennet Wong - link at bottom of page "Following Your Energy" - article by Wong/McKeen - link at bottom of page Jock McKeen's Foreword for Mcintosh & Sproule, "Dark Matter" (2013) Our-Relationship-Odyssey.pdf Downloadable Chapter from McKeen & Wong: Health and Happiness - link at bottom of page Jock McKeen & Bennet Wong Honorary Doctorate from Vancouver Island University 2012 Wong McKeen Photo - Doctor of Letters 2012 Interview with Haven's Founders Wong & McKeen on YouTube "The Haven's History" - video interview with Jock McKeen Review of McKeen/Wong: The Illuminated Heart: Perspectives on East-West Psychology and Thought Authority control databases ISNI VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"acupuncturist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncturist"},{"link_name":"Haven Institute (Gabriola Island, Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haven_Institute_(Gabriola_Island,_Canada)"},{"link_name":"Bennet Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennet_Wong"},{"link_name":"alternative medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine"},{"link_name":"holistic health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_health"},{"link_name":"Asian studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_studies"}],"text":"John Herbert Ross McKeen (born October 19, 1946), is a Canadian physician, \nacupuncturist, author and lecturer who co-founded the Haven Institute (Gabriola Island, Canada) with Bennet Wong. He has written on East-West medicine, alternative medicine, holistic health, Asian studies and personal growth.","title":"Jock McKeen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"University of Western Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario"},{"link_name":"medical internship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_internship"},{"link_name":"New Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Alpha Omega Alpha Honour Medical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Omega_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Island University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island_University"},{"link_name":"Bennet Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennet_Wong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"McKeen received his M.D. from the University of Western Ontario in 1970, and did his medical internship at the Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, B.C., Canada, 1970-71. He received a Lic.Ac.(UK), from the College of Chinese Acupuncture, Oxford, England, in 1974. He was inducted into Alpha Omega Alpha Honour Medical Society in 1968. In 2012, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters by Vancouver Island University for his work with Bennet Wong in establishing the Haven Institute.[1]","title":"Education and honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Take Your Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Your_Choice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"London, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_ontario"},{"link_name":"emergency medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medicine"},{"link_name":"J. R. Worsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Worsley"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Humanistic Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_Psychology"},{"link_name":"Shen Zhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Zhen"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Individual career","text":"McKeen was a regular panelist for many years on the weekly television quiz show Take Your Choice. In 1969, he was part of a medical field clinic in Jamaica.[2] In 1969 and 1970, he worked in street clinics and drug crisis centres with the Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Research Foundation, London, Ontario. Between 1971-1974, McKeen was on the staff of the Royal Columbian Hospital in New Westminster, B.C., working in emergency medicine. In 1973-74, he studied classical Chinese acupuncture with J. R. Worsley at the College of Chinese Acupuncture in Oxford, England. He returned to Vancouver to establish a medical practice using acupuncture and psychological approaches.McKeen has advocated integration of eastern and western medical approaches, encouraging western medicine to study oriental approaches and acupuncturist to cooperate with western medicine.[3] He engaged in advocacy resulting in legislation permitting nonmedical practitioners to use acupuncture. From 1984-88, he was a member of the Senate of the Academy of Sciences for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Victoria, B.C., which established the Canadian College of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine. He was appointed in 1988 as a Charter Member of the American Academy of Medical Acupuncture. From 1987 on, he has been teaching classical Chinese philosophy and medicine in Asia.[4]\n[5] He was appointed Professor of Humanistic Psychology at Hua Wei University in Shen Zhen, China in 2007.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bennet Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennet_Wong"},{"link_name":"psychotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"growth groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_growth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Peace Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Corps"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"intimate relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimate_relationship"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hua Wei Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Wei"},{"link_name":"management training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources"},{"link_name":"corporate development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_development"},{"link_name":"wellness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellness_(alternative_medicine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Partnership with Bennet Wong","text":"He worked jointly with the Canadian psychiatrist Bennet Wong since 1970 in group psychotherapy and growth groups until Wong's death in 2013.[7] Their long-standing professional partnership is the subject of Ben and Jock: A Biography by Gerry Fewster.[8] They proposed a harmonious blending of eastern and western medical approaches.[9] They conducted onsite trainings in Thailand for the Peace Corps,[10] and taught a 20-day seminar entitled \"Harmony: East-West Integration\" in Taipei, Taiwan, and Beijing, China.[11] A core thesis of their living philosophy is that people become ill when they hold back from each other, and can become healthier in the revelation of an intimate relationship.[12][13][14] \nThey have written and lectured about human sexuality.[15] \nCouples, a video series that documents their relationship work, has been featured on PBS television.[16][17]From 2004 until 2008, they were consultants to Hua Wei Corporation, a Chinese global telecommunications company, advising about management training and corporate development. Their belief was that business can be a vehicle for relationship development, and thus a way to enhance health, wellness and life fulfillment.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"The Haven Institute","text":"Wong and McKeen founded the Haven Institute in 1983 and were active in its development until 2004, when they passed their ownership of the Institute into The Haven Foundation, a federally recognized Canadian non-profit charity.[19] Both men are now Emeritus Faculty of The Haven Institute.[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0042-0336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-0336"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"149709671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/149709671"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0042-0336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-0336"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"149709671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/149709671"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0035-8797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8797"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"103731586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/103731586"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2237365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2237365"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5492620","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5492620"}],"text":"McKeen, J. (December 1969), \"Outpost Medicine in Alexandria, Jamaica\", University of Western Ontario Medical Journal, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 52–54, ISSN 0042-0336, OCLC 149709671.\nMcKeen, J. (1970), \"Adolescent Medicine\", University of Western Ontario Medical Journal, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 33–37, ISSN 0042-0336, OCLC 149709671.\nMcKeen, JH (1970), \"Adolescence and Drug Abuse\", Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, vol. 20, no. 100, pp. 288–290, ISSN 0035-8797, OCLC 103731586, PMC 2237365, PMID 5492620.","title":"Selected McKeen peer-reviewed journal articles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wong and McKeen collaborative publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Manual For Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/manualforlife00benn"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9696755-0-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9696755-0-X"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27223856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/27223856"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9696755-1-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9696755-1-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"28217440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/28217440"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9696755-2-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9696755-2-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"35877330","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/35877330"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9696755-3-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9696755-3-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"35925439","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/35925439"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9696755-4-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9696755-4-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"39615478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39615478"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9696755-6-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9696755-6-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"63209802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/63209802"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9784618-0-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9784618-0-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9784618-4-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9784618-4-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9784618-3-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9784618-3-6"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1992), A Manual For Life, Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-0-X, OCLC 27223856.\nMcKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1993), As It Is In Heaven: Selected Poems of Jock McKeen (also translated into Chinese), Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-1-8, OCLC 28217440.\nWong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1995), In and Out of Our Own Way: The Teaching Stories of Bennet Wong & Jock McKeen, Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-2-6, OCLC 35877330.\nMcKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1996), The Relationship Garden (also translated into Chinese), Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-3-4, OCLC 35925439.\nMcKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1998), The (New) Manual For Life (also translated into Chinese), Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-4-2, OCLC 39615478.\nMcKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (2005), A Book About Health & Happiness (also translated into Chinese and Spanish), Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-6-9, OCLC 63209802.\nMcKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (2012), The Illuminated Heart: Perspectives on East-West Psychology and Thought, Gabriola Island, BC: The Haven Institute Press, ISBN 978-0-9784618-0-5.\nMcKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (2013), Joining: The Relationship Garden, Gabriola Island, BC: The Haven Institute Press, ISBN 978-0-9784618-4-3.\nWong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (2013), Being: A Manual For Life, Gabriola Island, BC: The Haven Institute Press, ISBN 978-0-9784618-3-6.","title":"Wong and McKeen collaborative publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0160-6689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0160-6689"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"116055941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/116055941"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7204360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7204360"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0007-0556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0556"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1586013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1586013"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0715-5883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0715-5883"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9387043","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/9387043"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0840-982X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0840-982X"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0840-982X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0840-982X"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"106954744","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/106954744"},{"link_name":"\"A Case of Multiple Life Threatening Illnesses Related to Early Ritual Abuse\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080705055523/http://www.cyc-net.org/Journals/jcycSpecial1990.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-919813-75-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919813-75-5"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0840-982X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0840-982X"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cyc-net.org/journals/jcycSpecial1990.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1056-9197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1056-9197"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"271539713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/271539713"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1078-4667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1078-4667"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"31093272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/31093272"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0022-1678","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1678"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19254255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/19254255"}],"sub_title":"Selected peer-reviewed journal articles","text":"Sulzbacher, S.; Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (April 1981), \"Long Term Therapeutic Effects of a Three Month Intensive Growth Group\", Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 148–153, ISSN 0160-6689, OCLC 116055941, PMID 7204360.\nWong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (August 1981), \"The Doctor-Patient Relationship: Current Challenges\", B.C. Medical Association Journal, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 370–372, ISSN 0007-0556, OCLC 1586013.\nMcKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1983), \"Energy: What Is It?\", Journal of Traditional Acupuncture, vol. VII, no. 2, pp. 9–11.\nWong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1987), \"To Be ... Loving ... To Be\", Journal of Child Care, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 43–55, ISSN 0715-5883, OCLC 9387043.\nWong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (November 1987), \"Traditional Chinese Acupuncture and the Personality\", Proceedings of the First World Congress of Natural Medicine, Beijing, China, pp. 29–32.\nWong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (December 1988), \"East Meets West: Illness and Health\", Proceedings of the 4th Scientific Meeting of the Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists, Hong Kong, pp. 42–43.\nWong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1990), \"If The Student Is the Subject, What is the Object?\", Journal of Child and Youth Care, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 35–45, ISSN 0840-982X.\nWong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1989), \"Memories of Abuse: A Call for a Balanced Perspective\", Journal of Child and Youth Care, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 67–81, ISSN 0840-982X, OCLC 106954744.\nWong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1990), \"A Case of Multiple Life Threatening Illnesses Related to Early Ritual Abuse\", Journal of Child and Youth Care, no. Special Issue, pp. 1–26, ISBN 0-919813-75-5, ISSN 0840-982X, archived from the original on 2008-07-05, retrieved 2008-11-20.\nWong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1994), \"The Walking Wounded: A Way of Life?\", SKOLE The Journal of Alternative Education, Albany, NY, pp. 79–89, ISSN 1056-9197, OCLC 271539713.\nMcKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1998), \"The Needles Are Not The Point: A Proposal for a Dialogical Understanding of Acupuncture Therapy\", Journal of Family Life, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 56–59, ISSN 1078-4667, OCLC 31093272.\nMcKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (September 1999), \"Therapy and Education\", Association For Humanistic Psychology Perspective, pp. 28–29, ISSN 0022-1678, OCLC 19254255.","title":"Wong and McKeen collaborative publications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Staff Writer (January 6, 2012), \"Founders of Haven get honourary [sic?] degrees\", The Star, Nanaimo, BC, p. 6","urls":[]},{"reference":"McKeen, J. (1969), \"Outpost Medicine in Alexandria, Jamaica\", University of Western Ontario Medical Journal, pp. 4–6, ISSN 0042-0336","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-0336","url_text":"0042-0336"}]},{"reference":"McKeen, J. (July 1981), \"Acupuncture: Modern Perspectives on an Ancient Healing Art\", Canadian Active Health, Vancouver, BC","urls":[]},{"reference":"Assaf, M (December 24, 2011), \"Haven self-development programs foster international relationships\", Nanaimo News Bulletin, Nanaimo, BC, p. 11","urls":[]},{"reference":"Walton, Paul (May 19, 2012), \"Haven Founders release new book\", Daily News, Nanaimo, BC, pp. C1, C2","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hao, Tan (September 17, 2007), \"East Meets West in a Deep Place\", 21st Century Economics, Guanzhou, China, pp. 20–22","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gomori, Maria. (2002), Passion For Freedom, Taipei: Zhang Lao, p. 203, ISBN 957-693-581-4, OCLC 62134500","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-693-581-4","url_text":"957-693-581-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62134500","url_text":"62134500"}]},{"reference":"Fewster, Gerry (2001), Ben and Jock: A Biography, Parksville, BC: Oolichan Books, ISBN 0-88982-202-6, OCLC 48242601","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88982-202-6","url_text":"0-88982-202-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48242601","url_text":"48242601"}]},{"reference":"Pearce, Deborah (June 23, 1992), \"Wordly [sic] Convergence\", Times Colonist, Victoria, BC, p. C1, C2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic","url_text":"sic"}]},{"reference":"Daswani, Kavita (November 6, 1989), \"Therapists Blend East and West\", South China Morning Post, Hong Kong, p. 8","urls":[]},{"reference":"Macdonald, Phil (November 15, 1989), \"Stress Will Take Toll: Doctors\", The Hong Kong Standard, Hong Kong, p. 17","urls":[]},{"reference":"Allen, Wayne (2005), This Endless Moment, Waterloo, ON: Phoenix Centre Press, pp. 20–24, ISBN 0-9684446-2-8, OCLC 56532288","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9684446-2-8","url_text":"0-9684446-2-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56532288","url_text":"56532288"}]},{"reference":"Welburn, Lynn (October 5, 2005), \"Health and Happiness - a Book on Mind/Body Connection\", The Star, Nanaimo, BC, p. A18","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stajic, Janina (March 25, 2013), \"To be empathic or not, that is the question\", The Sounder, vol. 23, no. 12, Gabriola, BC","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundernews.com/opinions-letters/to-be-empathic-or-not-that-is-the-question.html","url_text":"\"To be empathic or not, that is the question\""}]},{"reference":"Vesely, Carolin (February 26, 2004), \"Internet Intimacy a Myth, Say Relationship Experts\", Winnipeg Free Press, Winnipeg, MB","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (2001), Couples: Real People, Real Issues (5-part video series), Portland, OR: Letting Go Foundation, ISBN 0-9701657-0-6, OCLC 48135757","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9701657-0-6","url_text":"0-9701657-0-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48135757","url_text":"48135757"}]},{"reference":"Yim, Su-Jin (March 2, 2001), \"Tempting Reality from OPB\", The Oregonian, Portland, OR, p. E4, E5","urls":[]},{"reference":"Irvine, David; Reger, Jim (2006), The Authentic Leader, Sanford, FL: DC Press, p. 158, ISBN 1-932021-19-1, OCLC 71152339","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932021-19-1","url_text":"1-932021-19-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71152339","url_text":"71152339"}]},{"reference":"Daily News, Staff Writer (January 23, 2004), \"Haven Foundation Continues Mandate\", Nanaimo Daily News, Nanaimo, BC, pp. A4","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stajic, Janina (September 22, 2008), \"Haven's 25th Anniversary\", The Sounder, Gabriola, BC, archived from the original on July 16, 2011, retrieved November 20, 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111627/http://www.soundernews.com/fullstory/EkkkpAllZyvgBaSVZN.shtml","url_text":"\"Haven's 25th Anniversary\""},{"url":"http://www.soundernews.com/fullstory/EkkkpAllZyvgBaSVZN.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McKeen, J. (December 1969), \"Outpost Medicine in Alexandria, Jamaica\", University of Western Ontario Medical Journal, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 52–54, ISSN 0042-0336, OCLC 149709671","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-0336","url_text":"0042-0336"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/149709671","url_text":"149709671"}]},{"reference":"McKeen, J. (1970), \"Adolescent Medicine\", University of Western Ontario Medical Journal, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 33–37, ISSN 0042-0336, OCLC 149709671","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0042-0336","url_text":"0042-0336"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/149709671","url_text":"149709671"}]},{"reference":"McKeen, JH (1970), \"Adolescence and Drug Abuse\", Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, vol. 20, no. 100, pp. 288–290, ISSN 0035-8797, OCLC 103731586, PMC 2237365, PMID 5492620","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8797","url_text":"0035-8797"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/103731586","url_text":"103731586"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2237365","url_text":"2237365"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5492620","url_text":"5492620"}]},{"reference":"Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1992), A Manual For Life, Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-0-X, OCLC 27223856","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manualforlife00benn","url_text":"A Manual For Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9696755-0-X","url_text":"0-9696755-0-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27223856","url_text":"27223856"}]},{"reference":"McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1993), As It Is In Heaven: Selected Poems of Jock McKeen (also translated into Chinese), Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-1-8, OCLC 28217440","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9696755-1-8","url_text":"0-9696755-1-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28217440","url_text":"28217440"}]},{"reference":"Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1995), In and Out of Our Own Way: The Teaching Stories of Bennet Wong & Jock McKeen, Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-2-6, OCLC 35877330","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9696755-2-6","url_text":"0-9696755-2-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35877330","url_text":"35877330"}]},{"reference":"McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1996), The Relationship Garden (also translated into Chinese), Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-3-4, OCLC 35925439","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9696755-3-4","url_text":"0-9696755-3-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35925439","url_text":"35925439"}]},{"reference":"McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1998), The (New) Manual For Life (also translated into Chinese), Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-4-2, OCLC 39615478","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9696755-4-2","url_text":"0-9696755-4-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39615478","url_text":"39615478"}]},{"reference":"McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (2005), A Book About Health & Happiness (also translated into Chinese and Spanish), Gabriola Island, BC: PD Publishing, ISBN 0-9696755-6-9, OCLC 63209802","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9696755-6-9","url_text":"0-9696755-6-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63209802","url_text":"63209802"}]},{"reference":"McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (2012), The Illuminated Heart: Perspectives on East-West Psychology and Thought, Gabriola Island, BC: The Haven Institute Press, ISBN 978-0-9784618-0-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9784618-0-5","url_text":"978-0-9784618-0-5"}]},{"reference":"McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (2013), Joining: The Relationship Garden, Gabriola Island, BC: The Haven Institute Press, ISBN 978-0-9784618-4-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9784618-4-3","url_text":"978-0-9784618-4-3"}]},{"reference":"Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (2013), Being: A Manual For Life, Gabriola Island, BC: The Haven Institute Press, ISBN 978-0-9784618-3-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9784618-3-6","url_text":"978-0-9784618-3-6"}]},{"reference":"Sulzbacher, S.; Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (April 1981), \"Long Term Therapeutic Effects of a Three Month Intensive Growth Group\", Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 148–153, ISSN 0160-6689, OCLC 116055941, PMID 7204360","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0160-6689","url_text":"0160-6689"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/116055941","url_text":"116055941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7204360","url_text":"7204360"}]},{"reference":"Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (August 1981), \"The Doctor-Patient Relationship: Current Challenges\", B.C. Medical Association Journal, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 370–372, ISSN 0007-0556, OCLC 1586013","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-0556","url_text":"0007-0556"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1586013","url_text":"1586013"}]},{"reference":"McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1983), \"Energy: What Is It?\", Journal of Traditional Acupuncture, vol. VII, no. 2, pp. 9–11","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1987), \"To Be ... Loving ... To Be\", Journal of Child Care, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 43–55, ISSN 0715-5883, OCLC 9387043","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0715-5883","url_text":"0715-5883"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9387043","url_text":"9387043"}]},{"reference":"Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (November 1987), \"Traditional Chinese Acupuncture and the Personality\", Proceedings of the First World Congress of Natural Medicine, Beijing, China, pp. 29–32","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (December 1988), \"East Meets West: Illness and Health\", Proceedings of the 4th Scientific Meeting of the Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists, Hong Kong, pp. 42–43","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1990), \"If The Student Is the Subject, What is the Object?\", Journal of Child and Youth Care, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 35–45, ISSN 0840-982X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0840-982X","url_text":"0840-982X"}]},{"reference":"Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1989), \"Memories of Abuse: A Call for a Balanced Perspective\", Journal of Child and Youth Care, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 67–81, ISSN 0840-982X, OCLC 106954744","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0840-982X","url_text":"0840-982X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/106954744","url_text":"106954744"}]},{"reference":"Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1990), \"A Case of Multiple Life Threatening Illnesses Related to Early Ritual Abuse\", Journal of Child and Youth Care, no. Special Issue, pp. 1–26, ISBN 0-919813-75-5, ISSN 0840-982X, archived from the original on 2008-07-05, retrieved 2008-11-20","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705055523/http://www.cyc-net.org/Journals/jcycSpecial1990.html","url_text":"\"A Case of Multiple Life Threatening Illnesses Related to Early Ritual Abuse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919813-75-5","url_text":"0-919813-75-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0840-982X","url_text":"0840-982X"},{"url":"http://www.cyc-net.org/journals/jcycSpecial1990.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wong, B.R.; McKeen, J. (1994), \"The Walking Wounded: A Way of Life?\", SKOLE The Journal of Alternative Education, Albany, NY, pp. 79–89, ISSN 1056-9197, OCLC 271539713","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1056-9197","url_text":"1056-9197"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/271539713","url_text":"271539713"}]},{"reference":"McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (1998), \"The Needles Are Not The Point: A Proposal for a Dialogical Understanding of Acupuncture Therapy\", Journal of Family Life, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 56–59, ISSN 1078-4667, OCLC 31093272","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1078-4667","url_text":"1078-4667"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31093272","url_text":"31093272"}]},{"reference":"McKeen, J.; Wong, B.R. (September 1999), \"Therapy and Education\", Association For Humanistic Psychology Perspective, pp. 28–29, ISSN 0022-1678, OCLC 19254255","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1678","url_text":"0022-1678"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19254255","url_text":"19254255"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoji_Horiguchi
Kyoji Horiguchi
["1 Background","2 Mixed martial arts career","2.1 Shooto","2.2 Ultimate Fighting Championship","2.3 Rizin Fighting Federation","2.4 Bellator MMA","2.5 Return to Rizin and Flyweight","3 Championships and accomplishments","3.1 Mixed martial arts","4 Mixed martial arts record","4.1 Amateur mixed martial arts record","5 Kickboxing record","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Japanese mixed martial artist Kyoji HoriguchiBorn (1990-10-12) October 12, 1990 (age 33)Takasaki, Gunma, JapanOther namesThe Supernova (former), The TyphoonNicknameThe TyphoonResidenceTakasaki, Gunma, JapanHeight5 ft 5 in (1.65 m)Weight135 lb (61 kg; 9 st 9 lb)DivisionBantamweight FlyweightReach66 in (168 cm)StyleShotokan Karate, Kickboxing, ShootfightingFighting out ofCoconut Creek, Florida, United StatesTeamKRAZY BEE (2009–2015) American Top Team (2015–present)TrainerNorifumi YamamotoMike Thomas BrownRankA-Class Shootist 2nd degree black belt in Shotokan KarateYears active2010–presentMixed martial arts recordTotal39Wins33By knockout15By submission5By decision13Losses5By knockout2By submission1By decision2No contests1 Other informationWebsitehttps://horiguchikyoji.com/Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog Kyoji Horiguchi (Japanese: 堀口 恭司, Horiguchi Kyōji, born October 12, 1990) is a Japanese mixed martial artist currently competing in Rizin FF in the Flyweight division, where he is the current RIZIN Flyweight Champion and former RIZIN Bantamweight Championship. He is also the former Bellator Bantamweight World Championship. A professional competitor since 2010, Horiguchi formerly competed in the Ultimate Fighting Championship and is the former Shooto Bantamweight Champion. He graduated from Sakushin Gakuin High School in Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan. Background Horiguchi began training in karate at the age of five and was talented, as he soon began competing in full-contact competitions and went on to become a regional champion. At the age of 16, Horiguchi viewed a PRIDE Fighting Championships event and became drawn to mixed martial arts. Horiguchi began training in the sport at Norifumi Yamamoto's Krazy Bee Gym after graduating high school when he was 18 years old. Horiguchi said seeing Yamamoto knockout bigger men was what drew him to the fighter. Mixed martial arts career Shooto Horiguchi made his professional MMA debut in Shooto in 2010, winning a decision over Ranki Kawana. Prior to this, Horiguchi was Bantamweight fighter, Norifumi Yamamoto's sparring partner. Just two fights later he would win the Shooto 2010 Rookie Tournament, finishing Seiji Akao by TKO early in the second round. His biggest victory up to that time would come over the 2009 Rookie Tournament runner-up, Yuta Nezu. Horiguchi's knockout power was on display early, knocking out Nezu in the first round. His nickname is The Typhoon. Horiguchi took on the former Shooto Bantamweight Champion, Masakatsu Ueda on January 8, 2012. Ueda controlled most of the bout with his superior grappling, nearly submitting Horiguchi numerous times. He lost by a majority decision. Horiguchi captured the Shooto Bantamweight Championship on March 16, 2013, when he defeated Hiromasa Ougikubo submitting him in the second round by rear-naked choke. On June 22, Horiguchi fought Pancrase Bantamweight Champion, Shintaro Ishiwatari, at VTJ 2nd, where Horiguchi acted as a Shooto representative. The two engaged in a competitive, back and forth fight. Many outlets had Ishiwatari leading on the scorecards heading into the final round. Horiguchi rallied early in the fifth round, landing a barrage of punches on Ishiwatari to force the stoppage and defend his title. Ultimate Fighting Championship Horiguchi made his promotional debut against Dustin Pague on October 19, 2013, at UFC 166. He was victorious in his debut, winning the fight via TKO in the second round. Horiguchi was expected to face Chris Cariaso in a Flyweight bout on February 1, 2014, at UFC 169. However, Horiguchi pulled out of the bout citing injury and was replaced by WEC veteran Danny Martinez. Horiguchi faced Darrell Montague on May 10, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 40. He won the fight via unanimous decision. A rescheduled bout with Chris Cariaso was expected to take place on September 20, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 52. However, Cariaso was pulled from the bout with Horiguchi in favor of a matchup with current flyweight champion Demetrious Johnson at UFC 178. Horiguchi instead faced Jon Delos Reyes. He won the fight via TKO in the first round. Horoguchi faced Louis Gaudinot on January 3, 2015, at UFC 182. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Horiguchi faced Flyweight champion Demetrious Johnson on April 25, 2015, in the main event at UFC 186. Despite doing well during the first round, Horiguchi lost the otherwise one-sided fight via an armbar submission at 4:59 of the fifth round, resulting in the latest finish in UFC history. Horiguchi faced Chico Camus at UFC Fight Night 75 on September 27, 2015. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Horiguchi next faced Neil Seery on May 8, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 87. He won the fight via unanimous decision. Horiguchi was expected to face Ali Bagautinov on October 15, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 97. However, the promotion announced on October 6 that they had cancelled the event entirely. In turn, the pairing was quickly rescheduled and took place on November 19, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 99. He won the fight via unanimous decision. It was announced on February 17, 2017, that Horiguchi chose not to renew his contract with the UFC. Rizin Fighting Federation Horiguchi making his walkout in Rizin. In joining RIZIN, Horiguchi says he felt more at home and enjoyed the shows RIZIN put on built around him. On April 16, 2017, Horiguchi made his debut in Rizin Fighting Federation, where he defeated Yuki Motoya by unanimous decision. Horiguichi next faced Hideo Tokoro in the first round of the Rizin Bantamweight Grand Prix on July 30, 2017, at Rizin 6. He won the fight via knockout in the first round. Horiguchi competed in the rest of the Bantamweight Grand Prix in December 2017, fighting three times over two days. In the quarter-finals, he faced Gabriel Oliviera on December 29, 2017, at Rizin World Grand Prix 2017: 2nd Round. He won the fight via TKO in the first round. He advanced to the next round, which was held on December 31, 2017, at Rizin World Grand Prix 2017: Final Round. He faced Manel Kape in the semi-finals and won via arm-triangle choke submission in the third round. In the final, he faced Shintaro Ishiwatari and won via knockout early into the second round to become the inaugural RIZIN Bantamweight Champion. Horiguchi faced fellow UFC veteran Ian McCall in the main event at Rizin 10 on May 6, 2018. He defeated McCall just 9 seconds into the first round via KO. This was the second fastest stoppage in Rizin history. After a 9-second knockout victory, Horiguchi made a quick turnaround to face fellow Japanese champion Hiromasa Ougikubo in a long-awaited rematch. Ogikubo, the current Shooto bantamweight champion, had not lost since he last faced Horiguchi in 2013. Horiguchi won the bout via unanimous decision. On September 30, 2018, Horiguchi fought Japanese Kickboxer Tenshin Nasukawa at Rizin 13 under Rizin Kickboxing rules, and lost by unanimous decision. Horiguchi faced the reigning Bellator Bantamweight champion Darrion Caldwell for the vacant Rizin Bantamweight Championship at Rizin 14 on December 31, 2018. He won the fight by submission via a guillotine choke. Horiguchi with Bellator and Rizin belts in 2019. Horiguchi next faced Ben Nguyen in a 132 pound catchweight bout on April 21, 2019, at Rizin 15. He won the fight via TKO in the first round. Horiguchi headlined Rizin 18 on August 18, 2019, against Kai Asakura in a non-title bout. He lost the fight via technical knockout in the first round. Horiguchi was expected to defend his Rizin FF Bantamweight Championship title against Kai Asakura in a rematch at Rizin 20 on December 31, 2019. However, Horiguchi pulled out of the fight in mid-November citing a knee injury that is expected to keep him out of action for approximately 10 – 12 months. In turn, his bantamweight title has been vacated. Bellator MMA In April 2019, it was announced that Horiguchi would face Darrion Caldwell for the Bellator Bantamweight title on June 14, 2019, at Bellator 222. The pair previously fought in December 2018 in the Rizin promotion with Horiguchi winning by submission. Scott Coker, president of Bellator MMA disclosed to the media that Horiguchi's contract features a rematch clause. Should Horiguchi win the rematch, he will be obligated to defend the Bellator belt once a year. Horiguchi won the bout and title by unanimous decision. However, due to the injury suffered in October 2019, Horiguchi vacated his Bellator Bantamweight championship in late November 2019. After undergoing a successful knee surgery, Horiguchi is set to make his return to mixed martial arts, following a 15 month hiatus from the sport. He rematched Kai Asakura during Rizin 26 – Saitama. Going into the rematch with Asakura, Horiguchi said it was his goal to dispel any rumors about ACL injuries finishing an athlete's career. Horiguchi said he is also feeling almost completely healed leading into the fight. “I’m about 100% recovered. I had to start from zero after the surgery and built back the muscles that have gotten weak. But the hard work and long rehab has paid off and I am back.” Horiguchi won the fight by a first-round TKO. In September 2021, Horiguchi was announced to be a Bellator contracted fighter, however due to longstanding relationship between Bellator and Rizin, Horiguchi will remain the Rizin Bantamweight Champion, and the plan, once COVID travel restrictions ease, is for him to still fight in Japan on occasion. Horiguchi competed for the Bellator Bantamweight World Championship against champion Sergio Pettis on December 3, 2021, at Bellator 272. Despite having controlled most of the bout beforehand, Horiguchi lost the fight via knockout in round four. In the first round bout of the $1 million Bellator Bantamweight World Grand Prix Tournament, Horiguchi faced Patchy Mix on April 23, 2022, at Bellator 279. He lost the bout via unanimous decision. Return to Rizin and Flyweight Horiguchi faced Yuto Hokamura at Rizin 38 on September 25, 2022. After surviving an early knockdown, Horiguchi won the bout via a technical submission in the second round. Moving down to Flyweight, Horiguchi faced Hiromasa Ougikubo at Bellator MMA vs. Rizin on December 31, 2022. Vacating the RIZIN Bantamweight Championship before the bout as he intends to fight at flyweight going into the future, Horiguchi dominated Ougikubo in his return to flyweight after 5 years on the way to a unanimous decision victory. Horiguchi was scheduled to face Ray Borg on April 22, 2023, at Bellator 295. However, the day of the weigh-ins, due to weight-management complications for Borg, the bout was scrapped. Horiguchi next competed for the inaugural Bellator Flyweight World Championship at Bellator MMA x Rizin 2 on July 30, 2023, in Saitama, Japan where he faced Makoto "Shinryu" Takahashi. The bout was declared a no contest after Horiguchi accidentally poked Takahashi in the eye which prevented him from continuing. Horiguchi rematched Makoto Takahashi at Rizin 45, on December 31, 2023, this time for the inaugural Rizin Flyweight World Championship, and won the bout via rear-naked choke in the second round. Horiguchi faced Sergio Pettis on June 9, 2024 at RIZIN 47. The pair previously met at Bellator 272 in December 2021, where Pettis defended his Bellator title by fourth round knockout. Horiguchi won the fight via unanimous decision. Championships and accomplishments Mixed martial arts Rizin Fighting Federation RIZIN Flyweight Championship (One time, current) RIZIN Bantamweight Championship (Two times) 2017 RIZIN Bantamweight Grand Prix Championship Bellator MMA Bellator Bantamweight World Championship (One time) Shooto Shooto Bantamweight Championship (One time; former) One successful title defense Shooto 2010 Rookie Tournament Winner Mixed martial arts record Professional record breakdown 39 matches 33 wins 5 losses By knockout 15 2 By submission 5 1 By decision 13 2 No contests 1 Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Win 33–5 (1) Sergio Pettis Decision (unanimous) Rizin 47 June 9, 2024 3 5:00 Tokyo, Japan Bantamweight bout. Win 32–5 (1) Makoto Takahashi Submission (rear-naked choke) Rizin 45 December 31, 2023 2 3:44 Saitama, Japan Won the inaugural Rizin Flyweight Championship. NC 31–5 (1) Makoto Takahashi NC (accidental eye poke) Bellator MMA x Rizin 2 July 30, 2023 1 0:25 Saitama, Japan For the inaugural Bellator Flyweight World Championship. Accidental eye poke rendered Takahashi unable to continue. Win 31–5 Hiromasa Ougikubo Decision (unanimous) Bellator MMA vs. Rizin December 31, 2022 3 5:00 Saitama, Japan Return to Flyweight. Win 30–5 Yuto Hokamura Technical Submission (arm-triangle choke) Rizin 38 September 25, 2022 2 2:59 Saitama, Japan Non-title bout. Loss 29–5 Patchy Mix Decision (unanimous) Bellator 279 April 23, 2022 5 5:00 Honolulu, Hawaii, United States Bellator Bantamweight World Grand Prix Quarterfinal. Loss 29–4 Sergio Pettis KO (spinning backfist) Bellator 272 December 3, 2021 4 3:24 Uncasville, Connecticut, United States For the Bellator Bantamweight World Championship. Win 29–3 Kai Asakura TKO (punches) Rizin 26 December 31, 2020 1 2:48 Saitama, Japan Won the Rizin Bantamweight Championship. Vacated the title in December 2022. Loss 28–3 Kai Asakura KO (punches) Rizin 18 August 18, 2019 1 1:07 Nagoya, Japan Non-title bout. Win 28–2 Darrion Caldwell Decision (unanimous) Bellator 222 June 14, 2019 5 5:00 New York City, New York, United States Won the Bellator Bantamweight World Championship. Vacated the title in November 2019 due to injury. Win 27–2 Ben Nguyen KO (punches) Rizin 15 April 21, 2019 1 2:53 Yokohama, Japan Catchweight (60 kg) bout. Win 26–2 Darrion Caldwell Submission (guillotine choke) Rizin 14 December 31, 2018 3 1:19 Saitama, Japan Won the inaugural Rizin Bantamweight Championship. Vacated the title in November 2019 due to injury. Win 25–2 Hiromasa Ougikubo Decision (unanimous) Rizin 11 July 29, 2018 2 5:00 Saitama, Japan Win 24–2 Ian McCall KO (punch) Rizin 10 May 6, 2018 1 0:09 Fukuoka, Japan Win 23–2 Shintaro Ishiwatari KO (punches) Rizin World Grand Prix 2017: Final Round December 31, 2017 2 0:14 Saitama, Japan Won the 2017 Rizin Bantamweight Grand Prix. Win 22–2 Manel Kape Submission (arm-triangle choke) 3 4:27 2017 Rizin Bantamweight Grand Prix Semifinal. Win 21–2 Gabriel Oliveira TKO (punches) Rizin World Grand Prix 2017: 2nd Round December 29, 2017 1 4:30 Saitama, Japan 2017 Rizin Bantamweight Grand Prix Quarterfinal. Win 20–2 Hideo Tokoro KO (punches) Rizin World Grand Prix 2017: Opening Round - Part 1 July 30, 2017 1 1:49 Saitama, Japan Return to Bantamweight. 2017 Rizin Bantamweight Grand Prix First Round. Win 19–2 Yuki Motoya Decision (unanimous) Rizin FF 5: Sakura April 16, 2017 2 5:00 Yokohama, Japan Win 18–2 Ali Bagautinov Decision (unanimous) UFC Fight Night: Mousasi vs. Hall 2 November 19, 2016 3 5:00 Belfast, Northern Ireland Win 17–2 Neil Seery Decision (unanimous) UFC Fight Night: Overeem vs. Arlovski May 8, 2016 3 5:00 Rotterdam, Netherlands Win 16–2 Chico Camus Decision (unanimous) UFC Fight Night: Barnett vs. Nelson September 27, 2015 3 5:00 Saitama, Japan Loss 15–2 Demetrious Johnson Submission (armbar) UFC 186 April 25, 2015 5 4:59 Montreal, Quebec, Canada For the UFC Flyweight Championship. Win 15–1 Louis Gaudinot Decision (unanimous) UFC 182 January 3, 2015 3 5:00 Las Vegas, Nevada, United States Win 14–1 Jon delos Reyes TKO (punches) UFC Fight Night: Hunt vs. Nelson September 20, 2014 1 3:48 Saitama, Japan Win 13–1 Darrell Montague Decision (unanimous) UFC Fight Night: Brown vs. Silva May 10, 2014 3 5:00 Cincinnati, Ohio, United States Flyweight debut. Win 12–1 Dustin Pague TKO (punches) UFC 166 October 19, 2013 2 3:51 Houston, Texas, United States Win 11–1 Shintaro Ishiwatari TKO (punches) Vale Tudo Japan 2nd June 22, 2013 5 0:41 Tokyo, Japan Defended the Shooto Bantamweight Championship. Win 10–1 Hiromasa Ougikubo Submission (rear-naked choke) Shooto: 2nd Round 2013 March 16, 2013 2 1:35 Tokyo, Japan Won the Shooto Bantamweight Championship. Win 9–1 Ian Loveland Decision (unanimous) Vale Tudo Japan 1st December 24, 2012 3 5:00 Tokyo, Japan Win 8–1 Manabu Inoue Decision (unanimous) Shooto: 8th Round July 16, 2012 3 5:00 Tokyo, Japan Win 7–1 Tetsu Suzuki TKO (punches) Shooto: 3rd Round March 10, 2012 1 2:06 Tokyo, Japan Loss 6–1 Masakatsu Ueda Decision (majority) Shooto: Survivor Tournament Final January 8, 2012 3 5:00 Tokyo, Japan Win 6–0 Naohiro Mizuno KO (punches) Shooto: Shootor's Legacy 4 September 23, 2011 2 3:26 Tokyo, Japan Win 5–0 Yuta Nezu KO (punch) Shooto: Shootor's Legacy 3 July 18, 2011 1 3:17 Tokyo, Japan Win 4–0 Takahiro Hosoi TKO (punches) Shooto: Shooto Tradition 2011 April 29, 2011 1 1:06 Tokyo, Japan Win 3–0 Seiji Akao TKO (punches) Shooto: The Rookie Tournament 2010 Final December 18, 2010 2 0:43 Tokyo, Japan Won the Shooto 2010 Rookie Tournament. Win 2–0 Keita Ishibashi TKO (doctor stoppage) Shooto: Gig Tokyo 5 August 7, 2010 1 2:23 Tokyo, Japan Win 1–0 Ranki Kawana Decision (unanimous) Shooto: Kitazawa Shooto Vol. 3 May 9, 2010 2 5:00 Tokyo, Japan Amateur mixed martial arts record Amateur record breakdown 4 matches 4 wins 0 losses By knockout 1 0 By decision 3 0 Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Win 4–0 Sakuma Kenta Decision (unanimous) 6th East Japan Amateur Shooto Open Tournament December 20, 2009 2 3:00 Sagamihara, Japan Won the East Japan Amateur Shooto Tournament. Win 3–0 Kawahara Yu Decision (unanimous) 6th East Japan Amateur Shooto Open Tournament December 20, 2009 1 4:00 Sagamihara, Japan East Japan Amateur Shooto Tournament Semi-finals. Win 2–0 Uoi Mamoru TKO (injury) 6th East Japan Amateur Shooto Open Tournament December 20, 2009 1 0:25 Sagamihara, Japan East Japan Amateur Shooto Tournament Quarter-finals. Win 1–0 Naito Naiki Decision (unanimous) 6th East Japan Amateur Shooto Open Tournament December 20, 2009 1 4:00 Sagamihara, Japan East Japan Amateur Shooto Tournament First Round. Kickboxing record 0 wins (0 KOs), 1 losses Result Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Loss 0–1 Tenshin Nasukawa Decision (unanimous) Rizin 13 September 30, 2018 3 3:00 Saitama, Japan Legend   Win   Loss   Draw/No contest See also List of current Rizin FF fighters List of male mixed martial artists References ^ ""The supernova" The possibility that Kyoji Horiguchi showed in the debut match of UFC". sportsnavi(Japanese HP). Archived from the original on 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2014-05-11. ^ "Kyoji Horiguchi Stops Kai Asakura In RIZIN FF 26 Rematch". lowkickmma.com. 2020-12-31. ^ "Fight Card - UFC Fight Night Barnett vs. Nelson". UFC.com. Retrieved September 27, 2015. ^ "Fight Card - UFC 186 Johnson vs. Horiguchi". UFC.com. Retrieved April 28, 2015. ^ "KRAZY BEE / 12 選手". shooto-mma.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Guy Portman (December 29, 2018). "5 Things You Might Not Know About Kyoji Horiguchi". Sherdog. ^ "Kyoji Horiguchi - Official UFC Fighter Profile". UFC.com. Retrieved January 15, 2015. ^ "Kyoji Horiguchi Smashes Tetsu Suzuki at Shooto 2012 3rd Round". Sherdog. March 10, 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-18. ^ Raphael Garcia (February 21, 2017). "Horiguchi signs with (sic) Rizin Fighting". FanSided.com. Retrieved June 29, 2017. ^ "Kyoji Horiguchi". ufc.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ "堀口 恭司". shooto-mma.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ "「UFCで勝てば億万長者ですよ！」堀口恭司 釣りと格闘技インタビュー". ch.nicovideo.jp. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ a b Sebastian Stein (May 2, 2014). "Japan's Karate Kid: Kyoji Horiguchi". fightland.vice.com. ^ a b c d Blaine Henry (December 23, 2020). "Kyoji Horiguchi: The Inevitable Return". Fight-Library.com. ^ "【修斗】3年連続でクレイジービーから新人王＆MVPが誕生！元世界王者・門脇が矢地に判定勝利". gbring.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ "Kyoji Horiguchi Falls to Ueda". MMA-Japan. Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2012-01-18. ^ Marchand, Dean (16 March 2013). "Bantamweight Prospect Kyoji Horiguchi Captures Gold, Caol Uno Wins at Shooto '2nd Round 2013'". Sherdog. Retrieved 19 March 2013. ^ "【VTJ】修斗vsパンクラス王者対決は堀口が最終ラウンドで劇的KO勝ち". efight.jp. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Staff (2013-09-13). "Kyoji Horiguchi UFC Bound – Faces Dustin Pague At UFC 166". asianmma.com. Archived from the original on 2013-09-20. Retrieved 2013-09-13. ^ "【UFC】山本"KID"徳郁の愛弟子・堀口がKO勝利デビュー". efight.jp. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Staff (2013-11-16). "Kyoji Horiguchi drops to flyweight, meets Chris Cariaso at UFC 169". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2013-11-16. ^ Dann Stupp (2014-01-15). "Kyoji Horiguchi drops off UFC 169 card". MMAjunkie.com. Retrieved 2014-01-15. ^ Dann Stupp (2014-01-15). "Danny Martinez gets call for octagon debut at UFC 169". MMAjunkie.com. Retrieved 2014-01-15. ^ Matt Erickson (2014-02-21). "Horoguchi-Montague added to UFC Fight Night in Cincinnati". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2014-02-21. ^ "【UFC】山本KIDの愛弟子・堀口が2連勝". efight.jp. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Dave Meltzer (2014-06-26). "Akiyama, Yamamoto, Gomi all set to compete on UFC's Sept. 20 show". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 2014-06-26. ^ Staff (2014-07-15). "Champ Demetrious Johnson faces Chris Cariaso at UFC 177". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2014-07-15. ^ Jacob Cooper (2014-08-08). "Kyoji Horiguchi faces Jon Delos Reyes at UFC Fight Night 52". cagepages.com. Retrieved 2014-08-08. ^ Marc Raimondi (2014-10-17). "Flyweight contenders Kyoji Horiguchi, Louis Gaudinot meet at UFC 182". foxsports.com. Retrieved 2014-10-17. ^ "【UFC】堀口がUFC無敗記録を「4」に更新". efight.jp. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Staff (2015-02-10). "Champ Demetrious Johnson vs. Kyoji Horiguchi is UFC 186's new co-main event". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2015-02-10. ^ Alex Schlinsky (2015-04-26). "UFC 186 results: Demetrious Johnson dominates, submits Kyoji Horiguchi in last second of title fight". mmamania.com. Retrieved 2015-04-26. ^ Thomas Gerbasi (2015-08-08). "Mega-Friday Fight Update". UFC.com. Retrieved 2015-08-08. ^ Ben Fowlkes (2014-09-26). "UFC Fight Night 75 results: Kyoji Horiguchi gets decision sweep over Chico Camus". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2014-09-26. ^ Staff (2016-03-23). "Kyoji Horiguchi vs. Neil Seery slated for UFC Fight Night 87 in Rotterdam". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2016-03-23. ^ Steven Marrocco (2016-05-08). "UFC Fight Night 87 results: Ex-title challenger Kyoji Horiguchi takes care of gritty Neil Seery". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2016-05-08. ^ Anton Tabuena (2016-08-16). "Flyweights Kyoji Horiguchi vs Ali Bagautinov added to UFC Manila". bloodyelbow.com. Retrieved 2016-08-16. ^ Staff (2016-10-06). "UFC Fight Night Manila: Lamas vs. Penn to be rescheduled". ufc.com. Retrieved 2016-10-06. ^ Staff (2016-10-06). "After B.J. Penn's withdrawal, UFC cancels next week's UFC Fight Night 97 event in Philippines". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2016-10-06. ^ Ben Kiely (2016-10-13). "UFC Belfast benefits greatly from cancelled Manila event as exciting flyweight bout finds new home". sportsjoe.ie. Retrieved 2016-10-13. ^ Ben Fowlkes (2016-11-19). "UFC Fight Night 99 results: Kyoji Horiguchi sweeps Ali Bagautinov on scorecards". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2016-11-19. ^ Tim Burke (2017-02-17). "Flyweight Kyoji Horiguchi is officially a free agent". bloodyelbow.com. Retrieved 2017-02-17. ^ Cruz, Guilherme. "Kyoji Horiguchi vs. Hideo Tokoro among additions to RIZIN's bantamweight GP". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Breen, Jordan. "Rizin Finalizes Bantamweight GP Bracket; Kyoji Horiguchi Faces Unbeaten Gabriel Oliveira on Dec. 29". sherdog.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ "Rizin FF 8 Highlights: Kyoji Horiguchi Takes Out Gabriel Oliveira". fcfighter.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ "【RIZIN】堀口がバッティングのアクシデント乗り越えケイプに一本勝ち、決勝進出". efight.jp. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Carroll, Peter. "Rizin FF 9 results: Kyoji Horiguchi wins bantamweight GP with one-punch KO". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Chris Nelson (2018-04-22). "Ex-UFC Flyweights Kyoji Horiguchi, Ian McCall Headline Finalized Rizin 10 Fight Card". sherdog.com. Retrieved 2018-04-22. ^ Quiles Jr., Fernando. "Ian McCall on Loss to Kyoji Horiguchi: "It's Really Embarrassing"". mmanews.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Raimondi, Marc (2018-05-16). "Kyoji Horiguchi gets quick turnaround, faces TUF alum Hiromasa Ougikubo at Rizin 11". mmafighting.com. ^ "堀口恭司、扇久保を返り討ちもＫＯできず笑顔なし「やりづらかった」". daily.co.jp. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Fernanda Prates (2018-09-30). "Rizin FF 13 results: Horiguchi edged out by Nasukawa, Prochazka and Cruickshank score violent finishes". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-11-28. ^ Damon Martin (November 29, 2018). "Bellator Champ Darrion Caldwell vs. RIZIN Champ Kyoji Horiguchi Set for RIZIN 14". mmaweekly.com. ^ Doherty, Dan. "Bellator 222 Results: Kyoji Horiguchi More Effective, Wins Bantamweight Title Over Darrion Caldwell". cagesidepress.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ "【アーカイブ動画】1.31『RIZIN.15』記者会見 - RIZIN FIGHTING FEDERATION（ライジン オフィシャルサイト）". jp.rizinff.com (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-01-31. ^ Cunningham, Cillian. "Kyoji Horiguchi Continues Blistering RIZIN Run With First-Round TKO". punditarena.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Guilherme Cruz (July 8, 2019). "Kyoji Horiguchi returns to Rizin for non-title bout in August". mmafighting.com. ^ Carroll, Peter. "RIZIN 18 results and highlights: Kai Asakura stops Kyoji Horiguchi in 67 seconds". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ Peter Carroll (October 12, 2019). "Kyoji Horiguchi vs. Kai Asakura 2 booked for Rizin's New Year's Eve event". mmafighting.com. ^ Nolan King (2019-11-14). "Kyoji Horiguchi withdraws from Rizin FF 20 due to knee injury, subsequently vacates title". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2019-11-14. ^ "Bellator 222: Machida vs. Sonnen". bellator.com. 2019-04-08. Archived from the original on 2019-04-13. Retrieved 2019-04-08. ^ "Scott Coker says Caldwell vs. Horiguchi has rematch clause – in Bellator, not Rizin". bellator.com. 2018-12-12. Retrieved 2019-05-20. ^ Danny Segura (November 27, 2019). "Kyoji Horiguchi relinquishes Bellator bantamweight title due to knee injury". mmajunkie.com. ^ "Kyoji Horiguchi already walking and fishing but won't rush his MMA comeback". asianmma.com. Retrieved 13 November 2020. ^ "Kyoji Horiguchi to rematch Kai Asakura at Rizin 26". asianmma.com. Retrieved 13 November 2020. ^ "RIZIN.26 NYE Results and videos: Kyoji Horiguchi gets revenge, TKOs Asakura early". bloodyelbow.com. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ "Horiguchi signs with Bellator, will keep Rizin title". ESPN.com. 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2021-09-10. ^ Martin, Damon (2021-10-20). "Sergio Pettis defends bantamweight title against Kyoji Horiguchi at Bellator event on Dec. 3". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 2021-10-20. ^ Anderson, Jay (2021-12-04). "Bellator 272: Sergio Pettis Shocks Kyoji Horiguchi with Come From Behind KO". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2021-12-04. ^ "Bellator 278 & 279 to be held in Hawaii, headlined by return of Ilima-Lei Macfarlane, Cyborg title defense, and Bantamweight Grand Prix". KHON2. 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2022-03-09. ^ Anderson, Jay (2022-04-23). "Bellator 279: Patchy Mix Moves Forward in Grand Prix After Decision Win Over Kyoji Horiguchi". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2022-04-24. ^ "ＲＩＺＩＮ．３８で堀口恭司ＶＳ金太郎！萩原京平は鈴木千裕の"ママ活"疑惑で挑発". daily.co.jp. Retrieved 31 August 2022. ^ Cruz, Guilherme (25 September 2022). "RIZIN 28 videos, results: Kyoji Horiguchi sleeps 'Kintaro' with arm-triangle choke". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 26 September 2022. ^ Farah Hannoun (October 26, 2022). "Rizin vs. Bellator New Year's Eve matchups announced: A.J. McKee headlines over Patricio Freire". MMAjunkie.com. ^ Anderson, Jay (2022-12-31). "Bellator MMA vs. RIZIN: Kyoji Horiguchi Sails Past Hiromasa Ougikubo, Goes 3-0 in Career Series". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2022-12-31. ^ "Rizin FF vs. Bellator results: Kyoji Horiguchi dominates Hiromasa Ougikubo to give Team Bellator series win". MMA Junkie. 2022-12-31. Retrieved 2022-12-31. ^ Riggs, Drake (2023-03-08). "Kyoji Horiguchi welcomes Ray Borg to Bellator in April flyweight showdown". MMAmania.com. Retrieved 2023-03-08. ^ "Ray Borg, Keoni Diggs cut from roster after weigh-ins – one day before Bellator 295 in Honolulu". MMA Junkie. 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2023-04-21. ^ Anderson, Jay (2023-05-27). "Bellator X RIZIN 2 Announced with Inaugural Flyweight Title Fight, A.J. McKee vs. Patricky Pitbull Headlines". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2023-05-27. ^ Anderson, Jay (2023-07-30). "Inaugural Bellator Flyweight Title Fight Fizzles After Accidental Eye Poke". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2023-08-04. ^ Nolan King (October 26, 2023). "RIZIN 45 official with Kyoji Horiguchi, John Dodson, Juan Archuelta and more". MMAjunkie.com. ^ "Kyoji Horiguchi Captures Flyweight Title with Second-Round RNC at Rizin FF 45". sherdog.com. ^ Cruz, Guillherme (2024-04-19). "Sergio Pettis vs. Kyoji Horiguchi 2 announced for RIZIN 47 in June". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 2024-04-29. ^ Anderson, Jay (2021-12-04). "Bellator 272: Sergio Pettis Shocks Kyoji Horiguchi with Come From Behind KO". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2021-12-04. ^ https://mmasucka.com/2024/06/08/rizin-47-results-kyoji-horiguchi-vs-sergio-pettis-2/ External links Official website Kyoji Horiguchi at Bellator Kyoji Horiguchi at UFC Professional MMA record for Kyoji Horiguchi from Sherdog Official Shooto profile vteBellator Bantamweight Champions Zach Makovsky Eduardo Dantas Joe Warren (ic) Joe Warren Marcos Galvão Eduardo Dantas (2) Darrion Caldwell Kyoji Horiguchi Juan Archuleta Sergio Pettis (current) Raufeon Stots (ic, current)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"mixed martial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rizin FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizin_Fighting_Federation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Flyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyweight_(MMA)"},{"link_name":"RIZIN Flyweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Flyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"RIZIN Bantamweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Bantamweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Bellator Bantamweight World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bellator_champions#Bantamweight_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Shooto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooto"},{"link_name":"Bantamweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shooto_champions#Bantamweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Utsunomiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsunomiya"},{"link_name":"Tochigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochigi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Kyoji Horiguchi (Japanese: 堀口 恭司, Horiguchi Kyōji, born October 12, 1990) is a Japanese mixed martial artist[8] currently competing in Rizin FF[9] in the Flyweight division, where he is the current RIZIN Flyweight Champion and former RIZIN Bantamweight Championship. He is also the former Bellator Bantamweight World Championship.A professional competitor since 2010, Horiguchi formerly competed in the Ultimate Fighting Championship[10] and is the former Shooto Bantamweight Champion.[11] He graduated from Sakushin Gakuin High School in Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan.[12]","title":"Kyoji Horiguchi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fightlandvice-13"},{"link_name":"PRIDE Fighting Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRIDE_Fighting_Championships"},{"link_name":"mixed martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Norifumi Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norifumi_Yamamoto"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fightlandvice-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blaine_Henry-14"}],"text":"Horiguchi began training in karate at the age of five and was talented, as he soon began competing in full-contact competitions and went on to become a regional champion.[13] At the age of 16, Horiguchi viewed a PRIDE Fighting Championships event and became drawn to mixed martial arts. Horiguchi began training in the sport at Norifumi Yamamoto's Krazy Bee Gym after graduating high school when he was 18 years old.[13] Horiguchi said seeing Yamamoto knockout bigger men was what drew him to the fighter.[14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shooto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooto"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon"},{"link_name":"Masakatsu Ueda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakatsu_Ueda"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hiromasa Ougikubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiromasa_Ougikubo"},{"link_name":"rear-naked choke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear-naked_choke"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Shintaro Ishiwatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintaro_Ishiwatari"},{"link_name":"VTJ 2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_Tudo_Japan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Shooto","text":"Horiguchi made his professional MMA debut in Shooto in 2010, winning a decision over Ranki Kawana. Prior to this, Horiguchi was Bantamweight fighter, Norifumi Yamamoto's sparring partner. Just two fights later he would win the Shooto 2010 Rookie Tournament, finishing Seiji Akao by TKO early in the second round.[15]His biggest victory up to that time would come over the 2009 Rookie Tournament runner-up, Yuta Nezu. Horiguchi's knockout power was on display early, knocking out Nezu in the first round. His nickname is The Typhoon.Horiguchi took on the former Shooto Bantamweight Champion, Masakatsu Ueda on January 8, 2012. Ueda controlled most of the bout with his superior grappling, nearly submitting Horiguchi numerous times. He lost by a majority decision.[16]Horiguchi captured the Shooto Bantamweight Championship on March 16, 2013, when he defeated Hiromasa Ougikubo submitting him in the second round by rear-naked choke.[17]On June 22, Horiguchi fought Pancrase Bantamweight Champion, Shintaro Ishiwatari, at VTJ 2nd, where Horiguchi acted as a Shooto representative. The two engaged in a competitive, back and forth fight. Many outlets had Ishiwatari leading on the scorecards heading into the final round. Horiguchi rallied early in the fifth round, landing a barrage of punches on Ishiwatari to force the stoppage and defend his title.[18]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dustin Pague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Pague"},{"link_name":"UFC 166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_166"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Chris Cariaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cariaso"},{"link_name":"UFC 169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_169"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Darrell Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Montague"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_40"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Chris Cariaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cariaso"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_52"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Demetrious Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrious_Johnson_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"UFC 178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_178"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Louis Gaudinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Gaudinot"},{"link_name":"UFC 182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_182"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Demetrious Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrious_Johnson"},{"link_name":"UFC 186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_186"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Chico Camus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Camus"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_75"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Neil Seery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Seery"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_87"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ali Bagautinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Bagautinov"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_97"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Night 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Night_99"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horiguchi/Bagautinov-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","text":"Horiguchi made his promotional debut against Dustin Pague on October 19, 2013, at UFC 166.[19] He was victorious in his debut, winning the fight via TKO in the second round.[20]Horiguchi was expected to face Chris Cariaso in a Flyweight bout on February 1, 2014, at UFC 169.[21] However, Horiguchi pulled out of the bout citing injury[22] and was replaced by WEC veteran Danny Martinez.[23]Horiguchi faced Darrell Montague on May 10, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 40.[24] He won the fight via unanimous decision.[25]A rescheduled bout with Chris Cariaso was expected to take place on September 20, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 52.[26] However, Cariaso was pulled from the bout with Horiguchi in favor of a matchup with current flyweight champion Demetrious Johnson at UFC 178.[27] Horiguchi instead faced Jon Delos Reyes.[28] He won the fight via TKO in the first round.Horoguchi faced Louis Gaudinot on January 3, 2015, at UFC 182.[29] He won the fight by unanimous decision.[30]Horiguchi faced Flyweight champion Demetrious Johnson on April 25, 2015, in the main event at UFC 186.[31] Despite doing well during the first round, Horiguchi lost the otherwise one-sided fight via an armbar submission at 4:59 of the fifth round, resulting in the latest finish in UFC history.[32]Horiguchi faced Chico Camus at UFC Fight Night 75 on September 27, 2015.[33] He won the fight by unanimous decision.[34]Horiguchi next faced Neil Seery on May 8, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 87.[35] He won the fight via unanimous decision.[36]Horiguchi was expected to face Ali Bagautinov on October 15, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 97.[37] However, the promotion announced on October 6 that they had cancelled the event entirely.[38][39] In turn, the pairing was quickly rescheduled and took place on November 19, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 99.[40] He won the fight via unanimous decision.[41]It was announced on February 17, 2017, that Horiguchi chose not to renew his contract with the UFC.","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RIZIN.14_KYOJI_HORIGUCHI_WALKOUT.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blaine_Henry-14"},{"link_name":"Rizin Fighting Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizin_Fighting_Federation"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Hideo Tokoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Tokoro"},{"link_name":"Rizin 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Rizin_World_Grand_Prix_2017_Opening_Round_-_Part_1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Rizin World Grand Prix 2017: 2nd Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Rizin_World_Grand_Prix_2017:_2nd_Round"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Rizin World Grand Prix 2017: Final Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Rizin_World_Grand_Prix_2017:_2nd_Round"},{"link_name":"Manel Kape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manel_Kape"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Shintaro Ishiwatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintaro_Ishiwatari"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Ian McCall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McCall_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"Rizin 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Rizin_10_-_Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Hiromasa Ougikubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiromasa_Ougikubo"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Tenshin Nasukawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenshin_Nasukawa"},{"link_name":"Rizin 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Rizin_13_-_Saitama"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Darrion Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrion_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"Rizin Bantamweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Bantamweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Rizin 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Rizin_14_-_Saitama"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KyojiHoriguchi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ben Nguyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Nguyen"},{"link_name":"Rizin 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Rizin_15_-_Yokohama"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Rizin 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Rizin_18_-_Nagoya"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Rizin 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Rizin_20_-_Saitama"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Rizin Fighting Federation","text":"Horiguchi making his walkout in Rizin.In joining RIZIN, Horiguchi says he felt more at home and enjoyed the shows RIZIN put on built around him.[14]On April 16, 2017, Horiguchi made his debut in Rizin Fighting Federation, where he defeated Yuki Motoya by unanimous decision.[42]Horiguichi next faced Hideo Tokoro in the first round of the Rizin Bantamweight Grand Prix on July 30, 2017, at Rizin 6.[43] He won the fight via knockout in the first round.Horiguchi competed in the rest of the Bantamweight Grand Prix in December 2017, fighting three times over two days. In the quarter-finals, he faced Gabriel Oliviera on December 29, 2017, at Rizin World Grand Prix 2017: 2nd Round.[44] He won the fight via TKO in the first round.[45] He advanced to the next round, which was held on December 31, 2017, at Rizin World Grand Prix 2017: Final Round. He faced Manel Kape in the semi-finals and won via arm-triangle choke submission in the third round.[46] In the final, he faced Shintaro Ishiwatari and won via knockout early into the second round to become the inaugural RIZIN Bantamweight Champion.[47]Horiguchi faced fellow UFC veteran Ian McCall in the main event at Rizin 10 on May 6, 2018.[48] He defeated McCall just 9 seconds into the first round via KO. This was the second fastest stoppage in Rizin history.[49]After a 9-second knockout victory, Horiguchi made a quick turnaround to face fellow Japanese champion Hiromasa Ougikubo in a long-awaited rematch.[50] Ogikubo, the current Shooto bantamweight champion, had not lost since he last faced Horiguchi in 2013. Horiguchi won the bout via unanimous decision.[51]On September 30, 2018, Horiguchi fought Japanese Kickboxer Tenshin Nasukawa at Rizin 13 under Rizin Kickboxing rules, and lost by unanimous decision.[52]Horiguchi faced the reigning Bellator Bantamweight champion Darrion Caldwell for the vacant Rizin Bantamweight Championship at Rizin 14 on December 31, 2018.[53] He won the fight by submission via a guillotine choke.[54]Horiguchi with Bellator and Rizin belts in 2019.Horiguchi next faced Ben Nguyen in a 132 pound catchweight bout on April 21, 2019, at Rizin 15.[55] He won the fight via TKO in the first round.[56]Horiguchi headlined Rizin 18 on August 18, 2019, against Kai Asakura in a non-title bout.[57] He lost the fight via technical knockout in the first round.[58]Horiguchi was expected to defend his Rizin FF Bantamweight Championship title against Kai Asakura in a rematch at Rizin 20 on December 31, 2019.[59] However, Horiguchi pulled out of the fight in mid-November citing a knee injury that is expected to keep him out of action for approximately 10 – 12 months. In turn, his bantamweight title has been vacated.[60]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darrion Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrion_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"Bellator Bantamweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bellator_MMA_champions"},{"link_name":"Bellator 222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellator_MMA_in_2019#Bellator_222"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Scott Coker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Coker"},{"link_name":"Bellator MMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellator_MMA"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Kai Asakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Asakura"},{"link_name":"Rizin 26 – Saitama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Rizin_26_%E2%80%93_Saitama"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blaine_Henry-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blaine_Henry-14"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Bellator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellator_MMA"},{"link_name":"Rizin Bantamweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Bantamweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Bellator Bantamweight World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bellator_champions#Bantamweight_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Sergio Pettis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Pettis"},{"link_name":"Bellator 272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellator_272"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Bellator Bantamweight World Grand Prix Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_Bellator_MMA#Bellator_Bantamweight_World_Grand_Prix_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Patchy Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patchy_Mix"},{"link_name":"Bellator 279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellator_279"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Bellator MMA","text":"In April 2019, it was announced that Horiguchi would face Darrion Caldwell for the Bellator Bantamweight title on June 14, 2019, at Bellator 222.[61] The pair previously fought in December 2018 in the Rizin promotion with Horiguchi winning by submission. Scott Coker, president of Bellator MMA disclosed to the media that Horiguchi's contract features a rematch clause. Should Horiguchi win the rematch, he will be obligated to defend the Bellator belt once a year.[62] Horiguchi won the bout and title by unanimous decision. However, due to the injury suffered in October 2019, Horiguchi vacated his Bellator Bantamweight championship in late November 2019.[63]After undergoing a successful knee surgery,[64] Horiguchi is set to make his return to mixed martial arts, following a 15 month hiatus from the sport. He rematched Kai Asakura during Rizin 26 – Saitama.[65] Going into the rematch with Asakura, Horiguchi said it was his goal to dispel any rumors about ACL injuries finishing an athlete's career.[14] Horiguchi said he is also feeling almost completely healed leading into the fight. “I’m about 100% recovered. I had to start from zero after the surgery and built back the muscles that have gotten weak. But the hard work and long rehab has paid off and I am back.”[14] Horiguchi won the fight by a first-round TKO.[66]In September 2021, Horiguchi was announced to be a Bellator contracted fighter, however due to longstanding relationship between Bellator and Rizin, Horiguchi will remain the Rizin Bantamweight Champion, and the plan, once COVID travel restrictions ease, is for him to still fight in Japan on occasion.[67]Horiguchi competed for the Bellator Bantamweight World Championship against champion Sergio Pettis on December 3, 2021, at Bellator 272.[68] Despite having controlled most of the bout beforehand, Horiguchi lost the fight via knockout in round four.[69]In the first round bout of the $1 million Bellator Bantamweight World Grand Prix Tournament, Horiguchi faced Patchy Mix on April 23, 2022, at Bellator 279.[70] He lost the bout via unanimous decision.[71]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rizin 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Super_Rizin_&_Rizin_38"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Hiromasa Ougikubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiromasa_Ougikubo"},{"link_name":"Bellator MMA vs. Rizin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellator_MMA_vs._Rizin"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"RIZIN Bantamweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Grand-Prix_Champions"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Ray Borg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Borg"},{"link_name":"Bellator 295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellator_295"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Bellator Flyweight World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bellator_MMA_champions#Flyweight_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Bellator MMA x Rizin 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellator_MMA_x_Rizin_2"},{"link_name":"Makoto \"Shinryu\" Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Takahashi_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Makoto Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Takahashi_(fighter)"},{"link_name":"Rizin 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Rizin_45"},{"link_name":"Rizin Flyweight World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Flyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Sergio Pettis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Pettis"},{"link_name":"RIZIN 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Rizin_47"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Bellator 272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellator_272"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Return to Rizin and Flyweight","text":"Horiguchi faced Yuto Hokamura at Rizin 38 on September 25, 2022.[72] After surviving an early knockdown, Horiguchi won the bout via a technical submission in the second round.[73]Moving down to Flyweight, Horiguchi faced Hiromasa Ougikubo at Bellator MMA vs. Rizin on December 31, 2022.[74] Vacating the RIZIN Bantamweight Championship before the bout as he intends to fight at flyweight going into the future, Horiguchi dominated Ougikubo in his return to flyweight after 5 years on the way to a unanimous decision victory.[75][76]Horiguchi was scheduled to face Ray Borg on April 22, 2023, at Bellator 295.[77] However, the day of the weigh-ins, due to weight-management complications for Borg, the bout was scrapped.[78]Horiguchi next competed for the inaugural Bellator Flyweight World Championship at Bellator MMA x Rizin 2 on July 30, 2023, in Saitama, Japan where he faced Makoto \"Shinryu\" Takahashi.[79] The bout was declared a no contest after Horiguchi accidentally poked Takahashi in the eye which prevented him from continuing.[80]Horiguchi rematched Makoto Takahashi at Rizin 45, on December 31, 2023, this time for the inaugural Rizin Flyweight World Championship,[81] and won the bout via rear-naked choke in the second round.[82]Horiguchi faced Sergio Pettis on June 9, 2024 at RIZIN 47.[83] The pair previously met at Bellator 272 in December 2021, where Pettis defended his Bellator title by fourth round knockout.[84] Horiguchi won the fight via unanimous decision.[85]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rizin Fighting Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizin_Fighting_Federation"},{"link_name":"RIZIN Flyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Flyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"RIZIN Bantamweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Bantamweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"2017 RIZIN Bantamweight Grand Prix Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_Rizin_Fighting_Federation#Rizin_Bantamweight_Grand_Prix_2017_bracket"},{"link_name":"Bellator MMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellator_MMA"},{"link_name":"Bellator Bantamweight World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bellator_champions#Bantamweight_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Shooto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooto"},{"link_name":"Shooto Bantamweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shooto_champions#Bantamweight_Championship"}],"sub_title":"Mixed martial arts","text":"Rizin Fighting Federation\nRIZIN Flyweight Championship (One time, current)\nRIZIN Bantamweight Championship (Two times)\n2017 RIZIN Bantamweight Grand Prix Championship\nBellator MMA\nBellator Bantamweight World Championship (One time)\nShooto \nShooto Bantamweight Championship (One time; former)\nOne successful title defense\nShooto 2010 Rookie Tournament Winner","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed martial arts record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Amateur mixed martial arts record","title":"Mixed martial arts record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kickboxing record"}]
[{"image_text":"Horiguchi making his walkout in Rizin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/RIZIN.14_KYOJI_HORIGUCHI_WALKOUT.jpg/220px-RIZIN.14_KYOJI_HORIGUCHI_WALKOUT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Horiguchi with Bellator and Rizin belts in 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/KyojiHoriguchi.jpg/220px-KyojiHoriguchi.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of current Rizin FF fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Rizin_FF_fighters"},{"title":"List of male mixed martial artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_male_mixed_martial_artists"}]
[{"reference":"\"\"The supernova\" The possibility that Kyoji Horiguchi showed in the debut match of UFC\". sportsnavi(Japanese HP). Archived from the original on 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2014-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141029171607/http://sportsnavi.yahoo.co.jp/sports/fight/all/2013/columndtl/201310210003-spnavi","url_text":"\"\"The supernova\" The possibility that Kyoji Horiguchi showed in the debut match of UFC\""},{"url":"http://sportsnavi.yahoo.co.jp/sports/fight/all/2013/columndtl/201310210003-spnavi","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi Stops Kai Asakura In RIZIN FF 26 Rematch\". lowkickmma.com. 2020-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lowkickmma.com/kyoji-horiguchi-stops-kai-asakura-in-rizin-ff-26-rematch/","url_text":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi Stops Kai Asakura In RIZIN FF 26 Rematch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fight Card - UFC Fight Night Barnett vs. Nelson\". UFC.com. Retrieved September 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ufc.com/event/ufc-fight-night-japan-2015/printFightCard","url_text":"\"Fight Card - UFC Fight Night Barnett vs. Nelson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fight Card - UFC 186 Johnson vs. Horiguchi\". UFC.com. Retrieved April 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ufc.com/event/UFC186/printFightCard","url_text":"\"Fight Card - UFC 186 Johnson vs. Horiguchi\""}]},{"reference":"\"KRAZY BEE / 12 選手\". shooto-mma.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shooto-mma.com/fighters/?pg=fighters&gymid=13","url_text":"\"KRAZY BEE / 12 選手\""}]},{"reference":"Guy Portman (December 29, 2018). \"5 Things You Might Not Know About Kyoji Horiguchi\". Sherdog.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/5-Things-You-Might-Not-Know-About-Kyoji-Horiguchi-147583","url_text":"\"5 Things You Might Not Know About Kyoji Horiguchi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherdog","url_text":"Sherdog"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi - Official UFC Fighter Profile\". UFC.com. Retrieved January 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ufc.com/fighter/Kyoji-Horiguchi","url_text":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi - Official UFC Fighter Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi Smashes Tetsu Suzuki at Shooto 2012 3rd Round\". Sherdog. March 10, 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Kyoji-Horiguchi-Smashes-Tetsu-Suzuki-at-Shooto-2012-3rd-Round-41009","url_text":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi Smashes Tetsu Suzuki at Shooto 2012 3rd Round\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherdog","url_text":"Sherdog"}]},{"reference":"Raphael Garcia (February 21, 2017). \"Horiguchi signs with (sic) Rizin Fighting\". 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ESPN.com. 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2021-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/32179458/kyoji-horiguchi-signs-bellator-remain-rizin-bantamweight-champion","url_text":"\"Horiguchi signs with Bellator, will keep Rizin title\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Damon (2021-10-20). \"Sergio Pettis defends bantamweight title against Kyoji Horiguchi at Bellator event on Dec. 3\". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 2021-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/10/20/22736552/sergio-pettis-defends-bantamweight-title-against-kyoji-horiguchi-at-bellator-event-on-dec-3","url_text":"\"Sergio Pettis defends bantamweight title against Kyoji Horiguchi at Bellator event on Dec. 3\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jay (2021-12-04). \"Bellator 272: Sergio Pettis Shocks Kyoji Horiguchi with Come From Behind KO\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2021-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2021/12/04/bellator-272-kyoji-horiguchi-vs-sergio-pettis/","url_text":"\"Bellator 272: Sergio Pettis Shocks Kyoji Horiguchi with Come From Behind KO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bellator 278 & 279 to be held in Hawaii, headlined by return of Ilima-Lei Macfarlane, Cyborg title defense, and Bantamweight Grand Prix\". KHON2. 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2022-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khon2.com/sports/bellator-278-279-to-be-held-in-hawaii-headlined-by-return-of-ilima-lei-macfarlane-cyborg-title-defense-and-bantamweight-grand-prix/","url_text":"\"Bellator 278 & 279 to be held in Hawaii, headlined by return of Ilima-Lei Macfarlane, Cyborg title defense, and Bantamweight Grand Prix\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jay (2022-04-23). \"Bellator 279: Patchy Mix Moves Forward in Grand Prix After Decision Win Over Kyoji Horiguchi\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2022-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/04/23/bellator-279-patchy-mix-vs-kyoji-horiguchi/","url_text":"\"Bellator 279: Patchy Mix Moves Forward in Grand Prix After Decision Win Over Kyoji Horiguchi\""}]},{"reference":"\"ＲＩＺＩＮ．３８で堀口恭司ＶＳ金太郎！萩原京平は鈴木千裕の\"ママ活\"疑惑で挑発\". daily.co.jp. Retrieved 31 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daily.co.jp/ring/2022/08/31/0015598638.shtml","url_text":"\"ＲＩＺＩＮ．３８で堀口恭司ＶＳ金太郎！萩原京平は鈴木千裕の\"ママ活\"疑惑で挑発\""}]},{"reference":"Cruz, Guilherme (25 September 2022). \"RIZIN 28 videos, results: Kyoji Horiguchi sleeps 'Kintaro' with arm-triangle choke\". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 26 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/9/25/23371034/rizin-28-videos-results-kyoji-horiguchi-sleeps-yuto-hokamura-kintaro-arm-triangle-choke","url_text":"\"RIZIN 28 videos, results: Kyoji Horiguchi sleeps 'Kintaro' with arm-triangle choke\""}]},{"reference":"Farah Hannoun (October 26, 2022). \"Rizin vs. Bellator New Year's Eve matchups announced: A.J. McKee headlines over Patricio Freire\". MMAjunkie.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/10/rizin-vs-bellator-new-years-eve-matchups-announced-aj-mckee-headlines-patricio-pitbull-freire","url_text":"\"Rizin vs. Bellator New Year's Eve matchups announced: A.J. McKee headlines over Patricio Freire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMAjunkie.com","url_text":"MMAjunkie.com"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jay (2022-12-31). \"Bellator MMA vs. RIZIN: Kyoji Horiguchi Sails Past Hiromasa Ougikubo, Goes 3-0 in Career Series\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2022-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/12/31/bellator-mma-vs-rizin-kyoji-horiguchi-vs-hiromasa-ougikubo/","url_text":"\"Bellator MMA vs. RIZIN: Kyoji Horiguchi Sails Past Hiromasa Ougikubo, Goes 3-0 in Career Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rizin FF vs. Bellator results: Kyoji Horiguchi dominates Hiromasa Ougikubo to give Team Bellator series win\". MMA Junkie. 2022-12-31. Retrieved 2022-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/12/rizin-ff-vs-bellator-results-kyoji-horiguchi-dominates-hiromasa-ougikubo-give-team-bellator-series-win","url_text":"\"Rizin FF vs. Bellator results: Kyoji Horiguchi dominates Hiromasa Ougikubo to give Team Bellator series win\""}]},{"reference":"Riggs, Drake (2023-03-08). \"Kyoji Horiguchi welcomes Ray Borg to Bellator in April flyweight showdown\". MMAmania.com. Retrieved 2023-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmamania.com/2023/3/8/23630072/kyoji-horiguchi-welcomes-ray-borg-to-bellator-in-april-flyweight-showdown-mma","url_text":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi welcomes Ray Borg to Bellator in April flyweight showdown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ray Borg, Keoni Diggs cut from roster after weigh-ins – one day before Bellator 295 in Honolulu\". MMA Junkie. 2023-04-21. Retrieved 2023-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2023/04/ray-borg-keoni-diggs-cut-from-roster-after-weigh-ins-one-day-before-bellator-295-in-honolulu","url_text":"\"Ray Borg, Keoni Diggs cut from roster after weigh-ins – one day before Bellator 295 in Honolulu\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jay (2023-05-27). \"Bellator X RIZIN 2 Announced with Inaugural Flyweight Title Fight, A.J. McKee vs. Patricky Pitbull Headlines\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2023-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2023/05/27/bellator-x-rizin-2-announced-july-30-saitama-j-mckee-vs-patricky-pitbull-headlines/","url_text":"\"Bellator X RIZIN 2 Announced with Inaugural Flyweight Title Fight, A.J. McKee vs. Patricky Pitbull Headlines\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jay (2023-07-30). \"Inaugural Bellator Flyweight Title Fight Fizzles After Accidental Eye Poke\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2023-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2023/07/30/bellator-x-rizin-kyoji-horiguchi-vs-makoto-shinryu/","url_text":"\"Inaugural Bellator Flyweight Title Fight Fizzles After Accidental Eye Poke\""}]},{"reference":"Nolan King (October 26, 2023). \"RIZIN 45 official with Kyoji Horiguchi, John Dodson, Juan Archuelta and more\". MMAjunkie.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2023/10/rizin-45-fight-card-kyoji-horiguchi-john-dodson-juan-archuleta","url_text":"\"RIZIN 45 official with Kyoji Horiguchi, John Dodson, Juan Archuelta and more\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMAjunkie.com","url_text":"MMAjunkie.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi Captures Flyweight Title with Second-Round RNC at Rizin FF 45\". sherdog.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Kyoji-Horiguchi-Captures-Flyweight-Title-with-SecondRound-RNC-at-Rizin-FF-45-192149","url_text":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi Captures Flyweight Title with Second-Round RNC at Rizin FF 45\""}]},{"reference":"Cruz, Guillherme (2024-04-19). \"Sergio Pettis vs. Kyoji Horiguchi 2 announced for RIZIN 47 in June\". MMA Fighting. Retrieved 2024-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2024/4/19/24134747/sergio-pettis-kyoji-horiguchi-kleber-koike-juan-archuleta-announced-rizin-47","url_text":"\"Sergio Pettis vs. Kyoji Horiguchi 2 announced for RIZIN 47 in June\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jay (2021-12-04). \"Bellator 272: Sergio Pettis Shocks Kyoji Horiguchi with Come From Behind KO\". Cageside Press. Retrieved 2021-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://cagesidepress.com/2021/12/04/bellator-272-kyoji-horiguchi-vs-sergio-pettis/","url_text":"\"Bellator 272: Sergio Pettis Shocks Kyoji Horiguchi with Come From Behind KO\""}]}]
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Fighting\""},{"Link":"https://www.ufc.com/athlete/kyoji-horiguchi","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi\""},{"Link":"http://www.shooto-mma.com/fighters/?id=185","external_links_name":"\"堀口 恭司\""},{"Link":"https://ch.nicovideo.jp/dropkick/blomaga/ar400063","external_links_name":"\"「UFCで勝てば億万長者ですよ！」堀口恭司 釣りと格闘技インタビュー\""},{"Link":"http://fightland.vice.com/blog/japans-karate-kid-kyoji-horiguchi","external_links_name":"\"Japan's Karate Kid: Kyoji Horiguchi\""},{"Link":"http://fight-library.com/2020/12/23/kyoji-horiguchi-the-inevitable-return/","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi: The Inevitable Return\""},{"Link":"https://gbring.com/sokuho/result/result2010_12/1218_shooto.htm","external_links_name":"\"【修斗】3年連続でクレイジービーから新人王＆MVPが誕生！元世界王者・門脇が矢地に判定勝利\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120319220113/http://mma-japan.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:kyoji-horiguchi-falls-to-ueda-full-video-included&catid=52:shooto&Itemid=95","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi Falls to Ueda\""},{"Link":"http://mma-japan.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:kyoji-horiguchi-falls-to-ueda-full-video-included&catid=52:shooto&Itemid=95","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Bantamweight-Prospect-Kyoji-Horiguchi-Captures-Gold-Caol-Uno-Wins-at-Shooto-2nd-Round-2013-50959","external_links_name":"\"Bantamweight Prospect Kyoji Horiguchi Captures Gold, Caol Uno Wins at Shooto '2nd Round 2013'\""},{"Link":"https://efight.jp/result-20130622_18742","external_links_name":"\"【VTJ】修斗vsパンクラス王者対決は堀口が最終ラウンドで劇的KO勝ち\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130920080945/http://www.asianmma.com/?p=7415","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi UFC Bound – Faces Dustin Pague At UFC 166\""},{"Link":"http://www.asianmma.com/?p=7415","external_links_name":"the 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rescheduled\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2016/10/after-b-j-penns-withdrawal-ufc-cancels-next-weeks-ufc-fight-night-97-event-in-philippines","external_links_name":"\"After B.J. Penn's withdrawal, UFC cancels next week's UFC Fight Night 97 event in Philippines\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportsjoe.ie/mma/ufc-belfast-benefits-greatly-cancelled-manila-event-exciting-flyweight-bout-finds-new-home/98867","external_links_name":"\"UFC Belfast benefits greatly from cancelled Manila event as exciting flyweight bout finds new home\""},{"Link":"http://mmajunkie.com/2016/11/ufc-fight-night-99-results-kyoji-horiguchi-sweeps-ali-bagautinov-on-scorecards","external_links_name":"\"UFC Fight Night 99 results: Kyoji Horiguchi sweeps Ali Bagautinov on scorecards\""},{"Link":"http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2017/2/17/14655314/ufc-flyweight-kyoji-horiguchi-free-agent-rizin-mma-news","external_links_name":"\"Flyweight Kyoji Horiguchi is officially a free agent\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2017/5/24/15684786/kyoji-horiguchi-hideo-tokoro-additions-rizin-bantamweight-gp-mma","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi vs. Hideo Tokoro among additions to RIZIN's bantamweight GP\""},{"Link":"https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Rizin-Finalizes-Bantamweight-GP-Bracket-Kyoji-Horiguchi-Faces-Unbeaten-Gabriel-Oliveira-on-Dec-29-128609","external_links_name":"\"Rizin Finalizes Bantamweight GP Bracket; Kyoji Horiguchi Faces Unbeaten Gabriel Oliveira on Dec. 29\""},{"Link":"http://fcfighter.com/rizin-ff-8-highlights-kyoji-horiguchi-takes-out-gabriel-oliveira/","external_links_name":"\"Rizin FF 8 Highlights: Kyoji Horiguchi Takes Out Gabriel Oliveira\""},{"Link":"https://efight.jp/result_s-20171231_276653","external_links_name":"\"【RIZIN】堀口がバッティングのアクシデント乗り越えケイプに一本勝ち、決勝進出\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2017/12/31/16835250/rizin-ff-9-results-kyoji-horiguchi-wins-bantamweight-gp-with-one-punch-ko","external_links_name":"\"Rizin FF 9 results: Kyoji Horiguchi wins bantamweight GP with one-punch KO\""},{"Link":"http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/ExUFC-Flyweights-Kyoji-Horiguchi-Ian-McCall-Headline-Finalized-Rizin-10-Fight-Card-135481","external_links_name":"\"Ex-UFC Flyweights Kyoji Horiguchi, Ian McCall Headline Finalized Rizin 10 Fight Card\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmanews.com/2018/05/ian-mccall-kyoji-horiguchi-embarrassing/","external_links_name":"\"Ian McCall on Loss to Kyoji Horiguchi: \"It's Really Embarrassing\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/5/16/17359788/kyoji-horiguchi-gets-quick-turnaround-faces-tuf-alum-hiromasa-ogikubo-at-rizin-11","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi gets quick turnaround, faces TUF alum Hiromasa Ougikubo at Rizin 11\""},{"Link":"https://www.daily.co.jp/ring/2018/07/29/0011492909.shtml","external_links_name":"\"堀口恭司、扇久保を返り討ちもＫＯできず笑顔なし「やりづらかった」\""},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.com/2018/09/rizin-ff-13-results-kyogi-horiguchi-edged-out-by-tenshin-nasukawa-prochazka-cruickshank-mma","external_links_name":"\"Rizin FF 13 results: Horiguchi edged out by Nasukawa, Prochazka and Cruickshank score violent finishes\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmaweekly.com/bellator-champ-darrion-caldwell-vs-rizin-champ-kyoji-horiguchi-set-for-rizin-14","external_links_name":"\"Bellator Champ Darrion Caldwell vs. RIZIN Champ Kyoji Horiguchi Set for RIZIN 14\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2019/06/14/bellator-222-results-kyoji-horiguchi/","external_links_name":"\"Bellator 222 Results: Kyoji Horiguchi More Effective, Wins Bantamweight Title Over Darrion Caldwell\""},{"Link":"http://jp.rizinff.com/_ct/17246838","external_links_name":"\"【アーカイブ動画】1.31『RIZIN.15』記者会見 - RIZIN FIGHTING FEDERATION（ライジン オフィシャルサイト）\""},{"Link":"https://punditarena.com/mma/ccunningham/kyoji-horiguchi-tkos-ben-nguyen/","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi Continues Blistering RIZIN Run With First-Round TKO\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/7/8/20685998/kyoji-horiguchi-rizin-non-title-fight-august","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi returns to Rizin for non-title bout in August\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/8/18/20810830/rizin-18-results-and-highlights-kai-asakura-stops-kyoji-horiguchi-in-67-seconds","external_links_name":"\"RIZIN 18 results and highlights: Kai Asakura stops Kyoji Horiguchi in 67 seconds\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/10/12/20911025/kyoji-horiguchi-vs-kai-asakura-2-booked-for-rizins-new-years-eve-event","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi vs. Kai Asakura 2 booked for Rizin's New Year's Eve event\""},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/11/kyoji-horiguchi-withdraws-from-rizin-ff-20-due-to-knee-injury-subsequently-vacates-title","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi withdraws from Rizin FF 20 due to knee injury, subsequently vacates title\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190413225956/http://www.bellator.com/events/ja5yfg/bellator-222-machida-vs-sonnen","external_links_name":"\"Bellator 222: Machida vs. Sonnen\""},{"Link":"http://www.bellator.com/events/ja5yfg/bellator-222-machida-vs-sonnen","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.com/2018/12/scott-coker-says-caldwell-vs-horiguchi-has-rematch-clause-in-bellator-not-rizin","external_links_name":"\"Scott Coker says Caldwell vs. Horiguchi has rematch clause – in Bellator, not Rizin\""},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/11/kyoji-horiguchi-relinquishes-bellator-bantamweight-title-knee-injury","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi relinquishes Bellator bantamweight title due to knee injury\""},{"Link":"https://asianmma.com/kyoji-horiguchi-already-walking-and-fishing-but-wont-rush-his-mma-comeback/","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi already walking and fishing but won't rush his MMA comeback\""},{"Link":"https://asianmma.com/kyoji-horiguchi-to-rematch-kai-asakura-at-rizin-26/","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi to rematch Kai Asakura at Rizin 26\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2020/12/31/22207837/rizin-26-nye-results-and-videos-kyoji-horiguchi-gets-revenge-tkos-asakura-early","external_links_name":"\"RIZIN.26 NYE Results and videos: Kyoji Horiguchi gets revenge, TKOs Asakura early\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/32179458/kyoji-horiguchi-signs-bellator-remain-rizin-bantamweight-champion","external_links_name":"\"Horiguchi signs with Bellator, will keep Rizin title\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/10/20/22736552/sergio-pettis-defends-bantamweight-title-against-kyoji-horiguchi-at-bellator-event-on-dec-3","external_links_name":"\"Sergio Pettis defends bantamweight title against Kyoji Horiguchi at Bellator event on Dec. 3\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2021/12/04/bellator-272-kyoji-horiguchi-vs-sergio-pettis/","external_links_name":"\"Bellator 272: Sergio Pettis Shocks Kyoji Horiguchi with Come From Behind KO\""},{"Link":"https://www.khon2.com/sports/bellator-278-279-to-be-held-in-hawaii-headlined-by-return-of-ilima-lei-macfarlane-cyborg-title-defense-and-bantamweight-grand-prix/","external_links_name":"\"Bellator 278 & 279 to be held in Hawaii, headlined by return of Ilima-Lei Macfarlane, Cyborg title defense, and Bantamweight Grand Prix\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/04/23/bellator-279-patchy-mix-vs-kyoji-horiguchi/","external_links_name":"\"Bellator 279: Patchy Mix Moves Forward in Grand Prix After Decision Win Over Kyoji Horiguchi\""},{"Link":"https://www.daily.co.jp/ring/2022/08/31/0015598638.shtml","external_links_name":"\"ＲＩＺＩＮ．３８で堀口恭司ＶＳ金太郎！萩原京平は鈴木千裕の\"ママ活\"疑惑で挑発\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/9/25/23371034/rizin-28-videos-results-kyoji-horiguchi-sleeps-yuto-hokamura-kintaro-arm-triangle-choke","external_links_name":"\"RIZIN 28 videos, results: Kyoji Horiguchi sleeps 'Kintaro' with arm-triangle choke\""},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/10/rizin-vs-bellator-new-years-eve-matchups-announced-aj-mckee-headlines-patricio-pitbull-freire","external_links_name":"\"Rizin vs. Bellator New Year's Eve matchups announced: A.J. McKee headlines over Patricio Freire\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2022/12/31/bellator-mma-vs-rizin-kyoji-horiguchi-vs-hiromasa-ougikubo/","external_links_name":"\"Bellator MMA vs. RIZIN: Kyoji Horiguchi Sails Past Hiromasa Ougikubo, Goes 3-0 in Career Series\""},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/12/rizin-ff-vs-bellator-results-kyoji-horiguchi-dominates-hiromasa-ougikubo-give-team-bellator-series-win","external_links_name":"\"Rizin FF vs. Bellator results: Kyoji Horiguchi dominates Hiromasa Ougikubo to give Team Bellator series win\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmamania.com/2023/3/8/23630072/kyoji-horiguchi-welcomes-ray-borg-to-bellator-in-april-flyweight-showdown-mma","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi welcomes Ray Borg to Bellator in April flyweight showdown\""},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2023/04/ray-borg-keoni-diggs-cut-from-roster-after-weigh-ins-one-day-before-bellator-295-in-honolulu","external_links_name":"\"Ray Borg, Keoni Diggs cut from roster after weigh-ins – one day before Bellator 295 in Honolulu\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2023/05/27/bellator-x-rizin-2-announced-july-30-saitama-j-mckee-vs-patricky-pitbull-headlines/","external_links_name":"\"Bellator X RIZIN 2 Announced with Inaugural Flyweight Title Fight, A.J. McKee vs. Patricky Pitbull Headlines\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2023/07/30/bellator-x-rizin-kyoji-horiguchi-vs-makoto-shinryu/","external_links_name":"\"Inaugural Bellator Flyweight Title Fight Fizzles After Accidental Eye Poke\""},{"Link":"https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2023/10/rizin-45-fight-card-kyoji-horiguchi-john-dodson-juan-archuleta","external_links_name":"\"RIZIN 45 official with Kyoji Horiguchi, John Dodson, Juan Archuelta and more\""},{"Link":"https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Kyoji-Horiguchi-Captures-Flyweight-Title-with-SecondRound-RNC-at-Rizin-FF-45-192149","external_links_name":"\"Kyoji Horiguchi Captures Flyweight Title with Second-Round RNC at Rizin FF 45\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmafighting.com/2024/4/19/24134747/sergio-pettis-kyoji-horiguchi-kleber-koike-juan-archuleta-announced-rizin-47","external_links_name":"\"Sergio Pettis vs. Kyoji Horiguchi 2 announced for RIZIN 47 in June\""},{"Link":"https://cagesidepress.com/2021/12/04/bellator-272-kyoji-horiguchi-vs-sergio-pettis/","external_links_name":"\"Bellator 272: Sergio Pettis Shocks Kyoji Horiguchi with Come From Behind KO\""},{"Link":"https://mmasucka.com/2024/06/08/rizin-47-results-kyoji-horiguchi-vs-sergio-pettis-2/","external_links_name":"https://mmasucka.com/2024/06/08/rizin-47-results-kyoji-horiguchi-vs-sergio-pettis-2/"},{"Link":"https://kyoji-horiguchi.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.bellator.com/fighter/2156","external_links_name":"Kyoji Horiguchi"},{"Link":"https://www.ufc.com/athlete/kyoji-horiguchi","external_links_name":"Kyoji Horiguchi"},{"Link":"http://www.sherdog.com/fightfinder/fightfinder.asp?fighterID=64413","external_links_name":"Professional MMA record for Kyoji Horiguchi"},{"Link":"http://www.x-shooto.jp/profile/n/neduy.html","external_links_name":"Official Shooto profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_in_the_Park_2012
T in the Park 2012
["1 Tickets","2 Line-up","3 Incidents","4 See also","5 References"]
Music festival in Scotland T in the ParkDates6–8 July 2012Location(s)Balado, ScotlandYears active1994 - presentWebsitehttp://tinthepark.com/ T in the Park 2012 was a three-day music festival which took place from 6–8 July 2012 in Balado, Kinross. The Stone Roses were announced as the first headline act on 8 November 2011, appearing on Saturday 7 July 2012. Snow Patrol and Kasabian were later confirmed to also be headlining on Friday 6 July and Sunday 8 July respectively. This year marks the first time all three days of the festival will have an equal capacity, after councillors granted a request to raise Friday's capacity by 10,000. This approval brings Friday in line with the festivals 85,000 capacity previously restricted to Saturday and Sunday. Tickets Similar to previous years, early-bird tickets were released within days of the conclusion of the 2011 event, on 12 July 2011. Tickets remained on sale until the following Sunday. The second release of tickets went on sale at 9 am on 2 December 2011, selling out within hours of release. The final release of tickets went on sale on 29 February 2012 at 9 am. Tickets eventually sold out during the final days before the festival. The Stone Roses were announced as the first headline act on 8 November, three weeks before the second release tickets went on sale. On 30 November, Vodafone customers who were signed up to the "Vodafone VIP" site were granted access to a pre-sale. The next day, T-Lady subscribers and past festival goers were also given access to the pre-sale. The second release tickets, equivalent to half of the venues capacity, went on sale to the general public on 2 December at 9 am, hours later allocation was exhausted. Festival director, Geoff Ellis said that he was "delighted by the response from fans" and also noted that he "can’t wait to see everyone at Balado next year." Later he said: "The response to The Stone Roses announcement has been fantastic and the rest of the bill is shaping up nicely - we can’t wait until February to share it with the best audience in the world." On 10 December 2011, Geoff Ellis stated that "There will probably be an announcement on the headliners early in the new year." In an interview by Express.co.uk, he confirmed that there would be an announcement coming soon as they had just managed to increase the festival's first day capacity by 10,000 - which brings Friday inline with the capacity allowed on Saturday and Sunday, he noted this would increase the festivals opportunity to draw a bigger headliner for the Friday night. Early in 2012, it was announced the third and final ticket release would go on sale on 29 February 2012. On 21 February 2012, one week before the final release of tickets, 9 acts were revealed via the T in the Park official Twitter account. The acts announced were: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds, Florence + The Machine, The Maccabees, The Horrors, Simple Minds, Miles Kane, The Vaccines, Maverick Sabre, Frank Turner and Two Door Cinema Club. Another announcement on 23 February revealed the remaining two headlining acts, Snow Patrol and Kasabian. Other acts revealed at the same time included Jessie J, David Guetta, The Enemy, Kaiser Chiefs, Amy Macdonald Nicki Minaj, The Darkness, Calvin Harris, Skrillex and Elbow. Line-up The Stone Roses were announced as the first headline act on 8 November 2011. On 21 February 2012, one week before the final release of tickets, 9 acts were revealed via the T in the Park official Twitter account. The acts announced were: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds, Florence + The Machine, The Maccabees, The Horrors, Miles Kane, The Vaccines, Maverick Sabre, Frank Turner and Two Door Cinema Club. Another announcement on 23 February revealed the remaining two headlining acts, Snow Patrol and Kasabian. Other acts revealed at the same time included Jessie J, David Guetta, Kaiser Chiefs, The Darkness, Calvin Harris, Skrillex and Elbow. Swedish house Mafia were also added to the line-up, making it their last appearance in Scotland before they split up. As usual, T in the Park continue to reveal more acts as the event nears. On 23 April the lineup poster was updated, some new additions included Hilltop Hoods and Fun., however Mastodon disappeared from the lineup, leading to speculation they have cancelled their appearance (this speculation was officially confirmed on 24 April). On 27 April, Keane were added to the lineup. On 1 May, Sub Focus was added to the Saturday lineup. As of 1 May 2012 a total of 110 acts have been announced, in contrast 171 acts completed the T in the Park 2011 lineup. Main Stage Friday 6 July Saturday 7 July Sunday 8 July Snow Patrol 22:20-23:50 Florence and the Machine 20:35-21:50 Example 19:05-20:05 Kaiser Chiefs 17:45-18:35 The Darkness 16:30-17:15 The Stone Roses 22:20-23:50 Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds 20:30-21:40 Jessie J 19:10-20:00 The Vaccines 17:50-18:40 Simple Minds 16:35-17:20 Emeli Sandé 15:25-16:05 The Wailers 14:20-14:55 Shed Seven 13:15-13:50 The View 12:20-12:50 Kasabian 21:20-22:50 Elbow 19:30-20:45 Chase and Status 18:00-19:00 Keane 16:40-17:30 Bombay Bicycle Club 15:25-16:10 James Morrison 14:15-14:55 Twin Atlantic 13:10-13:45 McFly 12:10-12:40 Nicola Benedetti 11:55-12:10 Radio 1/NME Stage Friday Saturday Sunday Tinie Tempah 22:35-23:50 Professor Green 21:15-22:05 Olly Murs 20:00-20:45 The Temper Trap 18:30-19:30 Feeder (CANCELLED) 17:30-18:15 Hilltop Hoods 16:30-17:00 David Guetta 22:15-23:50 Two Door Cinema Club 20:45-21:45 The Courteeners 19:25-20:15 Enter Shikari 18:05-18:55 Rizzle Kicks 16:50-17:35 Dappy 15:40-16:20 Devlin 14:30-15:10 Stooshe 13:30-14:00 Cover Drive 12:30-13:00 Swedish House Mafia 20:50-22:50 Nicki Minaj 19:15-20:20 Happy Mondays 17:45-18:45 Frank Turner and The Sleeping Souls 16:30-17:15 Maverick Sabre 15:20-16:00 Rita Ora 14:25-14:50 The Subways 13:20-13:55 The Brilliant Things 12:20-12:50 King Tut's Wah Wah Tent Friday Saturday Sunday New Order 22:20-23:50 The Cribs 21:00-21:50 Miike Snow 19:40-20:30 Labrinth 18:25-19:10 Cher Lloyd 17:25-17:55 Dot Rotten 16:30-17:00 Calvin Harris 22:20-23:50 Amy MacDonald 20:50-21:50 The Maccabees 19:20-20:20 Ben Howard 18:00-18:50 J. Cole 16:45-17:30 Alabama Shakes 15:35-16:15 Childish Gambino 14:40-15:10 Flux Pavilion 13:45-14:15 Blood Red Shoes 12:50-13:20 alt-J 12:00-12:25 Skrillex 21:25-22:25 Nero 19:40-20:55 The Enemy 18:15-19:10 Miles Kane 17:00-17:45 The Wanted 15:50-16:30 Christina Perri 14:45-15:20 Fun 13:45-14:15 The Coronas 12:50-13:20 The Original Rudeboys 12:00-12:25 Slam Tent Friday Saturday Sunday Sven Väth 21:00-00:00 Slam 16:30-21:00 Skream feat SGT Pokes 22:45-00:00 Benga (Live) 21:45-22:45 Erol Alkan 20:30-21:45 Major Lazer (live) 19:30-20:30 Fake Blood 18:15-19:30 Jack Beats 17:15-18:15 Crookers 16:00-17:15 DJ Yoda 14:45-16:00 Clouds 13:30-14:45 Teengirl Fantasy 13:00-13:30 Ben Martin (High Sheen) 12:00-13:00 Orbital (Live) 21:45-23:00 Len Faki 20:30-21:45 Joris Voorn 19:15-20:30 Dubfire 18:00-19:15 Simian Mobile Disco 17:00-18:00 Maya Jane Coles 15:45-17:00 Pan-Pot 14:30-15:45 Paul Kalkbrenner 13:30-14:30 Gary Beck 12:45-13:30 Hans Bouffmyhre 12:00-12:45 Transmission Stage Friday Saturday Sunday The Blackout 22:40-23:50 The Brian Jonestown Massacre 21:20-21:10 Pulled Apart by Horses 20:05-20:50 Tribes 18:45-19:35 The Jezabels 17:45-18:15 The Parlotones 16:45-17:15 Sub Focus 22:00-22:30 Boom Monk Ben 21:10-21:40 We Were Promised Jetpacks 20:20-20:50 We Are Augustines 18:45-19:25 Benjamin Francis Leftwich 17:40-18:15 Ren Harvieu 16:35-17:10 Django Django 15:35-16:05 Jake Bugg 14:35-15:05 Here We Go Magic 13:45-14:10 Dawes 12:55-13:20 Lonsdale Boys Club 12:05-12:30 The Horrors 21:40-22:50 Reverend and the Makers 20:20-21:10 Band of Skulls 19:00-19:50 Bellowhead 17:45-18:30 Little Roy 16:45-17:15 Spector 15:45-16:15 Josh Osho 14:45-15:15 Howler 13:45-14:15 Milk 12:50-13:20 Zulu Winter 12:00-12:25 T Break Stage Friday Saturday Sunday Crusades 23:00-23:50 Nevada Base 22:10-22:40 Bwani Junction 21:20-21:50 Organs Of Love 20:30-21:00 King Charles 19:40-20:10 The Mirror Trap 18:50-19:20 Davey Horne 18:00-18:30 Hares 17:10-17:40 Roman Nose 22:00-22:30 Black Canvas <vr> 21:10-21:40 The Machine Room 20:20-20:50 Mull Historical Society 19:15-20:00 Sunday Herald Band 18:40-18:55 The Minutes 17:50-18:20 Carly Connor 17:00-17:30 Broken Hands 16:10-16:40 Vukovi 15:20-15:50 Nikki Garnett 14:30-15:00 Bacchanal Party 13:40-14:10 Brown Bear & The Bandits 12:50-13:20 Randolph's Leap 12:00-12:30 Teklo 22:00-22:30 Capitals 21:10-21:40 ANDERSON McGrinty WEBSTER Ward and FISHER 20:20-20:50 The Birthday Suit 19:30-20:00 Dry The River 18:40-19:10 Dog Is Dead 17:50-18:20 The IMagineers 17:00-17:30 The Beautiful Word 16:10-16:40 Lawson 15:20-15:50 The Chevin 14:30-15:00 Chris Devotion and The Expectations 13:40-14:10 Open Swimmer 12:50-13:20 Beer Jacket 12:00-12:30 BBC Introducing Stage Friday Saturday Sunday Nina Nesbitt 20:00-20:25 Hector Bizerk 19:15-19:40 We Could Be Astronauts 18:30-18:55 Damgroove 17:45-18:10 Fatherson 17:00-17:25 United Fruit 16:15-16:40 Spring Offensive 15:30-15:55 Elro 14:45-15:10 La Shark 14:00-14:25 Courts 13:15-13:45 Woodenbox 12:30-12:55 Admiral Fallow 19:15-19:40 Oxygen Thief 18:30-18:55 Miaoux Miaoux 17:45-18:10 Vigo Thieves 17:00-17:25 More Than Conquerors 16:15-16:40 Changing Horses 15:30-15:55 Laki Mera 14:45-15:10 Weird Shapes 14:00-14:25 Chutes 13:15-13:40 Swami Baracus 12:30-12:55 Cancelled acts were Mastodon Pete Doherty Feeder Incidents In April two men were arrested for selling counterfeit "VIP wristbands" for T in the Park, after police were alerted the bands, were being sold through social networking sites for over £200. Det Insp David Perrit said: "This fraud will undoubtedly be a real shock for music fans who thought they were buying a genuine wristband for this year's festival. We believe there may be more people who have been scammed by these two men, so I am asking anyone who has bought one of these bands to please contact police. These bands do not look anything like the genuine article so, if you have bought one or been given one, please do not go to Balado or try to get access to the festival, as site security are aware of these bands and you will not get into any part of the site. Please do not even risk it." The number of arrests were 30 with 271 incidents also being reported, mostly for drug-related offences. Superintendent Rick Dunkerley acknowledged a small increase in the number of reported crimes but said: "It has been another outstanding weekend and, while crimes are up on last year, this is due to the proactive work of our police officers and the stewards working alongside them." 12 people were taken to Perth Sheriff Court, who were handed out over £4,000 in fines to revellers caught with drugs In October it was released over £25,000 worth of drugs were recovered by Tayside police during the festival See also List of music festivals in the United Kingdom References ^ "News Story". Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2015. ^ "The Courier - Extra 10,000 music fans invited to enjoy T in the Park". Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012. ^ "News Story". Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2011. ^ "News Story". Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012. ^ "News - News Articles 2014". T in the Park. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2014. ^ "T in the Park 2012 Tickets on Sale Tomorrow". P in the Dark. 2 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014. ^ "T in the Park 2012 Christmas early-bird tickets sell out | Music". Entertainment. Retrieved 20 June 2014. ^ "Geoff Confirms "Next announcement will be early 2012"". P in the Dark. 2 December 2011. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014. ^ "Home - Festival". T in the Park. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2014. ^ "News Story". Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2015. ^ "News Story". Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2015. ^ "T in the Park 2012 : Line up". Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2012. ^ "Two men arrested over T in the Park counterfeit wristbands". BBC News. 25 April 2012. ^ "Two men in court over T in the Park wristband scam". 25 April 2012. ^ "Man charged after fans pay £900 for fake T in the Park VIP passes | Dundee & Tayside | News". news.stv.tv. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. ^ "Praise for T in the Park fans despite increase in crime". BBC News. 9 July 2012. ^ "Sheriff fines T in the Park revellers caught with drugs". BBC News. 4 September 2012. ^ "Police seize £25k of drugs at T in the Park music festival". 20 October 2012. ^ "Oil worker caught with cocaine at T in Park festival fined £1350 | Dundee & Tayside | News | STV". news.stv.tv. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. vteT in the Park DF Concerts MCD Productions Events 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Related articles Oxegen Glasgow Summer Sessions The Edge Festival King Tut's Wah Wah Hut TRNSMT
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_festival"},{"link_name":"The Stone Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Roses"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"T in the Park 2012 was a three-day music festival which took place from 6–8 July 2012 in Balado, Kinross. The Stone Roses were announced as the first headline act on 8 November 2011, appearing on Saturday 7 July 2012.[1] Snow Patrol and Kasabian were later confirmed to also be headlining on Friday 6 July and Sunday 8 July respectively. This year marks the first time all three days of the festival will have an equal capacity, after councillors granted a request to raise Friday's capacity by 10,000. This approval brings Friday in line with the festivals 85,000 capacity previously restricted to Saturday and Sunday.[2]","title":"T in the Park 2012"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Stone Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Roses"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Gallagher%27s_High_Flying_Birds"},{"link_name":"Florence + The Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_%2B_The_Machine"},{"link_name":"The Maccabees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maccabees_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Horrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horrors"},{"link_name":"Simple Minds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Minds"},{"link_name":"Miles Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Kane"},{"link_name":"The Vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vaccines"},{"link_name":"Maverick Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_Sabre"},{"link_name":"Frank Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Turner"},{"link_name":"Two Door Cinema Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Door_Cinema_Club"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Snow Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Kasabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasabian"},{"link_name":"Jessie J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_J"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"The Enemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enemy_(UK_rock_band)"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Amy Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Macdonald"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"The Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Darkness_(band)"},{"link_name":"Calvin Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Harris"},{"link_name":"Skrillex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrillex"},{"link_name":"Elbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow_(band)"}],"text":"Similar to previous years, early-bird tickets were released within days of the conclusion of the 2011 event, on 12 July 2011. Tickets remained on sale until the following Sunday. The second release of tickets went on sale at 9 am on 2 December 2011, selling out within hours of release.[3] The final release of tickets went on sale on 29 February 2012 at 9 am.[4] Tickets eventually sold out during the final days before the festival.The Stone Roses were announced as the first headline act on 8 November, three weeks before the second release tickets went on sale.[5] On 30 November, Vodafone customers who were signed up to the \"Vodafone VIP\" site were granted access to a pre-sale. The next day, T-Lady subscribers and past festival goers were also given access to the pre-sale. The second release tickets, equivalent to half of the venues capacity, went on sale to the general public on 2 December at 9 am, hours later allocation was exhausted.\n[6]\nFestival director, Geoff Ellis said that he was \"delighted by the response from fans\" and also noted that he \"can’t wait to see everyone at Balado next year.\"Later he said: \"The response to The Stone Roses announcement has been fantastic and the rest of the bill is shaping up nicely - we can’t wait until February to share it with the best audience in the world.\"\n[7]\nOn 10 December 2011, Geoff Ellis stated that \"There will probably be an announcement on the headliners early in the new year.\" In an interview by Express.co.uk, he confirmed that there would be an announcement coming soon as they had just managed to increase the festival's first day capacity by 10,000 - which brings Friday inline with the capacity allowed on Saturday and Sunday, he noted this would increase the festivals opportunity to draw a bigger headliner for the Friday night.\n[8] Early in 2012, it was announced the third and final ticket release would go on sale on 29 February 2012. On 21 February 2012, one week before the final release of tickets, 9 acts were revealed via the T in the Park official Twitter account. The acts announced were: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds, Florence + The Machine, The Maccabees, The Horrors, Simple Minds, Miles Kane, The Vaccines, Maverick Sabre, Frank Turner and Two Door Cinema Club.[9] Another announcement on 23 February revealed the remaining two headlining acts, Snow Patrol and Kasabian. Other acts revealed at the same time included Jessie J, David Guetta, The Enemy, Kaiser Chiefs, Amy Macdonald Nicki Minaj, The Darkness, Calvin Harris, Skrillex and Elbow.","title":"Tickets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Stone Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Roses"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Gallagher%27s_High_Flying_Birds"},{"link_name":"Florence + The Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_%2B_The_Machine"},{"link_name":"The Maccabees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maccabees_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Horrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horrors"},{"link_name":"Miles Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Kane"},{"link_name":"The Vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vaccines"},{"link_name":"Maverick Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_Sabre"},{"link_name":"Frank Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Turner"},{"link_name":"Two Door Cinema Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Door_Cinema_Club"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Snow Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Kasabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasabian"},{"link_name":"Jessie J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_J"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"The Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Darkness_(band)"},{"link_name":"Calvin Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Harris"},{"link_name":"Skrillex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrillex"},{"link_name":"Elbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow_(band)"},{"link_name":"T in the Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_in_the_Park"},{"link_name":"Hilltop Hoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilltop_Hoods"},{"link_name":"Fun.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun."},{"link_name":"Mastodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sub Focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Focus"},{"link_name":"T in the Park 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_in_the_Park_2011"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mastodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon_(band)"},{"link_name":"Pete Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Doherty"},{"link_name":"Feeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeder_(band)"}],"text":"The Stone Roses were announced as the first headline act on 8 November 2011.[10] On 21 February 2012, one week before the final release of tickets, 9 acts were revealed via the T in the Park official Twitter account. The acts announced were: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds, Florence + The Machine, The Maccabees, The Horrors, Miles Kane, The Vaccines, Maverick Sabre, Frank Turner and Two Door Cinema Club.[11] Another announcement on 23 February revealed the remaining two headlining acts, Snow Patrol and Kasabian. Other acts revealed at the same time included Jessie J, David Guetta, Kaiser Chiefs, The Darkness, Calvin Harris, Skrillex and Elbow. Swedish house Mafia were also added to the line-up, making it their last appearance in Scotland before they split up. As usual, T in the Park continue to reveal more acts as the event nears. On 23 April the lineup poster was updated, some new additions included Hilltop Hoods and Fun., however Mastodon disappeared from the lineup, leading to speculation they have cancelled their appearance (this speculation was officially confirmed on 24 April). On 27 April, Keane were added to the lineup. On 1 May, Sub Focus was added to the Saturday lineup. As of 1 May 2012 a total of 110 acts have been announced, in contrast 171 acts completed the T in the Park 2011 lineup.[12]Cancelled acts wereMastodon\nPete Doherty\nFeeder","title":"Line-up"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In April two men were arrested for selling counterfeit \"VIP wristbands\" for T in the Park, after police were alerted the bands, were being sold through social networking sites for over £200. Det Insp David Perrit said: \"This fraud will undoubtedly be a real shock for music fans who thought they were buying a genuine wristband for this year's festival. We believe there may be more people who have been scammed by these two men, so I am asking anyone who has bought one of these bands to please contact police. These bands do not look anything like the genuine article so, if you have bought one or been given one, please do not go to Balado or try to get access to the festival, as site security are aware of these bands and you will not get into any part of the site. Please do not even risk it.\"[13][14][15]The number of arrests were 30 with 271 incidents also being reported, mostly for drug-related offences. Superintendent Rick Dunkerley acknowledged a small increase in the number of reported crimes but said: \"It has been another outstanding weekend and, while crimes are up on last year, this is due to the proactive work of our police officers and the stewards working alongside them.\"[16]12 people were taken to Perth Sheriff Court, who were handed out over £4,000 in fines to revellers caught with drugs[17] In October it was released over £25,000 worth of drugs were recovered by Tayside police during the festival[18][19]","title":"Incidents"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of music festivals in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_the_United_Kingdom"}]
[{"reference":"\"News Story\". Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120404025718/http://www.tinthepark.com/content/default.asp?page=s14_1&newsid=2061&back=home","url_text":"\"News Story\""},{"url":"http://www.tinthepark.com/content/default.asp?page=s14_1&newsid=2061&back=home","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Courier - Extra 10,000 music fans invited to enjoy T in the Park\". Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509095859/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/Living/Music/article/19598/extra-10-000-music-fans-invited-to-enjoy-t-in-the-park.html","url_text":"\"The Courier - Extra 10,000 music fans invited to enjoy T in the Park\""},{"url":"http://www.thecourier.co.uk/Living/Music/article/19598/extra-10-000-music-fans-invited-to-enjoy-t-in-the-park.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News Story\". Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120108074009/http://www.tinthepark.com/content/default.asp?page=s14_1&newsid=2063&back=home","url_text":"\"News Story\""},{"url":"http://www.tinthepark.com/content/default.asp?page=s14_1&newsid=2063&back=home","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News Story\". Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111160534/http://www.tinthepark.com/content/default.asp?page=s14_1&newsid=2059&back=home","url_text":"\"News Story\""},{"url":"http://www.tinthepark.com/content/default.asp?page=s14_1&newsid=2059&back=home","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News - News Articles 2014\". T in the Park. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120404025718/http://www.tinthepark.com/content/default.asp?page=s14_1&newsid=2061&back=home","url_text":"\"News - News Articles 2014\""},{"url":"http://www.tinthepark.com/content/default.asp?page=s14_1&newsid=2061&back=home","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"T in the Park 2012 Tickets on Sale Tomorrow\". P in the Dark. 2 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140827171541/http://www.pinthedark.co.uk/blog/t-in-the-park-2012-tickets-on-sale-tomorrow","url_text":"\"T in the Park 2012 Tickets on Sale Tomorrow\""},{"url":"http://www.pinthedark.co.uk/blog/t-in-the-park-2012-tickets-on-sale-tomorrow","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"T in the Park 2012 Christmas early-bird tickets sell out | Music\". Entertainment. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Baker_(disambiguation)
Roy Baker
[]
Roy Baker may refer to: Roy Baker (footballer) (born 1954), English association football player Bullet Baker (Roy Marlon Baker, 1901–1961), American football player Roy Thomas Baker (born 1946), British music producer Roy Ward Baker (1916–2010), British film director, also credited as Roy Baker Roy Baker (politician) (born 1945), American politician from Nebraska Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Roy_Baker&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_Hallam-Peel
Queen Charlotte's Ball
["1 History","2 21st-century revival","3 In popular culture","4 References"]
English debutante ball Debutantes being presented in 1860 at court The Queen Charlotte's Ball is an annual British debutante ball. The ball was founded in 1780 by George III as a birthday celebration in honour of his wife, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, for whom the ball is named. The Queen Charlotte's Ball originally served as a fundraiser for the Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital. The annual ball continued after Queen Charlotte's death in 1818, but was criticised by the British royal family in the 1950s and 1960s and folded in 1976. It was revived in the 21st century by Jennie Hallam-Peel, a former debutante, who shifted its focus from entering high society to teaching business skills, networking, and etiquette, and fundraising for charities. Debutantes being presented curtsey to a large birthday cake in honour of Queen Charlotte. History Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, by Thomas Gainsborough The Queen Charlotte's Ball is named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The first ball was hosted in 1780 by Charlotte's husband, King George III, in honour of her birthday. The Queen stood next to a giant birthday cake and debutantes curtseyed to her. Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz funded a London women's hospital, later named the Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, with funds raised from the ball. The ball, which continued to take place annually in celebration of the queen's birthday, became the premier debutante ball of the London Season. After Queen Charlotte's death in 1818, the ball continued to be hosted by the British sovereign and consort. Young women from noble and gentry families were presented as debutantes to the royal court. After being presented at court, debutantes were allowed to partake in all the exclusive social diversions of high society: attending parties, balls, and horse races, and being eligible for marriage. Debutantes presented at Queen Charlotte's Ball would curtsey to the reigning sovereign as he or she stood beside a large birthday cake. In the late 1950s the Duke of Edinburgh referred to the ball as "bloody daft" and insisted that it no longer be held at Buckingham Palace. Princess Margaret reportedly disapproved of the ball (she is said to have complained that: "Every tart in London is getting in"), particularly that candidates were bribing former debutantes to sponsor them, as a sponsorship was required in order to participate. In 1958 Elizabeth II announced she would no longer have debutantes presented at court. In the 1960s and 1970s the participation in debutante balls around the United Kingdom dropped, leading to the Queen Charlotte's Ball folding in 1976. 21st-century revival The Queen Charlotte's Ball was revived in the early 21st century by Jennie Hallam-Peel, a former debutante, who works as an attorney and runs a company called The London Season. Peter Townend, social editor of Tatler, reportedly asked Hallam-Peel to "keep the Season alive" prior to his death in 2001. She began touring London's elite private day schools and selecting students as debutante recruits. The modern ball's focus shifted from entering high society to teaching business skills, networking, etiquette, and fundraising for charities. While originally exclusive to members of the British nobility and gentry, the ball now includes debutantes from the British upper middle class and from foreign countries. Many debutantes are from Eastern Europe and Asia. Debutantes are required to be preparing for or already enrolled at a university. The debutantes are also required to partake in the traditional London season, including the Henley Royal Regatta, Royal Ascot, and the Glyndebourne Festival Opera. They are trained in etiquette that involves protocol and diplomacy, foreign orders of precedence and the orders of precedence in the United Kingdom, seating arrangements, invitations, gifts, titles and forms of address, flag protocol, honours and decorations, and ranks of the British peerage. The ball, no longer hosted by the monarch, is officially hosted by John Seymour, 19th Duke of Somerset and Judith-Rose, Duchess of Somerset with Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia and Princess Olga Andreevna Romanoff serving as royal patrons. Murray Beauclerk, 14th Duke of St Albans; Gillian Beauclerk, Duchess of St Albans; Sir David O'Grady Roche, 5th Baronet; and The Honourable Lady Roche have also served as hosts for the ball and Prince Nawab Mohsin Ali Khan has served as a royal patron. Rather than curtsey to a monarch, the debutantes curtsey to the birthday cake itself. Each year one debutante is selected as "Debutante of the Year" and she cuts the cake with a ceremonial sword. Since its revival, the ball has been hosted at Dartmouth House, Leeds Castle, Kensington Palace, and the Royal Courts of Justice. The Queen Charlotte's Ball partnered with the Shanghai International Debutante Ball to organize its events from 2012 until 2016. In popular culture Fiona MacCarthy wrote about her experiences as one of the last 1,400 debutantes to be presented at court in her 2006 book Last Curtsey: The End of the Debutantes. The Queen Charlotte's ball has also been referenced and depicted in film and television. Stephen Poliakoff's television mini-series Summer of Rockets, set during the Cold War, features a leading character's daughter attending the ball reluctantly, creating a minor scene by refusing to curtsey to the cake as expected. The 1958 American comedy The Reluctant Debutante is about a young American woman making her debut in the London season. The ball is depicted in the 2010 British drama series Upstairs Downstairs, when the character Lady Persephone Towyn moved from Wales to London to be presented as a debutante. The Ball is featured in the series Downton Abbey (Season 4 Special) when the Crawleys visit London for cousin Rose's coming out. The ball is featured in the 2020 Netflix original series Bridgerton. In the 2016 series The Crown, the ball is included in a list of recommendations made to Queen Elizabeth II of things to cancel, by Lord Altrincham in 1957. References ^ Dries, Kate (30 October 2013). "Gawk at the Opulence of the Fanciest Debutante Ball Ever". Jezebel. Univision Communications. Retrieved 22 March 2019. ^ a b c d UK, Alison Millington, Business Insider. "Inside Queen Charlotte's Ball, the glamorous, Champagne-filled event for affluent debutantes from around the world". Business Insider. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b c d e f g Smith, Julia Llewellyn (1 September 2013). "Why today's 'debutantes' are having a ball again" – via www.telegraph.co.uk. ^ Ryan, Thomas; Queen Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital (London, England) (22 March 1885). "The history of Queen Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital: From its foundation in 1752 to the present time, with an account of its objects and present state". – via Internet Archive. ^ "In pictures: Debutantes at Queen Charlotte's Ball". 30 October 2013 – via www.telegraph.co.uk. ^ a b Buchanan, Daisy (30 October 2013). "Prince Philip called debutante balls 'bloody daft' – yet posh is the new pop". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com. ^ a b Reisz, Matthew J (22 September 2011). "Fiona MacCarthy: The last debutante". The Independent. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ a b c Reid, Rebecca (10 September 2018). "Meet the girls who are coming out as debutantes, in 2018". Metro. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ "The London Season - Queen Charlotte's Ball". The London Season. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ a b Duan, Noël (4 December 2017). "I am a daughter of the Chinese Cultural Revolution and I was a European debutante". Quartzy. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ "David Hallam-Peel, Author at The London Season". The London Season. Retrieved 18 January 2023. ^ Hodges, Michael (26 June 2019). "Summer of Rockets creator's real-life childhood inspired the BBC Cold War drama". Radio Times. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ Variety Staff (1 January 1958). "The Reluctant Debutante". Variety. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ "Upstairs Downstairs – Claire Foy plays Lady Persephone Towyn". BBC. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ Carpenter, Julie (24 November 2010). "The return of Upstairs, Downstairs". Express.co.uk. ^ Park, Andrea (30 December 2020). "What 'Bridgerton' Got Right About Queen Charlotte". Marie Claire. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ Hallemann, Caroline (16 November 2020). "How Lord Altrincham Changed the Monarchy Forever". Town & Country. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
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The Queen Charlotte's Ball originally served as a fundraiser for the Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital. The annual ball continued after Queen Charlotte's death in 1818, but was criticised by the British royal family in the 1950s and 1960s and folded in 1976.It was revived in the 21st century by Jennie Hallam-Peel, a former debutante, who shifted its focus from entering high society to teaching business skills, networking, and etiquette, and fundraising for charities. Debutantes being presented curtsey to a large birthday cake in honour of Queen Charlotte.","title":"Queen Charlotte's Ball"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charlotte_gainsborough.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough"},{"link_name":"Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-business-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Charlotte%27s_and_Chelsea_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-business-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"London Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_(society)#Social_season_of_London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"British sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs"},{"link_name":"consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nobility"},{"link_name":"gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landed_gentry"},{"link_name":"royal court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_St_James%27s"},{"link_name":"high society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_society_(social_class)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-6"},{"link_name":"Princess Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metro-8"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"}],"text":"Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, by Thomas GainsboroughThe Queen Charlotte's Ball is named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The first ball was hosted in 1780 by Charlotte's husband, King George III, in honour of her birthday.[1][2] The Queen stood next to a giant birthday cake and debutantes curtseyed to her.[3] Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz funded a London women's hospital, later named the Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, with funds raised from the ball.[2][4] The ball, which continued to take place annually in celebration of the queen's birthday, became the premier debutante ball of the London Season.[5]After Queen Charlotte's death in 1818, the ball continued to be hosted by the British sovereign and consort. Young women from noble and gentry families were presented as debutantes to the royal court. After being presented at court, debutantes were allowed to partake in all the exclusive social diversions of high society: attending parties, balls, and horse races, and being eligible for marriage. Debutantes presented at Queen Charlotte's Ball would curtsey to the reigning sovereign as he or she stood beside a large birthday cake.[3]In the late 1950s the Duke of Edinburgh referred to the ball as \"bloody daft\" and insisted that it no longer be held at Buckingham Palace.[6] Princess Margaret reportedly disapproved of the ball (she is said to have complained that: \"Every tart in London is getting in\"), particularly that candidates were bribing former debutantes to sponsor them, as a sponsorship was required in order to participate.[7][8] In 1958 Elizabeth II announced she would no longer have debutantes presented at court. In the 1960s and 1970s the participation in debutante balls around the United Kingdom dropped, leading to the Queen Charlotte's Ball folding in 1976.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Peter Townend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Townend_(editor)"},{"link_name":"Tatler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"upper middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom#Upper_middle_class"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metro-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"Henley Royal Regatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta"},{"link_name":"Royal Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ascot"},{"link_name":"Glyndebourne Festival Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festival_Opera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"foreign orders of precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_precedence"},{"link_name":"orders of precedence in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"titles and forms of address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"honours and decorations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"British peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metro-8"},{"link_name":"John Seymour, 19th Duke of Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Seymour,_19th_Duke_of_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Katarina_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Princess Olga Andreevna Romanoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Olga_Andreevna_Romanoff"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qz-10"},{"link_name":"Murray Beauclerk, 14th Duke of St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Beauclerk,_14th_Duke_of_St_Albans"},{"link_name":"The Honourable Lady Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Roche,_Lady_Roche"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-business-2"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_House"},{"link_name":"Leeds Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Castle"},{"link_name":"Kensington Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Palace"},{"link_name":"Royal Courts of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-business-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qz-10"}],"text":"The Queen Charlotte's Ball was revived in the early 21st century by Jennie Hallam-Peel, a former debutante, who works as an attorney and runs a company called The London Season.[9] Peter Townend, social editor of Tatler, reportedly asked Hallam-Peel to \"keep the Season alive\" prior to his death in 2001. She began touring London's elite private day schools and selecting students as debutante recruits.[3]The modern ball's focus shifted from entering high society to teaching business skills, networking, etiquette, and fundraising for charities. While originally exclusive to members of the British nobility and gentry, the ball now includes debutantes from the British upper middle class and from foreign countries. Many debutantes are from Eastern Europe and Asia.[8] Debutantes are required to be preparing for or already enrolled at a university.[3] The debutantes are also required to partake in the traditional London season, including the Henley Royal Regatta, Royal Ascot, and the Glyndebourne Festival Opera.[3] They are trained in etiquette that involves protocol and diplomacy, foreign orders of precedence and the orders of precedence in the United Kingdom, seating arrangements, invitations, gifts, titles and forms of address, flag protocol, honours and decorations, and ranks of the British peerage.[8]The ball, no longer hosted by the monarch, is officially hosted by John Seymour, 19th Duke of Somerset and Judith-Rose, Duchess of Somerset with Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia and Princess Olga Andreevna Romanoff serving as royal patrons.[3][10] Murray Beauclerk, 14th Duke of St Albans; Gillian Beauclerk, Duchess of St Albans; Sir David O'Grady Roche, 5th Baronet; and The Honourable Lady Roche have also served as hosts for the ball and Prince Nawab Mohsin Ali Khan has served as a royal patron.[11]Rather than curtsey to a monarch, the debutantes curtsey to the birthday cake itself.[citation needed] Each year one debutante is selected as \"Debutante of the Year\" and she cuts the cake with a ceremonial sword.[2]Since its revival, the ball has been hosted at Dartmouth House, Leeds Castle, Kensington Palace, and the Royal Courts of Justice.[2][6]The Queen Charlotte's Ball partnered with the Shanghai International Debutante Ball to organize its events from 2012 until 2016.[10]","title":"21st-century revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiona MacCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_MacCarthy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-7"},{"link_name":"Stephen Poliakoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Poliakoff"},{"link_name":"mini-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-series"},{"link_name":"Summer of Rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_of_Rockets"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Reluctant Debutante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reluctant_Debutante_(film)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Upstairs Downstairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstairs_Downstairs_(2010_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Downton Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Bridgerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgerton"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lord Altrincham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grigg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Fiona MacCarthy wrote about her experiences as one of the last 1,400 debutantes to be presented at court in her 2006 book Last Curtsey: The End of the Debutantes.[7]The Queen Charlotte's ball has also been referenced and depicted in film and television.Stephen Poliakoff's television mini-series Summer of Rockets, set during the Cold War, features a leading character's daughter attending the ball reluctantly, creating a minor scene by refusing to curtsey to the cake as expected.[12]\nThe 1958 American comedy The Reluctant Debutante is about a young American woman making her debut in the London season.[13]\nThe ball is depicted in the 2010 British drama series Upstairs Downstairs, when the character Lady Persephone Towyn moved from Wales to London to be presented as a debutante.[14][15]\nThe Ball is featured in the series Downton Abbey (Season 4 Special) when the Crawleys visit London for cousin Rose's coming out.\nThe ball is featured in the 2020 Netflix original series Bridgerton.[16]\nIn the 2016 series The Crown, the ball is included in a list of recommendations made to Queen Elizabeth II of things to cancel, by Lord Altrincham in 1957.[17]","title":"In popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"Debutantes being presented in 1860 at court","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Drawingroom-ceremony-of-presentations-31-Mar-1860.jpg/300px-Drawingroom-ceremony-of-presentations-31-Mar-1860.jpg"},{"image_text":"Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, by Thomas Gainsborough","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charlotte_gainsborough.jpg/280px-Charlotte_gainsborough.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Dries, Kate (30 October 2013). \"Gawk at the Opulence of the Fanciest Debutante Ball Ever\". Jezebel. Univision Communications. Retrieved 22 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://jezebel.com/gawk-at-the-opulence-of-the-fanciest-debutante-ball-eve-1454829209","url_text":"\"Gawk at the Opulence of the Fanciest Debutante Ball Ever\""}]},{"reference":"UK, Alison Millington, Business Insider. \"Inside Queen Charlotte's Ball, the glamorous, Champagne-filled event for affluent debutantes from around the world\". Business Insider.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-queen-charlottes-ball-2017-for-affluent-debutantes-2017-9","url_text":"\"Inside Queen Charlotte's Ball, the glamorous, Champagne-filled event for affluent debutantes from around the world\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Julia Llewellyn (1 September 2013). \"Why today's 'debutantes' are having a ball again\" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/10277991/Why-todays-debutantes-are-having-a-ball-again.html","url_text":"\"Why today's 'debutantes' are having a ball again\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Thomas; Queen Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital (London, England) (22 March 1885). \"The history of Queen Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital: From its foundation in 1752 to the present time, with an account of its objects and present state\". [London: The Hospital] – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofqueench00ryan","url_text":"\"The history of Queen Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital: From its foundation in 1752 to the present time, with an account of its objects and present state\""}]},{"reference":"\"In pictures: Debutantes at Queen Charlotte's Ball\". 30 October 2013 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/uknews/10414066/In-pictures-Debutantes-at-Queen-Charlottes-Ball.html","url_text":"\"In pictures: Debutantes at Queen Charlotte's Ball\""}]},{"reference":"Buchanan, Daisy (30 October 2013). \"Prince Philip called debutante balls 'bloody daft' – yet posh is the new pop\". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/30/posh-pop-debutante-ball-inequality","url_text":"\"Prince Philip called debutante balls 'bloody daft' – yet posh is the new pop\""}]},{"reference":"Reisz, Matthew J (22 September 2011). \"Fiona MacCarthy: The last debutante\". The Independent. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/fiona-maccarthy-the-last-debutante-418834.html","url_text":"\"Fiona MacCarthy: The last debutante\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Reid, Rebecca (10 September 2018). \"Meet the girls who are coming out as debutantes, in 2018\". Metro. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.co.uk/2018/09/10/met-the-girls-who-are-coming-out-as-debutantes-in-2018-7930757/","url_text":"\"Meet the girls who are coming out as debutantes, in 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"The London Season - Queen Charlotte's Ball\". The London Season. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://thelondonseason.org/","url_text":"\"The London Season - Queen Charlotte's Ball\""}]},{"reference":"Duan, Noël (4 December 2017). \"I am a daughter of the Chinese Cultural Revolution and I was a European debutante\". Quartzy. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://qz.com/quartzy/1145563/i-am-a-daughter-of-the-chinese-cultural-revolution-and-i-was-an-european-debutante/","url_text":"\"I am a daughter of the Chinese Cultural Revolution and I was a European debutante\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Hallam-Peel, Author at The London Season\". The London Season. Retrieved 18 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thelondonseason.org/author/raver/","url_text":"\"David Hallam-Peel, Author at The London Season\""}]},{"reference":"Hodges, Michael (26 June 2019). \"Summer of Rockets creator's real-life childhood inspired the BBC Cold War drama\". Radio Times. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/summer-of-rockets-stephen-poliakoff-real-life-history/","url_text":"\"Summer of Rockets creator's real-life childhood inspired the BBC Cold War drama\""}]},{"reference":"Variety Staff (1 January 1958). \"The Reluctant Debutante\". Variety. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1957/film/reviews/the-reluctant-debutante-1200418990/","url_text":"\"The Reluctant Debutante\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Upstairs Downstairs – Claire Foy plays Lady Persephone Towyn\". BBC. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2010/11_november/22/upstairs_downstairs7.shtml","url_text":"\"Upstairs Downstairs – Claire Foy plays Lady Persephone Towyn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Carpenter, Julie (24 November 2010). \"The return of Upstairs, Downstairs\". Express.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.express.co.uk/expressyourself/213371/The-return-of-Upstairs-Downstairs","url_text":"\"The return of Upstairs, Downstairs\""}]},{"reference":"Park, Andrea (30 December 2020). \"What 'Bridgerton' Got Right About Queen Charlotte\". Marie Claire. Retrieved 4 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/a35092348/queen-charlotte-bridgerton-true-story/","url_text":"\"What 'Bridgerton' Got Right About Queen Charlotte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Claire","url_text":"Marie Claire"}]},{"reference":"Hallemann, Caroline (16 November 2020). \"How Lord Altrincham Changed the Monarchy Forever\". Town & Country. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a14273687/lord-altrincham-john-grigg-role-british-history/","url_text":"\"How Lord Altrincham Changed the Monarchy Forever\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://jezebel.com/gawk-at-the-opulence-of-the-fanciest-debutante-ball-eve-1454829209","external_links_name":"\"Gawk at the Opulence of the Fanciest Debutante Ball Ever\""},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-queen-charlottes-ball-2017-for-affluent-debutantes-2017-9","external_links_name":"\"Inside Queen Charlotte's Ball, the glamorous, Champagne-filled event for affluent debutantes from around the world\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/10277991/Why-todays-debutantes-are-having-a-ball-again.html","external_links_name":"\"Why today's 'debutantes' are having a ball again\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofqueench00ryan","external_links_name":"\"The history of Queen Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital: From its foundation in 1752 to the present time, with an account of its objects and present state\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/uknews/10414066/In-pictures-Debutantes-at-Queen-Charlottes-Ball.html","external_links_name":"\"In pictures: Debutantes at Queen Charlotte's Ball\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/30/posh-pop-debutante-ball-inequality","external_links_name":"\"Prince Philip called debutante balls 'bloody daft' – yet posh is the new pop\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/fiona-maccarthy-the-last-debutante-418834.html","external_links_name":"\"Fiona MacCarthy: The last debutante\""},{"Link":"https://metro.co.uk/2018/09/10/met-the-girls-who-are-coming-out-as-debutantes-in-2018-7930757/","external_links_name":"\"Meet the girls who are coming out as debutantes, in 2018\""},{"Link":"http://thelondonseason.org/","external_links_name":"\"The London Season - Queen Charlotte's Ball\""},{"Link":"https://qz.com/quartzy/1145563/i-am-a-daughter-of-the-chinese-cultural-revolution-and-i-was-an-european-debutante/","external_links_name":"\"I am a daughter of the Chinese Cultural Revolution and I was a European debutante\""},{"Link":"https://thelondonseason.org/author/raver/","external_links_name":"\"David Hallam-Peel, Author at The London Season\""},{"Link":"https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/summer-of-rockets-stephen-poliakoff-real-life-history/","external_links_name":"\"Summer of Rockets creator's real-life childhood inspired the BBC Cold War drama\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/1957/film/reviews/the-reluctant-debutante-1200418990/","external_links_name":"\"The Reluctant Debutante\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2010/11_november/22/upstairs_downstairs7.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Upstairs Downstairs – Claire Foy plays Lady Persephone Towyn\""},{"Link":"https://www.express.co.uk/expressyourself/213371/The-return-of-Upstairs-Downstairs","external_links_name":"\"The return of Upstairs, Downstairs\""},{"Link":"https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/a35092348/queen-charlotte-bridgerton-true-story/","external_links_name":"\"What 'Bridgerton' Got Right About Queen Charlotte\""},{"Link":"https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a14273687/lord-altrincham-john-grigg-role-british-history/","external_links_name":"\"How Lord Altrincham Changed the Monarchy Forever\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlautenheide
Verlautenheide
["1 History","2 Notable persons","3 Societies","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°47′47″N 6°9′20″E / 50.79639°N 6.15556°E / 50.79639; 6.15556This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of Aachen in North Rhine-Westphalia, GermanyVerlautenheide Part of Aachen Location of Verlautenheide Verlautenheide Show map of GermanyVerlautenheide Show map of North Rhine-WestphaliaCoordinates: 50°47′47″N 6°9′20″E / 50.79639°N 6.15556°E / 50.79639; 6.15556CountryGermanyStateNorth Rhine-WestphaliaDistrictHaarenCityAachen Area • Total8.80 km2 (3.40 sq mi)Elevation214 m (702 ft)Population • Total3,500 • Density400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes52080Dialling codes02405 Center of Verlautenheide, with church Verlautenheide is a rural section of northeast Aachen, with a population of around 3500. The community lies within the administrative district of Haaren. Its highest point is the Haarberg (around 240 m). The east end of the town is known as Quinx. History The village of Verlautenheide initially developed around the estate Heiderhof and was originally known as "Die Heyd". Much later, it became a Linear settlement (known in German as a Straßendorf). Verlautenheide was first mentioned (as Heide boven Haren) in 1445, in a lease and interest register for the Imperial Kornelimünster Abbey. The Kahlgracht Mill (Kahlgrachtmühle), which was built in the area of Verlautenheide in the 15th century, is an important testament to the town's existence then. Together with Haaren, Verlautenheide belonged to Aachen until the end of the 19th century. At the time, Verlautenheide was also the location of one of the eight watchtowers surrounding and protecting Aachen, which is noted in the street name Türmchenweg (little tower way), which runs down the center of town. After France occupied Haaren and Verlautenheide in 1792 and 1794, administration of the town was maintained in Haaren under the French Mairie system, with the town formally becoming part of France as a result of the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801, before finally switching to the Kingdom of Prussia following the Treaty of Paris in 1814. The area was intensely fought over in October 1944, and in Verlautenheide, US troops completed their surrounding of Aachen. In the early 1960s, the first Aachen motorway "Wuerselen / Verlautenheide" (now Federal Highway 544) was built in Verlautenheide; around 1963, the motorway intersection with Aachen was completed. Until the end of 1971, the community of Haaren/Verlautenheide was self-administered, but with the restructuring of Aachen's surrounding communities, the towns were incorporated into Aachen itself. Notable persons Father Hugo Nießen worked in Verlautenheide in 1976. In October 1976 he became provost for the Protestant parish of St. Georg in the city of Wassenberg. Societies There is the sports club SV Eintracht 1912 Verlautenheide, which plays on astroturf, the Carnival Society Bröselspetze 1950 (die Karnevalsgesellschaft Bröselspetze e. V. 1950), as well as the St Georg Girl Scouts Troop of Verlautenheide (Verlautenheide der Pfadfinderinnenschaft St. Georg), which has operated since 1980. References Christian Quix: Geschichte der Schlösser Schonau und Uersfeld nebst dem Dorfe Verlautenheid. Aachen, 1837 at Google Books Haaren vor den Toren der Stadt Aachen, Heimatverein Haaren / Verlautenheide, Heft 2, 1987 ^ Bünermann, Martin; Köstering, Heinz (1975). Communities and Districts After the Area Community Reform in North Rhine-Westphalia (Die Gemeinden und Kreise nach der kommunalen Gebietsreform in Nordrhein-Westfalen). Köln: German Publishing Community (Deutscher Gemeindeverlag). ISBN 3-555-30092-X. ^ Pfadfinderinnenschaft St. Georg (PSG) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Verlautenheide. haaren-verlautenheide.de – Website of the Homeclub Haaren/Verlautenheide 1984, with information and publications on the history of the two communities Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Verlautenheide-kirche.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"Haaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaren_(Aachen)"}],"text":"Part of Aachen in North Rhine-Westphalia, GermanyCenter of Verlautenheide, with churchVerlautenheide is a rural section of northeast Aachen, with a population of around 3500. The community lies within the administrative district of Haaren. Its highest point is the Haarberg (around 240 m).The east end of the town is known as Quinx.","title":"Verlautenheide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linear settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_settlement"},{"link_name":"Kornelimünster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornelim%C3%BCnster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Haaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaren_(Aachen)"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lunéville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The village of Verlautenheide initially developed around the estate Heiderhof and was originally known as \"Die Heyd\". Much later, it became a Linear settlement (known in German as a Straßendorf). Verlautenheide was first mentioned (as Heide boven Haren) in 1445, in a lease and interest register for the Imperial Kornelimünster Abbey. The Kahlgracht Mill (Kahlgrachtmühle), which was built in the area of Verlautenheide in the 15th century, is an important testament to the town's existence then.Together with Haaren, Verlautenheide belonged to Aachen until the end of the 19th century. At the time, Verlautenheide was also the location of one of the eight watchtowers surrounding and protecting Aachen, which is noted in the street name Türmchenweg (little tower way), which runs down the center of town. After France occupied Haaren and Verlautenheide in 1792 and 1794, administration of the town was maintained in Haaren under the French Mairie system, with the town formally becoming part of France as a result of the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801, before finally switching to the Kingdom of Prussia following the Treaty of Paris in 1814.The area was intensely fought over in October 1944, and in Verlautenheide, US troops completed their surrounding of Aachen.In the early 1960s, the first Aachen motorway \"Wuerselen / Verlautenheide\" (now Federal Highway 544) was built in Verlautenheide; around 1963, the motorway intersection with Aachen was completed.Until the end of 1971, the community of Haaren/Verlautenheide was self-administered, but with the restructuring of Aachen's surrounding communities, the towns were incorporated into Aachen itself.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Father Hugo Nießen worked in Verlautenheide in 1976. In October 1976 he became provost for the Protestant parish of St. Georg in the city of Wassenberg.","title":"Notable persons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"There is the sports club SV Eintracht 1912 Verlautenheide, which plays on astroturf, the Carnival Society Bröselspetze 1950 (die Karnevalsgesellschaft Bröselspetze e. V. 1950), as well as the St Georg Girl Scouts Troop of Verlautenheide (Verlautenheide der Pfadfinderinnenschaft St. Georg), which has operated since 1980.[2]","title":"Societies"}]
[{"image_text":"Center of Verlautenheide, with church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Verlautenheide-kirche.jpg/220px-Verlautenheide-kirche.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Bünermann, Martin; Köstering, Heinz (1975). Communities and Districts After the Area Community Reform in North Rhine-Westphalia (Die Gemeinden und Kreise nach der kommunalen Gebietsreform in Nordrhein-Westfalen). Köln: German Publishing Community (Deutscher Gemeindeverlag). ISBN 3-555-30092-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_B%C3%BCnermann&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Bünermann, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_K%C3%B6stering&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Köstering, Heinz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-555-30092-X","url_text":"3-555-30092-X"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Verlautenheide&params=50_47_47_N_6_9_20_E_type:city(3500)_region:DE-NW","external_links_name":"50°47′47″N 6°9′20″E / 50.79639°N 6.15556°E / 50.79639; 6.15556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Verlautenheide&params=50_47_47_N_6_9_20_E_type:city(3500)_region:DE-NW","external_links_name":"50°47′47″N 6°9′20″E / 50.79639°N 6.15556°E / 50.79639; 6.15556"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id={{{id}}}"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id={{{id}}}","external_links_name":"Geschichte der Schlösser Schonau und Uersfeld nebst dem Dorfe Verlautenheid. Aachen, 1837"},{"Link":"http://www.psg-aachen.de/","external_links_name":"Pfadfinderinnenschaft St. Georg (PSG)"},{"Link":"http://www.haaren-verlautenheide.de/","external_links_name":"haaren-verlautenheide.de"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/234379398","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7686616-6","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana_Saeed
Sana Saeed
["1 Career","2 Filmography","2.1 Films","2.2 Television","3 References","4 External links"]
Indian actress and model Sana SaeedSaeed at the Global Peace Fashion Show, 2013Born (1988-09-22) 22 September 1988 (age 35)Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaOccupationsActressModelYears active1998–2019,2022 Sana Saeed (born 22 September 1988) is an Indian actress and model, who appears in Bollywood films and Indian television. Her first appearance was as a child artist in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) and continued to do so in films like Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega (2000) and Badal (2000). She also appeared in television shows such as Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na (2008) and Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki (2008). In 2012, Saeed made her big screen debut as an adult in a supporting role in Karan Johar's Student Of The Year, which emerged as a box-office commercial success. She participated in the reality shows Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 (2013), Nach Baliye 7 (2015) and Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7 (2016). Career She has appeared as a child artist in critically and commercially successful films such as Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), Badal (2000) and Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega (2000). Saeed also hosted the famous kids program Fox Kids telecasted on Star Plus in which she played the role of Chatur Chachi. She also appeared in television shows such as Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na on Sony TV and Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki on SAB TV. She came sixth in the dance reality show and was praised for her energy levels in dancing. Jhalak Dikhla Jaa. In 2012, She made her screen debut in a supporting role in Karan Johar's Student Of The Year along with the main leads Sidharth Malhotra, Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt. She got noticed due to her child star memory in spite of her small role. Film critic Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama wrote, "Sana Saaed looks glamorous and does well". film critic Komal Nahta commented, "Sana Saeed only gets to pout and flaunt her body as Tanya.". The film was released on 19 October 2012 in over 1400 screens across the country and garnered positive to mixed reviews from critics and good box office collections. Boxofficeindia declared the film as a semihit after three weeks. She placed 5th in Nach Baliye 7. In May 2018, Sana appeared in Zee TV's talk show Juzz Baatt as a guest along with Adnan Khan, Arjit Taneja and Karan Jotwani. Filmography Films Year Title Role Notes 1998 Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Anjali Khanna Child artist 2000 Badal Preeti Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega Special appearance 2012 Student Of The Year Tanya Israni 2014 Fugly Unnamed Song: "Lovely Jind Wali" Caught In The Web Herself Short film Television Year Title Role Notes 2001–2003 Fox Kids Chatur Chachi 2002–2003 Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan Anjali 2003 Kahiin To Hoga Sakshi 2004 Hey...Yehii To Haii Woh! Deepika 2005 Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar Sara 2006 Kkavyanjali Herself Guest 2007 Sapna Babul Ka... Bidaai Riya 2008 Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na Chaaya Joshi 2008–2009 Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki Pooja 2009–2010 Sajan Ghar Jaana Hai Priya 2010 Dhoondh Legi Manzil Humein Herself Guest 2011 Sasural Genda Phool Shweta 2012 Bigg Boss 6 Herself Guest 2013 Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 Contestant 6th place MTV Splitsvilla Herself Guest Yeh Hai Aashiqui Nandini 2014 Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7 Herself Guest 2015 Nach Baliye 7 Contestant 5th place 2016 Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7 1st runner-up 2017 Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9 Herself Guest 2018 Laal Ishq Maya Sharma Comedy Circus Herself 2019 Khatra Khatra Khatra Herself Guest Kitchen Champion 5 2022 The Khatra Khatra Show References ^ a b "12 child artistes who turned into beautiful divas". Mid-Day. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2018. ^ "Sana Saeed home". Mumbai Mirror. The Times of India. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2018. ^ a b Joginder Tuteja (22 October 2012). "Karan scores hat trick with SOTY scoring very well at the Box Office". Koimoi.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018. ^ Neha Sharma; Navdeep Kaur Marwah (4 January 2011). "The new stars of Bollywood". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 15 July 2018. ^ Taran Adarsh. "Student Of The Year Review". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2018. ^ Roshni Devi (19 October 2012). "Student Of The Year Review". Koimoi.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018. ^ "Student of the Year Movie Review". reviewgang.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018. ^ "Student of the Year". Box Office India. Retrieved 15 July 2018. ^ "Sana Saeed in Student of the Year ". Mumbai. 7 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018. ^ "Sana Saeed Does Item Song for Akshay Kumar's Film". IndiaWest. PTI. 20 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2018. ^ "Sana Saeed's short film released on a video sharing website". Mid-Day. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sana Saeed. Sana Saeed at IMDb Sana Saeed at Bollywood Hungama Sana Saeed on Instagram Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People Deutsche Synchronkartei
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-md-1"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people"},{"link_name":"actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actress"},{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(person)"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kuch Kuch Hota Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai"},{"link_name":"Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Dil_Jo_Pyar_Karega"},{"link_name":"Badal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badal"},{"link_name":"Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babul_Ka_Aangann_Chootey_Na"},{"link_name":"Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Ho_Gayi_Pooja_Iss_Ghar_Ki"},{"link_name":"Karan Johar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan_Johar"},{"link_name":"Student Of The Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_of_the_Year_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koimoi.com-3"},{"link_name":"Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhalak_Dikhhla_Jaa_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"Nach Baliye 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nach_Baliye"},{"link_name":"Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Factor:_Khatron_Ke_Khiladi_7"}],"text":"Sana Saeed (born 22 September 1988)[1] is an Indian actress and model, who appears in Bollywood films and Indian television.[2] Her first appearance was as a child artist in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) and continued to do so in films like Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega (2000) and Badal (2000). She also appeared in television shows such as Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na (2008) and Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki (2008).In 2012, Saeed made her big screen debut as an adult in a supporting role in Karan Johar's Student Of The Year, which emerged as a box-office commercial success.[3] She participated in the reality shows Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 (2013), Nach Baliye 7 (2015) and Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7 (2016).","title":"Sana Saeed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuch Kuch Hota Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai"},{"link_name":"Badal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badal"},{"link_name":"Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Dil_Jo_Pyar_Karega"},{"link_name":"Fox Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Kids"},{"link_name":"Star Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Plus"},{"link_name":"Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babul_Ka_Aangann_Chootey_Na"},{"link_name":"Sony TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Entertainment_Television_(India)"},{"link_name":"Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Ho_Gayi_Pooja_Iss_Ghar_Ki"},{"link_name":"SAB TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAB_TV"},{"link_name":"Jhalak Dikhla Jaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhalak_Dikhhla_Jaa_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Karan Johar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan_Johar"},{"link_name":"Student Of The Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_of_the_Year_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sidharth Malhotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidharth_Malhotra"},{"link_name":"Varun Dhawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varun_Dhawan"},{"link_name":"Alia Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Taran Adarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taran_Adarsh"},{"link_name":"Bollywood Hungama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Komal Nahta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komal_Nahta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koimoi.com-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-overall_reviews-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nach Baliye 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nach_Baliye"},{"link_name":"Zee TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_TV"},{"link_name":"Adnan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_Khan"},{"link_name":"Arjit Taneja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjit_Taneja"},{"link_name":"Karan Jotwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan_Jotwani"}],"text":"She has appeared as a child artist in critically and commercially successful films such as Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), Badal (2000) and Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega (2000). Saeed also hosted the famous kids program Fox Kids telecasted on Star Plus in which she played the role of Chatur Chachi. She also appeared in television shows such as Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na on Sony TV and Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki on SAB TV.She came sixth in the dance reality show and was praised for her energy levels in dancing. Jhalak Dikhla Jaa.[citation needed]In 2012, She made her screen debut in a supporting role in Karan Johar's Student Of The Year along with the main leads Sidharth Malhotra, Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt.[4]\nShe got noticed due to her child star memory in spite of her small role. Film critic Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama wrote, \"Sana Saaed looks glamorous and does well\".[5] film critic Komal Nahta commented, \"Sana Saeed only gets to pout and flaunt her body as Tanya.\".[3][6]\nThe film was released on 19 October 2012 in over 1400 screens across the country and garnered positive to mixed reviews from critics and good box office collections.[7] Boxofficeindia declared the film as a semihit after three weeks.[8] She placed 5th in Nach Baliye 7.In May 2018, Sana appeared in Zee TV's talk show Juzz Baatt as a guest along with Adnan Khan, Arjit Taneja and Karan Jotwani.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bagshaw
William Bagshaw
["1 Life","2 Works","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
William Bagshaw or Bagshall (1628–1702) was an English presbyterian and nonconformist minister, known as the "Apostle of the Peak". Life He was born at Litton, Derbyshire, on 17 January 1628, the son of William Bagshaw of Hucklow. His brother Adam Bagshaw had Wormhill Hall constructed, which remains with the Bagshawe family to the present day. William received his early education at country schools, and met puritan ministers Rowlandson of Bakewell and Bourn of Ashover. He entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1646. He preached his first sermon in the chapel of Wormhill, in his native parish. From Tideswell he moved to Attercliffe, in Yorkshire. Here he occupied a twofold post, being assistant to the Rev. James Fisher of Sheffield, and chaplain in the family of Colonel John Bright. He received presbyterian ordination in 1651 at Chesterfield. On 11 June 1651 he married Agnes (baptised 19 April 1626), daughter of Peter Barker of Darley, North Yorkshire. Early in the year 1652 he was appointed Vicar of Glossop, where he worked for the next ten and a half years and would have continued to do so if not for the passing of the second Act of Uniformity in 1662, which resulted in the ejection of 1,700 of the clergy of the Church of England. After the Restoration and the Act of Uniformity 1662, he gave up his living and retired to Ford Hall near Chinley, in an adjacent parish. He lived as a country gentleman, attended the parish church, but continued to preach and regularly conducted a service on Thursday evenings in his own house. After the Declaration of Indulgence of 1672, he felt free to preach regularly in his former parish and in the neighbourhood, which was in the Peak District (also known as "The Peak") of Derbyshire, resulting in the moniker "Apostle of the Peak". The Peak District includes the towns of Buxton, Tideswell, Hucklow (Great and Little Hucklow), Litton and Wormhill, which were familiar places in William Bagshaw's early and later life. He lectured at Ashford, Malcoff, Middleton, Bradwell, Chelmorton and Hucklow. When the Declaration was recalled by Charles II, he continued to preach secretly. There were several ineffective warrants issued against him. While James II's 'Declaration for Liberty of Conscience' was in force, and again through the beginning of William and Mary's reign, he was an incessant preacher. He died on 1 April 1702, and was buried next to his wife Agnes (died 1 June 1701) at Chapel-en-le-Frith, 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Buxton. A marble and alabaster memorial of 1880 in the church at Chapel-en-le-Frith contains a long inscription and mentions the following children of William and Agnes: John (born 8 January 1654) and Samuel (born 31 December 1656). His Life and Funeral Sermon was published by John Ashe (1704), and is the main source of information on his life. His great-grandson Samuel Bagshawe served as DL and JP for Derbyshire. Works He left manuscripts (fifty volumes) but little survived. His published books are all short. Their (abbreviated) titles are: 'Waters for a Thirsty Soul, in several sermons on Rev. xxi. 6.' London, 1653 'Of Christ's Purchase', to which is prefixed his 'Confession of Faith' 'Rules for our Behaviour every Day and for sanctifying the Sabbath, with Hints for Communicants' 'The Ready Way to prevent Sin' on Prov. xxx. 22, with 'A Bridle for the Tongue,' on St. Matt. X. 36 The 'Miner's Monitor' The 'Sinner in Sorrow and the Humble Sinner's Modest Request' 'Brief Directions for the Improvement of Infant Baptism' The 'Riches of Grace' three parts 'Trading Spiritualized' three parts 'De Spiritualibus Pecci: Notes concerning the Work of God, and some that have been walkers together with God in the High Peak of Derbyshire' a biographical work (London, 1702) 'Principiis Obsta' 1671 'Sheet for Sufferers' 'Matters for Mourning', posthumous 'Essays on Union to Christ', posthumous Notes ^ Historic England. "Wormhill Hall (Grade II*) (1146377)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 September 2023. ^ "Bagshaw, William (BGSW646W)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ a b Miller, Ian. "William Bagshawe (1628–1702) – Apostle of the Peak". Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018. ^ "Ashe, John" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. ^ Bagshawe, Samuel (1990). Colonel Samuel Bagshawe and the Army of George II, 1731-1762. Bodley Head for the Army Records Society. ISBN 978-0-370-31501-0. References  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Bagshaw, William". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. External links "Hucklow Old Chapel, Great Hucklow, Derbyshire". Bagshawe Family Muniments at the John Rylands Library, Manchester. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States People Trove
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His brother Adam Bagshaw had Wormhill Hall constructed,[citation needed] which remains with the Bagshawe family to the present day.[1] William received his early education at country schools, and met puritan ministers Rowlandson of Bakewell and Bourn of Ashover. He entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1646.[2] He preached his first sermon in the chapel of Wormhill, in his native parish. From Tideswell he moved to Attercliffe, in Yorkshire. Here he occupied a twofold post, being assistant to the Rev. James Fisher of Sheffield, and chaplain in the family of Colonel John Bright. He received presbyterian ordination in 1651 at Chesterfield. On 11 June 1651 he married Agnes (baptised 19 April 1626), daughter of Peter Barker of Darley, North Yorkshire. Early in the year 1652 he was appointed Vicar of Glossop, where he worked for the next ten and a half years and would have continued to do so if not for the passing of the second Act of Uniformity in 1662, which resulted in the ejection of 1,700 of the clergy of the Church of England.[3]After the Restoration and the Act of Uniformity 1662, he gave up his living and retired to Ford Hall near Chinley, in an adjacent parish. He lived as a country gentleman, attended the parish church, but continued to preach and regularly conducted a service on Thursday evenings in his own house. After the Declaration of Indulgence of 1672, he felt free to preach regularly in his former parish and in the neighbourhood, which was in the Peak District (also known as \"The Peak\") of Derbyshire, resulting in the moniker \"Apostle of the Peak\". The Peak District includes the towns of Buxton, Tideswell, Hucklow (Great and Little Hucklow), Litton and Wormhill, which were familiar places in William Bagshaw's early and later life. He lectured at Ashford, Malcoff, Middleton, Bradwell, Chelmorton and Hucklow. When the Declaration was recalled by Charles II, he continued to preach secretly. There were several ineffective warrants issued against him. While James II's 'Declaration for Liberty of Conscience' was in force, and again through the beginning of William and Mary's reign, he was an incessant preacher. He died on 1 April 1702, and was buried next to his wife Agnes (died 1 June 1701) at Chapel-en-le-Frith, 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Buxton. A marble and alabaster memorial of 1880 in the church at Chapel-en-le-Frith contains a long inscription and mentions the following children of William and Agnes: John (born 8 January 1654) and Samuel (born 31 December 1656).[3]His Life and Funeral Sermon was published by John Ashe (1704),[4] and is the main source of information on his life.His great-grandson Samuel Bagshawe served as DL and JP for Derbyshire.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He left manuscripts (fifty volumes) but little survived. His published books are all short. Their (abbreviated) titles are:'Waters for a Thirsty Soul, in several sermons on Rev. xxi. 6.' London, 1653\n'Of Christ's Purchase', to which is prefixed his 'Confession of Faith'\n'Rules for our Behaviour every Day and for sanctifying the Sabbath, with Hints for Communicants'\n'The Ready Way to prevent Sin' on Prov. xxx. 22, with 'A Bridle for the Tongue,' on St. Matt. X. 36\nThe 'Miner's Monitor'\nThe 'Sinner in Sorrow and the Humble Sinner's Modest Request'\n'Brief Directions for the Improvement of Infant Baptism'\nThe 'Riches of Grace' three parts\n'Trading Spiritualized' three parts\n'De Spiritualibus Pecci: Notes concerning the Work of God, and some that have been walkers together with God in the High Peak of Derbyshire' a biographical work (London, 1702)\n'Principiis Obsta' 1671\n'Sheet for Sufferers'\n'Matters for Mourning', posthumous\n'Essays on Union to Christ', posthumous","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"\"Wormhill Hall (Grade II*) (1146377)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1146377"},{"link_name":"National Heritage List for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Bagshaw, William (BGSW646W)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=BGSW646W&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-miller_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-miller_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"William Bagshawe (1628–1702) – Apostle of the Peak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180429024739/https://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/ian.miller/bagshaw.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/ian.miller/bagshaw.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Ashe, John\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Ashe,_John"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Colonel Samuel Bagshawe and the Army of George II, 1731-1762","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1vzeAAAAMAAJ&q=Samuel+bagshawe"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-370-31501-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-31501-0"}],"text":"^ Historic England. \"Wormhill Hall (Grade II*) (1146377)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 September 2023.\n\n^ \"Bagshaw, William (BGSW646W)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ a b Miller, Ian. \"William Bagshawe (1628–1702) – Apostle of the Peak\". Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.\n\n^ \"Ashe, John\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. \n\n^ Bagshawe, Samuel (1990). Colonel Samuel Bagshawe and the Army of George II, 1731-1762. Bodley Head for the Army Records Society. ISBN 978-0-370-31501-0.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Frog_(soundtrack)
The Princess and the Frog (soundtrack)
["1 Track listing","2 Charts","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
2009 soundtrack album by Various ArtistsThe Princess and the Frog (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)Soundtrack album by Various ArtistsReleasedNovember 23, 2009Recorded2009GenreJazz, blues, soul, gospel, R&B, zydecoLabelWalt DisneyProducerRandy NewmanWalt Disney Animation Studios chronology Bolt (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)(2008) ''The Princess and the Frog (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''(2009) Tangled (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)(2010) Randy Newman chronology Leatherheads (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)(2008) The Princess and the Frog (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)(2009) Toy Story 3 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)(2010) Singles from The Princess and the Frog (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) "Never Knew I Needed"Released: October 27, 2009 The Princess and the Frog (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack of the 2009 Disney animated film The Princess and the Frog. It was released by Walt Disney Records on November 23, 2009, just a day before the limited release of the film in New York City and Los Angeles. It contains ten original songs and seven score pieces, all but one of which were composed, arranged and conducted by composer Randy Newman, who previously worked with the film's executive producer John Lasseter on Pixar's films Toy Story, A Bug's Life, Toy Story 2, Monsters, Inc. and Cars. "Never Knew I Needed" was written and performed by Ne-Yo. The song had an accompanying music video which featured rotation on Disney Channel. The song was also sent to rhythmic radio on October 27, 2009. The songs are performed by various artists most of which lend their voices to characters in the film. The score features African-American-influenced styles including jazz, zydeco, blues and gospel. "Almost There" and "Down in New Orleans" were both nominated in the Best Original Song category at the 82nd Academy Awards; they lost to "The Weary Kind". "Down in New Orleans" was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media at the 53rd Grammy Awards. Track listing All tracks are written by Randy Newman, except track 1 which is written by Ne-YoThe Princess and the Frog (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) No.TitlePerformerLength1."Never Knew I Needed"Ne-Yo3:382."Down in New Orleans (Prologue)"Anika Noni Rose0:283."Down in New Orleans"Dr. John2:274."Almost There"Anika Noni Rose2:245."Friends on the Other Side"Keith David3:356."When We're Human"Michael-Leon Wooley, Bruno Campos and Anika Noni Rose featuring Terence Blanchard2:227."Gonna Take You There"Jim Cummings featuring Terrance Simien on Accordion1:468."Ma Belle Evangeline"Jim Cummings featuring Terence Blanchard1:569."Dig a Little Deeper"Jenifer Lewis featuring the Pinnacle Gospel Choir and Anika Noni Rose2:4810."Down in New Orleans (Finale)"Anika Noni Rose1:3811."Fairy Tale/Going Home" (score)Randy Newman4:1712."I Know this Story" (score)Randy Newman5:2713."The Frog Hunters/Gator Down" (score)Randy Newman6:0414."Tiana's Bad Dream" (score)Randy Newman6:2215."Ray Laid Low" (score; with a reprise of "Almost There")Randy Newman; cameo appearance by Anika Noni Rose3:2216."Ray/Mama Odie" (score)Randy Newman4:0117."This is Gonna Be Good" (score)Randy Newman3:20 Charts Chart (2009) Peakposition U.S. Billboard 200 80 Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicFilmtracks In 2010, Rhapsody called it one of the all-time great Disney and Pixar soundtracks. References ^ "Disney's The Princess and the Frog soundtrack". Starpulse. Retrieved December 19, 2009. ^ FMQB ^ "The Princess and the Frog Soundtrack". Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2009. ^ Morris, Christopher (December 1, 2010). "53rd Annual Grammy nominees". Variety. Retrieved December 1, 2010. ^ "The Princess and the Frog (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Various Artists". iTunes. ^ "The Princess and the Frog – Randy Newman". Billboard. Retrieved March 6, 2012. ^ Allmusic review ^ "Filmtracks: The Princess and the Frog (Randy Newman)". filmtracks.com. ^ 10 Essential Disney & Pixar Soundtracks Archived October 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Referenced July 27, 2010 External links Disney Records website vteRandy NewmanStudio albums Randy Newman 12 Songs Sail Away Good Old Boys Little Criminals Born Again Trouble in Paradise Land of Dreams Bad Love Harps and Angels Dark Matter Live albums Randy Newman Live Compilations Lonely at the Top: The Best of Randy Newman Guilty: 30 Years of Randy Newman The Best of Randy Newman The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 2 Musicals Randy Newman's Faust Soundtracks Avalon Toy Story James and the Giant Peach A Bug's Life Toy Story 2 Meet the Parents Monsters, Inc. Cars The Princess and the Frog Toy Story 3 Cars 3 Toy Story 4 Marriage Story Songs "Mama Told Me Not to Come" "I Think It's Going to Rain Today" "Sail Away" "He Gives Us All His Love" "Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear" "Political Science" "You Can Leave Your Hat On" "Louisiana 1927" "Rednecks" "Short People" "I Love L.A." "You've Got a Friend in Me" "When She Loved Me" "If I Didn't Have You" "It's a Jungle Out There" "Our Town" "When We're Human" "Friends on the Other Side" "Down in New Orleans" "Almost There" "We Belong Together" "The Ballad of the Lonesome Cowboy" Related Discography Accolades Nilsson Sings Newman Alfred Newman David Newman Emil Newman Joey Newman Lionel Newman Thomas Newman vteThe Princess and the FrogSoundtrack "Never Knew I Needed" "Down in New Orleans" "Almost There" "Friends on the Other Side" "When We're Human" Other Tiana Tiana's Bayou Adventure Related Video games Kinect: Disneyland Adventures Disney Princess: My Fairytale Adventure Disney Princess: Enchanting Storybooks Disney Magic Kingdoms Disney Mirrorverse Disney Dreamlight Valley Related Disney Princess Once Upon a Time (season 7) "Greenbacks" "A Taste of the Heights" Ralph Breaks the Internet Descendants Descendants 3 Almost There: A Twisted Tale Lego Disney Princess: The Castle Quest Once Upon a Studio Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"animated film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_film"},{"link_name":"The Princess and the Frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Frog"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Records"},{"link_name":"Randy Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Newman"},{"link_name":"John Lasseter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lasseter"},{"link_name":"Pixar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar"},{"link_name":"Toy Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story"},{"link_name":"A Bug's Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bug%27s_Life"},{"link_name":"Toy Story 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story_2"},{"link_name":"Monsters, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsters,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"zydeco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zydeco"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"82nd Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"The Weary Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weary_Kind"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media"},{"link_name":"53rd Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"2009 soundtrack album by Various ArtistsThe Princess and the Frog (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack of the 2009 Disney animated film The Princess and the Frog. It was released by Walt Disney Records on November 23, 2009, just a day before the limited release of the film in New York City and Los Angeles. It contains ten original songs and seven score pieces, all but one of which were composed, arranged and conducted by composer Randy Newman, who previously worked with the film's executive producer John Lasseter on Pixar's films Toy Story, A Bug's Life, Toy Story 2, Monsters, Inc. and Cars.[1] \"Never Knew I Needed\" was written and performed by Ne-Yo. The song had an accompanying music video which featured rotation on Disney Channel. The song was also sent to rhythmic radio on October 27, 2009.[2] The songs are performed by various artists most of which lend their voices to characters in the film. The score features African-American-influenced styles including jazz, zydeco, blues and gospel.[3]\"Almost There\" and \"Down in New Orleans\" were both nominated in the Best Original Song category at the 82nd Academy Awards; they lost to \"The Weary Kind\". \"Down in New Orleans\" was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media at the 53rd Grammy Awards.[4]","title":"The Princess and the Frog (soundtrack)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randy Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Newman"},{"link_name":"Ne-Yo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne-Yo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Never Knew I Needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Knew_I_Needed"},{"link_name":"Down in New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_in_New_Orleans_(song)"},{"link_name":"Anika Noni Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anika_Noni_Rose"},{"link_name":"Down in New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_in_New_Orleans_(song)"},{"link_name":"Dr. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._John"},{"link_name":"Almost There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_There_(The_Princess_and_the_Frog_song)"},{"link_name":"Friends on the Other Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_on_the_Other_Side"},{"link_name":"Keith David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_David"},{"link_name":"When We're Human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_We%27re_Human"},{"link_name":"Michael-Leon Wooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael-Leon_Wooley"},{"link_name":"Bruno Campos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Campos"},{"link_name":"Terence Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Blanchard"},{"link_name":"Jim Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Terrance Simien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrance_Simien"},{"link_name":"Jenifer Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenifer_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Down in New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_in_New_Orleans_(song)"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Randy Newman, except track 1 which is written by Ne-YoThe Princess and the Frog (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) [5]No.TitlePerformerLength1.\"Never Knew I Needed\"Ne-Yo3:382.\"Down in New Orleans (Prologue)\"Anika Noni Rose0:283.\"Down in New Orleans\"Dr. John2:274.\"Almost There\"Anika Noni Rose2:245.\"Friends on the Other Side\"Keith David3:356.\"When We're Human\"Michael-Leon Wooley, Bruno Campos and Anika Noni Rose featuring Terence Blanchard2:227.\"Gonna Take You There\"Jim Cummings featuring Terrance Simien on Accordion1:468.\"Ma Belle Evangeline\"Jim Cummings featuring Terence Blanchard1:569.\"Dig a Little Deeper\"Jenifer Lewis featuring the Pinnacle Gospel Choir and Anika Noni Rose2:4810.\"Down in New Orleans (Finale)\"Anika Noni Rose1:3811.\"Fairy Tale/Going Home\" (score)Randy Newman4:1712.\"I Know this Story\" (score)Randy Newman5:2713.\"The Frog Hunters/Gator Down\" (score)Randy Newman6:0414.\"Tiana's Bad Dream\" (score)Randy Newman6:2215.\"Ray Laid Low\" (score; with a reprise of \"Almost There\")Randy Newman; cameo appearance by Anika Noni Rose3:2216.\"Ray/Mama Odie\" (score)Randy Newman4:0117.\"This is Gonna Be Good\" (score)Randy Newman3:20","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhapsody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napster_(streaming_music_service)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 2010, Rhapsody called it one of the all-time great Disney and Pixar soundtracks.[9]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Disney's The Princess and the Frog soundtrack\". Starpulse. Retrieved December 19, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2009/11/23/disney_s_the_princess_and_the_frog_sound","url_text":"\"Disney's The Princess and the Frog soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Princess and the Frog Soundtrack\". Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091213170356/http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/theprincessandfrog.html","url_text":"\"The Princess and the Frog Soundtrack\""},{"url":"http://disneymusic.disney.go.com/albums/theprincessandfrog.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Christopher (December 1, 2010). \"53rd Annual Grammy nominees\". Variety. Retrieved December 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118028273?refCatId=16","url_text":"\"53rd Annual Grammy nominees\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Princess and the Frog (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Various Artists\". iTunes.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/the-princess-and-the-frog-original/1417397114","url_text":"\"The Princess and the Frog (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Various Artists\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Princess and the Frog [Original Songs and Score] – Randy Newman\". Billboard. Retrieved March 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/soundtrack/chart-history/","url_text":"\"The Princess and the Frog [Original Songs and Score] – Randy Newman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Filmtracks: The Princess and the Frog (Randy Newman)\". filmtracks.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/princess_frog.html","url_text":"\"Filmtracks: The Princess and the Frog (Randy Newman)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Storemen_and_Packers%27_Union
Federated Storemen and Packers' Union of Australia
["1 History","2 Leadership","3 References","4 External links"]
Australian trade union for logistics and manufacturing workers (1912–1988) S.P.U.Federated Storemen and Packers' Union of AustraliaMerged intoNational Union of Storeworkers, Packers, Rubber and Allied WorkersFounded1912; 112 years ago (1912)Dissolved1988; 36 years ago (1988)HeadquartersACTU Building, 17/25 Lygon Street, Carlton, VictoriaLocationAustraliaMembers 62,500 (1975)AffiliationsACTU, ALP, International Federation of Food Unions, International Federation of Petroleum and Chemical Workers, Council of Australian Government Employee Organisations The Federated Storemen and Packers Union of Australia was an Australian trade union that existed between 1912 and 1988. It represented workers employed in warehousing, transport logistics, and a limited range of manufacturing industries in Australia. History The Storemen and Packers Union was formed in 1912. The union expanded rapidly after its creation, and became a prominent and influential member of the right-wing faction of the Australian labour movement. During the 1970s and 80s the Storemen and Packers were heavily involved in the establishment of the superannuation system through a direct action campaign. In 1988 the union amalgamated with the Federated Rubber and Allied Workers Union of Australia to form the National Union of Storeworkers, Packers, Rubber and Allied Workers. Several other small manufacturing and distribution unions soon joined the new body, and in 1991 it was renamed the National Union of Workers. Leadership Percy Clarey (General President, 1918–1960) Bill Landeryou Simon Crean Organized Labour portal References ^ a b c Bruce A. Smith. "Australian Trade Union Archives". Trade Union Entry:Federated Storemen & Packers Union of Australia. Australian Trade Union Archives. Retrieved 22 December 2011. External links nuw.org.au The website of the National Union of Workers, the successor to the Storemen and Packers Union. Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-1"},{"link_name":"warehousing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehousing"},{"link_name":"transport logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_logistics&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Federated Storemen and Packers Union of Australia was an Australian trade union that existed between 1912 and 1988.[1] It represented workers employed in warehousing, transport logistics, and a limited range of manufacturing industries in Australia.","title":"Federated Storemen and Packers' Union of Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-1"},{"link_name":"Australian labour movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_labour_movement"},{"link_name":"superannuation system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Federated Rubber and Allied Workers Union of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Rubber_and_Allied_Workers_Union_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"National Union of Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Workers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-1"}],"text":"The Storemen and Packers Union was formed in 1912.[1] The union expanded rapidly after its creation, and became a prominent and influential member of the right-wing faction of the Australian labour movement. During the 1970s and 80s the Storemen and Packers were heavily involved in the establishment of the superannuation system through a direct action campaign. In 1988 the union amalgamated with the Federated Rubber and Allied Workers Union of Australia to form the National Union of Storeworkers, Packers, Rubber and Allied Workers. Several other small manufacturing and distribution unions soon joined the new body, and in 1991 it was renamed the National Union of Workers.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Percy Clarey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Clarey"},{"link_name":"Bill Landeryou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Landeryou"},{"link_name":"Simon Crean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Crean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg"},{"link_name":"Organized Labour portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour"}],"text":"Percy Clarey (General President, 1918–1960)\nBill Landeryou\nSimon CreanOrganized Labour portal","title":"Leadership"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Bruce A. Smith. \"Australian Trade Union Archives\". Trade Union Entry:Federated Storemen & Packers Union of Australia. Australian Trade Union Archives. Retrieved 22 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atua.org.au/biogs/ALE0503b.htm","url_text":"\"Australian Trade Union Archives\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.atua.org.au/biogs/ALE0503b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Australian Trade Union Archives\""},{"Link":"http://www.nuw.org.au/","external_links_name":"nuw.org.au"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124853870","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churruca-class_destroyer
Churruca-class destroyer (1927)
["1 Design","2 Ships in class","3 History","3.1 Spanish service","3.2 Argentinian Navy service","4 Notes","5 Citations","6 References","7 External links"]
Destroyer class of the Spanish Navy For other ships with the same name, see Churruca-class destroyer (1972). Destroyer José Luis Diez Class overview NameChurruca class BuildersSECN, Naval Dockyard, Cartagena. Operators  Spanish Navy  Argentine Navy Preceded by Alsedo class Catamarca class La Plata class Succeeded by Audaz class Mendoza class Subclasses Cervantes class Alava class Built1923–1951 In commission1927–1982 Completed18 Lost2 Retired16 General characteristics TypeDestroyer Displacement 1,560–1,676 t (1,535–1,650 long tons) (standard) 2,120–2,205 t (2,087–2,170 long tons) (full load) Length101.50 m (333 ft 0 in) oa Beam9.68 m (31 ft 9 in) Draught3.20 m (10 ft 6 in) Installed power 4 Yarrow boilers 42,000 hp (31,000 kW) Propulsion2 Parsons turbines Speed36 knots (67 km/h) Range4,500 nmi (8,300 km) at 14 knots (26 km/h) Complement175 Armament 5 × 120 mm (4.7 in) L45 guns in single mounts 1 × 76 mm (3 in) anti-aircraft gun 4 × machineguns 6 × 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes in two triple mounts 2 × depth charge throwers The Churruca class was a Spanish destroyer class built for the Spanish Navy based on a British design. Eighteen ships were built, with two being sold to Argentina and commonly referred to as the Cervantes class. The last two members of the class are sometimes referred to as a separate class, the Alava class. The ships were authorized on 17 February 1915 by Navy Minister Augusto Miranda y Godoy. The program planned for four light cruisers, six destroyers, 28 submarines, three gunboats, and 18 coast guard vessels; of these, five light cruisers, three Alsedo and fourteen Churruca-class destroyers, 16 submarines, and the three gunboats were actually completed. The class was built in three groups, with the first group beginning construction in 1923 and the final group's construction delayed by the Spanish Civil War and World War II which led to their completion only in 1957. Some of the later ships of the class were completed without the central gun due to an arms embargo during the Spanish Civil War. The Churruca class took part in the Spanish Civil War as part of the Spanish Republican Navy, with one being lost in battle. Following the end of the civil war, the destroyers were integrated into the navy of Francoist Spain. They continued in service until the 1950s–1960s when they were discarded. The two completed after World War II remained in service until the early 1980s. Design The Churruca class came in three groups. Initially, the first three ships were intended to be repeats of the previous Alsedo class. However, a financial delay prevented this once the project was refinanced the first group was based on the British Admiralty type flotilla leader (Scott class) design. The destroyers had a standard displacement of 1,560 tonnes (1,535 long tons) and were 2,120 tonnes (2,087 long tons) at full load. They were 101.50 metres (333 ft 0 in) long overall and 97.52 metres (319 ft 11 in) between perpendiculars with a beam of 9.68 metres (31 ft 9 in) and a mean draught of 3.20 metres (10 ft 6 in). The Churruca class were propelled by two shafts driven by Parsons geared turbines powered by steam provided by four Yarrow boilers. The engines were rated at 42,000 shaft horsepower (31,319 kW) and the destroyers had a maximum speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph). The Churruca class had 508 tonnes (500 long tons) capacity for fuel oil. The destroyers had a complement of 175 officers and ratings. The class was armed with five 120-millimetre (4.7 in) L45 guns in single mounts. They had one 76 mm (3 in) gun for anti-aircraft defence and four machine guns. They were also equipped with six 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes in two triple mounts and two depth charge throwers. The second group differed only slightly from the first. Their displacement was greater, at 1,543 tonnes (1,519 long tons) standard and 2,209 tonnes (2,174 long tons) at full load and they had greater bunkerage for the fuel oil, with capacity for 548 tonnes (539 long tons), which gave them a range of 4,500 nautical miles (8,300 km; 5,200 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph). The third group differed greatly, as their construction had been delayed and newer systems were added. Their displacement was increased again, at 1,676 tonnes (1,650 long tons) standard and 2,205 tonnes (2,170 long tons) at full load. They retained the increased fuel capacity and range of the second group while having different armament. They were equipped with four 120 mm guns and but had six 37 mm (1.46 in) in three twin mounts and three 20 mm (0.79 in) cannon for anti-aircraft defence. In the early 1940s, all the surviving Spanish ships were modified and had one of the 120 mm guns landed and were given two twin-mounted 37 mm guns and four 20 mm cannon for improved anti-air defence. They retained their torpedo tubes, but the number of depth charge throwers was increased to four. In later years, some of the 37 mm and 20 mm guns were removed. The third group, or Alava class, underwent modernisation in the early 1960s. Their forecastle was lengthened by 8.0 metres (26 ft 3 in) and the displacement increased to 1,842 tonnes (1,813 long tons) standard and 2,287 tonnes (2,251 long tons) at full load. The engines were rerated at 31,500 shp (23,490 kW) and the ships had a maximum speed of 29 knots (54 km/h; 33 mph), with fuel oil capacity of 370 tonnes (364 long tons). Their armament was completely made over, with three single 76 mm/50 calibre guns, three 40 mm/70 calibre SP48 anti-aircraft guns, two side-launching racks for six anti-submarine (ASW) torpedoes, two Hedgehog ASW mortars, eight depth charge throwers and two depth charge racks. A lattice mast was added and caps were placed on the funnels and they were given MLA-1B air search radar, SG-6B surface search radar, Decca TM-626 navigational radar and two Mk 63 fire control radar sets. For ASW, the two ships were equipped with SQS-30A hull-mounted sonar. In Argentine Navy service, the two vessels that became known as the Cervantes class had their midships 120 mm gun replaced with two twin 40 mm (2 in) guns with the 76 mm gun later being replaced with a further twin 40 mm mount. Two of the twin mounts were located between the funnels and one after of the funnels. Ships in class Churruca-class destroyers Name Builder Launched Commissioned Fate Notes 1st group Churruca Cadiz 26 June 1925 3 September 1927 Decommissioned 1961 Sold to Argentina 1927, renamed ARA Cervantes. Alcalá Galiano La Carraca, Cartagena 2 November 1925 Decommissioned 1960 Sold to Argentina 1927, renamed ARA Juan de Garay. Sánchez Barcáiztegui S.E.C.N. Cartagena 24 July 1926 1929 Stricken 1960s José Luis Díez 25 August 1928 1930 Stricken 1960s Almirante Ferrándiz 21 May 1928 1930 Sunk in action on 29 September 1936 by the cruiser Canarias Lepanto 7 November 1929 1931 Stricken August 1957 Churruca June 1929 1932 Stricken 1960s Alcalá Galiano 12 April 1930 1932 Stricken 1957 Almirante Valdes 8 September 1930 1932 Stricken 1957 2nd group Almirante Antequera S.E.C.N. Cartagena 29 December 1930 July 1936 Stricken 1960s Almirante Miranda 20 June 1931 July 1930 Stricken 2 March 1970 Císcar 26 October 1933 1937 Ran aground 17 October 1957 Escaño 28 June 1932 September 1936 Stricken 1960s Gravina 24 December 1931 September 1936 Stricken 1960s Jorge Juan 28 March 1933 1937 Stricken 1959 Ulloa 24 July 1933 1937 Stricken 1960s 3rd group Alava Bazán, Cartagena 19 June 1947 21 December 1950 Stricken 2 November 1978 Liniers 1 May 1946 27 January 1957 Stricken 1982 History In 1915, the Spanish government authorised an extensive building programme by the Spanish Navy. The first three ships of the Churruca class were intended to be members of the Alsedo class which was based on the British M class but and were planned for construction during World War I. However, due to financial constraints, their construction was put off and when financing was approved for the new destroyers in 1922, a newer design was chosen. The first Churruca and Alcalá Galiano were sold to Argentina, and were replaced by two new destroyers bearing the same name. The class was considered successful, which led the Spanish government ordering a second group. Two vessels of the last group's construction became delayed by the Spanish Civil War and World War II, that they eventually became a third group. The first Churrucas began entering service with the Spanish Navy in 1929. Spanish service On the eve of the rebellion in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, the active Churruca-class destroyers were ordered into the Gibraltar Strait to prevent any rebels from crossing to Spain. Churruca sailed to Ceuta where the destroyer joined the Nationalists. Churucca then transported Nationalist troops to Cadiz on 19 July 1936. However, the crew arrested the officers and rejoined the Spanish Republican Navy. Almirante Ferrándiz and Gravina took part in the Battle of Cape Espartel, where Almirante Ferrándiz was sunk by the Nationalist cruiser Canarias. Lepanto, Almirante Valdes, Almirante Antequera, Gravina, Jorge Juan, and Escaño participated in the Battle of Cape Cherchell. Lepanto, Sánchez Barcaiztegui, Almirante Miranda and Grafina were engaged in the Battle of Cape Palos, where Lepanto sank the Nationalist cruiser Baleares with torpedoes. Ciscar was sunk by aircraft in Gijon harbour, refloated by the rebels, and used by them in the final phases of the war. Sánchez Barcaiztegui was bombed and sunk in shallow water at Cartagena in March 1939, but later raised and returned to service following the war. José Luis Díez was severely damaged in an encounter with Canarias and was beached in Catalan Bay. The ship was raised and towed to Gibraltar where the vessel was interned until the end of the war. When the Spanish Civil War ended, the class was turned over to the Nationalists. Spain remained neutral during World War II Ciscar ran aground in fog off El Ferrol in October 1957. Salvage of the ship was abandoned in 1958 and the vessel was stricken. Construction of what became the third group was delayed due to the Spanish Civil War and began again in 1939. However, construction was stopped in 1940 due to World War II. They were finished only after the war. The remaining ships of the first and second groups underwent modernisation in the 1950s and further updates were planned but later cancelled in the 1960s. The third group were modernised in the early 1960s and rerated as "fast frigates". Liniers was used for midshipman training at the Naval Academy until 1982. Liniers, the last of the class, was stricken in 1982. Argentinian Navy service The initial Churruca (1925), sold to Argentina in 1927 and renamed ARA Cervantes Churruca and Alcalá Galiano were sold to the Argentine Navy while under construction on 10 June 1926. They were renamed ARA Cervantes (E1) and ARA Juan de Garay (E2) respectively. Cervantes reached 39.76 knots (73.64 km/h; 45.75 mph) while on sea trials. The ships were commissioned on 3 September 1927 and modernised after World War II. In 1952, the two vessels were reclassified as destroyer escorts (torpederos). Cervantes was severely damaged by Gloster Meteor fighters loyal to Juan Domingo Perón while evacuating personnel from the rebel naval base of Río Santiago during the 1955 Revolución Libertadora. She was placed in reserve in May 1961. Juan de Garay was used as a training vessel from 1952–1959. Cervantes was stricken on 24 June 1961 and Juan de Garay on 25 March 1960. Notes ^ Whitley has La Carraca, Cartagena as the builder, while Chesneau has Cadiz. Citations ^ a b c d Whitley, pp. 242–243 ^ a b c Chesneau, p. 401 ^ Whitley, p. 244 ^ Whitley, p. 245 ^ a b c Gardiner, Chumbley & Budzbon, p. 430 ^ a b c Whitley, p. 15 ^ a b c Gardiner, Chumbley & Budzbon, p. 4 ^ Whitley, pp. 15, 243–245 ^ a b Whitley, pp. 244–245 References Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7. Flórez, Dionisio García (2002). Buques de la Guerra Civil Española. Destructores (in Spanish). Madrid: Almena. ISBN 84-932284-7-8. Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. Whitley, M. J. (2000) . Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Churruca Class Destroyers. First serie of Churruca Class in spanish Second serie of Churruca Class in spanish Destroyers in Spanish civil war (in Spanish), with pictures ARA Cervantes in Histamar Armada Ships – Destructores. Churruca (1931–1963) vteChurruca-class destroyers Spanish Navy Alcalá Galiano (1925) Alcalá Galiano (1930) Almirante Antequera Almirante Ferrándiz Almirante Miranda Almirante Valdes Churruca (1925) Churruca (1929) Císcar Escaño Gravina Jorge Juan José Luis Díez Lepanto Sánchez Barcáiztegui Ulloa  Argentine Navy Cervantes (ex-Churraca) Juan de Garay (ex-Alcalá Galiano) List of destroyers of the Spanish Navy vteSpanish naval ship classes of the Spanish Civil WarBattleships España LittorioX Heavy cruisers Canarias Light cruisers NavarraS Blas de Lezo Almirante Cervera Destroyers Alsedo Churruca Alessandro PoerioRM MărăștiRM Torpedo boats T-1 G-5VMF E-boatsKM MAS boatsRM Submarines B C DI ArchimedeRM PerlaRM Minelayers Júpiter EoloI Hunt (ex-RN Crozier)SC GunboatsOcean Recalde Cánovas del Castillo Durango (ex-AM Zacatecas)S River Cabo FraderaS Auxiliary cruisers Mar Negro Mar Cantábrico S Single ship of class C Converted to ship type I Incomplete until the end of the war RM loan from Regia Marina KM loan from Kriegsmarine VMF loan from Soviet Navy X Cancelled
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Churruca-class destroyer (1972)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churruca-class_destroyer_(1972)"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_class"},{"link_name":"Spanish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Navy"},{"link_name":"British design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_type_flotilla_leader"},{"link_name":"Augusto Miranda y Godoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Miranda_y_Godoy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"light cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"gunboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"Alsedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsedo-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Spanish Republican Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Navy"},{"link_name":"Francoist Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoist_Spain"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see Churruca-class destroyer (1972).The Churruca class was a Spanish destroyer class built for the Spanish Navy based on a British design. Eighteen ships were built, with two being sold to Argentina and commonly referred to as the Cervantes class. The last two members of the class are sometimes referred to as a separate class, the Alava class.The ships were authorized on 17 February 1915 by Navy Minister Augusto Miranda y Godoy. The program planned for four light cruisers, six destroyers, 28 submarines, three gunboats, and 18 coast guard vessels; of these, five light cruisers, three Alsedo and fourteen Churruca-class destroyers, 16 submarines, and the three gunboats were actually completed. The class was built in three groups, with the first group beginning construction in 1923 and the final group's construction delayed by the Spanish Civil War and World War II which led to their completion only in 1957. Some of the later ships of the class were completed without the central gun due to an arms embargo during the Spanish Civil War.The Churruca class took part in the Spanish Civil War as part of the Spanish Republican Navy, with one being lost in battle. Following the end of the civil war, the destroyers were integrated into the navy of Francoist Spain. They continued in service until the 1950s–1960s when they were discarded. The two completed after World War II remained in service until the early 1980s.","title":"Churruca-class destroyer (1927)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alsedo class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsedo-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Admiralty type flotilla leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_type_flotilla_leader"},{"link_name":"standard displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"long overall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"between perpendiculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_between_perpendiculars"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"mean draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitley243-1"},{"link_name":"shafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsons_Marine_Steam_Turbine_Company"},{"link_name":"geared turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geared_turbine"},{"link_name":"Yarrow boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow_boiler"},{"link_name":"shaft horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Shaft_horsepower"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"fuel oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil"},{"link_name":"ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_rating"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitley243-1"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"depth charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitley243-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chesneau-2"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chesneau-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitley244-3"},{"link_name":"20 mm (0.79 in) cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitley245-4"},{"link_name":"forecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecastle"},{"link_name":"calibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"anti-submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"Hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"lattice mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_mast"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"sonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gach2-5"},{"link_name":"Argentine Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Navy"},{"link_name":"40 mm (2 in)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitley15-6"},{"link_name":"funnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gach1-7"}],"text":"The Churruca class came in three groups. Initially, the first three ships were intended to be repeats of the previous Alsedo class. However, a financial delay prevented this once the project was refinanced the first group was based on the British Admiralty type flotilla leader (Scott class) design. The destroyers had a standard displacement of 1,560 tonnes (1,535 long tons) and were 2,120 tonnes (2,087 long tons) at full load. They were 101.50 metres (333 ft 0 in) long overall and 97.52 metres (319 ft 11 in) between perpendiculars with a beam of 9.68 metres (31 ft 9 in) and a mean draught of 3.20 metres (10 ft 6 in).[1]The Churruca class were propelled by two shafts driven by Parsons geared turbines powered by steam provided by four Yarrow boilers. The engines were rated at 42,000 shaft horsepower (31,319 kW) and the destroyers had a maximum speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph). The Churruca class had 508 tonnes (500 long tons) capacity for fuel oil. The destroyers had a complement of 175 officers and ratings.[1]The class was armed with five 120-millimetre (4.7 in) L45 guns in single mounts. They had one 76 mm (3 in) gun for anti-aircraft defence and four machine guns. They were also equipped with six 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes in two triple mounts and two depth charge throwers.[1][2]The second group differed only slightly from the first. Their displacement was greater, at 1,543 tonnes (1,519 long tons) standard and 2,209 tonnes (2,174 long tons) at full load and they had greater bunkerage for the fuel oil, with capacity for 548 tonnes (539 long tons), which gave them a range of 4,500 nautical miles (8,300 km; 5,200 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph).[2][3] The third group differed greatly, as their construction had been delayed and newer systems were added. Their displacement was increased again, at 1,676 tonnes (1,650 long tons) standard and 2,205 tonnes (2,170 long tons) at full load. They retained the increased fuel capacity and range of the second group while having different armament. They were equipped with four 120 mm guns and but had six 37 mm (1.46 in) in three twin mounts and three 20 mm (0.79 in) cannon for anti-aircraft defence.[4]In the early 1940s, all the surviving Spanish ships were modified and had one of the 120 mm guns landed and were given two twin-mounted 37 mm guns and four 20 mm cannon for improved anti-air defence. They retained their torpedo tubes, but the number of depth charge throwers was increased to four. In later years, some of the 37 mm and 20 mm guns were removed. The third group, or Alava class, underwent modernisation in the early 1960s. Their forecastle was lengthened by 8.0 metres (26 ft 3 in) and the displacement increased to 1,842 tonnes (1,813 long tons) standard and 2,287 tonnes (2,251 long tons) at full load. The engines were rerated at 31,500 shp (23,490 kW) and the ships had a maximum speed of 29 knots (54 km/h; 33 mph), with fuel oil capacity of 370 tonnes (364 long tons). Their armament was completely made over, with three single 76 mm/50 calibre guns, three 40 mm/70 calibre SP48 anti-aircraft guns, two side-launching racks for six anti-submarine (ASW) torpedoes, two Hedgehog ASW mortars, eight depth charge throwers and two depth charge racks. A lattice mast was added and caps were placed on the funnels and they were given MLA-1B air search radar, SG-6B surface search radar, Decca TM-626 navigational radar and two Mk 63 fire control radar sets. For ASW, the two ships were equipped with SQS-30A hull-mounted sonar.[5]In Argentine Navy service, the two vessels that became known as the Cervantes class had their midships 120 mm gun replaced with two twin 40 mm (2 in) guns with the 76 mm gun later being replaced with a further twin 40 mm mount.[6] Two of the twin mounts were located between the funnels and one after of the funnels.[7]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ships in class"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Navy"},{"link_name":"M class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_M-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitley243-1"}],"text":"In 1915, the Spanish government authorised an extensive building programme by the Spanish Navy. The first three ships of the Churruca class were intended to be members of the Alsedo class which was based on the British M class but and were planned for construction during World War I. However, due to financial constraints, their construction was put off and when financing was approved for the new destroyers in 1922, a newer design was chosen. The first Churruca and Alcalá Galiano were sold to Argentina, and were replaced by two new destroyers bearing the same name. The class was considered successful, which led the Spanish government ordering a second group. Two vessels of the last group's construction became delayed by the Spanish Civil War and World War II, that they eventually became a third group. The first Churrucas began entering service with the Spanish Navy in 1929.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish protectorate in Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Strait"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta"},{"link_name":"Nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Cadiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiz"},{"link_name":"Spanish Republican Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Navy"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape Espartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Espartel"},{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"Canarias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Canarias"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape Cherchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Cherchell"},{"link_name":"Almirante Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_destroyer_Almirante_Miranda"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape Palos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1938)"},{"link_name":"Baleares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_cruiser_Baleares"},{"link_name":"torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"Gijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gijon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitley2445-10"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Catalan Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_Bay"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"ran aground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_grounding"},{"link_name":"El Ferrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ferrol"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitley2445-10"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gach2-5"}],"sub_title":"Spanish service","text":"On the eve of the rebellion in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, the active Churruca-class destroyers were ordered into the Gibraltar Strait to prevent any rebels from crossing to Spain. Churruca sailed to Ceuta where the destroyer joined the Nationalists. Churucca then transported Nationalist troops to Cadiz on 19 July 1936. However, the crew arrested the officers and rejoined the Spanish Republican Navy. Almirante Ferrándiz and Gravina took part in the Battle of Cape Espartel, where Almirante Ferrándiz was sunk by the Nationalist cruiser Canarias. Lepanto, Almirante Valdes, Almirante Antequera, Gravina, Jorge Juan, and Escaño participated in the Battle of Cape Cherchell. Lepanto, Sánchez Barcaiztegui, Almirante Miranda and Grafina were engaged in the Battle of Cape Palos, where Lepanto sank the Nationalist cruiser Baleares with torpedoes. Ciscar was sunk by aircraft in Gijon harbour, refloated by the rebels, and used by them in the final phases of the war.[9]Sánchez Barcaiztegui was bombed and sunk in shallow water at Cartagena in March 1939, but later raised and returned to service following the war. José Luis Díez was severely damaged in an encounter with Canarias and was beached in Catalan Bay. The ship was raised and towed to Gibraltar where the vessel was interned until the end of the war. When the Spanish Civil War ended, the class was turned over to the Nationalists. Spain remained neutral during World War II Ciscar ran aground in fog off El Ferrol in October 1957. Salvage of the ship was abandoned in 1958 and the vessel was stricken.[9]Construction of what became the third group was delayed due to the Spanish Civil War and began again in 1939. However, construction was stopped in 1940 due to World War II. They were finished only after the war. The remaining ships of the first and second groups underwent modernisation in the 1950s and further updates were planned but later cancelled in the 1960s. The third group were modernised in the early 1960s and rerated as \"fast frigates\". Liniers was used for midshipman training at the Naval Academy until 1982. Liniers, the last of the class, was stricken in 1982.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Destructor_ARA_Cervantes_(C).jpg"},{"link_name":"sea trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_trial"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitley15-6"},{"link_name":"destroyer escorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gach1-7"},{"link_name":"Gloster Meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Meteor"},{"link_name":"Juan Domingo Perón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Domingo_Per%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Río Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Santiago_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Revolución Libertadora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gach1-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitley15-6"}],"sub_title":"Argentinian Navy service","text":"The initial Churruca (1925), sold to Argentina in 1927 and renamed ARA CervantesChurruca and Alcalá Galiano were sold to the Argentine Navy while under construction on 10 June 1926. They were renamed ARA Cervantes (E1) and ARA Juan de Garay (E2) respectively. Cervantes reached 39.76 knots (73.64 km/h; 45.75 mph) while on sea trials.[6] The ships were commissioned on 3 September 1927 and modernised after World War II. In 1952, the two vessels were reclassified as destroyer escorts (torpederos).[7]Cervantes was severely damaged by Gloster Meteor fighters loyal to Juan Domingo Perón while evacuating personnel from the rebel naval base of Río Santiago during the 1955 Revolución Libertadora. She was placed in reserve in May 1961. Juan de Garay was used as a training vessel from 1952–1959.[7] Cervantes was stricken on 24 June 1961 and Juan de Garay on 25 March 1960.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-builder_9-0"}],"text":"^ Whitley has La Carraca, Cartagena as the builder, while Chesneau has Cadiz.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitley243_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitley243_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitley243_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitley243_1-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chesneau_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chesneau_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chesneau_2-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitley244_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitley245_4-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gach2_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gach2_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gach2_5-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitley15_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitley15_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitley15_6-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gach1_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gach1_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gach1_7-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitley2445_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Whitley2445_10-1"}],"text":"^ a b c d Whitley, pp. 242–243\n\n^ a b c Chesneau, p. 401\n\n^ Whitley, p. 244\n\n^ Whitley, p. 245\n\n^ a b c Gardiner, Chumbley & Budzbon, p. 430\n\n^ a b c Whitley, p. 15\n\n^ a b c Gardiner, Chumbley & Budzbon, p. 4\n\n^ Whitley, pp. 15, 243–245\n\n^ a b Whitley, pp. 244–245","title":"Citations"}]
[{"image_text":"The initial Churruca (1925), sold to Argentina in 1927 and renamed ARA Cervantes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Destructor_ARA_Cervantes_%28C%29.jpg/250px-Destructor_ARA_Cervantes_%28C%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-146-7","url_text":"0-85177-146-7"}]},{"reference":"Flórez, Dionisio García (2002). Buques de la Guerra Civil Española. Destructores (in Spanish). Madrid: Almena. ISBN 84-932284-7-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-932284-7-8","url_text":"84-932284-7-8"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-132-7","url_text":"1-55750-132-7"}]},{"reference":"Whitley, M. J. (2000) [1988]. Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-326-1","url_text":"0-87021-326-1"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.revistanaval.com/armada/buques1/churru1.htm","external_links_name":"First serie of Churruca Class in spanish"},{"Link":"http://www.revistanaval.com/armada/buques1/churru2.htm","external_links_name":"Second serie of Churruca Class in spanish"},{"Link":"http://www.kbismarck.com/mgl/destruc.htm","external_links_name":"Destroyers in Spanish civil war (in Spanish), with pictures"},{"Link":"http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/Buques1900a1970/TorpCervantes1927.htm","external_links_name":"ARA Cervantes in Histamar"},{"Link":"http://buquesdelaarmada.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Armada Ships – Destructores. Churruca (1931–1963)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon-Hartley_Theorem
Shannon–Hartley theorem
["1 Statement of the theorem","2 Historical development","2.1 Nyquist rate","2.2 Hartley's law","2.3 Noisy channel coding theorem and capacity","3 Implications of the theorem","3.1 Comparison of Shannon's capacity to Hartley's law","4 Frequency-dependent (colored noise) case","5 Approximations","5.1 Bandwidth-limited case","5.2 Power-limited case","6 Examples","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
Theorem that tells the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted Not to be confused with Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. Information theory Entropy Differential entropy Conditional entropy Joint entropy Mutual information Directed information Conditional mutual information Relative entropy Entropy rate Limiting density of discrete points Asymptotic equipartition property Rate–distortion theory Shannon's source coding theorem Channel capacity Noisy-channel coding theorem Shannon–Hartley theorem vte In information theory, the Shannon–Hartley theorem tells the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted over a communications channel of a specified bandwidth in the presence of noise. It is an application of the noisy-channel coding theorem to the archetypal case of a continuous-time analog communications channel subject to Gaussian noise. The theorem establishes Shannon's channel capacity for such a communication link, a bound on the maximum amount of error-free information per time unit that can be transmitted with a specified bandwidth in the presence of the noise interference, assuming that the signal power is bounded, and that the Gaussian noise process is characterized by a known power or power spectral density. The law is named after Claude Shannon and Ralph Hartley. Statement of the theorem The Shannon–Hartley theorem states the channel capacity C {\displaystyle C} , meaning the theoretical tightest upper bound on the information rate of data that can be communicated at an arbitrarily low error rate using an average received signal power S {\displaystyle S} through an analog communication channel subject to additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) of power N {\displaystyle N} : C = B log 2 ⁡ ( 1 + S N ) {\displaystyle C=B\log _{2}\left(1+{\frac {S}{N}}\right)} where C {\displaystyle C} is the channel capacity in bits per second, a theoretical upper bound on the net bit rate (information rate, sometimes denoted I {\displaystyle I} ) excluding error-correction codes; B {\displaystyle B} is the bandwidth of the channel in hertz (passband bandwidth in case of a bandpass signal); S {\displaystyle S} is the average received signal power over the bandwidth (in case of a carrier-modulated passband transmission, often denoted C), measured in watts (or volts squared); N {\displaystyle N} is the average power of the noise and interference over the bandwidth, measured in watts (or volts squared); and S / N {\displaystyle S/N} is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the communication signal to the noise and interference at the receiver (expressed as a linear power ratio, not as logarithmic decibels). Historical development During the late 1920s, Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley developed a handful of fundamental ideas related to the transmission of information, particularly in the context of the telegraph as a communications system. At the time, these concepts were powerful breakthroughs individually, but they were not part of a comprehensive theory. In the 1940s, Claude Shannon developed the concept of channel capacity, based in part on the ideas of Nyquist and Hartley, and then formulated a complete theory of information and its transmission. Nyquist rate Main article: Nyquist rate In 1927, Nyquist determined that the number of independent pulses that could be put through a telegraph channel per unit time is limited to twice the bandwidth of the channel. In symbolic notation, f p ≤ 2 B {\displaystyle f_{p}\leq 2B} where f p {\displaystyle f_{p}} is the pulse frequency (in pulses per second) and B {\displaystyle B} is the bandwidth (in hertz). The quantity 2 B {\displaystyle 2B} later came to be called the Nyquist rate, and transmitting at the limiting pulse rate of 2 B {\displaystyle 2B} pulses per second as signalling at the Nyquist rate. Nyquist published his results in 1928 as part of his paper "Certain topics in Telegraph Transmission Theory". Hartley's law During 1928, Hartley formulated a way to quantify information and its line rate (also known as data signalling rate R bits per second). This method, later known as Hartley's law, became an important precursor for Shannon's more sophisticated notion of channel capacity. Hartley argued that the maximum number of distinguishable pulse levels that can be transmitted and received reliably over a communications channel is limited by the dynamic range of the signal amplitude and the precision with which the receiver can distinguish amplitude levels. Specifically, if the amplitude of the transmitted signal is restricted to the range of volts, and the precision of the receiver is ±ΔV volts, then the maximum number of distinct pulses M is given by M = 1 + A Δ V {\displaystyle M=1+{A \over \Delta V}} . By taking information per pulse in bit/pulse to be the base-2-logarithm of the number of distinct messages M that could be sent, Hartley constructed a measure of the line rate R as: R = f p log 2 ⁡ ( M ) , {\displaystyle R=f_{p}\log _{2}(M),} where f p {\displaystyle f_{p}} is the pulse rate, also known as the symbol rate, in symbols/second or baud. Hartley then combined the above quantification with Nyquist's observation that the number of independent pulses that could be put through a channel of bandwidth B {\displaystyle B} hertz was 2 B {\displaystyle 2B} pulses per second, to arrive at his quantitative measure for achievable line rate. Hartley's law is sometimes quoted as just a proportionality between the analog bandwidth, B {\displaystyle B} , in Hertz and what today is called the digital bandwidth, R {\displaystyle R} , in bit/s. Other times it is quoted in this more quantitative form, as an achievable line rate of R {\displaystyle R} bits per second: R ≤ 2 B log 2 ⁡ ( M ) . {\displaystyle R\leq 2B\log _{2}(M).} Hartley did not work out exactly how the number M should depend on the noise statistics of the channel, or how the communication could be made reliable even when individual symbol pulses could not be reliably distinguished to M levels; with Gaussian noise statistics, system designers had to choose a very conservative value of M {\displaystyle M} to achieve a low error rate. The concept of an error-free capacity awaited Claude Shannon, who built on Hartley's observations about a logarithmic measure of information and Nyquist's observations about the effect of bandwidth limitations. Hartley's rate result can be viewed as the capacity of an errorless M-ary channel of 2 B {\displaystyle 2B} symbols per second. Some authors refer to it as a capacity. But such an errorless channel is an idealization, and if M is chosen small enough to make the noisy channel nearly errorless, the result is necessarily less than the Shannon capacity of the noisy channel of bandwidth B {\displaystyle B} , which is the Hartley–Shannon result that followed later. Noisy channel coding theorem and capacity Main article: Noisy-channel coding theorem Claude Shannon's development of information theory during World War II provided the next big step in understanding how much information could be reliably communicated through noisy channels. Building on Hartley's foundation, Shannon's noisy channel coding theorem (1948) describes the maximum possible efficiency of error-correcting methods versus levels of noise interference and data corruption. The proof of the theorem shows that a randomly constructed error-correcting code is essentially as good as the best possible code; the theorem is proved through the statistics of such random codes. Shannon's theorem shows how to compute a channel capacity from a statistical description of a channel, and establishes that given a noisy channel with capacity C {\displaystyle C} and information transmitted at a line rate R {\displaystyle R} , then if R < C {\displaystyle R<C} there exists a coding technique which allows the probability of error at the receiver to be made arbitrarily small. This means that theoretically, it is possible to transmit information nearly without error up to nearly a limit of C {\displaystyle C} bits per second. The converse is also important. If R > C {\displaystyle R>C} the probability of error at the receiver increases without bound as the rate is increased. So no useful information can be transmitted beyond the channel capacity. The theorem does not address the rare situation in which rate and capacity are equal. The Shannon–Hartley theorem establishes what that channel capacity is for a finite-bandwidth continuous-time channel subject to Gaussian noise. It connects Hartley's result with Shannon's channel capacity theorem in a form that is equivalent to specifying the M in Hartley's line rate formula in terms of a signal-to-noise ratio, but achieving reliability through error-correction coding rather than through reliably distinguishable pulse levels. If there were such a thing as a noise-free analog channel, one could transmit unlimited amounts of error-free data over it per unit of time (Note that an infinite-bandwidth analog channel could not transmit unlimited amounts of error-free data absent infinite signal power). Real channels, however, are subject to limitations imposed by both finite bandwidth and nonzero noise. Bandwidth and noise affect the rate at which information can be transmitted over an analog channel. Bandwidth limitations alone do not impose a cap on the maximum information rate because it is still possible for the signal to take on an indefinitely large number of different voltage levels on each symbol pulse, with each slightly different level being assigned a different meaning or bit sequence. Taking into account both noise and bandwidth limitations, however, there is a limit to the amount of information that can be transferred by a signal of a bounded power, even when sophisticated multi-level encoding techniques are used. In the channel considered by the Shannon–Hartley theorem, noise and signal are combined by addition. That is, the receiver measures a signal that is equal to the sum of the signal encoding the desired information and a continuous random variable that represents the noise. This addition creates uncertainty as to the original signal's value. If the receiver has some information about the random process that generates the noise, one can in principle recover the information in the original signal by considering all possible states of the noise process. In the case of the Shannon–Hartley theorem, the noise is assumed to be generated by a Gaussian process with a known variance. Since the variance of a Gaussian process is equivalent to its power, it is conventional to call this variance the noise power. Such a channel is called the Additive White Gaussian Noise channel, because Gaussian noise is added to the signal; "white" means equal amounts of noise at all frequencies within the channel bandwidth. Such noise can arise both from random sources of energy and also from coding and measurement error at the sender and receiver respectively. Since sums of independent Gaussian random variables are themselves Gaussian random variables, this conveniently simplifies analysis, if one assumes that such error sources are also Gaussian and independent. Implications of the theorem Comparison of Shannon's capacity to Hartley's law Comparing the channel capacity to the information rate from Hartley's law, we can find the effective number of distinguishable levels M: 2 B log 2 ⁡ ( M ) = B log 2 ⁡ ( 1 + S N ) {\displaystyle 2B\log _{2}(M)=B\log _{2}\left(1+{\frac {S}{N}}\right)} M = 1 + S N . {\displaystyle M={\sqrt {1+{\frac {S}{N}}}}.} The square root effectively converts the power ratio back to a voltage ratio, so the number of levels is approximately proportional to the ratio of signal RMS amplitude to noise standard deviation. This similarity in form between Shannon's capacity and Hartley's law should not be interpreted to mean that M {\displaystyle M} pulse levels can be literally sent without any confusion. More levels are needed to allow for redundant coding and error correction, but the net data rate that can be approached with coding is equivalent to using that M {\displaystyle M} in Hartley's law. Frequency-dependent (colored noise) case In the simple version above, the signal and noise are fully uncorrelated, in which case S + N {\displaystyle S+N} is the total power of the received signal and noise together. A generalization of the above equation for the case where the additive noise is not white (or that the S / N {\displaystyle S/N} is not constant with frequency over the bandwidth) is obtained by treating the channel as many narrow, independent Gaussian channels in parallel: C = ∫ 0 B log 2 ⁡ ( 1 + S ( f ) N ( f ) ) d f {\displaystyle C=\int _{0}^{B}\log _{2}\left(1+{\frac {S(f)}{N(f)}}\right)df} where C {\displaystyle C} is the channel capacity in bits per second; B {\displaystyle B} is the bandwidth of the channel in Hz; S ( f ) {\displaystyle S(f)} is the signal power spectrum N ( f ) {\displaystyle N(f)} is the noise power spectrum f {\displaystyle f} is frequency in Hz. Note: the theorem only applies to Gaussian stationary process noise. This formula's way of introducing frequency-dependent noise cannot describe all continuous-time noise processes. For example, consider a noise process consisting of adding a random wave whose amplitude is 1 or −1 at any point in time, and a channel that adds such a wave to the source signal. Such a wave's frequency components are highly dependent. Though such a noise may have a high power, it is fairly easy to transmit a continuous signal with much less power than one would need if the underlying noise was a sum of independent noises in each frequency band. Approximations AWGN channel capacity with the power-limited regime and bandwidth-limited regime indicated. Here, S N 0 = 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {S}{N_{0}}}=1} ; B and C can be scaled proportionally for other values. For large or small and constant signal-to-noise ratios, the capacity formula can be approximated: Bandwidth-limited case When the SNR is large (S/N ≫ 1), the logarithm is approximated by log 2 ⁡ ( 1 + S N ) ≈ log 2 ⁡ S N = ln ⁡ 10 ln ⁡ 2 ⋅ log 10 ⁡ S N ≈ 3.32 ⋅ log 10 ⁡ S N , {\displaystyle \log _{2}\left(1+{\frac {S}{N}}\right)\approx \log _{2}{\frac {S}{N}}={\frac {\ln 10}{\ln 2}}\cdot \log _{10}{\frac {S}{N}}\approx 3.32\cdot \log _{10}{\frac {S}{N}},} in which case the capacity is logarithmic in power and approximately linear in bandwidth (not quite linear, since N increases with bandwidth, imparting a logarithmic effect). This is called the bandwidth-limited regime. C ≈ 0.332 ⋅ B ⋅ S N R   ( i n   d B ) {\displaystyle C\approx 0.332\cdot B\cdot \mathrm {SNR\ (in\ dB)} } where S N R   ( i n   d B ) = 10 log 10 ⁡ S N . {\displaystyle \mathrm {SNR\ (in\ dB)} =10\log _{10}{S \over N}.} Power-limited case Similarly, when the SNR is small (if S / N ≪ 1 {\displaystyle S/N\ll 1} ), applying the approximation to the logarithm: log 2 ⁡ ( 1 + S N ) = 1 ln ⁡ 2 ⋅ ln ⁡ ( 1 + S N ) ≈ 1 ln ⁡ 2 ⋅ S N ≈ 1.44 ⋅ S N ; {\displaystyle \log _{2}\left(1+{\frac {S}{N}}\right)={\frac {1}{\ln 2}}\cdot \ln \left(1+{\frac {S}{N}}\right)\approx {\frac {1}{\ln 2}}\cdot {\frac {S}{N}}\approx 1.44\cdot {S \over N};} then the capacity is linear in power. This is called the power-limited regime. C ≈ 1.44 ⋅ B ⋅ S N . {\displaystyle C\approx 1.44\cdot B\cdot {S \over N}.} In this low-SNR approximation, capacity is independent of bandwidth if the noise is white, of spectral density N 0 {\displaystyle N_{0}} watts per hertz, in which case the total noise power is N = B ⋅ N 0 {\displaystyle N=B\cdot N_{0}} . C ≈ 1.44 ⋅ S N 0 {\displaystyle C\approx 1.44\cdot {S \over N_{0}}} Examples At a SNR of 0 dB (Signal power = Noise power) the Capacity in bits/s is equal to the bandwidth in hertz. If the SNR is 20 dB, and the bandwidth available is 4 kHz, which is appropriate for telephone communications, then C = 4000 log2(1 + 100) = 4000 log2 (101) = 26.63 kbit/s. Note that the value of S/N = 100 is equivalent to the SNR of 20 dB. If the requirement is to transmit at 50 kbit/s, and a bandwidth of 10 kHz is used, then the minimum S/N required is given by 50000 = 10000 log2(1+S/N) so C/B = 5 then S/N = 25 − 1 = 31, corresponding to an SNR of 14.91 dB (10 x log10(31)). What is the channel capacity for a signal having a 1 MHz bandwidth, received with a SNR of −30 dB ? That means a signal deeply buried in noise. −30 dB means a S/N = 10−3. It leads to a maximal rate of information of 106 log2 (1 + 10−3) = 1443 bit/s. These values are typical of the received ranging signals of the GPS, where the navigation message is sent at 50 bit/s (below the channel capacity for the given S/N), and whose bandwidth is spread to around 1 MHz by a pseudo-noise multiplication before transmission. As stated above, channel capacity is proportional to the bandwidth of the channel and to the logarithm of SNR. This means channel capacity can be increased linearly either by increasing the channel's bandwidth given a fixed SNR requirement or, with fixed bandwidth, by using higher-order modulations that need a very high SNR to operate. As the modulation rate increases, the spectral efficiency improves, but at the cost of the SNR requirement. Thus, there is an exponential rise in the SNR requirement if one adopts a 16QAM or 64QAM; however, the spectral efficiency improves. See also Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem Eb/N0 Notes ^ Nyquist, Harry (April 1928). "Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory" (PDF). Trans. AIEE. 47 (2): 617–44. Bibcode:1928TAIEE..47..617N. doi:10.1109/T-AIEE.1928.5055024. Also 2002 Reprint doi:10.1109/5.989873 ^ Hartley, R. V. L. (July 1928). "Transmission of Information" (PDF). Bell System Technical Journal. 7 (3): 535–563. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1928.tb01236.x. ^ Bell, D. A. (1962). Information Theory; and its Engineering Applications (3rd ed.). New York: Pitman. ISBN 9780273417576. ^ Gokhale, Anu A. (2004). Introduction to Telecommunications (2nd ed.). Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN 1-4018-5648-9. ^ Dunlop, John; Smith, D. Geoffrey (1998). Telecommunications Engineering. CRC Press. ISBN 0-7487-4044-9. ^ Shannon, C. E. (1998) . The Mathematical Theory of Communication (PDF). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ^ Shannon, C. E. (January 1949). "Communication in the presence of noise" (PDF). Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers. 37 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1949.232969. S2CID 52873253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2010. ^ Pierce, John Robinson (1980). An Introduction to Information Theory: symbols, signals & noise. Courier. ISBN 0-486-24061-4. References Taub, Herbert; Schilling, Donald L. (1986). Principles of Communication Systems. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-062956-1. OCLC 12107009. Wozencraft, John M.; Jacobs, Irwin Mark (1965). Principles of Communications Engineering. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-96240-3. OCLC 1325622. External links On-line textbook: Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms, by David MacKay - gives an entertaining and thorough introduction to Shannon theory, including two proofs of the noisy-channel coding theorem. This text also discusses state-of-the-art methods from coding theory, such as low-density parity-check codes, and Turbo codes. MIT News article on Shannon Limit
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem"},{"link_name":"information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"noisy-channel coding theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy-channel_coding_theorem"},{"link_name":"continuous-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous-time"},{"link_name":"analog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal"},{"link_name":"communications channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_channel"},{"link_name":"Gaussian noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_noise"},{"link_name":"channel capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity"},{"link_name":"information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"Claude Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Ralph Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hartley"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem.In information theory, the Shannon–Hartley theorem tells the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted over a communications channel of a specified bandwidth in the presence of noise. It is an application of the noisy-channel coding theorem to the archetypal case of a continuous-time analog communications channel subject to Gaussian noise. The theorem establishes Shannon's channel capacity for such a communication link, a bound on the maximum amount of error-free information per time unit that can be transmitted with a specified bandwidth in the presence of the noise interference, assuming that the signal power is bounded, and that the Gaussian noise process is characterized by a known power or power spectral density. The law is named after Claude Shannon and Ralph Hartley.","title":"Shannon–Hartley theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"channel capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity"},{"link_name":"tightest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tightness_of_measures"},{"link_name":"information rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_rate"},{"link_name":"error rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_error_rate"},{"link_name":"additive white Gaussian noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_white_Gaussian_noise"},{"link_name":"channel capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity"},{"link_name":"bits per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bits_per_second"},{"link_name":"net bit rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_bit_rate"},{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"hertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"passband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passband"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier-to-noise_ratio"},{"link_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio"},{"link_name":"carrier-to-noise ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier-to-noise_ratio"},{"link_name":"decibels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibels"}],"text":"The Shannon–Hartley theorem states the channel capacity \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n, meaning the theoretical tightest upper bound on the information rate of data that can be communicated at an arbitrarily low error rate using an average received signal power \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n through an analog communication channel subject to additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) of power \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n:C\n =\n B\n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n S\n N\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C=B\\log _{2}\\left(1+{\\frac {S}{N}}\\right)}whereC\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n is the channel capacity in bits per second, a theoretical upper bound on the net bit rate (information rate, sometimes denoted \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I}\n \n) excluding error-correction codes;\n\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is the bandwidth of the channel in hertz (passband bandwidth in case of a bandpass signal);\n\n \n \n \n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S}\n \n is the average received signal power over the bandwidth (in case of a carrier-modulated passband transmission, often denoted C), measured in watts (or volts squared);\n\n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n is the average power of the noise and interference over the bandwidth, measured in watts (or volts squared); and\n\n \n \n \n S\n \n /\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S/N}\n \n is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the communication signal to the noise and interference at the receiver (expressed as a linear power ratio, not as logarithmic decibels).","title":"Statement of the theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Nyquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Nyquist"},{"link_name":"Ralph Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hartley"},{"link_name":"telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Claude Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon"}],"text":"During the late 1920s, Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley developed a handful of fundamental ideas related to the transmission of information, particularly in the context of the telegraph as a communications system. At the time, these concepts were powerful breakthroughs individually, but they were not part of a comprehensive theory. In the 1940s, Claude Shannon developed the concept of channel capacity, based in part on the ideas of Nyquist and Hartley, and then formulated a complete theory of information and its transmission.","title":"Historical development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"Nyquist rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_rate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nyquist-1"}],"sub_title":"Nyquist rate","text":"In 1927, Nyquist determined that the number of independent pulses that could be put through a telegraph channel per unit time is limited to twice the bandwidth of the channel. In symbolic notation,f\n \n p\n \n \n ≤\n 2\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{p}\\leq 2B}where \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{p}}\n \n is the pulse frequency (in pulses per second) and \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is the bandwidth (in hertz). The quantity \n \n \n \n 2\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2B}\n \n later came to be called the Nyquist rate, and transmitting at the limiting pulse rate of \n \n \n \n 2\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2B}\n \n pulses per second as signalling at the Nyquist rate. Nyquist published his results in 1928 as part of his paper \"Certain topics in Telegraph Transmission Theory\".[1]","title":"Historical development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"line rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_rate"},{"link_name":"data signalling rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_signalling_rate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"logarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"baud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baud"},{"link_name":"hertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"analog bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"digital bandwidth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Hartley's law","text":"During 1928, Hartley formulated a way to quantify information and its line rate (also known as data signalling rate R bits per second).[2] This method, later known as Hartley's law, became an important precursor for Shannon's more sophisticated notion of channel capacity.Hartley argued that the maximum number of distinguishable pulse levels that can be transmitted and received reliably over a communications channel is limited by the dynamic range of the signal amplitude and the precision with which the receiver can distinguish amplitude levels. Specifically, if the amplitude of the transmitted signal is restricted to the range of [−A ... +A] volts, and the precision of the receiver is ±ΔV volts, then the maximum number of distinct pulses M is given byM\n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n A\n \n Δ\n V\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle M=1+{A \\over \\Delta V}}\n \n.By taking information per pulse in bit/pulse to be the base-2-logarithm of the number of distinct messages M that could be sent, Hartley[3] constructed a measure of the line rate R as:R\n =\n \n f\n \n p\n \n \n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n ⁡\n (\n M\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R=f_{p}\\log _{2}(M),}where \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{p}}\n \n is the pulse rate, also known as the symbol rate, in symbols/second or baud.Hartley then combined the above quantification with Nyquist's observation that the number of independent pulses that could be put through a channel of bandwidth \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n hertz was \n \n \n \n 2\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2B}\n \n pulses per second, to arrive at his quantitative measure for achievable line rate.Hartley's law is sometimes quoted as just a proportionality between the analog bandwidth, \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n, in Hertz and what today is called the digital bandwidth, \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n, in bit/s.[4]\nOther times it is quoted in this more quantitative form, as an achievable line rate of \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n bits per second:[5]R\n ≤\n 2\n B\n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n ⁡\n (\n M\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R\\leq 2B\\log _{2}(M).}Hartley did not work out exactly how the number M should depend on the noise statistics of the channel, or how the communication could be made reliable even when individual symbol pulses could not be reliably distinguished to M levels; with Gaussian noise statistics, system designers had to choose a very conservative value of \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n to achieve a low error rate.The concept of an error-free capacity awaited Claude Shannon, who built on Hartley's observations about a logarithmic measure of information and Nyquist's observations about the effect of bandwidth limitations.Hartley's rate result can be viewed as the capacity of an errorless M-ary channel of \n \n \n \n 2\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2B}\n \n symbols per second. Some authors refer to it as a capacity. But such an errorless channel is an idealization, and if M is chosen small enough to make the noisy channel nearly errorless, the result is necessarily less than the Shannon capacity of the noisy channel of bandwidth \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n, which is the Hartley–Shannon result that followed later.","title":"Historical development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claude Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon"},{"link_name":"information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"},{"link_name":"noisy channel coding theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy_channel_coding_theorem"},{"link_name":"error-correcting methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error-correcting_code"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"channel capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity"},{"link_name":"continuous-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous-time"}],"sub_title":"Noisy channel coding theorem and capacity","text":"Claude Shannon's development of information theory during World War II provided the next big step in understanding how much information could be reliably communicated through noisy channels. Building on Hartley's foundation, Shannon's noisy channel coding theorem (1948) describes the maximum possible efficiency of error-correcting methods versus levels of noise interference and data corruption.[6][7] The proof of the theorem shows that a randomly constructed error-correcting code is essentially as good as the best possible code; the theorem is proved through the statistics of such random codes.Shannon's theorem shows how to compute a channel capacity from a statistical description of a channel, and establishes that given a noisy channel with capacity \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n and information transmitted at a line rate \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n, then ifR\n <\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R<C}there exists a coding technique which allows the probability of error at the receiver to be made arbitrarily small. This means that theoretically, it is possible to transmit information nearly without error up to nearly a limit of \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n bits per second.The converse is also important. IfR\n >\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R>C}the probability of error at the receiver increases without bound as the rate is increased. So no useful information can be transmitted beyond the channel capacity. The theorem does not address the rare situation in which rate and capacity are equal.The Shannon–Hartley theorem establishes what that channel capacity is for a finite-bandwidth continuous-time channel subject to Gaussian noise. It connects Hartley's result with Shannon's channel capacity theorem in a form that is equivalent to specifying the M in Hartley's line rate formula in terms of a signal-to-noise ratio, but achieving reliability through error-correction coding rather than through reliably distinguishable pulse levels.If there were such a thing as a noise-free analog channel, one could transmit unlimited amounts of error-free data over it per unit of time (Note that an infinite-bandwidth analog channel could not transmit unlimited amounts of error-free data absent infinite signal power). Real channels, however, are subject to limitations imposed by both finite bandwidth and nonzero noise.Bandwidth and noise affect the rate at which information can be transmitted over an analog channel. Bandwidth limitations alone do not impose a cap on the maximum information rate because it is still possible for the signal to take on an indefinitely large number of different voltage levels on each symbol pulse, with each slightly different level being assigned a different meaning or bit sequence. Taking into account both noise and bandwidth limitations, however, there is a limit to the amount of information that can be transferred by a signal of a bounded power, even when sophisticated multi-level encoding techniques are used.In the channel considered by the Shannon–Hartley theorem, noise and signal are combined by addition. That is, the receiver measures a signal that is equal to the sum of the signal encoding the desired information and a continuous random variable that represents the noise. This addition creates uncertainty as to the original signal's value. If the receiver has some information about the random process that generates the noise, one can in principle recover the information in the original signal by considering all possible states of the noise process. In the case of the Shannon–Hartley theorem, the noise is assumed to be generated by a Gaussian process with a known variance. Since the variance of a Gaussian process is equivalent to its power, it is conventional to call this variance the noise power.Such a channel is called the Additive White Gaussian Noise channel, because Gaussian noise is added to the signal; \"white\" means equal amounts of noise at all frequencies within the channel bandwidth. Such noise can arise both from random sources of energy and also from coding and measurement error at the sender and receiver respectively. Since sums of independent Gaussian random variables are themselves Gaussian random variables, this conveniently simplifies analysis, if one assumes that such error sources are also Gaussian and independent.","title":"Historical development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Implications of the theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"RMS amplitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_amplitude"}],"sub_title":"Comparison of Shannon's capacity to Hartley's law","text":"Comparing the channel capacity to the information rate from Hartley's law, we can find the effective number of distinguishable levels M:[8]2\n B\n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n ⁡\n (\n M\n )\n =\n B\n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n S\n N\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2B\\log _{2}(M)=B\\log _{2}\\left(1+{\\frac {S}{N}}\\right)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n M\n =\n \n \n 1\n +\n \n \n S\n N\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M={\\sqrt {1+{\\frac {S}{N}}}}.}The square root effectively converts the power ratio back to a voltage ratio, so the number of levels is approximately proportional to the ratio of signal RMS amplitude to noise standard deviation.This similarity in form between Shannon's capacity and Hartley's law should not be interpreted to mean that \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n pulse levels can be literally sent without any confusion. More levels are needed to allow for redundant coding and error correction, but the net data rate that can be approached with coding is equivalent to using that \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n in Hartley's law.","title":"Implications of the theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"channel capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity"},{"link_name":"power spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_spectrum"},{"link_name":"stationary process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_process"}],"text":"In the simple version above, the signal and noise are fully uncorrelated, in which case \n \n \n \n S\n +\n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S+N}\n \n is the total power of the received signal and noise together. A generalization of the above equation for the case where the additive noise is not white (or that the \n \n \n \n S\n \n /\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S/N}\n \n is not constant with frequency over the bandwidth) is obtained by treating the channel as many narrow, independent Gaussian channels in parallel:C\n =\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n B\n \n \n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n \n S\n (\n f\n )\n \n \n N\n (\n f\n )\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n d\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C=\\int _{0}^{B}\\log _{2}\\left(1+{\\frac {S(f)}{N(f)}}\\right)df}whereC\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n is the channel capacity in bits per second;\n\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is the bandwidth of the channel in Hz;\n\n \n \n \n S\n (\n f\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S(f)}\n \n is the signal power spectrum\n\n \n \n \n N\n (\n f\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N(f)}\n \n is the noise power spectrum\n\n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is frequency in Hz.Note: the theorem only applies to Gaussian stationary process noise. This formula's way of introducing frequency-dependent noise cannot describe all continuous-time noise processes. For example, consider a noise process consisting of adding a random wave whose amplitude is 1 or −1 at any point in time, and a channel that adds such a wave to the source signal. Such a wave's frequency components are highly dependent. Though such a noise may have a high power, it is fairly easy to transmit a continuous signal with much less power than one would need if the underlying noise was a sum of independent noises in each frequency band.","title":"Frequency-dependent (colored noise) case"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Channel_Capacity_with_Power-_and_Bandwidth-Limited_Regimes.png"},{"link_name":"AWGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_white_Gaussian_noise"}],"text":"AWGN channel capacity with the power-limited regime and bandwidth-limited regime indicated. Here, \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n N\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {S}{N_{0}}}=1}\n \n; B and C can be scaled proportionally for other values.For large or small and constant signal-to-noise ratios, the capacity formula can be approximated:","title":"Approximations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bandwidth-limited case","text":"When the SNR is large (S/N ≫ 1), the logarithm is approximated bylog\n \n 2\n \n \n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n S\n N\n \n \n \n )\n \n ≈\n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n ⁡\n \n \n S\n N\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n 10\n \n \n ln\n ⁡\n 2\n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n log\n \n 10\n \n \n ⁡\n \n \n S\n N\n \n \n ≈\n 3.32\n ⋅\n \n log\n \n 10\n \n \n ⁡\n \n \n S\n N\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\log _{2}\\left(1+{\\frac {S}{N}}\\right)\\approx \\log _{2}{\\frac {S}{N}}={\\frac {\\ln 10}{\\ln 2}}\\cdot \\log _{10}{\\frac {S}{N}}\\approx 3.32\\cdot \\log _{10}{\\frac {S}{N}},}in which case the capacity is logarithmic in power and approximately linear in bandwidth (not quite linear, since N increases with bandwidth, imparting a logarithmic effect). This is called the bandwidth-limited regime.C\n ≈\n 0.332\n ⋅\n B\n ⋅\n \n S\n N\n R\n  \n (\n i\n n\n  \n d\n B\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C\\approx 0.332\\cdot B\\cdot \\mathrm {SNR\\ (in\\ dB)} }whereS\n N\n R\n  \n (\n i\n n\n  \n d\n B\n )\n \n =\n 10\n \n log\n \n 10\n \n \n ⁡\n \n \n S\n N\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {SNR\\ (in\\ dB)} =10\\log _{10}{S \\over N}.}","title":"Approximations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spectral density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_density"}],"sub_title":"Power-limited case","text":"Similarly, when the SNR is small (if \n \n \n \n S\n \n /\n \n N\n ≪\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S/N\\ll 1}\n \n), applying the approximation to the logarithm:log\n \n 2\n \n \n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n S\n N\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n ln\n ⁡\n 2\n \n \n \n ⋅\n ln\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n S\n N\n \n \n \n )\n \n ≈\n \n \n 1\n \n ln\n ⁡\n 2\n \n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n S\n N\n \n \n ≈\n 1.44\n ⋅\n \n \n S\n N\n \n \n ;\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\log _{2}\\left(1+{\\frac {S}{N}}\\right)={\\frac {1}{\\ln 2}}\\cdot \\ln \\left(1+{\\frac {S}{N}}\\right)\\approx {\\frac {1}{\\ln 2}}\\cdot {\\frac {S}{N}}\\approx 1.44\\cdot {S \\over N};}then the capacity is linear in power. This is called the power-limited regime.C\n ≈\n 1.44\n ⋅\n B\n ⋅\n \n \n S\n N\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C\\approx 1.44\\cdot B\\cdot {S \\over N}.}In this low-SNR approximation, capacity is independent of bandwidth if the noise is white, of spectral density \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N_{0}}\n \n watts per hertz, in which case the total noise power is \n \n \n \n N\n =\n B\n ⋅\n \n N\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N=B\\cdot N_{0}}\n \n.C\n ≈\n 1.44\n ⋅\n \n \n S\n \n N\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C\\approx 1.44\\cdot {S \\over N_{0}}}","title":"Approximations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"higher-order modulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_modulation"},{"link_name":"spectral efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_efficiency"},{"link_name":"16QAM or 64QAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation"}],"text":"At a SNR of 0 dB (Signal power = Noise power) the Capacity in bits/s is equal to the bandwidth in hertz.\nIf the SNR is 20 dB, and the bandwidth available is 4 kHz, which is appropriate for telephone communications, then C = 4000 log2(1 + 100) = 4000 log2 (101) = 26.63 kbit/s. Note that the value of S/N = 100 is equivalent to the SNR of 20 dB.\nIf the requirement is to transmit at 50 kbit/s, and a bandwidth of 10 kHz is used, then the minimum S/N required is given by 50000 = 10000 log2(1+S/N) so C/B = 5 then S/N = 25 − 1 = 31, corresponding to an SNR of 14.91 dB (10 x log10(31)).\nWhat is the channel capacity for a signal having a 1 MHz bandwidth, received with a SNR of −30 dB ? That means a signal deeply buried in noise. −30 dB means a S/N = 10−3. It leads to a maximal rate of information of 106 log2 (1 + 10−3) = 1443 bit/s. These values are typical of the received ranging signals of the GPS, where the navigation message is sent at 50 bit/s (below the channel capacity for the given S/N), and whose bandwidth is spread to around 1 MHz by a pseudo-noise multiplication before transmission.\nAs stated above, channel capacity is proportional to the bandwidth of the channel and to the logarithm of SNR. This means channel capacity can be increased linearly either by increasing the channel's bandwidth given a fixed SNR requirement or, with fixed bandwidth, by using higher-order modulations that need a very high SNR to operate. As the modulation rate increases, the spectral efficiency improves, but at the cost of the SNR requirement. Thus, there is an exponential rise in the SNR requirement if one adopts a 16QAM or 64QAM; however, the spectral efficiency improves.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nyquist_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bayes.wustl.edu/Manual/CertainTopicsInTelegraphTransmissionTheory.pdf"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1928TAIEE..47..617N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928TAIEE..47..617N"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/T-AIEE.1928.5055024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2FT-AIEE.1928.5055024"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/5.989873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2F5.989873"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Transmission of Information\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dotrose.com/etext/90_Miscellaneous/transmission_of_information_1928b.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/j.1538-7305.1928.tb01236.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1928.tb01236.x"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Information Theory; and its Engineering Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_O1SAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780273417576","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780273417576"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Introduction to Telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QowmxWAOEtYC&q=%22hartley%27s+law%22+proportional&pg=PA37"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4018-5648-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4018-5648-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Telecommunications Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-kyPyn3Dst8C&q=%22hartley%27s+law%22&pg=RA4-PA30"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7487-4044-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7487-4044-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Shannon, C. E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon"},{"link_name":"The Mathematical Theory of Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//people.math.harvard.edu/~ctm/home/text/others/shannon/entropy/entropy.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Shannon, C. E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon"},{"link_name":"\"Communication in the presence of noise\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100208112344/http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee104/shannonpaper.pdf"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institute_of_Radio_Engineers"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/JRPROC.1949.232969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2FJRPROC.1949.232969"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"52873253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52873253"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stanford.edu/class/ee104/shannonpaper.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"An Introduction to Information Theory: symbols, signals & noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/introductiontoin00john"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-486-24061-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-24061-4"}],"text":"^ \nNyquist, Harry (April 1928). \"Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory\" (PDF). Trans. AIEE. 47 (2): 617–44. Bibcode:1928TAIEE..47..617N. doi:10.1109/T-AIEE.1928.5055024. Also 2002 Reprint doi:10.1109/5.989873\n\n^ Hartley, R. V. L. (July 1928). \"Transmission of Information\" (PDF). Bell System Technical Journal. 7 (3): 535–563. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1928.tb01236.x.\n\n^ Bell, D. A. (1962). Information Theory; and its Engineering Applications (3rd ed.). New York: Pitman. ISBN 9780273417576.\n\n^ Gokhale, Anu A. (2004). Introduction to Telecommunications (2nd ed.). Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN 1-4018-5648-9.\n\n^ Dunlop, John; Smith, D. Geoffrey (1998). Telecommunications Engineering. CRC Press. ISBN 0-7487-4044-9.\n\n^ Shannon, C. E. (1998) [1949]. The Mathematical Theory of Communication (PDF). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.\n\n^ Shannon, C. E. (January 1949). \"Communication in the presence of noise\" (PDF). Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers. 37 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1949.232969. S2CID 52873253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2010.\n\n^ Pierce, John Robinson (1980). An Introduction to Information Theory: symbols, signals & noise. Courier. ISBN 0-486-24061-4.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"AWGN channel capacity with the power-limited regime and bandwidth-limited regime indicated. Here, \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n N\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {S}{N_{0}}}=1}\n \n; B and C can be scaled proportionally for other values.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Channel_Capacity_with_Power-_and_Bandwidth-Limited_Regimes.png/220px-Channel_Capacity_with_Power-_and_Bandwidth-Limited_Regimes.png"}]
[{"title":"Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem"},{"title":"Eb/N0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eb/N0"}]
[{"reference":"Nyquist, Harry (April 1928). \"Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory\" (PDF). Trans. AIEE. 47 (2): 617–44. Bibcode:1928TAIEE..47..617N. doi:10.1109/T-AIEE.1928.5055024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bayes.wustl.edu/Manual/CertainTopicsInTelegraphTransmissionTheory.pdf","url_text":"\"Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928TAIEE..47..617N","url_text":"1928TAIEE..47..617N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FT-AIEE.1928.5055024","url_text":"10.1109/T-AIEE.1928.5055024"}]},{"reference":"Hartley, R. V. L. (July 1928). \"Transmission of Information\" (PDF). Bell System Technical Journal. 7 (3): 535–563. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1928.tb01236.x.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dotrose.com/etext/90_Miscellaneous/transmission_of_information_1928b.pdf","url_text":"\"Transmission of Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1928.tb01236.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1538-7305.1928.tb01236.x"}]},{"reference":"Bell, D. A. (1962). Information Theory; and its Engineering Applications (3rd ed.). New York: Pitman. ISBN 9780273417576.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_O1SAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Information Theory; and its Engineering Applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780273417576","url_text":"9780273417576"}]},{"reference":"Gokhale, Anu A. (2004). Introduction to Telecommunications (2nd ed.). Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN 1-4018-5648-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QowmxWAOEtYC&q=%22hartley%27s+law%22+proportional&pg=PA37","url_text":"Introduction to Telecommunications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4018-5648-9","url_text":"1-4018-5648-9"}]},{"reference":"Dunlop, John; Smith, D. Geoffrey (1998). Telecommunications Engineering. CRC Press. ISBN 0-7487-4044-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-kyPyn3Dst8C&q=%22hartley%27s+law%22&pg=RA4-PA30","url_text":"Telecommunications Engineering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7487-4044-9","url_text":"0-7487-4044-9"}]},{"reference":"Shannon, C. E. (1998) [1949]. The Mathematical Theory of Communication (PDF). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon","url_text":"Shannon, C. E."},{"url":"https://people.math.harvard.edu/~ctm/home/text/others/shannon/entropy/entropy.pdf","url_text":"The Mathematical Theory of Communication"}]},{"reference":"Shannon, C. E. (January 1949). \"Communication in the presence of noise\" (PDF). Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers. 37 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1949.232969. S2CID 52873253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon","url_text":"Shannon, C. E."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100208112344/http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee104/shannonpaper.pdf","url_text":"\"Communication in the presence of noise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Institute_of_Radio_Engineers","url_text":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJRPROC.1949.232969","url_text":"10.1109/JRPROC.1949.232969"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52873253","url_text":"52873253"},{"url":"http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee104/shannonpaper.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pierce, John Robinson (1980). An Introduction to Information Theory: symbols, signals & noise. Courier. ISBN 0-486-24061-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoin00john","url_text":"An Introduction to Information Theory: symbols, signals & noise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-24061-4","url_text":"0-486-24061-4"}]},{"reference":"Taub, Herbert; Schilling, Donald L. (1986). Principles of Communication Systems. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-062956-1. OCLC 12107009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-062956-1","url_text":"978-0-07-062956-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12107009","url_text":"12107009"}]},{"reference":"Wozencraft, John M.; Jacobs, Irwin Mark (1965). Principles of Communications Engineering. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-96240-3. OCLC 1325622.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-96240-3","url_text":"978-0-471-96240-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1325622","url_text":"1325622"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metheringham_Windmill
Metheringham Windmill
["1 History","2 References"]
Coordinates: 53°08′16″N 0°24′42″W / 53.1377°N 0.4116°W / 53.1377; -0.4116This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Metheringham Windmill" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Metheringham WindmillDisused windmill and Mill House at MetheringhamOriginMill nameMetheringham WindmillMill locationMetheringham, LincolnshireGrid referenceTF 063 613Coordinates53°08′16″N 0°24′42″W / 53.1377°N 0.4116°W / 53.1377; -0.4116Year built1867InformationTypeTower millStoreysSix storeysNo. of sailsSix sailsType of sailsPatent sailsWindshaftCast ironNo. of pairs of millstonesFour pairs Metheringham Windmill, locally known as The Old Meg Flour Mill, was a six-storeyed, six-sailed, and tarred slender Lincolnshire type windmill with the typical white ogee cap and fantail. The mill is derelict. History Metheringham Windmill was built in 1867 to be used to grind flour from grain. Located on a paddock at the eponymous village in North Kesteven south of Lincoln, it is one of the many tall brick-tower mills of Lincolnshire with a stage, now disused. The mill was equipped with a complete iron gear, six Sutton Patent sails, which drove her four pairs of millstones, but was never prosperous. She later lost up to four of her sails, which were not replaced. The remaining sails were juggled around for balance. Having started with 6 sails, she later ran with four, then two, and finally with three, finishing her sixty years of work around 1930. Until 1942, the mill could be viewed with its unique three sails design. In the following years the remaining sails went, and after 1961 cap and windshaft followed. The tar coating is now wearing off the tower, giving a free view of the unusual banding in her brickwork of 205 courses. Remains of the iron stage can still be found on the mill on the second floor, but in a bad condition because of the damage done by sail crashes. There is no public right of access to the mill, so any remains of machinery inside the mill can't be examined. References ^ a b c d e Dolman 1986, p. 22. ^ Wailes 1954, p. 100. Sources Dolman, Peter (1986). Lincolnshire Windmills, a contemporary survey. Lincoln: Lincolnshire County Council, Department of Recreational Services - Museums. ISBN 0 86111 126 5. Wailes, Rex (1954). The Windmills of England. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. vteWindmills in EnglandEast Bedfordshire Cambridgeshire Bourn Essex Ashdon Aythorpe Roding Bocking Churchstreet Clavering Debden Finchingfield Fryerning Great Bardfield Great Dunmow Mountnessing Orsett Ramsey Rayleigh South Ockendon Stansted Mountfitchet Stock Terling Thaxted Tiptree Toppesfield White Roding Hertfordshire Ardeley Brent Pelham Croxley Green King's Walden North Mymms Reed Tring Weston Norfolk Aslacton Aylsham Blakeney Billingford Burnham Overy Staithe Union Carbrooke Caston Catfield Cley Denver Diss East Dereham East Harling East Runton East Wretham Garboldisham Gayton Great Bircham Great Ellingham Hickling Hindringham Ingleborough Old Buckenham Thrigby West Winch Weybourne Norfolk Drainage mills Berney Arms Boardman’s Brograve Catfield Clayrack Horning Horsey Hunsett Lambrigg Lockgate Palmer’s Reedham Starston Stubb Suffolk Aldeburgh Bardwell Barnham Blundeston Bungay Burgh Buxhall Clare Cockfield Corton Creeting St Mary Crowfield Dalham Drinkstone Eastbridge Framsden Friston Gazeley Great Thurlow Great Welnetham Herringfleet Holton Kelsale Lound Pakenham Reydon Saxtead Green Stanton Stowmarket Syleham Thelnetham Thorpeness Walberswick Walton Woodbridge Buttrum's Tricker's EastMidlands Derbyshire Northamptonshire Rutland Leicestershire Ullesthorpe Lincolnshire Alford Boston Burgh-le-Marsh Heckington Kirton in Lindsey Metheringham Moulton Waltham Wrawby Nottinghamshire North Leverton Sneinton London Greater London Arkley Barking Battersea Brixton Keston Plumstead Common Shirley Upminster Wandsworth Common Wimbledon Common NorthEast Durham Northumberland NorthWest Cheshire Cumbria Lancashire Little Marton Lytham Pilling Thornton Merseyside Bidston Wavertree SouthEast Berkshire Buckinghamshire Cobstone Hawridge Pitstone East Sussex Alfriston Argos Hill Battle Cross-in-Hand Crowborough Herstmonceux Icklesham Kingston Mark Cross North Chailey Nutley Punnetts Town Rye Polegate Rottingdean Stone Cross Tide Mills Patcham West Blatchington Westham Winchelsea Hampshire Bursledon Chalton Crux Easton Langstone Isle of Wight Bembridge Kent Benenden Bidborough Barham Canterbury Charing Chillenden Chislet Copton Cranbrook Eastry Edenbridge Guston Herne Kingston Margate Meopham Northbourne Oare Ringwould Rolvenden Sandhurst Sandwich Sarre Sheerness Stanford Stelling Minnis St Margaret's Bay West Kingsdown Whitstable Willesborough Wittersham Woodchurch Oxfordshire Surrey Buckland Capel Ewhurst Frimley Green Lowfield Heath Outwood Reigate Reigate Heath Tadworth West Sussex Angmering Arundel Barnham Clayton Earnley East Wittering Halnaker High Salvington Keymer Nutbourne Pagham Selsey Shipley Washington West Chiltington SouthWest Cornwall Devon Gloucestershire Dorset Cottonfields Top Growlands Somerset Ashton Stembridge Wiltshire Wilton WestMidlands Herefordshire Shropshire Staffordshire Worcestershire Warwickshire Berkswell Chesterton Kenilworth Yorkshireand theHumber East Riding of Yorkshire Skidby North Yorkshire York South Yorkshire West Yorkshire List of windmills in the United Kingdom
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[]
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[{"reference":"Dolman, Peter (1986). Lincolnshire Windmills, a contemporary survey. Lincoln: Lincolnshire County Council, Department of Recreational Services - Museums. ISBN 0 86111 126 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_86111_126_5","url_text":"0 86111 126 5"}]},{"reference":"Wailes, Rex (1954). The Windmills of England. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Wailes","url_text":"Wailes, Rex"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Waste_Recycling_Act_2003
Household Waste Recycling Act 2003
["1 Section 5 - Short title, commencement and extent","2 References","3 External links"]
United Kingdom legislationHousehold Waste Recycling Act 2003Parliament of the United KingdomLong titleAn Act to make further provision regarding the collection, composting and recycling of household waste; and for connected purposes.Citation2003 c 29Territorial extent England and WalesDatesRoyal assent30 October 2003Commencement30 December 2003Text of statute as originally enactedRevised text of statute as amended The Household Waste Recycling Act 2003 (c 29) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It has been suggested that this Act should be amended to increase the number of recyclable items that collection authorities must collect from households to at least seven. Section 5 - Short title, commencement and extent Section 5(2) provides that the Act came into force at the end of the period of two months that began on the date on which it was passed. The word "months" means calendar months. The day (that is to say, 30 October 2003) on which the Act was passed (that is to say, received royal assent) is included in the period of two months. This means that the Act came into force on 30 December 2003. References Halsbury's Statutes, ^ The citation of this Act by this short title is authorised by section 5(1) of this Act. ^ The Household Waste Recycling Act 2003, section 5(3) ^ The Household Waste Recycling Act 2003, section 5(2) ^ House of Lords Science and Technology Committee. 6th Report of Session 2007-08: Waste Reduction. Volume II. HL Paper 163-II. The Stationery Office. 2008. Page 445. ^ The Interpretation Act 1978, section 5 and Schedule 1 ^ Hare v Gocher 2 QB 641, 2 All ER 673; Trow v Ind Coope (West Midlands) Ltd 2 QB 899 at 909, 2 All ER 900, CA. External links The Household Waste Recycling Act 2003, as amended from the National Archives. The Household Waste Recycling Act 2003, as originally enacted from the National Archives. vteUK legislationPre-parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of parliaments of states precedingthe Kingdom of Great BritainParliament of England 1225–1267 1275–1307 1308–1325 Temp. incert. 1327–1376 1377–1397 1399–1411 1413–1421 1422–1460 1461 1463 1464 1467 1468 1472 1474 1477 1482 1483 1485–1503 1509–1535 1536 1539–1540 1541 1542 1543 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1551 1553 1554 1555 1557 1558–1575 1580 1584 1586 1588 1592 1597 1601 1603 1605 1606 1609 1620 1623 1625 1627 Petition of Right 1640 Interregnum (1642–1660) 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1670 1672 1675 1677 1678 1679 Habeas Corpus Act 1680 1685 1688 1689 Bill of Rights 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1707 Acts of Parliament of theKingdom of Great Britain 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715–1719 1720–1724 1725–1729 1730–1734 1735–1739 1740–1744 1745–1749 1750–1754 1755–1759 1760–1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701–1750 1751–1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom ofGreat Britain and Ireland and the UnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Halsbury's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union (formerly European Communities) 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts of Senedd Cymru and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders in Council 1994 to date for Northern Ireland 1972–2009/2015–16 Secondary legislation United Kingdom statutory instruments Scottish statutory instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal Church of England instruments Authority control databases: People UK Parliament This legislation in the United Kingdom, or its constituent jurisdictions, article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Princeton_Triangle_Club_shows
List of Princeton Triangle Club shows
["1 Academic year / show (if more than one show is listed, the first is the mainstage show)","2 Literature","3 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Princeton Triangle Club shows" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Princeton Triangle Club presents musical theater written and performed by Princeton undergraduates. Several major American writers (for example, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Edmund Wilson) were involved with the club while students. Academic year / show (if more than one show is listed, the first is the mainstage show) 1890–1891 Po-ca-hon-tas, or The Gentle Savage 1891–1892 Katharine 1892–1893 The Honorable Julius Caesar 1893–1894 The Honorable Julius Caesar 1894–1895 Snowball; Who's Who 1895–1896 The Mummy 1896–1897 Lend Me Five Shillings; A Tiger Lily 1897–1898 Po-ca-hon-tas, or The Gentle Savage 1898–1899 The Privateer, or The Pirates of Pennsnec 1899–1900 A Woodland Wedding 1900–1901 The King of Pomeru 1901–1902 The King of Pomeru 1902–1903 The Mullah of Miasma 1903–1904 The Man From Where 1904–1905 The Pretenders 1905–1906 Tabasco Land 1906–1907 The Mummy Monarch 1907–1908 When Congress Went to Princeton 1908–1909 The Duchess of Bluffshire 1909–1910 His Honor the Sultan 1910–1911 Simply Cynthia 1911–1912 Main Street 1912–1913 Once in a Hundred Years 1913–1914 The Pursuit of Priscilla 1914–1915 Fie! Fie! Fi-Fi! 1915–1916 The Evil Eye 1916–1917 Safety First 1917–1918 (a four-man troupe entertained troops in Europe) 1918–1919 The Honorable Julius Caesar 1919–1920 The Isle of Surprise 1920–1921 They Never Come Back 1921–1922 Espanola; The Devil's Disciple 1922–1923 The Man From Earth 1923–1924 Drake's Drum 1924–1925 The Scarlet Coat 1925–1926 Fortuno 1926–1927 Samarkand; Captain Applejack 1927–1928 Napoleon Passes 1928–1929 Zuider Zee 1929–1930 The Golden Dog; The Second Man 1930–1931 The Tiger Smiles 1931–1932 Spanish Blades 1932–1933 It's the Valet; Private Lives 1933–1934 Fiesta; Goodbye Again 1934–1935 Stags at Bay (incl. East of the Sun (and West of the Moon)); Holiday 1935–1936 What a Relief! 1936–1937 Take It Away 1937–1938 Fol-de-Rol 1938–1939 Once Over Lightly; Spring Shambles 1939–1940 Any Moment Now 1940–1941 Many A Slip 1941–1942 Ask Me Another 1942–1943 Time and Again 1943–1946 (no shows, due to World War II) 1946–1947 Clear the Track 1947–1948 All Rights Reserved 1948–1949 All in Favor 1949–1950 Come Across 1950–1951 Too Hot for Toddy 1951–1952 Never Say Horses 1952–1953 Ham 'n Legs 1953–1954 Malice in Wonderland 1954–1955 Tunis, Anyone? 1955–1956 Spree de Corps 1956–1957 Take a Gander 1957–1958 After a Fashion 1958–1959 For Heaven's Sake 1959–1960 Breakfast in Bedlam 1960–1961 Midsummer Night Scream; Guys and Dolls 1961–1962 Tour de Farce 1962–1963 Ahead of the Game 1963–1964 Funny Side Up 1964–1965 Grape Expectations 1965–1966 High Sobriety 1966–1967 Sham on Wry 1967–1968 Enter Venus 1968–1969 A Different Kick 1969–1970 Call a Spade a Shovel; '70 Minutes 1970–1971 Cracked Ice 1971–1972 Blue Genes; One More Hour for Uncle Ben 1972–1973 Future Schlock 1973–1974 A Titter Ran Through the Audience 1974–1975 American Zucchini; Blithe Spirit 1975–1976 Mugs Money 1976–1977 Kafka, Tea or Me 1977–1978 Chile Today, Guacamole 1978–1979 Academia Nuts; Happily Ever After 1979–1980 From Here to Hilarity; String of Pearls 1980–1981 Bold Type and Company 1981–1982 Stocks and Bondage and Cabaret; Fool's Gold: 85 Minutes of the Best of Triangle 1982–1983 Under the Influence; Merrily We Roll Along 1983–1984 Revel Without a Pause; Three Penny Opera 1984–1985 No. 96-Untitled; The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas 1985–1986 Star Spangled Banter; The Boy Friend 1986–1987 Business Unusual; Applause; 90 Minutes of the Best of Triangle 1987–1988 Ain't Mythbehavin'; No Strings; 91 Minutes of the Best of Triangle 1988–1989 Satanic Nurses; Little Shop of Horrors 1989–1990 Easy Street 1990–1991 The Older, the Better; Into the Woods; 94 Minutes of the Best of Triangle 1991–1992 Do-Re-Media;The Centennial Revue: "100 Years and Still Kicking";95 Minutes of the Best of Triangle 1992–1993 Shelf Indulgence; A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum; 96 Minutes of the Best of Triangle 1993–1994 Bermuda Love Triangle; 97 Minutes of the Best of Triangle 1994–1995 Rhyme and Punishment; 98 Minutes of the Best of Triangle 1995–1996 Pulpit Fiction 1996–1997 The Tiger Roars; It's a Wonderful Laugh 1997–1998 In Lava and War 1998–1999 101 Damnations; The Rude Olympics; Palindromes are Fun! 1999–2000 The Blair Arch Project; The Rude Olympics II: American Booty; Menage '03 2000–2001 Puns of Steel; 2004Play; The Rude Olympics III 2001–2002 Absurd to the Wise; sLAUGHTERhouse '05; The Rude Olympics IV 2002–2003 This Side of Parody; '06 Degrees of Separation; The Rude Olympics V: Schlock & Awe 2003–2004 For Love or Funny; '07 Deadly Sins; The Rude Olympics VI: Weapons of Mass Distraction 2004–2005 Orange and Black to the Future; Magic 8 Ball; The Rude Olympics VII: Fondling Neverland 2005–2006 Excess Hollywood; Love Potion '09; Rude Olympics VIII: An Eye for an iPod 2006–2007 Heist Almighty; Crude In'10tions; Rude Olympics IX: The Devil Wears Nada 2007–2008 A Turnpike Runs Through It: A New Jersical; Knockin' on '11's Door; Rude Olympics X: Whitman Can't Jump 2008–2009 Stark Raven Mad; All's Well That Ends '12; WaWall-E 2009–2010 Store Trek; A Night at the Apollo '13, Cornel West Side Story 2010–2011 Family Feudalism; Chicken Soup '14 Souls, Dial Elm for Murder 2011–2012 Doomsdays of our Lives; Freshman '15; Are You There Dod? It's Me, Marquand 2012–2013 Tree's Company (Forest's a Crowd); My Super Sweet '16; Shirley You're Joking, Mrs. Tilghman! 2013–2014 Zero Gravitas; NC-'17; Waiting for Guyot 2014–2015 An Inconvenient Sleuth; You Must Be '18 or Older to Enter; A Wrinkle Intime 2015–2016 Tropic Blunder; A '19 Shining Armor; The Forbes Awakens 2016–2017 Greece’d Lightning!; Are You Feeling '20, Too?; Manchester By The C-Store 2017–2018 Spy School Musical; '21 Pun Salute; Terrace Bueller's Day Off 2018–2019 Night of the Laughing Dead; You're a Catch, '22!; McCosh Me If You Can 2019–2020 Once Uponzi Time; ‘23 and Me; Blairasite 2020–2021 All Underdogs Go To Heaven; The '24ce Awakens 2021–2022 Singin' In The Train; '2 All The Boys 5 Loved Before; Call Me By Your NetID 2022–2023 Campelot; '2Sixy & I Know It; Cocaine Blair 2023–2024 Ship Happens, A Cruisical; All Dogs Go '27 Literature Donald Marsden: The Long Kickline: A History of the Princeton Triangle Club (Princeton: Princeton Triangle Club, 1968). References ^ The pursuit of Priscilla. A musical comedy in two acts presented by the Princeton Triangle Club. Cincinnati: The John Church Company. 1913. ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1996). Fie! Fie! Fi-fi! : a facsimile of the 1914 acting script and the musical score. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press for the Thomas Cooper Library.
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Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_Fiction_(film)"},{"link_name":"It's a Wonderful Laugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Wonderful_Life"},{"link_name":"101 Damnations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101_Dalmatians_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Palindromes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindromes"},{"link_name":"The Blair Arch Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blair_Witch_Project"},{"link_name":"American Booty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Beauty_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Menage '03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menage_%C3%A0_trois"},{"link_name":"2004Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreplay"},{"link_name":"sLAUGHTERhouse '05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five"},{"link_name":"This Side of Parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Side_of_Paradise"},{"link_name":"'06 Degrees of Separation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation"},{"link_name":"Schlock & Awe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_and_awe"},{"link_name":"For Love or Funny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Love_or_Money_(2003_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"'07 Deadly Sins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins"},{"link_name":"Weapons of Mass Distraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction"},{"link_name":"Orange and Black to the Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_the_Future"},{"link_name":"Magic 8 Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_8_Ball"},{"link_name":"Fondling Neverland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Neverland_(film)"},{"link_name":"Excess Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Love Potion '09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Potion_No._9_(film)"},{"link_name":"An Eye for an iPod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_eye_for_an_eye"},{"link_name":"Crude In'10tions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruel_Intentions"},{"link_name":"The Devil Wears Nada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil_Wears_Prada_(film)"},{"link_name":"A Turnpike Runs Through It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_River_Runs_Through_It_(film)"},{"link_name":"Knockin' on '11's Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockin%27_on_Heaven%27s_Door"},{"link_name":"Whitman Can't Jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Men_Can%27t_Jump"},{"link_name":"All's Well That Ends '12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well"},{"link_name":"Wa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawa_Food_Markets"},{"link_name":"Wall-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WALL-E"},{"link_name":"Store Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Theater"},{"link_name":"'13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13"},{"link_name":"Cornel West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West"},{"link_name":"Side Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Side_Story"},{"link_name":"Family Feudalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Feud"},{"link_name":"Chicken Soup '14 Souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Soup_for_the_Soul"},{"link_name":"Dial Elm for Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial_M_for_Murder"},{"link_name":"Doomsdays of our Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Our_Lives"},{"link_name":"Freshman '15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshman_fifteen"},{"link_name":"Are You There Dod? It's Me, Marquand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_There_God%3F_It%27s_Me,_Margaret"},{"link_name":"My Super Sweet '16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_sixteen_(birthday)"},{"link_name":"Shirley You're Joking, Mrs. Tilghman!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane_(film)"},{"link_name":"Waiting for Guyot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot"},{"link_name":"An Inconvenient Sleuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth"},{"link_name":"A Wrinkle Intime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Wrinkle_in_Time"},{"link_name":"Tropic Blunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_Thunder"},{"link_name":"The Forbes Awakens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Force_Awakens"},{"link_name":"Manchester By The C-Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_by_the_Sea_(film)"},{"link_name":"Spy School Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_Musical"},{"link_name":"Terrace Bueller's Day Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_Bueller%27s_Day_Off"},{"link_name":"Night of the Laughing Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead"},{"link_name":"McCosh Me If You Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_Me_If_You_Can"},{"link_name":"Once Uponzi Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi_scheme"},{"link_name":"Call Me By Your NetID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Me_by_Your_Name_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cocaine Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine_Bear"}],"text":"1890–1891 Po-ca-hon-tas, or The Gentle Savage\n1891–1892 Katharine\n1892–1893 The Honorable Julius Caesar\n1893–1894 The Honorable Julius Caesar\n1894–1895 Snowball; Who's Who\n1895–1896 The Mummy\n1896–1897 Lend Me Five Shillings; A Tiger Lily\n1897–1898 Po-ca-hon-tas, or The Gentle Savage\n1898–1899 The Privateer, or The Pirates of Pennsnec\n1899–1900 A Woodland Wedding\n1900–1901 The King of Pomeru\n1901–1902 The King of Pomeru\n1902–1903 The Mullah of Miasma\n1903–1904 The Man From Where\n1904–1905 The Pretenders\n1905–1906 Tabasco Land\n1906–1907 The Mummy Monarch\n1907–1908 When Congress Went to Princeton\n1908–1909 The Duchess of Bluffshire\n1909–1910 His Honor the Sultan\n1910–1911 Simply Cynthia\n1911–1912 Main Street\n1912–1913 Once in a Hundred Years\n1913–1914 The Pursuit of Priscilla[1]\n1914–1915 Fie! Fie! Fi-Fi![2]\n1915–1916 The Evil Eye\n1916–1917 Safety First\n1917–1918 (a four-man troupe entertained troops in Europe)\n1918–1919 The Honorable Julius Caesar\n1919–1920 The Isle of Surprise\n1920–1921 They Never Come Back\n1921–1922 Espanola; The Devil's Disciple\n1922–1923 The Man From Earth\n1923–1924 Drake's Drum\n1924–1925 The Scarlet Coat\n1925–1926 Fortuno\n1926–1927 Samarkand; Captain Applejack\n1927–1928 Napoleon Passes\n1928–1929 Zuider Zee\n1929–1930 The Golden Dog; The Second Man\n1930–1931 The Tiger Smiles\n1931–1932 Spanish Blades\n1932–1933 It's the Valet; Private Lives\n1933–1934 Fiesta; Goodbye Again\n1934–1935 Stags at Bay (incl. East of the Sun (and West of the Moon)); Holiday\n1935–1936 What a Relief!\n1936–1937 Take It Away\n1937–1938 Fol-de-Rol\n1938–1939 Once Over Lightly; Spring Shambles\n1939–1940 Any Moment Now\n1940–1941 Many A Slip\n1941–1942 Ask Me Another\n1942–1943 Time and Again\n1943–1946 (no shows, due to World War II)\n1946–1947 Clear the Track\n1947–1948 All Rights Reserved\n1948–1949 All in Favor\n1949–1950 Come Across\n1950–1951 Too Hot for Toddy\n1951–1952 Never Say Horses\n1952–1953 Ham 'n Legs\n1953–1954 Malice in Wonderland\n1954–1955 Tunis, Anyone?\n1955–1956 Spree de Corps\n1956–1957 Take a Gander\n1957–1958 After a Fashion\n1958–1959 For Heaven's Sake\n1959–1960 Breakfast in Bedlam\n1960–1961 Midsummer Night Scream; Guys and Dolls\n1961–1962 Tour de Farce\n1962–1963 Ahead of the Game\n1963–1964 Funny Side Up\n1964–1965 Grape Expectations\n1965–1966 High Sobriety\n1966–1967 Sham on Wry\n1967–1968 Enter Venus\n1968–1969 A Different Kick\n1969–1970 Call a Spade a Shovel; '70 Minutes\n1970–1971 Cracked Ice\n1971–1972 Blue Genes; One More Hour for Uncle Ben\n1972–1973 Future Schlock\n1973–1974 A Titter Ran Through the Audience\n1974–1975 American Zucchini; Blithe Spirit\n1975–1976 Mugs Money\n1976–1977 Kafka, Tea or Me\n1977–1978 Chile Today, Guacamole\n1978–1979 Academia Nuts; Happily Ever After\n1979–1980 From Here to Hilarity; String of Pearls\n1980–1981 Bold Type and Company\n1981–1982 Stocks and Bondage and Cabaret; Fool's Gold: 85 Minutes of the Best of Triangle\n1982–1983 Under the Influence; Merrily We Roll Along\n1983–1984 Revel Without a Pause; Three Penny Opera\n1984–1985 No. 96-Untitled; The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas\n1985–1986 Star Spangled Banter; The Boy Friend\n1986–1987 Business Unusual; Applause; 90 Minutes of the Best of Triangle\n1987–1988 Ain't Mythbehavin'; No Strings; 91 Minutes of the Best of Triangle\n1988–1989 Satanic Nurses; Little Shop of Horrors\n1989–1990 Easy Street\n1990–1991 The Older, the Better; Into the Woods; 94 Minutes of the Best of Triangle\n1991–1992 Do-Re-Media;The Centennial Revue: \"100 Years and Still Kicking\";95 Minutes of the Best of Triangle\n1992–1993 Shelf Indulgence; A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum; 96 Minutes of the Best of Triangle\n1993–1994 Bermuda Love Triangle; 97 Minutes of the Best of Triangle\n1994–1995 Rhyme and Punishment; 98 Minutes of the Best of Triangle\n1995–1996 Pulpit Fiction\n1996–1997 The Tiger Roars; It's a Wonderful Laugh\n1997–1998 In Lava and War\n1998–1999 101 Damnations; The Rude Olympics; Palindromes are Fun!\n1999–2000 The Blair Arch Project; The Rude Olympics II: American Booty; Menage '03\n2000–2001 Puns of Steel; 2004Play; The Rude Olympics III\n2001–2002 Absurd to the Wise; sLAUGHTERhouse '05; The Rude Olympics IV\n2002–2003 This Side of Parody; '06 Degrees of Separation; The Rude Olympics V: Schlock & Awe\n2003–2004 For Love or Funny; '07 Deadly Sins; The Rude Olympics VI: Weapons of Mass Distraction\n2004–2005 Orange and Black to the Future; Magic 8 Ball; The Rude Olympics VII: Fondling Neverland\n2005–2006 Excess Hollywood; Love Potion '09; Rude Olympics VIII: An Eye for an iPod\n2006–2007 Heist Almighty; Crude In'10tions; Rude Olympics IX: The Devil Wears Nada\n2007–2008 A Turnpike Runs Through It: A New Jersical; Knockin' on '11's Door; Rude Olympics X: Whitman Can't Jump\n2008–2009 Stark Raven Mad; All's Well That Ends '12; WaWall-E\n2009–2010 Store Trek; A Night at the Apollo '13, Cornel West Side Story\n2010–2011 Family Feudalism; Chicken Soup '14 Souls, Dial Elm for Murder\n2011–2012 Doomsdays of our Lives; Freshman '15; Are You There Dod? It's Me, Marquand\n2012–2013 Tree's Company (Forest's a Crowd); My Super Sweet '16; Shirley You're Joking, Mrs. Tilghman!\n2013–2014 Zero Gravitas; NC-'17; Waiting for Guyot\n2014–2015 An Inconvenient Sleuth; You Must Be '18 or Older to Enter; A Wrinkle Intime\n2015–2016 Tropic Blunder; A '19 Shining Armor; The Forbes Awakens\n2016–2017 Greece’d Lightning!; Are You Feeling '20, Too?; Manchester By The C-Store\n2017–2018 Spy School Musical; '21 Pun Salute; Terrace Bueller's Day Off\n2018–2019 Night of the Laughing Dead; You're a Catch, '22!; McCosh Me If You Can\n2019–2020 Once Uponzi Time; ‘23 and Me; Blairasite\n2020–2021 All Underdogs Go To Heaven; The '24ce Awakens\n2021–2022 Singin' In The Train; '2 All The Boys 5 Loved Before; Call Me By Your NetID\n2022–2023 Campelot; '2Sixy & I Know It; Cocaine Blair\n2023–2024 Ship Happens, A Cruisical; All Dogs Go '27","title":"Academic year / show (if more than one show is listed, the first is the mainstage show)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Donald Marsden: The Long Kickline: A History of the Princeton Triangle Club (Princeton: Princeton Triangle Club, 1968).","title":"Literature"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperomia_blanda
Peperomia blanda
["1 References","2 External links"]
Species of flowering plant Peperomia blanda Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Magnoliids Order: Piperales Family: Piperaceae Genus: Peperomia Species: P. blanda Binomial name Peperomia blanda(Jacq.) Kunth Peperomia blanda, the arid-land peperomia, is a species of herb in the family Piperaceae. The species has a natural pan-tropical distribution that encompasses Asia, Africa, Australasia, Polynesia and the Americas. The species typically grows as a perennial, somewhat succulent herb to 30 cm in height, though the form varies from prostrate and creeping to up to 60 cm tall depending on the environment and genotype. The typical habitat is damp rock crevices and steep stream banks. References ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Peperomia blanda". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 22 September 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peperomia blanda. https://books.google.com/books?id=cUNCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA273 http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/plants/piperaceae/peperomia.htm http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=in&name=Peperomia~blanda~var.+floribunda Taxon identifiersPeperomia blanda Wikidata: Q7166262 APDB: 115003 APNI: 155127 BOLD: 305329 CoL: 76QT2 EoL: 596675 FNA: 210001608 FoAO2: Peperomia blanda FoC: 210001608 GBIF: 4184947 iNaturalist: 285854 IPNI: 678107-1 ITIS: 895506 NCBI: 352167 NSWFlora: Peperomia~blanda NZOR: 3768e700-bf8f-4433-9e59-1f16c1bb022a Observation.org: 198948 Open Tree of Life: 106616 Plant List: kew-2556483 PLANTS: PEBL POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:678107-1 SANBI: 4110-25 Tropicos: 25000055 WFO: wfo-0000478029 Piper blandum Wikidata: Q39519284 APDB: 114953 APNI: 202624 GBIF: 4188788 iNaturalist: 285881 IPNI: 680629-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:680629-1 Tropicos: 25003542 WFO: wfo-0000479606 This Piperales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"herb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb"},{"link_name":"Piperaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperaceae"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"}],"text":"Peperomia blanda, the arid-land peperomia,[1] is a species of herb in the family Piperaceae. The species has a natural pan-tropical distribution that encompasses Asia, Africa, Australasia, Polynesia and the Americas. The species typically grows as a perennial, somewhat succulent herb to 30 cm in height, though the form varies from prostrate and creeping to up to 60 cm tall depending on the environment and genotype. The typical habitat is damp rock crevices and steep stream banks.","title":"Peperomia blanda"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"USDA, NRCS (n.d.). \"Peperomia blanda\". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 22 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service","url_text":"USDA, NRCS"},{"url":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PEBL","url_text":"\"Peperomia blanda\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Diamonds
Broken Diamonds
["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Filming","4 Release","5 References","6 External links"]
2021 American filmBroken DiamondsTheatrical release posterDirected byPeter SattlerWritten bySteve WaverlyProduced by Thad Luckinbill Trent Luckinbill Molly Smith Rachel Smith Trina Wyatt Starring Ben Platt Lola Kirke Alphonso McAuley Yvette Nicole Brown Chad Willett Lynda Boyd CinematographyBryce FortnerEdited byRobert HoffmanMusic byKeegan DeWittDabney MorrisProductioncompany Black Label Media Distributed byFilmRiseRelease dates April 1, 2021 (2021-04-01) (Santa Barbara) July 23, 2021 (2021-07-23) (United States) CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Broken Diamonds is a 2021 American drama film directed by Peter Sattler from a screenplay by Steve Waverly. It stars Ben Platt, Lola Kirke, Yvette Nicole Brown, Alphonso McAuley, and Lynda Boyd. The film had its world premiere at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival on April 1, 2021. It was released on July 23, 2021, by FilmRise. Premise In the wake of his father's death, a twenty-something writer sees his dream of moving to Paris put in jeopardy when he's forced to temporarily take in his wildly unpredictable, mentally ill sister. Cast Ben Platt as Scott Lola Kirke as Cindy Yvette Nicole Brown as Cookie Alphonso McAuley Lynda Boyd as Mom Chad Willett as Leeland Weaver Amanda Fix as Young Cindy Debs Howard as Julia Production In March 2018, it was announced Ben Platt had been cast in the film, which was originally titled Love and Oatmeal, with Peter Sattler directing from a screenplay by Steve Waverly. Molly Smith, Rachel Smith, Thad Luckinbill, Trent Luckinbill, and Trina Wyatt will produce the film, while Jon Schumacher will executive produce the film under their Black Label Media banner. In May 2018, Lola Kirke joined the cast of the film. In June 2018, Yvette Nicole Brown and Alphonso McAuley joined the cast of the film. Filming Principal photography began on June 4, 2018, in Vancouver. Release The film had its world premiere at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival on April 1, 2021. Prior to, FilmRise acquired global distribution rights to the film. It was released on July 23, 2021. References ^ "Dear Evan Hansen Tony Winner Ben Platt Nabs Feature Film Lead in Love & Oatmeal". ^ Kroll, Justin (March 1, 2018). "Ben Platt Lands First Film Lead Post 'Dear Evan Hansen' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ^ N'Duka, Amanda (May 2, 2018). "Lola Kirke Joins Ben Platt In 'Love & Oatmeal'; Isabella Kai Rice Cast In 'Cutman'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ^ Kroll, Justin (June 4, 2018). "Yvette Nicole Brown and Alphonso McAuley Join Ben Platt in 'Love & Oatmeal' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ^ Mirchandai, Amar (May 30, 2018). "15 MOVIES FILMING IN VANCOUVER THIS JUNE". 604now.com. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ^ Hipes, Patrick (March 9, 2021). "Santa Barbara Film Festival Sets Lineup For Hybrid Edition; 'Invisible Valley' Is Opener". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 9, 2021. ^ Wiseman, Andreas (March 31, 2021). "Black Label Media Drama 'Broken Diamonds', With Ben Platt & Lola Kirke, Gets Worldwide Deal". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 31, 2021. ^ Billington, Alex (June 9, 2021). "Lola Kirke & Ben Platt in Official Trailer for Indie 'Broken Diamonds'". FirstShowing. Retrieved June 9, 2021. External links Broken Diamonds at IMDb vteBen PlattAlbums Sing to Me Instead Reverie Soundtracks Dear Evan Hansen: Original Broadway Cast Recording The Politician: Music from the Netflix Original Series Dear Evan Hansen: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Theater Camp: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Songs "Waving Through a Window" "Sincerely, Me" "You Will Be Found" "Only Us" "Found/Tonight" "Everything I Did to Get to You" "Imagine" Other songs "Somewhere" "Maria" "River" "Vienna" "Over the Rainbow" "A Whole New World" "You and I" "Go Your Own Way" Tours Sing to Me Instead Tour Ben Platt Live from Radio City Music Hall Related Marc Platt (father) Evan Hansen
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sioux_Falls_Cougars
Sioux Falls Cougars
["1 Move to NCAA","2 Sports","2.1 Football","2.2 Baseball","2.3 Basketball (men's)","2.4 Basketball (women's)","2.5 Golf (women's)","2.6 Softball","2.7 Tennis (women's)","2.8 Track and field","3 References","4 External links"]
Sports teams of University in Sioux Falls Athletic teams representing University of Sioux Falls Sioux Falls CougarsUniversityUniversity of Sioux FallsConferenceNSICNCAADivision IIAthletic directorJon HartLocationSioux Falls, South DakotaVarsity teams18Football stadiumBob Young FieldBasketball arenaStewart CenterBaseball stadiumSioux Falls Stadium- BirdcageSoftball stadiumSanford Softball DiamondsSoccer stadiumUSF Soccer FieldOther venuesLillibridge TrackMascotCooperNicknameCougarsColorsPurple and white   Websiteusfcougars.com The Sioux Falls Cougars are the athletic teams that represent the University of Sioux Falls, located in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, in intercollegiate sports as a member of the NCAA Division II ranks, primarily competing the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference (NSIC) since the 2012–13 academic year. Prior to joining the NCAA, the Cougars previously competed in the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2000–01 to 2010–11; and in the defunct South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference (SDIC) from 1977–78 to 1999–2000. Move to NCAA On April 28, 2009 the university board of trustees voted to leave the NAIA and apply to join the NCAA Division II. For two years, USF remained a member of the NAIA and Great Plains Athletic Conference. In 2011–2012, the school became a provisional member of the NCAA, playing full NCAA schedules and required to operate under NCAA Division II regulations but ineligible for postseason events. In July 2012, the university became one of six universities to join the NCAA as full members, with official membership commencing on September 1, 2012. As part of the successful transition to the NCAA, the Cougars became eligible for postseason conference and NCAA postseason competition, and began conference play in the NSIC for the majority of sports and in the GNAC for men's soccer. Sports USF competes in 18 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, track & field, and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, wrestling and volleyball. Former sports included men's tennis, which was dropped once USF moved to NCAA Division II in 2011 and in the spring of 2013 USF dropped Men's Soccer after one year in DII The tennis team had made five trips to the NAIA Championships in 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, and 2010. Football The University of Sioux Falls Cougars football team won the NAIA Division II football national championship in 1996, and the NAIA football national championship in 2006, 2008 and 2009. All four of USF's national championships have been undefeated seasons. The football program has had four NAIA Players of the Year Award winners, running back Nick Kortan in 2002, quarterback Chad Cavender in 2007, quarterback Lorenzo Brown in 2009 and receiver Jon Ryan in 2010. The program has won 19 conference titles, including 10 in the SDIC (1981, 1984, 1988–1989, 1994–1999) and 9 in the GPAC (2001–2004, 2006–). From 2008–2010 the team sported a 42-game winning streak which tied an NAIA record. The current head coach is Jon Anderson who replaced Jed Stugart in December of 2016. Stugart took over for alum Kalen DeBoer in 2010. DeBoer led USF to a 67-3 record in his five years with 3 national titles as head coach. Legendary coach Bob Young led the Cougars from 1983–2004 guiding them to their first national championship in 1996. Year Coach Record Championship game opponent Score 1996 Bob Young 14–0 Western Washington 47–25 2006 Kalen DeBoer 14–0 Saint Francis (IN) 23–19 2008 Kalen DeBoer 14–0 Carroll 23–7 2009 Kalen DeBoer 15–0 Lindenwood 25–22 Total national championships – 4 Players drafted into the NFL Year Round Pick Player Position NFL club 2019 3 91 Trey Pipkins OT Los Angeles Chargers 1984 9 237 Brian Hansen P New Orleans Saints Baseball The USF baseball team, now directed by head coach Grant Hieb, won the 2007 GPAC regular and postseason titles with a record of 17–7 (26–19 overall). They had a breakout season in the spring of 2010, setting a school record for wins in a season with a 33–17 record. The Cougars finished second in the GPAC with a 19–5 conference record. In 2012, the Cougars moved to NCAA DII and joined the NSIC. Basketball (men's) The men's basketball team advanced to 9 NAIA Tournaments, including a Final Four Appearance in 2004. USF won two regular season GPAC Titles (2006, 2007) and 4 postseason GPAC Titles (2004, 2007, 2009, 2011). The current coach is Chris Johnson, who has led the Cougars to tournament appearances in each of his three seasons, including Sweet Sixteen appearances in 2009 and 2010. He has 226 career wins at USF with 242 in his career with 172 losses. He is 226-157 at USF (5/5/22) and was named NSIC Coach of the Year in 2019-20. Basketball (women's) The women's basketball team advanced to the NAIA Tournament in 2001, 2003, and 2011. The 2003 team is the only Final Four team in school history. The 2011 team, under current coach Travis Traphagen, reached the Elite 8 and set a school record for wins with 27. He has 251 career wins and all at USF. The Cougars were ranked No. 11 in WBCA poll during the 2019-20 season for their highest ranking at the DII level. USF made an appearance in the NCAA DII Championships after claiming the 2015-16 NSIC Tournament title and earning the automatic berth to the regional. Golf (women's) The 2007–2008 women's golf team won the GPAC Championship. Wade Merry is the head coach for both men's and women's programs beginning in 2021. Softball The women's softball team, directed by head coach Shannon Pivovar, advanced to the NAIA Softball World Series in 2005. That team also won the only postseason GPAC title in school history and finished with a 29-16 record, a school record for victories. Tennis (women's) The women's tennis team, led by head coach Kevin Grebin, made four trips to the NAIA Championships in 2000, 2004, 2005, 2010. They won regular season GPAC titles in 2005, 2009, and 2010 and postseason GPAC titles in 2004, 2005, and 2010. Track and field The track and field team, which is directed by Doug Petersen, has four NAIA individual national champions: Vinnie Olson (2004 - Indoor Shot Put), Colin Koth (2011 - Indoor 400), and Brigitte Gross (2011 - Indoor and Outdoor Pole Vault). Since joining the NCAA, the track and field program has added 4 more national champions: Brigitte Gross (2014 - Indoor Pole Vault), Jagger Gran (2015 - Indoor Pole Vault), Scott Greenman (2017 - Indoor Pole Vault), and Courtney Crandall (2017 - Indoor Pole Vault) The women's outdoor team won the GPAC title in 2011. References ^ "New members for 2012-13 could include Association's first Canadian school". NCAA. July 13, 2012. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012. ^ a b "It's Official; USF Cougars are NCAA D-II Members". University of Sioux Falls. July 12, 2012. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012. ^ Archived June 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ "USF Accepted Into NCAA Division II Candidacy Membership". Great Plains Athletic Conference. July 10, 2009. Retrieved August 1, 2012. ^ "USF Accepts Invite to Northern Sun Conference". KDLT-TV. January 20, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2012. ^ "New members for 2012-13 could include Association's first Canadian school". NCAA. July 13, 2012. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012. ^ "Sioux Falls cutting wrestling, men's tennis - townnews-aberdeennews". Articles.aberdeennews.com. March 11, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ "FANSonly - Your Ticket to College Sports". Naia.cstv.com. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ "Sioux Falls QB Lorenzo Brown is NAIA player of the year". Sports.espn.go.com. December 18, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ "Football Awards". www.usfcougars.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2022. ^ "Carroll College halts Sioux Falls' 42-game win streak to take NAIA title. USF moved to the NCAA DII level and joined the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference in 2012 and now has a 69-19 record in the NSIC. USF has a 76-26 mark in 102 games at the DII level. Additionally, USF has made four playoff appearances in the past five years (2015-19), missing only in the 7-4 season in 2018. The Cougars won their first-ever NSIC title in 2016 with head coach Jed Stugart leading USF to a 11-0 league mark and 12-1 overall. USF advanced to the final 16 in DII and had their first-ever playoff win and home playoff win with a 34-21 verdict in the opening round of the NCAA DII Championship in 2016 at Bob Young Field". Usatoday.Com. December 18, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ "Bob Young". www.usfcougars.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2022. ^ a b "Great Plains Athletic Conference - All-Time Champions". www.gpacsports.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2022. ^ "FANSonly - Your Ticket to College Sports". Naia.cstv.com. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ "FANSonly - Your Ticket to College Sports". Naia.cstv.com. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ "FANSonly - Your Ticket to College Sports". Naia.cstv.com. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ "FANSonly - Your Ticket to College Sports". Naia.cstv.com. Retrieved February 13, 2017. ^ "FANSonly - Your Ticket to College Sports". Naia.cstv.com. Retrieved February 13, 2017. External links Official website vteNorthern Sun Intercollegiate ConferenceMembers Augustana Vikings Bemidji State Beavers Concordia Golden Bears Mary Marauders Minnesota State Mavericks Minnesota State–Moorhead Dragons Minnesota Crookston Golden Eagles Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs Minot State Beavers Northern State Wolves St. Cloud State Huskies Sioux Falls Cougars Southwest Minnesota State Mustangs Wayne State Wildcats Winona State Warriors Associate members Parkside Rangers (wrestling)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Sioux Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sioux_Falls"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls, South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newncaa1213-1"},{"link_name":"Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sun_Intercollegiate_Conference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialncaa-2"},{"link_name":"Great Plains Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Intercollegiate_Conference"}],"text":"Athletic teams representing University of Sioux FallsThe Sioux Falls Cougars are the athletic teams that represent the University of Sioux Falls, located in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, in intercollegiate sports as a member of the NCAA Division II ranks,[1] primarily competing the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference (NSIC) since the 2012–13 academic year.[2] Prior to joining the NCAA, the Cougars previously competed in the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2000–01 to 2010–11; and in the defunct South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference (SDIC) from 1977–78 to 1999–2000.","title":"Sioux Falls Cougars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"NSIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sun_Intercollegiate_Conference"},{"link_name":"GNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northwest_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialncaa-2"}],"text":"On April 28, 2009 the university board of trustees voted to leave the NAIA and apply to join the NCAA Division II.[3] For two years, USF remained a member of the NAIA and Great Plains Athletic Conference. In 2011–2012, the school became a provisional member of the NCAA, playing full NCAA schedules and required to operate under NCAA Division II regulations but ineligible for postseason events.[4][5]In July 2012, the university became one of six universities to join the NCAA as full members, with official membership commencing on September 1, 2012. As part of the successful transition to the NCAA, the Cougars became eligible for postseason conference and NCAA postseason competition,[6] and began conference play in the NSIC for the majority of sports and in the GNAC for men's soccer.[2]","title":"Move to NCAA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"USF competes in 18 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, track & field, and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, wrestling and volleyball.Former sports included men's tennis, which was dropped once USF moved to NCAA Division II in 2011 and in the spring of 2013 USF dropped Men's Soccer after one year in DII [7] The tennis team had made five trips to the NAIA Championships in 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, and 2010.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NAIA Division II football national championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAIA_Division_II_football_national_championship"},{"link_name":"NAIA football national championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAIA_football_national_championship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"NAIA Players of the Year Award winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAIA_Football_Player_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jon Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Anderson_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Kalen DeBoer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalen_DeBoer"},{"link_name":"Bob Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Young_(American_football_coach)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Football","text":"The University of Sioux Falls Cougars football team won the NAIA Division II football national championship in 1996, and the NAIA football national championship in 2006, 2008 and 2009.[8] All four of USF's national championships have been undefeated seasons. The football program has had four NAIA Players of the Year Award winners, running back Nick Kortan in 2002, quarterback Chad Cavender in 2007, quarterback Lorenzo Brown in 2009[9] and receiver Jon Ryan in 2010. The program has won 19 conference titles, including 10 in the SDIC (1981, 1984, 1988–1989, 1994–1999) and 9 in the GPAC (2001–2004, 2006–).[10] From 2008–2010 the team sported a 42-game winning streak which tied an NAIA record.[11]The current head coach is Jon Anderson who replaced Jed Stugart in December of 2016. Stugart took over for alum Kalen DeBoer in 2010. DeBoer led USF to a 67-3 record in his five years with 3 national titles as head coach. Legendary coach Bob Young led the Cougars from 1983–2004 guiding them to their first national championship in 1996.[12]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gpacsports.com-13"}],"sub_title":"Baseball","text":"The USF baseball team, now directed by head coach Grant Hieb, won the 2007 GPAC regular and postseason titles with a record of 17–7 (26–19 overall).[13] They had a breakout season in the spring of 2010, setting a school record for wins in a season with a 33–17 record. The Cougars finished second in the GPAC with a 19–5 conference record. In 2012, the Cougars moved to NCAA DII and joined the NSIC.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gpacsports.com-13"}],"sub_title":"Basketball (men's)","text":"The men's basketball team advanced to 9 NAIA Tournaments, including a Final Four Appearance in 2004.[14] USF won two regular season GPAC Titles (2006, 2007) and 4 postseason GPAC Titles (2004, 2007, 2009, 2011).[13] The current coach is Chris Johnson, who has led the Cougars to tournament appearances in each of his three seasons, including Sweet Sixteen appearances in 2009 and 2010. He has 226 career wins at USF with 242 in his career with 172 losses. He is 226-157 at USF (5/5/22) and was named NSIC Coach of the Year in 2019-20.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Basketball (women's)","text":"The women's basketball team advanced to the NAIA Tournament in 2001, 2003, and 2011.[15] The 2003 team is the only Final Four team in school history. The 2011 team, under current coach Travis Traphagen, reached the Elite 8 and set a school record for wins with 27. He has 251 career wins and all at USF. The Cougars were ranked No. 11 in WBCA poll during the 2019-20 season for their highest ranking at the DII level. USF made an appearance in the NCAA DII Championships after claiming the 2015-16 NSIC Tournament title and earning the automatic berth to the regional.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Golf (women's)","text":"The 2007–2008 women's golf team won the GPAC Championship. Wade Merry is the head coach for both men's and women's programs beginning in 2021.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Softball","text":"The women's softball team, directed by head coach Shannon Pivovar, advanced to the NAIA Softball World Series in 2005. That team also won the only postseason GPAC title in school history and finished with a 29-16 record, a school record for victories.[16]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Tennis (women's)","text":"The women's tennis team, led by head coach Kevin Grebin, made four trips to the NAIA Championships in 2000, 2004, 2005, 2010.[17] They won regular season GPAC titles in 2005, 2009, and 2010 and postseason GPAC titles in 2004, 2005, and 2010.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Track and field","text":"The track and field team, which is directed by Doug Petersen, has four NAIA individual national champions: Vinnie Olson (2004 - Indoor Shot Put), Colin Koth (2011 - Indoor 400), and Brigitte Gross (2011 - Indoor and Outdoor Pole Vault). Since joining the NCAA, the track and field program has added 4 more national champions: Brigitte Gross (2014 - Indoor Pole Vault), Jagger Gran (2015 - Indoor Pole Vault), Scott Greenman (2017 - Indoor Pole Vault), and Courtney Crandall (2017 - Indoor Pole Vault)[18] The women's outdoor team won the GPAC title in 2011.","title":"Sports"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"New members for 2012-13 could include Association's first Canadian school\". NCAA. July 13, 2012. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120801012021/http://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/public/NCAA/Resources/Latest+News/2012/July/New+members+for+2012+13+could+include+Associations+first+Canadian+school","url_text":"\"New members for 2012-13 could include Association's first Canadian school\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA","url_text":"NCAA"},{"url":"https://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/public/NCAA/Resources/Latest+News/2012/July/New+members+for+2012+13+could+include+Associations+first+Canadian+school","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"It's Official; USF Cougars are NCAA D-II Members\". University of Sioux Falls. July 12, 2012. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120814132238/http://www.usfcougars.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=26500&ATCLID=205502170","url_text":"\"It's Official; USF Cougars are NCAA D-II Members\""},{"url":"http://www.usfcougars.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=26500&ATCLID=205502170","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USF Accepted Into NCAA Division II Candidacy Membership\". Great Plains Athletic Conference. July 10, 2009. Retrieved August 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gpacsports.com/article/1356.php","url_text":"\"USF Accepted Into NCAA Division II Candidacy Membership\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains_Athletic_Conference","url_text":"Great Plains Athletic Conference"}]},{"reference":"\"USF Accepts Invite to Northern Sun Conference\". KDLT-TV. January 20, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kdlt.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7213&Itemid=57","url_text":"\"USF Accepts Invite to Northern Sun Conference\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDLT-TV","url_text":"KDLT-TV"}]},{"reference":"\"New members for 2012-13 could include Association's first Canadian school\". NCAA. July 13, 2012. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120801012021/http://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/public/NCAA/Resources/Latest+News/2012/July/New+members+for+2012+13+could+include+Associations+first+Canadian+school","url_text":"\"New members for 2012-13 could include Association's first Canadian school\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA","url_text":"NCAA"},{"url":"https://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/public/NCAA/Resources/Latest+News/2012/July/New+members+for+2012+13+could+include+Associations+first+Canadian+school","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sioux Falls cutting wrestling, men's tennis - townnews-aberdeennews\". Articles.aberdeennews.com. March 11, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.aberdeennews.com/2011-03-11/news/28682350_1_usf-officials-tennis-teams-usf-program","url_text":"\"Sioux Falls cutting wrestling, men's tennis - townnews-aberdeennews\""}]},{"reference":"\"FANSonly - Your Ticket to College Sports\". Naia.cstv.com. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://naia.cstv.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/naia/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/FB_ChampionshipRecords","url_text":"\"FANSonly - Your Ticket to College Sports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sioux Falls QB Lorenzo Brown is NAIA player of the year\". Sports.espn.go.com. December 18, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=4755967","url_text":"\"Sioux Falls QB Lorenzo Brown is NAIA player of the year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football Awards\". www.usfcougars.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303042244/http://www.usfcougars.com/mens-sports/football/awards","url_text":"\"Football Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.usfcougars.com/mens-sports/football/awards","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carroll College halts Sioux Falls' 42-game win streak to take NAIA title. USF moved to the NCAA DII level and joined the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference in 2012 and now has a 69-19 record in the NSIC. USF has a 76-26 mark in 102 games at the DII level. Additionally, USF has made four playoff appearances in the past five years (2015-19), missing only in the 7-4 season in 2018. The Cougars won their first-ever NSIC title in 2016 with head coach Jed Stugart leading USF to a 11-0 league mark and 12-1 overall. USF advanced to the final 16 in DII and had their first-ever playoff win and home playoff win with a 34-21 verdict in the opening round of the NCAA DII Championship in 2016 at Bob Young Field\". Usatoday.Com. December 18, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/2010-12-18-carroll-sioux-falls-naia_N.htm","url_text":"\"Carroll College halts Sioux Falls' 42-game win streak to take NAIA title. USF moved to the NCAA DII level and joined the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference in 2012 and now has a 69-19 record in the NSIC. USF has a 76-26 mark in 102 games at the DII level. Additionally, USF has made four playoff appearances in the past five years (2015-19), missing only in the 7-4 season in 2018. The Cougars won their first-ever NSIC title in 2016 with head coach Jed Stugart leading USF to a 11-0 league mark and 12-1 overall. USF advanced to the final 16 in DII and had their first-ever playoff win and home playoff win with a 34-21 verdict in the opening round of the NCAA DII Championship in 2016 at Bob Young Field\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Young\". www.usfcougars.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002072125/http://www.usfcougars.com/hall-of-fame/2004/bob-young","url_text":"\"Bob Young\""},{"url":"http://www.usfcougars.com/hall-of-fame/2004/bob-young","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Great Plains Athletic Conference - All-Time Champions\". www.gpacsports.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061108214650/http://www.gpacsports.com/All-TimeChampions.php","url_text":"\"Great Plains Athletic Conference - All-Time Champions\""},{"url":"http://www.gpacsports.com/All-TimeChampions.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FANSonly - Your Ticket to College Sports\". Naia.cstv.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansen_Stadium
Greater Zion Stadium
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°05′58″N 113°34′02″W / 37.09944°N 113.56722°W / 37.09944; -113.56722Stadium at Utah Tech University This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Greater Zion Stadium" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Greater Zion StadiumGreater Zion Stadium (2022)Former namesHansen Stadium (1985–2016)Legend Solar Stadium (2016-2017)Trailblazer Stadium (2017–2020)Address501 S 700 ELocationUtah Tech University St. George, Utah, U.S.Coordinates37°05′58″N 113°34′02″W / 37.09944°N 113.56722°W / 37.09944; -113.56722OwnerUtah Tech UniversityCapacity10,500 (2017–present)5,000 (until 2017)Record attendance8,280 (vs. Weber State, 2021)SurfaceFieldTurfOpened1985TenantsUtah Tech University Trailblazers (football, soccer)Websiteutahtech.edu/events/greater-zion-stadium Greater Zion Stadium, originally Hansen Stadium and later Trailblazer Stadium, is a stadium on the campus of Utah Tech University in St. George, Utah. It is primarily used for American football, and is the home field of the Utah Tech Trailblazers football and soccer programs. The stadium holds 10,500 people. In 2002 and 2003, it hosted the Paradise Bowl which was a post season college football all-star game. After the seating expansion in 2017, Greater Zion Stadium became the largest stadium in the southern portion of Utah. MLS soccer club Real Salt Lake played their first match at Hansen Stadium on March 29, 2007, versus the BYU soccer club which, at the time, played as a minor league professional club and not in a collegiate league. Plans include the vision that Hansen Stadium will become the Southern Utah "home" stadium for RSL when visiting the area and practicing in warm weather environments in pre-season. Bands of America currently holds the St. George, Utah Regional Championship at Greater Zion Stadium. The competition was moved from Las Vegas, Nevada and the UNLV's Sam Boyd Stadium to St. George in 2009, with the American Fork Marching Band winning the first competition there. It was held in St. George again in 2010. The stadium was most recently renamed on January 21, 2020, under an agreement between the university and Washington County, Utah, whose tourism promotion agency is branded as the Greater Zion Convention & Tourism Office. References ^ "No. 5 2017-18 Top Moment – Trailblazer Stadium East Grandstand". Dixie State University Athletics. 21 June 2018. ^ "Utah's semipro teams flourishing". Deseret News. October 1, 2004. ^ "Greater Zion Stadium". Dixie State University Athletics. Retrieved 2021-01-22. ^ "Dixie State University and Washington County Partner to Promote Greater Zion" (Press release). Dixie State Trailblazers. January 21, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020. vteUtah Tech UniversityLocated in: St. George, UtahFacilities Bruce Hurst Field Burns Arena Dixie High School Greater Zion Stadium Athletics Dixie Rotary Bowl Media Ben Banks KQUT-LP (leased) KUTU Events Southern Utah International Documentary Film Festival Founded: 1911 vteUtah Tech Trailblazers footballVenues Greater Zion Stadium (2006–present) Culture & lore Dixie Rotary Bowl People Head coaches Seasons 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteFootball stadiums of the United Athletic ConferenceCurrent stadiums Anthony Field at Wildcat Stadium (Abilene Christian) Fortera Stadium (Austin Peay) Estes Stadium (Central Arkansas) Roy Kidd Stadium (Eastern Kentucky) Braly Municipal Stadium (North Alabama) Eccles Coliseum (Southern Utah) Homer Bryce Stadium (Stephen F. Austin) Memorial Stadium (Tarleton) Greater Zion Stadium (Utah Tech) University Stadium (West Georgia) vteCollege football venues in UtahDivision IFBSBig 12 LaVell Edwards Stadium (BYU) Mountain West Maverik Stadium (Utah State) Pac-12 Rice–Eccles Stadium (Utah) Division IFCSBig Sky Stewart Stadium (Weber State) The United Eccles Coliseum (Southern Utah) Greater Zion Stadium (Utah Tech)   This article about a sports venue in Utah is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Husayn_ibn_Ruh_al-Nawbakhti
Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti
["1 Historical background","2 Life","3 Appointment","4 Tenure as an agent of al-Mahdi","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources"]
This article is about Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh Nawbakhti. For other people called Nawbakhti, see Al-Nawbakhti. Part of a series on Shia IslamTwelver Shi'ism The Fourteen Infallibles Muhammad Fatimah The Twelve Imams Ali Hasan Husayn al-Sajjad al-Baqir al-Sadiq al-Kazim ar-Rida al-Taqi al-Naqi al-Askari al-Mahdi Principles Monotheism Justice Prophethood Imamate Judgement Day Other beliefs Imamate of the Family Angels Mourning of Muharram Intercession Occultation Wilayat al-Faqih Usul al-fiqh Ijtihad Taqlid Irfan Practices Salat Sawm Hajj Zakat Khums Jihad Amr bi-l maʿrūf Nahy ani l-Munkar Tawalli Tabarri Other practices Mourning of Muharram Arba'een Pilgrimage Intercession Holy cities Mecca Medina Najaf Karbala Mashhad Jerusalem Samarra Kadhimiya Qom Groups Ja'fari Usuli Akhbari Alevi Shaykhi Other related sects and groups Alawites Sufism and Alevism Qizilbash Safaviyya Bektashism and folk religion Malamatiyya Qalandariyya Hurufism Bektashism Rifa`i Galibi Ni'matullāhī Scholarship Law Marja' (list) Hawza Ayatollah (list) Allamah Seghatoleslam Hojatoleslam Ijtihad Hadith collections The Four Books Kitab al-Kafi Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih Tahdhib al-Ahkam Al-Istibsar Other hadith collections Book of Sulaym ibn Qays Bihar al-Anwar Wasā'il al-Shīʿa Reality of Certainty Nahj al-Balagha Mafatih al-Jinan Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya Al-Amali Sources of ijtihad and jurisprudence Qur'an Hadiths of The Infallibles Consensus Reason Related topics List of Twelver Shia books Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism Shia Islam portalvte Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh Nawbakhti (Arabic: أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم ٱلْحُسَيْن ٱبْن رُوح ٱلنَّوْبَخْتِيّ, ʾAbū al-Qāsim al-Ḥusayn ibn Rūḥ an-Nawbakhtīy) was the third of the Four Deputies, who are believed by the Twelvers to have successively represented their Hidden Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, during his Minor Occultation (874–941 CE). Ibn Ruh in this role succeeded Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman in 917 CE. After some twenty years in office, Ibn Run died in 937 CE and was succeeded by Abul Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, the fourth and final deputy. Historical background Until their deaths, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams (Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, respectively) were held in the garrison town of Samarra under close surveillance (or house arrest) by the Abbasids, who are often responsible in Shia sources for poisoning the two Imams. The two Imams witnessed the deterioration of the Abbasid caliphate, as the imperial authority rapidly transitioned into the hands of the Turks, particularly after al-Mutawakkil. Contemporary to the tenth Imam, the Abbasid al-Mutawakkil violently prosecuted the Shia, partly due to a renewed Zaydi opposition. The restrictive policies of al-Mutawakkil towards the tenth Imam were later adopted by his son, al-Mu'tamid, who is reported to have kept the eleventh Imam under house arrest without any visitors. Instead, al-Askari is known to have primarily communicated with his followers through a network of representatives. Among them was Uthman ibn Sa'id (d. 880), who is said to have disguised himself as a seller of cooking fat to avoid the Abbasid agents, hence his nickname al-Samman. Tabatabai suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because the caliphate had come to know about traditions among the Shia elite, predicting that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological Mahdi. Immediately after the death of al-Askari in 260 (874), Uthman ibn Sa'id claimed that the eleventh Imam had a young son, named Muhammad, who had entered a state of occultation (ghayba) due to the Abbasid threat to his life. As the special agent of al-Askari, Uthman also claimed that he had been appointed to represent the son of the eleventh Imam. Twelver sources detail that Muhammad al-Mahdi made his only public appearance to lead the funeral prayer for his father instead of his uncle, Ja'far. Thus began a period of about seventy years, later termed the Minor Occultation (al-ghaybat al-sughra, 260-329 AH, 874–940 CE), during which it is believed that four successive agents acted as intermediaries between the Hidden Imam and his followers. These four agents are collectively known as the Four Deputies (al-nuwwab al-arba'). An agent (wakil) was also variously called deputy (na'ib), emissary (safir), and gate (bab). Uthman was later succeeded by his son, Abu Ja'far Muhammad, who served until his death in 304 or 305 (917 or 918 CE). Life The birth date of Ibn Ruh is unknown. It is known that he was a native of Qom, located in present-day Iran, who later migrated to Baghdad during the time of the first agent, Uthman ibn Sa'id. Ibn Ruh was also a member of the al-Nawbakhti, an influential family in the Abbasid court. In view of his close ties with Abu Sahl al-Nawbakhti, the leader of the al-Nawbakhti family, Ibn Ruh is said to have been highly respected in the Abbasid court. He was also a close associate of the second agent, Abu Ja'far. It appears that Ibn Ruh was admired among the Twelvers for his scrupulous adherence to religious dissimulation (taqiya). Appointment The second agent, Abu Ja'far, is said to have designated Ibn Ruh as his successor in the presence of some notable Twelvers in 917 CE. There, Abu Ja'far also added that this appointment was commanded by the Hidden Imam. Tusi in his Kitab al-Ghayba writes that the appointment of Ibn Ruh was immediately confirmed with a note from the Hidden Imam, which, according to Sachedina, may suggest that some were dissatisfied with his appointment. With this note, the communications with the Hidden Imam resumed after a lapse of about twenty-five years. Tenure as an agent of al-Mahdi Ibn Ruh's term overlapped with the caliphates of al-Muqtader (r. 908–932), al-Qahir (r. 932–934), al-Radi (r. 934–940). He was often in favor with their viziers. However, following the 306 (918) downfall of the Banu al-Furat, the influential Twelver family in the Abbasid court, Ibn Ruh was temporarily forced into hiding and later imprisoned in 312 (924-25) by al-Muqtadir for financial reasons. It was likely around this time that an associate of Ibn Ruh, named Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ali al-Shalmaghani, turned against him and claimed to be the rightful agent of the Hidden Imam, before denouncing the concept of occultation as a lie. He was soon denounced by the Twelvers and Ibn Ruh's authority was further strengthened after receiving another note attributed to the Hidden Imam. Another controversial figure was a disciple of al-Askari, named al-Karkhi, who was later condemned in a rescript, said to be written by al-Mahdi. Ibn Ruh died in 326 (937), and was buried in Baghdad. He was succeeded by Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri as the fourth and last agent. See also Shia Islam portalIslam portal Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri References ^ a b Sachedina 1981, p. 29. ^ Hussain 1986, p. 48. ^ Momen 1985, pp. 43, 44. ^ Sachedina 1981, pp. 25, 26. ^ Sachedina 1981, p. 28. ^ Sachedina 1981, p. 25. ^ Donaldson 1933, p. 209. ^ Sachedina 1981, p. 26. ^ Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 126. ^ a b Momen 1985, p. 44. ^ Amir-Moezzi 2016, p. 65. ^ Hulmes 2013. ^ Eliash 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h Klemm 2007. ^ Sachedina 1981, p. 30. ^ Tabatabai 1975, pp. 184, 185. ^ Modarressi 1993, p. 77. ^ Momen 1985, pp. 162, 163. ^ Momen 1985, p. 162. ^ Momen 1985, p. 161. ^ Donaldson 1933, p. 234. ^ Amir-Moezzi 2007. ^ a b Sachedina 1981, p. 96. ^ Daftary 2013, p. 64. ^ Sachedina 1981, pp. 89, 210. ^ Sachedina 1981, p. 91. ^ a b Hussain 1986, p. 121. ^ Sachedina 1981, p. 92. ^ Sachedina 1981, p. 94. ^ a b Sachedina 1981, pp. 92–3. ^ Sachedina 1981, pp. 94, 211. ^ a b c Daftary 2013, p. 66. ^ a b Sachedina 1981, pp. 94–5. ^ Momen 1985, p. 163. ^ Sachedina 1981, pp. 95, 98. ^ Sachedina 1981, pp. 95–6. ^ Sachedina 1981, p. 97. ^ Modarressi 1993, p. 94. Sources Eliash, J. (2022). "Ḥasan Al-ʿAskarī". In Bearman, P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Reference Online. Klemm, Verena (2007). ISLAM IN IRAN ix. THE DEPUTIES OF MAHDI. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 143–6. Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1981). Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdī in Twelver Shīʻism. Suny press. ISBN 978-0873954426. Daftary, Farhad (2013). A History of Shi'i Islam. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9780755608669. Hussain, Jassim M. (1986). Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background. Routledge Kegan & Paul. ISBN 9780710301581. Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300034998. Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Sayyid Hossein Nasr. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8. Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ. AMS Press. Modarressi, Hossein (1993). Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought (PDF). Darwin Press. ISBN 9780878500956. Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1970). The Cambridge history of Islam. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2007). "ISLAM IN IRAN vii. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 136–143. Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (1998). "ESCHATOLOGY iii. Imami Shiʿism". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. VIII/6. pp. 575–581. Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2016). Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791494790. Hulmes, Edward D.A. (2013). "HASAN AL-'ASKARI, ABU MUHAMMAD HASAN IBN 'ALI (c. AD 845-74)". In Netton, Ian Richard (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization and Religion. Routledge. p. 217. ISBN 9781135179670.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Nawbakhti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nawbakhti"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Four Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Deputies"},{"link_name":"Twelvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism"},{"link_name":"Imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine"},{"link_name":"Muhammad al-Mahdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi"},{"link_name":"Minor Occultation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Occultation"},{"link_name":"Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_Uthman"},{"link_name":"Abul Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Muhammad_al-Samarri"}],"text":"This article is about Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh Nawbakhti. For other people called Nawbakhti, see Al-Nawbakhti.Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh Nawbakhti (Arabic: أَبُو ٱلْقَاسِم ٱلْحُسَيْن ٱبْن رُوح ٱلنَّوْبَخْتِيّ, ʾAbū al-Qāsim al-Ḥusayn ibn Rūḥ an-Nawbakhtīy) was the third of the Four Deputies, who are believed by the Twelvers to have successively represented their Hidden Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, during his Minor Occultation (874–941 CE). Ibn Ruh in this role succeeded Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman in 917 CE. After some twenty years in office, Ibn Run died in 937 CE and was succeeded by Abul Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, the fourth and final deputy.","title":"Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ali al-Hadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi"},{"link_name":"Hasan al-Askari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari"},{"link_name":"Samarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198129-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain198648-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543,_44-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198125,_26-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198128-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198125-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933209-7"},{"link_name":"al-Mutawakkil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198126-8"},{"link_name":"al-Mutawakkil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970126-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198544-10"},{"link_name":"Zaydi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi201665-11"},{"link_name":"al-Mu'tamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198129-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198544-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulmes2013-12"},{"link_name":"Uthman ibn Sa'id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Sa%27id_al-Asadi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliash2022-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2007-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198130-15"},{"link_name":"Tabatabai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabai"},{"link_name":"Mahdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975184,_185-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199377-17"},{"link_name":"occultation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162,_163-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2007-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162-19"},{"link_name":"Ja'far","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Zaki"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985161-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933234-21"},{"link_name":"Minor Occultation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Occultation"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007-22"},{"link_name":"Four Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Deputies"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198196-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201364-24"},{"link_name":"Abu Ja'far Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Jafar_Muhammad_ibn_Uthman"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198189,_210-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198191-26"}],"text":"Until their deaths, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams (Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, respectively) were held in the garrison town of Samarra under close surveillance (or house arrest[1][2]) by the Abbasids,[3][4] who are often responsible in Shia sources for poisoning the two Imams.[5] The two Imams witnessed the deterioration of the Abbasid caliphate,[6] as the imperial authority rapidly transitioned into the hands of the Turks,[7] particularly after al-Mutawakkil.[8]Contemporary to the tenth Imam, the Abbasid al-Mutawakkil violently prosecuted the Shia,[9][10] partly due to a renewed Zaydi opposition.[11] The restrictive policies of al-Mutawakkil towards the tenth Imam were later adopted by his son, al-Mu'tamid, who is reported to have kept the eleventh Imam under house arrest without any visitors.[1] Instead, al-Askari is known to have primarily communicated with his followers through a network of representatives.[10][12] Among them was Uthman ibn Sa'id (d. 880),[13][14] who is said to have disguised himself as a seller of cooking fat to avoid the Abbasid agents, hence his nickname al-Samman.[15] Tabatabai suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because the caliphate had come to know about traditions among the Shia elite, predicting that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological Mahdi.[16]Immediately after the death of al-Askari in 260 (874),[17] Uthman ibn Sa'id claimed that the eleventh Imam had a young son, named Muhammad, who had entered a state of occultation (ghayba) due to the Abbasid threat to his life.[18][14] As the special agent of al-Askari, Uthman also claimed that he had been appointed to represent the son of the eleventh Imam.[19] Twelver sources detail that Muhammad al-Mahdi made his only public appearance to lead the funeral prayer for his father instead of his uncle, Ja'far.[20][21]Thus began a period of about seventy years, later termed the Minor Occultation (al-ghaybat al-sughra, 260-329 AH, 874–940 CE), during which it is believed that four successive agents acted as intermediaries between the Hidden Imam and his followers.[22] These four agents are collectively known as the Four Deputies (al-nuwwab al-arba').[23] An agent (wakil) was also variously called deputy (na'ib), emissary (safir), and gate (bab).[24]Uthman was later succeeded by his son, Abu Ja'far Muhammad,[25] who served until his death in 304 or 305 (917 or 918 CE).[26]","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain1986121-27"},{"link_name":"Qom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain1986121-27"},{"link_name":"al-Nawbakhti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nawbakhti"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2007-14"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198192-28"},{"link_name":"taqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiya"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198194-29"}],"text":"The birth date of Ibn Ruh is unknown.[27] It is known that he was a native of Qom, located in present-day Iran, who later migrated to Baghdad during the time of the first agent, Uthman ibn Sa'id.[27] Ibn Ruh was also a member of the al-Nawbakhti, an influential family in the Abbasid court.[14] In view of his close ties with Abu Sahl al-Nawbakhti, the leader of the al-Nawbakhti family, Ibn Ruh is said to have been highly respected in the Abbasid court.[28] He was also a close associate of the second agent, Abu Ja'far. It appears that Ibn Ruh was admired among the Twelvers for his scrupulous adherence to religious dissimulation (taqiya).[29]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198192%E2%80%933-30"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2007-14"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198192%E2%80%933-30"},{"link_name":"Sachedina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_Sachedina"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198194,_211-31"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2007-14"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201366-32"}],"text":"The second agent, Abu Ja'far, is said to have designated Ibn Ruh as his successor in the presence of some notable Twelvers in 917 CE.[30][14] There, Abu Ja'far also added that this appointment was commanded by the Hidden Imam.[30] Tusi in his Kitab al-Ghayba writes that the appointment of Ibn Ruh was immediately confirmed with a note from the Hidden Imam, which, according to Sachedina, may suggest that some were dissatisfied with his appointment.[31] With this note, the communications with the Hidden Imam resumed after a lapse of about twenty-five years.[14][32]","title":"Appointment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"al-Muqtader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadir"},{"link_name":"al-Qahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qahir"},{"link_name":"al-Radi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Radi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2007-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2007-14"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198194%E2%80%935-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201366-32"},{"link_name":"al-Muqtadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadir"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198194%E2%80%935-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985163-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198195,_98-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198195%E2%80%936-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198197-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199394-38"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198196-23"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2007-14"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Muhammad_al-Samarri"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201366-32"}],"text":"Ibn Ruh's term overlapped with the caliphates of al-Muqtader (r. 908–932), al-Qahir (r. 932–934), al-Radi (r. 934–940).[14] He was often in favor with their viziers.[14] However, following the 306 (918) downfall of the Banu al-Furat,[33][32] the influential Twelver family in the Abbasid court, Ibn Ruh was temporarily forced into hiding and later imprisoned in 312 (924-25) by al-Muqtadir for financial reasons.[33] It was likely around this time that an associate of Ibn Ruh, named Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ali al-Shalmaghani, turned against him and claimed to be the rightful agent of the Hidden Imam, before denouncing the concept of occultation as a lie.[34][35] He was soon denounced by the Twelvers and Ibn Ruh's authority was further strengthened after receiving another note attributed to the Hidden Imam.[36] Another controversial figure was a disciple of al-Askari, named al-Karkhi, who was later condemned in a rescript, said to be written by al-Mahdi.[37][38] Ibn Ruh died in 326 (937),[23] and was buried in Baghdad.[14] He was succeeded by Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri as the fourth and last agent.[32]","title":"Tenure as an agent of al-Mahdi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISLAM IN IRAN ix. THE DEPUTIES OF MAHDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-ix-the-deputies-of-mahdi"},{"link_name":"Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_Sachedina"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0873954426","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873954426"},{"link_name":"A History of Shi'i Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780755608669","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780755608669"},{"link_name":"Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.al-islam.org/occultation-twelfth-imam-historical-background-jassim-m-hussain"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780710301581","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710301581"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780300034998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300034998"},{"link_name":"Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei"},{"link_name":"Shi'ite Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Be5DeNM8d1EC&pg=PA258"},{"link_name":"Sayyid Hossein Nasr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87395-390-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-390-8"},{"link_name":"The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZpV7QwAACAAJ&pg=PA190"},{"link_name":"Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ebookshia.com/upload/bookFiles/2752/Crisis_and_Consolidation_in_the_Formative_Period_of_Shi'ite_Islam_Abu_Ja'far_ibn_Qiba_al-Razi_and_His_Contribution_to_Imamite_Shi'ite_Thought_-_Hossein_Modarres.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780878500956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780878500956"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge history of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0001unse_v9h2/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"ISLAM IN IRAN vii. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-vii-the-concept-of-mahdi-in-twelver-shiism"},{"link_name":"\"ESCHATOLOGY iii. Imami Shiʿism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eschatology-iii"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780791494790","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791494790"},{"link_name":"\"HASAN AL-'ASKARI, ABU MUHAMMAD HASAN IBN 'ALI (c. AD 845-74)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0000unse_h2t8/mode/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781135179670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135179670"}],"text":"Eliash, J. (2022). \"Ḥasan Al-ʿAskarī\". In Bearman, P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.\nKlemm, Verena (2007). ISLAM IN IRAN ix. THE DEPUTIES OF MAHDI. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 143–6.\nSachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1981). Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdī in Twelver Shīʻism. Suny press. ISBN 978-0873954426.\nDaftary, Farhad (2013). A History of Shi'i Islam. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9780755608669.\nHussain, Jassim M. (1986). Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background. Routledge Kegan & Paul. ISBN 9780710301581.\nMomen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300034998.\nTabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Sayyid Hossein Nasr. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.\nDonaldson, Dwight M. (1933). The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ. AMS Press.\nModarressi, Hossein (1993). Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought (PDF). Darwin Press. ISBN 9780878500956.\nHolt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1970). The Cambridge history of Islam. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.\nAmir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2007). \"ISLAM IN IRAN vii. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM\". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 136–143.\nAmir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (1998). \"ESCHATOLOGY iii. Imami Shiʿism\". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. VIII/6. pp. 575–581.\nAmir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2016). Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791494790.\nHulmes, Edward D.A. (2013). \"HASAN AL-'ASKARI, ABU MUHAMMAD HASAN IBN 'ALI (c. AD 845-74)\". In Netton, Ian Richard (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization and Religion. Routledge. p. 217. ISBN 9781135179670.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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ISBN 9780755608669.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013/mode/2up","url_text":"A History of Shi'i Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780755608669","url_text":"9780755608669"}]},{"reference":"Hussain, Jassim M. (1986). Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background. Routledge Kegan & Paul. ISBN 9780710301581.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-islam.org/occultation-twelfth-imam-historical-background-jassim-m-hussain","url_text":"Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710301581","url_text":"9780710301581"}]},{"reference":"Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300034998.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300034998","url_text":"9780300034998"}]},{"reference":"Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Sayyid Hossein Nasr. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei","url_text":"Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Be5DeNM8d1EC&pg=PA258","url_text":"Shi'ite Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr","url_text":"Sayyid Hossein Nasr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-390-8","url_text":"0-87395-390-8"}]},{"reference":"Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ. AMS Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpV7QwAACAAJ&pg=PA190","url_text":"The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ"}]},{"reference":"Modarressi, Hossein (1993). Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought (PDF). Darwin Press. ISBN 9780878500956.","urls":[{"url":"https://ebookshia.com/upload/bookFiles/2752/Crisis_and_Consolidation_in_the_Formative_Period_of_Shi'ite_Islam_Abu_Ja'far_ibn_Qiba_al-Razi_and_His_Contribution_to_Imamite_Shi'ite_Thought_-_Hossein_Modarres.pdf","url_text":"Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780878500956","url_text":"9780878500956"}]},{"reference":"Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1970). The Cambridge history of Islam. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0001unse_v9h2/mode/2up","url_text":"The Cambridge history of Islam"}]},{"reference":"Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2007). \"ISLAM IN IRAN vii. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM\". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 136–143.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-vii-the-concept-of-mahdi-in-twelver-shiism","url_text":"\"ISLAM IN IRAN vii. THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM\""}]},{"reference":"Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (1998). \"ESCHATOLOGY iii. Imami Shiʿism\". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. VIII/6. pp. 575–581.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eschatology-iii","url_text":"\"ESCHATOLOGY iii. Imami Shiʿism\""}]},{"reference":"Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2016). Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791494790.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791494790","url_text":"9780791494790"}]},{"reference":"Hulmes, Edward D.A. (2013). \"HASAN AL-'ASKARI, ABU MUHAMMAD HASAN IBN 'ALI (c. AD 845-74)\". In Netton, Ian Richard (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization and Religion. Routledge. p. 217. ISBN 9781135179670.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0000unse_h2t8/mode/","url_text":"\"HASAN AL-'ASKARI, ABU MUHAMMAD HASAN IBN 'ALI (c. AD 845-74)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135179670","url_text":"9781135179670"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Iornzuul_Adoboh
Peter Iornzuul Adoboh
["1 Notes"]
Nigerian Catholic priest (1958–2020) Peter Iornzuul Adoboh (14 April 1958 – 14 February 2020) was a Nigerian Roman Catholic bishop. Iornzuul Adoboh was born in Nigeria and was ordained to the priesthood in 1984. He served as the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Katsina-Ala, Nigeria, from 2013 until his death in 2020. Notes ^ Diocese of Katsina-Ala ^ "Katsina-Ala Catholic Diocese loses Bishop, Most Rev Dr. Peter Iornzuul Adoboh". AIT LIVE. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020. Portals: Biography Catholicism Nigeria This article about a Roman Catholic bishop from Africa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_C_major_D._840_(Schubert)
Piano Sonata in C major, D 840 (Schubert)
["1 Movements","2 Structure","3 Completions","4 References","4.1 Sources","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Franz Schubert's Piano Sonata in C major, D. 840, nicknamed "Reliquie" upon its first publication in 1861 in the mistaken belief that it had been Schubert's last work, was written in April 1825, whilst the composer was also working on the A minor sonata, D. 845 in tandem. Schubert abandoned the C major sonata, and only the first two movements were fully completed, with the trio section of the third movement also written in full. The minuet section of the third movement is incomplete and contains unusual harmonic changes, which suggests it was there Schubert had become disillusioned and abandoned the movement and later the sonata. The final fourth movement is also incomplete, ending abruptly after 272 measures. The fragments of the sonata survived in Schubert's manuscripts, and later the work was collected and published in its incomplete form in 1861. Movements I. Moderato C major, 4/4 time, sonata form Duration approximately 15 to 18 minutes II. Andante C minor, 6/8 time, five-part rondo form Duration approximately 10 minutes III. Menuetto: Allegretto – Trio A-flat major, 3/4 time, incomplete ternary form. Fragment (ends at measure 80 after the main theme returns in the B part of the menuetto) Very unusually, the opening theme is immediately repeated, slightly embellished, in A major, and the reprise also begins in this key. Presumably the minuet would have then returned to A-flat major. The trio is in the parallel minor, notated enharmonically as G-sharp minor. IV. Rondo: Allegro C major. Fragment (ends 32 measures after the development starts) Even in this truncated form, the sonata takes approximately 30 to 35 minutes to perform. Structure Ernst Krenek outlined the structure of each of the work's four movements in notes that he contributed to a recording by Ray Lev in 1947. Krenek elaborates on how he composed a completion, included in the recording, for the unfinished movements. According to Krenek: The first movement introduces "the energetically pulsating rhythm which runs nearly through the entire piece". Unusually, the second theme is initially in B minor, not the expected dominant of G major, which appears only toward the end of the exposition. The development likewise stresses B minor until a false recapitulation in another unexpected key, B major; the actual recapitulation follows closely in F major, and C major finally makes its return with a forte restatement of the first theme. "The second theme now appears in A minor, and the coda turns to A flat, a key that was touched upon early in the beginning of the movement, so that the key scheme of the whole is rounded out with admirable logic." The second movement is in five-part rondo form, "curiously animated by relentless drive". Its first theme, in C minor, incorporates downward skips in sevenths; running sixteenth notes and dramatic accents characterize its second, in A-flat major. The running sixteenths continue as the first theme returns, succeeded by a repeat of the second theme in C major and a final, quiet statement of the first theme to complete the movement. The fragmentary third movement rapidly modulates from A-flat to A major shortly after its beginning, "a very unusual move", at which point Schubert ceased composition. Krenek speculates that Schubert may have intended to complete the movement "with a recapitulation symmetrically returning from A to A-flat major shortly before the end". In his completion, Krenek "wrote a brief development section, re-introduced the theme in A and returned to A-flat, adding a few measures of transition to A-flat minor, which is enharmonically the key of the trio, an exceptionally charming lyrical item". For the fragmentary fourth movement, Schubert completed the first and second themes of the exposition and introduced a third theme in A minor, derived from the first, to open the development before leaving off work on this movement in rondo-sonata form. Krenek indicates his completion elaborated the idea of the third theme and "followed it up with a swiftly modulating development of the first theme and a normal recapitulation" of slightly shorter length than the exposition. His coda takes the third theme as its basis and refers back to the first theme of the first movement, "an idea to which I felt entitled since Schubert had hinted at it at the end of the finale of the Sonata in A major". Completions Given its large scope and the extent of material that Schubert left for the incomplete movements, this sonata has inspired various composers and performers to undertake completions. Some of their efforts, particularly those penned by performers, have appeared on records. Among them are the following: Ludwig Stark published a completion in 1877. Armin Knab wrote a completion of the sonata in 1920, which was published by Edition Peters, edited by Heinz Wegener, in 1962. In 1920 Knab published an essay entitled "Schuberts unvollendete Klaviersonate in C-dur und ihre Ergänzung", which appeared in the Deutsche Musik-Zeitung . Ernst Krenek wrote his completion, mentioned above, at the request of his friend, the pianist and composer Eduard Erdmann, who wished to add the sonata to his repertoire. Krenek himself dated that request to 1922. Other sources date his completion to 1921. Krenek's completion was published by Universal Edition in 1923. It was recorded at least three times. The first recording was in the aforementioned performance by Ray Lev on a set of 78 RPM disks issued by the American Concert Hall Society label; the second was performed by Friedrich Wührer on a monaural LP issued by American Vox Records (later reissued on CD by Bearac). A later recording is by Stanislav Khristenko on Toccata Classics TOCC 0298 (CD marked as first volume of Krenek's piano works). Walter Rehberg wrote a completion in 1927, published by Edition Steingräber  in 1930. Nikolai Zhilyayev wrote a completion in 1932 (москва: государственное музыкалное издательство 4.IV.1932, VN 12596). Harold Truscott published a completion of the Minuet (3rd movement) in 1957. Paul Badura-Skoda published a completion in 1976. He updated and recorded his completion in 1997. Bart Berman wrote a completion in 1978; the Dutch Erasmus label released his recording of it in 1997. Ian Munro wrote a completion in 1994 and recorded it for the Australian Tall Poppies label. Martino Tirimo wrote a completion and included it in his complete set of the sonatas on EMI. Anthony Goldstone wrote and recorded a completion in 2003. Brian Newbould wrote a completion recorded by Todd Crow, its dedicatee, for release on compact disc by the Toccata Classics label. References ^ a b c Satz (2003) ^ Newbould, Brian (1999). Schubert: The Music and the Man. University of California Press. pp. 322–323. ISBN 9780520219571. ^ a b Lev, Ray (1947). Franz Schubert – Piano Sonata no. 15 in C major (Unfinished); Allegretto in C minor – Ray Lev, Pianist (78 RPM). United States: Concert Hall Society. Release B3. ^ a b c d e Benson (2008), p. 35 ^ a b c d e Deutsch (1978), p. 530 ^ Edition Peters VN 12148 – 8376 ^ See Willi Kahl: Verzeichnis des Schrifttums über Franz Schubert 1828–1928 (Regensburg, Gustav Bosse Verlag: 1938), p. 123, entry 1482. ^ a b Berman (2002) ^ Benson (2008), p. V ^ a b Benson (2008), p. 24 ^ a b Benson (2008), p. 36 ^ Tall Poppies. ^ Hedley (2003). ^ Newbould (2007), pp. 3–6. ^ Standford (2008). Sources Benson, Michael Louis (2008). A Comparative Study on the Published Completions of the Unfinished Movements in Franz Schubert's Sonata in C major, D. 840 ("Reliquie") (PDF) (D.Mus.A). Austin: The University of Texas. Retrieved 1 January 2013. Berman, Bart (2002). "Notes on Franz Schubert – The Unfinished Piano Sonatas". Retrieved 1 January 2013. Deutsch, Otto Erich, with revisions by Werner Aderhold and others (1978). Franz Schubert, thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge (New Schubert Edition, Series VIII Supplement, Volume 4). Kassel: Bärenreiter. ISMN 9790006305148, ISBN 9783761805718 (in German) Hedley, William (May 2003). "Review of Naxos CD 8.554470 (Schubert Piano Sonatas Nos. 15 (Reliquie) and 20), performed by Jenö Jandö". Musicweb. Retrieved 1 January 2013. Newbould, Brian (2007). "Liner Notes, Schubert & his Circle, TOCC0065" (PDF). Toccata Classics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-10. Retrieved 1 January 2013. Satz, Don (November 2003). "Review of Anthony Goldstone's Schubert Sonata cycle, volume 3 (Divine Art 2-1204)". Musicweb. Retrieved 1 January 2013. Standford, Patric (January 2008). "A Superb Performance – Music by Schubert and his circle". Record Box. Retrieved 1 January 2013. Tall Poppies Records. "Ian Munro: Schubert's Unfinished Vol. 1 (TP079)". Archived from the original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 1 January 2013. Further reading Deutsch, Otto Erich (1995). The Schubert Thematic Catalogue. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0486286851, 9780486286853 External links Piano Sonata D. 840: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project "Jerusalem Music Center – JMC Live Sessions – Alon Goldstein – Schubert Sonata in C major, D.840". Archived from the original on August 31, 2006. Javier Arrebola (2012). The Unfinished Piano Sonatas of Franz Schubert (PDF). Ochando Press. ISBN 978-952-5959-36-9. "Schubert as Finished by Ernst Křenek (Blog discussing the Křenek completion)". The Shellackophile Blog. January 17, 2011. Retrieved 2020-04-02. Piano sonatas (2 hands) by Franz Schubert Preceded bySonata in A minor (D. 784) 21 Sonatas numbering system No. 15 Succeeded bySonata in A minor (D. 845) 23 Sonatas numbering system No. 17 vtePiano compositions and sonatas by Franz SchubertPianotwo handsSonatas E major/B major, D 157/154 C major/A minor, D 279/277A/309A/346 E major "Klavierstücke", D 459/459A A minor, D 537, Op.164 A♭ major/E♭ major, D 557 E minor/A♭ major/E major, D 566/506 D♭ major, D 567/568 E♭ major, D 568, Op.122 F♯ minor, D 571/570/604 B major, D 575, Op.147 C major, D 613/600/610/612 F minor/D♭ major, D 625/505 C♯ minor, D 655 A major, D 664, Op.120 E minor, D 769A A minor, D 784, Op.143 C major "Reliquie", D 840 A minor, D 845, Op.42 D major "Gasteiner", D 850, Op.53 G major "Fantasy", D 894, Op.78 C minor, D 958 A major, D 959 B♭ major, D 960 Other Variation No. 38 on a waltz by Diabelli, D 718 Wanderer Fantasy, D 760 34 Valses Sentimentales, D 779, Op.50 12 Valses Nobles, D 969, Op.77 6 Moments musicaux, D 780, Op.94 Allegretto in C minor, D 915 4 Impromptus, D 899, Op.90 4 Impromptus, D 935, Op.142 3 Impromptus "Klavierstücke", D 946 Pianofour hands Sonata in B♭ major, D 617, Op.30 3 Marches Militaires, D 733, Op.51 Sonata in C major "Grand Duo", D 812, Op.140 Fantasia in F minor, D 940, Op.103 Othersonatasviolin and piano Sonat(in)as D 384, 385 and 408, Op.137 Sonata in A major "(Grand) Duo", D 574, Op.162 arpeggione and piano Sonata in A minor "Arpeggione", D 821 piano trioSonatensatz in B♭ major, D 28 Sonatas, duos and fantasies by Franz Schubert List of compositions by Franz Schubert (by genre) Portal: Classical music Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Australia Other MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The fragments of the sonata survived in Schubert's manuscripts, and later the work was collected and published in its incomplete form in 1861.","title":"Piano Sonata in C major, D 840 (Schubert)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_major"},{"link_name":"sonata form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_form"},{"link_name":"C minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_minor"},{"link_name":"A-flat major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-flat_major"},{"link_name":"A major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_major"},{"link_name":"enharmonically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enharmonic"},{"link_name":"G-sharp minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-sharp_minor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schubert-2"},{"link_name":"development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_development"}],"text":"I. ModeratoC major, 4/4 time, sonata formDuration approximately 15 to 18 minutesII. AndanteC minor, 6/8 time, five-part rondo formDuration approximately 10 minutesIII. Menuetto: Allegretto – TrioA-flat major, 3/4 time, incomplete ternary form. Fragment (ends at measure 80 after the main theme returns in the B part of the menuetto)Very unusually, the opening theme is immediately repeated, slightly embellished, in A major, and the reprise also begins in this key. Presumably the minuet would have then returned to A-flat major. The trio is in the parallel minor, notated enharmonically as G-sharp minor.[2]IV. Rondo: AllegroC major. Fragment (ends 32 measures after the development starts)Even in this truncated form, the sonata takes approximately 30 to 35 minutes to perform.","title":"Movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernst Krenek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenek"},{"link_name":"Ray Lev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lev"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lev-3"},{"link_name":"B minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_minor"},{"link_name":"dominant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_(music)"},{"link_name":"G major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_major"},{"link_name":"exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_(music)"},{"link_name":"recapitulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapitulation_(music)"},{"link_name":"B major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_major"},{"link_name":"F major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_major"},{"link_name":"theme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(music)"},{"link_name":"coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(music)"},{"link_name":"rondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo"},{"link_name":"C minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_minor"},{"link_name":"skips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steps_and_skips"},{"link_name":"modulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_(music)"}],"text":"Ernst Krenek outlined the structure of each of the work's four movements in notes that he contributed to a recording by Ray Lev in 1947. Krenek elaborates on how he composed a completion, included in the recording, for the unfinished movements. According to Krenek:[3]The first movement introduces \"the energetically pulsating rhythm which runs nearly through the entire piece\". Unusually, the second theme is initially in B minor, not the expected dominant of G major, which appears only toward the end of the exposition. The development likewise stresses B minor until a false recapitulation in another unexpected key, B major; the actual recapitulation follows closely in F major, and C major finally makes its return with a forte restatement of the first theme. \"The second theme now appears in A minor, and the coda turns to A flat, a key that was touched upon early in the beginning of the movement, so that the key scheme of the whole is rounded out with admirable logic.\"\nThe second movement is in five-part rondo form, \"curiously animated by relentless drive\". Its first theme, in C minor, incorporates downward skips in sevenths; running sixteenth notes and dramatic accents characterize its second, in A-flat major. The running sixteenths continue as the first theme returns, succeeded by a repeat of the second theme in C major and a final, quiet statement of the first theme to complete the movement.\nThe fragmentary third movement rapidly modulates from A-flat to A major shortly after its beginning, \"a very unusual move\", at which point Schubert ceased composition. Krenek speculates that Schubert may have intended to complete the movement \"with a recapitulation symmetrically returning from A to A-flat major shortly before the end\". In his completion, Krenek \"wrote a brief development section, re-introduced the theme in A and returned to A-flat, adding a few measures of transition to A-flat minor, which is enharmonically the key of the trio, an exceptionally charming lyrical item\".\nFor the fragmentary fourth movement, Schubert completed the first and second themes of the exposition and introduced a third theme in A minor, derived from the first, to open the development before leaving off work on this movement in rondo-sonata form. Krenek indicates his completion elaborated the idea of the third theme and \"followed it up with a swiftly modulating development of the first theme and a normal recapitulation\" of slightly shorter length than the exposition. His coda takes the third theme as its basis and refers back to the first theme of the first movement, \"an idea to which I felt entitled since Schubert had hinted at it at the end of the finale of the Sonata in A major\".","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludwig Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Stark"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benson2-4"},{"link_name":"Armin Knab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Knab"},{"link_name":"Edition Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edition_Peters"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benson2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deutsch1978p530-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Musik-Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Musik-Zeitung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Musik-Zeitung"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ernst Krenek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenek"},{"link_name":"Eduard Erdmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Erdmann"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lev-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deutsch1978p530-5"},{"link_name":"Universal Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Edition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benson2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deutsch1978p530-5"},{"link_name":"Ray Lev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lev"},{"link_name":"78 RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78_RPM"},{"link_name":"Concert Hall Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_Hall_Society"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wührer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"monaural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaural"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_album"},{"link_name":"Vox Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Records"},{"link_name":"Stanislav Khristenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Khristenko"},{"link_name":"Walter Rehberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rehberg"},{"link_name":"Edition Steingräber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edition_Steingr%C3%A4ber&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edition_Steingr%C3%A4ber"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benson2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deutsch1978p530-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berman-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benson1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benson2008p24-10"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Zhilyayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Zhilyayev_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"Harold Truscott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Truscott"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benson2-4"},{"link_name":"Paul Badura-Skoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Badura-Skoda"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deutsch1978p530-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Satz-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benson2008p24-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benson3-11"},{"link_name":"Bart Berman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Berman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berman-8"},{"link_name":"Ian Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Munro_(pianist)"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Tall Poppies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_Poppies_Records"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benson3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETall_Poppies-12"},{"link_name":"Martino Tirimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martino_Tirimo"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHedley2003-13"},{"link_name":"Anthony Goldstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Goldstone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Satz-1"},{"link_name":"Brian Newbould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Newbould"},{"link_name":"Toccata Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toccata_Classics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewbould20073%E2%80%936-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandford2008-15"}],"text":"Given its large scope and the extent of material that Schubert left for the incomplete movements, this sonata has inspired various composers and performers to undertake completions. Some of their efforts, particularly those penned by performers, have appeared on records. Among them are the following:Ludwig Stark published a completion in 1877.[4]\nArmin Knab wrote a completion of the sonata in 1920, which was published by Edition Peters, edited by Heinz Wegener, in 1962.[4][5][6] In 1920 Knab published an essay entitled \"Schuberts unvollendete Klaviersonate in C-dur und ihre Ergänzung\", which appeared in the Deutsche Musik-Zeitung [de].[7]\nErnst Krenek wrote his completion, mentioned above, at the request of his friend, the pianist and composer Eduard Erdmann, who wished to add the sonata to his repertoire. Krenek himself dated that request to 1922.[3] Other sources date his completion to 1921.[5] Krenek's completion was published by Universal Edition in 1923.[4][5] It was recorded at least three times. The first recording was in the aforementioned performance by Ray Lev on a set of 78 RPM disks issued by the American Concert Hall Society label; the second was performed by Friedrich Wührer on a monaural LP issued by American Vox Records (later reissued on CD by Bearac). A later recording is by Stanislav Khristenko on Toccata Classics TOCC 0298 (CD marked as first volume of Krenek's piano works).\nWalter Rehberg wrote a completion in 1927, published by Edition Steingräber [de] in 1930.[4][5][8][9][10]\nNikolai Zhilyayev wrote a completion in 1932 (москва: государственное музыкалное издательство 4.IV.1932, VN 12596).\nHarold Truscott published a completion of the Minuet (3rd movement) in 1957.[4]\nPaul Badura-Skoda published a completion in 1976.[5] He updated and recorded his completion in 1997.[1][10][11]\nBart Berman wrote a completion in 1978; the Dutch Erasmus label released his recording of it in 1997.[8]\nIan Munro wrote a completion in 1994 and recorded it for the Australian Tall Poppies label.[11][12]\nMartino Tirimo wrote a completion and included it in his complete set of the sonatas on EMI.[13]\nAnthony Goldstone wrote and recorded a completion in 2003.[1]\nBrian Newbould wrote a completion recorded by Todd Crow, its dedicatee, for release on compact disc by the Toccata Classics label.[14][15]","title":"Completions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsch, Otto Erich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Erich_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"The Schubert Thematic Catalogue.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SL3VXT875IQC"},{"link_name":"Dover Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0486286851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486286851"},{"link_name":"9780486286853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486286853"}],"text":"Deutsch, Otto Erich (1995). The Schubert Thematic Catalogue. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0486286851, 9780486286853","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Newbould, Brian (1999). Schubert: The Music and the Man. University of California Press. pp. 322–323. ISBN 9780520219571.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Newbould","url_text":"Newbould, Brian"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-Faikq3F8VYC","url_text":"Schubert: The Music and the Man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520219571","url_text":"9780520219571"}]},{"reference":"Lev, Ray (1947). Franz Schubert – Piano Sonata no. 15 in C major (Unfinished); Allegretto in C minor – Ray Lev, Pianist (78 RPM). United States: Concert Hall Society. Release B3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lev","url_text":"Lev, Ray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_Hall_Society","url_text":"Concert Hall Society"}]},{"reference":"Benson, Michael Louis (2008). A Comparative Study on the Published Completions of the Unfinished Movements in Franz Schubert's Sonata in C major, D. 840 (\"Reliquie\") (PDF) (D.Mus.A). Austin: The University of Texas. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/18311/bensond43612.pdf?sequence=2","url_text":"A Comparative Study on the Published Completions of the Unfinished Movements in Franz Schubert's Sonata in C major, D. 840 (\"Reliquie\")"}]},{"reference":"Berman, Bart (2002). \"Notes on Franz Schubert – The Unfinished Piano Sonatas\". Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Berman","url_text":"Berman, Bart"},{"url":"http://www.notesonfranzschubert.com/unfinished.htm","url_text":"\"Notes on Franz Schubert – The Unfinished Piano Sonatas\""}]},{"reference":"Deutsch, Otto Erich, with revisions by Werner Aderhold and others (1978). Franz Schubert, thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge (New Schubert Edition, Series VIII Supplement, Volume 4). Kassel: Bärenreiter. ISMN 9790006305148, ISBN 9783761805718 (in German)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Erich_Deutsch","url_text":"Deutsch, Otto Erich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Aderhold","url_text":"Werner Aderhold"},{"url":"https://www.baerenreiter.com/en/sheetmusic/product/?artNo=BVK571","url_text":"Franz Schubert, thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Schubert_Edition","url_text":"New Schubert Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4renreiter","url_text":"Bärenreiter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISMN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISMN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783761805718","url_text":"9783761805718"}]},{"reference":"Hedley, William (May 2003). \"Review of Naxos CD 8.554470 (Schubert Piano Sonatas Nos. 15 (Reliquie) and 20), performed by Jenö Jandö\". Musicweb. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2003/Apr03/Schubert_Jando_8554470.htm","url_text":"\"Review of Naxos CD 8.554470 (Schubert Piano Sonatas Nos. 15 (Reliquie) and 20), performed by Jenö Jandö\""}]},{"reference":"Newbould, Brian (2007). \"Liner Notes, Schubert & his Circle, TOCC0065\" (PDF). Toccata Classics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-10. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Newbould","url_text":"Newbould, Brian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150910084631/http://www.toccataclassics.com/liner_notes/TOCC0065-cd-notes.pdf","url_text":"\"Liner Notes, Schubert & his Circle, TOCC0065\""},{"url":"http://www.toccataclassics.com/liner_notes/TOCC0065-cd-notes.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Satz, Don (November 2003). \"Review of Anthony Goldstone's Schubert Sonata cycle, volume 3 (Divine Art 2-1204)\". Musicweb. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2003/nov03/Schubert_Goldstonev3.htm","url_text":"\"Review of Anthony Goldstone's Schubert Sonata cycle, volume 3 (Divine Art 2-1204)\""}]},{"reference":"Standford, Patric (January 2008). \"A Superb Performance – Music by Schubert and his circle\". Record Box. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mvdaily.com/articles/2008/01/schubert.htm","url_text":"\"A Superb Performance – Music by Schubert and his circle\""}]},{"reference":"Tall Poppies Records. \"Ian Munro: Schubert's Unfinished Vol. 1 (TP079)\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_Poppies_Records","url_text":"Tall Poppies Records"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110521174017/http://members.iinet.net.au/~tallpoppies/index.cgi?tp=cd&val=79","url_text":"\"Ian Munro: Schubert's Unfinished Vol. 1 (TP079)\""},{"url":"http://members.iinet.net.au/~tallpoppies/index.cgi?tp=cd&val=79","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerusalem Music Center – JMC Live Sessions – Alon Goldstein – Schubert Sonata in C major, D.840\". Archived from the original on August 31, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060831220648/http://www.jmc.co.il/musicfile.asp?mid=28","url_text":"\"Jerusalem Music Center – JMC Live Sessions – Alon Goldstein – Schubert Sonata in C major, D.840\""},{"url":"http://www.jmc.co.il/musicfile.asp?mid=28","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Javier Arrebola (2012). The Unfinished Piano Sonatas of Franz Schubert (PDF). Ochando Press. ISBN 978-952-5959-36-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/235141/javier_arrebola_the_unfinished_piano_sonatas_of_franz_schubert.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"The Unfinished Piano Sonatas of Franz Schubert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5959-36-9","url_text":"978-952-5959-36-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Schubert as Finished by Ernst Křenek (Blog discussing the Křenek completion)\". The Shellackophile Blog. January 17, 2011. Retrieved 2020-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://shellackophile.blogspot.com.au/2011/01/schubert-as-finished-by-ernst-krenek.html","url_text":"\"Schubert as Finished by Ernst Křenek (Blog discussing the Křenek completion)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville_Colorado
Leadville, Colorado
["1 History","1.1 Settlement","1.2 Founding of Leadville","1.3 Mining and smelting","1.4 Leadville's colorful past","1.5 Post-mining era","2 Geography","3 Climate","4 Demographics","5 Historic sites and districts","6 Education","6.1 K-12 Education","6.2 Higher Education","7 Culture and sport","7.1 Outdoor recreation","8 Transportation","8.1 Highways","8.2 Railways","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°15′00″N 106°17′30″W / 39.25000°N 106.29167°W / 39.25000; -106.29167City in Colorado, United States "Leadville" redirects here. For other uses, see Leadville (disambiguation). Statutory city in Colorado, United StatesLeadville, ColoradoStatutory cityDowntown LeadvilleNickname(s): The Two-Mile-High City, Cloud CityLocation of the City of Leadville in Lake County, ColoradoLeadvilleLocation of the City of Leadville in the United StatesCoordinates: 39°15′00″N 106°17′30″W / 39.25000°N 106.29167°W / 39.25000; -106.29167CountryUnited StatesStateColoradoCountyLakeCityLeadvilleFounded1877IncorporatedFebruary 18, 1878Government • TypeStatutory cityArea • Total1.17 sq mi (3.04 km2) • Land1.17 sq mi (3.04 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation10,158 ft (3,096 m)Population (2020) • Total2,633 • Density2,300/sq mi (870/km2)Time zoneUTC−7 (Mountain (MST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−6 (MDT)ZIP Codes80429 (PO Box), 80461Area code719FIPS code08-44320GNIS feature ID0204683Websitewww.colorado.gov/leadvilleHighest elevation city in the United States Leadville (/ˈlɛdvɪl/ LED-vil) is a statutory city that is the county seat, the most populous community, and the only incorporated municipality in Lake County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 2,633 at the 2020 census. It is situated at an elevation of 10,158 feet (3,096 m). Leadville is the highest incorporated city in the United States and is surrounded by two of the tallest peaks in the state. Leadville is a former silver mining town that lies among the headwaters of the Arkansas River within the Rocky Mountains. The Leadville Historic District, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961, contains many historic structures and sites of Leadville's mining era. In the late 19th century, Leadville was the second most populous city in Colorado, after Denver. History Settlement Leadville, as viewed from California Gulch - early photo, date unknown The Leadville area was first settled in 1859 when placer gold was discovered by A. G. Kelley in California Gulch, and by Abe Lee in April (25/26) 1860, during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush. Prospectors panned for gold in the stream that ran through California Gulch in what became the town of Oro City (oro is the Spanish word for gold). Horace Tabor, who became known as the "Leadville Silver King", and his wife Augusta were among the first prospectors to arrive in Oro City. Horace was appointed as the postmaster of Oro City on November 30, 1868. His wife made money as postmistress, banker, cook, and laundress while Tabor was a prospector. The early miners had noted that mining for placer gold was hampered by heavy black sand in the sluice boxes, and in 1874 it was discovered that the heavy sand that impeded gold recovery was the lead mineral cerussite, which has a high silver content. Prospectors traced the cerussite to its source, present day Leadville, and by 1876 had discovered several silver-lead lode deposits. As the gold has been tapped out of the gulch and attention was averted to nearby Leadville, a mile or two away, Oro City became a ghost town. Founding of Leadville Circa 1880 - Description reads: "Cabinet Card Photograph of the Silver Mining Boomtown of Leadville, Colorado". The photograph is titled "Capitol Hill Leadville" in manuscript on the reverse. The image looks down on the center of Leadville with the "Eighth Avenue Motel" visible at the center of the photo. Extensive mining works can be seen on the hill that rises on the far side of the town. Bird's eye view of Leadville, Colo. 1882 Leadville was founded in 1877 by mine owners Horace Tabor and August Meyer at the start of the Colorado Silver Boom. Tabor's house was also built in 1877, at 116 E. 5th Street. The town was built on desolate flat land below the tree line. The first miners lived in a rough tented camp near the silver deposits in California Gulch. Initially, the settlement was called "Slabtown", but when the residents petitioned for a post office, the name "Leadville" was chosen. By 1880, Tabor and Meyer's new town had gas lighting, water mains, 28 miles (45 km) of streets, five churches, three hospitals, six banks, and a school for 1,100 students. Many business buildings were constructed with bricks hauled in by wagons. In early 1878, Meyer, along with Leadville's pioneer smelter entrepreneur, Edwin Harrison, after whom the famed Harrison Avenue is named, and Tabor established a post office in Leadville, with George L. Henderson designated as postmaster on July 16, 1877. The post office and the telegraph office both prospered, with Tabor serving as postmaster from February 19 to December 13, 1878. It was said that the Leadville post office was the busiest one between St. Louis and San Francisco. In 1878, the town's first hospital, St. Vincent's, was opened. The town's first newspaper was The Reveille, a Republican weekly, in 1878. Three months later, a competing Democratic weekly, The Eclipse, emerged. The Chronicle was the town's first daily and first newspaper in America to employ a full-time female reporter. Like the Rocky Mountain News, The Chronicle took the lead in outing criminals and thieves, in an attempt to clean up the town's shady business culture. Despite violent threats, the Chronicle survived without major incident. Interior of the Tabor Opera House William Nye opened the first saloon in 1877, and it was followed by many others. The same year the Coliseum Novelty was the first theater to open. It offered sleeping rooms upstairs for a nightly rate and provided a variety of entertainments: dancing girls, dogfights, cockfighting, wrestling and boxing matches, and rooms for gambling. In June 1881, it burned to the ground. Ben Wood, who arrived in Leadville in 1878, opened the first legitimate theater, Wood's Opera House, with a thousand seats. It was a first-class theater, where gentleman removed their hats and did not smoke or drink in the presence of a lady. Less than a year later, Wood opened the Windsor Hotel. His opera house was regarded as the largest and best theater constructed in the West, an honor it held until the opening of the Tabor Opera House. Horace Tabor's Opera House was the most costly structure in Colorado at the time. Building materials were brought by wagons from Denver. The massive three-story opera house, constructed of stone, brick, and iron, opened on November 20, 1879. Tabor, originally from Vermont, became the town's first mayor. After striking it rich, he had an estimated net worth of 10 million dollars and was known for his extravagant lifestyle. In February 1879 the Lake County seat was moved to Leadville, where it has remained ever since. In 1879, An impressive courthouse was built on the west side of Harrison Avenue, joined by a new post office that same year. Telephone service was introduced by Western Union on May 15, 1879, and gas lighting downtown was installed on November 18 that same year. Billings and Eilers Smelter installed a generator and lights for the town on May 13, 1881. On May 19, 1882, a large fire broke out at the corner of Harrison Avenue and East Chestnut. Matchless mine and Baby Doe Tabor cabin Horace Tabor divorced his wife of 25 years and married Baby Doe McCourt on September 30, 1882, who was half his age. Tabor was by then a US senator, and the divorce and marriage caused a scandal in Colorado and beyond. For several years, the couple lived a lavish lifestyle in a Denver mansion, but Tabor, one of the wealthiest men in Colorado, lost his fortune when the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act caused the Panic of 1893. He died on April 10, 1899, of appendicitis, destitute but remained convinced that the price of silver would rebound. According to legend, he told Baby Doe to "hold on the Matchless mine ... it will make millions again when silver comes back." She returned to Leadville with her daughters, Silver Dollar and Lily, where she spent the rest of her life believing Tabor's prediction. At one time the "best dressed woman in the West", she lived in a cabin at the Matchless Mine for the last three decades of her life. On March 7, 1935, after a snowstorm, she was found frozen in her cabin, aged about 81 years. Mining and smelting Leadville mining Articles Leadville Historic District Leadville miners' strike Leadville mining district People James Joseph Brown John F. Campion August Meyer Samuel D. Nicholson Eben Smith Augusta Tabor Baby Doe Tabor Horace Tabor Thomas Walsh Mines California Gulch Matchless Mine Related articles Colorado Mineral Belt Colorado Silver Boom Gold mining in Colorado Mineral Belt National Recreation Trail National Mining Hall of Fame Silver mining in Colorado Timeline of mining in Colorado vte Crystalline gold specimen from the Little Johnny Mine, Breece Hill, Leadville mining district Mining in the Leadville area began in 1859 when prospectors discovered gold at the mouth of California Gulch. By 1872, placer mining in California Gulch yielded more than $2,500,000, roughly equivalent to $64,000,000 in 2023. In 1876, black sand, once considered bothersome to placer gold miners, was discovered to contain lead carbonates, leading to a rush of miners to the area and the founding of the town in 1877. By 1880, Leadville was one of the world's largest and richest silver camps, with a population of more than 15,000. Income from more than thirty mines and ten large smelting works produced gold, silver, and lead amounting to $15,000,000 annually. The Leadville strike of 1880 was the first major labor conflict in the central Colorado silver boomtown, shutting down most of the area’s mining district from May 26, 1880. According to one historian of the era, "The outpouring of the precious metal from Leadville transformed the struggling Centennial State into a veritable autocrat in the colony of states. As if by magic the rough frontier town of Denver became a metropolis; stately buildings arose on the site of shanties; crystal streams flowed through the arid plains and the desert blossomed and became fruitful. Poverty gave way to the annoyance of wealth and the fame of silver state spread throughout the world." Swindles were not uncommon in the mining community. When the Little Pittsburg mine was exhausted of its rich ore body, its managers sold their shares while concealing the mine's actual condition from the other stockholders. "Chicken Bill" Lovell dumped a wheelbarrow load of silver-rich ore into a barren pit on his Chrysolite claim in order to sell it to Horace Tabor for a large price. Tabor had the last laugh when his miners dug a few feet farther and discovered a rich ore body. Some time later the manager of the Chrysolite mine fooled an outside mining engineer into overestimating the mine's ore reserves. The city's fortunes declined with the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893, although afterwards there was another small gold boom. Mining companies came to rely increasingly on income from the lead and zinc. The district is credited with producing over 2.9 million troy ounces of gold, 240 million troy ounces of silver, 1 million short tons of lead, 785 thousand short tons of zinc (discovered in 1911), and 53 thousand short tons of copper. Climax molybdenum mine, Colorado, circa 1924 (USGS photo) A bitter strike by Leadville's hard rock miners in 1896–97 led to bloodshed, at least five deaths, and the burning of the Coronado Mine. In a letter to a London business contact, mine owner Eben Smith wrote, "The strikers got the worst of it in the raid on the Coronado and Emmet , there were 10 or 12 killed; we do not know how many, and a great number wounded; they take care of their wounded the same as the Indians but every now and then a fellow turns up that the rats have been eating or who has gone to decay that we know must have been shot ..." World War II caused an increase in the demand for molybdenum, used to harden steel. It was mined at the nearby Climax mine, which at one time produced 75 percent of the world's output. By 1980, the Climax Mine was the largest underground mine in the world. Taxes paid by the mine provided Leadville with good schools and libraries and provided employment for many residents. When the market dropped in 1981, Leadville's economy suffered and many people lost their jobs. With little industry other than the tourist trade, most of the former miners left, and the standard of living declined. Climax reopened in 2008 and started production in 2010. It currently is the most efficient mine producing molybdenum in Colorado and is estimated to have a production life of thirty years. The many years of mining left behind substantial contamination of the soil and water and the Environmental Protection Agency designated some former mines Superfund sites, such as California Gulch. As of 2019, the EPA reports: "A vast majority of the cleanup at the site has been completed, so current risk of exposure is low. Pregnant women, nursing mothers and young children are still encouraged to have their blood-lead levels checked." Leadville's colorful past Mart J. Duggan As the population boomed, by 1878, Leadville had the reputation as one of the most lawless towns in the West. The first city marshal was run out of town a few days after he was appointed, and his replacement was shot dead within a month by one of his deputies. Fearing the town would be lost to the lawless element, Mayor Horace Tabor sent for Mart Duggan, who was living in Denver, as a replacement. Duggan was well known at the time as a fearless gunfighter. Using strong-arm and lawless tactics, during his two stints as marshal, Duggan brought order to Leadville by 1880 when he stepped down. He was shot and killed in 1888 by an unknown assailant, most likely an enemy he had made when he was a Leadville marshal. Historian Robert Dearment writes, "Mart Duggan was a quick-shooting, hard-drinking, brawling tough Irish man, but he was exactly the kind of man a tough, hard-drinking, quick-shooting camp like Leadville needed in its earliest days. His name is all but forgotten today, but the name "Matt Dillon" is recognized around the world. Such are the vagaries of life." Poker Alice Ivers Alice Ivers, better known as Poker Alice, was a card player and dealer of the Old West who learned her trade in Leadville. Born in Devonshire, her family moved to America when she was a small girl. They first settled in Virginia, where she attended an elite girls' boarding school. When she was a teenager, her family moved to Leadville when the silver boom drew hundreds of new residents to the area. At the age of twenty she married a mining engineer who, like many of the men at that time, frequented the numerous gambling halls in Leadville. Alice went along, at first just observing, but eventually she began to sit in on the games as well. After a few years of marriage her husband was killed in a mining accident and she turned to cards to support herself. Alice was attractive, dressed in the latest fashions, and was in great demand as a dealer. Eventually Alice left Leadville to travel the gambling circuit, as was common of the male gamblers of that time. She continued to dress in the latest fashions but took to smoking cigars. Well known throughout the West, gambling halls welcomed her because she was good for business. Alice said that she won more than $250,000 by gambling during her lifetime. Doc Holliday at age 20 In the spring of 1880, Texas Jack Omohundro and his wife Giuseppina Morlacchi arrived in Leadville. Morlacchi, a famous Italian prima ballerina who had introduced the Can-can dance to the United States, performed several plays at the Grand Central Theatre, including Around the World in 80 Days and The Black Crook. Texas Jack, who had starred in The Scouts of the Prairie with Buffalo Bill Cody and Ned Buntline, and later in The Scouts of the Plains with Buffalo Bill and Wild Bill Hickok, played shows at the Chestnut Street Theatre. Texas Jack had served in the Confederate Army at age 16 and subsequently joined the Tabor Light Guard, a local militia unit. Jack died of pneumonia on June 28, 1880. His funeral was held at the Tabor Opera House, and he was buried in Evergreen Cemetery. On September 8, 1908, Texas Jack's best friend and former costar Buffalo Bill Cody visited Leadville with his Wild West Show and dedicated the permanent memorial that marks Texas Jack's grave today. The Texas Jack Association erected highway historical markers on roads in and out of Leadville. In the summer of 1879, American author and illustrator Mary Hallock Foote arrived in Leadville. It is believed her time in Leadville inspired her writing. In 1882, shortly after the gun fight at the O.K. Corral, Doc Holliday arrived in Leadville, where he dealt faro. On August 19, 1884, he shot ex-Leadville policeman Billy Allen, who had threatened him for failing to pay a $5 debt. Despite overwhelming evidence implicating him, a jury found Holliday not guilty of the shooting or attempted murder. Gunfighter and professional gambler Luke Short also spent time in Leadville. Margaret "Molly" Brown, who became known as "The Unsinkable Molly Brown", moved to Leadville in 1885, when she was 18 years old. In 1886 she married a mining engineer who was twelve years older, James Joseph Brown at the Church of Annunciation. The Brown family acquired great wealth in 1893 when Brown was instrumental in the discovery of a substantial gold ore seam at the Little Jonny Mine. Gold (Little Jonny Mine - Leadville, Colorado) The mine was owned by his employers, the Ibex Mining Company. Margaret Brown became famous because of her survival of the 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic, after exhorting the crew of Lifeboat No. 6 to return to look for survivors. A 1960 Broadway musical based on her life was produced, along with a 1964 film adaptation of the musical, both titled The Unsinkable Molly Brown. Her home in Denver has been preserved as the Molly Brown House Museum. Meyer Guggenheim of the Guggenheim family started out in Leadville in mining and smelting. The family went on to possess one of the largest fortunes in the world. Family members have become known for their philanthropy in diverse areas such as modern art and aviation, including several Guggenheim Museums. Oscar Wilde appeared in April at the Tabor Opera House during his 1882 American Aesthetic Movement lecture tour. The reviews were mixed, and the press satirized Wilde in cartoons as an English dandy decorated with sunflowers and lilies, the floral emblems of the Aesthetic Movement. A Kansas newspaper described the event: Oscar Wilde's visit to Leadville excited a great deal of interest and curiosity. The Tabor-opera house where he lectured was packed full. It was rumored that an attempt would be made by a number of young men to ridicule him by coming to the lecture in exaggerated costume with enormous sunflowers and lilies and to introduce a number of characters in the costume of the Western "bad men". Probably, however, better counsel prevailed and no disturbance took place. Mayor David H. Dougan invited Wilde to tour the Matchless Mine and name its new lode "The Oscar". Wilde later recounted a visit to a local saloon, "where I saw the only rational method of art criticism I have ever come across. Over the piano was printed a notice – 'Please do not shoot the pianist. He is doing his best.'" Several other notable figures visited the Tabor Opera House, including boxer Jack Dempsey. Post-mining era Leadville in the 1950s The town has made major efforts to improve its economy by encouraging tourism and emphasizing its history and opportunities for outdoor recreation. The National Mining Museum and Hall of Fame opened in 1987 with a federal charter that was drawn in by Leadville offering a good deal on the former high school building. In 1983, Ken Chlouber partnered with Merilee Maupin to founded the Leadville Trail 100 Run, a 100-mile ultramarathon through the rugged mountain terrain around the town. It succeeded, leading them to found the still-extant Leadville Race Series, which contains a variety of races. The Leadville Race Series has become a popular endurance race series, attracting hundreds of athletes to Leadville each year. Leadville is often used as a base for altitude training and hosts a number of other events for runners and mountain bicyclists. Geography Mount Massive and Leadville from 6th Street At an elevation of 10,158 feet (3,096 m), Leadville lies close to timberline, which in Colorado is from 11,000 to 12,000 feet (3,400 to 3,700 m). The surrounding peaks are all well above 12,000 feet, and are thus bare of trees. Leadville has the highest elevation of any city in the United States. Leadville lies in a valley at the headwaters of the Arkansas River which flows through the southern Rocky Mountains and eventually empties into the Mississippi River. It is situated between two mountain ranges, the Mosquito Range to the east and the Sawatch Range to the west, both of which include several nearby peaks with elevations above 14,000 feet (4,300 m), the so-called fourteeners. Mount Elbert, 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Leadville, is the highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the highest point in the Colorado and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin. An ultra-prominent 14,440-foot (4,401 m) fourteener, Mount Elbert is the highest summit of the Sawatch Range and the second-highest summit in the contiguous United States after Mount Whitney in California. Mount Massive, 10.6 mi (17.1 km) west-southwest of Leadville, at 14,428 ft (4,398 m) is the second highest summit in the Rocky Mountains and state of Colorado, and the third highest in the contiguous United States. Turquoise Lake lies on the western outskirts of Leadville. The surface available for recreation includes 780 acres (320 ha). Turquoise Lake is a feature of the Fryingpan-Arkansas Project. Recreation is managed by the Forest Service for the Bureau of Reclamation as part of San Isabel National Forest. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city of Leadville has an area of 1.1 square miles (2.9 km2), all land. The lower part of California Gulch runs past the southern edge of the city, flowing west 3 miles (5 km) to the Arkansas River. Climate Leadville has an alpine subarctic climate (Dfc) with cold winters and mild summers, bordering on a cold semi-arid climate (Bsk). The average January temperatures are a maximum of 29.5 °F (−1.4 °C) and a minimum of 4.6 °F (−15.2 °C). The average July temperatures are a maximum of 71.0 °F (21.7 °C) and a minimum of 39.2 °F (4.0 °C). There are an average of 271.7 mornings annually with freezing temperatures, which can occur in any month of the year. The record high temperature was 86 °F (30.0 °C) on July 17, 2023. The record low temperature was −38 °F (−38.9 °C) on February 1, 1985. Average annual precipitation is 13.52 inches (343.4 mm). The wettest calendar year was 2014 with 18.08 inches (459.2 mm) and the driest 1994 with 8.27 inches (210.1 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 4.83 inches (122.7 mm) in January 1996. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 1.70 inches (43.2 mm) on February 13, 1986. Average annual snowfall is 156.9 inches (3.99 m). The most snowfall in one year was 247.9 inches (6.30 m) in 1996. The most snowfall in one month was 64.1 inches (1.63 m) in April 1995. Climate data for Leadville, Colorado, (Lake County Airport (Colorado)), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1976–present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 57(14) 54(12) 61(16) 65(18) 80(27) 82(28) 86(30) 83(28) 80(27) 72(22) 66(19) 56(13) 86(30) Mean maximum °F (°C) 47.6(8.7) 46.9(8.3) 51.8(11.0) 58.0(14.4) 69.0(20.6) 77.0(25.0) 80.0(26.7) 77.0(25.0) 73.1(22.8) 65.2(18.4) 54.5(12.5) 47.5(8.6) 80.5(26.9) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 29.5(−1.4) 30.6(−0.8) 36.9(2.7) 43.0(6.1) 54.3(12.4) 66.2(19.0) 71.0(21.7) 68.1(20.1) 61.5(16.4) 49.9(9.9) 37.1(2.8) 29.4(−1.4) 48.1(9.0) Daily mean °F (°C) 17.1(−8.3) 18.1(−7.7) 24.6(−4.1) 31.1(−0.5) 40.9(4.9) 50.1(10.1) 55.1(12.8) 53.1(11.7) 46.5(8.1) 36.7(2.6) 24.8(−4.0) 17.1(−8.3) 34.6(1.4) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 4.6(−15.2) 5.7(−14.6) 12.3(−10.9) 19.1(−7.2) 27.4(−2.6) 34.0(1.1) 39.2(4.0) 38.1(3.4) 31.6(−0.2) 23.6(−4.7) 12.4(−10.9) 4.8(−15.1) 21.1(−6.1) Mean minimum °F (°C) −14.5(−25.8) −14.1(−25.6) −8.8(−22.7) 2.8(−16.2) 14.7(−9.6) 25.5(−3.6) 31.6(−0.2) 30.8(−0.7) 20.7(−6.3) 5.7(−14.6) −8.8(−22.7) −15.4(−26.3) −20.1(−28.9) Record low °F (°C) −27(−33) −38(−39) −30(−34) −17(−27) 3(−16) 19(−7) 21(−6) 23(−5) 8(−13) −13(−25) −24(−31) −31(−35) −38(−39) Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.99(25) 0.91(23) 1.02(26) 1.36(35) 1.06(27) 0.82(21) 1.72(44) 1.87(47) 1.13(29) 0.90(23) 0.86(22) 0.88(22) 13.52(344) Average snowfall inches (cm) 18.8(48) 20.1(51) 21.1(54) 26.6(68) 11.8(30) 0.8(2.0) 0.2(0.51) 0.0(0.0) 1.0(2.5) 13.8(35) 25.1(64) 17.6(45) 156.9(400.01) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.5 10.8 10.9 11.9 9.2 6.4 12.1 13.8 8.6 7.8 9.1 9.7 120.8 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 10.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 3.8 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.5 3.0 7.4 7.2 59.3 Source 1: NOAA Source 2: National Weather Service Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 188014,820—189010,384−29.9%190012,45519.9%19107,508−39.7%19204,959−34.0%19303,771−24.0%19404,77426.6%19504,081−14.5%19604,008−1.8%19704,3147.6%19803,879−10.1%19902,629−32.2%20002,8217.3%20102,602−7.8%20202,6331.2%U.S. Decennial Census Main articles: Leadville Historic District, National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum, and Matchless Mine Restored Golden Burro Cafe and Brass Ass Saloon, December 2022 (Leadville, Colorado) Historic sites and districts Old Queen Anne Victorian style house, Leadville (Marion Post Wolcott, photographer) Ice Palace, Leadville, Colorado, 1896 The Leadville Historic District was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1961. The district encompasses 67 mines east of the city up to the 12,000-foot (3,700 m) elevation, and a defined portion of the village area, with specific exclusions for various buildings. The principal historic buildings are the Tabor Grand Hotel, St George's Church, Temple Israel, African Methodist Episcopal Church (est. 1881)African Methodist Episcopal Church (est. 1881), the Annunciation Church, Tabor Opera House, City Hall, Healy House, Dexter Cabin, Engelbach House, Tabor House, and the Golden Burro Cafe and Lounge, as well as mining structures and small homes. The National Mining Hall of Fame on West 9th Street is dedicated to commemorating the work of miners and people that work with natural resources. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Major exhibits include an elaborate model railroad, a walk-through replica of an underground hardrock mine, the Gold Rush Room with specimens of native gold, a large collection of mineral specimens, and a mining art gallery. The site also includes the Matchless Mine and cabin, former home of Baby Doe Tabor. Some historic sites are linked by the Mineral Belt National Recreation Trail, an 11.6-mile (18.7 km) all-season biking/walking trail that loops around Leadville and through its historic mining district. In part it follows old mining-camp railbeds. Interpretative kiosks recount the history and a photograph of what was on that particular site more than a century ago. The trail is well-marked with interpretive signs and altitude and mileage markers. Created by Executive Order in 1889 to increase the supply of fish for inland waters, the Leadville National Fish Hatchery was established. Camp Hale is located 15 miles (24 km) north of Leadville in the Eagle River valley north of Tennessee Pass. It was a U.S. Army ski warfare training facility constructed in 1942 for what became the 10th Mountain Division. Some of the nation's finest skiers were employed as instructors. Soldiers were trained in mountain climbing, Alpine and Nordic skiing, and cold-weather survival, as well as various weapons and ordnance. When it was in full operation, approximately 15,000 soldiers were housed there. As the only source of recreation for the trainees, Leadville was persuaded to change its moral character, perceived "to be on a rather low plane" at the time. In 2019, Camp Hale was designated as a National Historic Site offering a self-guiding tour with interpretive signs at ten stops and a larger interpretive site at the main entrance. President Biden used his authority under the Antiquities Act in 2022 to establish the 53,804-acre Camp Hale-Continental Divide National Monument, preserving the area’s important historic, prehistoric, natural, and recreational values. 10 miles (16 km) north of Leadville the old downhill training slope, Cooper Hill, located atop Tennessee Pass on the Continental Divide, now operates as the Ski Cooper resort. Much of the area is above the tree line, providing a panoramic view of the peaks of the Sawatch Range to visitors. A memorial to troops of the 10th Mountain Division is located at the summit. The Evergreen Cemetery was the first cemetery in Leadville, established on November 1, 1879. The town's first library was built in 1904. A federal building was built in 1905 on Harrison Avenue and 8th Street. It served as the town post office until 1973. Education K-12 Education Leadville's K-12 education is served by the Lake County School District. Higher Education Leadville is home to a campus of Colorado Mountain College. At an elevation of 10,200 feet, CMC Leadville is the highest elevation college campus in the United States. The Leadville campus is also home to Colorado Mountain College's cross-country team. Culture and sport "Yachting at Leadville, Col." Stereoscopic view, around 1880 Boom Days, held on the first full weekend of August, is a tribute to the city's mining past. The event has been honored by Congress as a Local Legacy Event. The festivities held over three days include mining competitions and burro racing, motorcycle games, a rod and gun show, live music, a craft fair and parade. The annual skijoring event and Crystal Carnival take place in March. This is a horse-drawn skiing for the family since the 1960s. The town has frequent, sometimes small parades held in the downtown area, such as the quirky St Patrick's Day Practice Parade. The Leadville Trail 100, an ultramarathon, takes place each August since 1983 on an out-and-back course on trails around Turquoise Lake, over Hagerman Pass, the Colorado Trail, through Twin Lakes, across the Arkansas River, up and over Hope Pass, to the ghost town of Winfield. The Mineral Belt Trail is an 11.6-mile (18.7 km), two-way non-motorized paved trail around the city that was opened in 2000. Five access points offer opportunities to walk shorter sections: Ice Palace Park, Lake County Middle School, Dutch Henry Hill, California Gulch, and the East 5th Street Bridge. Mineral Belt is completely ADA-accessible for wheelchairs and strollers, cyclists, runners and in-line skaters. The "Route of the Silver Kings" is a driving tour of the 20-square-mile (52 km2) historic mining district. The tour passes mines, power plants, ghost towns and mining camps. View of Mount Massive looking west from Harrison Avenue in downtown Leadville Outdoor recreation Situated within the San Isabel National Forest and surrounded by three wilderness areas, Leadville is popular with hikers and campers. The Mount Massive Wilderness and Buffalo Peaks Wilderness are within 10 miles (16 km) of the city, and the Collegiate Peaks Wilderness is within 20 miles (32 km). Turquoise Lake lies on the western outskirts of Leadville. Recreation facilities consist of eight campgrounds and two boat-launching ramps. The surface available for recreation includes 780 acres (320 ha). Primary recreation activities include camping and fishing. Fish species include mackinaw trout, rainbow trout, and brook trout. The facilities are closed in winter due to ice and snow, but they remain a popular area for ice fishing. Turquoise Lake is part of the Fryingpan-Arkansas Project. Recreation is managed by the Forest Service for the Bureau of Reclamation as part of the San Isabel National Forest. Mosquito Pass The Top of the Rockies Byway, designated a National Scenic Byway in 1998, is a highway that travels 75 miles (121 km) starting in Aspen and traveling through Leadville to either Minturn or Copper Mountain. Seldom dropping below 9,000 feet (2,700 m), it drives over three mountain passes that are above 10,000 feet (3,000 m), and there are views of six mountains of over 14,000 feet (4,300 m). The Top of the Rockies Byway runs through three national forests: Pike, Arapaho, and White River. The Camp Hale Memorial is located along the byway, where soldiers trained on skis to fight in the Apennine Mountains of Italy during World War II. The road passes through the Arkansas Headwaters Recreation Area and Arkansas River Headwaters State Park. Mosquito Pass is located east of Leadville. It can be traversed only on foot, an off-road motorcycle, or with a proper four-wheel drive vehicle. It is typically passable only during the summer months. Transportation Aerial view of Lake County Airport and Leadville, December 2006 Leadville Historic Colorado and Southern Railroad Station - photo taken in 2007 Leadville, Colorado & Southern Railroad excursion line Leadville is served by Lake County Airport. However, there is no scheduled airline service available from this airport. The closest airports to provide scheduled services are Eagle County Regional Airport and Aspen/Pitkin County Airport, both 62 miles (100 km) away. Highways US 24 is an east–west highway running from Interstate 75 near Clarkston, Michigan, to Interstate 70 near Minturn, Colorado. Its western terminus is located just 32 miles (51 km) north of Leadville. It is the main route to the Eagle-Vail valley to the northwest and Colorado Springs, 128 miles (206 km) to the southeast. State Highway 91 is a 22.5-mile (36.2 km) highway that connects Leadville with Interstate 70 near Copper Mountain. It is the quickest route to get from Leadville to Denver, 100 miles (161 km) away. Railways See also: Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad On July 22, 1880, the Denver & Rio Grande Railway arrived on a 3 feet (0.91 m) narrow-gauge railway branch from Malta, 4 miles (6 km) to the west. General Grant and his wife were on hand to celebrate the arrival. Third rail was added in 1888, and from 1940 it was only standard gauge. The last 1.8 miles (2.9 km) were abandoned by Union Pacific in 1998. This severed the connection between the Leadville, Colorado & Southern Railroad and the rest of the railroad system. The remaining three miles from Malta have not seen any traffic in many years. In the past, D&RG operated branch lines from Leadville to Oro City (1883–1941), Ibex/Chrysolite (1898–1944), Graham Park (1898–1941) and Fryer Hill (1881–1944). Another branch run over Fremont Pass as far as Robinson, Wheeler, and Dillon (1881/2-1923). In 1887, the Colorado Midland Railway arrived in Leadville. The former Colorado & Southern Railway line from Leadville to Climax is now operated as a tourist line by the Leadville, Colorado & Southern Railroad. In 2010, rail and coach commuter service was proposed between Minturn and Dotsero, in 2012 from Leadville to Vail and Dotsero with intermediate stations at Minturn, Avon, Eagle and Gypsum. See also Geography portalHistory portalNorth America portalUnited States portalColorado portal Colorado Bibliography of Colorado Index of Colorado-related articles Outline of Colorado Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad Leadville Historic District Leadville Mining District Mount Elbert Mount Massive Twin Lakes, Colorado References ^ a b c d "Active Colorado Municipalities". State of Colorado, Colorado Department of Local Affairs, Division of Local Government. Retrieved January 31, 2021. ^ "Colorado Counties". State of Colorado, Colorado Department of Local Affairs, Division of Local Government. Retrieved January 31, 2021. ^ "Leadville, Colorado – Cloud City USA – Legends of America". www.legendsofamerica.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ "Colorado Municipal Incorporations". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. December 1, 2004. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2007. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020. ^ a b c "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 13, 1978. Retrieved February 4, 2023. ^ a b United States Census Bureau. "Leadville city; Colorado". Retrieved April 22, 2023. ^ "ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original (JavaScript/HTML) on November 4, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2007. ^ Baskette, Floyd. "Pronunciation Guide Colorado" (PDF). Audio Information Network of Colorado. Retrieved July 18, 2023. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ "9 Reasons Why Locals Love Leadville (and So Will You)". Colorado.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Blair, Edward (1995). Leadville: Colorado's Magic City. Fred Pruett Books. ISBN 978-0962386893. ^ a b "Leadville". Colorado Geological Survey. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015. ^ a b c "Leadville's Tale is Born with Discovery of Silver". Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph. May 18, 1969. p. 86. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Leadville, Colorado – Cloud City USA – Legends of America". www.legendsofamerica.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022. ^ "Leadville - Cloud City USA". Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g h Buys, Christian (2007). Historic Leadville in Rare Photographs & Drawings. Western Reflections. ISBN 9781890437084. ^ "National register of historic places inventory Nomination form" (pdf). National Park Service. Retrieved July 28, 2015. ^ "Leadville District History". Denver and Rio Grande. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2015. ^ "Turning The Corner in Leadville Today". Leadville Today. May 5, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ Conant, p.106 ^ "Leadville". www.miningswindles.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ Ogden Tweto (1968), "Leadville district, Colorado", in Ore Deposits in the United States 1933/1967, New York: American Institute of Mining Engineers, p.683. ^ William Philpott, "The Lessons of Leadville", Colorado Historical Society, 1995, pages 4, 106. ^ Voynick, Steve (June 2006). "Restarting Climax: The who, when, and why". Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014. ^ "Superfund Site Profile | Superfund Site Information | US EPA". Archived from the original on August 13, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2016. ^ Dearment, Robert K. (January 6, 2015). Deadly Dozen. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806185125. Retrieved September 3, 2015. ^ Weiser, Kathy. "Poker Alice - Famous Frontier Gambler". Legends of America. Archived from the original on October 26, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015. ^ "About Texas Jack | Texas Jack Association". TexasJackAssociation. Retrieved January 27, 2024. ^ Kerns, Matthew (2021). Texas Jack: America's First Cowboy Star. Guilford, Connecticut: Two Dot. ISBN 978-1493055418. ^ "Artwork of Mary Hallock Foote". The North Star House. Retrieved June 20, 2022. ^ Martinek, Marcia (May 23, 2023). "Leadville inspired Hallock Foote's writing". The Herald Democrat. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024. ^ Price, Charles F. (May 1, 2012). "The Fading of a Legend: Doc Holliday in Leadville". Colorado Central Magazine. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2015. ^ "Luke Short". Frontier Gambler. Archived from the original on May 5, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2015. ^ "Oscar Wilde in America". A Selected Resource of Oscar Wilde's Visits to America. Archived from the original on September 18, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2015. ^ "Oscar Wilde in Leadville". Archived from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015. ^ "History". Leadville Race Series. Life Time Fitness. June 5, 2023. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024. ^ Rom, Zoë (August 18, 2017). "How the Leadville 100 Saved a Struggling Mining Town". REI Co-op. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024. ^ Post, Steve Lipsher | The Denver (August 25, 2016). "How the Leadville 100 saved a town and created a community". The Denver Post. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ Mattson, John. "What Is the Elevation of the Timberline in Colorado?". Trails.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015. ^ "Highest Elevation Town in the United States". Twelve Mile Circle. August 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2019. ^ a b "Turquoise Lake, CO". Recreation.gov. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2015. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Leadville city, Colorado". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2019. ^ a b "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Pueblo". National Weather Service. Retrieved October 27, 2022. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Leadville Lake CO AP, CO". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 27, 2022. ^ "Weekly List 2023 03 17 - National Register of Historic Places (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved April 23, 2023. ^ a b "Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 12/27/11 through 12/30/11". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012. ^ National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum - Leadville, Colorado, minerals, gems, history Archived January 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ^ National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum - Leadville, Colorado, minerals, gems, history Archived January 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ^ National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum - Leadville, Colorado, minerals, gems, history Archived January 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ^ National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum - Leadville, Colorado, minerals, gems, history Archived January 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ^ "History of Camp Hale and the 10th Mountain Division". www.visitleadvilleco.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ "Camp Hale-Continental Divide National Monument". US Forest Service. October 5, 2022. Retrieved April 23, 2023. ^ Pennington, Bill. "The Legacy of Soldiers on Skis" Archived May 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times, March 10, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2010. ^ "Camp Hale National Historic Site". US government. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015. ^ https://coloradomtn.edu/campuses/leadville/ ^ "Leadville Boom Days". Retrieved September 10, 2019. ^ "Events Archive - Leadville, Colorado". Leadville, Colorado. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ "News Summit County Colorado". www.leadvillechronicle.com. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ "Leadville Trail 100 Run". Leadville Race Series. Retrieved July 31, 2023. ^ "Mineral Belt Trail". mineralbelttrail.com. ^ Route of the Silver Kings Archived January 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (scroll down) ^ "Pike and San Isabel National Forests". usda.gov. Retrieved September 10, 2019. ^ "Buffalo Peaks Wilderness Area". www.coloradowilderness.com. Archived from the original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ "Wilderness.net - Collegiate Peaks Wilderness - General Information". Wilderness.net. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ "Top of the Rockies". Colorado Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on August 18, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015. ^ a b "DRGW.Net - Leadville Branch". www.drgw.net. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ "STB Docket No. AB-33 (Sub-No. 117X), Union Pacific Railroad Company — Abandonment Exemption--in Lake County, CO, 4 Jun 1998" (PDF). drgw.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ "DRGW.Net - Tennessee Pass Route". www.drgw.net. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2018. ^ Eagle Valley Enterprise, February 1, 2012 Archived August 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine "Leadville: The Struggle to Revive an American Town" by Gillian Klucas p. 21 Conant Graff, Marshall. A History of Leadville, Colorado. 1920. Scanlon, Gretchen. A History of Leadville Theatre: Opera Houses, Variety Acts and Burlesque Shows. 2012. Kent, Lewis A. Leadville: The City. Mines and Bullion Product. Personal Histories of Prominent Citizens, Facts and Figures Never Before Given to the Public. 1880. "Holliday Bound Over to Appear at the Criminal Court in the Sum of Eight Thousand Dollars." Leadville Daily Herald. August 26, 1884. (p. 4) Further reading Plazak, Dan. A Hole in the Ground with a Liar at the Top ISBN 978-0-87480-840-7. Includes a chapter on mining in early Leadville. External links Leadville, Colorado at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsTravel information from Wikivoyage Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Leadville". City of Leadville official website CDOT map of Leadville Visit Leadville Leadville photos and information at Western Mining History The Mines and Minerals of Leadville, Mineralogical Record, volume 16, May–June 1985. Temple Israel Synagogue and Museum vteMunicipalities and communities of Lake County, Colorado, United StatesCounty seat: LeadvilleCity Leadville Map of Colorado highlighting Lake CountyCDPs Leadville North Twin Lakes Ghost and former towns Adelaide (Finntown) Climax Dayton Oro City Colorado portal United States portal vteCounty seats and consolidated city-counties of ColoradoCounty seats Akron Alamosa Aspen Boulder Breckenridge Brighton Burlington Cañon City Castle Rock Central City Cheyenne Wells Colorado Springs Conejos Cortez Craig Creede Cripple Creek Del Norte Delta Dove Creek Durango Eads Eagle Fairplay Fort Collins Fort Morgan Georgetown Glenwood Springs Golden Grand Junction Greeley Gunnison Holyoke Hot Sulphur Springs Hugo Julesburg Kiowa La Junta Lake City Lamar Las Animas Leadville Littleton Meeker Montrose Ordway Ouray Pagosa Springs Pueblo Saguache Salida San Luis Silverton Springfield Steamboat Springs Sterling Telluride Trinidad Walden Walsenburg Westcliffe Wray Consolidated city-counties Broomfield Denver Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leadville (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈlɛdvɪl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"LED-vil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"statutory city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Colorado#Statutory_city"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"incorporated municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Lake County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COMun-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-10"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR3-6"},{"link_name":"incorporated city in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Cities_and_Towns_above_10,000_feet"},{"link_name":"peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteener"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"mining town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_town"},{"link_name":"headwaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwaters"},{"link_name":"Arkansas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Leadville Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"}],"text":"City in Colorado, United States\"Leadville\" redirects here. For other uses, see Leadville (disambiguation).Statutory city in Colorado, United StatesLeadville (/ˈlɛdvɪl/ LED-vil)[9] is a statutory city that is the county seat, the most populous community, and the only incorporated municipality in Lake County, Colorado, United States.[1][10] The city population was 2,633 at the 2020 census.[7] It is situated at an elevation of 10,158 feet (3,096 m).[6] Leadville is the highest incorporated city in the United States and is surrounded by two of the tallest peaks in the state.[11]Leadville is a former silver mining town that lies among the headwaters of the Arkansas River within the Rocky Mountains. The Leadville Historic District, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961, contains many historic structures and sites of Leadville's mining era. In the late 19th century, Leadville was the second most populous city in Colorado, after Denver.","title":"Leadville, Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leadville,_from_California_Gulch,_by_Thurlow,_J.,_1831-1878.jpg"},{"link_name":"placer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placer_deposit"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"California Gulch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gulch"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"Pikes Peak Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikes_Peak_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeadvilleCGS-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leadville's_tale-14"},{"link_name":"Oro City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_City,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leadville's_tale-14"},{"link_name":"Horace Tabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Tabor"},{"link_name":"Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Tabor"},{"link_name":"postmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmaster"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"sluice boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluice_box"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"cerussite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerussite"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"lode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lode"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeadvilleCGS-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legends_of_America1-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leadville's_tale-14"}],"sub_title":"Settlement","text":"Leadville, as viewed from California Gulch - early photo, date unknownThe Leadville area was first settled in 1859 when placer gold was discovered by A. G. Kelley in California Gulch, and by Abe Lee in April (25/26) 1860,[12] during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush.[13][14] Prospectors panned for gold in the stream that ran through California Gulch in what became the town of Oro City (oro is the Spanish word for gold).[14] Horace Tabor, who became known as the \"Leadville Silver King\", and his wife Augusta were among the first prospectors to arrive in Oro City. Horace was appointed as the postmaster of Oro City on November 30, 1868.[12] His wife made money as postmistress, banker, cook, and laundress while Tabor was a prospector.[15]The early miners had noted that mining for placer gold was hampered by heavy black sand in the sluice boxes, and in 1874 it was discovered that the heavy sand that impeded gold recovery was the lead mineral cerussite, which has a high silver content. Prospectors traced the cerussite to its source, present day Leadville, and by 1876 had discovered several silver-lead lode deposits.[13][16] As the gold has been tapped out of the gulch and attention was averted to nearby Leadville, a mile or two away, Oro City became a ghost town.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leadville_Colorado_by_Boston_%26_Ziegler_c1880.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bird%27s_eye_view_of_Leadville,_Colo._1882_-_DPLA_-_ec26e801e190a9011bc35b19820ce876.jpg"},{"link_name":"August Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Colorado Silver Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Silver_Boom"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buys_2007-17"},{"link_name":"tree line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nomination_Form-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denver_and_Rio_Grande-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leadville_Today-20"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INTERIOR_OF_TABOR_OPERA_HOUSE,_LEADVILLE_HISTORIC_DISTRICT.jpg"},{"link_name":"saloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_saloon"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States"},{"link_name":"Tabor Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabor_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buys_2007-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buys_2007-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matchless_mine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baby Doe McCourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Doe_Tabor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buys_2007-17"},{"link_name":"US senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Sherman Silver Purchase Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"}],"sub_title":"Founding of Leadville","text":"Circa 1880 - Description reads: \"Cabinet Card Photograph of the Silver Mining Boomtown of Leadville, Colorado\". The photograph is titled \"Capitol Hill Leadville\" in manuscript on the reverse. The image looks down on the center of Leadville with the \"Eighth Avenue Motel\" visible at the center of the photo. Extensive mining works can be seen on the hill that rises on the far side of the town.Bird's eye view of Leadville, Colo. 1882Leadville was founded in 1877 by mine owners Horace Tabor and August Meyer at the start of the Colorado Silver Boom. Tabor's house was also built in 1877, at 116 E. 5th Street.[17] The town was built on desolate flat land below the tree line. The first miners lived in a rough tented camp near the silver deposits in California Gulch.[18] Initially, the settlement was called \"Slabtown\", but when the residents petitioned for a post office, the name \"Leadville\" was chosen. By 1880, Tabor and Meyer's new town had gas lighting, water mains, 28 miles (45 km) of streets, five churches, three hospitals, six banks, and a school for 1,100 students. Many business buildings were constructed with bricks hauled in by wagons.[19]In early 1878, Meyer, along with Leadville's pioneer smelter entrepreneur, Edwin Harrison, after whom the famed Harrison Avenue is named,[20] and Tabor established a post office in Leadville, with George L. Henderson designated as postmaster on July 16, 1877.[12] The post office and the telegraph office both prospered, with Tabor serving as postmaster from February 19 to December 13, 1878. It was said that the Leadville post office was the busiest one between St. Louis and San Francisco.[12] In 1878, the town's first hospital, St. Vincent's, was opened.The town's first newspaper was The Reveille, a Republican weekly, in 1878. Three months later, a competing Democratic weekly, The Eclipse, emerged. The Chronicle was the town's first daily and first newspaper in America to employ a full-time female reporter. Like the Rocky Mountain News, The Chronicle took the lead in outing criminals and thieves, in an attempt to clean up the town's shady business culture. Despite violent threats, the Chronicle survived without major incident.Interior of the Tabor Opera HouseWilliam Nye opened the first saloon in 1877, and it was followed by many others. The same year the Coliseum Novelty was the first theater to open. It offered sleeping rooms upstairs for a nightly rate and provided a variety of entertainments: dancing girls, dogfights, cockfighting, wrestling and boxing matches, and rooms for gambling. In June 1881, it burned to the ground. Ben Wood, who arrived in Leadville in 1878, opened the first legitimate theater, Wood's Opera House, with a thousand seats. It was a first-class theater, where gentleman removed their hats and did not smoke or drink in the presence of a lady. Less than a year later, Wood opened the Windsor Hotel. His opera house was regarded as the largest and best theater constructed in the West, an honor it held until the opening of the Tabor Opera House. Horace Tabor's Opera House was the most costly structure in Colorado at the time. Building materials were brought by wagons from Denver. The massive three-story opera house, constructed of stone, brick, and iron, opened on November 20, 1879. Tabor, originally from Vermont, became the town's first mayor. After striking it rich, he had an estimated net worth of 10 million dollars and was known for his extravagant lifestyle. In February 1879 the Lake County seat was moved to Leadville, where it has remained ever since.[12] In 1879, An impressive courthouse was built on the west side of Harrison Avenue, joined by a new post office that same year.[17] Telephone service was introduced by Western Union on May 15, 1879, and gas lighting downtown was installed on November 18 that same year.[12] Billings and Eilers Smelter installed a generator and lights for the town on May 13, 1881. On May 19, 1882, a large fire broke out at the corner of Harrison Avenue and East Chestnut.[17]Matchless mine and Baby Doe Tabor cabinHorace Tabor divorced his wife of 25 years and married Baby Doe McCourt on September 30, 1882,[17] who was half his age. Tabor was by then a US senator, and the divorce and marriage caused a scandal in Colorado and beyond. For several years, the couple lived a lavish lifestyle in a Denver mansion, but Tabor, one of the wealthiest men in Colorado, lost his fortune when the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act caused the Panic of 1893. He died on April 10, 1899, of appendicitis,[12] destitute but remained convinced that the price of silver would rebound. According to legend, he told Baby Doe to \"hold on the Matchless mine ... it will make millions again when silver comes back.\" She returned to Leadville with her daughters, Silver Dollar and Lily, where she spent the rest of her life believing Tabor's prediction. At one time the \"best dressed woman in the West\", she lived in a cabin at the Matchless Mine for the last three decades of her life. On March 7, 1935, after a snowstorm, she was found frozen in her cabin, aged about 81 years.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold-d06-206a.jpg"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"Leadville mining district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville_mining_district"},{"link_name":"California Gulch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gulch"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-21"},{"link_name":"black sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_sand"},{"link_name":"smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sherman Silver Purchase Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buys_2007-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Climax-Mine-1924.png"},{"link_name":"strike by Leadville's hard rock miners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville_miners%27_strike"},{"link_name":"Eben Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eben_Smith"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"molybdenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum"},{"link_name":"Climax mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_mine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colorado_Central_Magazine1-26"},{"link_name":"Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Superfund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund"},{"link_name":"California Gulch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gulch"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/dsp_ssppSiteData2.cfm?id=0801478#Risk"}],"sub_title":"Mining and smelting","text":"Crystalline gold specimen from the Little Johnny Mine, Breece Hill, Leadville mining districtMining in the Leadville area began in 1859 when prospectors discovered gold at the mouth of California Gulch. By 1872, placer mining in California Gulch yielded more than $2,500,000, roughly equivalent to $64,000,000 in 2023.[21] In 1876, black sand, once considered bothersome to placer gold miners, was discovered to contain lead carbonates, leading to a rush of miners to the area and the founding of the town in 1877. By 1880, Leadville was one of the world's largest and richest silver camps, with a population of more than 15,000. Income from more than thirty mines and ten large smelting works produced gold, silver, and lead amounting to $15,000,000 annually. The Leadville strike of 1880 was the first major labor conflict in the central Colorado silver boomtown, shutting down most of the area’s mining district from May 26, 1880.[12]According to one historian of the era, \"The outpouring of the precious metal from Leadville transformed the struggling Centennial State into a veritable autocrat in the colony of states. As if by magic the rough frontier town of Denver became a metropolis; stately buildings arose on the site of shanties; crystal streams flowed through the arid plains and the desert blossomed and became fruitful. Poverty gave way to the annoyance of wealth and the fame of silver state spread throughout the world.\"[22]Swindles were not uncommon in the mining community. When the Little Pittsburg mine was exhausted of its rich ore body, its managers sold their shares while concealing the mine's actual condition from the other stockholders. \"Chicken Bill\" Lovell dumped a wheelbarrow load of silver-rich ore into a barren pit on his Chrysolite claim in order to sell it to Horace Tabor for a large price. Tabor had the last laugh when his miners dug a few feet farther and discovered a rich ore body. Some time later the manager of the Chrysolite mine fooled an outside mining engineer into overestimating the mine's ore reserves.[23]The city's fortunes declined with the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893, although afterwards there was another small gold boom. Mining companies came to rely increasingly on income from the lead and zinc. The district is credited with producing over 2.9 million troy ounces of gold, 240 million troy ounces of silver, 1 million short tons of lead, 785 thousand short tons of zinc (discovered in 1911[17]), and 53 thousand short tons of copper.[24]Climax molybdenum mine, Colorado, circa 1924 (USGS photo)A bitter strike by Leadville's hard rock miners in 1896–97 led to bloodshed, at least five deaths, and the burning of the Coronado Mine. In a letter to a London business contact, mine owner Eben Smith wrote, \"The strikers got the worst of it in the raid on the Coronado and Emmet [mines], there were 10 or 12 killed; we do not know how many, and a great number wounded; they take care of their wounded the same as the Indians but every now and then a fellow turns up that the rats have been eating or who has gone to decay that we know must have been shot ...\"[25]World War II caused an increase in the demand for molybdenum, used to harden steel. It was mined at the nearby Climax mine, which at one time produced 75 percent of the world's output. By 1980, the Climax Mine was the largest underground mine in the world. Taxes paid by the mine provided Leadville with good schools and libraries and provided employment for many residents. When the market dropped in 1981, Leadville's economy suffered and many people lost their jobs. With little industry other than the tourist trade, most of the former miners left, and the standard of living declined. Climax reopened in 2008 and started production in 2010. It currently is the most efficient mine producing molybdenum in Colorado and is estimated to have a production life of thirty years.[26]The many years of mining left behind substantial contamination of the soil and water and the Environmental Protection Agency designated some former mines Superfund sites, such as California Gulch.[27] As of 2019, the EPA reports: \"A vast majority of the cleanup at the site has been completed, so current risk of exposure is low. Pregnant women, nursing mothers and young children are still encouraged to have their blood-lead levels checked.\"[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mart_J._Duggan.jpg"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier"},{"link_name":"Mart Duggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_Duggan"},{"link_name":"Matt Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Dillon_(Gunsmoke)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadly_Dozen-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poker_Alice_Ivers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Poker Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Alice"},{"link_name":"Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonshire,_Blackpool"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legends_of_America2-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doc_HollidayatAge20.jpg"},{"link_name":"Texas Jack Omohundro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Jack_Omohundro"},{"link_name":"Giuseppina Morlacchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppina_Morlacchi"},{"link_name":"Can-can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can-can"},{"link_name":"The Black Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Crook"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bill Cody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bill_Cody"},{"link_name":"Ned Buntline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Buntline"},{"link_name":"Wild Bill Hickok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok"},{"link_name":"Confederate Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"Wild West Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_West_shows"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Mary Hallock Foote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Hallock_Foote"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"O.K. Corral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.K._Corral"},{"link_name":"Doc Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Holliday"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"faro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colorado_Central_Magazine2-34"},{"link_name":"Luke Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Short"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontier_Gambler-35"},{"link_name":"Margaret \"Molly\" Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_%22Molly%22_Brown"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"James Joseph Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joseph_Brown"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buys_2007-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_(Little_Jonny_Mine,_Breece_Hill,_Leadville,_Colorado,_USA)_(17161825282).jpg"},{"link_name":"1912 sinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Titanic"},{"link_name":"RMS Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic"},{"link_name":"Lifeboat No. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboats_of_the_RMS_Titanic#Boat_6_(port)"},{"link_name":"1960 Broadway musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unsinkable_Molly_Brown_(musical)"},{"link_name":"1964 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unsinkable_Molly_Brown_(film)"},{"link_name":"Meyer Guggenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Guggenheim"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_family"},{"link_name":"smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Museums"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Aesthetic Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic_Movement"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"dandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandy"},{"link_name":"sunflowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower"},{"link_name":"lilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilies"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oscar_Wilde_in_America-36"},{"link_name":"Matchless Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchless_Mine"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Jack Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buys_2007-17"}],"sub_title":"Leadville's colorful past","text":"Mart J. DugganAs the population boomed, by 1878, Leadville had the reputation as one of the most lawless towns in the West. The first city marshal was run out of town a few days after he was appointed, and his replacement was shot dead within a month by one of his deputies. Fearing the town would be lost to the lawless element, Mayor Horace Tabor sent for Mart Duggan, who was living in Denver, as a replacement. Duggan was well known at the time as a fearless gunfighter. Using strong-arm and lawless tactics, during his two stints as marshal, Duggan brought order to Leadville by 1880 when he stepped down. He was shot and killed in 1888 by an unknown assailant, most likely an enemy he had made when he was a Leadville marshal. Historian Robert Dearment writes, \"Mart Duggan was a quick-shooting, hard-drinking, brawling tough Irish man, but he was exactly the kind of man a tough, hard-drinking, quick-shooting camp like Leadville needed in its earliest days. His name is all but forgotten today, but the name \"Matt Dillon\" is recognized around the world. Such are the vagaries of life.\"[28]Poker Alice IversAlice Ivers, better known as Poker Alice, was a card player and dealer of the Old West who learned her trade in Leadville. Born in Devonshire, her family moved to America when she was a small girl. They first settled in Virginia, where she attended an elite girls' boarding school. When she was a teenager, her family moved to Leadville when the silver boom drew hundreds of new residents to the area. At the age of twenty she married a mining engineer who, like many of the men at that time, frequented the numerous gambling halls in Leadville. Alice went along, at first just observing, but eventually she began to sit in on the games as well. After a few years of marriage her husband was killed in a mining accident and she turned to cards to support herself. Alice was attractive, dressed in the latest fashions, and was in great demand as a dealer. Eventually Alice left Leadville to travel the gambling circuit, as was common of the male gamblers of that time. She continued to dress in the latest fashions but took to smoking cigars. Well known throughout the West, gambling halls welcomed her because she was good for business. Alice said that she won more than $250,000 by gambling during her lifetime.[29]Doc Holliday at age 20In the spring of 1880, Texas Jack Omohundro and his wife Giuseppina Morlacchi arrived in Leadville. Morlacchi, a famous Italian prima ballerina who had introduced the Can-can dance to the United States, performed several plays at the Grand Central Theatre, including Around the World in 80 Days and The Black Crook. Texas Jack, who had starred in The Scouts of the Prairie with Buffalo Bill Cody and Ned Buntline, and later in The Scouts of the Plains with Buffalo Bill and Wild Bill Hickok, played shows at the Chestnut Street Theatre. Texas Jack had served in the Confederate Army at age 16[30] and subsequently joined the Tabor Light Guard, a local militia unit. Jack died of pneumonia on June 28, 1880. His funeral was held at the Tabor Opera House, and he was buried in Evergreen Cemetery. On September 8, 1908, Texas Jack's best friend and former costar Buffalo Bill Cody visited Leadville with his Wild West Show and dedicated the permanent memorial that marks Texas Jack's grave today. The Texas Jack Association erected highway historical markers on roads in and out of Leadville.[31]In the summer of 1879, American author and illustrator Mary Hallock Foote arrived in Leadville.[12] It is believed her time in Leadville inspired her writing.[32][33]In 1882, shortly after the gun fight at the O.K. Corral, Doc Holliday arrived in Leadville,[12] where he dealt faro. On August 19, 1884, he shot ex-Leadville policeman Billy Allen, who had threatened him for failing to pay a $5 debt. Despite overwhelming evidence implicating him, a jury found Holliday not guilty of the shooting or attempted murder.[34]Gunfighter and professional gambler Luke Short also spent time in Leadville.[35]Margaret \"Molly\" Brown, who became known as \"The Unsinkable Molly Brown\", moved to Leadville in 1885, when she was 18 years old.[12] In 1886 she married a mining engineer who was twelve years older, James Joseph Brown at the Church of Annunciation.[17] The Brown family acquired great wealth in 1893 when Brown was instrumental in the discovery of a substantial gold ore seam at the Little Jonny Mine.Gold (Little Jonny Mine - Leadville, Colorado)The mine was owned by his employers, the Ibex Mining Company. Margaret Brown became famous because of her survival of the 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic, after exhorting the crew of Lifeboat No. 6 to return to look for survivors. A 1960 Broadway musical based on her life was produced, along with a 1964 film adaptation of the musical, both titled The Unsinkable Molly Brown. Her home in Denver has been preserved as the Molly Brown House Museum.Meyer Guggenheim of the Guggenheim family started out in Leadville in mining and smelting. The family went on to possess one of the largest fortunes in the world. Family members have become known for their philanthropy in diverse areas such as modern art and aviation, including several Guggenheim Museums.Oscar Wilde appeared in April at the Tabor Opera House during his 1882 American Aesthetic Movement lecture tour.[12] The reviews were mixed, and the press satirized Wilde in cartoons as an English dandy decorated with sunflowers and lilies, the floral emblems of the Aesthetic Movement. A Kansas newspaper described the event:Oscar Wilde's visit to Leadville excited a great deal of interest and curiosity. The Tabor-opera house where he lectured was packed full. It was rumored that an attempt would be made by a number of young men to ridicule him by coming to the lecture in exaggerated costume with enormous sunflowers and lilies and to introduce a number of characters in the costume of the Western \"bad men\". Probably, however, better counsel prevailed and no disturbance took place.[36]Mayor David H. Dougan invited Wilde to tour the Matchless Mine and name its new lode \"The Oscar\". Wilde later recounted a visit to a local saloon, \"where I saw the only rational method of art criticism I have ever come across. Over the piano was printed a notice – 'Please do not shoot the pianist. He is doing his best.'\"[37]Several other notable figures visited the Tabor Opera House, including boxer Jack Dempsey.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leadville_%26_the_Hotel_Vendome_,_Colorado_,_1950s_,_Kodachrome_by_Chalmers_Butterfield.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Mining Museum and Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mining_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Ken Chlouber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Chlouber"},{"link_name":"Leadville Trail 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville_Trail_100"},{"link_name":"ultramarathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarathon"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"altitude training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_training"},{"link_name":"runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running"},{"link_name":"mountain bicyclists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bike"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Post-mining era","text":"Leadville in the 1950sThe town has made major efforts to improve its economy by encouraging tourism and emphasizing its history and opportunities for outdoor recreation. The National Mining Museum and Hall of Fame opened in 1987 with a federal charter that was drawn in by Leadville offering a good deal on the former high school building.In 1983, Ken Chlouber partnered with Merilee Maupin to founded the Leadville Trail 100 Run, a 100-mile ultramarathon through the rugged mountain terrain around the town. It succeeded, leading them to found the still-extant Leadville Race Series, which contains a variety of races.[38] The Leadville Race Series has become a popular endurance race series, attracting hundreds of athletes to Leadville each year.[39] Leadville is often used as a base for altitude training and hosts a number of other events for runners and mountain bicyclists.[40]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Massive_and_Leadville_from_6th_Street.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Massive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Massive"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR3-6"},{"link_name":"timberline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trails.com-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Arkansas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Mosquito Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_Range"},{"link_name":"Sawatch Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawatch_Range"},{"link_name":"fourteeners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteeners"},{"link_name":"Mount Elbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Elbert"},{"link_name":"highest summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_Rocky_Mountains#Highest_prominent_summits"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River#Watershed"},{"link_name":"ultra-prominent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-prominent_peak"},{"link_name":"highest summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Colorado#Mountain_ranges"},{"link_name":"contiguous United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mount Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Whitney"},{"link_name":"Mount Massive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Massive"},{"link_name":"Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Reclamation"},{"link_name":"San Isabel National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Isabel_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Recreation.gov-43"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-44"},{"link_name":"California Gulch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gulch"},{"link_name":"Arkansas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River"}],"text":"Mount Massive and Leadville from 6th StreetAt an elevation of 10,158 feet (3,096 m),[6] Leadville lies close to timberline, which in Colorado is from 11,000 to 12,000 feet (3,400 to 3,700 m).[41] The surrounding peaks are all well above 12,000 feet, and are thus bare of trees. Leadville has the highest elevation of any city in the United States.[42]Leadville lies in a valley at the headwaters of the Arkansas River which flows through the southern Rocky Mountains and eventually empties into the Mississippi River. It is situated between two mountain ranges, the Mosquito Range to the east and the Sawatch Range to the west, both of which include several nearby peaks with elevations above 14,000 feet (4,300 m), the so-called fourteeners. Mount Elbert, 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Leadville, is the highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the highest point in the Colorado and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin. An ultra-prominent 14,440-foot (4,401 m) fourteener, Mount Elbert is the highest summit of the Sawatch Range and the second-highest summit in the contiguous United States after Mount Whitney in California. Mount Massive, 10.6 mi (17.1 km) west-southwest of Leadville, at 14,428 ft (4,398 m) is the second highest summit in the Rocky Mountains and state of Colorado, and the third highest in the contiguous United States.Turquoise Lake lies on the western outskirts of Leadville. The surface available for recreation includes 780 acres (320 ha). Turquoise Lake is a feature of the Fryingpan-Arkansas Project. Recreation is managed by the Forest Service for the Bureau of Reclamation as part of San Isabel National Forest.[43]According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city of Leadville has an area of 1.1 square miles (2.9 km2), all land.[44] The lower part of California Gulch runs past the southern edge of the city, flowing west 3 miles (5 km) to the Arkansas River.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subarctic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"Dfc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-45"},{"link_name":"Lake County Airport (Colorado)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County_Airport_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-45"}],"text":"Leadville has an alpine subarctic climate (Dfc) with cold winters and mild summers, bordering on a cold semi-arid climate (Bsk). The average January temperatures are a maximum of 29.5 °F (−1.4 °C) and a minimum of 4.6 °F (−15.2 °C). The average July temperatures are a maximum of 71.0 °F (21.7 °C) and a minimum of 39.2 °F (4.0 °C). There are an average of 271.7 mornings annually with freezing temperatures, which can occur in any month of the year. The record high temperature was 86 °F (30.0 °C) on July 17, 2023. The record low temperature was −38 °F (−38.9 °C) on February 1, 1985.Average annual precipitation is 13.52 inches (343.4 mm). The wettest calendar year was 2014 with 18.08 inches (459.2 mm) and the driest 1994 with 8.27 inches (210.1 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 4.83 inches (122.7 mm) in January 1996. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 1.70 inches (43.2 mm) on February 13, 1986. Average annual snowfall is 156.9 inches (3.99 m). The most snowfall in one year was 247.9 inches (6.30 m) in 1996. The most snowfall in one month was 64.1 inches (1.63 m) in April 1995.[45]Climate data for Leadville, Colorado, (Lake County Airport (Colorado)), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1976–present\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n57(14)\n\n54(12)\n\n61(16)\n\n65(18)\n\n80(27)\n\n82(28)\n\n86(30)\n\n83(28)\n\n80(27)\n\n72(22)\n\n66(19)\n\n56(13)\n\n86(30)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n47.6(8.7)\n\n46.9(8.3)\n\n51.8(11.0)\n\n58.0(14.4)\n\n69.0(20.6)\n\n77.0(25.0)\n\n80.0(26.7)\n\n77.0(25.0)\n\n73.1(22.8)\n\n65.2(18.4)\n\n54.5(12.5)\n\n47.5(8.6)\n\n80.5(26.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n29.5(−1.4)\n\n30.6(−0.8)\n\n36.9(2.7)\n\n43.0(6.1)\n\n54.3(12.4)\n\n66.2(19.0)\n\n71.0(21.7)\n\n68.1(20.1)\n\n61.5(16.4)\n\n49.9(9.9)\n\n37.1(2.8)\n\n29.4(−1.4)\n\n48.1(9.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n17.1(−8.3)\n\n18.1(−7.7)\n\n24.6(−4.1)\n\n31.1(−0.5)\n\n40.9(4.9)\n\n50.1(10.1)\n\n55.1(12.8)\n\n53.1(11.7)\n\n46.5(8.1)\n\n36.7(2.6)\n\n24.8(−4.0)\n\n17.1(−8.3)\n\n34.6(1.4)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n4.6(−15.2)\n\n5.7(−14.6)\n\n12.3(−10.9)\n\n19.1(−7.2)\n\n27.4(−2.6)\n\n34.0(1.1)\n\n39.2(4.0)\n\n38.1(3.4)\n\n31.6(−0.2)\n\n23.6(−4.7)\n\n12.4(−10.9)\n\n4.8(−15.1)\n\n21.1(−6.1)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n−14.5(−25.8)\n\n−14.1(−25.6)\n\n−8.8(−22.7)\n\n2.8(−16.2)\n\n14.7(−9.6)\n\n25.5(−3.6)\n\n31.6(−0.2)\n\n30.8(−0.7)\n\n20.7(−6.3)\n\n5.7(−14.6)\n\n−8.8(−22.7)\n\n−15.4(−26.3)\n\n−20.1(−28.9)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−27(−33)\n\n−38(−39)\n\n−30(−34)\n\n−17(−27)\n\n3(−16)\n\n19(−7)\n\n21(−6)\n\n23(−5)\n\n8(−13)\n\n−13(−25)\n\n−24(−31)\n\n−31(−35)\n\n−38(−39)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n0.99(25)\n\n0.91(23)\n\n1.02(26)\n\n1.36(35)\n\n1.06(27)\n\n0.82(21)\n\n1.72(44)\n\n1.87(47)\n\n1.13(29)\n\n0.90(23)\n\n0.86(22)\n\n0.88(22)\n\n13.52(344)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n18.8(48)\n\n20.1(51)\n\n21.1(54)\n\n26.6(68)\n\n11.8(30)\n\n0.8(2.0)\n\n0.2(0.51)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n1.0(2.5)\n\n13.8(35)\n\n25.1(64)\n\n17.6(45)\n\n156.9(400.01)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n10.5\n\n10.8\n\n10.9\n\n11.9\n\n9.2\n\n6.4\n\n12.1\n\n13.8\n\n8.6\n\n7.8\n\n9.1\n\n9.7\n\n120.8\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n10.0\n\n8.5\n\n9.0\n\n9.5\n\n3.8\n\n0.3\n\n0.1\n\n0.0\n\n0.5\n\n3.0\n\n7.4\n\n7.2\n\n59.3\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA[46]\n\n\nSource 2: National Weather Service[45]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newly_Restored_Golden_Burro_Facade.jpg"}],"text":"Restored Golden Burro Cafe and Brass Ass Saloon, December 2022 (Leadville, Colorado)","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colorado-Leadville-Victorian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marion Post Wolcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Post_Wolcott"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_Palace,_Leadville,_Colorado,_1896.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ice Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joseph_Brown#Ice_Palace"},{"link_name":"Leadville Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark_District"},{"link_name":"Temple Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Israel_(Leadville,_Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Healy House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healy_House_Museum"},{"link_name":"Dexter Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Cabin"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"National Mining Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mining_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weekly-48"},{"link_name":"model railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_railroad"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Matchless Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchless_Mine"},{"link_name":"Baby Doe Tabor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Doe_Tabor"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weekly-48"},{"link_name":"Mineral Belt National Recreation Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_Belt_National_Recreation_Trail"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"Camp Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Hale"},{"link_name":"Eagle River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_River_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Pass_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"ski warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_warfare"},{"link_name":"10th Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elev-53"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Continental Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Divide"},{"link_name":"Ski Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA_Forest_Service-56"},{"link_name":"tree line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line"},{"link_name":"Sawatch Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawatch_Range"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buys_2007-17"}],"text":"Old Queen Anne Victorian style house, Leadville (Marion Post Wolcott, photographer)Ice Palace, Leadville, Colorado, 1896The Leadville Historic District was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1961. The district encompasses 67 mines east of the city up to the 12,000-foot (3,700 m) elevation, and a defined portion of the village area, with specific exclusions for various buildings. The principal historic buildings are the Tabor Grand Hotel, St George's Church, Temple Israel, African Methodist Episcopal Church (est. 1881)African Methodist Episcopal Church (est. 1881), the Annunciation Church, Tabor Opera House, City Hall, Healy House, Dexter Cabin, Engelbach House, Tabor House, and the Golden Burro Cafe and Lounge,[47] as well as mining structures and small homes.The National Mining Hall of Fame on West 9th Street is dedicated to commemorating the work of miners and people that work with natural resources. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[48] Major exhibits include an elaborate model railroad,[49] a walk-through replica of an underground hardrock mine,[50] the Gold Rush Room with specimens of native gold,[51] a large collection of mineral specimens,[52] and a mining art gallery. The site also includes the Matchless Mine and cabin, former home of Baby Doe Tabor.[48]Some historic sites are linked by the Mineral Belt National Recreation Trail, an 11.6-mile (18.7 km) all-season biking/walking trail that loops around Leadville and through its historic mining district. In part it follows old mining-camp railbeds. Interpretative kiosks recount the history and a photograph of what was on that particular site more than a century ago. The trail is well-marked with interpretive signs and altitude and mileage markers.Created by Executive Order in 1889 to increase the supply of fish for inland waters, the Leadville National Fish Hatchery was established.[12]Camp Hale is located 15 miles (24 km) north of Leadville in the Eagle River valley north of Tennessee Pass. It was a U.S. Army ski warfare training facility constructed in 1942 for what became the 10th Mountain Division.[53] Some of the nation's finest skiers were employed as instructors. Soldiers were trained in mountain climbing, Alpine and Nordic skiing, and cold-weather survival, as well as various weapons and ordnance. When it was in full operation, approximately 15,000 soldiers were housed there. As the only source of recreation for the trainees, Leadville was persuaded to change its moral character, perceived \"to be on a rather low plane\" at the time. In 2019, Camp Hale was designated as a National Historic Site offering a self-guiding tour with interpretive signs at ten stops and a larger interpretive site at the main entrance. President Biden used his authority under the Antiquities Act in 2022 to establish the 53,804-acre Camp Hale-Continental Divide National Monument,[54] preserving the area’s important historic, prehistoric, natural, and recreational values.10 miles (16 km) north of Leadville the old downhill training slope, Cooper Hill, located atop Tennessee Pass on the Continental Divide, now operates as the Ski Cooper resort.[55][56] Much of the area is above the tree line, providing a panoramic view of the peaks of the Sawatch Range to visitors. A memorial to troops of the 10th Mountain Division is located at the summit.The Evergreen Cemetery was the first cemetery in Leadville, established on November 1, 1879.[12]The town's first library was built in 1904.[12]A federal building was built in 1905 on Harrison Avenue and 8th Street. It served as the town post office until 1973.[17]","title":"Historic sites and districts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"K-12 Education","text":"Leadville's K-12 education is served by the Lake County School District.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colorado Mountain College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Mountain_College"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Higher Education","text":"Leadville is home to a campus of Colorado Mountain College. At an elevation of 10,200 feet, CMC Leadville is the highest elevation college campus in the United States. The Leadville campus is also home to Colorado Mountain College's cross-country team.[57]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yachting_at_Leadville,_Col,_by_Kilburn_Brothers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"burro racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_burro_racing"},{"link_name":"skijoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skijoring"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Leadville Trail 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville_Trail_100"},{"link_name":"ultramarathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarathon"},{"link_name":"Hagerman Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman_Pass"},{"link_name":"Winfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Mount_Massive_looking_west_from_Harrison_Street_in_downtown_Leadville,_Colorado.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Massive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Massive"}],"text":"\"Yachting at Leadville, Col.\" Stereoscopic view, around 1880Boom Days, held on the first full weekend of August, is a tribute to the city's mining past. The event has been honored by Congress as a Local Legacy Event.[58] The festivities held over three days include mining competitions and burro racing, motorcycle games, a rod and gun show, live music, a craft fair and parade. The annual skijoring event and Crystal Carnival take place in March.[59] This is a horse-drawn skiing for the family since the 1960s.[60] The town has frequent, sometimes small parades held in the downtown area, such as the quirky St Patrick's Day Practice Parade.The Leadville Trail 100, an ultramarathon, takes place each August since 1983 on an out-and-back course on trails around Turquoise Lake, over Hagerman Pass, the Colorado Trail, through Twin Lakes, across the Arkansas River, up and over Hope Pass, to the ghost town of Winfield.[61]The Mineral Belt Trail is an 11.6-mile (18.7 km), two-way non-motorized paved trail around the city that was opened in 2000.[12] Five access points offer opportunities to walk shorter sections: Ice Palace Park, Lake County Middle School, Dutch Henry Hill, California Gulch, and the East 5th Street Bridge. Mineral Belt is completely ADA-accessible for wheelchairs and strollers, cyclists, runners and in-line skaters.[62]The \"Route of the Silver Kings\" is a driving tour of the 20-square-mile (52 km2) historic mining district. The tour passes mines, power plants, ghost towns and mining camps.[63]View of Mount Massive looking west from Harrison Avenue in downtown Leadville","title":"Culture and sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Isabel National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Isabel_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Mount Massive Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Massive_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Peaks Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Peaks_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Collegiate Peaks Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Peaks_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"mackinaw trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinaw_trout"},{"link_name":"rainbow trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"brook trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Recreation.gov-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosquito_Pass_Area_of_Critical_Environmental_Concern,_Colorado_(15578947000).jpg"},{"link_name":"Top of the Rockies Byway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Rockies_Byway"},{"link_name":"National Scenic Byway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scenic_Byway"},{"link_name":"Aspen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Minturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minturn,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Copper Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Mountain,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Arapaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapaho_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"White River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_River_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Apennine Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennine_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Headwaters Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Headwaters_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colorado_Department_of_Transportation-67"},{"link_name":"Mosquito Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito_Pass"},{"link_name":"four-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drive"}],"sub_title":"Outdoor recreation","text":"Situated within the San Isabel National Forest[64] and surrounded by three wilderness areas, Leadville is popular with hikers and campers. The Mount Massive Wilderness and Buffalo Peaks Wilderness are within 10 miles (16 km) of the city,[65] and the Collegiate Peaks Wilderness is within 20 miles (32 km).[66]Turquoise Lake lies on the western outskirts of Leadville. Recreation facilities consist of eight campgrounds and two boat-launching ramps. The surface available for recreation includes 780 acres (320 ha). Primary recreation activities include camping and fishing. Fish species include mackinaw trout, rainbow trout, and brook trout. The facilities are closed in winter due to ice and snow, but they remain a popular area for ice fishing. Turquoise Lake is part of the Fryingpan-Arkansas Project. Recreation is managed by the Forest Service for the Bureau of Reclamation as part of the San Isabel National Forest.[43]Mosquito PassThe Top of the Rockies Byway, designated a National Scenic Byway in 1998, is a highway that travels 75 miles (121 km) starting in Aspen and traveling through Leadville to either Minturn or Copper Mountain. Seldom dropping below 9,000 feet (2,700 m), it drives over three mountain passes that are above 10,000 feet (3,000 m), and there are views of six mountains of over 14,000 feet (4,300 m). The Top of the Rockies Byway runs through three national forests: Pike, Arapaho, and White River. The Camp Hale Memorial is located along the byway, where soldiers trained on skis to fight in the Apennine Mountains of Italy during World War II. The road passes through the Arkansas Headwaters Recreation Area and Arkansas River Headwaters State Park.[67]Mosquito Pass is located east of Leadville. It can be traversed only on foot, an off-road motorcycle, or with a proper four-wheel drive vehicle. It is typically passable only during the summer months.","title":"Culture and sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LeadvilleAirport.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LEADVILLE_HISTORIC_RAILROAD_STATION,_LEADVILLE,_COLORADO.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LEADVILLE,_COLORADO,_AND_SOUTHERN_RAILROAD_EXCURSION.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County_Airport_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Eagle County Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_County_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Aspen/Pitkin County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen/Pitkin_County_Airport"}],"text":"Aerial view of Lake County Airport and Leadville, December 2006Leadville Historic Colorado and Southern Railroad Station - photo taken in 2007Leadville, Colorado & Southern Railroad excursion lineLeadville is served by Lake County Airport. However, there is no scheduled airline service available from this airport. The closest airports to provide scheduled services are Eagle County Regional Airport and Aspen/Pitkin County Airport, both 62 miles (100 km) away.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_24.svg"},{"link_name":"US 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_24_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Clarkston, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkston,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Interstate 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Minturn, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minturn,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Eagle-Vail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle-Vail"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colorado_91.svg"},{"link_name":"State Highway 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_91"},{"link_name":"Copper Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Mountain,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"}],"sub_title":"Highways","text":"US 24 is an east–west highway running from Interstate 75 near Clarkston, Michigan, to Interstate 70 near Minturn, Colorado. Its western terminus is located just 32 miles (51 km) north of Leadville. It is the main route to the Eagle-Vail valley to the northwest and Colorado Springs, 128 miles (206 km) to the southeast.\n State Highway 91 is a 22.5-mile (36.2 km) highway that connects Leadville with Interstate 70 near Copper Mountain. It is the quickest route to get from Leadville to Denver, 100 miles (161 km) away.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_South_Park_and_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"Denver & Rio Grande Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_%26_Rio_Grande_Railway"},{"link_name":"narrow-gauge railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"General Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Grant"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRGW-68"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRGW-68"},{"link_name":"Oro City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oro_City,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Fremont Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Pass_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillon,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair_1995-12"},{"link_name":"Colorado & Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_%26_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Climax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Leadville, Colorado & Southern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville,_Colorado_%26_Southern_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Minturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minturn,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Dotsero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotsero,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Vail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vail,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Gypsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Railways","text":"See also: Denver, South Park and Pacific RailroadOn July 22, 1880,[12] the Denver & Rio Grande Railway arrived on a 3 feet (0.91 m) narrow-gauge railway branch from Malta, 4 miles (6 km) to the west. General Grant and his wife were on hand to celebrate the arrival.[12] Third rail was added in 1888, and from 1940 it was only standard gauge.[68] The last 1.8 miles (2.9 km) were abandoned by Union Pacific in 1998.[69] This severed the connection between the Leadville, Colorado & Southern Railroad and the rest of the railroad system. The remaining three miles from Malta have not seen any traffic in many years.[68]\nIn the past, D&RG operated branch lines from Leadville to Oro City (1883–1941), Ibex/Chrysolite (1898–1944), Graham Park (1898–1941) and Fryer Hill (1881–1944). Another branch run over Fremont Pass as far as Robinson, Wheeler, and Dillon (1881/2-1923).[70]\nIn 1887, the Colorado Midland Railway arrived in Leadville.[12]\nThe former Colorado & Southern Railway line from Leadville to Climax is now operated as a tourist line by the Leadville, Colorado & Southern Railroad.\nIn 2010, rail and coach commuter service was proposed between Minturn and Dotsero, in 2012 from Leadville to Vail and Dotsero with intermediate stations at Minturn, Avon, Eagle and Gypsum.[71]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87480-840-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-840-7"}],"text":"Plazak, Dan. A Hole in the Ground with a Liar at the Top ISBN 978-0-87480-840-7. Includes a chapter on mining in early Leadville.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Leadville, as viewed from California Gulch - early photo, date unknown","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Leadville%2C_from_California_Gulch%2C_by_Thurlow%2C_J.%2C_1831-1878.jpg/220px-Leadville%2C_from_California_Gulch%2C_by_Thurlow%2C_J.%2C_1831-1878.jpg"},{"image_text":"Circa 1880 - Description reads: \"Cabinet Card Photograph of the Silver Mining Boomtown of Leadville, Colorado\". The photograph is titled \"Capitol Hill Leadville\" in manuscript on the reverse. The image looks down on the center of Leadville with the \"Eighth Avenue Motel\" visible at the center of the photo. Extensive mining works can be seen on the hill that rises on the far side of the town.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Leadville_Colorado_by_Boston_%26_Ziegler_c1880.png/220px-Leadville_Colorado_by_Boston_%26_Ziegler_c1880.png"},{"image_text":"Bird's eye view of Leadville, Colo. 1882","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bird%27s_eye_view_of_Leadville%2C_Colo._1882_-_DPLA_-_ec26e801e190a9011bc35b19820ce876.jpg/220px-Bird%27s_eye_view_of_Leadville%2C_Colo._1882_-_DPLA_-_ec26e801e190a9011bc35b19820ce876.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of the Tabor Opera House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/INTERIOR_OF_TABOR_OPERA_HOUSE%2C_LEADVILLE_HISTORIC_DISTRICT.jpg/220px-INTERIOR_OF_TABOR_OPERA_HOUSE%2C_LEADVILLE_HISTORIC_DISTRICT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Matchless mine and Baby Doe Tabor cabin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Matchless_mine.jpg/220px-Matchless_mine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crystalline gold specimen from the Little Johnny Mine, Breece Hill, Leadville mining district","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gold-d06-206a.jpg/170px-Gold-d06-206a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Climax molybdenum mine, Colorado, circa 1924 (USGS photo)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Climax-Mine-1924.png/190px-Climax-Mine-1924.png"},{"image_text":"Mart J. Duggan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mart_J._Duggan.jpg/170px-Mart_J._Duggan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poker Alice Ivers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Poker_Alice_Ivers.jpg/170px-Poker_Alice_Ivers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Doc Holliday at age 20","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Doc_HollidayatAge20.jpg/170px-Doc_HollidayatAge20.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gold (Little Jonny Mine - Leadville, Colorado)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gold_%28Little_Jonny_Mine%2C_Breece_Hill%2C_Leadville%2C_Colorado%2C_USA%29_%2817161825282%29.jpg/220px-Gold_%28Little_Jonny_Mine%2C_Breece_Hill%2C_Leadville%2C_Colorado%2C_USA%29_%2817161825282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leadville in the 1950s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Leadville_%26_the_Hotel_Vendome_%2C_Colorado_%2C_1950s_%2C_Kodachrome_by_Chalmers_Butterfield.jpg/220px-Leadville_%26_the_Hotel_Vendome_%2C_Colorado_%2C_1950s_%2C_Kodachrome_by_Chalmers_Butterfield.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mount Massive and Leadville from 6th Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mount_Massive_and_Leadville_from_6th_Street.jpg/220px-Mount_Massive_and_Leadville_from_6th_Street.jpg"},{"image_text":"Restored Golden Burro Cafe and Brass Ass Saloon, December 2022 (Leadville, Colorado)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Newly_Restored_Golden_Burro_Facade.jpg/220px-Newly_Restored_Golden_Burro_Facade.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old Queen Anne Victorian style house, Leadville (Marion Post Wolcott, photographer)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Colorado-Leadville-Victorian.jpg/220px-Colorado-Leadville-Victorian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ice Palace, Leadville, Colorado, 1896","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ice_Palace%2C_Leadville%2C_Colorado%2C_1896.jpg/220px-Ice_Palace%2C_Leadville%2C_Colorado%2C_1896.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Yachting at Leadville, Col.\" Stereoscopic view, around 1880","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Yachting_at_Leadville%2C_Col%2C_by_Kilburn_Brothers.jpg/220px-Yachting_at_Leadville%2C_Col%2C_by_Kilburn_Brothers.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Mount Massive looking west from Harrison Avenue in downtown Leadville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/View_of_Mount_Massive_looking_west_from_Harrison_Street_in_downtown_Leadville%2C_Colorado.jpg/220px-View_of_Mount_Massive_looking_west_from_Harrison_Street_in_downtown_Leadville%2C_Colorado.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mosquito Pass","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mosquito_Pass_Area_of_Critical_Environmental_Concern%2C_Colorado_%2815578947000%29.jpg/170px-Mosquito_Pass_Area_of_Critical_Environmental_Concern%2C_Colorado_%2815578947000%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of Lake County Airport and Leadville, December 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/LeadvilleAirport.jpg/220px-LeadvilleAirport.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leadville Historic Colorado and Southern Railroad Station - photo taken in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/LEADVILLE_HISTORIC_RAILROAD_STATION%2C_LEADVILLE%2C_COLORADO.jpg/220px-LEADVILLE_HISTORIC_RAILROAD_STATION%2C_LEADVILLE%2C_COLORADO.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leadville, Colorado & Southern Railroad excursion line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LEADVILLE%2C_COLORADO%2C_AND_SOUTHERN_RAILROAD_EXCURSION.jpg/220px-LEADVILLE%2C_COLORADO%2C_AND_SOUTHERN_RAILROAD_EXCURSION.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Colorado highlighting Lake County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Lake_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Lake_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"title":"History portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History"},{"title":"North America portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Colorado portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colorado"},{"title":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"title":"Bibliography of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Colorado"},{"title":"Index of Colorado-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Colorado-related_articles"},{"title":"Outline of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado"},{"title":"Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_South_Park_and_Pacific_Railroad"},{"title":"Leadville Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville_Historic_District"},{"title":"Leadville Mining District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville_Mining_District"},{"title":"Mount Elbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Elbert"},{"title":"Mount Massive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Massive"},{"title":"Twin Lakes, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Lakes,_Lake_County,_Colorado"}]
[{"reference":"\"Active Colorado Municipalities\". State of Colorado, Colorado Department of Local Affairs, Division of Local Government. Retrieved January 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dola.colorado.gov/lgis/municipalities.jsf","url_text":"\"Active Colorado Municipalities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado","url_text":"State of Colorado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Local_Affairs","url_text":"Colorado Department of Local Affairs"}]},{"reference":"\"Colorado Counties\". State of Colorado, Colorado Department of Local Affairs, Division of Local Government. Retrieved January 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dola.colorado.gov/lgis/counties.jsf","url_text":"\"Colorado Counties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado","url_text":"State of Colorado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Local_Affairs","url_text":"Colorado Department of Local Affairs"}]},{"reference":"\"Leadville, Colorado – Cloud City USA – Legends of America\". www.legendsofamerica.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legendsofamerica.com/co-leadville.html","url_text":"\"Leadville, Colorado – Cloud City USA – Legends of America\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170930025131/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/co-leadville.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Colorado Municipal Incorporations\". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. December 1, 2004. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/muninc.html","url_text":"\"Colorado Municipal Incorporations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado","url_text":"State of Colorado"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200920/http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/muninc.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_08.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 13, 1978. Retrieved February 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/summary/204683","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"United States Census Bureau. \"Leadville city; Colorado\". Retrieved April 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Leadville_city,_Colorado?g=160XX00US0844320","url_text":"\"Leadville city; Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"ZIP Code Lookup\". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original (JavaScript/HTML) on November 4, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101104123722/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp","url_text":"\"ZIP Code Lookup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service","url_text":"United States Postal Service"},{"url":"http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript","url_text":"JavaScript"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML","url_text":"HTML"}]},{"reference":"Baskette, Floyd. \"Pronunciation Guide Colorado\" (PDF). Audio Information Network of Colorado. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://aincolorado.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Colorado-Pronunciation-Guide.pdf","url_text":"\"Pronunciation Guide Colorado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Information_Network_of_Colorado","url_text":"Audio Information Network of Colorado"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"9 Reasons Why Locals Love Leadville (and So Will You)\". Colorado.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.colorado.com/articles/9-reasons-why-locals-love-leadville-and-so-will-you","url_text":"\"9 Reasons Why Locals Love Leadville (and So Will You)\""}]},{"reference":"Blair, Edward (1995). Leadville: Colorado's Magic City. Fred Pruett Books. ISBN 978-0962386893.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0962386893","url_text":"978-0962386893"}]},{"reference":"\"Leadville\". Colorado Geological Survey. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905184441/http://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/mineral-resources/historic-mining-districts/lake-county/leadville/","url_text":"\"Leadville\""},{"url":"http://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/mineral-resources/historic-mining-districts/lake-county/leadville/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leadville's Tale is Born with Discovery of Silver\". Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph. May 18, 1969. p. 86. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109713681/leadvilles-tale-is-born-with-discovery/","url_text":"\"Leadville's Tale is Born with Discovery of Silver\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leadville, Colorado – Cloud City USA – Legends of America\". www.legendsofamerica.com. Retrieved September 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legendsofamerica.com/co-leadville/","url_text":"\"Leadville, Colorado – Cloud City USA – Legends of America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leadville - Cloud City USA\". Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legendsofamerica.com/co-leadville.html","url_text":"\"Leadville - Cloud City USA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140702043009/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/co-leadville.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Buys, Christian (2007). Historic Leadville in Rare Photographs & Drawings. Western Reflections. ISBN 9781890437084.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781890437084","url_text":"9781890437084"}]},{"reference":"\"National register of historic places inventory Nomination form\" (pdf). National Park Service. 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A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leadville\". www.miningswindles.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber_Scientific_Inc.
Gerber Scientific
["1 Divisions","2 References","3 External links"]
American manufacturing technology conglomerate This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gerber Scientific" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gerber ScientificCompany typePrivateFounderJoseph GerberHeadquartersTolland, Connecticut, U.S.ProductsCAD software for pattern design and nesting, computer-controlled cutting systems, laser templating, quality inspection systems, spatial positioning systems, product lifecycle managementDivisionsGerber TechnologyGerber Scientific ProductsVirtek Vision Int'l.Yunique SolutionsWebsitegerberscientific.com Gerber Scientific Inc., is a parent company headquartered in Tolland, Connecticut, USA. It supplies software and hardware systems for apparel and technical textiles, sign-making and specialty graphics, composites, and packaging applications. Gerber Scientific is owned by Vector Capital, a San Francisco-based global private equity firm specializing in the technology sector that manages more than $2 billion of equity capital. On August 18, 2011, Gerber Scientific's stockholders approved the take-private transaction of Gerber Scientific, Inc. by Vector Capital in a transaction valued at approximately $283 million. CITIC Capital Partners, a leading China-based private equity firm, has a minority stake in Gerber Scientific alongside Vector. The variable scale invented by Joseph Gerber in 1948 Divisions Gerber Scientific, Inc. is divided into five businesses: Gerber Technology provides hardware and software systems to automate and manage the product design and manufacturing process with CAD software for pattern design, automated material spreading systems and computer-controlled cutting systems. Gerber Innovations manufactures automated cutting hardware for the design, die making and short-run production segments of the packaging industry. Virtek Vision International serves aerospace carbon fiber composite part assembly, sheet metal part fabrication and construction markets with laser templating, quality inspection and spatial positioning systems. Gerber's Yunique Solutions offers product lifecycle management software. This web-based system helps retailers, brand owners and manufacturers manage all of the details associated with their products from conception to store shelf and helps them communicate with their suppliers. Gerber Scientific Products (GSP) develops and manufactures computerized sign making and specialty graphics systems, software, materials, and accessories to provide sign shops and graphics professionals with solutions for vinyl-cutting, digital color printing and dimensional signage needs. GSP also develops and supplies aftermarket materials. References External links Official website Gerber Scale at The National Museum of American History Rourke, Elizabeth; Wernick, Ellen (2007), "Gerber Scientific, Inc.", International Directory of Company Histories, Encyclopedia.com, retrieved July 5, 2014 Gerber, H. Joseph (1953) The Gerber Variable Scale – An application and instruction manual, The Gerber Scientific Instrument Company, P.O. Box 305, Hartford, Connecticut, No. 400, 39 pp (pdf 7.3 MB)
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicinho_(footballer_born_1988)
Cicinho (footballer, born 1988)
["1 Club career","1.1 Early career","1.2 Santos","1.3 Ludogorets Razgrad","1.4 Bahia","2 International career","3 Career statistics","3.1 Club","3.2 International","4 Honours","4.1 Club","4.2 Individual","5 References","6 External links"]
Bulgarian-Brazilian footballer In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is de Jesus and the second or paternal family name is Gusmão. Cicinho Cicinho with Ludogorets Razgrad in 2017Personal informationFull name Neuciano de Jesus GusmãoDate of birth (1988-12-26) 26 December 1988 (age 35)Place of birth Belém, BrazilHeight 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in)Position(s) Right backTeam informationCurrent team BahiaNumber 40Youth career RemoSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2007–2008 Remo 21 (1)2009 Juventude 14 (1)2010–2011 Brasiliense 70 (2)2012–2013 Ponte Preta 70 (6)2013–2015 Santos 87 (3)2015–2022 Ludogorets Razgrad 159 (7)2023– Bahia 4 (0)International career‡2020–2021 Bulgaria 7 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 13:53, 13 March 2023 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 28 March 2021 Neuciano de Jesus Gusmão (Bulgarian: Неусиано де Жезуш Гузмао; born 26 December 1988), commonly known as Cicinho (Bulgarian: Сисиньо), is a Bulgarian-Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right back for Brasileiro Série A club Bahia. Born in Brazil, he plays for the Bulgaria national team. Cicinho made his professional debut aged 19 for Remo, with whom he won two successive Campeonato Paraense championships, before moved to Juventude in December 2008. After Juventude's relegation from the Série B, Cicinho was transferred to Brasiliense, where he won Campeonato Brasiliense in 2011. In November 2011, Cicinho joined Série A club Ponte Preta. In June 2013 he moved to Santos for a fee of €1.5 million and became an integral member of the club's 2015 Campeonato Paulista title. Two years later, he joined Ludogorets. Club career Early career Cicinho began his footballing career at hometown's Clube do Remo, and won two state leagues before moving to Juventude in December 2008. He only contributed with 14 appearances (4 in the league), scoring once, and suffered team relegation. In December 2009, Cicinho signed with Brasiliense. He finished the season with 27 league appearances, suffering another team relegation. In November 2011, Cicinho rescinded his link with Brasiliense and joined Ponte Preta. He made his Série A debut on 20 May 2012, in a 0–1 home defeat against Atlético Mineiro. He scored his first goal for the club on 5 August, in a 2–1 away win against Cruzeiro. Santos On 26 June 2013, Cicinho signed with Santos in a five-year deal for a fee of €1.5 million. He made his debut for the club on 21 July, coming on as a second half substitute for Leandrinho in a 2–2 home draw against Coritiba. Ludogorets Razgrad This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023) On 30 June 2015, Cicinho signed with Bulgarian side Ludogorets Razgrad, for a reported fee of €750,000. Bahia On 13 January 2023, Cicinho joined Brasileiro Série A club Bahia on a permanent deal, signing a one-year contract with the club and returning to Brazil after almost eight years. International career In May 2018 Cicinho received Bulgarian citizenship, becoming eligible for both Brazil and Bulgaria. On 24 August 2020 he received his first call-up for Bulgaria for the Nations League matches against Republic of Ireland and Wales on 3 and 6 September, respectively, making his debut in the latter game. Career statistics Club As of 13 March 2023 Club Season League State League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Remo 2007 Série B 3 1 — — — — 3 1 2008 Série C 5 0 13 0 2 0 — — 20 0 Subtotal 8 1 13 0 2 0 — — 23 1 Juventude 2009 Série B 4 0 10 1 4 0 — — 18 1 Brasiliense 2010 Série B 27 0 15 2 1 0 — — 43 2 2011 Série C 10 0 18 0 3 0 — — 31 0 Subtotal 37 0 33 2 4 0 — — 74 2 Ponte Preta 2012 Série A 32 4 12 0 4 0 — — 48 4 2013 5 1 21 1 1 0 — — 27 2 Subtotal 37 5 33 1 5 0 — — 75 6 Santos 2013 Série A 25 2 — 0 0 — — 25 2 2014 33 0 16 0 9 1 — — 58 1 2015 1 0 12 1 4 0 — — 17 1 Subtotal 59 2 28 1 13 1 — — 100 4 Ludogorets II 2015–16 B Group 2 0 — — — — 2 0 Ludogorets 2015–16 A Group 10 0 — 1 0 1 0 — 12 0 2016–17 First League 19 1 — 2 0 3 0 — 24 1 2017–18 23 0 — 1 0 10 0 1 0 35 0 2018–19 29 0 — 2 0 14 0 1 0 46 0 2019–20 18 0 — 2 0 13 0 1 0 34 0 2020–21 23 4 — 3 0 6 0 0 0 32 4 2021–22 24 1 — 3 0 7 0 1 0 35 1 2022–23 13 1 — 2 0 11 0 1 0 27 1 Subtotal 159 7 — 16 0 65 0 5 0 245 7 Bahia 2023 Série A 0 0 4 0 2 0 — 3 0 9 0 Career total 306 15 121 5 46 1 65 0 8 0 546 21 ^ a b Appearance(s) in UEFA Champions League ^ Appearance(s) in UEFA Europa League ^ a b c d e f Appearance(s) in Bulgarian Supercup ^ Four appearances in UEFA Champions League, ten appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League, twelve appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ Two appearances in UEFA Champions League, four appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ Three appearances in UEFA Champions League, four appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ Four appearances in UEFA Champions League, seven appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ Appearance(s) in Copa do Nordeste International As of match played 28 March 2021 Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Bulgaria 2020 5 0 2021 2 0 Total 7 0 Honours Club Remo Campeonato Paraense: 2007, 2008 Brasiliense Campeonato Brasiliense: 2011 Santos Campeonato Paulista: 2015 Ludogorets Bulgarian First League (7): 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22 Bulgarian Supercup (4): 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022 Bahia Campeonato Baiano: 2023 Individual Campeonato Paulista Team of the year: 2014 Campeonato Paulista Best right-back: 2014 References ^ Juventude acerta contratação de Alisson e Cicinho (Juventude signs Alisson and Cicinho); O Estado de S. Paulo, 27 December 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2013 (in Portuguese) ^ Brasiliense contrata Cicinho (Brasiliense signs Cicinho); Futebol Interior, 22 December 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2013. (in Portuguese) ^ Ponte acerta contratação de lateral Cicinho e nega acordo com Kleina (Ponte signs full-back Cicinho and denies deal with Kleina); Futebol Interior, 2 November 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2013. (in Portuguese) ^ Ponte Preta 0 x 1 Atlético-MG - Começou o sofrimento... (Ponte Preta 0–1 Atlético-MG – the suffering began...); Futebol Interior, 20 May 2012 (in Portuguese) ^ Em Minas, Ponte vence o Cruzeiro, que decepiona e cai três posições (In Minas, Ponte defeats Cruzeiro, which puts in a disappointing display and drops three positions); Globo Esporte, 5 August 2012 (in Portuguese) ^ Ponte Preta entra em acordo com Santos para vender Cicinho (Ponte Preta reaches agreement with Santos for Cicinho's sale); Globo Esporte, 26 June 2013 (in Portuguese) ^ "Ludogorets took a star player from Pele and Neymar's team". ludogorets.com. 30 June 2015. ^ "Santos confirma ida de Cicinho para o Ludogorets, da Bulgária" (in Portuguese). regiaonoroeste.com. 1 July 2015. ^ Barros, Nelson (13 January 2023). "Novo reforço". Esporte Clube Bahia (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 14 January 2023. ^ "Bahia anuncia contratação do lateral-direito Cicinho". ge (in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023. ^ Пореден бразилец от "Лудогорец" взе български паспорт - bTV Новините ^ Любопитен списък! Дерменджиев извика 25 футболисти за Ейре и Уелс, Сисиньо вече е национал - Национални отбори - БГ Футбол - Sportal.bg ^ Cicinho at Soccerway. Retrieved 8 December 2014. ^ a b "Santos domina seleção do Paulistão" (in Portuguese). Globo Esporte. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015. External links Santos official profile (in Portuguese) vteBahia – current squad 1 D. Fernandes 2 Gilberto 3 G. Xavier 4 Kanu 5 Rezende 6 Jean Lucas 7 Ademir 8 Cauly 9 Everaldo 10 E. Ribeiro 11 Biel 13 Arias 14 de Pena 15 Cuesta 16 Thaciano 19 Caio 20 Yago 21 R. Ratão 22 M. Felipe 23 Adriel 26 Acevedo 29 Estupiñán 33 D. Duarte 40 Cicinho 44 Marcos Victor 46 Juba 66 Ryan Head coach: Rogério Ceni
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"right back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full_back"},{"link_name":"Brasileiro Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Bahia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Remo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_do_Remo"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paraense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paraense"},{"link_name":"Juventude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Juventude"},{"link_name":"Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Brasiliense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliense_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasiliense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasiliense"},{"link_name":"Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Ponte Preta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A9tica_Ponte_Preta"},{"link_name":"Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos_FC"},{"link_name":"2015 Campeonato Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Campeonato_Paulista"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is de Jesus and the second or paternal family name is Gusmão.Neuciano de Jesus Gusmão (Bulgarian: Неусиано де Жезуш Гузмао; born 26 December 1988), commonly known as Cicinho (Bulgarian: Сисиньо), is a Bulgarian-Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right back for Brasileiro Série A club Bahia. Born in Brazil, he plays for the Bulgaria national team.Cicinho made his professional debut aged 19 for Remo, with whom he won two successive Campeonato Paraense championships, before moved to Juventude in December 2008. After Juventude's relegation from the Série B, Cicinho was transferred to Brasiliense, where he won Campeonato Brasiliense in 2011.In November 2011, Cicinho joined Série A club Ponte Preta. In June 2013 he moved to Santos for a fee of €1.5 million and became an integral member of the club's 2015 Campeonato Paulista title. Two years later, he joined Ludogorets.","title":"Cicinho (footballer, born 1988)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clube do Remo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_do_Remo"},{"link_name":"Juventude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Juventude"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"suffered team relegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Brasiliense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliense_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"the season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Ponte Preta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A9tica_Ponte_Preta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Atlético Mineiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_Atl%C3%A9tico_Mineiro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cruzeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruzeiro_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Cicinho began his footballing career at hometown's Clube do Remo, and won two state leagues before moving to Juventude in December 2008.[1] He only contributed with 14 appearances (4 in the league), scoring once, and suffered team relegation.In December 2009, Cicinho signed with Brasiliense.[2] He finished the season with 27 league appearances, suffering another team relegation.In November 2011, Cicinho rescinded his link with Brasiliense and joined Ponte Preta.[3] He made his Série A debut on 20 May 2012, in a 0–1 home defeat against Atlético Mineiro.[4] He scored his first goal for the club on 5 August, in a 2–1 away win against Cruzeiro.[5]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos_FC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Leandrinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandrinho_(footballer,_born_1993)"},{"link_name":"Coritiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coritiba_Foot_Ball_Club"}],"sub_title":"Santos","text":"On 26 June 2013, Cicinho signed with Santos in a five-year deal for a fee of €1.5 million.[6] He made his debut for the club on 21 July, coming on as a second half substitute for Leandrinho in a 2–2 home draw against Coritiba.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludogorets Razgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Ludogorets_Razgrad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Ludogorets Razgrad","text":"On 30 June 2015, Cicinho signed with Bulgarian side Ludogorets Razgrad,[7] for a reported fee of €750,000.[8]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brasileiro Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Bahia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Bahia","text":"On 13 January 2023, Cicinho joined Brasileiro Série A club Bahia on a permanent deal, signing a one-year contract with the club and returning to Brazil after almost eight years.[9][10]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nations League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Nations_League_B"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In May 2018 Cicinho received Bulgarian citizenship, becoming eligible for both Brazil and Bulgaria.[11] On 24 August 2020 he received his first call-up for Bulgaria for the Nations League matches against Republic of Ireland and Wales on 3 and 6 September, respectively, making his debut in the latter game.[12]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_14-1"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_15-0"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BSC_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BSC_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BSC_16-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BSC_16-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BSC_16-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BSC_16-5"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Supercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CDN_22-0"},{"link_name":"Copa do Nordeste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_do_Nordeste"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of 13 March 2023[13]^ a b Appearance(s) in UEFA Champions League\n\n^ Appearance(s) in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ a b c d e f Appearance(s) in Bulgarian Supercup\n\n^ Four appearances in UEFA Champions League, ten appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League, twelve appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Two appearances in UEFA Champions League, four appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Three appearances in UEFA Champions League, four appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Four appearances in UEFA Champions League, seven appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Appearance(s) in Copa do Nordeste","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"As of match played 28 March 2021","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campeonato Paraense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paraense"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasiliense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasiliense"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Professional_Football_League_(Bulgaria)"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_A_Group"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_First_Professional_Football_League_(Bulgaria)"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_First_Professional_Football_League_(Bulgaria)"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_First_Professional_Football_League_(Bulgaria)"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_First_Professional_Football_League_(Bulgaria)"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_First_Professional_Football_League_(Bulgaria)"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_First_Professional_Football_League_(Bulgaria)"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Supercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Bulgarian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Bulgarian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Bulgarian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bulgarian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Baiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Baiano"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Campeonato_Baiano"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"RemoCampeonato Paraense: 2007, 2008BrasilienseCampeonato Brasiliense: 2011SantosCampeonato Paulista: 2015LudogoretsBulgarian First League (7): 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22\nBulgarian Supercup (4): 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022BahiaCampeonato Baiano: 2023","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o-23"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sele%C3%A7%C3%A3o-23"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"Campeonato Paulista Team of the year: 2014[14]\nCampeonato Paulista Best right-back: 2014[14]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ludogorets took a star player from Pele and Neymar's team\". ludogorets.com. 30 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ludogorets.com/en/news/?i=1425","url_text":"\"Ludogorets took a star player from Pele and Neymar's team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Santos confirma ida de Cicinho para o Ludogorets, da Bulgária\" (in Portuguese). regiaonoroeste.com. 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regiaonoroeste.com/portal/materias.php?id=120805","url_text":"\"Santos confirma ida de Cicinho para o Ludogorets, da Bulgária\""}]},{"reference":"Barros, Nelson (13 January 2023). \"Novo reforço\". Esporte Clube Bahia (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 14 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esporteclubebahia.com.br/novo-reforco-6/","url_text":"\"Novo reforço\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bahia anuncia contratação do lateral-direito Cicinho\". ge (in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ge.globo.com/ba/futebol/times/bahia/noticia/2023/01/13/bahia-anuncia-contratacao-do-lateral-direito-cicinho.ghtml","url_text":"\"Bahia anuncia contratação do lateral-direito Cicinho\""}]},{"reference":"\"Santos domina seleção do Paulistão\" [Santos dominates Paulistão's team of the year] (in Portuguese). Globo Esporte. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://globoesporte.globo.com/sp/futebol/campeonato-paulista/noticia/2014/04/santos-domina-selecao-do-paulistao.html","url_text":"\"Santos domina seleção do Paulistão\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cicinho_(footballer,_born_1988)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/esportes,juventude-acerta-contratacao-de-alisson-e-cicinho,299556,0.htm","external_links_name":"Juventude acerta contratação de Alisson e Cicinho (Juventude signs Alisson and Cicinho)"},{"Link":"http://www.futebolinterior.com.br/clube/brasiliense-df/110061+Tudo_certo_Time_da_Serie_B_contrata_lateral-direito_Cicinho","external_links_name":"Brasiliense contrata Cicinho (Brasiliense signs Cicinho)"},{"Link":"http://www.futebolinterior.com.br/news/199930+Ponte_acerta_contratacao_de_lateral_Cicinho_e_nega_acordo_com_Kleina","external_links_name":"Ponte acerta contratação de lateral Cicinho e nega acordo com Kleina (Ponte signs full-back Cicinho and denies deal with Kleina)"},{"Link":"http://www.futebolinterior.com.br/campeonato/brasileiro-serie_a-2012/221821+Ponte_Preta_0_x_1_Atletico-MG_-_Comecou_o_sofrimento...","external_links_name":"Ponte Preta 0 x 1 Atlético-MG - Começou o sofrimento... (Ponte Preta 0–1 Atlético-MG – the suffering began...)"},{"Link":"http://globoesporte.globo.com/jogo/brasileirao2012/05-08-2012/cruzeiro-ponte-preta.html","external_links_name":"Em Minas, Ponte vence o Cruzeiro, que decepiona e cai três posições (In Minas, Ponte defeats Cruzeiro, which puts in a disappointing display and drops three positions)"},{"Link":"http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/santos/noticia/2013/06/ponte-preta-entra-em-acordo-com-santos-para-vender-cicinho.html","external_links_name":"Ponte Preta entra em acordo com Santos para vender Cicinho (Ponte Preta reaches agreement with Santos for Cicinho's sale)"},{"Link":"http://ludogorets.com/en/news/?i=1425","external_links_name":"\"Ludogorets took a star player from Pele and Neymar's team\""},{"Link":"http://www.regiaonoroeste.com/portal/materias.php?id=120805","external_links_name":"\"Santos confirma ida de Cicinho para o Ludogorets, da Bulgária\""},{"Link":"https://www.esporteclubebahia.com.br/novo-reforco-6/","external_links_name":"\"Novo reforço\""},{"Link":"https://ge.globo.com/ba/futebol/times/bahia/noticia/2023/01/13/bahia-anuncia-contratacao-do-lateral-direito-cicinho.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"Bahia anuncia contratação do lateral-direito Cicinho\""},{"Link":"https://btvnovinite.bg/sport/poreden-brazilec-ot-ludogorec-vze-balgarski-pasport.html","external_links_name":"Пореден бразилец от \"Лудогорец\" взе български паспорт - bTV Новините"},{"Link":"https://www.sportal.bg/news.php?news=859260","external_links_name":"Любопитен списък! Дерменджиев извика 25 футболисти за Ейре и Уелс, Сисиньо вече е национал - Национални отбори - БГ Футбол - Sportal.bg"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/neuciano-de-jesus-gusmao/72265/","external_links_name":"Cicinho"},{"Link":"http://globoesporte.globo.com/sp/futebol/campeonato-paulista/noticia/2014/04/santos-domina-selecao-do-paulistao.html","external_links_name":"\"Santos domina seleção do Paulistão\""},{"Link":"http://santosfc.com.br/elenco/cicinho/","external_links_name":"Santos official profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_Youth_and_Sports_(Cambodia)
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (Cambodia)
["1 History","2 Directorates","3 Ministers (since 1979)","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Cambodian government ministry Ministry of Education, Youth and Sportក្រសួងអប់រំ យុវជន និងកីឡាAgency overviewFormed24 January 1996Jurisdiction Government of CambodiaHeadquarters80 Norodom Blvd (41), Phnom Penh 12205Annual budget$915,000,000 (2019)Minister responsibleDr. Hangchuon Naron, Minister of Education, Youth and SportWebsitewww.moeys.gov.kh/ The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS; Khmer: ក្រសួងអប់រំ យុវជន និងកីឡា, Krâsuŏng Ábrum, Yŭvôchôn nĭng Keila) is the government ministry responsible for promoting and regulating education, youth and sport development, in Cambodia. As of 2020, the Minister of Education, Youth and Sport is Dr. Hang Chuon Naron. The ministry's main offices are in Phnom Penh. History The ministry was established on 24 January 1996, although others date it to 1992 or 1993. In 1999, the Ministry conducted an extensive literacy survey throughout Cambodia. Unlike the 1997 literacy survey done by the Ministry of Planning, which only consisted of yes–no questions according to UNESCO, the 1999 survey included a reading and writing test, and its results revealed that only 37.1% of the adult Cambodian population were functionally literate. In comparison, the 1997 survey reported a 66% literacy rate. Directorates The Ministry has six directorates: Directorate General of Administration and Finance Directorate General of Education Directorate General of Higher Education Directorate General of Policies and Planning Directorate General of Sport Directorate General of Youth Inspectorate General Ministers (since 1979) Minister In office Party From To Chan Ven February 1979 January 1982 KPRP Pen Navuth January 1982 January 1990 KPRP Yos Son January 1990 October 1992 CPP Oem Chhunloem October 1992 2 July 1993 CPP Mom Choemhuy 2 July 1993 24 September 1993 CPP Tol Laoh ? Kiet Sokonth ? Ung Huot 24 September 1993 24 October 1994 FUNCINPEC Tol Laoh 24 October 1994 2003 CPP Kol Pheng 2003 2008 CPP Im Sethy 2008 24 September 2013 CPP Hangchuon Naron 24 September 2013 present CPP See also Education in Cambodia Government of Cambodia List of universities in Cambodia References ^ "Minister's page". Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. Retrieved 14 May 2020. #80, Norodom Blvd. Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia ^ a b MoEYS, Organization chart ^ "Index (English)". Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. Retrieved 15 May 2020. #80, Norodom Blvd. Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia ^ UNESCO-IBE (August 2006). "Cambodia" (PDF). International Bureau of Education. p. 7. Retrieved 17 July 2020. ^ "Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports". Open Development Cambodia. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2020. ^ Engel, Jakob (2011). "Rebuilding basic education in Cambodia: Establishing a more effective development partnership" (PDF). Overseas Development Institute. Overseas Development Institute. p. 5. Retrieved 17 July 2020. ^ "Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS - Cambodia)". Devex. DevelopmentEx.com Inc. ^ a b The Cambodia Daily (27 July 2000). "63 Percent Illiteracy Rate Surpasses Forecast". The Cambodia Daily. Retrieved 17 July 2020. ^ Helmers, Kent; Jegillos, Sanny (September 2004). "Linkages between flood & drought disasters & Cambodian rural livelihoods and food security" (PDF). ALNAP. Phnom Penh. p. 33. Retrieved 17 July 2020. External links Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (in Khmer) vte Cabinet Ministries of the Government of Cambodia Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Civil Service Commerce Cult and Religion Culture and Fine Arts Education, Youth and Sport Economy and Finance Environment Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Health Industry, Science, Technology and Innovation Information Interior Justice Labour and Vocational Training Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction Mines and Energy National Assembly–Senate Relations and Inspection National Defence Planning Posts and Telecommunications Public Works and Transport Rural Development Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilitation Tourism Water Resources and Meteorology Women's Affairs vteEducation in CambodiaMinistry of Education, Youth and SportsInstitutions and foundationsPublic institutions Accreditation Committee of Cambodia Royal Academy of Cambodia Private foundations Assistance of Education in Cambodia Friends-International Teachers Across Borders The Cambodia Project SchoolsPublic schools Lycée Sisowath Santhormok High School Samdech Euv High School Private schools British International School Canadian International School Don Bosco Cambodia Home of English International School of Phnom Penh Harrods International Academy Japanese School Lycée français René Descartes Mengly J. Quach Education Northbridge International Paragon International International Siem Reap Colleges anduniversitiesPublic universities Preah Sihanouk Raja Buddhist University Institute of Technology of Cambodia National Institute of Education National University of Management Royal University of Agriculture Royal University of Fine Arts Royal University of Law and Economics Royal University of Phnom Penh University of Health Sciences Private universities ACLEDA Institute of Business Angkor University American University of Phnom Penh Asia Euro University Cambodian Mekong University Cambodia University of Specialties CamEd Business School City University IIC University of Technology Institut de Technologie International University Kirirom Institute of Technology Norton University Paññāsāstra University of Cambodia Phnom Penh Institute of Technology Paragon International University Provincial Teacher Training College University of Cambodia University of Puthisastra Libraries Bophana Center Buddhist Institute Documentation Center of Cambodia Hun Sen Library National Archives National Library of Cambodia Queen Mother Library Authority control databases International VIAF National United States This article related to sport in Cambodia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rona_Azim%27s_Mother
Rona, Azim's Mother
["1 Cast","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
2018 film Rona, Azim's MotherFilm posterDirected byJamshid MahmoudiWritten byJamshid MahmoudiProduced byNavid MahmoudiStarringMohsen TanabandehMojtaba PirzadehFereshteh HosseiniSaeed ChangizianRelease dates 6 October 2018 (2018-10-06) (BIFF) 18 April 2019 (2019-04-18) (FIFF) Running time89 minutesCountryAfghanistanLanguagePersian Rona, Azim's Mother is a 2018 Persian-language Afghan drama film written and directed by Jamshid Mahmoudi. It was selected as the Afghan entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards, but it was not nominated. Cast Mohsen Tanabandeh as Azim Mojtaba Pirzadeh as Faroogh Saeed Changizian as Hashem Fatemeh Hosseini as Rona Fereshteh Hosseini as Hengameh Fatemeh Mirzaei as Asemeh Alireza Ostadi as Fazel See also List of submissions to the 91st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of Afghan submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film References ^ "87 Countries In Competition for 2018 Foreign Language Film Oscar". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 8 October 2018. ^ Kilday, Gregg (8 October 2018). "Oscars: 87 Countries Submit Films in Foreign-Language Category". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 8 October 2018. ^ "Afghanistan sends Afghan-Iranian movie "Rona, Azim's Mother" to Oscars". The Tehran Times. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018. External links Rona, Azim's Mother at IMDb vteAfghan submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film FireDancer (2002) Osama (2003) Earth and Ashes (2004) Opium War (2008) 16 Days in Afghanistan (2009) The Black Tulip (2010) The Patience Stone (2012) Wajma (An Afghan Love Story) (2013) A Few Cubic Meters of Love (2014) Utopia (2015) Parting (2016) A Letter to the President (2017) Rona, Azim's Mother (2018) Hava, Maryam, Ayesha (2019) vteKim Jiseok Award winning films2017–present Malila: The Farewell Flower (2017) The Scythian Lamb (2017) The Rib (2018) Rona, Azim's Mother (2018) Zindagi Tamasha (2019) Market (2019) Drowning in Holy Water (2020) The Slaughterhouse (2020) The Rapist (2021) Gensan Punch (2021) Alteration (2022) Scent of Wind (2022) Paradise (2023) Bride Abduction (2023) This article related to Afghan film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This 2010s drama film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordsworth_Saskatchewan
Wordsworth, Saskatchewan
["1 See also","2 References"]
For other uses, see Wordsworth (disambiguation). Unincorporated in Saskatchewan, CanadaWordsworthUnincorporatedWordsworthCoordinates: 49°32′55″N 102°22′02″W / 49.5485071°N 102.3672717°W / 49.5485071; -102.3672717CountryCanadaProvinceSaskatchewanRegionSouth-eastCensus division1Rural MunicipalityMoose MountainElevation604 m (1,981 ft)Time zoneCSTPostal codeS0N 2G0Area code306HighwaysHighway 13Highway 9RailwaysGreat Western Railway Wordsworth, originally named Curt Hill, is an unincorporated locality in Moose Mountain Rural Municipality No. 63, Saskatchewan, Canada. It is named after the English poet, William Wordsworth and is part of "Poet's Corner" along the CN Railway line in south-east Saskatchewan. Other poetic towns include, Carlyle (Thomas Carlyle), Browning (Robert Browning), Service (Robert W. Service), Cowper (William Cowper), and Lampman (Archibald Lampman). The name Curt Hill comes from the first postmaster, Curt Messer. Messer was the post master from 1 June 1902 until 30 September 1910. On 31 July 1911, the Curt Hill postoffice "closed" only to be reopened the next day, 1 August 1911, in the general store as Wordsworth. The postoffice remained open until 28 June 1968 when the last postmaster, Mrs. Thorun Jensen, resigned. Like many small Canadian prairie communities, Wordsworth grew quickly in its early years. By the late 1920s there was a train station, gas station, general store, post office, a one room-schoolhouse, and at least one grain elevator. Also like many prairie communities, after years of growth, came years of decline. At one point, three different grain elevators existed in Wordsworth. By 1976, they were all gone. Very few people still live in Wordsworth. The curling rink is closed, main street is over grown and empty, and while there is still an active railway, it does not stop there. See also List of communities in Saskatchewan References ^ "Districts and Sub-districts: Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1926, Saskatchewan - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. August 30, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022. ^ "Curt Hill -". ^ "Wordsworth -". ^ ""A Poetic Past": The quest | Globalnews.ca". vteDivision No. 1, SaskatchewanCities Estevan Towns Alameda Arcola Bienfait Carlyle Carnduff Lampman Oxbow Redvers Stoughton Wawota Villages Alida Carievale Fairlight Forget Frobisher Gainsborough Glen Ewen Heward Kennedy Kenosee Lake Kisbey Manor Maryfield North Portal Roche Percee Storthoaks Rural municipalities Antler 61 Argyle 1 Benson 35 Brock 64 Browning 34 Coalfields 4 Enniskillen 3 Estevan 5 Golden West 95 Hazelwood 94 Maryfield 91 Moose Creek 33 Moose Mountain 63 Mount Pleasant 2 Reciprocity 32 Storthoaks 31 Tecumseh 65 Walpole 92 Wawken 93 First Nations Ocean Man Pheasant Rump Nakota White Bear Indian reserves Ocean Man 69 69A 69B 69C 69D 69E 69F 69G 69H 69I Pheasant Rump 68 White Bear 70 UnincorporatedcommunitiesOrganized hamlets Bellegarde Cannington Lake Corning Special service areas Antler Bekevar Benson Bryant Carlyle Lake Resort Coalfields Cowper Cullen Deborah Fertile Fremantle Fry's Gapview Glen Adelaide Handsworth Hirsch Kelso Mair Northgate Nottingham Parkman Pinto Riga Service Steppes Taylorton Walpole Warmley Wauchope Winlaw Woodley Wordsworth Workman See also: Municipalities in Saskatchewan Census divisions of Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Association of Rural Municipalities
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[]
[{"title":"List of communities in Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Saskatchewan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzie_Virgil_Sr.
Ozzie Virgil Sr.
["1 Career","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Dominican baseball player (born 1932) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Virgil and the second or maternal family name is Pichardo. Baseball player Ozzie VirgilVirgil with the San Diego Padres in 1983Utility playerBorn: (1932-05-17) May 17, 1932 (age 92)Monte Cristi, Dominican RepublicBatted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 23, 1956, for the New York GiantsLast MLB appearanceJune 27, 1969, for the San Francisco GiantsMLB statisticsBatting average.231Home runs14Runs batted in73 Teams New York Giants (1956–1957) Detroit Tigers (1958, 1960–1961) Kansas City Athletics (1961) Baltimore Orioles (1962) Pittsburgh Pirates (1965) San Francisco Giants (1966, 1969) Career highlights and awards First Dominican to play in Major League Baseball First black player to play for Detroit Tigers Osvaldo José Virgil Pichardo (born May 17, 1932) is a Dominican former professional baseball player and coach. He was the first person from the Dominican Republic to play in post-integration Major League Baseball, appearing in 324 MLB games between 1956 and 1969 as a utilityman for the New York / San Francisco Giants (1956–57, 1966, 1969), Detroit Tigers (1958, 1960–61), Kansas City Athletics (1961), Baltimore Orioles (1962) and Pittsburgh Pirates (1965). Frequently a third baseman, Virgil played every position except pitcher and center field. He batted and threw right-handed, was 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighed 174 pounds (79 kg). His son, catcher Ozzie Jr., played in all or parts of 11 MLB seasons (1980–90) and was a two-time National League All-Star. Career Virgil was born in Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic. His family emigrated to the United States when he was 13 and settled in the Bronx, where Virgil graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School. He served in the United States Marines from 1950 to 1952, and began his 17-season professional playing career in 1953. On September 23, 1956, he became the first person from his native country to play in MLB when he started for the Giants at third base against the Philadelphia Phillies (though Negro league pitcher Pedro San is now recognized as the first Dominican to play in any major league). Twenty-one months later, on June 6, 1958, Virgil became the first player of African descent to take the field for the Tigers, again starting at third base, this time against the Washington Senators. Charlie Metro, his manager on the 1960 Denver Bears, had this to say about him: "Ozzie Virgil Sr. was from the Dominican Republic. He came to my ball club at Denver, and then Detroit picked him up. He had a fantastic record for us. Ozzie was hitting about .400, and in a part-time role. I played him everywhere—third, second, outfield. He had 77 hits and 55 runs batted in, and was batting .381, when they took him up to the big leagues. I was crazy about him. He did everything well. Later, when I was putting together the Kansas City Royals, I was going to draft him as a player-coach out of the Giants organization, where he was with their Triple-A club, but I spoke up out loud. Tom Sheehan, a scout and front office guy for the Giants, overheard me, so they put him on the big league club and protected him." In a nine-season big-league career, Virgil posted a .231 batting average with 174 hits, 14 home runs and 73 RBI. After his playing career ended, Virgil spent 19 seasons as a coach for the Giants (1969–72; 1974–75); Montréal Expos (1976–81); San Diego Padres (1982–85); and Seattle Mariners (1986–88). From 1977 to 1988, he served as the third-base coach on the staff of Baseball Hall of Fame manager Dick Williams. Osvaldo Virgil National Airport serves the Monte Cristi Province, in the north of the Dominican Republic. This airport was opened in 2006 for tourism with flights from other Dominican airports. See also List of first black Major League Baseball players List of second-generation Major League Baseball players List of players from Dominican Republic in Major League Baseball References ^ a b Rochester Democrat & Chronicle. "Bob Matthews Sports Article (January 27, 2008)". Retrieved 2008-01-27. ^ a b Simonetti, Anthony. "Living history: Ozzie Virgil, Sr". SMBA Blog. Retrieved July 31, 2016. ^ Metro, Charlie (2002). Safe by a Mile. University of Nebraska Press. p. 237. ISBN 0-8032-8281-8. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
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He was the first person from the Dominican Republic to play in post-integration Major League Baseball,[1] appearing in 324 MLB games between 1956 and 1969 as a utilityman for the New York / San Francisco Giants (1956–57, 1966, 1969), Detroit Tigers (1958, 1960–61), Kansas City Athletics (1961), Baltimore Orioles (1962) and Pittsburgh Pirates (1965). Frequently a third baseman, Virgil played every position except pitcher and center field. He batted and threw right-handed, was 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighed 174 pounds (79 kg).His son, catcher Ozzie Jr., played in all or parts of 11 MLB seasons (1980–90) and was a two-time National League All-Star.","title":"Ozzie Virgil Sr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cristi,_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"DeWitt Clinton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ozzV-2"},{"link_name":"United States Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ozzV-2"},{"link_name":"professional playing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Negro league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"Pedro San","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_San"},{"link_name":"first Dominican to play in any major league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_their_first_Major_League_Baseball_player"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MATTHEWS-1"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"Charlie Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Metro"},{"link_name":"Denver Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Bears"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"Tom Sheehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sheehan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"RBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Montréal Expos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al_Expos"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Dick Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Williams"},{"link_name":"Monte Cristi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cristi_Province"}],"text":"Virgil was born in Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic. His family emigrated to the United States when he was 13 and settled in the Bronx, where Virgil graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School.[2] He served in the United States Marines from 1950 to 1952,[2] and began his 17-season professional playing career in 1953.On September 23, 1956, he became the first person from his native country to play in MLB when he started for the Giants at third base against the Philadelphia Phillies (though Negro league pitcher Pedro San is now recognized as the first Dominican to play in any major league). Twenty-one months later, on June 6, 1958, Virgil became the first player of African descent to take the field for the Tigers,[1] again starting at third base, this time against the Washington Senators.Charlie Metro, his manager on the 1960 Denver Bears, had this to say about him: \"Ozzie Virgil Sr. was from the Dominican Republic. He came to my ball club at Denver, and then Detroit picked him up. He had a fantastic record for us. Ozzie was hitting about .400, and in a part-time role. I played him everywhere—third, second, outfield. He had 77 hits and 55 runs batted in, and was batting .381, when they took him up to the big leagues. I was crazy about him. He did everything well. Later, when I was putting together the Kansas City Royals, I was going to draft him as a player-coach out of the Giants organization, where he was with their Triple-A club, but I spoke up out loud. Tom Sheehan, a scout and front office guy for the Giants, overheard me, so they put him on the big league club and protected him.\"[3]In a nine-season big-league career, Virgil posted a .231 batting average with 174 hits, 14 home runs and 73 RBI. After his playing career ended, Virgil spent 19 seasons as a coach for the Giants (1969–72; 1974–75); Montréal Expos (1976–81); San Diego Padres (1982–85); and Seattle Mariners (1986–88). From 1977 to 1988, he served as the third-base coach on the staff of Baseball Hall of Fame manager Dick Williams.Osvaldo Virgil National Airport serves the Monte Cristi Province, in the north of the Dominican Republic. This airport was opened in 2006 for tourism with flights from other Dominican airports.","title":"Career"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aubrey_Davis_Sr.
John Aubrey Davis Sr.
["1 Early life, education and marriage","2 Academic career","3 Civil rights work","4 American Society of African Culture","5 Later years","6 References"]
For other people named John Davis, see John Davis (disambiguation). John Aubrey Davis Sr. (May 10, 1912 – December 17, 2002) was an African-American political science professor and activist of the Civil Rights Movement. He served as the head academic researcher on the historic Brown v. Board of Education (1954) case, in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation of public schools, including universities, was unconstitutional. He had taught at Howard University, Lincoln University of Pennsylvania, and became chair of the department of political science at City College of New York. Early life, education and marriage Davis was born in the Washington, D.C. area in 1912 to John Abraham Davis and Gabrielle Dorothy (Beale) Davis. He and his two older siblings (anthropologist Allison Davis and sister Dorothy Davis Lucas) were raised on a farm in Virginia. They attended and graduated from Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.), a top academic high school for black students, which their father had also attended. Like his older brother Allison, Davis attended Williams College, where he graduated in 1933. Upon graduation from Williams, he continued in postgraduate studies, earning a master's degree in political science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1934, and a doctorate degree in political science from Columbia University in 1949. Davis married Mavis Wormley. They had two sons together, John A. Davis Jr. and Smith W. Davis. Academic career Davis taught at Howard University in the mid-1930s and after receiving his doctorate. He later was selected for a position as a full professor in political science at Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), a historically black college. In 1953, Davis was named an associate professor at City College of New York. There he was promoted to professor of government in the graduate faculty, and then to chairman of the department of political science at City College. Civil rights work Davis had become active in civil rights in 1933, when he formed the New Negro Alliance with Belford Lawson Jr. and M. Franklin Thorne. They challenged a white-owned business operating in African-American neighborhoods of Washington, DC that fired black workers to replace them with white, although most of their customers were black. To protest this practice, the Alliance organized the "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work" campaign in the height of the Great Depression, calling for boycotts and picketing of these businesses by neighborhood customers. Most businesses, afraid of losing revenue in a shaky economic period, caved in to the protests. Others fought back and sought an injunction against the group. Initially, the lower courts sided with the businesses, but the case reached the Supreme Court, which in 1938 sided with The Alliance. Future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall represented The Alliance in the case, which was known as New Negro Alliance vs. Sanitary Grocery Company Inc.. In the process, he formed a close lifelong friendship with Davis. In 1953, Marshall appointed Davis to head the academic research task force for the historic Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case. Working with a team of more than 200 scholars, who included Horace Mann Bond (father of Julian Bond, a future NAACP president), historian C. Vann Woodward, William Robert Ming Jr., Alfred Kelly, and historian John Hope Franklin, Davis compiled the factual evidence that was presented in Marshall's arguments against the "separate but equal" doctrine, proving that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited racial discrimination. Following this project, Davis was appointed in 1957 to the New York State Commission on Discrimination by Governor W. Averell Harriman. American Society of African Culture Davis was one of the founders of the American Society of African Culture (AMSAC), which was founded to promote of African-American culture, though was later found to be a pass-through organization for the CIA. As president of AMSAC, he served as vice chair of the United States Committee for the First World Festival of Negro Art (1966). Later years After years in Washington, DC, Davis lived in New Rochelle, New York while teaching at City University. He retired in 1980 and later moved to Scottsdale, Arizona, where he died in December of 2002. References ^ a b "Supreme Court Decision Timeline". National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2019-04-04. ^ Guide to the Allison Davis Papers 1932-1984 Archived 2006-09-14 at the Wayback Machine. Marklogic.lib.uchicago.edu:8002. Retrieved on 2009-02-02. ^ American National Biography Online: Davis, Allison. Anb.org. Retrieved on 2009-02-02. ^ The Oakley Center - Lectures. Williams.edu. Retrieved on 2009-02-02. ^ a b c d e f g Saxon, Wolfgang (2002-12-21). "John A. Davis, 90, Advocate In Major Civil Rights Cases". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-04-04. ^ African American Heritage Trail Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine. Cultural Tourism DC. Retrieved on 2009-02-02. ^ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas - "With an Even Hand": Brown v. Board at Fifty (Library of Congress Exhibition). Loc.gov. Retrieved on 2009-02-02. ^ de Vries, Tity (2012). "The 1967 Central Intelligence Agency Scandal: Catalyst in a Transforming Relationship between State and People". The Journal of American History. 98 (4): 1075–1092. ISSN 0021-8723. ^ Blake, Jody (2011). "Cold War Diplomacy and Civil Rights Activism at the First World Festival of Negro Arts". Studies in the History of Art. 71: 43–58. ISSN 0091-7338. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Davis (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davis_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1953timeline-1"},{"link_name":"Howard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University"},{"link_name":"Lincoln University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"City College of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_of_New_York"}],"text":"For other people named John Davis, see John Davis (disambiguation).John Aubrey Davis Sr. (May 10, 1912 – December 17, 2002) was an African-American political science professor and activist of the Civil Rights Movement. He served as the head academic researcher on the historic Brown v. Board of Education (1954) case, in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation of public schools, including universities, was unconstitutional.[1] He had taught at Howard University, Lincoln University of Pennsylvania, and became chair of the department of political science at City College of New York.","title":"John Aubrey Davis Sr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allison Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Davis_(anthropologist)"},{"link_name":"Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar_High_School_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"}],"text":"Davis was born in the Washington, D.C. area in 1912 to John Abraham Davis and Gabrielle Dorothy (Beale) Davis. He and his two older siblings (anthropologist Allison Davis and sister Dorothy Davis Lucas) were raised on a farm in Virginia. They attended and graduated from Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.), a top academic high school for black students, which their father had also attended.[2][3]Like his older brother Allison, Davis attended Williams College, where he graduated in 1933.[4] Upon graduation from Williams, he continued in postgraduate studies, earning a master's degree in political science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1934, and a doctorate degree in political science from Columbia University in 1949.Davis married Mavis Wormley. They had two sons together, John A. Davis Jr. and Smith W. Davis.[5]","title":"Early life, education and marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University"},{"link_name":"Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"}],"text":"Davis taught at Howard University in the mid-1930s and after receiving his doctorate. He later was selected for a position as a full professor in political science at Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), a historically black college.In 1953, Davis was named an associate professor at City College of New York. There he was promoted to professor of government in the graduate faculty, and then to chairman of the department of political science at City College.[5]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belford Lawson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belford_Lawson_Jr."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Thurgood Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall"},{"link_name":"New Negro Alliance vs. Sanitary Grocery Company Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Negro_Alliance_v._Sanitary_Grocery_Co."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education_of_Topeka"},{"link_name":"Horace Mann Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann_Bond"},{"link_name":"Julian Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Bond"},{"link_name":"C. Vann Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward"},{"link_name":"John Hope Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1953timeline-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"W. Averell Harriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"}],"text":"Davis had become active in civil rights in 1933, when he formed the New Negro Alliance with Belford Lawson Jr. and M. Franklin Thorne. They challenged a white-owned business operating in African-American neighborhoods of Washington, DC that fired black workers to replace them with white, although most of their customers were black.[5] To protest this practice, the Alliance organized the \"Don't Buy Where You Can't Work\" campaign in the height of the Great Depression, calling for boycotts and picketing of these businesses by neighborhood customers. Most businesses, afraid of losing revenue in a shaky economic period, caved in to the protests. Others fought back and sought an injunction against the group.Initially, the lower courts sided with the businesses, but the case reached the Supreme Court, which in 1938 sided with The Alliance. Future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall represented The Alliance in the case, which was known as New Negro Alliance vs. Sanitary Grocery Company Inc.. In the process, he formed a close lifelong friendship with Davis.[6][5]In 1953, Marshall appointed Davis to head the academic research task force for the historic Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case. Working with a team of more than 200 scholars, who included Horace Mann Bond (father of Julian Bond, a future NAACP president), historian C. Vann Woodward, William Robert Ming Jr., Alfred Kelly, and historian John Hope Franklin, Davis compiled the factual evidence that was presented in Marshall's arguments against the \"separate but equal\" doctrine, proving that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited racial discrimination.[1][5][7]Following this project, Davis was appointed in 1957 to the New York State Commission on Discrimination by Governor W. Averell Harriman.[5]","title":"Civil rights work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Society of African Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_African_Culture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Davis was one of the founders of the American Society of African Culture (AMSAC), which was founded to promote of African-American culture, though was later found to be a pass-through organization for the CIA.[8] As president of AMSAC, he served as vice chair of the United States Committee for the First World Festival of Negro Art (1966).[9]","title":"American Society of African Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Rochelle, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"}],"text":"After years in Washington, DC, Davis lived in New Rochelle, New York while teaching at City University. He retired in 1980 and later moved to Scottsdale, Arizona, where he died in December of 2002.[5]","title":"Later years"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Who_Lives_at_Home
Jeff, Who Lives at Home
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","4 Reception","5 Home media","6 References","7 External links"]
2011 film by Jay Duplass, Mark Duplass Jeff, Who Lives at HomeTheatrical release posterDirected by Jay Duplass Mark Duplass Written by Jay Duplass Mark Duplass Produced by Lianne Halfon Russell Smith Jason Reitman Starring Jason Segel Ed Helms Judy Greer Susan Sarandon CinematographyJas SheltonEdited byJay DeubyMusic byMichael AndrewsProductioncompanies Paramount Vantage Right of Way Films Indian Paintbrush Mr. Mudd Distributed byParamount PicturesRelease dates September 14, 2011 (2011-09-14) (TIFF) March 16, 2012 (2012-03-16) (United States) Running time83 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$7.5 millionBox office$4.7 million Jeff, Who Lives at Home is a 2011 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Jay and Mark Duplass, starring Jason Segel and Ed Helms, and co-starring Judy Greer and Susan Sarandon. The film premiered on September 14, 2011, at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival and then saw a limited release in the United States and Canada on March 16, 2012, after having been pushed back from the original date of March 2. The film received praise for its humor, but grossed only $4.7 million worldwide against a $7.5 million budget. Plot Jeff is a 30-year-old unemployed stoner living in his mother Sharon's basement in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He looks for his destiny in seemingly random occurrences. Finding inspiration in the film Signs reinforces his belief in this. One day, he answers the telephone; the wrong number is for somebody called "Kevin", and Jeff contemplates its meaning, deciding it is a sign. Getting a call from his irritated mother asking him to buy wood glue to fix a door shutter or find a new place to live, Jeff boards a bus. There, he sees a kid wearing a sports jersey bearing the name Kevin. He follows him to a basketball court, where he joins a pick-up game, and they bond. Jeff agrees to smoke weed with Kevin, but is tricked, beaten, and mugged. Coming upon a Hooters restaurant, Jeff comes across his older brother Pat, a successful yuppie struggling with his marriage. Pat's wife Linda is spotted across the street with another man. Jeff and Pat spend several hours following them, first to a restaurant and later to a hotel, with Pat's new Porsche being ticketed, crashed, and eventually towed away at various points on the journey. The brothers also visit their father's gravesite and fight over their conflicting life philosophies. Seeing a truck reading "Kevin Kandy", Jeff runs off to hitch a ride, ending up at the same hotel where Pat has found Linda in a room with another man. Jeff offers to break down the door. The man is her co-worker, Steve. Linda quickly ushers Steve out and then confronts Pat about his role in their problems. Frustrated, she leaves, saying she is going to live with her mother. Jeff and Pat reconcile; Jeff explains how he is struggling to find his destiny, while Pat admits he wants him and Linda to fall in love again. Jeff encourages him to tell her, and they hail a taxi to pursue her. Interspersed within the main story is the story of Sharon, who is at work, frustrated with her unfulfilled life, and dissatisfied with her sons. The doldrum is interrupted when a paper airplane with a drawing of a flower lands in her cubicle, followed by an anonymous co-worker claiming in an instant message to be a secret admirer. Sharon spends the day trying to deduce their identity. Confiding her frustrations to colleague and friend Carol, she reveals that she has not dated since her husband's death. Carol encourages her to warm up to the attention she is receiving. Sharon is surprised and confused when the admirer turns out to be Carol herself, and though neither believe themselves to be attracted to their own gender, Carol appeals to Sharon's desire to become close with someone who truly understands her. At that moment, a fire alarm goes off and ceiling sprinklers activate; this is an enlightening moment for Sharon who sets off with Carol on an impulsive trip to New Orleans. Jeff, Pat, Linda, Sharon, and Carol converge on a bridge, getting stuck in standstill traffic. Pat exits the taxi and runs through the cars to tell Linda how he feels, passing Carol's car; Sharon sees and runs after him, followed by Carol. As Jeff muses to the cab driver about how seeking his destiny is not very exciting, he sees a helicopter flying overhead. He jumps out of the taxi and also runs through the cars, passing Pat, who was sharing his feelings with Linda when Sharon and Carol arrive. Jeff continues running, seeing the cause of the traffic is an accident in which a car plummeted over the side of the bridge. He dives into the water, rescuing two children and their father; when Jeff then fails to resurface Pat dives in and rescues him. The group reconciles after the ordeal: Sharon celebrates her birthday and Pat and Linda appearing to fare better in their marriage. Jeff sees a news report about his heroics, and learns that the father of the kids he rescued was also named Kevin; now with a sense of purpose, he grabs some wood glue and fixes the shutter. Cast Jason Segel as Jeff Thompkins Ed Helms as Pat Thompkins Susan Sarandon as Sharon Thompkins Judy Greer as Linda Thompkins Rae Dawn Chong as Carol Steve Zissis as Steve Evan Ross as Kevin Release The film grossed $840,000 in its opening weekend. Jeff, Who Lives at Home grossed $4,269,426 in North America and $435,331 elsewhere, for a worldwide total of $4,704,757. Reception On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 141 reviews, with an average rating of 6.77/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sweet, funny, and flawed, Jeff, Who Lives at Home finds the Duplass brothers moving into the mainstream with their signature quirky charm intact". On Metacritic, the film has a normalized score of 60 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars out of four and described it as: a whimsical comedy on the warmth of Segel and Sarandon, the discontent of Helms and Greer, and still more warmth that enters at midpoint with Carol (Rae Dawn Chong), Sarandon's co-worker at the office.... it's not a Feel Good Movie, more of a Feel Sorta Good Movie. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also gave the film three stars out of four and described it as "funny, touching, and vital", praising the Duplass brothers by saying that "their films hit you where you live." Home media Jeff, Who Lives at Home was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 19, 2012. References ^ "Jeff Who Lives at Home". Dark Horizons. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013. ^ a b c "Jeff, Who Lives at Home". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2016. ^ DeFore, John (September 14, 2011). "Jeff, Who Lives at Home: Toronto Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 23, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011. ^ 'Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters' Delays To 2013 So Jeremy Renner More Of Global Draw Archived 2012-01-10 at the Wayback Machine Deadline Hollywood (January 9, 2012). ^ Loeb, Steven (October 20, 2011). "Review: 'Jeff, Who Lives at Home' Is an Ambitious Comedy". East Hampton Patch. Archived from the original on October 21, 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2011. ^ a b "Jeff, Who Lives at Home (2012)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ "Jeff Who Lives at Home". Metacritic. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012. ^ Ebert, Roger (March 14, 2012). "Jeff, Who Lives at Home". Chicago Sun-Times. rogerebert.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012. ^ Travers, Peter (March 15, 2012). "Jeff, Who Lives at Home". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012. ^ Katz, Josh (May 1, 2012). "Jeff, Who Lives At Home Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012. External links Film portalUnited States portal Jeff, Who Lives at Home at IMDb Jeff, Who Lives at Home at Rotten Tomatoes vteWorks by Jay and Mark DuplassFeature filmsDirected The Puffy Chair (2005) Baghead (2008) Cyrus (2010) Jeff, Who Lives at Home (2011) The Do-Deca-Pentathlon (2012) Written Black Rock (2012, Mark only) Creep (2014, Mark only) Blue Jay (2016, Mark only) Table 19 (2017) Outside In (2017, Jay only) Creep 2 (2017, Mark only) Paddleton (2019, Mark only) Language Lessons (2021, Mark only) Biosphere (2022, Mark only) TV series created Togetherness (2015–2016) Room 104 (2017–2020) Related Duplass Brothers Productions Volcano, I'm Still Excited!! vteJason ReitmanFilms directed Thank You for Smoking (2005) Juno (2007) Up in the Air (2009) Young Adult (2011) Labor Day (2013) Men, Women & Children (2014) Tully (2018) The Front Runner (2018) Ghostbusters: Afterlife (2021) SNL 1975 (TBA) Films produced Jennifer's Body (2009) Jeff, Who Lives at Home (2011) Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire (2024) Related Ivan Reitman (father) Catherine Reitman (sister) vteIndian PaintbrushSteven Rales (founder)Films produced Towelhead (2007) The Darjeeling Limited (2007) Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009) Like Crazy (2011) Jeff, Who Lives at Home (2011) Moonrise Kingdom (2012) Seeking a Friend for the End of the World (2012) Not Fade Away (2012) Breathe In (2013) Stoker (2013) Trance (2013) Labor Day (2013) The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (2015) Isle of Dogs (2018) The French Dispatch (2021) Asteroid City (2023) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar (2023) North Star (2023) My Old Ass (2024) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Three More (2024) Conclave (2024) The Phoenician Scheme (TBA) Category
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He looks for his destiny in seemingly random occurrences. Finding inspiration in the film Signs reinforces his belief in this.One day, he answers the telephone; the wrong number is for somebody called \"Kevin\", and Jeff contemplates its meaning, deciding it is a sign. Getting a call from his irritated mother asking him to buy wood glue to fix a door shutter or find a new place to live, Jeff boards a bus. There, he sees a kid wearing a sports jersey bearing the name Kevin. He follows him to a basketball court, where he joins a pick-up game, and they bond. Jeff agrees to smoke weed with Kevin, but is tricked, beaten, and mugged.Coming upon a Hooters restaurant, Jeff comes across his older brother Pat, a successful yuppie struggling with his marriage. Pat's wife Linda is spotted across the street with another man. Jeff and Pat spend several hours following them, first to a restaurant and later to a hotel, with Pat's new Porsche being ticketed, crashed, and eventually towed away at various points on the journey. The brothers also visit their father's gravesite and fight over their conflicting life philosophies.Seeing a truck reading \"Kevin Kandy\", Jeff runs off to hitch a ride, ending up at the same hotel where Pat has found Linda in a room with another man. Jeff offers to break down the door. The man is her co-worker, Steve. Linda quickly ushers Steve out and then confronts Pat about his role in their problems. Frustrated, she leaves, saying she is going to live with her mother. Jeff and Pat reconcile; Jeff explains how he is struggling to find his destiny, while Pat admits he wants him and Linda to fall in love again. Jeff encourages him to tell her, and they hail a taxi to pursue her.Interspersed within the main story is the story of Sharon, who is at work, frustrated with her unfulfilled life, and dissatisfied with her sons. The doldrum is interrupted when a paper airplane with a drawing of a flower lands in her cubicle, followed by an anonymous co-worker claiming in an instant message to be a secret admirer. Sharon spends the day trying to deduce their identity. Confiding her frustrations to colleague and friend Carol, she reveals that she has not dated since her husband's death.Carol encourages her to warm up to the attention she is receiving. Sharon is surprised and confused when the admirer turns out to be Carol herself, and though neither believe themselves to be attracted to their own gender, Carol appeals to Sharon's desire to become close with someone who truly understands her. At that moment, a fire alarm goes off and ceiling sprinklers activate; this is an enlightening moment for Sharon who sets off with Carol on an impulsive trip to New Orleans.Jeff, Pat, Linda, Sharon, and Carol converge on a bridge, getting stuck in standstill traffic. Pat exits the taxi and runs through the cars to tell Linda how he feels, passing Carol's car; Sharon sees and runs after him, followed by Carol. As Jeff muses to the cab driver about how seeking his destiny is not very exciting, he sees a helicopter flying overhead. He jumps out of the taxi and also runs through the cars, passing Pat, who was sharing his feelings with Linda when Sharon and Carol arrive.Jeff continues running, seeing the cause of the traffic is an accident in which a car plummeted over the side of the bridge. He dives into the water, rescuing two children and their father; when Jeff then fails to resurface Pat dives in and rescues him. The group reconciles after the ordeal: Sharon celebrates her birthday and Pat and Linda appearing to fare better in their marriage. Jeff sees a news report about his heroics, and learns that the father of the kids he rescued was also named Kevin; now with a sense of purpose, he grabs some wood glue and fixes the shutter.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Segel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Segel"},{"link_name":"Ed Helms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Helms"},{"link_name":"Susan Sarandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sarandon"},{"link_name":"Judy Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Greer"},{"link_name":"Rae Dawn Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rae_Dawn_Chong"},{"link_name":"Steve Zissis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Zissis"},{"link_name":"Evan Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Ross"}],"text":"Jason Segel as Jeff Thompkins\nEd Helms as Pat Thompkins\nSusan Sarandon as Sharon Thompkins\nJudy Greer as Linda Thompkins\nRae Dawn Chong as Carol\nSteve Zissis as Steve\nEvan Ross as Kevin","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bom-2"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bom-2"}],"text":"The film grossed $840,000 in its opening weekend.[2]Jeff, Who Lives at Home grossed $4,269,426 in North America and $435,331 elsewhere, for a worldwide total of $4,704,757.[2]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotten_Tomatoes-6"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metacritic-7"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebert-8"},{"link_name":"Peter Travers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Travers"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 141 reviews, with an average rating of 6.77/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Sweet, funny, and flawed, Jeff, Who Lives at Home finds the Duplass brothers moving into the mainstream with their signature quirky charm intact\".[6] On Metacritic, the film has a normalized score of 60 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[7]Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars out of four and described it as:a whimsical comedy [that depends] on the warmth of Segel and Sarandon, the discontent of Helms and Greer, and still more warmth that enters at midpoint with Carol (Rae Dawn Chong), Sarandon's co-worker at the office.... it's not a Feel Good Movie, more of a Feel Sorta Good Movie.[8]Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also gave the film three stars out of four and described it as \"funny, touching, and vital\", praising the Duplass brothers by saying that \"their films hit you where you live.\"[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Jeff, Who Lives at Home was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 19, 2012.[10]","title":"Home media"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Jeff Who Lives at Home\". Dark Horizons. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20131214155100/http://www.darkhorizons.com/films/1365/Jeff-Who-Lives-at-Home","url_text":"\"Jeff Who Lives at Home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horizons","url_text":"Dark Horizons"},{"url":"http://www.darkhorizons.com/films/1365/Jeff-Who-Lives-at-Home","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff, Who Lives at Home\". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jeffwholivesathome.htm","url_text":"\"Jeff, Who Lives at Home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160828135836/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jeffwholivesathome.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DeFore, John (September 14, 2011). \"Jeff, Who Lives at Home: Toronto Film Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 23, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/jeff-who-lives-at-home-235677","url_text":"\"Jeff, Who Lives at Home: Toronto Film Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110923153216/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/jeff-who-lives-at-home-235677","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Loeb, Steven (October 20, 2011). \"Review: 'Jeff, Who Lives at Home' Is an Ambitious Comedy\". East Hampton Patch. Archived from the original on October 21, 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111021065634/http://easthampton.patch.com/articles/review-jeff-who-lives-at-home","url_text":"\"Review: 'Jeff, Who Lives at Home' Is an Ambitious Comedy\""},{"url":"http://easthampton.patch.com/articles/review-jeff-who-lives-at-home","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff, Who Lives at Home (2012)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 28, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://rottentomatoes.com/m/jeff_who_lives_at_home/","url_text":"\"Jeff, Who Lives at Home (2012)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120428144404/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jeff_who_lives_at_home/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff Who Lives at Home\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://metacritic.com/movie/jeff-who-lives-at-home","url_text":"\"Jeff Who Lives at Home\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415142646/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/jeff-who-lives-at-home","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (March 14, 2012). \"Jeff, Who Lives at Home\". Chicago Sun-Times. rogerebert.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/jeff-who-lives-at-home-2012","url_text":"\"Jeff, Who Lives at Home\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120606152905/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20120314%2FREVIEWS%2F120319991","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Travers, Peter (March 15, 2012). \"Jeff, Who Lives at Home\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120616032559/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/jeff-who-lives-at-home-20120314","url_text":"\"Jeff, Who Lives at Home\""},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/jeff-who-lives-at-home-20120314","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Josh (May 1, 2012). \"Jeff, Who Lives At Home Blu-ray\". Blu-ray.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8636","url_text":"\"Jeff, Who Lives At Home Blu-ray\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120513052247/http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8636","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Light_White_Heat_White_Trash
White Light, White Heat, White Trash
["1 Background, writing, and recording","2 Musical style and lyrical themes","2.1 Musical style","2.2 Lyrical themes","3 Critical reception","4 Commercial performance, touring, and promotion","5 Track listing","6 Personnel","7 Charts","8 Accolades","9 References"]
1996 studio album by Social DistortionWhite Light, White Heat, White TrashStudio album by Social DistortionReleasedSeptember 17, 1996RecordedAugust 1995 – June 1996StudioBearsville Studio, Woodstock, New York, U.S.GenreHardcore punkLength46:33Label550EpicProducerMichael BeinhornSocial Distortion chronology Mainliner: Wreckage From the Past(1995) White Light, White Heat, White Trash(1996) Live at the Roxy(1998) Singles from White Light, White Heat, White Trash "I Was Wrong"Released: 1996 "When the Angels Sing"Released: 1997 White Light, White Heat, White Trash is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band Social Distortion, released on September 17, 1996, by 550 Music and Epic Records. The album was produced by Michael Beinhorn. After the release of Social Distortion's 1992 album Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell, the band toured until the end of 1993 and needed a break. After dealing with court battles over early recordings and attempting to retrieve them, package them up, and release them, Social Distortion wrote many songs to plan a new album. Social Distortion guitarist and singer Mike Ness was disappointed with the way music was during the 1990s, including punk rock and rock music in general. He wanted to make a new album that would be considered Social Distortion's best album and wanted to bring back the characteristics and emotions of 1970s punk rock. White Light, White Heat, White Trash includes fewer rock and roll, country and blues influences than the three previous Social Distortion albums, and instead, White Light, White Heat, White Trash is a stylistic return to the band's 1980s hardcore punk-era such as their debut Mommy's Little Monster. The album has more introspective and personal lyrics about topics like grief, regret, looking back to the past, and making changes or improvements in one's life. The lyrics were inspired by Ness' past, which involved drugs, alcohol, and jail. Reviews for White Light, White Heat, White Trash were mixed-to-positive, with the musical style and lyrical content being praised by some critics and criticized by other critics. The album experienced moderate success and peaked at number 27 on the Billboard 200, selling 30,000 copies in its first week of release in the United States. Selling 10,000 to 12,000 copies weekly, White Light, White Heat, White Trash sold 277,000 copies in the United States as of December 31, 1998, according to Nielsen SoundScan, making it Social Distortion's third best-selling album. The album's two singles are "I Was Wrong" and "When the Angels Sing". "I Was Wrong" experienced chart success on the Billboard charts, playing frequently on rock radio and MTV. "When the Angels Sing" lacked chart success compared to "I Was Wrong". Social Distortion planned to tour both inside and outside the United States, given that the band began to attract people outside the United States instead of solely attracting Americans. Social Distortion also performed at Warped Tour 1997 along with bands like Lagwagon, Less Than Jake, and the Mighty Mighty Bosstones. Background, writing, and recording After the release of Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell in 1992, Social Distortion went touring and they toured until the end of 1993. The band's guitarist and singer Mike Ness said the band "needed a break." Social Distortion then had to be involved in some court battles to retrieve some of the band's early recordings. The recording were not in the band's possession and the recordings were unavailable to the public, too. The band "had to retrieve them, package them up and put them out." Social Distortion wrote 25 songs for a new album because the band wanted to write an album "that would stand out", according to Ness. "We wanted to make 'The Record'," he explained. He claims there's a few songs on each Social Distortion album that he hated "because we just did 'em, and settled for it and didn't challenge it." Social Distortion wrote a dozen songs in 1994 for a new album, but were told by producer Michael Beinhorn that most of the songs would not work. Ness says: "He saw something inside that needed to come out, and we weren't quite achieving it. We went back in and did more writing. We ended up keeping two of those twelve songs." Initially, Ness was upset but the two "gained a mutual respect for each other." Ness decided the two "were on the right track" and saw the situation as an exciting challenge. The title to White Light, White Heat, White Trash was a reference to the 1949 film White Heat and the Velvet Underground album White Light/White Heat. When recording started in the late spring of 1995, Beinhorn decided that drummer Randy Carr was not providing the studio sound Beinhorn sought. Ness trusted the producer enough to agree to the decision. A session player, Deen Castronovo, participated in the recording. After he participated, he stopped playing for Social Distortion and drummer Chuck Biscuits, former drummer for bands like Black Flag, Danzig, D.O.A. and the Circle Jerks, joined Social Distortion. The album was recorded from August 1995 to June 1996 in Bearsville Studio in Woodstock, New York. "Going back to basics" was considered the philosophy that underlay the recording process of White Light, White Heat, White Trash. As a result, Beinhorn solely used analog and vintage equipment in the studio. Ness claimed that during the cutting of the guitar tracks, he used a '68 Gold Top reissue with P-90 pickups, a few SG reissues and a Silvertone through various Fenders, Marshalls and Soldanos. Ness said: "Me and Dennis Danell really wanted to get an in-your-face sound," said Ness. "Something with a bottom end that would hit you right in the chest." Ness claims that Social Distortion "used all analog equipment until the very last moment", which he considered similar to 1970s rock. Ness (pictured) believed in the 1990s that "alternative music has become so marketable that a lot of it has become imagery." Ness was disappointed with the state of music that existed during the 1990s. When he wrote White Light, White Heat, White Trash, he was "reacting against" 1990s music. Rejecting grunge, Ness was inspired by the style of 1970s punk bands like The Clash, the New York Dolls, Generation X, the Dead Boys, and Johnny Thunders. Ness said he "don't like hardly anybody" who was making music during the 1990s. He then said: "I don't want to listen to this stuff. I want to listen to the real thing. It's very hard for me to get inspired by contemporary music." Ness said that 1970s punk rock "was also the only music at the time accurately portraying how I felt inside." Expressing his opinion of the way music was during the 1990s, Ness said: "Our intention is to bring back the soul and emotion of that first wave of punk in the late '70s, which I feel is sorely lacking today". He then said: "Punk has become a formula now. It's basically Cheap Trick with louder guitars," he said. "A lot of passion has been lost as it's become more marketable. The masses have decided that punk rock is safe, but we were doing this music when it was unpopular." Ness believed that punk rock was no longer countercultural or dangerous in the 1990s. "Punk was more dangerous back then," he recalls. "In Orange County in 1979, if you walked down the street in a leather jacket and spiked hair, you made a decision that you would have a confrontation that day." Ness said "there's just things going on today that just would never have been allowed" in the early years of punk rock, and he said that heavy metal, for example, was hated by punk rock musicians and fans during punk rock's early years. He then criticized grunge bands like Alice in Chains and Stone Temple Pilots, describing them as "just Led Zeppelin with a pierced nose and short hair." Ness made an exception for grunge band Nirvana, saying he "believed them". Social Distortion wanted to go back to its late 1970s and early 1980s punk rock roots with White Light, White Heat, White Trash. Ness said "I don't want this to be just another Social D record. I want it to be the Social D record." Ness said: "The last thing I wanted to write was a cute alternative record," he says. "This album is about going back to the genuine emotion and rock basics that fueled the first wave of punk." Social Distortion's 1983 debut studio album Mommy's Little Monster was inspired by bands like the Ramones, the Rolling Stones, and X. Ness considered White Light, White Heat, White Trash to be a "regression back to" Mommy's Little Monster and believes the album shows Social Distortion going back to the band's roots, but still considers the album an evolution because Ness "had to dig really deep", citing songs like "I Was Wrong" and "When the Angels Sing" as examples of this. He says those two songs "deal with sin and redemption, inner conflict, good and bad." Musical style and lyrical themes Musical style White Light, White Heat, White Trash shows the band taking a break from the rock and roll and country-inspired style of previous Social Distortion albums by instead featuring a pure hardcore punk style bearing resemblance to Mommy's Little Monster and the Mainliner compilation. In Music We Trust described both the album and Social Distortion's music as a whole as street punk. Describing White Light, White Heat, White Trash as "heavy hard rock", Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that Social Distortion "made a conscious attempt to cash in on the alternative 'revolution' of the early '90s." Nonetheless, Dan McGarry of The Yale Herald wrote: "If Ness wanted this record to demonstrate that unique quality that puts Social Distortion above and beyond current "alternative" music, he has succeeded." Marci Von Savoy of The Daily Universe wrote: "The album is reminiscent of the primary punk bands influences: The Ramones, The Clash and the late '70s and early '80s punk sound. The album veers far from the alternative trend, which seems to sneak its way into newer punk rock." iTunes described White Light, White Heat, White Trash's musical style as a musical style resembling hardcore punk and classic punk rock, writing that "Social Distortion returned to its hardcore roots". Ness said of the album's musical style: "What's really ironic about this record is that it probably has more similarities to our first album, from 1983, than any of them. And that was purely unconscious. A lot of those emotions resurfaced. Or I just got in touch with them. I don't think they ever go away." Ness believes White Light, White Heat, White Trash was featuring both Social Distortion moving forward and reverting to the band's roots. White Light, White Heat, White Trash features a hidden track and the hidden track is a cover of the Rolling Stones song "Under My Thumb". Ness said: "We had recorded that song so long ago and I just wanted to re-record it and do it like we were playing it so well. We had evolved as a band so much, I felt like I wanted to revisit it, re-record it and just throw it in there. songs that mean a lot to me, I've already been listening to them for so long and I just one day go, 'I'm going to start playing this.' Me and the band work it out. I want to show everyone how it influenced me so it becomes my own version of that." Lyrical themes "I was 10 years into my recovery from drugs and alcohol and certain things were becoming clear to me, like maybe drugs and alcohol were just a small part of the problem. It was just the beginning of a little self-awareness. I didn't like what I was seeing....It was a lot of the evaluating things." Ness on the lyrical inspiration for White Light, White Heat, White Trash. The lyrics on White Light, White Heat, White Trash are more personal than lyrics on previous Social Distortion albums. Although a couple of songs are more political or about social issues, the lyrical content on the album are instead personal or introspective. The lyrics often deal with looking back at the past and making changes or improvements in one's life. Ness' struggles in life with drugs, alcohol, and jail inspired the lyrics of the album. Ness says "Dear Lover", despite the song title, was not necessarily written after a heartbreak. "I already felt like that. I didn't even need to get my heart broke to feel that way. What I was doing wasn't working. It was almost like saying goodbye to that life because it really wasn't bringing me happiness. It's something everyone goes through and I kind of wanted to paint a picture, an accurate picture, of that." "Don't Drag Me Down" is about racism and how Ness witnessed it when touring in the United States and seeing it at punk rock concerts, leading to him engaging in physical fights. "Untitled" is about Ness becoming sober and a few older men helped him with it. One of them was a very close friend of his but that friend died. Ness lost four other friends and all of this inspired "Untitled". "I Was Wrong" is about admitting to mistakes or engaging in morally wrong behavior. Ness explains: "I don't know this for sure, but I may have been one of the first rock 'n' rollers to just say, 'at certain times in my life I was an asshole.' This job comes a big ego, 'Hey man, I am who I am. Take it, that's just what I do. I'm Mike Ness. Take it or leave it.' It's so easy to pull that card, but it's a lot harder to look inward and just go, 'You know what? You're right. I was wrong.' " "Down on the World Again" is "about having the worst day", according to Ness. He says it is inspired by his painful childhood and how it made him an angry person. He considers it useful to use that anger for songwriting but considers it unhealthy to use anger in one's daily life. He says: "I was fighting the world, but I didn't even really have a reason." "When the Angels Sing" is about the death of Ness' grandmother and how being single intensified the grief. Ness' grandmother died in December 1993. Ness said about "When the Angels Sing": "My feelings came out more in that song than what I felt in the actual funeral." "Gotta Know the Rules" is about rules and laws in life and the consequences of disobeying it. Ness elaborated: "Like, how you treat people. I was just learning about the melody at that point in my life and how important that is, and vulnerability. A lot of people just aren't in touch with this kind of stuff. Their job and their car and their career define them and they run on that, especially if they're in a business that's competitive or something. It's cutthroat, and you don't take time to look at this kind of stuff. Our egos are so powerful, but I feel like the ego is the one thing that humans could do without." "Crown of Thorns" is about repeating the same mistakes in life, expecting different results. Ness elaborated: "I knew I wasn't going to find love where I was looking. At some point there's an aspect of self care that has to come into play, otherwise it's never going to change." "Pleasure Seeker" is about struggling to make a decision because a decision feels good but one considers it morally wrong. "Down Here With the Rest of Us" is about the level playing field. Ness said: "It's a level playing field no matter who you are. We're still going to go through pain in life. I think it was kind of a snub at people who think they're above that. It's like no, we're all in this mess together, bro. No one gets out alive." Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChicago TribuneEntertainment WeeklyA−Rolling StoneThe Rolling Stone Album GuideSpin4/10The Chanticleer4/5 Reviews and ratings for White Light, White Heat, White Trash were generally mixed to positive. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, however, called the album a "conscious attempt to cash in on the alternative 'revolution" of the early '90s" and expressed mixed feelings towards the band's musical direction, stating, "Underneath the layers of glossy hard rock production, the band still hold fast to some of their punk roots, but too often they sound like a heavy hard rock band. Of course, that commercial sheen is intentional – it's the only way they could appeal to the legions of post-grunge alternative fans who appeared since Social Distortion released Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell in 1992." Chris Moran of Punknews.org praised the album and wrote: "with its passionate lyrics, laced with heavy undertones; this is unquestionable a milestone in the legacy of Social Distortion." Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly wrote: "After more than a decade of hard playing and harder living, Southern California's Social Distortion have made their first truly transcendent album." Roberto Gonzalez of the Hartford Courant wrote: "The album is exhausting. Almost every song kicks with an amazing intensity that will have you immediately hooked." Ira Robbins of Rolling Stone wrote: "the band's musical and emotional values are timeless. Like a fist in the face, White Light White Heat White Trash is simple and effective." Chuck Eddy of Spin gave White Light, White Heat, White Trash a mixed to negative review and wrote: Ness's newfound nasal-flattened attempts at balladic sensitivity are embarrassing". Sam Dillon of The Chanticleer praised the album and wrote: "You just can't go wrong with Social D. they've got everything you could ask for in a punk-rock band. They are inventive, individual, and very talented. Go out right now and get album." Jon Pareles of The New York Times criticized White Light, White Heat, White Trash's lyrics, claiming it had a lot of clichés, but praised the album's melodies. White Light, White Heat, White Trash was ranked at number 41 on Kerrang!'s "50 Greatest Punk Albums Ever". Some Social Distortion fans were upset when the first single "I Was Wrong" was played on rock radio because they believed punk rock should not be corporate or mainstream. Nonetheless, punk rock fans eventually moved on from this in the early 2000s. Social Distortion continued to be regarded as an important punk band by punk rock fans and the band continued to receive respect and support from punk rock fans. White Light, White Heat, White Trash was included in lists of the best albums of 1996 by The Buffalo News and other publications. Commercial performance, touring, and promotion Released on September 17, 1996, White Light, White Heat, White Trash peaked at number 27 on the Billboard 200, selling 30,000 in its first week of release in the United States. The album sold steady weekly sales of 10,000 to 12,000 copies. According to Nielsen SoundScan, as of December 31, 1998, White Light, White Heat, White Trash has sold 277,000 copies in the United States, making it Social Distortion's third best-selling album. Ness was confident that the album would have more success than the band's self-titled album (1990) and Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell (1992), given that the two previous albums were released before 1994, the year punk rock became mainstream, and given that many more radio stations in the mid-1990s were starting to frequently play punk rock music. Social Distortion planned to tour both inside and outside the United States, given that the band began to attract people outside the United States instead of solely Americans. Social Distortion performed at Warped Tour 1997 along with other bands like Blink-182, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Sick of It All, Descendents, Pennywise, the Suicide Machines, Lagwagon, Less Than Jake, Reel Big Fish, and Limp Bizkit. The song "I Was Wrong" was released to radio and had a music video created, too. The song had success on rock radio and was played on MTV. The song peaked at number 54 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and remained on the chart for 13 weeks. The song had a lot of chart success on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, peaking at number 4 and remaining on the chart for 22 weeks. The song also peaked at number 12 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, remaining on there for 19 weeks. "When the Angels Sing" also had a music video and was released to radio. The song, however, did not have much success on rock radio and peaked at relatively low positions on the Billboard charts. Track listing All lyrics are written by Mike Ness, except where notedNo.TitleLyricsLength1."Dear Lover" 4:432."Don't Drag Me Down" 3:513."Untitled" 4:454."I Was Wrong" 3:585."Through These Eyes" 3:156."Down on the World Again" 3:227."When the Angels Sing" 4:158."Gotta Know the Rules" 3:289."Crown of Thorns" 4:1510."Pleasure Seeker" 3:3311."Down Here (With the Rest of Us)" 4:1912."Under My Thumb" (hidden track)Mick Jagger, Keith Richards2:49Total length:46:33 Personnel Adapted from White Light, White Heat, White Trash's liner notes. Social Distortion Mike Ness – vocals, guitars, art direction, mixing Dennis Danell – guitars John Maurer – bass guitar Deen Castronovo – drums (uncredited session drummer) Chuck Biscuits – drums (credited as band member at the time of release, did not play on the album) Additional Michael Beinhorn – producer Kalynn Campbell – illustrations Jolie Clemens – art direction Giulio Costanzo – art direction George Marino – mastering John Travis – engineer, mixing Charts Chart (1996) Peakposition Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 67 UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) 28 US Billboard 200 27 Chart (2021) Peakposition German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 77 Accolades Publication Country Accolade Year Rank Blender USA 500 CDs You Must Own Before You Die 2003 * Rock Hard Germany Top 300 Albums 2001 123 Rolling Stone Germany The 500 Best Albums of All Time 2004 170 Visions Germany The Most Important Albums of the 90s 1999 31 Kerrang! United Kingdom 50 Greatest Punk Albums Ever N/A 41 (*) designates unordered lists. References ^ a b c d e f g Jenkins, Mark (February 7, 1997). "Social Distortion: Loud and Clear". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 16, 2021. ^ a b c d e f Boehm, Mike (October 2, 1996). "Digging to Climb : Mike Ness of O.C.'s Social Distortion Delves Deep and Comes Up With 'White Light'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ "White Light, White Heat, White Trash". Social Distortion. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ a b Grad, David (January 1997). "Social Distortion White Power". Guitar World. p. 19. Retrieved May 16, 2021. ^ a b c "Social Distortion amuse with punk rock antics". The Daily Universe. December 13, 1996. Retrieved May 17, 2021. ^ Morse, Steve (November 29, 1996). "After 15 Years, Social Distortion Keeps the Punk Spirit Alive". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ a b Ikenberg, Tamara (July 24, 1997). "Social Distortion keeps its youthful appeal". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ a b Gonzalez, Roberto (October 24, 1996). "Album Review - Social Distortion - White Light, White Heat, White Trash". Hartford Courant. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ a b "New distortion from Social Distortion" Archived 2007-08-11 at the Wayback Machine. YaleHerald.com. September 27, 1996. Retrieved on February 25, 2007. ^ Steininger, Alex (November 2003). "Mike Ness on politics, new album, and touring". In Music We Trust. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ a b c d Erlewine, Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "White Light White Heat White Trash – Social Distortion". AllMusic. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ "White Light White Heat White Trash by Social Distortion". iTunes. Retrieved May 16, 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Mike Ness Looks Back at Social Distortion's 'White Light, White Heat, White Trash'". Riot Fest. September 14, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ Kot, Greg (September 20, 1996). "Straight-up Rock". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Sinclair, Tom (October 18, 1996). "White Light White Heat White Trash". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ a b Robbins, Ira (October 3, 1996). "Social Distortion: White Light White Heat White Trash". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on December 21, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ Considine, J. D. (2004). "Social Distortion". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 756–57. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. ^ a b Eddy, Chuck (October 1996). "Social Distortion: White Light White Heat White Trash". Spin. 12 (7): 132. Retrieved January 15, 2018. ^ a b Dillon, Sam (November 21, 1996). "The Chanticleer CD Bin". The Chanticleer. Vol. 44, no. 12. p. 6. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ a b c Moran, Chris (December 17, 2002). "Review: White Light, White Heat, White Trash". Retrieved February 25, 2007. ^ Pareles, Jon (November 29, 1996). "Thumping Punk Back To Its Roots". The New York Times. Retrieved May 16, 2021. ^ a b "The Kerrang! 50 Greatest Punk Albums Ever". RockList.net. Retrieved on February 25, 2007. ^ Violanti, Anthony (February 3, 1997). "Social Distortion Tunes Out the Static". The Buffalo News. Retrieved May 16, 2021. ^ a b c d Boehm, Mike (October 2, 1996). "Will the Flash of 'White Light' Burn Steadily?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ a b Boehm, Mike (October 25, 1996). "It's Harvest Time for Korn and Other Local Products". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ "Scoring Big". Los Angeles Times. December 31, 1998. Retrieved May 16, 2021. ^ "Northampton Gets Mighty, Mighty Warped". Hartford Courant. July 24, 1997. Retrieved May 16, 2021. ^ "Social Distortion Chart History (Radio Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ a b "Social Distortion Chart History (Alternative Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ a b "Social Distortion Chart History (Mainstream Rock Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ White Light, White Heat, White Trash (CD liner notes). Social Distortion. Epic Records. 1996.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 9927". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ "Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ "Social Distortion Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Social Distortion – White Light, White Heat, White Trash" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 28 June 2023. ^ Rolling Stone. "Die 500 besten Alben aller Zeiten". Retrieved 2007-08-08. ^ Visions. "Visions – Popular Music Best-Of-Lists List". Retrieved 2007-08-08. vteSocial Distortion Mike Ness Jonny Wickersham Brent Harding David Hidalgo Jr. Rikk Agnew Casey Royer Tom Corvin Mark Garrett Dennis Danell John Stevenson Brent Liles Derek O'Brien John Maurer Bob Stubbs Chris Reece Chuck Biscuits Charlie Quintana Matt Freeman Atom Willard Studio albums Mommy's Little Monster Prison Bound Social Distortion Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell White Light, White Heat, White Trash Sex, Love and Rock 'n' Roll Hard Times and Nursery Rhymes Extended plays Story of My Life...And Other Stories Compilation albums Mainliner: Wreckage from the Past Greatest Hits Live albums Live at the Roxy Videos and DVDs Another State of Mind Live in Orange County Singles "Another State of Mind" "Prison Bound" "Let It Be Me" "Ball and Chain" "Ring of Fire" "Story of My Life" "Bad Luck" "I Was Wrong" "Reach for the Sky" "Death or Glory" "Far Behind" "Machine Gun Blues" Related articles Discography Band members Adolescents Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Social Distortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Distortion"},{"link_name":"550 Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/550_Music"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"Michael Beinhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Beinhorn"},{"link_name":"Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_Between_Heaven_and_Hell"},{"link_name":"Mike Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ness"},{"link_name":"rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"Mommy's Little Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mommy%27s_Little_Monster_(album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"I Was Wrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Was_Wrong_(Social_Distortion_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_magazine"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Warped Tour 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped_Tour_1997"},{"link_name":"Lagwagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagwagon"},{"link_name":"Less Than Jake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_Than_Jake"},{"link_name":"the Mighty Mighty Bosstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mighty_Mighty_Bosstones"}],"text":"White Light, White Heat, White Trash is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band Social Distortion, released on September 17, 1996, by 550 Music and Epic Records. The album was produced by Michael Beinhorn. After the release of Social Distortion's 1992 album Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell, the band toured until the end of 1993 and needed a break. After dealing with court battles over early recordings and attempting to retrieve them, package them up, and release them, Social Distortion wrote many songs to plan a new album.Social Distortion guitarist and singer Mike Ness was disappointed with the way music was during the 1990s, including punk rock and rock music in general. He wanted to make a new album that would be considered Social Distortion's best album and wanted to bring back the characteristics and emotions of 1970s punk rock. White Light, White Heat, White Trash includes fewer rock and roll, country and blues influences than the three previous Social Distortion albums, and instead, White Light, White Heat, White Trash is a stylistic return to the band's 1980s hardcore punk-era such as their debut Mommy's Little Monster. The album has more introspective and personal lyrics about topics like grief, regret, looking back to the past, and making changes or improvements in one's life. The lyrics were inspired by Ness' past, which involved drugs, alcohol, and jail.Reviews for White Light, White Heat, White Trash were mixed-to-positive, with the musical style and lyrical content being praised by some critics and criticized by other critics. The album experienced moderate success and peaked at number 27 on the Billboard 200, selling 30,000 copies in its first week of release in the United States. Selling 10,000 to 12,000 copies weekly, White Light, White Heat, White Trash sold 277,000 copies in the United States as of December 31, 1998, according to Nielsen SoundScan, making it Social Distortion's third best-selling album. The album's two singles are \"I Was Wrong\" and \"When the Angels Sing\". \"I Was Wrong\" experienced chart success on the Billboard charts, playing frequently on rock radio and MTV. \"When the Angels Sing\" lacked chart success compared to \"I Was Wrong\". Social Distortion planned to tour both inside and outside the United States, given that the band began to attract people outside the United States instead of solely attracting Americans. Social Distortion also performed at Warped Tour 1997 along with bands like Lagwagon, Less Than Jake, and the Mighty Mighty Bosstones.","title":"White Light, White Heat, White Trash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_Between_Heaven_and_Hell"},{"link_name":"Mike Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ness"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudandclear-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudandclear-1"},{"link_name":"Michael Beinhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Beinhorn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-2"},{"link_name":"White Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Heat"},{"link_name":"Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"White Light/White Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Light/White_Heat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-2"},{"link_name":"Chuck Biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Biscuits"},{"link_name":"Black Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_(band)"},{"link_name":"D.O.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.O.A._(band)"},{"link_name":"Circle Jerks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Jerks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudandclear-1"},{"link_name":"Woodstock, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dennis Danell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Danell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guitarworld-4"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mikenesssociald.jpg"},{"link_name":"alternative music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-universe-5"},{"link_name":"grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge"},{"link_name":"The Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash"},{"link_name":"New York Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Generation X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_X_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dead Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Boys"},{"link_name":"Johnny Thunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Thunders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudandclear-1"},{"link_name":"Cheap Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap_Trick"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"leather jacket and spiked hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_fashion"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Alice in Chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Chains"},{"link_name":"Stone Temple Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudandclear-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baltimoresun-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-2"},{"link_name":"Mommy's Little Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mommy%27s_Little_Monster_(album)"},{"link_name":"the Ramones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ramones"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"I Was Wrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Was_Wrong_(Social_Distortion_song)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guitarworld-4"}],"text":"After the release of Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell in 1992, Social Distortion went touring and they toured until the end of 1993. The band's guitarist and singer Mike Ness said the band \"needed a break.\" Social Distortion then had to be involved in some court battles to retrieve some of the band's early recordings. The recording were not in the band's possession and the recordings were unavailable to the public, too. The band \"had to retrieve them, package them up and put them out.\"[1] Social Distortion wrote 25 songs for a new album because the band wanted to write an album \"that would stand out\", according to Ness. \"We wanted to make 'The Record',\" he explained. He claims there's a few songs on each Social Distortion album that he hated \"because we just did 'em, and settled for it and didn't challenge it.\"[1]Social Distortion wrote a dozen songs in 1994 for a new album, but were told by producer Michael Beinhorn that most of the songs would not work. Ness says: \"He saw something inside that needed to come out, and we weren't quite achieving it. We went back in and did more writing. We ended up keeping two of those twelve songs.\"[2] Initially, Ness was upset but the two \"gained a mutual respect for each other.\" Ness decided the two \"were on the right track\" and saw the situation as an exciting challenge. The title to White Light, White Heat, White Trash was a reference to the 1949 film White Heat and the Velvet Underground album White Light/White Heat.[2] When recording started in the late spring of 1995, Beinhorn decided that drummer Randy Carr was not providing the studio sound Beinhorn sought. Ness trusted the producer enough to agree to the decision. A session player, Deen Castronovo, participated in the recording.[2] After he participated, he stopped playing for Social Distortion and drummer Chuck Biscuits, former drummer for bands like Black Flag, Danzig, D.O.A. and the Circle Jerks, joined Social Distortion.[1] The album was recorded from August 1995 to June 1996 in Bearsville Studio in Woodstock, New York.[3] \"Going back to basics\" was considered the philosophy that underlay the recording process of White Light, White Heat, White Trash. As a result, Beinhorn solely used analog and vintage equipment in the studio. Ness claimed that during the cutting of the guitar tracks, he used a '68 Gold Top reissue with P-90 pickups, a few SG reissues and a Silvertone through various Fenders, Marshalls and Soldanos. Ness said: \"Me and [Social Distortion guitarist] Dennis Danell really wanted to get an in-your-face sound,\" said Ness. \"Something with a bottom end that would hit you right in the chest.\"[4] Ness claims that Social Distortion \"used all analog equipment until the very last moment\", which he considered similar to 1970s rock.Ness (pictured) believed in the 1990s that \"alternative music has become so marketable that a lot of it has become imagery.\"[5]Ness was disappointed with the state of music that existed during the 1990s. When he wrote White Light, White Heat, White Trash, he was \"reacting against\" 1990s music. Rejecting grunge, Ness was inspired by the style of 1970s punk bands like The Clash, the New York Dolls, Generation X, the Dead Boys, and Johnny Thunders. Ness said he \"don't like hardly anybody\" who was making music during the 1990s. He then said: \"I don't want to listen to this stuff. I want to listen to the real thing. It's very hard for me to get inspired by contemporary music.\" Ness said that 1970s punk rock \"was also the only music at the time accurately portraying how I felt inside.\"[1] Expressing his opinion of the way music was during the 1990s, Ness said: \"Our intention is to bring back the soul and emotion of that first wave of punk in the late '70s, which I feel is sorely lacking today\". He then said: \"Punk has become a formula now. It's basically Cheap Trick with louder guitars,\" he said. \"A lot of passion has been lost as it's become more marketable. The masses have decided that punk rock is safe, but we were doing this music when it was unpopular.\" Ness believed that punk rock was no longer countercultural or dangerous in the 1990s. \"Punk was more dangerous back then,\" he recalls. \"In Orange County in 1979, if you walked down the street in a leather jacket and spiked hair, you made a decision that you would have a confrontation that day.\"[6] Ness said \"there's just things going on today that just would never have been allowed\" in the early years of punk rock, and he said that heavy metal, for example, was hated by punk rock musicians and fans during punk rock's early years. He then criticized grunge bands like Alice in Chains and Stone Temple Pilots, describing them as \"just Led Zeppelin with a pierced nose and short hair.\" Ness made an exception for grunge band Nirvana, saying he \"believed them\".[1]Social Distortion wanted to go back to its late 1970s and early 1980s punk rock roots with White Light, White Heat, White Trash.[7] Ness said \"I don't want this to be just another Social D record. I want it to be the Social D record.\"[2] Ness said: \"The last thing I wanted to write was a cute alternative record,\" he says. \"This album is about going back to the genuine emotion and rock basics that fueled the first wave of punk.\" Social Distortion's 1983 debut studio album Mommy's Little Monster was inspired by bands like the Ramones, the Rolling Stones, and X. Ness considered White Light, White Heat, White Trash to be a \"regression back to\" Mommy's Little Monster and believes the album shows Social Distortion going back to the band's roots, but still considers the album an evolution because Ness \"had to dig really deep\", citing songs like \"I Was Wrong\" and \"When the Angels Sing\" as examples of this. He says those two songs \"deal with sin and redemption, inner conflict, good and bad.\"[4]","title":"Background, writing, and recording"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Musical style and lyrical themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudandclear-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baltimoresun-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courant-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-9"},{"link_name":"street punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_punk"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-11"},{"link_name":"The Yale Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yale_Herald"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-9"},{"link_name":"The Daily Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Universe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-universe-5"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudandclear-1"},{"link_name":"hidden track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_track"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Under My Thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_My_Thumb"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"}],"sub_title":"Musical style","text":"White Light, White Heat, White Trash shows the band taking a break from the rock and roll and country-inspired style of previous Social Distortion albums by instead featuring a pure hardcore punk style bearing resemblance to Mommy's Little Monster and the Mainliner compilation.[1][7][8][9] In Music We Trust described both the album and Social Distortion's music as a whole as street punk.[10] Describing White Light, White Heat, White Trash as \"heavy hard rock\", Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that Social Distortion \"made a conscious attempt to cash in on the alternative 'revolution' of the early '90s.\"[11] Nonetheless, Dan McGarry of The Yale Herald wrote: \"If Ness wanted this record to demonstrate that unique quality that puts Social Distortion above and beyond current \"alternative\" music, he has succeeded.\"[9] Marci Von Savoy of The Daily Universe wrote: \"The album is reminiscent of the primary punk bands influences: The Ramones, The Clash and the late '70s and early '80s punk sound. The album veers far from the alternative trend, which seems to sneak its way into newer punk rock.\"[5] iTunes described White Light, White Heat, White Trash's musical style as a musical style resembling hardcore punk and classic punk rock, writing that \"Social Distortion returned to its hardcore roots\".[12] Ness said of the album's musical style: \"What's really ironic about this record is that it probably has more similarities to our first album, from 1983, than any of them. And that was purely unconscious. A lot of those emotions resurfaced. Or I just got in touch with them. I don't think they ever go away.\" Ness believes White Light, White Heat, White Trash was featuring both Social Distortion moving forward and reverting to the band's roots.[1] White Light, White Heat, White Trash features a hidden track and the hidden track is a cover of the Rolling Stones song \"Under My Thumb\". Ness said:\"We had recorded that song so long ago and I just wanted to re-record it and do it like we were playing it so well. We had evolved as a band so much, I felt like I wanted to revisit it, re-record it and just throw it in there. [Some] songs that mean a lot to me, I've already been listening to them for so long and I just one day go, 'I'm going to start playing this.' Me and the band work it out. I want to show everyone how it influenced me so it becomes my own version of that.\"[13]","title":"Musical style and lyrical themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"},{"link_name":"social issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issue"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"},{"link_name":"I Was Wrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Was_Wrong_(Social_Distortion_song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-universe-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"}],"sub_title":"Lyrical themes","text":"\"I was 10 years into my recovery from drugs and alcohol and certain things were becoming clear to me, like maybe drugs and alcohol were just a small part of the problem. It was just the beginning of a little self-awareness. I didn't like what I was seeing....It was a lot of the evaluating things.\"[13]\n\n\nNess on the lyrical inspiration for White Light, White Heat, White Trash.The lyrics on White Light, White Heat, White Trash are more personal than lyrics on previous Social Distortion albums. Although a couple of songs are more political or about social issues, the lyrical content on the album are instead personal or introspective. The lyrics often deal with looking back at the past and making changes or improvements in one's life. Ness' struggles in life with drugs, alcohol, and jail inspired the lyrics of the album.[13] Ness says \"Dear Lover\", despite the song title, was not necessarily written after a heartbreak. \"I already felt like that. I didn't even need to get my heart broke to feel that way. What I was doing wasn't working. It was almost like saying goodbye to that life because it really wasn't bringing me happiness. It's something everyone goes through and I kind of wanted to paint a picture, an accurate picture, of that.\"[13] \"Don't Drag Me Down\" is about racism and how Ness witnessed it when touring in the United States and seeing it at punk rock concerts, leading to him engaging in physical fights.[13] \"Untitled\" is about Ness becoming sober and a few older men helped him with it. One of them was a very close friend of his but that friend died. Ness lost four other friends and all of this inspired \"Untitled\".[13] \"I Was Wrong\" is about admitting to mistakes or engaging in morally wrong behavior.[2] Ness explains: \"I don't know this for sure, but I may have been one of the first rock 'n' rollers to just say, 'at certain times in my life I was an asshole.' This job comes a big ego, 'Hey man, I am who I am. Take it, that's just what I do. I'm Mike Ness. Take it or leave it.' It's so easy to pull that card, but it's a lot harder to look inward and just go, 'You know what? You're right. I was wrong.' \"[13] \"Down on the World Again\" is \"about having the worst day\", according to Ness. He says it is inspired by his painful childhood and how it made him an angry person. He considers it useful to use that anger for songwriting but considers it unhealthy to use anger in one's daily life. He says: \"I was fighting the world, but I didn't even really have a reason.\"[13] \"When the Angels Sing\" is about the death of Ness' grandmother and how being single intensified the grief.[2][13] Ness' grandmother died in December 1993. Ness said about \"When the Angels Sing\": \"My feelings came out more in that song than what I felt in the actual funeral.\"[5] \"Gotta Know the Rules\" is about rules and laws in life and the consequences of disobeying it. Ness elaborated:\"Like, how you treat people. I was just learning about the melody at that point in my life and how important that is, and vulnerability. A lot of people just aren't in touch with this kind of stuff. Their job and their car and their career define them and they run on that, especially if they're in a business that's competitive or something. It's cutthroat, and you don't take time to look at this kind of stuff. Our egos are so powerful, but I feel like the ego is the one thing that humans could do without.\"[13]\"Crown of Thorns\" is about repeating the same mistakes in life, expecting different results. Ness elaborated: \"I knew I wasn't going to find love where I was looking. At some point there's an aspect of self care that has to come into play, otherwise it's never going to change.\"[13] \"Pleasure Seeker\" is about struggling to make a decision because a decision feels good but one considers it morally wrong.[13] \"Down Here With the Rest of Us\" is about the level playing field. Ness said: \"It's a level playing field no matter who you are. We're still going to go through pain in life. I think it was kind of a snub at people who think they're above that. It's like no, we're all in this mess together, bro. No one gets out alive.\"[13]","title":"Musical style and lyrical themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"post-grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-grunge"},{"link_name":"Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_Between_Heaven_and_Hell"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PN-20"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PN-20"},{"link_name":"Hartford Courant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courant-8"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rollingstone-16"},{"link_name":"Chuck Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Eddy"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_magazine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spin-18"},{"link_name":"The Chanticleer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chanticleer"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chanticleer-19"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Kerrang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kerrang-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PN-20"},{"link_name":"The Buffalo News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buffalo_News"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buffalo-23"}],"text":"Reviews and ratings for White Light, White Heat, White Trash were generally mixed to positive. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, however, called the album a \"conscious attempt to cash in on the alternative 'revolution\" of the early '90s\" and expressed mixed feelings towards the band's musical direction, stating, \"Underneath the layers of glossy hard rock production, the band still hold fast to some of their punk roots, but too often they sound like a heavy hard rock band. Of course, that commercial sheen is intentional – it's the only way they could appeal to the legions of post-grunge alternative fans who appeared since Social Distortion released Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell in 1992.\"[11] Chris Moran of Punknews.org praised the album and wrote: \"with its passionate lyrics, laced with heavy undertones; this is unquestionable a milestone in the legacy of Social Distortion.\"[20] Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly wrote: \"After more than a decade of hard playing and harder living, Southern California's Social Distortion have made their first truly transcendent album.\"[20] Roberto Gonzalez of the Hartford Courant wrote: \"The album is exhausting. Almost every song kicks with an amazing intensity that will have you immediately hooked.\"[8] Ira Robbins of Rolling Stone wrote: \"the band's musical and emotional values are timeless. Like a fist in the face, White Light White Heat White Trash is simple and effective.\"[16] Chuck Eddy of Spin gave White Light, White Heat, White Trash a mixed to negative review and wrote: Ness's newfound nasal-flattened attempts at balladic sensitivity are embarrassing\".[18] Sam Dillon of The Chanticleer praised the album and wrote: \"You just can't go wrong with Social D. they've got everything you could ask for in a punk-rock band. They are inventive, individual, and very talented. Go out right now and get album.\"[19] Jon Pareles of The New York Times criticized White Light, White Heat, White Trash's lyrics, claiming it had a lot of clichés, but praised the album's melodies.[21] White Light, White Heat, White Trash was ranked at number 41 on Kerrang!'s \"50 Greatest Punk Albums Ever\".[22] Some Social Distortion fans were upset when the first single \"I Was Wrong\" was played on rock radio because they believed punk rock should not be corporate or mainstream. Nonetheless, punk rock fans eventually moved on from this in the early 2000s. Social Distortion continued to be regarded as an important punk band by punk rock fans and the band continued to receive respect and support from punk rock fans.[20] White Light, White Heat, White Trash was included in lists of the best albums of 1996 by The Buffalo News and other publications.[23]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riotfest-13"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flash-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvest-25"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"the band's self-titled album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Distortion_(album)"},{"link_name":"Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_Between_Heaven_and_Hell"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flash-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flash-24"},{"link_name":"Warped Tour 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped_Tour_1997"},{"link_name":"Blink-182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink-182"},{"link_name":"the Mighty Mighty Bosstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mighty_Mighty_Bosstones"},{"link_name":"Sick of It All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_of_It_All"},{"link_name":"Descendents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendents"},{"link_name":"Pennywise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennywise_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Suicide Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Suicide_Machines"},{"link_name":"Lagwagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagwagon"},{"link_name":"Less Than Jake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_Than_Jake"},{"link_name":"Reel Big Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reel_Big_Fish"},{"link_name":"Limp Bizkit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limp_Bizkit"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flash-24"},{"link_name":"Hot 100 Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Modern Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Rock_Tracks"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modernrock-29"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_Tracks"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainstreamrock-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harvest-25"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_magazine"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modernrock-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainstreamrock-30"}],"text":"Released on September 17, 1996,[13] White Light, White Heat, White Trash peaked at number 27 on the Billboard 200, selling 30,000 in its first week of release in the United States.[24] The album sold steady weekly sales of 10,000 to 12,000 copies.[25] According to Nielsen SoundScan, as of December 31, 1998, White Light, White Heat, White Trash has sold 277,000 copies in the United States, making it Social Distortion's third best-selling album.[26] Ness was confident that the album would have more success than the band's self-titled album (1990) and Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell (1992), given that the two previous albums were released before 1994, the year punk rock became mainstream, and given that many more radio stations in the mid-1990s were starting to frequently play punk rock music.[24] Social Distortion planned to tour both inside and outside the United States, given that the band began to attract people outside the United States instead of solely Americans.[24] Social Distortion performed at Warped Tour 1997 along with other bands like Blink-182, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Sick of It All, Descendents, Pennywise, the Suicide Machines, Lagwagon, Less Than Jake, Reel Big Fish, and Limp Bizkit.[27]The song \"I Was Wrong\" was released to radio and had a music video created, too. The song had success on rock radio and was played on MTV.[24] The song peaked at number 54 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and remained on the chart for 13 weeks.[28] The song had a lot of chart success on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, peaking at number 4 and remaining on the chart for 22 weeks.[29] The song also peaked at number 12 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, remaining on there for 19 weeks.[30] \"When the Angels Sing\" also had a music video and was released to radio.[25] The song, however, did not have much success on rock radio and peaked at relatively low positions on the Billboard charts.[29][30]","title":"Commercial performance, touring, and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ness"},{"link_name":"I Was Wrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Was_Wrong_(Social_Distortion_song)"},{"link_name":"Under My Thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_My_Thumb"},{"link_name":"hidden track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_track"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-11"}],"text":"All lyrics are written by Mike Ness, except where notedNo.TitleLyricsLength1.\"Dear Lover\" 4:432.\"Don't Drag Me Down\" 3:513.\"Untitled\" 4:454.\"I Was Wrong\" 3:585.\"Through These Eyes\" 3:156.\"Down on the World Again\" 3:227.\"When the Angels Sing\" 4:158.\"Gotta Know the Rules\" 3:289.\"Crown of Thorns\" 4:1510.\"Pleasure Seeker\" 3:3311.\"Down Here (With the Rest of Us)\" 4:1912.\"Under My Thumb\" (hidden track)Mick Jagger, Keith Richards2:49Total length:46:33[11]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Booklet-31"},{"link_name":"Mike Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ness"},{"link_name":"Dennis Danell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Danell"},{"link_name":"John Maurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maurer_(Social_Distortion)"},{"link_name":"Deen Castronovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deen_Castronovo"},{"link_name":"Chuck Biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Biscuits"},{"link_name":"Michael Beinhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Beinhorn"},{"link_name":"Kalynn Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalynn_Campbell"}],"text":"Adapted from White Light, White Heat, White Trash's liner notes.[31]Social DistortionMike Ness – vocals, guitars, art direction, mixing\nDennis Danell – guitars\nJohn Maurer – bass guitar\nDeen Castronovo – drums (uncredited session drummer)\nChuck Biscuits – drums (credited as band member at the time of release, did not play on the album)AdditionalMichael Beinhorn – producer\nKalynn Campbell – illustrations\nJolie Clemens – art direction\nGiulio Costanzo – art direction\nGeorge Marino – mastering\nJohn Travis – engineer, mixing","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(*) designates unordered lists.","title":"Accolades"}]
[{"image_text":"Ness (pictured) believed in the 1990s that \"alternative music has become so marketable that a lot of it has become imagery.\"[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mikenesssociald.jpg/200px-Mikenesssociald.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Jenkins, Mark (February 7, 1997). \"Social Distortion: Loud and Clear\". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1997/02/07/social-distortion-loud-and-clear/a2c0b8e3-cc04-4232-bda4-249c899d70d3/","url_text":"\"Social Distortion: Loud and Clear\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Boehm, Mike (October 2, 1996). \"Digging to Climb : Mike Ness of O.C.'s Social Distortion Delves Deep and Comes Up With 'White Light'\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-10-02-ca-49631-story.html","url_text":"\"Digging to Climb : Mike Ness of O.C.'s Social Distortion Delves Deep and Comes Up With 'White Light'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"White Light, White Heat, White Trash\". Social Distortion. Retrieved May 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.socialdistortion.com/music/white-light-white-heat-white-trash/","url_text":"\"White Light, White Heat, White Trash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Distortion","url_text":"Social Distortion"}]},{"reference":"Grad, David (January 1997). \"Social Distortion White Power\". Guitar World. p. 19. Retrieved May 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/GuitarWorldJanuary1997/page/n17/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Social Distortion White Power\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_World","url_text":"Guitar World"}]},{"reference":"\"Social Distortion amuse with punk rock antics\". The Daily Universe. December 13, 1996. Retrieved May 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://universe.byu.edu/1996/12/13/social-distortion-amusernnwith-punk-rock-antics/","url_text":"\"Social Distortion amuse with punk rock antics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Universe","url_text":"The Daily Universe"}]},{"reference":"Morse, Steve (November 29, 1996). \"After 15 Years, Social Distortion Keeps the Punk Spirit Alive\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-11-29-9611290075-story.html","url_text":"\"After 15 Years, Social Distortion Keeps the Punk Spirit Alive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Ikenberg, Tamara (July 24, 1997). \"Social Distortion keeps its youthful appeal\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-11-29-9611290075-story.html","url_text":"\"Social Distortion keeps its youthful appeal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Roberto (October 24, 1996). \"Album Review - Social Distortion - White Light, White Heat, White Trash\". Hartford Courant. Retrieved May 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1996-10-24-9610241109-story.html","url_text":"\"Album Review - Social Distortion - White Light, White Heat, White Trash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant","url_text":"Hartford Courant"}]},{"reference":"Steininger, Alex (November 2003). \"Mike Ness on politics, new album, and touring\". In Music We Trust. Retrieved May 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inmusicwetrust.com/articles/63h08.html","url_text":"\"Mike Ness on politics, new album, and touring\""}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas Erlewine. \"White Light White Heat White Trash – Social Distortion\". AllMusic. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas Erlewine"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/white-light-white-heat-white-trash-mw0000175114","url_text":"\"White Light White Heat White Trash – Social Distortion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"White Light White Heat White Trash by Social Distortion\". iTunes. Retrieved May 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/white-light-white-heat-white-trash/201414438","url_text":"\"White Light White Heat White Trash by Social Distortion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes","url_text":"iTunes"}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Ness Looks Back at Social Distortion's 'White Light, White Heat, White Trash'\". Riot Fest. September 14, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://riotfest.org/2016/09/mike-ness-social-distortion-interview/","url_text":"\"Mike Ness Looks Back at Social Distortion's 'White Light, White Heat, White Trash'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Fest","url_text":"Riot Fest"}]},{"reference":"Kot, Greg (September 20, 1996). \"Straight-up Rock\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kot","url_text":"Kot, Greg"},{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-09-20/entertainment/9609200046_1_social-distortion-frank-beard-guitar","url_text":"\"Straight-up Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Tom (October 18, 1996). \"White Light White Heat White Trash\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. 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Retrieved January 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071221070951/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/socialdistortion/albums/album/196388/review/5944406/white_light_white_heat_white_trash","url_text":"\"Social Distortion: White Light White Heat White Trash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/socialdistortion/albums/album/196388/review/5944406/white_light_white_heat_white_trash","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Considine, J. D. (2004). \"Social Distortion\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 756–57. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Considine","url_text":"Considine, J. 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Retrieved May 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://buffalonews.com/news/social-distortion-tunes-out-the-static/article_01ba74f2-1f96-5a4b-8eab-015c0989b06f.html","url_text":"\"Social Distortion Tunes Out the Static\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buffalo_News","url_text":"The Buffalo News"}]},{"reference":"Boehm, Mike (October 2, 1996). \"Will the Flash of 'White Light' Burn Steadily?\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-10-02/entertainment/ca-49632_1_white-light","url_text":"\"Will the Flash of 'White Light' Burn Steadily?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Boehm, Mike (October 25, 1996). \"It's Harvest Time for Korn and Other Local Products\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-10-25-ca-57618-story.html","url_text":"\"It's Harvest Time for Korn and Other Local Products\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Scoring Big\". Los Angeles Times. December 31, 1998. Retrieved May 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-dec-31-ca-59116-story.html","url_text":"\"Scoring Big\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Northampton Gets Mighty, Mighty Warped\". Hartford Courant. July 24, 1997. 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Retrieved May 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/social-distortion/chart-history/rtt/","url_text":"\"Social Distortion Chart History (Mainstream Rock Airplay)\""}]},{"reference":"White Light, White Heat, White Trash (CD liner notes). Social Distortion. Epic Records. 1996.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records","url_text":"Epic Records"}]},{"reference":"Rolling Stone. \"Die 500 besten Alben aller Zeiten\". Retrieved 2007-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poplist.de/poplist.php?l=465","url_text":"\"Die 500 besten Alben aller Zeiten\""}]},{"reference":"Visions. \"Visions – Popular Music Best-Of-Lists List\". Retrieved 2007-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poplist.de/poplist.php?l=474","url_text":"\"Visions – Popular Music Best-Of-Lists List\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Embassy_Saigon
Embassy of the United States, Saigon
["1 First embassy","1.1 1965 embassy bombing","2 Second chancery","2.1 Embassy compound","2.2 Tet Offensive","2.3 Post-Tet offensive","3 Fall of Saigon and Operation Frequent Wind","4 Postwar period to present","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 10°47′00″N 106°42′01″E / 10.7833°N 106.7004°E / 10.7833; 106.7004 (Former US Embassy Saigon (Chancery Building, 1967–close))U.S. embassy in Saigon, South Vietnam during the Vietnam War; now demolished This article is about the U.S. embassy to South Vietnam in Saigon. For the current U.S. Ambassador to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, see United States Ambassador to Vietnam. For the current U.S. mission in Ho Chi Minh City (before, Saigon), see Consulate-General of the United States in Ho Chi Minh City. Embassy of the United States, SaigonNative name Vietnamese: Đại sứ quán Hoa Kỳ, Sài GònSecond chancery in 1967LocationSaigon, South Vietnam1967 embassy: 10°47′00″N 106°42′01″E / 10.7833°N 106.7004°E / 10.7833; 106.7004 (Former US Embassy Saigon (Chancery Building, 1967–close))Old embassy (1952–1967): 10°46′14″N 106°42′18″E / 10.770475°N 106.7049°E / 10.770475; 106.7049 (Old US Embassy Saigon, pre-1965)Area3.18 acres (12,900 m2) (second embassy)DemolishedJune 1998ArchitectAdrian Wilson and Associates (Second embassy only)Governing body United States Department of State The United States Embassy in Saigon was first established in June 1952, and moved into a new building in 1967 and eventually closed in 1975. The embassy was the scene of a number of significant events of the Vietnam War, most notably the Viet Cong attack during the Tet Offensive which helped turn American public opinion against the war, and the helicopter evacuation during the Fall of Saigon after which the embassy closed permanently. In 1995, the U.S. and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam formally established relations and the embassy grounds and building were handed back to the United States. The former embassy was subsequently demolished in 1998 and is currently a park inside of the U.S. Consulate General's compound in what is now called Ho Chi Minh City. First embassy First U.S. embassy on Hàm Nghi Boulevard after the bombing The U.S. diplomatic presence in Saigon was established on December 9, 1907, as a consulate. It acted as a representative to French Indochina succeeding an American commercial agent that had been established in Saigon in 1889. The United States granted recognition to the State of Vietnam led by the Bảo Đại government in 1950, and on February 17, the Consulate-General in Saigon was elevated to Legation status with Edmund A. Gullion as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim. Following the Geneva Accords of 1954 and the subsequent partitioning into North Vietnam and South Vietnam, the United States did not extend diplomatic recognition to North Vietnam. On June 24, 1952, after the U.S. Senate confirmed Donald R. Heath as the U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam, the Legation in Saigon's status was raised and the embassy was formally established. The first embassy was located at 39 Hàm Nghi Boulevard and the original building remains there today. 1965 embassy bombing Wreckage from Viet Cong car bomb On March 30, 1965, the Viet Cong detonated a car-bomb outside the embassy. The attack occurred when a Vietnamese policeman began arguing with the driver of a car parked in front of the embassy but the driver refused to leave and then another Viet Cong member drove up alongside the car and fired on the policeman. Quickly following the brief exchange of fire, the car, which contained 300 pounds of plastic explosives, detonated in front of the embassy killing two Americans, one female CIA employee, Barbara Robbins and another American, as well as 19 Vietnamese and one Filipino serving in the U.S. Navy along with injuring 183 others. The U.S. Congress appropriated $1 million to reconstruct the embassy in a new location following the attack and although retaliatory raids on North Vietnam were suggested, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson refused. Following the attack, South Vietnamese Foreign Minister Tran Van Do posthumously decorated Barbara Robbins and the Filipino navy serviceman with the Medal of Honor First Class. Second chancery Embassy compound Chancery under construction, 1966 Due to security concerns following the 1965 bombing, it was decided that a new embassy with greater protection would be constructed. The site selected was a 3.18-acre (12,900 m2) site known as the Norodom Compound at No 4 Thong Nhut (now Le Duan) Boulevard at the corner of Thong Nhut and Mac Dinh Chi Street, near to where the Bến Nghé River enters the Saigon River. The embassy was next to the French embassy, opposite the British embassy, and located near the Presidential Palace. Model of the second chancery in the Museum of Ho Chi Minh City. Although originally designed in early 1965 by the firm Curtis and Davis, their design had only called for three stories and due to the increased U.S. commitment in Vietnam, a larger building was needed. As such in November 1965 the firm Adrian Wilson and Associates were selected to redesign the building. The new design originally called for four stories but was then raised to six, and was built between 1965 and 1967 by the American construction company RMK-BRJ under the direction of the U.S. Navy Officer in Charge of Construction RVN. RMK-BRJ employed a workforce of 500 Vietnamese, primarily using materials from the U.S. due to the scarcity of commodities in South Vietnam at the time. Despite that the sand and gravel used in the concrete mix, along with the walkway tiles, and the bricks used in all the interior walls were sourced from Vietnam. The embassy was opened on September 29, 1967, after more than two years of construction and cost a total of 2.6 million dollars. The second chancery exterior in 1968 The embassy comprised two separate compounds, a consular compound sealed off by a separate wall and steel gate and the embassy compound with the chancery, behind it was a parking lot, a two-story villa used as a residence by the mission coordinator (a civilian assistant to the United States Ambassador to South Vietnam), a motor pool and other facilities. There were two entry gates, a pedestrian entrance on Thong Nhut Boulevard and a vehicle entrance on Mac Dinh Chi Street. The new chancery was a distinctive six-story white concrete building, with a concrete lattice facade that served to both cool the building and deflect rockets and other projectiles. Due to both aesthetics and security, the chancery was set back from the street. The chancery was a rectangular building, 208 feet (63 m) by 49 feet (15 m), and was enclosed in a walled compound that is 437 feet (133 m) by 318 feet (97 m) (3.18 acres). It was located 60 feet (18 m) inside the compound, protected from both streets by an 8 feet (2.4 m) wall with a 6 inches (150 mm)-thick mixture of cement and marble chips. The lattice facade extends from the first story to the roof, covering the entire building in a protective white terrazzo sunscreen. It was separated from the concrete walls and the shatterproof plexiglass windows of the chancery by five feet of space. The chancery was designed for a staff of 200, with 49,670 square feet of office space comprising 140 offices. There were also executive offices on the third floor for the Ambassador's office and other high-ranking members of the Mission. It was also air conditioned, had its own water filtration system, and at the rear of the compound, had a power plant consisting of four 350 kilowatt generators. The chancery also had small helipad (75x49-feet) on the roof. A concrete awning extended from the chancery out over the pedestrian entrance on Thong Nhut Boulevard. The old embassy on Hàm Nghi Boulevard remained in use as an embassy annex. Tet Offensive Main article: Tet Offensive attack on US Embassy Hole blown in embassy perimeter wall through which the Viet Cong entered the embassy grounds Viet Cong sapper dead in a planter on the embassy grounds MPs escort a Viet Cong captive away from the embassy On the early morning of 31 January 1968, as part of the Tet Offensive, 19 Viet Cong sappers from the elite C-10 Sapper Battalion attacked the embassy. The VC were engaged by two military policemen from the 716th Military Police Battalion – part of the 18th Military Police Brigade – at the vehicle entrance on Mac Dinh Chi Street who raised the alarm. Inside the chancery building U.S. Marines of the Marine Security Guard sealed the building.: 9–10  Minutes later at 02:47, the VC blew a small hole in the perimeter wall on Thong Nhut Boulevard and gained access to the embassy compound. The first two VC that crawled through the hole and into the grounds were shot and killed by the two MPs in their guard post at the Mac Dinh Chi Street entrance. The MPs radioed for help before being killed by VC fire. An MP Jeep patrol responded to the calls for help from the embassy but as they approached the embassy they were met by automatic weapons fire from the VC that were outside the wall, killing both MPs. In addition to three marines, there were two Vietnamese and six American civilians inside the chancery building at the time of the attack. The Americans armed themselves with .38 revolvers, Beretta M12 submachine guns and a shotgun and waited for the VC to come inside.: 12–13  Outside in the embassy grounds, the VC were unsure of their next move as both their leaders had both been killed after they entered the embassy grounds. The VC could easily have blasted their way into the chancery had they been ordered to do so; instead they took positions in or near the circular planters around the chancery and returned fire at the growing numbers of Americans shooting at them.: 23–24  The remaining marines of the Marine Security Guard detachment were organised into quick reaction teams and headed to the embassy where they laid fire on the embassy gardens.: 14  At 04:20, General William Westmoreland ordered the 716th MP Battalion to clear the embassy as their first priority. Lacking armored vehicles and helicopters, the MPs moved in more troops to cordon off the embassy.: 23  The tactical situation was confused by darkness and the poor communications within the chancery and between the chancery and the MPs and marines outside the embassy compound.: 24  As dawn broke on the morning of 31 January, MPs and marines entered the embassy grounds and within a few minutes, they easily killed all of the few surviving VC for most of them by then were already dead or dying in the embassy garden from the prolonged firefight. At the same time, a helicopter carrying troops from the 101st Airborne Division landed on the roof and proceeded to sweep the chancery building, finding no VC inside.: 29–30  By 09:00, the embassy was declared secure. Of the 19 VC that attacked the building, 18 had been killed and one wounded VC was captured. US losses were 4 MPs and 1 marine killed. The first news reports of the embassy attack were sent by the Associated Press at 03:15 based on fragmentary information, a later report stated that three VC had entered the embassy grounds.: 16  The news reports from the embassy reflected the confused tactical situation. At 07:25, the Associated Press carried a story stating that the VC had seized part of the first floor of the embassy building and that U.S. forces were being held back by fire from the embassy building. This report was picked up by NBC news who, on the 18:30 EST (06:30 ICT) Huntley–Brinkley Report, broadcast that the VC occupied the first floor of the embassy building and that U.S. forces were in the embassy grounds exchanging fire with them.: 27–28  Later news reports corrected the facts of the attack, but the initial reports had shocked the American public. While the embassy attack (like much of the Tet Offensive) was tactically insignificant, it had a profound political and psychological impact. The United States had been fighting in Vietnam for over two-and-a-half years, 20,000 Americans had been killed and despite the presence of nearly 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam, the VC had managed to penetrate the U.S. Embassy. Post-Tet offensive On 4 November 1968, Ambassador Bunker presented a scroll of appreciation to LTC Tyler H. Fletcher, commanding officer of the 716th Military Police Battalion for their role in defending the embassy. Ambassador Bunker also dedicated a plaque in the chancery lobby commemorating the four MPs and one marine who died defending the embassy. A fire-bomb attack on the embassy took place on 18 February 1971. Fall of Saigon and Operation Frequent Wind See also: Fall of Saigon and Operation Frequent Wind On 12 April 1975, the 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade (9th MAB), which was to supply helicopters and a security force for the evacuation, sent a delegation to consult with Ambassador Graham Martin on current plans. Ambassador Martin told them that he would not tolerate any outward signs that the United States intended to abandon South Vietnam. All planning would have to be conducted with the utmost discretion. Brigadier General Richard E. Carey, commander of the 9th MAB, flew to Saigon the next day to see Ambassador Martin, he later said that ‘The visit was cold, non-productive and appeared to be an irritant to the Ambassador’. On 25 April, 40 marines from the 9th MAB on the USS Hancock were flown in by Air America helicopters in civilian clothes to the DAO Compound to augment the 18 Marine Security Guards assigned to defend the embassy, an additional 6 marines were assigned to protect Ambassador Martin. Ambassador Martin remained optimistic that a negotiated settlement could be reached whereby the United States would not have to pull out of South Vietnam and, in an effort to avert defeatism and panic he specifically instructed Major James Kean, commanding officer of the Marine Security Guard Battalion and ground support force commander United States Embassy Compound, that he could not begin to remove trees and shrubbery which prevented the use of the embassy parking lot as a helicopter landing zone. On 28 April at 18:00 Tan Son Nhut Air Base was bombed by three A-37 Dragonflies piloted by former RVNAF pilots who had defected to the Vietnamese People's Air Force at the fall of Da Nang. Sporadic People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) rocket and artillery attacks also started to hit the airport, increasing to 40 rounds per hour by 04:00 on 29 April. At 07:00, Major General Homer D. Smith, the defense attache, advised Ambassador Martin that fixed wing evacuations should cease and that Operation Frequent Wind, the helicopter evacuation of U.S. personnel and at-risk Vietnamese should commence. Ambassador Martin refused to accept General Smith's recommendation and instead insisted on visiting Tan Son Nhut to survey the situation for himself. Finally at 10:51 the order was given to commence Operation Frequent Wind, however due to confusion in the chain of command General Carey did not receive the execute order until 12:15. The two major evacuation points chosen for Operation Frequent Wind were the DAO Compound adjacent to Tan Son Nhut Airport for American civilian and Vietnamese evacuees and the embassy for embassy staff.: 196  By the morning of 29 April it was estimated that approximately 10,000 people had gathered around the embassy, while some 2,500 evacuees were in the embassy and consular compounds. From 10:00 to 12:00 Major Kean and his marines cut down trees and moved vehicles to create an LZ in the embassy parking lot behind the chancery building. Two LZs were now available in the embassy compound, the rooftop for UH-1s and CH-46 Sea Knights and the new parking lot LZ for the heavier CH-53 Sea Stallions.: 5  Aerial view of the US embassy, Saigon, showing Thong Nhut Boulevard on the far left, the chancery building (left), parking lot (center) and consulate compound and French embassy (top) Air America UH-1s began ferrying evacuees from other smaller assembly points throughout the city (including the Pittman Building, famously photographed by Hubert van Es) and dropping them on the embassy's rooftop LZ. At 15:00 the first CH-53s were sighted heading towards the DAO Compound at Tan Son Nhut. Major Kean contacted the Seventh Fleet to advise them of his airlift requirements; until that time the fleet believed that all evacuees had been bussed from the embassy to the DAO Compound and that only two helicopters would be required to evacuate the Ambassador and the marines from the embassy.: 6  At 17:00 the first CH-46 landed at the embassy. Between 19:00 and 21:00 on 29 April approximately 130 additional marines from 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines were lifted from the DAO Compound to reinforce perimeter security at the embassy,: 195  bringing the total number of marines at the embassy to 175.: 196  The evacuation from the DAO Compound was completed by about 19:00, after which all helicopters would be routed to the embassy; however, Major Kean was informed that operations would cease at dark. Major Kean advised that the LZ would be well lit and had vehicles moved around the parking lot LZ with their engines running and headlights on to illuminate the LZ.: 6  At 21:30 a CH-53 pilot informed Major Kean that the Admiral Whitmire, Commander of Task Force 76 had ordered that operations cease at 23:00. Major Kean saw Ambassador Martin to request that he contact the Oval Office to ensure that the airlift continued. Ambassador Martin soon sent word back to Major Kean that sorties would continue to be flown.: 6  At the same time, General Carey met with Admiral Whitmire to convince him to resume flights to the embassy despite pilot weariness and poor visibility caused by darkness, fires and bad weather.: 198  By 02:15 on 30 April, one CH-46 and one CH-53 were landing at the embassy every 10 minutes, with the embassy indicating that another 19 lifts would complete the evacuation.: 199  At the time, Major Kean estimated that there were still some 850 non-American evacuees and 225 Americans (including the marines), Ambassador Martin told Major Kean to do the best he could.: 7  At 03:00, Ambassador Martin ordered Major Kean to move all the remaining evacuees into the parking lot LZ which was the marines' final perimeter.: 7  At 03:27 President Gerald Ford ordered that no more than 19 additional lifts be allowed to complete the evacuation.: 200  At 04:30 with the 19 lift limit already exceeded, Major Kean went to the rooftop LZ and spoke over a helicopter radio with General Carey who advised that President Ford had ordered that the airlift be limited to U.S. personnel and General Carey, Commanding General, 9th MAB, ordered Major Kean to withdraw his men into the chancery building and withdraw to the rooftop LZ for evacuation.: 7  Major Kean returned to the ground floor of the chancery and ordered his men to withdraw into a large semicircle at the main entrance to the chancery. Most of the marines were inside the chancery when the crowds outside the embassy broke through the gates into the compound. The marines closed and bolted the chancery door, the elevators were locked by Seabees on the 6th floor and the marines withdrew up the stairwells locking grill gates behind them. On the ground floor a water tanker was driven through the chancery door, and the crowd began to surge up through the building toward the rooftop. The marines on the rooftop had sealed the doors to the rooftop and were using mace to discourage the crowd from trying to break through. Sporadic gunfire from around the embassy passed over the rooftop.: 7–8  At 04:58 Ambassador Martin boarded a USMC CH-46, call-sign "Lady Ace 09" of HMM-165 and was flown to the USS Blue Ridge. When Lady Ace 09 transmitted "Tiger is out", those helicopters still flying thought the mission was complete, thereby delaying the evacuation to the marines from the embassy rooftop.: 200  CH-46s evacuated the Battalion Landing Team by 07:00, and after an anxious wait a lone CH-46 "Swift 2-2" of HMM-164: 200  arrived to evacuate Major Kean and the ten remaining men of the Marine Security Guards; this last helicopter took off at 07:53 on 30 April and landed on USS Okinawa at 09:30.: 8  At 11:30 PAVN tanks smashed through the gates of the presidential palace (now the Reunification Palace) and raised the Viet Cong flag over the building; the Vietnam War was over. Marine pilots accumulated 1,054 flight hours and flew 682 sorties throughout Operation Frequent Wind, evacuating 5,000 from Tan Son Nhut and 978 U.S. and 1,120 Vietnamese and third-country nationals from the embassy.: 201  Some 400 evacuees were left behind at the embassy, including over 100 South Korean citizens. Lady Ace 09, CH-46 serial number 154803 is now on display at the Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum in San Diego, California. Postwar period to present Former first embassy building in 2011 Former chancery building, from across Le Duan Boulevard, shortly before its demolition in April 1998 Shortly after taking Saigon on April 30, North Vietnamese soldiers and intelligence officers went to the deserted embassy where they found numerous classified documents left behind. Most documents were shredded. Of those shredded, some were not burnt in time and the pieces were reconstituted and used to track down South Vietnamese employees of the U.S. government including of the Central Intelligence Agency. The embassy building as well as the UK embassy located across the street were used as the offices of the Vietnamese national oil company, PetroVietnam, throughout the 1980s. Site of embassy compound in 2003 Following the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, a new U.S. embassy was opened in Hanoi in 1995 and the site of the former U.S. Embassy in Saigon was handed back to the U.S. government. It was decided that the former embassy building was unusable after more than 20 years of neglect in Vietnam's tropical climate, but also that because the history of the building itself carried such negative connotations, it did not fit with the new U.S.–Vietnam relationship. The former embassy building was demolished between the period of May and July 1998 during which two Vietnamese demolition workers died after falling several stories down an elevator shaft. The new Consulate-General was built on the old consular compound adjacent to the old embassy site. During the demolition of the embassy the ladder leading from the embassy rooftop to the helipad was removed and sent back to the United States, where it is now on display at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum. Plaque commemorating U.S. soldiers who died defending the embassy during the Tet Offensive In early 1998, the Vietnamese government erected a red-stone memorial to the Viet Cong who fought in the embassy during the Tet offensive on the sidewalk outside the main gate of the former embassy compound which still remains there today. Before the demolition the U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam at the time, Pete Peterson, suggested that the former embassy site be used to earn money as the compound was in the middle of an expensive business district, and although there were discussions of building an office tower at the site to lease to private tenants, nothing was ever built. Some visible remnants of the old embassy remain, most notably the large, round concrete planters which sat in front of the embassy and were used as firing positions by the Viet Cong during the Tet Offensive attack. Other remnants of the old embassy include a large banyan tree in the parking lot that dates back to the nineteenth century as well as a flagpole near the Le Duan entrance that was a gift from the Standard Oil Company in 1929 and has been used at all U.S. diplomatic missions in Saigon since then. The base of that flagpole is made of black granite salvaged from the old embassy building. The current site of the embassy building is now used for large receptions and soccer practice by the Consulate staff. On November 14, 2002, a dedication ceremony was held for the replacement plaque commemorating the U.S. Marine security guard and the four military policemen who were killed defending the embassy. The original plaque was left at the embassy during the Fall of Saigon and was subsequently on display at the War Remnants Museum before disappearing. See also Consulate-General of the United States in Ho Chi Minh City Embassy of the United States, Mogadishu — US embassy which was hastily evacuated by airlift in 1991 during civil war and has remained closed since United States Ambassador to South Vietnam United States–Vietnam relations References ^ a b c d "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Vietnam". United States Department of State. Retrieved February 21, 2015. ^ Corfield, Justin (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City. Anthem Press. p. 312. ISBN 9780857282354. ^ a b c "Bomb explodes outside U.S. Embassy in Saigon". History Channel. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015. ^ a b Shapira, Ian (May 6, 2012). "Barbara Robbins: A slain CIA secretary's life and death". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 21, 2015. ^ "Two Dead in Blast Honored in Saigon". The New York Times. April 2, 1965. Retrieved February 21, 2015. ^ Major Robert J. O'Brien, US Army (June 12, 2009). The Attack on the American Embassy During Tet, 1968: Factors That Turned a Tactical Victory Into A Political Defeat (PDF) (Master of Military Art and Science). United States Army Command and General Staff College. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "US Embassy Design and Construction" (PDF). American Embassy Saigon, Marines and Civilians. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Oberdorfer, Don (1971). Tet!: The Turning Point in the Vietnam War. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-8018-6703-7. ^ a b History of the 716th Military Police Battalion Archived 25 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ Robert J. O'Brien (2009). "The Attack on the American Embassy during Tet, 1968: Factors that turned a tactical victory into a political defeat" (PDF). U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. pp. 68–69. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2018. ^ "SP4 Charles L Daniel". The Virtual Wall. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. ^ "CPL William M Sebast". The Virtual Wall. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. ^ "SGT Johnie B Thomas". The Virtual Wall. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. ^ "SP4 Owen E Mebust". The Virtual Wall. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. ^ "Air America: Played a Crucial Part of the Emergency Helicopter Evacuation of Saigon". History Net: Where History Comes Alive - World & US History Online. 12 June 2006. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kean, Major James H. "After Action Report 17 April ~ 7 May 1975". p. 3. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dunham, George R (1990). U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Bitter End, 1973-1975 (Marine Corps Vietnam Operational Historical Series). Marine Corps Association. p. 183. ISBN 978016026455-9. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b c d e f g h Corfield, Justin (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City. Anthem Press. pp. 314–315. ISBN 9780857282354. ^ "Valdez Email". American Embassy Saigon, Marines and Civilians. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015. ^ Kempster, Norman (September 8, 1999). "Albright Opens Consulate Near Infamous Saigon Spot". Los Angeles Times. ^ a b c Landler, Mark (August 15, 1998). "Ho Chi Minh City Journal; U.S. Embassy Passes Into History. Coming Soon: Real Estate Deals". The New York Times. Retrieved February 15, 2015. ^ Perlez, Jane (September 8, 1999). "A U.S. Office Opens, Stirring Saigon Memories". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2008. ^ "Leadership in Diplomacy". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2015. ^ "Gerald R. Ford's Remarks at the Opening of the Ford Museum's Saigon Staircase Exhibit, Grand Rapids Michigan". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. April 10, 1999. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2015. ^ a b c "Vestiges of the Past" (PDF). United States Department of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Embassy of the United States in Saigon. American Embassy Saigon, Vietnam Marines and Civilians Archived 2013-06-17 at the Wayback Machine Saigon Facilities Map, 1969 Tet Offensive 1968, U.S. Embassy & Saigon fighting. CBS News footage of fighting in Saigon during the Tet Offensive. U.S. Consulate, Ho Chi Minh City, official website American Consulate in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam vte Diplomatic missions of the United StatesEmbassies are the main entries, while consulates-general are shown as sub-entries for each country. A full list can be found at List of diplomatic missions of the United States.Africa Botswana Central African Republic Chad Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Niger Somalia South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Cuba Ecuador El Salvador Honduras Mexico Paraguay Peru Trinidad and Tobago Asia Bahrain Bangladesh Cambodia China Guangzhou Hong Kong & Macau1 Shanghai Shenyang Wuhan India Chennai Hyderabad Kolkata Mumbai Indonesia Surabaya Iraq Israel Japan Fukuoka Nagoya Naha Osaka Sapporo Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Myanmar Pakistan Karachi Lahore Peshawar Philippines Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Busan Taiwan2 Kaohsiung2 Tajikistan Thailand United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City Europe Albania Armenia‡ Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Düsseldorf Frankfurt Hamburg Munich Georgia‡ Greece Thessaloniki Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Istanbul‡ Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Organizations African Union European Union North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) United Nations United States Mission to the United Nations (New York Rome) Former Afghanistan Herat Antigua and Barbuda China (Republic of) Nanjing Taipei Tsingtao China (People's Republic of) Chengdu Germany Bremen Cuba Iran Tabriz Israel Libya Benghazi Morocco Russia Saint Petersburg Vladivostok Yekaterinburg‡ South Vietnam Soviet Union Kuybyshev Odesa South Yemen Sri Lanka Sudan Syria Texas United Kingdom Liverpool Venezuela Yemen ‡ Missions which are located in countries or cities that may be considered a part of more than one continent 1 Consulates-General which function as an embassy (ie. consul reports to State Department, not the respective country's ambassador) 2 The American Institute in Taiwan is ostensibly a public, non-profit organization to promote US-Taiwanese relations, but through State Department staffing & assistance, functions as an informal US diplomatic mission. vte Diplomatic missions in VietnamAmericas Canada Ho Chi Minh City United States Ho Chi Minh City Asia Japan  Da Nang  Palestine Philippines South Korea  Ho Chi Minh City  Europe France  Ho Chi Minh City Norway  Sweden  Other Taiwan Ho Chi Minh City Former Japan Saigon  South Korea Saigon  Taiwan Saigon  United States Saigon Portals: Vietnam United States Politics
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Consulate-General of the United States in Ho Chi Minh City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate-General_of_the_United_States_in_Ho_Chi_Minh_City"},{"link_name":"embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Viet Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong"},{"link_name":"Tet Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam"}],"text":"U.S. embassy in Saigon, South Vietnam during the Vietnam War; now demolishedThis article is about the U.S. embassy to South Vietnam in Saigon. For the current U.S. Ambassador to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, see United States Ambassador to Vietnam. For the current U.S. mission in Ho Chi Minh City (before, Saigon), see Consulate-General of the United States in Ho Chi Minh City.The United States Embassy in Saigon was first established in June 1952, and moved into a new building in 1967 and eventually closed in 1975. The embassy was the scene of a number of significant events of the Vietnam War, most notably the Viet Cong attack during the Tet Offensive which helped turn American public opinion against the war, and the helicopter evacuation during the Fall of Saigon after which the embassy closed permanently.In 1995, the U.S. and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam formally established relations and the embassy grounds and building were handed back to the United States. The former embassy was subsequently demolished in 1998 and is currently a park inside of the U.S. Consulate General's compound in what is now called Ho Chi Minh City.","title":"Embassy of the United States, Saigon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NH_93964_Bombing_of_the_U.S._Embassy,_Saigon,_30_March_1965.jpg"},{"link_name":"French Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statetimeline-1"},{"link_name":"State of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Bảo Đại","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i"},{"link_name":"Edmund A. Gullion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_A._Gullion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statetimeline-1"},{"link_name":"Geneva Accords of 1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Accords_of_1954"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statetimeline-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statetimeline-1"},{"link_name":"Hàm Nghi Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstembassy-2"}],"text":"First U.S. embassy on Hàm Nghi Boulevard after the bombingThe U.S. diplomatic presence in Saigon was established on December 9, 1907, as a consulate. It acted as a representative to French Indochina succeeding an American commercial agent that had been established in Saigon in 1889.[1] The United States granted recognition to the State of Vietnam led by the Bảo Đại government in 1950, and on February 17, the Consulate-General in Saigon was elevated to Legation status with Edmund A. Gullion as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim.[1] Following the Geneva Accords of 1954 and the subsequent partitioning into North Vietnam and South Vietnam, the United States did not extend diplomatic recognition to North Vietnam.[1] On June 24, 1952, after the U.S. Senate confirmed Donald R. Heath as the U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam, the Legation in Saigon's status was raised and the embassy was formally established.[1] The first embassy was located at 39 Hàm Nghi Boulevard and the original building remains there today.[2]","title":"First embassy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scene_of_Viet_Cong_terrorist_bombing_in_Saigon,_Republic_of_Vietnam.,_1965.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Barbara Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Robbins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Tran Van Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Vietnam)#List_of_ministers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"1965 embassy bombing","text":"Wreckage from Viet Cong car bombOn March 30, 1965, the Viet Cong detonated a car-bomb outside the embassy.[3] The attack occurred when a Vietnamese policeman began arguing with the driver of a car parked in front of the embassy but the driver refused to leave and then another Viet Cong member drove up alongside the car and fired on the policeman.[4] Quickly following the brief exchange of fire, the car, which contained 300 pounds of plastic explosives, detonated in front of the embassy killing two Americans, one female CIA employee, Barbara Robbins and another American, as well as 19 Vietnamese and one Filipino serving in the U.S. Navy along with injuring 183 others.[3][4] The U.S. Congress appropriated $1 million to reconstruct the embassy in a new location following the attack and although retaliatory raids on North Vietnam were suggested, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson refused.[3] Following the attack, South Vietnamese Foreign Minister Tran Van Do posthumously decorated Barbara Robbins and the Filipino navy serviceman with the Medal of Honor First Class.[5]","title":"First embassy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Second chancery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Embassy_Saigon_chancery_building_under_construction_1966.jpg"},{"link_name":"Le Duan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9n_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Bến Nghé River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%BFn_Ngh%C3%A9_River"},{"link_name":"Saigon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassythesis-6"},{"link_name":"Presidential Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Palace"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Model_of_US_embassy_in_Saigon_1975.JPG"},{"link_name":"Museum of Ho Chi Minh City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Ho_Chi_Minh_City"},{"link_name":"Curtis and Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_and_Davis_Architects_and_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"link_name":"RMK-BRJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMK-BRJ"},{"link_name":"Officer in Charge of Construction RVN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_in_Charge_of_Construction_RVN"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Saigon.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oberdorfer-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyplans-7"}],"sub_title":"Embassy compound","text":"Chancery under construction, 1966Due to security concerns following the 1965 bombing, it was decided that a new embassy with greater protection would be constructed. The site selected was a 3.18-acre (12,900 m2) site known as the Norodom Compound at No 4 Thong Nhut (now Le Duan) Boulevard at the corner of Thong Nhut and Mac Dinh Chi Street, near to where the Bến Nghé River enters the Saigon River.[6] The embassy was next to the French embassy, opposite the British embassy, and located near the Presidential Palace.[7]Model of the second chancery in the Museum of Ho Chi Minh City.Although originally designed in early 1965 by the firm Curtis and Davis, their design had only called for three stories and due to the increased U.S. commitment in Vietnam, a larger building was needed. As such in November 1965 the firm Adrian Wilson and Associates were selected to redesign the building.[7] The new design originally called for four stories but was then raised to six, and was built between 1965 and 1967 by the American construction company RMK-BRJ under the direction of the U.S. Navy Officer in Charge of Construction RVN. RMK-BRJ employed a workforce of 500 Vietnamese, primarily using materials from the U.S. due to the scarcity of commodities in South Vietnam at the time.[7] Despite that the sand and gravel used in the concrete mix, along with the walkway tiles, and the bricks used in all the interior walls were sourced from Vietnam.[7] The embassy was opened on September 29, 1967, after more than two years of construction and cost a total of 2.6 million dollars.[7]The second chancery exterior in 1968The embassy comprised two separate compounds, a consular compound sealed off by a separate wall and steel gate and the embassy compound with the chancery, behind it was a parking lot, a two-story villa used as a residence by the mission coordinator (a civilian assistant to the United States Ambassador to South Vietnam), a motor pool and other facilities.[8] There were two entry gates, a pedestrian entrance on Thong Nhut Boulevard and a vehicle entrance on Mac Dinh Chi Street.[7]\nThe new chancery was a distinctive six-story white concrete building, with a concrete lattice facade that served to both cool the building and deflect rockets and other projectiles. Due to both aesthetics and security, the chancery was set back from the street.[7] The chancery was a rectangular building, 208 feet (63 m) by 49 feet (15 m), and was enclosed in a walled compound that is 437 feet (133 m) by 318 feet (97 m) (3.18 acres).[7] It was located 60 feet (18 m) inside the compound, protected from both streets by an 8 feet (2.4 m) wall with a 6 inches (150 mm)-thick mixture of cement and marble chips.[7] The lattice facade extends from the first story to the roof, covering the entire building in a protective white terrazzo sunscreen.[7] It was separated from the concrete walls and the shatterproof plexiglass windows of the chancery by five feet of space.[7]The chancery was designed for a staff of 200, with 49,670 square feet of office space comprising 140 offices.[7] There were also executive offices on the third floor for the Ambassador's office and other high-ranking members of the Mission.[7] It was also air conditioned, had its own water filtration system, and at the rear of the compound, had a power plant consisting of four 350 kilowatt generators.[7] The chancery also had small helipad (75x49-feet) on the roof.[7] A concrete awning extended from the chancery out over the pedestrian entrance on Thong Nhut Boulevard.The old embassy on Hàm Nghi Boulevard remained in use as an embassy annex.","title":"Second chancery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rat_Hole!.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DeadVietCong1968.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MPs_escort_a_Vietcong_captive_out_of_the_US_Embassy_on_31_January_1968.jpg"},{"link_name":"sappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappers"},{"link_name":"716th Military Police Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/716th_Military_Police_Battalion"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-716mpvietnam.org-9"},{"link_name":"18th Military Police Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Military_Police_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Marine Security Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Security_Guard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oberdorfer-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Brien-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Beretta M12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beretta_M12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oberdorfer-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oberdorfer-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oberdorfer-8"},{"link_name":"William Westmoreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oberdorfer-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oberdorfer-8"},{"link_name":"101st Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oberdorfer-8"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oberdorfer-8"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"EST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"ICT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina_Time"},{"link_name":"Huntley–Brinkley Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huntley%E2%80%93Brinkley_Report"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oberdorfer-8"}],"sub_title":"Tet Offensive","text":"Hole blown in embassy perimeter wall through which the Viet Cong entered the embassy groundsViet Cong sapper dead in a planter on the embassy groundsMPs escort a Viet Cong captive away from the embassyOn the early morning of 31 January 1968, as part of the Tet Offensive, 19 Viet Cong sappers from the elite C-10 Sapper Battalion attacked the embassy. The VC were engaged by two military policemen from the 716th Military Police Battalion[9] – part of the 18th Military Police Brigade – at the vehicle entrance on Mac Dinh Chi Street who raised the alarm. Inside the chancery building U.S. Marines of the Marine Security Guard sealed the building.[8]: 9–10 [10]Minutes later at 02:47, the VC blew a small hole in the perimeter wall on Thong Nhut Boulevard and gained access to the embassy compound. The first two VC that crawled through the hole and into the grounds were shot and killed by the two MPs in their guard post at the Mac Dinh Chi Street entrance. The MPs radioed for help before being killed by VC fire.[11][12] An MP Jeep patrol responded to the calls for help from the embassy but as they approached the embassy they were met by automatic weapons fire from the VC that were outside the wall, killing both MPs.[13][14]In addition to three marines, there were two Vietnamese and six American civilians inside the chancery building at the time of the attack. The Americans armed themselves with .38 revolvers, Beretta M12 submachine guns and a shotgun and waited for the VC to come inside.[8]: 12–13  Outside in the embassy grounds, the VC were unsure of their next move as both their leaders had both been killed after they entered the embassy grounds. The VC could easily have blasted their way into the chancery had they been ordered to do so; instead they took positions in or near the circular planters around the chancery and returned fire at the growing numbers of Americans shooting at them.[8]: 23–24The remaining marines of the Marine Security Guard detachment were organised into quick reaction teams and headed to the embassy where they laid fire on the embassy gardens.[8]: 14At 04:20, General William Westmoreland ordered the 716th MP Battalion to clear the embassy as their first priority. Lacking armored vehicles and helicopters, the MPs moved in more troops to cordon off the embassy.[8]: 23  The tactical situation was confused by darkness and the poor communications within the chancery and between the chancery and the MPs and marines outside the embassy compound.[8]: 24As dawn broke on the morning of 31 January, MPs and marines entered the embassy grounds and within a few minutes, they easily killed all of the few surviving VC for most of them by then were already dead or dying in the embassy garden from the prolonged firefight. At the same time, a helicopter carrying troops from the 101st Airborne Division landed on the roof and proceeded to sweep the chancery building, finding no VC inside.[8]: 29–30By 09:00, the embassy was declared secure. Of the 19 VC that attacked the building, 18 had been killed and one wounded VC was captured. US losses were 4 MPs and 1 marine killed.The first news reports of the embassy attack were sent by the Associated Press at 03:15 based on fragmentary information, a later report stated that three VC had entered the embassy grounds.[8]: 16  The news reports from the embassy reflected the confused tactical situation. At 07:25, the Associated Press carried a story stating that the VC had seized part of the first floor of the embassy building and that U.S. forces were being held back by fire from the embassy building. This report was picked up by NBC news who, on the 18:30 EST (06:30 ICT) Huntley–Brinkley Report, broadcast that the VC occupied the first floor of the embassy building and that U.S. forces were in the embassy grounds exchanging fire with them.[8]: 27–28  Later news reports corrected the facts of the attack, but the initial reports had shocked the American public.While the embassy attack (like much of the Tet Offensive) was tactically insignificant, it had a profound political and psychological impact. The United States had been fighting in Vietnam for over two-and-a-half years, 20,000 Americans had been killed and despite the presence of nearly 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam, the VC had managed to penetrate the U.S. Embassy.","title":"Second chancery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-716mpvietnam.org-9"}],"sub_title":"Post-Tet offensive","text":"On 4 November 1968, Ambassador Bunker presented a scroll of appreciation to LTC Tyler H. Fletcher, commanding officer of the 716th Military Police Battalion for their role in defending the embassy. Ambassador Bunker also dedicated a plaque in the chancery lobby commemorating the four MPs and one marine who died defending the embassy.[9]A fire-bomb attack on the embassy took place on 18 February 1971.","title":"Second chancery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Operation Frequent Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind"},{"link_name":"9th Marine Amphibious Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Marine_Expeditionary_Brigade_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Graham Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Martin"},{"link_name":"Richard E. Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Carey"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"USS Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hancock_(CV-19)"},{"link_name":"Air America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_America_(airline)"},{"link_name":"DAO Compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Attach%C3%A9_Office,_Saigon_(1973%E2%80%931975)"},{"link_name":"Marine Security Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Security_Guard"},{"link_name":"landing zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_zone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kean-16"},{"link_name":"Tan Son Nhut Air Base was bombed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"A-37 Dragonflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_A-37_Dragonfly"},{"link_name":"RVNAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese People's Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_People%27s_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"People's Army of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Homer D. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_D._Smith"},{"link_name":"Operation Frequent Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunham-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunham-17"},{"link_name":"UH-1s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1"},{"link_name":"CH-46 Sea Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_CH-46_Sea_Knight"},{"link_name":"CH-53 Sea Stallions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-53_Sea_Stallion"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kean-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embassy_LZs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pittman Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_Gia_Long_Street"},{"link_name":"Hubert van Es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_van_Es"},{"link_name":"Seventh Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kean-16"},{"link_name":"2nd Battalion, 4th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Battalion,_4th_Marines"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunham-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunham-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kean-16"},{"link_name":"Task Force 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Force_76"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kean-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunham-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunham-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kean-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kean-16"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunham-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kean-16"},{"link_name":"Seabees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabee_(US_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kean-16"},{"link_name":"HMM-165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-165"},{"link_name":"USS Blue Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Blue_Ridge_(LCC-19)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunham-17"},{"link_name":"HMM-164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-164"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunham-17"},{"link_name":"USS Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Okinawa_(LPH-3)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kean-16"},{"link_name":"PAVN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAVN"},{"link_name":"Reunification Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunification_Palace"},{"link_name":"Viet Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunham-17"},{"link_name":"Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Leatherneck_Aviation_Museum"}],"text":"See also: Fall of Saigon and Operation Frequent WindOn 12 April 1975, the 9th Marine Amphibious Brigade (9th MAB), which was to supply helicopters and a security force for the evacuation, sent a delegation to consult with Ambassador Graham Martin on current plans. Ambassador Martin told them that he would not tolerate any outward signs that the United States intended to abandon South Vietnam. All planning would have to be conducted with the utmost discretion. Brigadier General Richard E. Carey, commander of the 9th MAB, flew to Saigon the next day to see Ambassador Martin, he later said that ‘The visit was cold, non-productive and appeared to be an irritant to the Ambassador’.[15]On 25 April, 40 marines from the 9th MAB on the USS Hancock were flown in by Air America helicopters in civilian clothes to the DAO Compound to augment the 18 Marine Security Guards assigned to defend the embassy, an additional 6 marines were assigned to protect Ambassador Martin.Ambassador Martin remained optimistic that a negotiated settlement could be reached whereby the United States would not have to pull out of South Vietnam and, in an effort to avert defeatism and panic he specifically instructed Major James Kean, commanding officer of the Marine Security Guard Battalion and ground support force commander United States Embassy Compound, that he could not begin to remove trees and shrubbery which prevented the use of the embassy parking lot as a helicopter landing zone.[16]On 28 April at 18:00 Tan Son Nhut Air Base was bombed by three A-37 Dragonflies piloted by former RVNAF pilots who had defected to the Vietnamese People's Air Force at the fall of Da Nang. Sporadic People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) rocket and artillery attacks also started to hit the airport, increasing to 40 rounds per hour by 04:00 on 29 April.At 07:00, Major General Homer D. Smith, the defense attache, advised Ambassador Martin that fixed wing evacuations should cease and that Operation Frequent Wind, the helicopter evacuation of U.S. personnel and at-risk Vietnamese should commence. Ambassador Martin refused to accept General Smith's recommendation and instead insisted on visiting Tan Son Nhut to survey the situation for himself. Finally at 10:51 the order was given to commence Operation Frequent Wind, however due to confusion in the chain of command General Carey did not receive the execute order until 12:15.[17]The two major evacuation points chosen for Operation Frequent Wind were the DAO Compound adjacent to Tan Son Nhut Airport for American civilian and Vietnamese evacuees and the embassy for embassy staff.[17]: 196By the morning of 29 April it was estimated that approximately 10,000 people had gathered around the embassy, while some 2,500 evacuees were in the embassy and consular compounds. From 10:00 to 12:00 Major Kean and his marines cut down trees and moved vehicles to create an LZ in the embassy parking lot behind the chancery building. Two LZs were now available in the embassy compound, the rooftop for UH-1s and CH-46 Sea Knights and the new parking lot LZ for the heavier CH-53 Sea Stallions.[16]: 5Aerial view of the US embassy, Saigon, showing Thong Nhut Boulevard on the far left, the chancery building (left), parking lot (center) and consulate compound and French embassy (top)Air America UH-1s began ferrying evacuees from other smaller assembly points throughout the city (including the Pittman Building, famously photographed by Hubert van Es) and dropping them on the embassy's rooftop LZ.At 15:00 the first CH-53s were sighted heading towards the DAO Compound at Tan Son Nhut. Major Kean contacted the Seventh Fleet to advise them of his airlift requirements; until that time the fleet believed that all evacuees had been bussed from the embassy to the DAO Compound and that only two helicopters would be required to evacuate the Ambassador and the marines from the embassy.[16]: 6At 17:00 the first CH-46 landed at the embassy. Between 19:00 and 21:00 on 29 April approximately 130 additional marines from 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines were lifted from the DAO Compound to reinforce perimeter security at the embassy,[17]: 195  bringing the total number of marines at the embassy to 175.[17]: 196  The evacuation from the DAO Compound was completed by about 19:00, after which all helicopters would be routed to the embassy; however, Major Kean was informed that operations would cease at dark. Major Kean advised that the LZ would be well lit and had vehicles moved around the parking lot LZ with their engines running and headlights on to illuminate the LZ.[16]: 6At 21:30 a CH-53 pilot informed Major Kean that the Admiral Whitmire, Commander of Task Force 76 had ordered that operations cease at 23:00. Major Kean saw Ambassador Martin to request that he contact the Oval Office to ensure that the airlift continued. Ambassador Martin soon sent word back to Major Kean that sorties would continue to be flown.[16]: 6  At the same time, General Carey met with Admiral Whitmire to convince him to resume flights to the embassy despite pilot weariness and poor visibility caused by darkness, fires and bad weather.[17]: 198By 02:15 on 30 April, one CH-46 and one CH-53 were landing at the embassy every 10 minutes, with the embassy indicating that another 19 lifts would complete the evacuation.[17]: 199  At the time, Major Kean estimated that there were still some 850 non-American evacuees and 225 Americans (including the marines), Ambassador Martin told Major Kean to do the best he could.[16]: 7  At 03:00, Ambassador Martin ordered Major Kean to move all the remaining evacuees into the parking lot LZ which was the marines' final perimeter.[16]: 7  At 03:27 President Gerald Ford ordered that no more than 19 additional lifts be allowed to complete the evacuation.[17]: 200At 04:30 with the 19 lift limit already exceeded, Major Kean went to the rooftop LZ and spoke over a helicopter radio with General Carey who advised that President Ford had ordered that the airlift be limited to U.S. personnel and General Carey, Commanding General, 9th MAB, ordered Major Kean to withdraw his men into the chancery building and withdraw to the rooftop LZ for evacuation.[16]: 7  Major Kean returned to the ground floor of the chancery and ordered his men to withdraw into a large semicircle at the main entrance to the chancery. Most of the marines were inside the chancery when the crowds outside the embassy broke through the gates into the compound. The marines closed and bolted the chancery door, the elevators were locked by Seabees on the 6th floor and the marines withdrew up the stairwells locking grill gates behind them. On the ground floor a water tanker was driven through the chancery door, and the crowd began to surge up through the building toward the rooftop. The marines on the rooftop had sealed the doors to the rooftop and were using mace to discourage the crowd from trying to break through. Sporadic gunfire from around the embassy passed over the rooftop.[16]: 7–8At 04:58 Ambassador Martin boarded a USMC CH-46, call-sign \"Lady Ace 09\" of HMM-165 and was flown to the USS Blue Ridge. When Lady Ace 09 transmitted \"Tiger is out\", those helicopters still flying thought the mission was complete, thereby delaying the evacuation to the marines from the embassy rooftop.[17]: 200CH-46s evacuated the Battalion Landing Team by 07:00, and after an anxious wait a lone CH-46 \"Swift 2-2\" of HMM-164[17]: 200  arrived to evacuate Major Kean and the ten remaining men of the Marine Security Guards; this last helicopter took off at 07:53 on 30 April and landed on USS Okinawa at 09:30.[16]: 8  At 11:30 PAVN tanks smashed through the gates of the presidential palace (now the Reunification Palace) and raised the Viet Cong flag over the building; the Vietnam War was over.Marine pilots accumulated 1,054 flight hours and flew 682 sorties throughout Operation Frequent Wind, evacuating 5,000 from Tan Son Nhut and 978 U.S. and 1,120 Vietnamese and third-country nationals from the embassy.[17]: 201  Some 400 evacuees were left behind at the embassy, including over 100 South Korean citizens.Lady Ace 09, CH-46 serial number 154803 is now on display at the Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum in San Diego, California.","title":"Fall of Saigon and Operation Frequent Wind"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Ng%C3%A2n_H%C3%A0ng.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_US_Embassy,_Saigon_April_1998.jpg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyafter-18"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyafter-18"},{"link_name":"PetroVietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PetroVietnam"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyafter-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Site_of_the_former_US_Embassy_Saigon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyafter-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyafter-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"Consulate-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Museum"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque_commemorating_the_Marine_and_4_MPs_who_died_defending_the_U.S._Embassy_Saigon_on_31_January_1968.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"Pete Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Peterson"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyafter-18"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-25"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyafter-18"},{"link_name":"Fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"War Remnants Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Remnants_Museum"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-embassyafter-18"}],"text":"Former first embassy building in 2011Former chancery building, from across Le Duan Boulevard, shortly before its demolition in April 1998Shortly after taking Saigon on April 30, North Vietnamese soldiers and intelligence officers went to the deserted embassy where they found numerous classified documents left behind.[18] Most documents were shredded. Of those shredded, some were not burnt in time and the pieces were reconstituted and used to track down South Vietnamese employees of the U.S. government including of the Central Intelligence Agency.[18]The embassy building as well as the UK embassy located across the street were used as the offices of the Vietnamese national oil company, PetroVietnam, throughout the 1980s.[18][19]Site of embassy compound in 2003Following the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, a new U.S. embassy was opened in Hanoi in 1995 and the site of the former U.S. Embassy in Saigon was handed back to the U.S. government.[18] It was decided that the former embassy building was unusable after more than 20 years of neglect in Vietnam's tropical climate,[20] but also that because the history of the building itself carried such negative connotations, it did not fit with the new U.S.–Vietnam relationship.[18] The former embassy building was demolished between the period of May and July 1998 during which two Vietnamese demolition workers died after falling several stories down an elevator shaft.[21] The new Consulate-General was built on the old consular compound adjacent to the old embassy site.[22] During the demolition of the embassy the ladder leading from the embassy rooftop to the helipad was removed and sent back to the United States, where it is now on display at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum.[23][24]Plaque commemorating U.S. soldiers who died defending the embassy during the Tet OffensiveIn early 1998, the Vietnamese government erected a red-stone memorial to the Viet Cong who fought in the embassy during the Tet offensive on the sidewalk outside the main gate of the former embassy compound which still remains there today.[21] Before the demolition the U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam at the time, Pete Peterson, suggested that the former embassy site be used to earn money as the compound was in the middle of an expensive business district, and although there were discussions of building an office tower at the site to lease to private tenants, nothing was ever built.[21]Some visible remnants of the old embassy remain, most notably the large, round concrete planters which sat in front of the embassy and were used as firing positions by the Viet Cong during the Tet Offensive attack.[18] Other remnants of the old embassy include a large banyan tree in the parking lot that dates back to the nineteenth century as well as a flagpole near the Le Duan entrance that was a gift from the Standard Oil Company in 1929 and has been used at all U.S. diplomatic missions in Saigon since then.[25] The base of that flagpole is made of black granite salvaged from the old embassy building.[25] The current site of the embassy building is now used for large receptions and soccer practice by the Consulate staff.[25]On November 14, 2002, a dedication ceremony was held for the replacement plaque commemorating the U.S. Marine security guard and the four military policemen who were killed defending the embassy.[18] The original plaque was left at the embassy during the Fall of Saigon and was subsequently on display at the War Remnants Museum before disappearing.[18]","title":"Postwar period to present"}]
[{"image_text":"First U.S. embassy on Hàm Nghi Boulevard after the bombing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/NH_93964_Bombing_of_the_U.S._Embassy%2C_Saigon%2C_30_March_1965.jpg/220px-NH_93964_Bombing_of_the_U.S._Embassy%2C_Saigon%2C_30_March_1965.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wreckage from Viet Cong car bomb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Scene_of_Viet_Cong_terrorist_bombing_in_Saigon%2C_Republic_of_Vietnam.%2C_1965.jpg/220px-Scene_of_Viet_Cong_terrorist_bombing_in_Saigon%2C_Republic_of_Vietnam.%2C_1965.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chancery under construction, 1966","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/US_Embassy_Saigon_chancery_building_under_construction_1966.jpg/220px-US_Embassy_Saigon_chancery_building_under_construction_1966.jpg"},{"image_text":"Model of the second chancery in the Museum of Ho Chi Minh City.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Model_of_US_embassy_in_Saigon_1975.JPG/220px-Model_of_US_embassy_in_Saigon_1975.JPG"},{"image_text":"The second chancery exterior in 1968","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Embassy_of_the_United_States%2C_Saigon.jpg/220px-Embassy_of_the_United_States%2C_Saigon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hole blown in embassy perimeter wall through which the Viet Cong entered the embassy grounds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rat_Hole%21.jpg/220px-Rat_Hole%21.jpg"},{"image_text":"Viet Cong sapper dead in a planter on the embassy grounds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/DeadVietCong1968.jpg/220px-DeadVietCong1968.jpg"},{"image_text":"MPs escort a Viet Cong captive away from the embassy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/MPs_escort_a_Vietcong_captive_out_of_the_US_Embassy_on_31_January_1968.jpg/220px-MPs_escort_a_Vietcong_captive_out_of_the_US_Embassy_on_31_January_1968.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of the US embassy, Saigon, showing Thong Nhut Boulevard on the far left, the chancery building (left), parking lot (center) and consulate compound and French embassy (top)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Embassy_LZs.jpg/220px-Embassy_LZs.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former first embassy building in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Ng%C3%A2n_H%C3%A0ng.JPG/220px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Ng%C3%A2n_H%C3%A0ng.JPG"},{"image_text":"Former chancery building, from across Le Duan Boulevard, shortly before its demolition in April 1998","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Former_US_Embassy%2C_Saigon_April_1998.jpg/220px-Former_US_Embassy%2C_Saigon_April_1998.jpg"},{"image_text":"Site of embassy compound in 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Site_of_the_former_US_Embassy_Saigon.jpg/220px-Site_of_the_former_US_Embassy_Saigon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plaque commemorating U.S. soldiers who died defending the embassy during the Tet Offensive","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Plaque_commemorating_the_Marine_and_4_MPs_who_died_defending_the_U.S._Embassy_Saigon_on_31_January_1968.jpg/220px-Plaque_commemorating_the_Marine_and_4_MPs_who_died_defending_the_U.S._Embassy_Saigon_on_31_January_1968.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Consulate-General of the United States in Ho Chi Minh City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City"},{"title":"Embassy of the United States, Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Mogadishu"},{"title":"hastily evacuated by airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eastern_Exit"},{"title":"United States Ambassador to South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_South_Vietnam"},{"title":"United States–Vietnam relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations"}]
[{"reference":"\"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Vietnam\". United States Department of State. Retrieved February 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.state.gov/countries/vietnam","url_text":"\"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Vietnam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State","url_text":"United States Department of State"}]},{"reference":"Corfield, Justin (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City. Anthem Press. p. 312. ISBN 9780857282354.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pdAZBQAAQBAJ&q=39+H%C3%A0m+Nghi+Boulevard&pg=PA312","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857282354","url_text":"9780857282354"}]},{"reference":"\"Bomb explodes outside U.S. Embassy in Saigon\". History Channel. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924054849/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bomb-explodes-outside-us-embassy-in-saigon","url_text":"\"Bomb explodes outside U.S. Embassy in Saigon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)","url_text":"History Channel"},{"url":"http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bomb-explodes-outside-us-embassy-in-saigon","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shapira, Ian (May 6, 2012). \"Barbara Robbins: A slain CIA secretary's life and death\". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/barbara-robbins-a-slain-cia-secretarys-life-and-death/2012/05/06/gIQANtw25T_story.html","url_text":"\"Barbara Robbins: A slain CIA secretary's life and death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Two Dead in Blast Honored in Saigon\". The New York Times. April 2, 1965. Retrieved February 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A06EEDA153CE733A25751C0A9629C946491D6CF","url_text":"\"Two Dead in Blast Honored in Saigon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Major Robert J. O'Brien, US Army (June 12, 2009). The Attack on the American Embassy During Tet, 1968: Factors That Turned a Tactical Victory Into A Political Defeat (PDF) (Master of Military Art and Science). United States Army Command and General Staff College. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA502004.pdf","url_text":"The Attack on the American Embassy During Tet, 1968: Factors That Turned a Tactical Victory Into A Political Defeat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College","url_text":"United States Army Command and General Staff College"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150222151708/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA502004","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"US Embassy Design and Construction\" (PDF). American Embassy Saigon, Marines and Civilians. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150222114633/http://www.saigonmac.org/resources/Embassy+building+history.pdf","url_text":"\"US Embassy Design and Construction\""},{"url":"http://www.saigonmac.org/resources/Embassy+building+history.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oberdorfer, Don (1971). Tet!: The Turning Point in the Vietnam War. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-8018-6703-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r6lQ-430NL0C","url_text":"Tet!: The Turning Point in the Vietnam War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6703-7","url_text":"0-8018-6703-7"}]},{"reference":"Robert J. O'Brien (2009). \"The Attack on the American Embassy during Tet, 1968: Factors that turned a tactical victory into a political defeat\" (PDF). U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. pp. 68–69. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a502004.pdf","url_text":"\"The Attack on the American Embassy during Tet, 1968: Factors that turned a tactical victory into a political defeat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210126013849/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a502004.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SP4 Charles L Daniel\". The Virtual Wall. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717043542/http://thewall-usa.com/info.asp?recid=11842","url_text":"\"SP4 Charles L Daniel\""},{"url":"http://thewall-usa.com/info.asp?recid=11842","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CPL William M Sebast\". The Virtual Wall. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717043547/http://thewall-usa.com/info.asp?recid=46513","url_text":"\"CPL William M Sebast\""},{"url":"http://thewall-usa.com/info.asp?recid=46513","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SGT Johnie B Thomas\". The Virtual Wall. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717043555/http://thewall-usa.com/info.asp?recid=51679","url_text":"\"SGT Johnie B Thomas\""},{"url":"http://thewall-usa.com/info.asp?recid=51679","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SP4 Owen E Mebust\". The Virtual Wall. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717043538/http://thewall-usa.com/info.asp?recid=34592","url_text":"\"SP4 Owen E Mebust\""},{"url":"http://thewall-usa.com/info.asp?recid=34592","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Air America: Played a Crucial Part of the Emergency Helicopter Evacuation of Saigon\". History Net: Where History Comes Alive - World & US History Online. 12 June 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historynet.com/air-america-played-a-crucial-part-of-the-emergency-helicopter-evacuation-of-saigon.htm","url_text":"\"Air America: Played a Crucial Part of the Emergency Helicopter Evacuation of Saigon\""}]},{"reference":"Kean, Major James H. \"After Action Report 17 April ~ 7 May 1975\". p. 3. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101029053404/http://fallofsaigon.org/final.htm","url_text":"\"After Action Report 17 April ~ 7 May 1975\""},{"url":"http://fallofsaigon.org/final.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dunham, George R (1990). U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Bitter End, 1973-1975 (Marine Corps Vietnam Operational Historical Series). Marine Corps Association. p. 183. ISBN 978016026455-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheBitterEnd","url_text":"U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Bitter End, 1973-1975 (Marine Corps Vietnam Operational Historical Series)"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheBitterEnd/page/n193","url_text":"183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978016026455-9","url_text":"978016026455-9"}]},{"reference":"Corfield, Justin (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City. Anthem Press. pp. 314–315. ISBN 9780857282354.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qBybCK8NjkEC&q=petro+vietnam+us+embassy&pg=PA314","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857282354","url_text":"9780857282354"}]},{"reference":"\"Valdez Email\". American Embassy Saigon, Marines and Civilians. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150222093133/http://www.saigonmac.org/11.html","url_text":"\"Valdez Email\""},{"url":"http://www.saigonmac.org/11.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kempster, Norman (September 8, 1999). \"Albright Opens Consulate Near Infamous Saigon Spot\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1999/sep/08/news/mn-7862","url_text":"\"Albright Opens Consulate Near Infamous Saigon Spot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Landler, Mark (August 15, 1998). \"Ho Chi Minh City Journal; U.S. Embassy Passes Into History. Coming Soon: Real Estate Deals\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/15/world/ho-chi-minh-city-journal-us-embassy-passes-into-history-coming-soon-real-estate.html","url_text":"\"Ho Chi Minh City Journal; U.S. Embassy Passes Into History. Coming Soon: Real Estate Deals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Perlez, Jane (September 8, 1999). \"A U.S. Office Opens, Stirring Saigon Memories\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/08/world/a-us-office-opens-stirring-saigon-memories.html","url_text":"\"A U.S. Office Opens, Stirring Saigon Memories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Leadership in Diplomacy\". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606090006/http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/museum/exhibits/permanent/Shuttle-Diplomacy.asp","url_text":"\"Leadership in Diplomacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Library","url_text":"Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library"},{"url":"https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/museum/exhibits/permanent/Shuttle-Diplomacy.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gerald R. Ford's Remarks at the Opening of the Ford Museum's Saigon Staircase Exhibit, Grand Rapids Michigan\". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. April 10, 1999. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023053136/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/LIBRARY/SPEECHES/990410.asp","url_text":"\"Gerald R. Ford's Remarks at the Opening of the Ford Museum's Saigon Staircase Exhibit, Grand Rapids Michigan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Library","url_text":"Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library"},{"url":"http://www.ford.utexas.edu/LIBRARY/SPEECHES/990410.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vestiges of the Past\" (PDF). United States Department of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150222103708/http://photos.state.gov/libraries/hochiminh/174995/pdf/congen-history.pdf","url_text":"\"Vestiges of the Past\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State","url_text":"United States Department of State"},{"url":"https://photos.state.gov/libraries/hochiminh/174995/pdf/congen-history.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College_Melbourne
St Joseph's College, Melbourne
["1 North","2 Sport","3 College crest","4 Associated schools","5 College history","5.1 1903–1930","5.2 1940–1960","5.3 1980–2010","5.4 Dark days","5.5 Post 2010","6 Alumni","6.1 Australian rules football","6.2 Clergy","6.3 General","6.4 Politics and public service","6.5 Sport","7 College principals","8 School song and war cry","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°48′14″S 144°57′17″E / 37.8039°S 144.9548°E / -37.8039; 144.9548For other schools of the same name, see Saint Joseph's College (disambiguation). Independent secondary school for boys school in Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaSt Joseph's College MelbourneLocationMelbourne, VictoriaAustraliaCoordinates37°48′14″S 144°57′17″E / 37.8039°S 144.9548°E / -37.8039; 144.9548InformationTypeIndependent secondary school for boysMottoLuceat Lux Vestra(Let your light shine)Established1903FounderIrish Christian BrothersClosedDecember 2010ClassesYear 7–12CampusNorth Melbourne and Pascoe ValeColour(s)Purple, white, gold & blue     AffiliationRoman Catholic, Christian Brothers, ACC St Joseph's College Melbourne was a Roman Catholic secondary college which opened early in 1903 and closed at the end of 2010. It was part of the Association of Edmund Rice schools, founded and run in the tradition of the Christian Brothers. Between the years 2000 and 2009 it formally operated two campuses, a senior campus (VCE and VET) located in Queensberry Street, North Melbourne, Victoria and a junior campus (Years 7–10), in Brearley Parade, Pascoe Vale, Victoria. These two campuses were previously known as St. Joseph's College, North Melbourne and St. Joseph's College, Pascoe Vale respectively. North College buildings, from left, Whelan Building, Les McCarthy wing and main building as seen from Queensberry Street, 2014 Throughout its life the school provided students, from a wide variety of cultural and economic backgrounds, with an opportunity to enter a range of careers. Many of its pupils went on to become respected members in their chosen fields which included the financial and business sectors, the medical profession, law and politics, industry, sporting and religious communities. While the two campuses lacked the open playing fields of its wealthier cousins, students had access to a range of local facilities. The North Melbourne campus for example, close to the Melbourne City Centre, was within walking distance of world class universities, museums, libraries, historical and athletic venues. Likewise the Pascoe Vale campus was able to make use of several nearby ovals and both were close to excellent public transport links. Sport Swimming Team 1940, winners of the Walsh Shield (Kevin Dynon, seated second from left) Sport was an important ingredient in the education of boys attending North. The school had its own football squad as early as 1906 when it played its first match against Christian Brothers College, St Kilda at Albert Park where it scored 2 points. As enrolments grew then so did the involvement in other sports, often in competition with other schools. Inter school athletics, handball and tennis competitions, such as those conducted by the then Combined Catholic Schools Association organisation, were held as early as 1911. The College was a founding member of the Association and won the Athletics Championship in 1914. Their famous 70 meter long banners, North is Speed, Power, and a cheer squad, led by the Committee organizing War cries, or COW, where notable features of the annual competitions at the Olympic Park Stadium. St Joseph's College students also became members of one of the schools sporting houses or teams. These built on the existing pastoral class groupings to generate team spirit during sporting carnivals with students wearing their team colors. These houses, later named after four early headmasters of the college, were: Hogan   McSweeney   Geoghegan   Kelly   College crest At the time of amalgamation in 2000 a new logo was developed to represent the college. This logo was composed of pre-existing elements which were representative of the school's history and philosophy. Set on a traditional heraldic background, in the form of a shield, it features a rampant Gryphon protecting a smaller inner shield bearing a large shining star, a symbol used by the Christian Brothers, supported by smaller stars in the shape of the southern cross. The entire design sits above a ribbon which includes the words, "Luceat Lux Vestra". The symbol appeared on the newly designed College uniform, which included a blazer after a lapse of a number of years, and various College medallions. The logo was used extensively on College publications and documents including Cynosura, the annual school magazine. Associated schools Over its long 107-year history the college was associated with a number of schools at one time or another. These included many primary, or feeder schools, to which the college Old Boys Association offered scholarships up until the 1950s. The school also had connections with a number of higher secondary colleges such as St Kevin's and Parade, East Melbourne. Although not exhaustive this list includes most of those known. Schools St Oliver Plunkett (Pascoe Vale) St Paul's (Coburg) St Fidelis (Moreland) St Mark's (Fawkner) St Matthew's (North Fawkner) St Thomas More (Hadfield) Corpus Christi (Glenroy) St Joseph's (West Brunswick) St Monica's (Moonee Ponds) St Brendan's (Flemington) St. Augustine's College, Yarraville St Columba's Primary (Essendon) Trinity College (Brunswick) St Mary's Primary School, West Melbourne Cathedral College, East Melbourne Therry College (Broadmeadows) St Thomas' (Clifton Hill) St Joseph's (North Fitzroy) St Joseph's Technical School, Abbotsford St Joseph's Technical School (South Melbourne) St Kevin's College (Toorak) St George's School, Carlton St Ambrose's School, Brunswick College history 1903–1930 Junior students classroom, circa 1913 St. Joseph's owes its early beginnings, in part, to the establishment of St Mary's Primary School, West Melbourne some 50 years earlier. With high numbers of Catholic children in the area needing education, members of the Christian Brothers were asked to take control of existing schools at West Melbourne and at Carlton. At the same time they were to establish a Brothers community and a secondary school in Queensberry Street, North Melbourne and this was completed by the end of 1902. This 'community house' was the residence of Brothers teaching at St. Mary's, St. George's (Carlton), St. Joseph's, and for a time, St. Augustine's College, Yarraville. The total cost of the building and furnishings was a little over £4516, £3000 of which was provided by local parish priests. The combined enrolment of St. Mary's, St, Joseph's and St. George's was 550 boys in 1903. In January 1903, Christian Brothers' High School, as it was then known, opened with an enrolment of 44 students. Staffed by three Christian Brothers, that number had grown to 112 by the beginning of 1904. Students were divided into eight classes; Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth, a Commercial Class, Sub-Matriculation and Matriculation Class. The first Principal was William J Hogan, followed by Francis A Kelly in 1904 and Matthew A Geoghegan in 1908. The first football team, featuring a large white star on its guernsey, was formed around 1906 and began a long tradition of involvement in a variety of sports. A year earlier a wooden handball court had been built, a first for any school in Melbourne and in 1913 this was replaced by a brick three wall court, said to be the best in Australia at the time. Over the next five decades the school hosted State and Interstate handball championships at various times. The court continued to be used by the Victorian Handball Association up until at least 2010 but in the second half of the century the popularity of handball was surpassed by team sports such as Australian Football. Early school Annuals indicate a variety of titles to identify the school and it was not until 1912 that the name "St. Joseph's" was formally added. Even though its naming varied slightly over the years, the school was more simply known to its students as "North". St Joseph's CBC North Melbourne, Queensberry Street, circa 1928 In 1913 the North Old Boys Association was formed to assist the school in serving its expanding school population (200 pupils in 1909) and the increasing need for finances as the period after the First World War was an economically difficult one. In the early years both Primary and Secondary school classes were conducted on the Queensberry Street site. The school was able to achieve impressive educational results from its pupils in Junior and Senior University and Public Service Examinations as results published in early Annuals show. Between 1918 and 1941, students wishing to study for their Leaving Certificate had to do so at St. Kevin's College. By 1921 the enrolment stood at 174 and handball had become the leading sport and both public and school tournaments were frequently held on the handball court. Athletics Shield winners 1930; left to right: B. Curran, R. Skinner, K. Bye, Mr. Pemberton, J. Hibbert, and R. Dalman 1940–1960 By 1940 the Christian Brothers' felt that the school had expanded to the point where it was able to take over the provision of night classes in a Catholic Accountancy school for young men in the Melbourne area. The classes started with 40 or 50 students but expanded, post war, to around 200 and provided study allowing its pupils to attain membership to the Australian Society of Accountants. Hundreds of young men attended there until 1969 when the night school closed. 1951 saw the first Matriculation class of 23 students graduate from the College which meant that it had attained full secondary school status. During the Golden Jubilee year of 1953, 122 boys were members of the College Cadet unit and provided a martial spectacle as they paraded before visiting dignitaries. Arthur Calwell, a prominent politician and old boy, was a guest speaker on one occasion as was Archbishop Daniel Mannix. The Preparatory College ready for its first students During the 1950s the growing school population, due partly to the post War migration boom, forced the college to purchase land and eventually build a second school in the suburb of Pascoe Vale. In 1956 the Preparatory College, as it was then known, opened under the guidance of Ernest S Crowle as principal, who was himself an old boy of the college. In its early years it provided tuition in Grades 4, 5, 6 and Form 1 and had an initial enrolment of 274. By 1970 the school had become entirely secondary with classes comprising Form 1 to 4. Traditionally students completed their "junior" studies (Grades 7 to 10) at Pascoe Vale and then transferred to the "senior" campus in North Melbourne. From its early beginnings the college was heavily involved in a range of sports and Australian Rules Football in particular. North's football teams were often considered tough opponents both within the local school competition and the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA) as the North Old Boys Amateur Football Club, or NOB's, which it rejoined in 1964 after a lapse in membership. In 2005 the North club amalgamated with St Patrick's College, Ballarat to become North Old Boys St. Parick's College Amateur Football Club. 1980–2010 During the later 1970s, 80s and into the 1990s, the Preparatory School in Pascoe Vale South, also known as St. Joseph's Junior College, with enrolments averaging around 490, took on a more independent identity to eventually be known as St. Joseph's College, Pascoe Vale. It had a separate administration, principal, School Board, registration number, logo and annual magazine, known as Scythia, to set it apart from its parent school, North. Beginning in 1997 preliminary discussions regarding the future of the two schools took place with a view to ensuring their continuing viability. The major issues included enrolments, student welfare, administrative structures, curriculum, staffing and finances. In 1998 the outcome of talks and independent reviews was that the schools should amalgamate within two years in order to remain a relevant and viable educational entity. The year 2000 saw the two sites formally amalgamated under a new name and banner to become the one College. It retained the traditional College colours of purple and white and College motto. A common uniform, which included a navy blue blazer with monogrammed logo, became mandatory. In 2003 the total student population was approximately 750 cared for by a single Principal, two Campus Directors and 92 staff. Quadrangle St Joseph's Pascoe Vale campus By 2008 the decision was made by Edmund Rice Education Australia (EREA) and the Christian Brothers to begin a phased closure of the college. The reasons behind the closure included falling enrolments (570 students), amenities and plant which had become outdated and partly rundown and issues related to student management and involvement. At the end of 2009 the Pascoe Vale campus closed and was stripped of any saleable assets; much was simply dumped leaving only the buildings. Those students who had stayed on were offered places, with some concessions, at other Catholic schools for the continuation of their studies. Likewise, staff, if they wished, were seconded to other schools prior to being declared redundant at the end of 2010. A number of past students were saddened by the closure of the school, they, and many parents, felt more could have been done by the Christian Brothers and EREA to allow it to remain open. During an address given in 2002 the leader of the Congregation of Christian Brothers, Philip Pinto, alluded to another reason for the changes needed to the existing College structure. In that address he urged his fellow Brothers to return to Edmund Rice's vision; a renewed commitment to young people on the margins of society. It is best summed up in the following, "to look at life from the standpoint of the minority, the victim, the outcast, and the stranger. In doing so we will be giving hope to those who presently have little hope." Dark days In 2004 a former principal of St Joseph's Preparatory College, Pascoe Vale, Keith Weston, pleaded guilty to, and was convicted of, a number of assault cases. These cases related to students who attended Christian Brothers led organizations and schools. Weston died in 2014 before he could be interviewed by Victoria Police concerning other cases of assault which had been brought to their attention. His actions and those of others were acknowledged during a closure event at the Pascoe Vale campus in 2009. Julian McDonald, in a newsletter published by the Christian Brothers, writes, "For us Christian Brothers, accepting the truth will mean acknowledging that a significant number of us have abused children in our care sexually, emotionally and physically. Abuse is, indeed, part of our sinful history." Weston was not alone as a minority of the members of the Congregation at a few schools also caused much hurt; as McDonald says in way of explaining this, "far too many ill-equipped and ill-formed". On 1 June 2017, Wayne Tinsey, speaking for Edmund Rice Education Australia, made a formal apology to victims of sexual abuse who were also past students of Christian Brothers schools across the country. Post 2010 St Joseph's FLC, Queensberry Street North Melbourne In 2010 extensive refurbishment work was carried out on the Pascoe Vale site by its new owners and later reopened as Saint Joseph Campus of Antonine College. At the end of the 2010 academic year the North Melbourne campus closed with a final Commemorative Mass and a range of ceremonies attended by current and past students and staff. In 2011 the site was temporarily closed as plans for a new learning center were formulated. At the beginning of 2012 St. Joseph's Flexible Learning Centre opened at the old St. Joseph's site in North Melbourne. It is part of the Youth Plus Network managed by Edmund Rice Education Australia and is just one of many such centers around Australia. Its aim is to, provide young people with an opportunity to re-engage in education in a supported learning environment. At the end of the 2014 academic year 292 students were officially enrolled full-time at the centre to work with the 50 staff, made up of teachers, social workers and support staff. Alumni Australian rules football 'North' produced more than 50 Victorian Football League players, some of whom are listed below. A number of others also played with the Victorian Football Association, other major leagues or served as coaches or administrators. Stephen Alessio (player with Essendon Football Club) Anthony Alessio (Australian Rules Footballer) John Barker (Australian footballer) (player and coach with Fitzroy Football Club, Brisbane Lions and Hawthorn Football Club) Bob Bradley (player with Essendon Football Club) Ray Brew (player and past Captain of Carlton Football Club) Edward Considine (player Essendon Football Club and Sydney Football Club) Gerry Donnelly (player and past Captain of North Melbourne Football Club) Laurie Dwyer (player with North Melbourne Football Club) Leo Dwyer (player with North Melbourne Football Club) Kevin Dynon (College Captain 1940, athlete, player and past captain of North Melbourne Football Club) Tom Fitzmaurice (Australian Football Hall of Fame) Anthony Franchina (player with Carlton Football Club) Tony Furey (player with North Melbourne Football Club) Shannon Grant (player with Sydney Football Club and North Melbourne Football Club) Jack Green (player with Carlton Football Club and Hawthorn Football Club) Aaron Hamill (player with Carlton Football Club) John Harvey (Australian Rules Football Umpire) Mark Hannebery (player with Collingwood Football Club, amateurs Captain and Coach) Paul Koulouriotis (player with Port Adelaide Football Club and Geelong Football Club) Allan La Fontaine (College Captain 1927, 28, 29, player and past captain of Melbourne Football Club) Shane Maguire (Australian Rules Football administrator) Jock McCorkell (player with North Melbourne Football Club) Donald McDonald (player, assistant coach and administrator with North Melbourne Football Club) Bill Spurling (player with Footscray Football Club) Clergy Bob Santamaria and Archbishop Beovich, c. 1943 More than 100 boys were to become ordained priests representing ten different religious Orders. Of this number, four went on to become Bishops. Matthew Beovich (archbishop of Adelaide) Patrick Lyons (bishop) Timothy McCarthy (CBE, Deputy Chaplain General of the Armed Forces) John Aloysius Morgan (bishop) John James Scullion (biblical scholar, writer and theologian) Bernard Denis Stewart (bishop of Sandhurst) General One of five marble boards honouring past student achievers More than 75 past pupils served in the army during World War I. Of those 16 died while on active service. During World War II, over 780 past pupils served in the military forces; 28 died on active service and ten became prisoners of war. Damien Broderick, PhD (Science and Science Fiction writer and editor) Paul Coghlan (Judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria) William Cremor CBE (army leader and educationalist) John Hamilton (professor, Melbourne University) Paul Lacava (Judge of the County Court of Victoria) Reginald Byron Leonard (journalism, army information service) Adrian Martin (Australian film and arts critic) Leonard Ostrowski (Victorian County Court Judge) William Pitney (leading haematologist and educator) Terry Freeman ("Keeper of the Roses", Flemington racecourse) Ron Tandberg (journalist and cartoonist) Ivo Vellar (professor of surgery, University of Melbourne Brian Watson AO (businessman and founding member of the Board of Guardians of the Future Fund) Politics and public service Thomas Brennan (Victorian state politician) Arthur Calwell (former Opposition Party Leader) Sir Francis Raymond Connelly (former Lord Mayor of Melbourne) George Fewster (Victorian politician) James Gobbo, AC, CVO, QC (born 22 March 1931), 25th Governor of Victoria Peter Kavanagh (member of Victorian Parliament, Leader of DLP (Democratic Labour Party)) John Kavanagh (local government councillor and past Mayor of Moreland City Council) Nick McKenna (Australian politician) Frank McManus (politician) Victor Perton (member of Victorian Parliament, Member of LP (Liberal Party)) Bob Santamaria (social commentator) Richard Wynne (MLA for Richmond) Sport The 1931 College Athletics Squad Champions; Batt Curran in centre Wayne Carroll (basketball) Frank Casanelia (horse racing) Phil Cleary (sportsman and social commentator) Tony Dodemaide (test cricketer – Australia) Jack Elliott OAM (leading horse racing journalist and presenter) Michael Ferrante (A-League football player) Paul Hibbert (test cricketer – Australia) Fred Italiano (Australian champion handball player) Patrick (Paddy) Kelly (horse racing – leading jockey) Leo O'Brien (test cricketer – Australia) Andrew Nabbout (A-League football player for Melbourne Victory) Paul Stoddart (business and sporting entrepreneur) College principals CBC, North Melbourne 1903 William Hogan 1904–1907 Francis Kelly 1908–1916 Matthew Geoghegan 1917 Edmund Keniry 1918 Matthew Geoghegan 1919 Br's Geoghegan, Hanrahan and Kelly 1920–1921 Francis Kelly 1922–1923 James O'Brien 1924–1925 Laurence Tevlin 1926–1928 Terence Bourke 1929–1930 John O'Shea 1931–1933 James Fagan 1934–1937 Jeremiah McSweeney 1938–1943 Joseph King 1944–1946 Joseph Turpin 1947–1951 Hugh Boylan 1952–1956 Ernest Crowle 1957–1959 John Saul 1960–1965 Ron Stewart 1966–1968 Albert Kilpatrick 1969–1974 George Frances 1975–1980 Reginald Long 1981–1986 Kevin Buckley 1987–1991 Peter Richardson 1992–1999 Kevin Buckley St Josephs Pascoe Vale 1956–1959 Ernest Crowle 1960–1965 Bernard Hayes 1966–1971 Keith Weston 1972–1974 Kevin Gall 1975–1977 Trevor Dean 1978–1983 Tony Smith 1984 Peter O'Donoghue 1985–1987 James Peart 1988–1993 Patrick Smith 1994–1997 Kevin Laws 1998–1999 Frank Hennessy St Josephs College Melbourne 2000–2004 Stephen McIllhatton 2004 Laurie Collins 2005–2009 Maree Johnson 2009–2010 Ted Javernik School song and war cry School song Give a cheer for CBC, thro the years her fame has grown. Her grand ideals have enhanced her name, bearing fruit wherever seed is sown. Ev'ry rank and walk of life, has noble sons who'll e'er be true Ready to stand in peace and strife, beside the standard of purple and white. Purple and white are the colours we love, Excelsior they seem to say, And beckon us to reach the heights above. Faith gives her light with the torch burning bright, Its flame guiding us to do and dare, That North may be beyond compare. by Bernard Murphy (1946) War cry Caddaburra, Wirracanna, Yarrawonga, Yah! Tallangatta, Wangaratta, Oodnadatta Aah! Nulla Gulla, Wulla Gulla, Wish Bang Wah! Cynosura, Cynosura, Yah, Yah, Yah! North, North, Yah, Yah . . N O R T H . . North! Caddaburra, Wirracanna, Yarrawonga, Yah! Tallangatta, Wangaratta, Oodnadatta Aah! Nulla Gulla, Wulla Gulla, Wish Bang Wah! Cynosura, Cynosura, Yah, Yah, Yah! North, North, Yah, Yah . . N O R T H . . North! See also Victorian Certificate of Education List of schools in Victoria, Australia Education in Australia Congregation of Christian Brothers References ^ Catholic Education Melbourne; Our schools (webpage) retrieved on 14 May 2015 from http://www.ceomelb.catholic.edu.au/our-schools/school/4167/ ^ a b c d e Review of St. Joseph's Christian Brothers' College North Melbourne, Golden Jubilee 1903–1953, The College magazine Cynosura. St Joseph's College, North Melbourne ^ North 1980. (St. Joseph's College Magazine, First publication since 1953) North Melbourne, St Josephs, North Melbourne ^ St Josephs College Melbourne 2000. (magazine) St Josephs College, North Melbourne ^ "Christian Brothers' High Schools, North Melbourne". The Advocate. Melbourne. 25 April 1903. p. 16. Retrieved 11 November 2015 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Christian Brothers' High School, North Melbourne. The Advocate 26 December 1903. Page 15. Retrieved on 9 March 2015 from http://nla.gov.au/nla-news-article169747880 ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stewart, Ronald (2000) The Spirit of North 1903–2000. St Joseph's College Melbourne, North Melbourne ^ "NORTH MELB. HANDBALL CLUB". Sporting Globe. Victoria, Australia. 1 December 1934. p. 8 (Edition1). Retrieved 12 April 2020 – via Trove. ^ "VICTORIAN HANDBALL CHAMPIONSHIPS". The Advocate. Melbourne. 16 February 1950. p. 24. Retrieved 20 February 2020 – via Trove. ^ a b Christian Brothers College, St Josephs, North Melbourne: The Tenth Annual Report, Prospectus and Prize List. St Joseph's College, North Melbourne ^ "NORTH MELB. HANDBALL CLUB". Sporting Globe. Victoria, Australia. 1 December 1934. p. 8 (STUMPSEDITION). Retrieved 20 February 2020 – via Trove. ^ Programmable Soda. "Local Football Club – List". Australian Football. Retrieved 7 June 2018. ^ Cynosura 2003 (Centenary Edition) St Josephs College Melbourne, North Melbourne ^ Cynosura 2008. St Josephs College Melbourne, North Melbourne ^ Smith, Anthony (2010) The Spirit Continues 2000–2010. St Joseph's College Melbourne, North Melbourne ^ Address by Philip Pinto CFC, Congregational Leader of the Christian Brothers, delivered in New York, 2002. (Webpage) Retrieved on 25 November 2015 from http://www.erc.org.au/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=3 ^ Christian Brother avoids jail. The Age. 29 November 2004. Retrieved on 13 June 2015 from http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Christian-brother-avoids-jail/2004/11/29/1101577409829.html ^ Julian McDonald, 2013. Meeting a difficult challenge. in Oceania Updates. Vol. 6 No. 127. Christian Brothers, Oceania Province. ^ Wrigley, Brendan. 'Shameful reality': Apology for victims of sex abuse at Christian Brothers schools. Retrieved on 3 June 2017 from http://www.thecourier.com.au/story/4702120/apologies-to-victims-of-sexual-abuse/?cs=62 ^ Edmund Rice Education Australia (2011) Flexible Learning Centre. Retrieved on 1 September 2012 from http://www.erea.edu.au ^ 2014 Annual Report to the School Community. St Joseph's Flexible Learning Centre, North Melbourne, 2015. Retrieved on 28 May 2016 from http://www.youthplus.edu.au/images/docs/annual_reports/2014/2014_Annual_Report_North_Melbourne.pdf ^ "Catholics in Honours List". The Advocate. Vol. LXXXVI, no. 5106. Victoria, Australia. 4 June 1953. p. 2. Retrieved 4 May 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Talbot, Christopher (2014) Northern Sons under the Southern Cross. Retrieved on 1 January 2014 from http://christal.edublogs.org/2013/02/23/northern-sons-under-the-southern-cross/ ^ Kilpatrick, Rod (2012) Leonard, Sir Reginald Byron (1907–1986), Australian Dictionary of Biography Vol. 18 MUP, 2012. ^ Carmody, John (2012) "Pitney, William Robert (1921–1986)". Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol 18. MUP, 2012 ^ "Terry Freeman on why Flemington comes up roses". 14 May 2015. ^ David Dunstan, 'Connelly, Sir Francis Raymond (1895–1949)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/connelly-sir-francis-raymond-9809/text17341, published in hardcopy 1993, accessed online 8 June 2014 ^ Moreland City Council annual Report 2017-2018 (Document) Retrieved on 3 July 2021 from https://moreland.vic.gov.au/globalassets/areas/communications/2017-18-annual-report---full-report.pdf ^ "Members Search". www.parliament.vic.gov.au. ^ Kozlowski, Jolanta (2010) List of Past Principals. (archival research notes) St. Joseph's College Melbourne, North Melbourne External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Joseph's College, Melbourne. A new life for North ! - North Melbourne Flexible Learning Centre Edmund Rice Education Australia website North Old Boys St Patricks College Amateur Football Club Handball article 1928 St Oliver Plunketts Primary School, Pascoe Vale St Pauls Primary School, Coburg St Fidelis Catholic Primary School, Moreland St Marks Catholic Parish Primary School, Fawkner St Matthews Catholic Primary School, North Fawkner St Thomas More Primary School, Hadfield St Josephs School, West Brunswick St Brendans Primary School, Flemington St Monicas Parish Primary School, Moonee Ponds vteChristian Brothers schools in AustraliaChristian Brothers' schools administered byEdmund Rice Education Australia Aquinas College, Perth Ambrose Treacy College Christian Brothers College, Adelaide Christian Brothers College, Fremantle Christian Brothers' High School, Lewisham Ignatius Park College Parade College Rostrevor College St Bernard's College, Melbourne St Brendan's College, Yeppoon St Dominic's College, Penrith St Edmund's College, Ipswich St Edmund's College, Canberra St Edward's College, East Gosford St James College, Brisbane St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace St Joseph's College, Geelong St Joseph's College, Nudgee St Kevin's College, Melbourne St Laurence's College St Mary's College, Melbourne St Mary's College, Toowoomba St Patrick's College, Ballarat St Patrick's College, Shorncliffe St Patrick's College, Strathfield St Paul's College, Adelaide St Pius X College, Sydney St Virgil's College Trinity College, Perth Waverley College Former Christian Brothers' schoolsoperating under a different entity Aquinas College, Southport Cathedral College, East Melbourne now Catholic Theological College, Melbourne Gilroy Santa Maria College, Ingham Good Shepherd Catholic College, Mount Isa McAuley Catholic Primary School Nagle Catholic College Our Lady of the Southern Cross College, Dalby Shalom Catholic College, Bundaberg St Augustines Primary School, Yarraville St Columban's College, Caboolture St George's School, Carlton now Corpus Christi Seminary, Melbourne St. Joseph's Flexible Learning Centre, Melbourne St Joseph's Technical College, South Melbourne now Galilee Regional Catholic Primary School St Leo's Catholic College St Mary's Cathedral College, Sydney St Mary's Regional College, West Melbourne now Simonds College, West Melbourne St Patrick's College, Gympie St Patrick's College, Mackay St Paul's Catholic College, Manly St Teresa's College, Abergowrie The Cathedral College, Rockhampton Xavier High School, Albury Former Christian Brothers' schoolsclosed and defunct Castledare Boys' Home Chanel College Christian Brothers School, Balmain Christian Brothers College, Bondi Beach Christian Brothers College, Burwood Christian Brothers College, Manly Christian Brothers' College, Perth Christian Brothers College, Rose Bay St Augustine's College, Yarraville CBC St Joseph's College, North Melbourne St Joseph's Technical College, Abbotsford St Leo's College, Box Hill St Patrick's College, Geraldton St Patrick's College, Goulburn St Patrick's Boys' School, Perth St Paul's College, Ballarat
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Joseph's College (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_College_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Edmund Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ignatius_Rice"},{"link_name":"Christian Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers"},{"link_name":"VCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Certificate_of_Education"},{"link_name":"VET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Pascoe Vale, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascoe_Vale,_Victoria"}],"text":"For other schools of the same name, see Saint Joseph's College (disambiguation).Independent secondary school for boys school in Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaSt Joseph's College Melbourne[1] was a Roman Catholic secondary college which opened early in 1903 and closed at the end of 2010. It was part of the Association of Edmund Rice schools, founded and run in the tradition of the Christian Brothers. Between the years 2000 and 2009 it formally operated two campuses, a senior campus (VCE and VET) located in Queensberry Street, North Melbourne, Victoria and a junior campus (Years 7–10), in Brearley Parade, Pascoe Vale, Victoria. These two campuses were previously known as St. Joseph's College, North Melbourne and St. Joseph's College, Pascoe Vale respectively.","title":"St Joseph's College, Melbourne"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SJC-NM_Buildings.jpg"},{"link_name":"Melbourne City Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_Centre"}],"text":"College buildings, from left, Whelan Building, Les McCarthy wing and main building as seen from Queensberry Street, 2014Throughout its life the school provided students, from a wide variety of cultural and economic backgrounds, with an opportunity to enter a range of careers. Many of its pupils went on to become respected members in their chosen fields which included the financial and business sectors, the medical profession, law and politics, industry, sporting and religious communities.While the two campuses lacked the open playing fields of its wealthier cousins, students had access to a range of local facilities. The North Melbourne campus for example, close to the Melbourne City Centre, was within walking distance of world class universities, museums, libraries, historical and athletic venues. Likewise the Pascoe Vale campus was able to make use of several nearby ovals and both were close to excellent public transport links.","title":"North"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SJCM_Walsh_Shield_1940.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christian Brothers College, St Kilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Brothers_College,_St_Kilda"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilee-2"},{"link_name":"Combined Catholic Schools Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Catholic_Colleges"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Olympic Park Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Park_Stadium_(Melbourne)"}],"text":"Swimming Team 1940, winners of the Walsh Shield (Kevin Dynon, seated second from left)Sport was an important ingredient in the education of boys attending North. The school had its own football squad as early as 1906 when it played its first match against Christian Brothers College, St Kilda at Albert Park where it scored 2 points.[2] As enrolments grew then so did the involvement in other sports, often in competition with other schools. Inter school athletics, handball and tennis competitions, such as those conducted by the then Combined Catholic Schools Association organisation, were held as early as 1911. The College was a founding member of the Association and won the Athletics Championship in 1914.Their famous 70 meter long banners, North is Speed, Power, and a cheer squad, led by the Committee organizing War cries, or COW,[3] where notable features of the annual competitions at the Olympic Park Stadium.St Joseph's College students also became members of one of the schools sporting houses or teams. These built on the existing pastoral class groupings to generate team spirit during sporting carnivals with students wearing their team colors. These houses, later named after four early headmasters of the college, were:Hogan   McSweeney   Geoghegan   Kelly","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gryphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"At the time of amalgamation in 2000 a new logo was developed to represent the college. This logo was composed of pre-existing elements which were representative of the school's history and philosophy. Set on a traditional heraldic background, in the form of a shield, it features a rampant Gryphon protecting a smaller inner shield bearing a large shining star, a symbol used by the Christian Brothers, supported by smaller stars in the shape of the southern cross. The entire design sits above a ribbon which includes the words, \"Luceat Lux Vestra\".[4] The symbol appeared on the newly designed College uniform, which included a blazer after a lapse of a number of years, and various College medallions. The logo was used extensively on College publications and documents including Cynosura, the annual school magazine.","title":"College crest"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Over its long 107-year history the college was associated with a number of schools at one time or another. These included many primary, or feeder schools, to which the college Old Boys Association offered scholarships up until the 1950s. The school also had connections with a number of higher secondary colleges such as St Kevin's and Parade, East Melbourne. Although not exhaustive this list includes most of those known.","title":"Associated schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"College history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SJCM_1913_Junior_Classroom.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Primary School, West Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Primary_School,_West_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine's College, Yarraville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_College,_Yarraville"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stewart-7"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_handball"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tenth-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SJCM_Queensberry_street_circa1928.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stewart-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tenth-10"},{"link_name":"St. Kevin's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kevin%27s_College,_Toorak"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SJCM_1930_Winners_of_Athletics_Shield.jpg"}],"sub_title":"1903–1930","text":"Junior students classroom, circa 1913St. Joseph's owes its early beginnings, in part, to the establishment of St Mary's Primary School, West Melbourne some 50 years earlier. With high numbers of Catholic children in the area needing education, members of the Christian Brothers were asked to take control of existing schools at West Melbourne and at Carlton. At the same time they were to establish a Brothers community and a secondary school in Queensberry Street, North Melbourne and this was completed by the end of 1902. This 'community house' was the residence of Brothers teaching at St. Mary's, St. George's (Carlton), St. Joseph's, and for a time, St. Augustine's College, Yarraville. The total cost of the building and furnishings was a little over £4516, £3000 of which was provided by local parish priests. The combined enrolment of St. Mary's, St, Joseph's and St. George's was 550 boys in 1903.[5]In January 1903, Christian Brothers' High School, as it was then known, opened with an enrolment of 44 students. Staffed by three Christian Brothers, that number had grown to 112 by the beginning of 1904. Students were divided into eight classes; Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth, a Commercial Class, Sub-Matriculation and Matriculation Class.[6]The first Principal was William J Hogan, followed by Francis A Kelly in 1904 and Matthew A Geoghegan in 1908.[7] The first football team, featuring a large white star on its guernsey, was formed around 1906 and began a long tradition of involvement in a variety of sports. A year earlier a wooden handball court had been built, a first for any school in Melbourne and in 1913 this was replaced by a brick three wall court, said to be the best in Australia at the time.[8] \nOver the next five decades the school hosted State and Interstate handball championships at various times.[9] The court continued to be used by the Victorian Handball Association up until at least 2010 but in the second half of the century the popularity of handball was surpassed by team sports such as Australian Football.Early school Annuals indicate a variety of titles to identify the school and it was not until 1912 that the name \"St. Joseph's\" was formally added.[10] Even though its naming varied slightly over the years, the school was more simply known to its students as \"North\".St Joseph's CBC North Melbourne, Queensberry Street, circa 1928In 1913 the North Old Boys Association was formed[7] to assist the school in serving its expanding school population (200 pupils in 1909) and the increasing need for finances as the period after the First World War was an economically difficult one. In the early years both Primary and Secondary school classes were conducted on the Queensberry Street site. The school was able to achieve impressive educational results from its pupils in Junior and Senior University and Public Service Examinations as results published in early Annuals show.[10]Between 1918 and 1941, students wishing to study for their Leaving Certificate had to do so at St. Kevin's College. By 1921 the enrolment stood at 174 and handball had become the leading sport and both public and school tournaments were frequently held on the handball court.[11]Athletics Shield winners 1930; left to right: B. Curran, R. Skinner, K. Bye, Mr. Pemberton, J. Hibbert, and R. Dalman","title":"College history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilee-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stewart-7"},{"link_name":"Arthur Calwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Calwell"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Daniel Mannix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Daniel_Mannix"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilee-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SJCM_Preparatory_College.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victorian Amateur Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Amateur_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's College, Ballarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_College,_Ballarat"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"1940–1960","text":"By 1940 the Christian Brothers' felt that the school had expanded to the point where it was able to take over the provision of night classes in a Catholic Accountancy school for young men in the Melbourne area. The classes started with 40 or 50 students but expanded, post war, to around 200 and provided study allowing its pupils to attain membership to the Australian Society of Accountants. Hundreds of young men attended there until 1969 when the night school closed.[2]1951 saw the first Matriculation class of 23 students graduate from the College which meant that it had attained full secondary school status.[7] During the Golden Jubilee year of 1953, 122 boys were members of the College Cadet unit and provided a martial spectacle as they paraded before visiting dignitaries. Arthur Calwell, a prominent politician and old boy, was a guest speaker on one occasion as was Archbishop Daniel Mannix.[2]The Preparatory College ready for its first studentsDuring the 1950s the growing school population, due partly to the post War migration boom, forced the college to purchase land and eventually build a second school in the suburb of Pascoe Vale. In 1956 the Preparatory College, as it was then known, opened under the guidance of Ernest S Crowle as principal, who was himself an old boy of the college. In its early years it provided tuition in Grades 4, 5, 6 and Form 1 and had an initial enrolment of 274. By 1970 the school had become entirely secondary with classes comprising Form 1 to 4. Traditionally students completed their \"junior\" studies (Grades 7 to 10) at Pascoe Vale and then transferred to the \"senior\" campus in North Melbourne.From its early beginnings the college was heavily involved in a range of sports and Australian Rules Football in particular. North's football teams were often considered tough opponents both within the local school competition and the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA) as the North Old Boys Amateur Football Club, or NOB's, which it rejoined in 1964 after a lapse in membership. In 2005 the North club amalgamated with St Patrick's College, Ballarat to become North Old Boys St. Parick's College Amateur Football Club.[12]","title":"College history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scythia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stewart-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stewart-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007_PV_Campus_quad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edmund Rice Education Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Rice_Education_Australia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"1980–2010","text":"During the later 1970s, 80s and into the 1990s, the Preparatory School in Pascoe Vale South, also known as St. Joseph's Junior College, with enrolments averaging around 490, took on a more independent identity to eventually be known as St. Joseph's College, Pascoe Vale. It had a separate administration, principal, School Board, registration number, logo and annual magazine, known as Scythia, to set it apart from its parent school, North.[7]Beginning in 1997 preliminary discussions regarding the future of the two schools took place with a view to ensuring their continuing viability. The major issues included enrolments, student welfare, administrative structures, curriculum, staffing and finances. In 1998 the outcome of talks and independent reviews was that the schools should amalgamate within two years in order to remain a relevant and viable educational entity.[7]The year 2000 saw the two sites formally amalgamated under a new name and banner to become the one College. It retained the traditional College colours of purple and white and College motto. A common uniform, which included a navy blue blazer with monogrammed logo, became mandatory. In 2003 the total student population was approximately 750 cared for by a single Principal, two Campus Directors and 92 staff.[13]Quadrangle St Joseph's Pascoe Vale campusBy 2008 the decision was made by Edmund Rice Education Australia (EREA) and the Christian Brothers to begin a phased closure of the college. The reasons behind the closure included falling enrolments (570 students),[14] amenities and plant which had become outdated and partly rundown and issues related to student management and involvement.[15] At the end of 2009 the Pascoe Vale campus closed and was stripped of any saleable assets; much was simply dumped leaving only the buildings. Those students who had stayed on were offered places, with some concessions, at other Catholic schools for the continuation of their studies. Likewise, staff, if they wished, were seconded to other schools prior to being declared redundant at the end of 2010. A number of past students were saddened by the closure of the school, they, and many parents, felt more could have been done by the Christian Brothers and EREA to allow it to remain open.During an address given in 2002 the leader of the Congregation of Christian Brothers, Philip Pinto, alluded to another reason for the changes needed to the existing College structure. In that address he urged his fellow Brothers to return to Edmund Rice's vision; a renewed commitment to young people on the margins of society. It is best summed up in the following, \"to look at life from the standpoint of the minority, the victim, the outcast, and the stranger. In doing so we will be giving hope to those who presently have little hope.\"[16]","title":"College history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Victoria Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Police"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Dark days","text":"In 2004 a former principal of St Joseph's Preparatory College, Pascoe Vale, Keith Weston, pleaded guilty to, and was convicted of, a number of assault cases. These cases related to students who attended Christian Brothers led organizations and schools.[17] Weston died in 2014 before he could be interviewed by Victoria Police concerning other cases of assault which had been brought to their attention. His actions and those of others were acknowledged during a closure event at the Pascoe Vale campus in 2009.Julian McDonald, in a newsletter published by the Christian Brothers, writes, \"For us Christian Brothers, accepting the truth will mean acknowledging that a significant number of us have abused children in our care sexually, emotionally and physically. Abuse is, indeed, part of our sinful history.\" Weston was not alone as a minority of the members of the Congregation at a few schools also caused much hurt; as McDonald says in way of explaining this, \"far too many [were] ill-equipped and ill-formed\".[18] On 1 June 2017, Wayne Tinsey, speaking for Edmund Rice Education Australia, made a formal apology to victims of sexual abuse who were also past students of Christian Brothers schools across the country.[19]","title":"College history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Joseph%27s_College,_North_Melbourne,_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antonine College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_College"},{"link_name":"Edmund Rice Education Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Rice_Education_Australia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Post 2010","text":"St Joseph's FLC, Queensberry Street North MelbourneIn 2010 extensive refurbishment work was carried out on the Pascoe Vale site by its new owners and later reopened as Saint Joseph Campus of Antonine College. At the end of the 2010 academic year the North Melbourne campus closed with a final Commemorative Mass and a range of ceremonies attended by current and past students and staff. In 2011 the site was temporarily closed as plans for a new learning center were formulated.At the beginning of 2012 St. Joseph's Flexible Learning Centre opened at the old St. Joseph's site in North Melbourne. It is part of the Youth Plus Network managed by Edmund Rice Education Australia and is just one of many such centers around Australia. Its aim is to, provide young people with an opportunity to re-engage in education in a supported learning environment.[20] At the end of the 2014 academic year 292 students were officially enrolled full-time at the centre to work with the 50 staff, made up of teachers, social workers and support staff.[21]","title":"College history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Stephen Alessio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Alessio"},{"link_name":"Essendon Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"John Barker (Australian footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barker_(Australian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Lions"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Bob Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Bradley_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Essendon Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Ray Brew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Brew"},{"link_name":"Carlton Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Edward Considine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Considine"},{"link_name":"Essendon Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Sydney Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Swans"},{"link_name":"Gerry Donnelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Donnelly"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Laurie Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Dwyer"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Leo Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Dwyer"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Kevin Dynon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Dynon"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Tom Fitzmaurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fitzmaurice"},{"link_name":"Australian Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Anthony Franchina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Franchina"},{"link_name":"Carlton Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Tony Furey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Furey"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Shannon Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Grant"},{"link_name":"Sydney Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Swans"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Jack Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Green_(footballer,_born_1905)"},{"link_name":"Carlton Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Aaron Hamill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Hamill"},{"link_name":"Carlton Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Mark Hannebery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hannebery"},{"link_name":"Collingwood Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Paul Koulouriotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Koulouriotis"},{"link_name":"Port Adelaide Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Geelong Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Allan La Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_La_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Jock McCorkell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_McCorkell"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Donald McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_McDonald_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Bill Spurling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Spurling"},{"link_name":"Footscray Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footscray_Football_Club"}],"sub_title":"Australian rules football","text":"'North' produced more than 50 Victorian Football League players, some of whom are listed below. A number of others also played with the Victorian Football Association, other major leagues or served as coaches or administrators.Stephen Alessio (player with Essendon Football Club)\nAnthony Alessio (Australian Rules Footballer)\nJohn Barker (Australian footballer) (player and coach with Fitzroy Football Club, Brisbane Lions and Hawthorn Football Club)\nBob Bradley (player with Essendon Football Club)\nRay Brew (player and past Captain of Carlton Football Club)\nEdward Considine (player Essendon Football Club and Sydney Football Club)\nGerry Donnelly (player and past Captain of North Melbourne Football Club)\nLaurie Dwyer (player with North Melbourne Football Club)\nLeo Dwyer (player with North Melbourne Football Club)\nKevin Dynon (College Captain 1940, athlete, player and past captain of North Melbourne Football Club)\nTom Fitzmaurice (Australian Football Hall of Fame)\nAnthony Franchina (player with Carlton Football Club)\nTony Furey (player with North Melbourne Football Club)\nShannon Grant (player with Sydney Football Club and North Melbourne Football Club)\nJack Green (player with Carlton Football Club and Hawthorn Football Club)\nAaron Hamill (player with Carlton Football Club)\nJohn Harvey (Australian Rules Football Umpire)\nMark Hannebery (player with Collingwood Football Club, amateurs Captain and Coach)\nPaul Koulouriotis (player with Port Adelaide Football Club and Geelong Football Club)\nAllan La Fontaine (College Captain 1927, 28, 29, player and past captain of Melbourne Football Club)\nShane Maguire (Australian Rules Football administrator)\nJock McCorkell (player with North Melbourne Football Club)\nDonald McDonald (player, assistant coach and administrator with North Melbourne Football Club)\nBill Spurling (player with Footscray Football Club)","title":"Alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matthew_Beovich_and_B_A_Santamaria_1943.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stewart-7"},{"link_name":"Matthew Beovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Beovich"},{"link_name":"Patrick Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Lyons"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"John Aloysius Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aloysius_Morgan"},{"link_name":"John James Scullion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_Scullion"},{"link_name":"Bernard Denis Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Denis_Stewart"}],"sub_title":"Clergy","text":"Bob Santamaria and Archbishop Beovich, c. 1943More than 100 boys were to become ordained priests representing ten different religious Orders. Of this number, four went on to become Bishops.[7]Matthew Beovich (archbishop of Adelaide)\nPatrick Lyons (bishop)\nTimothy McCarthy (CBE, Deputy Chaplain General of the Armed Forces)[22]\nJohn Aloysius Morgan (bishop)\nJohn James Scullion (biblical scholar, writer and theologian)\nBernard Denis Stewart (bishop of Sandhurst)","title":"Alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SJCM_Roll_of_Honour.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Damien Broderick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Broderick"},{"link_name":"Paul Coghlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Coghlan_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"William Cremor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cremor"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Adrian Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Martin"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ron Tandberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Tandberg"},{"link_name":"Ivo Vellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//trove.nla.gov.au/version/172104464"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"}],"sub_title":"General","text":"One of five marble boards honouring past student achieversMore than 75 past pupils served in the army during World War I. Of those 16 died while on active service. During World War II, over 780 past pupils served in the military forces; 28 died on active service and ten became prisoners of war.[23]Damien Broderick, PhD (Science and Science Fiction writer and editor)\nPaul Coghlan (Judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria)\nWilliam Cremor CBE (army leader and educationalist)\nJohn Hamilton (professor, Melbourne University)\nPaul Lacava (Judge of the County Court of Victoria)\nReginald Byron Leonard (journalism, army information service)[24]\nAdrian Martin (Australian film and arts critic)\nLeonard Ostrowski (Victorian County Court Judge)\nWilliam Pitney (leading haematologist and educator)[25]\nTerry Freeman (\"Keeper of the Roses\", Flemington racecourse)[26]\nRon Tandberg (journalist and cartoonist)\nIvo Vellar (professor of surgery, University of Melbourne\nBrian Watson AO (businessman and founding member of the Board of Guardians of the Future Fund)","title":"Alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Brennan (Victorian state politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brennan_(Victorian_state_politician)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Calwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Calwell"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"George Fewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fewster"},{"link_name":"James Gobbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gobbo"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"CVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Governor of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Peter Kavanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kavanagh_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Labor_Party_(Australia,_1955)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Nick McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_McKenna"},{"link_name":"Frank McManus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_McManus_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Victor Perton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Perton"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Bob Santamaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Santamaria"},{"link_name":"Richard Wynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wynne"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Politics and public service","text":"Thomas Brennan (Victorian state politician)\nArthur Calwell (former Opposition Party Leader)\nSir Francis Raymond Connelly (former Lord Mayor of Melbourne)[27]\nGeorge Fewster (Victorian politician)\nJames Gobbo, AC, CVO, QC (born 22 March 1931), 25th Governor of Victoria\nPeter Kavanagh (member of Victorian Parliament, Leader of DLP (Democratic Labour Party))\nJohn Kavanagh (local government councillor and past Mayor of Moreland City Council)[28]\nNick McKenna (Australian politician)\nFrank McManus (politician)\nVictor Perton (member of Victorian Parliament, Member of LP (Liberal Party))\nBob Santamaria (social commentator)\nRichard Wynne (MLA for Richmond)[29]","title":"Alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aths-squad-select-1931.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stewart-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stewart-7"},{"link_name":"Phil Cleary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Cleary"},{"link_name":"Tony Dodemaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Dodemaide"},{"link_name":"Jack Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Elliott_(racing_journalist)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stewart-7"},{"link_name":"Michael Ferrante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ferrante"},{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League"},{"link_name":"Paul Hibbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hibbert"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilee-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilee-2"},{"link_name":"Leo O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_O%27Brien_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Nabbout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Nabbout"},{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Victory"},{"link_name":"Paul Stoddart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Stoddart"}],"sub_title":"Sport","text":"The 1931 College Athletics Squad Champions; Batt Curran in centreWayne Carroll (basketball)[7]\nFrank Casanelia (horse racing)[7]\nPhil Cleary (sportsman and social commentator)\nTony Dodemaide (test cricketer – Australia)\nJack Elliott OAM (leading horse racing journalist and presenter)[7]\nMichael Ferrante (A-League football player)\nPaul Hibbert (test cricketer – Australia)\nFred Italiano (Australian champion handball player)[2]\nPatrick (Paddy) Kelly (horse racing – leading jockey)[2]\nLeo O'Brien (test cricketer – Australia)\nAndrew Nabbout (A-League football player for Melbourne Victory)\nPaul Stoddart (business and sporting entrepreneur)","title":"Alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"CBC, North Melbourne\n1903 William Hogan\n1904–1907 Francis Kelly\n1908–1916 Matthew Geoghegan\n1917 Edmund Keniry\n1918 Matthew Geoghegan\n1919 Br's Geoghegan, Hanrahan and Kelly\n1920–1921 Francis Kelly\n1922–1923 James O'Brien\n1924–1925 Laurence Tevlin\n1926–1928 Terence Bourke\n1929–1930 John O'Shea\n1931–1933 James Fagan\n1934–1937 Jeremiah McSweeney\n1938–1943 Joseph King\n1944–1946 Joseph Turpin\n1947–1951 Hugh Boylan\n1952–1956 Ernest Crowle\n1957–1959 John Saul\n1960–1965 Ron Stewart\n1966–1968 Albert Kilpatrick\n1969–1974 George Frances\n1975–1980 Reginald Long\n1981–1986 Kevin Buckley\n1987–1991 Peter Richardson\n1992–1999 Kevin Buckley\n\n\n\n\nSt Josephs Pascoe Vale\n1956–1959 Ernest Crowle\n1960–1965 Bernard Hayes\n1966–1971 Keith Weston\n1972–1974 Kevin Gall\n1975–1977 Trevor Dean\n1978–1983 Tony Smith\n1984 Peter O'Donoghue\n1985–1987 James Peart\n1988–1993 Patrick Smith\n1994–1997 Kevin Laws\n1998–1999 Frank Hennessy\nSt Josephs College Melbourne\n2000–2004 Stephen McIllhatton\n2004 Laurie Collins\n2005–2009 Maree Johnson\n2009–2010 Ted Javernik[30]","title":"College principals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stewart-7"}],"text":"School song\n\nGive a cheer for CBC, thro the years her fame has grown.\nHer grand ideals have enhanced her name,\nbearing fruit wherever seed is sown.\nEv'ry rank and walk of life, has noble sons\nwho'll e'er be true\nReady to stand in peace and strife,\nbeside the standard of purple and white.\nPurple and white are the colours we love,\nExcelsior they seem to say,\nAnd beckon us to reach the heights above.\nFaith gives her light with the torch burning bright,\nIts flame guiding us to do and dare,\nThat North may be beyond compare.\nby Bernard Murphy (1946)War cry\n\nCaddaburra, Wirracanna, Yarrawonga, Yah!\nTallangatta, Wangaratta, Oodnadatta Aah!\nNulla Gulla, Wulla Gulla, Wish Bang Wah!\nCynosura, Cynosura, Yah, Yah, Yah!\nNorth, North, Yah, Yah . . N O R T H . . North!\nCaddaburra, Wirracanna, Yarrawonga, Yah!\nTallangatta, Wangaratta, Oodnadatta Aah!\nNulla Gulla, Wulla Gulla, Wish Bang Wah!\nCynosura, Cynosura, Yah, Yah, Yah!\nNorth, North, Yah, Yah . . N O R T H . . North![7]","title":"School song and war cry"}]
[{"image_text":"College buildings, from left, Whelan Building, Les McCarthy wing and main building as seen from Queensberry Street, 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/SJC-NM_Buildings.jpg/220px-SJC-NM_Buildings.jpg"},{"image_text":"Swimming Team 1940, winners of the Walsh Shield (Kevin Dynon, seated second from left)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SJCM_Walsh_Shield_1940.jpg/220px-SJCM_Walsh_Shield_1940.jpg"},{"image_text":"Junior students classroom, circa 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/SJCM_1913_Junior_Classroom.jpg/220px-SJCM_1913_Junior_Classroom.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Joseph's CBC North Melbourne, Queensberry Street, circa 1928","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SJCM_Queensberry_street_circa1928.jpg/220px-SJCM_Queensberry_street_circa1928.jpg"},{"image_text":"Athletics Shield winners 1930; left to right: B. Curran, R. Skinner, K. Bye, Mr. Pemberton, J. Hibbert, and R. Dalman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/SJCM_1930_Winners_of_Athletics_Shield.jpg/220px-SJCM_1930_Winners_of_Athletics_Shield.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Preparatory College ready for its first students","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/SJCM_Preparatory_College.jpg/220px-SJCM_Preparatory_College.jpg"},{"image_text":"Quadrangle St Joseph's Pascoe Vale campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2007_PV_Campus_quad.jpg/220px-2007_PV_Campus_quad.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Joseph's FLC, Queensberry Street North Melbourne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/St_Joseph%27s_College%2C_North_Melbourne%2C_2014.jpg/220px-St_Joseph%27s_College%2C_North_Melbourne%2C_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bob Santamaria and Archbishop Beovich, c. 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Matthew_Beovich_and_B_A_Santamaria_1943.jpg/220px-Matthew_Beovich_and_B_A_Santamaria_1943.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of five marble boards honouring past student achievers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/SJCM_Roll_of_Honour.jpg/220px-SJCM_Roll_of_Honour.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1931 College Athletics Squad Champions; Batt Curran in centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Aths-squad-select-1931.jpg/220px-Aths-squad-select-1931.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Victorian Certificate of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Certificate_of_Education"},{"title":"List of schools in Victoria, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Victoria,_Australia"},{"title":"Education in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Australia"},{"title":"Congregation of Christian Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers"}]
[{"reference":"\"Christian Brothers' High Schools, North Melbourne\". The Advocate. Melbourne. 25 April 1903. p. 16. Retrieved 11 November 2015 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article169742578","url_text":"\"Christian Brothers' High Schools, North Melbourne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Advocate"}]},{"reference":"\"NORTH MELB. HANDBALL CLUB\". Sporting Globe. Victoria, Australia. 1 December 1934. p. 8 (Edition1). Retrieved 12 April 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article183745627","url_text":"\"NORTH MELB. HANDBALL CLUB\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Globe","url_text":"Sporting Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"VICTORIAN HANDBALL CHAMPIONSHIPS\". The Advocate. Melbourne. 16 February 1950. p. 24. Retrieved 20 February 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article172509684","url_text":"\"VICTORIAN HANDBALL CHAMPIONSHIPS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Advocate"}]},{"reference":"\"NORTH MELB. HANDBALL CLUB\". Sporting Globe. Victoria, Australia. 1 December 1934. p. 8 (STUMPSEDITION). Retrieved 20 February 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article183745603","url_text":"\"NORTH MELB. HANDBALL CLUB\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Globe","url_text":"Sporting Globe"}]},{"reference":"Programmable Soda. \"Local Football Club – List\". Australian Football. Retrieved 7 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://australianfootball.com/clubs/list/Local/VIC","url_text":"\"Local Football Club – List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catholics in Honours List\". The Advocate. Vol. LXXXVI, no. 5106. Victoria, Australia. 4 June 1953. p. 2. Retrieved 4 May 2018 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article175360248","url_text":"\"Catholics in Honours List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Advocate"}]},{"reference":"\"Terry Freeman on why Flemington comes up roses\". 14 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theweeklyreview.com.au/live/i-love-flemington-terry-freeman","url_text":"\"Terry Freeman on why Flemington comes up roses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Members Search\". www.parliament.vic.gov.au.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/members/id/173","url_text":"\"Members Search\""}]}]
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HANDBALL CLUB\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article172509684","external_links_name":"\"VICTORIAN HANDBALL CHAMPIONSHIPS\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article183745603","external_links_name":"\"NORTH MELB. HANDBALL CLUB\""},{"Link":"http://australianfootball.com/clubs/list/Local/VIC","external_links_name":"\"Local Football Club – List\""},{"Link":"http://www.erc.org.au/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=3","external_links_name":"http://www.erc.org.au/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=3"},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Christian-brother-avoids-jail/2004/11/29/1101577409829.html","external_links_name":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Christian-brother-avoids-jail/2004/11/29/1101577409829.html"},{"Link":"http://www.thecourier.com.au/story/4702120/apologies-to-victims-of-sexual-abuse/?cs=62","external_links_name":"http://www.thecourier.com.au/story/4702120/apologies-to-victims-of-sexual-abuse/?cs=62"},{"Link":"http://www.erea.edu.au/","external_links_name":"http://www.erea.edu.au"},{"Link":"http://www.youthplus.edu.au/images/docs/annual_reports/2014/2014_Annual_Report_North_Melbourne.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.youthplus.edu.au/images/docs/annual_reports/2014/2014_Annual_Report_North_Melbourne.pdf"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article175360248","external_links_name":"\"Catholics in Honours List\""},{"Link":"http://christal.edublogs.org/2013/02/23/northern-sons-under-the-southern-cross/","external_links_name":"http://christal.edublogs.org/2013/02/23/northern-sons-under-the-southern-cross/"},{"Link":"http://www.theweeklyreview.com.au/live/i-love-flemington-terry-freeman","external_links_name":"\"Terry Freeman on why Flemington comes up roses\""},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/connelly-sir-francis-raymond-9809/text17341","external_links_name":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/connelly-sir-francis-raymond-9809/text17341"},{"Link":"https://moreland.vic.gov.au/globalassets/areas/communications/2017-18-annual-report---full-report.pdf","external_links_name":"https://moreland.vic.gov.au/globalassets/areas/communications/2017-18-annual-report---full-report.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/members/id/173","external_links_name":"\"Members Search\""},{"Link":"http://www.youthplus.edu.au/schools-services-details/youth-schools-network/flexible-learning-centre-north-melbourne/north-melbourne-flexible-learning-centre.html","external_links_name":"A new life for North ! - North Melbourne Flexible Learning Centre"},{"Link":"http://www.erea.edu.au/","external_links_name":"Edmund Rice Education Australia website"},{"Link":"http://www.nobspc.org.au/","external_links_name":"North Old Boys St Patricks College Amateur Football Club"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page18865467/","external_links_name":"Handball article 1928"},{"Link":"https://www.sopascoevale.catholic.edu.au/","external_links_name":"St Oliver Plunketts Primary School, Pascoe Vale"},{"Link":"https://spcoburg.catholic.edu.au/","external_links_name":"St Pauls Primary School, Coburg"},{"Link":"https://www.sfmoreland.catholic.edu.au/","external_links_name":"St Fidelis Catholic Primary School, Moreland"},{"Link":"https://www.smfawkner.catholic.edu.au/","external_links_name":"St Marks Catholic Parish Primary School, Fawkner"},{"Link":"https://smfawknernth.catholic.edu.au/","external_links_name":"St Matthews Catholic Primary School, North Fawkner"},{"Link":"https://www.stmhadfield.catholic.edu.au/","external_links_name":"St Thomas More Primary School, Hadfield"},{"Link":"https://www.sjbwickw.catholic.edu.au/","external_links_name":"St Josephs School, West Brunswick"},{"Link":"https://www.sbflemington.catholic.edu.au/","external_links_name":"St Brendans Primary School, Flemington"},{"Link":"https://www.stmonicasmp.catholic.edu.au/","external_links_name":"St Monicas Parish Primary School, Moonee Ponds"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelburg,_Mpumalanga
Middelburg, Mpumalanga
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Communities","3 Demographics","3.1 Religion","4 Economy","5 Culture and contemporary life","5.1 Tourism","6 Sports","7 Infrastructure","7.1 Passenger rail","8 Notable people","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 25°46′6.30″S 29°28′42″E / 25.7684167°S 29.47833°E / -25.7684167; 29.47833This article is about the town in Mpumalanga. For other uses, see Middelburg. Town in Mpumalanga, South AfricaMiddelburgTownThe Dutch Reformed ChurchMiddelburgShow map of MpumalangaMiddelburgShow map of South AfricaMiddelburgShow map of AfricaCoordinates: 25°46′6.30″S 29°28′42″E / 25.7684167°S 29.47833°E / -25.7684167; 29.47833CountrySouth AfricaProvinceMpumalangaDistrictNkangalaMunicipalitySteve TshweteEstablished1864 • Councillor(ANC)Area • Total117.40 km2 (45.33 sq mi)Elevation1,490 m (4,890 ft)Population (2011) • Total87,348 • Density740/km2 (1,900/sq mi)Racial makeup (2011) • Black African41.6% • Coloured5.6% • Indian/Asian3.8% • White48.5% • Other0.5%First languages (2011) • Afrikaans50.3% • Zulu12.4% • English11.1% • Northern Sotho7.6% • Other18.6%Time zoneUTC+2 (SAST)Postal code (street)1050PO box1055 Middelburg is a large farming and industrial town in the South African province of Mpumalanga. History It was initially established as a halfway station between Lydenburg and Pretoria by the Republic of Lydenburg in 1860.: 30  That republic would merge with the South African Republic (ZAR) soon afterwards.: 30  The proposed town was established on two farms, Klipfontein and Keerom but when the Dutch Reformed Church established a church next door on the farm Sterkfontein, the town would be moved there.: 30  It was established as Nasareth, in 1864 by the Voortrekkers on the banks of the Klein Olifants River.: 30  It was changed in 1872 to Middelburg to mark its location between the Transvaal capital Pretoria, and the gold mining town of Lydenburg.: 30  The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1890.: 30  The British built a large concentration camp in Middelburg during the Second Boer War.: 30  The Memorial Museum was built at the site next to the 1,381 graves of women and children who died in the concentration camp.: 30  Geography Communities Aerorand - the newest suburb in Middelburg CBD - the oldest part of town Groenkol - upmarket renovated houses Dennesig - named after the conifer trees scattered through the suburb Golfsig - upmarket suburb with a view of the golf course Clubville - leafy suburb with a view of the golf course Industrial Area - various industrial businesses Kanonkop - translated as "Cannon Hill," referring to the days of the Anglo-Boer War, the site of the British concentration camp graveyard is to be found in the area Mhluzi - Previously African suburb during the Apartheid era Mineralia - suburb named after mineral deposits Nasareth - Previously Coloured suburb on the eastern side of Middelburg Eastdene - Previously Indian suburb Rockdale -a residential area on the Remaining Extent of the farm Rockdale 442 JS Hlalmnandi Demographics This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hundreds of expatriates and their families, mostly from the United Kingdom and parts of Europe, moved into the town in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s to avoid the slump of the post-World War II industrial and manufacturing sectors in those countries. These families were attracted by the need for industrial expertise in the plant, and were often rewarded with company-sponsored housing and discounted education. The children of those immigrant families have either moved to the larger nearby cities of Witbank, Pretoria and Johannesburg, seeking employment, or have remained to form part of the growing alternative economic activities in the area. Today, the town faces many issues typical to smaller towns in South Africa. These include challenges such as the incorporation, upliftment, and appropriate addressing of former inequalities of service provision and infrastructure in the large nearby townships and suburbs, that were created for the black and Indian populations, under apartheid laws. The cultural make up of the town is quite diverse, ranging from mainly Afrikaans-speaking families, expatriates from the United Kingdom and Europe, as well as the indigenous African populations. Another challenge is addressing the general trend of the hastening migration of residents away from small towns to larger cities in search of greater economic opportunities. With a 2016 population of 278,000 and a growth rate of 4.9%, the municipal statistical department has estimated that the population will be 500,000 by 2030. The town has one of the largest police forces in the region, a government (public) hospital and clinic, as well as a private hospital, shopping mall and several public schools. Religion Middelburg has a deep Christian origin, for the oldest Dutch Reformed church is the one mentioned above which is better known as "Die Witkerk." Churches in the town are: The Dutch Reformed (NG Kerk) Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (Nederduits Reformed Church of Africa) since 01.04.1864 - 2 parishes, Middelburg and Middelburg-Noord 28.08.1977 AFM-AGS Apostolic Faith Mission (Lighuis Gemeente, Corpus Christi, AGS Sentraal) Pentecostal Protestant Church(Lofdal Gesinskerk, Woord-en-Kruis Gemeente.) Baptist New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist Methodist African Methodist Episcopal Church (Nazareth Chapel) Catholic Full Gospel Church (VEK Kruisgenerasie) Zion Christian Church Holy Trinity Anglican Church Independent Churches Evangelical Lutheran Church Lutheran Bapedi Church St Peter's Confessional Lutheran Church of South Africa Presbyterian ECF (Eastdene Christian Fellowship) 1988 Shalom Christian Church Solid Ground Church Various bazaars and markets are held by all churches in support of the community. Examples would be The Expo Art and craft market, which is held annually in the spring by Die Lighuis Gemeente. Corpus Christi also have a world class market which is widely known in the area as the Kersmark. The church community is closely involved in community upliftment and development. Economy Columbus Stainless, a large stainless steel plant, constructed in 1965, and Thos Begbie & Co, a company established in 1887 by Scotsman Thomas Begbie, are both situated here. For many years, the industrial activities of the steel plant and its peripheral activities, such as coal and transport, provided much of the employment and largely drove the economy of the town, although other sectors, such as agriculture, have gradually grown to be important. Culture and contemporary life Tourism Middelburg railway station The town is situated conveniently close to one of the main routes to the Kruger National Park, and has a small but growing tourism industry. Some landmarks and notable features in or around the town include the Middelburg Dam, site of the annual Middelburg Mile swimming event , the Botshabelo mission station museum and associated Ndebele tourist village, several hiking trails, and the Dutch Reformed church in the town centre. Within the town itself, several popular night spots and family restaurants entertain the locals and visiting tourists. Middelburg Mall was recently built, just off the N4 on the Bethal-Middelburg road and has a wide range of shops and restaurants. Sports A well maintained country club provides facilities for tennis, bowls, a golf course, swimming pools, as well as a bar, hotel and dining and function rooms. Furthermore, you will find Kees Taljaard Park, which is primarily a rugby stadium, but also has hockey fields. A lot of the local festivals are hosted in this stadium as well. Infrastructure Passenger rail This city has a railway station for the loading and unloading of passengers and cargo on the Pretoria–Maputo railway. Notable people Wynand Claassen - South Africa national rugby union team captain of the 1981 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand and the United States, more famously known as the Rebel tour of New Zealand Happy Jele - footballer. One time captain of Orlando Pirates, and one of the longest serving players of Orlando Pirates. Esther Mahlangu - artist from the Ndebele nation. Known for her bold large-scale contemporary paintings that reference her Ndebele heritage. Vincent Mahlangu - actor and singer Gerhardus Pienaar - javelin thrower Nothando Vilakazi - Spanish Primera División & South Africa women's national football team player References ^ a b c d "Main Place Middelburg". Census 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h Rousseau, Wilna (1974). "Middleburg in the Transvaal". South African Panorama. Information Service of South Africa. 19 (3) – via Internet Archive. ^ "Middleburg, Mpumalanga - South African History Online". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ Mozambique Logistics Infrastructure: Mozambique Railway Assessment. Atlassian Confluence. 10 de dezembro de 2018. ^ "The seven-year long construction of Delagoa Bay railway line starts". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2014. External links Botshabelo mission station Middelburg on places.co.za Mpumalanga tourism vteMunicipalities and communities of Nkangala District Municipality, MpumalangaDistrict seat: MiddelburgEmalahleni Balmoral Klarinet Kriel KwaGuqa Ogies Vandyksdrif Witbank Nkangala District within South AfricaSteve Tshwete Botshabelo Hendrina Mhluzi Middelburg Emakhazeni Belfast Dalmanutha Dullstroom Machadodorp Vlakfontein Waterval Boven Waterval Onder Thembisile Boekenhouthoek Klipfontein KwaMhlanga Kwaggafontein Loopspruit Mathys Zyn Loop Wolvenkop Dr JS Moroka Allemansdrift Greenside Kameelrivier Mapoch Mbibana Pankop Siyabuswa Toitskraal Vaalbank Vrieskraal Wolwekraal Victor Khanye Delmas Eloff Rietkol Sundra Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middelburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelburg_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Mpumalanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga"}],"text":"This article is about the town in Mpumalanga. For other uses, see Middelburg.Town in Mpumalanga, South AfricaMiddelburg is a large farming and industrial town in the South African province of Mpumalanga.","title":"Middelburg, Mpumalanga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Lydenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Lydenburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan743-2"},{"link_name":"South African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan743-2"},{"link_name":"Dutch Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan743-2"},{"link_name":"1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Voortrekkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voortrekkers"},{"link_name":"Klein Olifants River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olifants_River_(Limpopo)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan743-2"},{"link_name":"1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Transvaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"Lydenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydenburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan743-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan743-2"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan743-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pan743-2"}],"text":"It was initially established as a halfway station between Lydenburg and Pretoria by the Republic of Lydenburg in 1860.[2]: 30  That republic would merge with the South African Republic (ZAR) soon afterwards.[2]: 30  The proposed town was established on two farms, Klipfontein and Keerom but when the Dutch Reformed Church established a church next door on the farm Sterkfontein, the town would be moved there.[2]: 30  It was established as Nasareth, in 1864 by the Voortrekkers on the banks of the Klein Olifants River.[2]: 30  It was changed in 1872 to Middelburg to mark its location between the Transvaal capital Pretoria, and the gold mining town of Lydenburg.[3][2]: 30  The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1890.[2]: 30  The British built a large concentration camp in Middelburg during the Second Boer War.[2]: 30  The Memorial Museum was built at the site next to the 1,381 graves of women and children who died in the concentration camp.[2]: 30","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Coloured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_South_African"}],"sub_title":"Communities","text":"Aerorand - the newest suburb in Middelburg\nCBD - the oldest part of town\nGroenkol - upmarket renovated houses\nDennesig - named after the conifer trees scattered through the suburb\nGolfsig - upmarket suburb with a view of the golf course\nClubville - leafy suburb with a view of the golf course\nIndustrial Area - various industrial businesses\nKanonkop - translated as \"Cannon Hill,\" referring to the days of the Anglo-Boer War, the site of the British concentration camp graveyard is to be found in the area\nMhluzi - Previously African suburb during the Apartheid era\nMineralia - suburb named after mineral deposits\nNasareth - Previously Coloured suburb on the eastern side of Middelburg\nEastdene - Previously Indian suburb\nRockdale -a residential area on the Remaining Extent of the farm Rockdale 442 JS\nHlalmnandi","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa"}],"text":"Hundreds of expatriates and their families, mostly from the United Kingdom and parts of Europe, moved into the town in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s to avoid the slump of the post-World War II industrial and manufacturing sectors in those countries. These families were attracted by the need for industrial expertise in the plant, and were often rewarded with company-sponsored housing and discounted education.The children of those immigrant families have either moved to the larger nearby cities of Witbank, Pretoria and Johannesburg, seeking employment, or have remained to form part of the growing alternative economic activities in the area.Today, the town faces many issues typical to smaller towns in South Africa. These include challenges such as the incorporation, upliftment, and appropriate addressing of former inequalities of service provision and infrastructure in the large nearby townships and suburbs, that were created for the black and Indian populations, under apartheid laws. The cultural make up of the town is quite diverse, ranging from mainly Afrikaans-speaking families, expatriates from the United Kingdom and Europe, as well as the indigenous African populations. Another challenge is addressing the general trend of the hastening migration of residents away from small towns to larger cities in search of greater economic opportunities.With a 2016 population of 278,000 and a growth rate of 4.9%, the municipal statistical department has estimated that the population will be 500,000 by 2030. The town has one of the largest police forces in the region, a government (public) hospital and clinic, as well as a private hospital, shopping mall and several public schools.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Independent_Fundamentalist_Baptist"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Middelburg has a deep Christian origin, for the oldest Dutch Reformed church is the one mentioned above which is better known as \"Die Witkerk.\"Churches in the town are:The Dutch Reformed (NG Kerk)\nNederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (Nederduits Reformed Church of Africa) since 01.04.1864 - 2 parishes, Middelburg and Middelburg-Noord 28.08.1977\nAFM-AGS Apostolic Faith Mission (Lighuis Gemeente, Corpus Christi, AGS Sentraal)\nPentecostal Protestant Church(Lofdal Gesinskerk, Woord-en-Kruis Gemeente.)\nBaptist\nNew Independent Fundamentalist Baptist\nMethodist\nAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church (Nazareth Chapel)\nCatholic\nFull Gospel Church (VEK Kruisgenerasie)\nZion Christian Church\nHoly Trinity Anglican Church\nIndependent Churches\nEvangelical Lutheran Church\nLutheran Bapedi Church\nSt Peter's Confessional Lutheran Church of South Africa\nPresbyterian\nECF (Eastdene Christian Fellowship) 1988\nShalom Christian Church\nSolid Ground ChurchVarious bazaars and markets are held by all churches in support of the community. Examples would be The Expo Art and craft market, which is held annually in the spring by Die Lighuis Gemeente. Corpus Christi also have a world class market which is widely known in the area as the Kersmark. The church community is closely involved in community upliftment and development.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stainless steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel"}],"text":"Columbus Stainless, a large stainless steel plant, constructed in 1965, and Thos Begbie & Co, a company established in 1887 by Scotsman Thomas Begbie, are both situated here. For many years, the industrial activities of the steel plant and its peripheral activities, such as coal and transport, provided much of the employment and largely drove the economy of the town, although other sectors, such as agriculture, have gradually grown to be important.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture and contemporary life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Station_Middelburg_MP.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kruger National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruger_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070922054721/http://www.mpumalangatourism.info/events/index.html"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090623041241/http://www.places.co.za/html/botshabelo.html"},{"link_name":"Ndebele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_people"}],"sub_title":"Tourism","text":"Middelburg railway stationThe town is situated conveniently close to one of the main routes to the Kruger National Park, and has a small but growing tourism industry. Some landmarks and notable features in or around the town include the Middelburg Dam, site of the annual Middelburg Mile swimming event [1], the Botshabelo [2] mission station museum and associated Ndebele tourist village, several hiking trails, and the Dutch Reformed church in the town centre. Within the town itself, several popular night spots and family restaurants entertain the locals and visiting tourists. Middelburg Mall was recently built, just off the N4 on the Bethal-Middelburg road and has a wide range of shops and restaurants.","title":"Culture and contemporary life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A well maintained country club provides facilities for tennis, bowls, a golf course, swimming pools, as well as a bar, hotel and dining and function rooms. Furthermore, you will find Kees Taljaard Park, which is primarily a rugby stadium, but also has hockey fields. A lot of the local festivals are hosted in this stadium as well.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pretoria–Maputo railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria%E2%80%93Maputo_railway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlassian-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Passenger rail","text":"This city has a railway station for the loading and unloading of passengers and cargo on the Pretoria–Maputo railway.[4][5]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wynand Claassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynand_Claassen"},{"link_name":"South Africa national rugby union team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"1981 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand and the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Happy Jele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Jele"},{"link_name":"Orlando Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Esther Mahlangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Mahlangu"},{"link_name":"Ndebele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_people"},{"link_name":"Vincent Mahlangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Mahlangu"},{"link_name":"Gerhardus Pienaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhardus_Pienaar"},{"link_name":"Nothando Vilakazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothando_Vilakazi"},{"link_name":"Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_(women)"},{"link_name":"South Africa women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_women%27s_national_football_team"}],"text":"Wynand Claassen - South Africa national rugby union team captain of the 1981 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand and the United States, more famously known as the Rebel tour of New Zealand\nHappy Jele - footballer. One time captain of Orlando Pirates, and one of the longest serving players of Orlando Pirates.\nEsther Mahlangu - artist from the Ndebele nation. Known for her bold large-scale contemporary paintings that reference her Ndebele heritage.\nVincent Mahlangu - actor and singer\nGerhardus Pienaar - javelin thrower\nNothando Vilakazi - Spanish Primera División & South Africa women's national football team player","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Middelburg railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Station_Middelburg_MP.JPG/220px-Station_Middelburg_MP.JPG"},{"image_text":"Nkangala District within South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Map_of_South_Africa_with_Nkangala_highlighted_%282011%29.svg/150px-Map_of_South_Africa_with_Nkangala_highlighted_%282011%29.svg.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Fields,_Kentucky
Rolling Fields, Kentucky
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°16′08″N 85°40′15″W / 38.26889°N 85.67083°W / 38.26889; -85.67083Not to be confused with the similarly-named city of Rolling Hills, Kentucky, nearby. City in Kentucky, United StatesRolling Fields, KentuckyCityLocation of Rolling Fields in Jefferson County, KentuckyRolling FieldsLocation within the state of KentuckyShow map of KentuckyRolling FieldsRolling Fields (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 38°16′08″N 85°40′15″W / 38.26889°N 85.67083°W / 38.26889; -85.67083CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountyJeffersonArea • Total0.23 sq mi (0.60 km2) • Land0.23 sq mi (0.60 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation561 ft (171 m)Population (2020) • Total720 • Density3,103.45/sq mi (1,197.05/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP Code40207FIPS code21-66486GNIS feature ID2404645Websiterollingfieldsky.org Rolling Fields is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 646 at the 2010 census. It incorporated as a city in 1958. It was the fifth-wealthiest city in Kentucky by median household income in 2000. It is adjacent to the similar small cities of Indian Hills and Mockingbird Valley, and all three are served by the Indian Hills Police Department. After settlement by Europeans, the land was part of the Veech family farm for over 100 years. Land from the farm was also developed into Indian Hills and the adjoining Louisville Country Club. Most of the homes in Rolling Fields were built in the 1940s and 1950s. Geography Rolling Fields is located in northern Jefferson County. It is bordered to the west by Mockingbird Valley, to the east by Indian Hills, and otherwise by consolidated Louisville/Jefferson County. It is 5 miles (8 km) east of downtown Louisville. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Rolling Fields has a total area of 0.23 square miles (0.60 km2), all of it recorded as land. Swing Lane west of Club Lane is actually in Mockingbird Valley, although the only egress is into Rolling Hills. The homes on the east side of the lane are in Rolling Fields, while those on the west side are either in Mockingbird Valley or Louisville. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1960816—1970714−12.5%19807312.4%1990593−18.9%20006489.3%2010646−0.3%202072011.5%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 648 people, 253 households, and 195 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,687.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,037.6/km2). There were 263 housing units at an average density of 1,090.8 per square mile (421.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.07% White, 0.15% African American, 0.15% Asian, 0.62% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.46% of the population. There were 253 households, out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.9% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.97. In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 2.0% from 18 to 24, 20.8% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $122,386, and the median income for a family was $138,765. Males had a median income of $100,000 versus $41,875 for females. The per capita income for the city was $73,152. None of the families and 1.5% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 2.4% of those over 64. References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Rolling Fields, Kentucky ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Rolling Fields city, Kentucky". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2018. ^ "Kentucky Land Office database". Kentucky Secretary of State. Retrieved November 17, 2011. ^ Elson, Martha (July 29, 2003). "Rolling Fields considers raising its property tax rate". Courier-Journal. pp. B2. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. External links Official city website vteNeighborhoods, suburbs, districts and areas in Louisville MetroEast Side(Old City) Audubon Avondale-Melbourne Heights Bashford Manor Bon Air Bradley Brownsboro-Zorn Butchertown Camp Taylor Cherokee Gardens Cherokee-Seneca Clifton Clifton Heights Crescent Hill East Market District (NuLu) Gardiner Lane Germantown Hawthorne Hayfield Dundee The Highlands Belknap Bonnycastle Cherokee Triangle Deer Park Highlands-Douglass Irish Hill Original Highlands Phoenix Hill (portion) Tyler Park Hikes Point Klondike Meriwether Phoenix Hill Poplar Level Prestonia Rockcreek-Lexington Road St. Joseph Schnitzelburg East Side(Suburbs and rural hamlets) Anchorage Ashville-Glenmary Audubon Park Avoca Bancroft Barbourmeade Beckley Station Beechwood Village Bellemeade Bellewood Berrytown Blue Ridge Manor Boston Buechel Briarwood Broeck Pointe Brownsboro Farm Brownsboro Village Cambridge Clark Station Coldstream Creekside Crossgate Douglass Hills Druid Hills Eastwood English Station Fairmount Fern Creek Fincastle Fisherville Forest Hills Freys Hill Glenview Glenview Hills Glenview Manor Goose Creek Griffytown Graymoor-Devondale Green Spring Harrods Creek Hickory Hill Highview Hills and Dales Houston Acres Hurstbourne Acres Hurstbourne Indian Hills Jeffersontown Kingsley Langdon Place Lake Louisvilla Lakeland Lincolnshire Long Run Longview Lyndon Keeneland Lynnview Manor Creek Maryhill Estates Meadow Vale Meadowview Estates Meadowbrook Farm Middletown Mockingbird Valley Moorland Murray Hill Newburg Norbourne Estates Northfield Norwood O'Bannon Old Brownsboro Place Parkway Village Plantation Plainview The Point Poplar Hills Prospect Richlawn Riverwood Rolling Fields Rolling Hills St. Matthews Broad Fields Cherrywood Village Fairmeade Plymouth Village Springlee Warwick Village St. Regis Park Seatonville Seneca Gardens Smyrna Springdale Springhurst Spring Mill Spring Valley Strathmoor Manor Strathmoor Village Sycamore Ten Broeck Thixton Thornhill Tucker Station Watterson Park Wellington West Buechel Westwood Whipps Millgate Whitner Wildwood Windy Hills Wolf Creek Woodland Hills Woodlawn Park Worthington Worthington Hills South Side(Old City) Auburndale Beechmont Cloverleaf Edgewood Hazelwood Highland Park Iroquois Jacobs Kenwood Hill Parkwood South Louisville Southland Park Southside Standiford Taylor-Berry Wilder Park Wyandotte South Side(Suburbs and rural hamlets) Bethany Fairdale Greenwood Heritage Creek Hollyvilla Hollow Creek Johnsontown Kosmosdale Lake Dreamland Lynnview Medora Okolona Orell Penile Pleasure Ridge Park Prairie Village Riverside Gardens St. Dennis Shively Sylvania Valley Downs Valley Gardens Valley Station Valley Village Waverly Hills West Side Algonquin California Chickasaw Hallmark Park DuValle Park Hill Parkland Portland Shawnee Rubbertown Russell Downtown Downtown West Main District Limerick Old Louisville Shelby Park Smoketown vteMunicipalities and communities of Jefferson County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: LouisvilleCities Anchorage Audubon Park Bancroft Barbourmeade Beechwood Village Bellemeade Bellewood Blue Ridge Manor Briarwood Broeck Pointe Brownsboro Farm Brownsboro Village Cambridge Coldstream Creekside Crossgate Douglass Hills Druid Hills Fincastle Forest Hills Glenview Glenview Hills Glenview Manor Goose Creek Graymoor-Devondale Green Spring Heritage Creek Hickory Hill Hills and Dales Hollow Creek Hollyvilla Houston Acres Hurstbourne Hurstbourne Acres Indian Hills Jeffersontown Kingsley Langdon Place Lincolnshire Louisville (balance) Lyndon Lynnview Manor Creek Maryhill Estates Meadow Vale Meadowbrook Farm Meadowview Estates Middletown Mockingbird Valley Moorland Murray Hill Norbourne Estates Northfield Norwood Old Brownsboro Place Parkway Village Plantation Poplar Hills Prospect‡ Richlawn Riverwood Rolling Fields Rolling Hills St. Matthews St. Regis Park Seneca Gardens Shively South Park View Spring Mill Spring Valley Strathmoor Manor Strathmoor Village Sycamore Ten Broeck Thornhill Watterson Park Wellington West Buechel Westwood Wildwood Windy Hills Woodland Hills Woodlawn Park Worthington Hills Location of Jefferson County, KentuckyFormer CDPs Buechel Fairdale Fern Creek Highview Newburg Okolona Pleasure Ridge Park St. Dennis Valley Station Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Kentucky portal United States portal vteCity of Louisville and metro areaHistory Timeline George Rogers Clark–founder Civil War Bloody Monday religious riots in 1855 Historic places Geography Downtown Cityscape Climate Local landmarks Neighborhoods Parks Preservation districts (Old Louisville) Government Mayor (Craig Greenberg) Metro Council (President: Markus Winkler) Transportation Bowman Field Louisville International Airport Louisville Union Station McAlpine Locks and Dam Roads TARC Other subjectareas Attractions and events Cuisine Economy Education Media People Performing arts Public art Religion Sports Top subjects Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali Center Cave Hill Cemetery Falls of the Ohio Farmington Kentucky Derby (Festival) KFC History Colonel Sanders L&N Louisville Slugger Speed Art Museum University of Louisville (Cardinals) National HistoricLandmarks Belle of Louisville Churchill Downs Historic Locust Grove Mayor Andrew Broaddus Old Bank Zachary Taylor House United States Marine Hospital Water Tower Prominent suburbs(over 10K pop.) Clarksville Jeffersontown Jeffersonville Lyndon Mount Washington New Albany St. Matthews Shelbyville Shepherdsville Shively Category (city) Category (metro area) WikiProject Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Hills, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Hills,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"home rule-class city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Indian Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Hills,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Mockingbird Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockingbird_Valley,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the similarly-named city of Rolling Hills, Kentucky, nearby.City in Kentucky, United StatesRolling Fields is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 646 at the 2010 census.[3] It incorporated as a city in 1958.[4]It was the fifth-wealthiest city in Kentucky by median household income in 2000. It is adjacent to the similar small cities of Indian Hills and Mockingbird Valley, and all three are served by the Indian Hills Police Department.[5]After settlement by Europeans, the land was part of the Veech family farm for over 100 years. Land from the farm was also developed into Indian Hills and the adjoining Louisville Country Club. Most of the homes in Rolling Fields were built in the 1940s and 1950s.","title":"Rolling Fields, Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mockingbird Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockingbird_Valley,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Indian Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Hills,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"downtown Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Louisville"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"}],"text":"Rolling Fields is located in northern Jefferson County. It is bordered to the west by Mockingbird Valley, to the east by Indian Hills, and otherwise by consolidated Louisville/Jefferson County. It is 5 miles (8 km) east of downtown Louisville.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Rolling Fields has a total area of 0.23 square miles (0.60 km2), all of it recorded as land.[3]Swing Lane west of Club Lane is actually in Mockingbird Valley, although the only egress is into Rolling Hills. The homes on the east side of the lane are in Rolling Fields, while those on the west side are either in Mockingbird Valley or Louisville.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-7"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[7] of 2000, there were 648 people, 253 households, and 195 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,687.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,037.6/km2). There were 263 housing units at an average density of 1,090.8 per square mile (421.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.07% White, 0.15% African American, 0.15% Asian, 0.62% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.46% of the population.There were 253 households, out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.9% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.97.In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 2.0% from 18 to 24, 20.8% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.3 males.The median income for a household in the city was $122,386, and the median income for a family was $138,765. Males had a median income of $100,000 versus $41,875 for females. The per capita income for the city was $73,152. None of the families and 1.5% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 2.4% of those over 64.","title":"Demographics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletes,_son_of_Hippotes
Aletes (Heraclid)
["1 Notes","2 References"]
Ancient Greek mythological figure Aletes (Ancient Greek: Ἀλήτης) was a son of Hippotes, of Dorian ancestry, and a fifth-generation descendant of Heracles. He is said to have defeated in battle the Corinthians, taken possession of Corinth, and to have expelled the Sisyphids thirty years after the first invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Heraclids. His family, sometimes called the Aletidae, maintained themselves at Corinth down to the time of Bacchis (that is, late 10th century BC). Velleius Paterculus calls him a descendant of Heracles, but of the sixth generation. He received an oracle, promising him the sovereignty of Athens if during the war, which was then going on, its king should remain uninjured. This oracle became known at Athens, and the Athenian king Codrus sacrificed himself to preserve the city. Notes ^ Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Aletes". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 109. Archived from the original on 2007-04-05. ^ Pausanias, 2.4 ^ Pindar, Olympian Odes 13.17; Callimachus, fr. 103; Pausanias, 2.4.3 & 5.18.2; Strabo, 8, p. 389 ^ Velleius Paterculus, 1.3 ^ Conon, Narrations 26 References Callimachus, Callimachus and Lycophron with an English translation by A. W. Mair ; Aratus, with an English translation by G. R. Mair, London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam 1921. Internet Archive Callimachus, Works. A.W. Mair. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1921. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Conon, Fifty Narrations, surviving as one-paragraph summaries in the Bibliotheca (Library) of Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople translated from the Greek by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project. Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Pindar, Odes translated by Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Pindar, The Odes of Pindar including the Principal Fragments with an Introduction and an English Translation by Sir John Sandys, Litt.D., FBA. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1937. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Strabo, The Geography of Strabo. Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Strabo, Geographica edited by A. Meineke. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Aletes". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. vteRulers of Ancient CorinthHeleidae Aeëtes Bounos Epopeus Corinthus Polybus Creon Jason Sisyphidae Sisyphus Glaucus Bellerophon Ornytion Thoas Damophon Propodas two kings at the same time Doridas and Hyanthidas HeracleidaeAletidae Aletes Ixion Agelas I Prymnes Bacchiadae Bacchis Agelas II Eudaemus Aristomedes Agemon Alexander Telestes Automenes Pritanius Cypselid tyrants Cypselus I Periander Psammetichus (Cypselus II) This article relating to Greek mythology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Hippotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippotes"},{"link_name":"Dorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorians"},{"link_name":"Heracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM-1"},{"link_name":"Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth"},{"link_name":"Sisyphids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisyphids"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Peloponnesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesus"},{"link_name":"Heraclids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracleidae"},{"link_name":"Bacchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Velleius Paterculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Codrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codrus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Aletes (Ancient Greek: Ἀλήτης) was a son of Hippotes, of Dorian ancestry, and a fifth-generation descendant of Heracles.[1] He is said to have defeated in battle the Corinthians, taken possession of Corinth, and to have expelled the Sisyphids[2] thirty years after the first invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Heraclids. His family, sometimes called the Aletidae, maintained themselves at Corinth down to the time of Bacchis (that is, late 10th century BC).[3] Velleius Paterculus calls him a descendant of Heracles, but of the sixth generation.[4] He received an oracle, promising him the sovereignty of Athens if during the war, which was then going on, its king should remain uninjured. This oracle became known at Athens, and the Athenian king Codrus sacrificed himself to preserve the city.[5]","title":"Aletes (Heraclid)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DGRBM_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Aletes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070405183144/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0118.html"},{"link_name":"William Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology"},{"link_name":"Little, Brown and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0118.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"2.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160:book=2:chapter=4&highlight=aletes"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Pindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar"},{"link_name":"Callimachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callimachus"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Velleius Paterculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Conon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conon_(mythographer)"}],"text":"^ Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). \"Aletes\". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 109. Archived from the original on 2007-04-05.\n\n^ Pausanias, 2.4\n\n^ Pindar, Olympian Odes 13.17; Callimachus, fr. 103; Pausanias, 2.4.3 & 5.18.2; Strabo, 8, p. 389\n\n^ Velleius Paterculus, 1.3\n\n^ Conon, Narrations 26","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). \"Aletes\". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 109. Archived from the original on 2007-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070405183144/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0118.html","url_text":"\"Aletes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)","url_text":"William Smith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology","url_text":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company","url_text":"Little, Brown and Company"},{"url":"http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0118.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weil,_Gotshal_%26_Manges
Weil, Gotshal & Manges
["1 Overview","2 Notable cases","3 Notable alumni","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
American law firm Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLPHeadquartersGeneral Motors BuildingNew York City, New York, United StatesNo. of offices16No. of attorneys1,118 (2017)Major practice areasGeneral practiceKey peopleBarry M. Wolf, Executive Partner, Management Committee ChairRevenue$1.86 billion (2021)Date founded1931; 93 years ago (1931) (New York City)FounderFrank WeilSylvan GotshalHorace MangesCompany typeLimited-liability partnershipWebsiteweil.com Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP is an American international law firm with approximately 1,100 attorneys, headquartered in New York City. With a gross annual revenue in excess of $1.8 billion, it is among the world's largest law firms according to The American Lawyer's AmLaw 100 survey. Overview The firm was founded in New York City in 1931 by Frank Weil, Sylvan Gotshal, and Horace Manges. Since 1968, Weil has been headquartered in the General Motors building, overlooking Central Park, in New York City's Manhattan borough. After its founding in 1931, the firm grew steadily in the following decades, taking on clients including General Electric and General Motors, and becoming one of the largest law firms in the country. In 1975, the firm opened an office in Washington, D.C., its first outside New York City, followed in the 1980s by locations in Miami, Houston and Dallas. In 1991, the year that the internet became publicly available, Weil was the first global, non-California law firm to open a Silicon Valley office, in Redwood Shores, California. Later, the firm further spread its practice, notably in non-contentious finance and private equity practice. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the subsequent move by Central and Eastern European countries toward market-based economies prompted the firm to launch its international expansion. It established offices in Budapest, Prague and Warsaw in the early 1990s, followed by the establishment of offices in Frankfurt, London, Munich and Paris. In the 21st century, the firm established offices in Beijing, Dubai, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. As of 2012, one-quarter of the firm's lawyers have practiced outside the U.S. In November 2023, amid a wave of antisemitic incidents at elite U.S. law schools, Weil, Gotshal & Manges was among a group of major law firms who sent a letter to top law school deans warning them that an escalation in incidents targeting Jewish students would have corporate hiring consequences. The letter said "We look to you to ensure your students who hope to join our firms after graduation are prepared to be an active part of workplace communities that have zero tolerance policies for any form of discrimination or harassment, much less the kind that has been taking place on some law school campuses." Notable cases Olympus Corporation's, Olympus scandal deal for British medical-equipment maker Gyrus earned Weil an undisclosed portion of the extraordinary $687 million fee; the $2 billion acquisition was the largest in Olympus's history; the fee was shared with the deal's financial advisor and its broker. The auditor KPMG refused to issue an unqualified audit report due to issues with the Gyrus deal, for which a 21-attorney Weil team was legal advisor General Electric's $11.6 billion sale of GE Plastics to Saudi Basic Industries DirecTV's $25 billion stock-for-stock merger with Liberty Entertainment Sanofi Aventis's $18 billion acquisition of Genzyme General Electric's $35 billion joint venture with Comcast for ownership of NBC Universal Apple Inc.'s favorable settlement of litigation with Burst.com Sears Holdings 2018 Restructuring Plan CBS Corporation's successful defense against a lawsuit filed by former reporter and news anchorman Dan Rather ExxonMobil's successful breach of contract suit against Saudi Basic Industries resulting in a $400 million jury award, one of the largest in history eBay's successful defense in trademark litigation with Tiffany & Co. Enron bankruptcy Lehman Brothers bankruptcy Washington Mutual bankruptcy WorldCom bankruptcy General Motors bankruptcy DirecTV's $49 billion sale to AT&T Lenovo's $2.9 billion acquisition of Motorola from Google Verizon's $4.4 billion acquisition of AOL Intel's $16 billion acquisition of Altera Facebook's $19 billion acquisition of WhatsApp Oracle's $9 billion acquisition of NetSuite Notable alumni Richard Ben-Veniste, member of the 9/11 Commission Geoff Berman, executive director of the New York State Democratic Committee Adam Bodnar, former Polish Ombudsman for Citizen Rights and current Minister of Justice Jason Boyarski, music industry lawyer Vernon S. Broderick, judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Robert B. Charles, Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Greg Coleman, first Solicitor General of Texas Gregg Costa, judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit Christopher Nixon Cox, grandson of Richard Nixon Mekka Don, rapper Barry Eisler, novelist, creator of John Rain novels Michael Francies, managing partner of the firm's London office Jill M. Friedman, who represented Guantanamo Bay detention camp prisoners, author of The Saudi Repatriates Report Martin D. Ginsburg, lawyer, husband of Ruth Bader Ginsburg Sylvan Gotshal, founding partner Lawrence Otis Graham, best-selling author Caitlin Halligan, former Solicitor General of New York George J. Hazel, judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland Melinda Katz, Queens County District Attorney Jeffrey L. Kessler, noted sports industry lawyer Horace Manges, founding partner Harvey R. Miller, Vice Chairman of Greenhill & Co. Ira Millstein, current partner at the firm, longest-practicing partner in big law Tamika Montgomery-Reeves, associate justice of the Delaware Supreme Court Raymond Nimmer, former dean of the University of Houston Law Center Robert Odle, Assistant Secretary in the United States Department of Energy under Ronald Reagan Harriet Pilpel, women's rights activist John A. E. Pottow, professor at the University of Michigan Law School Rob Simmelkjaer, television journalist and executive Stanley Sporkin, senior judge on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia Robert R. Summerhays, judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana Theodore Tannenwald Jr., judge of the United States Tax Court Heath Tarbert, former Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission Suzanne Israel Tufts, Assistant Secretary in the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development Frank Weil, founding partner See also Law portalNew York City portal List of largest United States-based law firms by profits per partner List of companies based in New York City References ^ "Barry M. Wolf - Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP". ^ Patrick Smith (March 31, 2022). "Weil Rides Balance to Double-Digit Revenue, Net Income Growth in 2021". The American Lawyer (via Law.com). Retrieved August 30, 2022. ^ "2005 The National Law Journal 250". The National Law Journal. Retrieved October 9, 2012. ^ Staff (July 1, 2005). "The Am Law 100: The Billion-Dollar Club Expands" (Abstract). The American Lawyer (via Law.com). Retrieved October 9, 2012. ^ "Weil | Company Profile | Vault.com". Vault. Retrieved July 28, 2021. ^ "Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP - The Inside View". www.chambers-associate.com. Retrieved July 28, 2021. ^ "Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, USA | Chambers Profiles". chambers.com. Retrieved July 28, 2021. ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Mattu, Ravi; Warner, Bernhard; Kessler, Sarah; Merced, Michael J. de la; Hirsch, Lauren; Livni, Ephrat (November 2, 2023). "Law Firms Warn Universities About Antisemitism on Campus". The New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2023. ^ Staff (October 27, 2011). "Additional Information on Our Previous Acquisition Deals" (PDF format). Olympus Corporation. Retrieved October 9, 2012. ^ Layne, Rachel; Cronin, Sean (May 21, 2007). "Saudi Basic to Buy GE Plastics Unit for $11.6 Billion (Update 5)". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 9, 2012. ^ Nolter, Chris (May 15, 2009). "Malone's Fancy Turns to Tax-Free Spinoffs". The Deal. Archived from the original on November 26, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012. ^ Nicholson, Chris V. (February 16, 2011). "Sanofi Agrees to Buy Genzyme for $20.1 Billion". DealBook (blog of The New York Times). Retrieved October 9, 2012. ^ Shields, Todd; Bliss, Jeff (January 18, 2011). "Comcast Wins U.S. Approval to Buy NBC Universal From GE for $13.8 Billion". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 9, 2012. ^ Reagan, Gillian (January 12, 2010). "Dan Rather's $70 Million Lawsuit Against CBS Finally Dies". Business Insider. Retrieved May 17, 2019. ^ Jones, Ashby (April 1, 2010). "Second Circuit Rules for eBay in Counterfeit Goods Case". Law Blog (blog of The Wall Street Journal). Retrieved October 9, 2012. ^ Glater, Jonathan D. (December 4, 2001). "Enron's Collapse: The Lawyers; And the Winners in the Case Are". The New York Times. ^ Glater, Jonathan D. (December 13, 2008). "The Man Who Is Unwinding Lehman Brothers". The New York Times. ^ Chasan, Emily (September 28, 2008). "WaMu Files Bankruptcy Petition in Delaware". Forbes. ^ Schmitt, Richard (July 23, 2002). "Recent Bankruptcy Filings Become A Field of Gold for Weil Gotshal". Wall Street Journal. ^ Sandler, Lisa (June 1, 2009). "GM Files Bankruptcy to Spin Off More Competitive Firm". Bloomberg. ^ Chiem, Linda (June 24, 2014). "Sealing The Deal: Weil Steers DirecTV In $49B Sale To AT&T". LexisNexis. ^ Mahoney, Brian (January 14, 2014). "Law360's Weekly Verdict: Legal Lions & Lambs". LexisNexis. ^ Mahoney, Brian (May 12, 2015). "Verizon to buy AOL in $4.4 billion mobile video push". Reuters. ^ King, Ian (June 1, 2015). "Intel's $16.7 Billion Altera Deal Is Fueled by Data Centers". Bloomberg. ^ Rosen, Ellen (February 21, 2014). "Weil Advises Facebook as WhatsApp Uses Fenwick: Business of Law". Bloomberg. ^ Greene, Jay (July 28, 2016). "Oracle to Buy Cloud-Software Provider NetSuite for $9.3 Billion". Wall Street Journal. External links Official website Weil, Gotshal & Manges companies grouped at OpenCorporates Chambers and Partners firm profile Archived March 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States
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With a gross annual revenue in excess of $1.8 billion, it is among the world's largest law firms according to The American Lawyer's AmLaw 100 survey.[3][4]","title":"Weil, Gotshal & Manges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Weil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Weil"},{"link_name":"Sylvan Gotshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvan_Gotshal"},{"link_name":"Horace Manges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Manges"},{"link_name":"General Motors building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Building_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Redwood Shores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_Shores"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"fall of the Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weil,_Gotshal_%26_Manges&action=edit"},{"link_name":"antisemitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiring-8"}],"text":"The firm was founded in New York City in 1931 by Frank Weil, Sylvan Gotshal, and Horace Manges. Since 1968, Weil has been headquartered in the General Motors building, overlooking Central Park, in New York City's Manhattan borough.[5]After its founding in 1931, the firm grew steadily in the following decades, taking on clients including General Electric and General Motors, and becoming one of the largest law firms in the country.[6] In 1975, the firm opened an office in Washington, D.C., its first outside New York City, followed in the 1980s by locations in Miami, Houston and Dallas. In 1991, the year that the internet became publicly available, Weil was the first global, non-California law firm to open a Silicon Valley office, in Redwood Shores, California. Later, the firm further spread its practice, notably in non-contentious finance and private equity practice.[7]The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the subsequent move by Central and Eastern European countries toward market-based economies prompted the firm to launch its international expansion. It established offices in Budapest, Prague and Warsaw in the early 1990s, followed by the establishment of offices in Frankfurt, London, Munich and Paris. In the 21st century, the firm established offices in Beijing, Dubai, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. As of 2012[update], one-quarter of the firm's lawyers have practiced outside the U.S.In November 2023, amid a wave of antisemitic incidents at elite U.S. law schools, Weil, Gotshal & Manges was among a group of major law firms who sent a letter to top law school deans warning them that an escalation in incidents targeting Jewish students would have corporate hiring consequences. The letter said \"We look to you to ensure your students who hope to join our firms after graduation are prepared to be an active part of workplace communities that have zero tolerance policies for any form of discrimination or harassment, much less the kind that has been taking place on some law school campuses.\"[8]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympus Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Olympus scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_scandal"},{"link_name":"Gyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrus"},{"link_name":"KPMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPMG"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"GE Plastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Plastics"},{"link_name":"Saudi Basic Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Basic_Industries"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"DirecTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirecTV"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sanofi Aventis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi_Aventis"},{"link_name":"Genzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genzyme"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"NBC Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Universal"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Apple Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Burst.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst.com"},{"link_name":"Sears Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears_Holdings"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"CBS Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Dan Rather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Rather"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ExxonMobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil"},{"link_name":"Saudi Basic Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Basic_Industries"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"Tiffany & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Enron bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Lehman Brothers bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy_of_Lehman_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Washington Mutual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Mutual"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"WorldCom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCom"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"General Motors bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"DirecTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirecTV"},{"link_name":"AT&T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Lenovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenovo"},{"link_name":"Motorola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Verizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon"},{"link_name":"AOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Altera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altera"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"WhatsApp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation"},{"link_name":"NetSuite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetSuite"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Olympus Corporation's, Olympus scandal deal for British medical-equipment maker Gyrus earned Weil an undisclosed portion of the extraordinary $687 million fee; the $2 billion acquisition was the largest in Olympus's history; the fee was shared with the deal's financial advisor and its broker. The auditor KPMG refused to issue an unqualified audit report due to issues with the Gyrus deal, for which a 21-attorney Weil team was legal advisor[9]\nGeneral Electric's $11.6 billion sale of GE Plastics to Saudi Basic Industries[10]\nDirecTV's $25 billion stock-for-stock merger with Liberty Entertainment[11]\nSanofi Aventis's $18 billion acquisition of Genzyme[12]\nGeneral Electric's $35 billion joint venture with Comcast for ownership of NBC Universal[13]\nApple Inc.'s favorable settlement of litigation with Burst.com\nSears Holdings 2018 Restructuring Plan[citation needed]\nCBS Corporation's successful defense against a lawsuit filed by former reporter and news anchorman Dan Rather[14]\nExxonMobil's successful breach of contract suit against Saudi Basic Industries resulting in a $400 million jury award, one of the largest in history[citation needed]\neBay's successful defense in trademark litigation with Tiffany & Co.[15]\nEnron bankruptcy[16]\nLehman Brothers bankruptcy[17]\nWashington Mutual bankruptcy[18]\nWorldCom bankruptcy[19]\nGeneral Motors bankruptcy[20]\nDirecTV's $49 billion sale to AT&T[21]\nLenovo's $2.9 billion acquisition of Motorola from Google[22]\nVerizon's $4.4 billion acquisition of AOL[23]\nIntel's $16 billion acquisition of Altera[24]\nFacebook's $19 billion acquisition of WhatsApp[25]\nOracle's $9 billion acquisition of NetSuite[26]","title":"Notable cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Ben-Veniste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ben-Veniste"},{"link_name":"9/11 Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Commission"},{"link_name":"Geoff Berman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Berman"},{"link_name":"New York State Democratic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Adam Bodnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Bodnar"},{"link_name":"Polish Ombudsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Ombudsman"},{"link_name":"Jason Boyarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Boyarski"},{"link_name":"Vernon S. 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Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_M._Friedman"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay detention camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp"},{"link_name":"The Saudi Repatriates Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saudi_Repatriates_Report"},{"link_name":"Martin D. Ginsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_D._Ginsburg"},{"link_name":"Ruth Bader Ginsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg"},{"link_name":"Sylvan Gotshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvan_Gotshal"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Otis Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Otis_Graham"},{"link_name":"Caitlin Halligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlin_Halligan"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"George J. Hazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Hazel"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Melinda Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_Katz"},{"link_name":"Queens County District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_County_District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey L. Kessler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_L._Kessler"},{"link_name":"Horace Manges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Manges"},{"link_name":"Harvey R. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_R._Miller"},{"link_name":"Greenhill & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhill_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Ira Millstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Millstein"},{"link_name":"big law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigLaw"},{"link_name":"Tamika Montgomery-Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamika_Montgomery-Reeves"},{"link_name":"Delaware Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Raymond Nimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Nimmer"},{"link_name":"University of Houston Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"Robert Odle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Odle"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Harriet Pilpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Pilpel"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"John A. E. Pottow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._E._Pottow"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Rob Simmelkjaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Simmelkjaer"},{"link_name":"Stanley Sporkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sporkin"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Robert R. Summerhays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_R._Summerhays"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Theodore Tannenwald Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Tannenwald_Jr."},{"link_name":"Heath Tarbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Tarbert"},{"link_name":"Commodity Futures Trading Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Israel Tufts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Israel_Tufts"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Housing and Urban Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development"},{"link_name":"Frank Weil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Weil"}],"text":"Richard Ben-Veniste, member of the 9/11 Commission\nGeoff Berman, executive director of the New York State Democratic Committee\nAdam Bodnar, former Polish Ombudsman for Citizen Rights and current Minister of Justice\nJason Boyarski, music industry lawyer\nVernon S. Broderick, judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York\nRobert B. Charles, Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs\nGreg Coleman, first Solicitor General of Texas\nGregg Costa, judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit\nChristopher Nixon Cox, grandson of Richard Nixon\nMekka Don, rapper\nBarry Eisler, novelist, creator of John Rain novels\nMichael Francies, managing partner of the firm's London office\nJill M. Friedman, who represented Guantanamo Bay detention camp prisoners, author of The Saudi Repatriates Report\nMartin D. Ginsburg, lawyer, husband of Ruth Bader Ginsburg\nSylvan Gotshal, founding partner\nLawrence Otis Graham, best-selling author\nCaitlin Halligan, former Solicitor General of New York\nGeorge J. Hazel, judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland\nMelinda Katz, Queens County District Attorney\nJeffrey L. Kessler, noted sports industry lawyer\nHorace Manges, founding partner\nHarvey R. Miller, Vice Chairman of Greenhill & Co.\nIra Millstein, current partner at the firm, longest-practicing partner in big law\nTamika Montgomery-Reeves, associate justice of the Delaware Supreme Court\nRaymond Nimmer, former dean of the University of Houston Law Center\nRobert Odle, Assistant Secretary in the United States Department of Energy under Ronald Reagan\nHarriet Pilpel, women's rights activist\nJohn A. E. Pottow, professor at the University of Michigan Law School\nRob Simmelkjaer, television journalist and executive\nStanley Sporkin, senior judge on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia\nRobert R. Summerhays, judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana\nTheodore Tannenwald Jr., judge of the United States Tax Court\nHeath Tarbert, former Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission\nSuzanne Israel Tufts, Assistant Secretary in the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development\nFrank Weil, founding partner","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Barry M. Wolf - Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weil.com/people/barry-wolf","url_text":"\"Barry M. Wolf - Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP\""}]},{"reference":"Patrick Smith (March 31, 2022). \"Weil Rides Balance to Double-Digit Revenue, Net Income Growth in 2021\". The American Lawyer (via Law.com). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusi%C4%87,_Bela_Crkva
Kusić, Bela Crkva
["1 Historical population","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°52′20″N 21°28′26″E / 44.87222°N 21.47389°E / 44.87222; 21.47389Village in Vojvodina, SerbiaKusić КусићVillage (Selo)The Orthodox churchKusićLocation of Kusić within SerbiaShow map of VojvodinaKusićKusić (Serbia)Show map of SerbiaKusićKusić (Europe)Show map of EuropeCoordinates: 44°52′20″N 21°28′26″E / 44.87222°N 21.47389°E / 44.87222; 21.47389CountrySerbiaProvinceVojvodinaDistrictSouth BanatElevation84 m (276 ft)Population (2002) • Kusić1,361Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code26349Area code+381(0)13Car platesVŠ Kusić (Serbian Cyrillic: Кусић) is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Bela Crkva municipality, in the South Banat District, Vojvodina province. The village has a Serb ethnic majority (83.46%) and a population of 1,361 (2002 census). Historical population 1961: 1,912 1971: 1,808 1981: 1,622 1991: 1,560 See also List of places in Serbia List of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina References Slobodan Ćurčić, Broj stanovnika Vojvodine, Novi Sad, 1996. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kusić. Map of the Bela Crkva municipality showing the location of Kusić vteCities, towns and villages in the South Banat DistrictPančevo Banatski Brestovac Banatsko Novo Selo Glogonj Dolovo Ivanovo Jabuka Kačarevo Omoljica Starčevo Alibunar Banatski Karlovac Vladimirovac Dobrica Ilandža Janošik Lokve Nikolinci Novi Kozjak Seleuš Bela Crkva Banatska Palanka Banatska Subotica Vračev Gaj Grebenac Dobričevo Dupljaja Jasenovo Kajtasovo Kaluđerovo Kruščica Kusić Crvena Crkva Češko Selo Vršac Vatin Veliko Središte Vlajkovac Vojvodinci Vršački Ritovi Gudurica Zagajica Izbište Jablanka Kuštilj Mali Žam Malo Središte Markovac Mesić Orešac Pavliš Parta Potporanj Ritiševo Sočica Straža Uljma Šušara Kovačica Debeljača Idvor Padina Putnikovo Samoš Uzdin Crepaja Kovin Bavanište Gaj Deliblato Dubovac Malo Bavanište Mramorak Pločica Skorenovac Šumarak Opovo Baranda Sakule Sefkerin Plandište Banatski Sokolac Barice Velika Greda Veliki Gaj Dužine Jermenovci Kupinik Laudonovac Margita Markovićevo Miletićevo Stari Lec Hajdučica (*) bold are municipalities or cities This South Banat District, Vojvodina location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard,_Massachusetts
Harvard, Massachusetts
["1 History","1.1 The Shakers","1.2 Fruitlands","1.3 Fiske Warren Tahanto Enclave","1.4 St. Benedict Center","1.5 St. Benedict Abbey","2 Geography","2.1 Surrounding towns","3 Demographics","4 Government","5 Schools","6 Library","7 Notable people","8 Houses of worship","9 See also","10 References","10.1 Notes","10.2 Further reading","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°30′00″N 71°35′00″W / 42.50000°N 71.58333°W / 42.50000; -71.58333Not to be confused with Harvard University, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Town in Massachusetts, United StatesHarvard, MassachusettsTownThe renovated library, established in 1856 SealLocation in Worcester County and the state of Massachusetts.Coordinates: 42°30′00″N 71°35′00″W / 42.50000°N 71.58333°W / 42.50000; -71.58333CountryUnited StatesStateMassachusettsCountyWorcesterSettled1658Incorporated1732Government • TypeOpen town meeting • Town AdministratorTimothy P. Bragan • Select Board Rich Maiore Erin McBee Don Ludwig Kara Minar Charles Oliver Area • Total27.0 sq mi (69.9 km2) • Land26.4 sq mi (68.3 km2) • Water0.6 sq mi (1.6 km2)Elevation420 ft (128 m)Population (2020) • Total6,851 • Density250/sq mi (98/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (Eastern)ZIP code01451Area code351 / 978FIPS code25-28950GNIS feature ID0619482Websitewww.harvard.ma.us Harvard is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The town is located 25 miles west-northwest of Boston, in eastern Massachusetts. It is mostly bounded by I-495 to the east and Route 2 to the north. A farming community settled in 1658 and incorporated in 1732, it has been home to several non-traditional communities, such as Harvard Shaker Village and the utopian transcendentalist center Fruitlands. It is also home to St. Benedict Abbey, a traditional Catholic monastery, and for over seventy years was home to Harvard University's Oak Ridge Observatory, at one time the most extensively equipped observatory in the Eastern United States. It is now a rural and residential town noted for its public schools. The population was 6,851 at the 2020 census. History Europeans first settled in what later became Harvard in the 17th century, along a road connecting Lancaster with Groton that was formally laid out in 1658. There were few inhabitants until after King Philip's War, in which Groton and Lancaster were attacked and substantially destroyed. Over the next 50 years the population grew until it had reached a point adequate to support a church. A new town including parts of Lancaster, Groton, and Stow was incorporated in 1732, subject to the proviso that the inhabitants "Settle a learned and Orthodox Minister among them within the space of two years and also erect an House for the publick Worship of God." It is uncertain how the town obtained its name, though the Willard family, among the first settlers and the largest proprietors in the new town, had several connections to Harvard College. According to The Harvard Crimson, Josiah Willard named the town after Harvard College, which he had attended, because the articles of incorporation had left the town unnamed. The first minister was Rev. John Seccombe, serving from 1733 to 1757. In 1734, the town was considered to have five districts or villages. These were Oak Hill, Bare Hill, Still River, Old Mill, and Shabikin, present day Devens. One notable early enterprise based in Harvard was the Benjamin Ball Pencil Company, which produced some of the first writing instruments made in the United States. They operated in the Old Mill district from 1830 to 1860. Despite this and other limited manufacturing, the town economy was primarily based on agriculture until the middle of the 20th century. This past is most prominently visible in the number of apple orchards. These apple orchards produce many apple products every year the most notable being apple cider. It is now mostly a residential "bedroom community" for workers at companies in Boston and its suburbs. Harvard has had a relatively quiet history, but has attracted several "non-traditional" communities that have given its history some flavor. The Shakers Main article: Harvard Shaker Village Historic District One part of town is the site of Harvard Shaker Village, where a utopian religious community was established. During a period of religious dissent, a number of Harvard residents, led by Shadrack Ireland, abandoned the Protestant church in Harvard. In 1769, they built a house that later became known as the Square House. Not long after Ireland's death in 1778, the Shaker Founder Mother Ann Lee met with this group in 1781 and the group joined her United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, or Shakers. Harvard Shaker Village c. 1905 It was the first Shaker settlement in Massachusetts and the second settlement in the United States. The Harvard Shaker Village Historic District is located in the vicinity of Shaker Road, South Shaker Road, and Maple Lane. At its largest, the Shakers owned about 2,000 acres of land in Harvard. By 1890, the Harvard community had dwindled to less than 40, from a peak of about 200 in the 1850s. In 1917 the Harvard Shaker Village was closed and sold. Only one Shaker building is open to the public, at Fruitlands Museum; the remaining surviving buildings are in private ownership. Old Stone Barn (c. 1915), in Harvard Shaker Village Nationally, 19 Shaker communities had been established in the 1700s and 1800s, mostly in northeastern United States. Community locations ranged from Maine to Kentucky and Indiana. The Shakers were renowned for plain architecture and furniture, and reached its national peak membership in the 1840s and 1850s. The Shaker community's practice of celibacy meant that to maintain its population, it was always necessary to have new outsiders join. The improving employment opportunities provided by the Industrial Revolution would over the middle decades of the 1800s diminish the attractions of joining the Shaker community. Today, only one church "society" remains open, run by the last Shakers at Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village in New Gloucester, Maine. Fruitlands Fruitlands Museum, 2008 Main articles: Fruitlands (transcendental center) and Fruitlands Museums Historic District Amos Bronson Alcott relocated his family, including his ten-year-old daughter, Louisa May Alcott, to Harvard in June 1843. He and Charles Lane attempted to establish a utopian transcendentalist socialist farm called Fruitlands on the slopes of Prospect Hill in Harvard. The experimental community only lasted 7 months, closing in January 1844. Fruitlands, so called "because the inhabitants hoped to live off the fruits of the land, purchasing nothing from the outside world", saw visits from the likes of Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Louisa May Alcott used her experience at Fruitlands as an inspiration for her novel Little Women. Clara Endicott Sears, whose Prospect Hill summer estate, The Pergolas, restored Fruitlands and opened it as a museum in 1914. On the grounds of Fruitlands Museum there is also a Shaker house, which was relocated there from Harvard's Shaker Village by Sears in 1920. It is the first Shaker museum ever established in the United States. In addition, Sears opened a gallery on the property dedicated to Native American history. Sears became interested in Native Americans after Nipmuck arrowheads were found around her property on Prospect Hill, which the Nipmuck Indians had called Makamacheckamucks. Originally, Sears' Fruitlands property spanned 458 acres (1.85 km2), but in 1939, 248 acres (1.00 km2) were seized by eminent domain for expansion of Fort Devens. As of 2010, that land is now part of the Oxbow National Wildlife Refuge. Fiske Warren Tahanto Enclave Fiske Warren, a follower of Henry George, attempted to establish a single tax zone in Harvard in 1918. The enclave bought up land (previously owned by the recently disbanded Shaker community) communally and attempted to manage the land according to George's principles. The enclave disbanded shortly after Warren died in 1938. His house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. St. Benedict Center Father Leonard Feeney was a Jesuit priest who held to a literal interpretation of the doctrine "Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus" (or "outside the Church there is no salvation"). Feeney was excommunicated in 1953. Under the direction of Feeney, Catherine Goddard Clarke and others organized into a group called the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, an unofficial Catholic entity. In January 1958, the community moved from Cambridge to the town of Harvard. Eventually, the original community split into several groups: the Benedictines, the Sisters of Saint Ann's House and Sisters of St. Benedict's center, Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. A further split later occurred with some members of the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary leaving to establish a separate group in New Hampshire. A branch of the Saint Benedict Center is located in Still River, on the west side of Harvard. St. Benedict Abbey Main article: St. Benedict Abbey (Massachusetts) In Still River there is an abbey of Benedictine monks that branched from the St. Benedict Center. They focus on reverently saying Mass in both in English and Latin in the post-Vatican II form and chanting the Divine Office in Latin. Their current abbot is the Right Reverend Marc Crilly, OSB, who was elected May 15, 2021. Geography Harvard Common According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 27.0 square miles (70 km2), of which 26.4 square miles (68 km2) is land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2), or 2.26%, is water. The eastern part of Harvard is on a large ridgeline. In 1931 Harvard College established the Oak Ridge Observatory at an elevation of 608 feet on Pinnacle Rd, the highest point between Mount Wachusett and the ocean. Harvard is largely wooded with rolling hills, fields, and wetlands. In addition to numerous streams and brooks, Bare Hill Pond, a 320-acre lake with its town beach, dock, and several small islands, is a central, iconic locale. Surrounding towns Harvard is located in MetroWest, surrounded by the seven municipalities of Ayer, Littleton, Bolton, Boxborough, Stow, Lancaster and Shirley Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±% 18501,630—     18601,507−7.5% 18701,341−11.0% 18801,253−6.6% 18901,095−12.6% 19001,139+4.0% 19101,034−9.2% 19202,546+146.2% 1930987−61.2% 19401,790+81.4% 19503,983+122.5% 19602,563−35.7% 197012,494+387.5% 198012,170−2.6% 199012,329+1.3% 20005,981−51.5% 20106,520+9.0% 20206,851+5.1% 2022*6,870+0.3%* = population estimate. Source: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,981 people, 1,809 households, and 1,494 families residing in the town. The population density was 226.9 inhabitants per square mile (87.6/km2). There were 2,225 housing units at an average density of 84.4 per square mile (32.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 91.69% White, 4.50% African American, 0.17% Native American, 1.97% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.09% of the population. There were 1,809 households, out of which 44.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.4% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.4% were non-families. 14.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.18. In the town the population was spread out, with 26.6% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 32.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 124.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 133.6 males. The median income for a household in the town was $117,934, and the median income for a family was $139,352. Males had a median income of $90,937 versus $49,318 for females. The per capita income for the town was $50,867. About 0.5% of families and 2.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.7% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over. The decline in the population of the town of Harvard from the 1990 census to the 2000 U.S. census is attributable to the 1996 closure of Fort Devens, a U.S. military installation and the departure of military personnel and families residing at Fort Devens, which in large part is within the territory of the town of Harvard. The Fort Devens property has in large part been converted to civilian use, under the direction of MassDevelopment, a development authority of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Government The town elects five members to the Board of Selectmen to run the town day-to-day and has an annual Town Meeting to pass/amend the town bylaws and approve the town budget. Schools Harvard houses three public schools. In the center of town is Hildreth Elementary, and a middle/high school, The Bromfield School. These schools are highly rated within Massachusetts and the nation. In Devens, there is the Francis W. Parker Charter School. In Still River, there is the Immaculate Heart Of Mary, a private traditional Catholic school for Grades 1–12. When the town constructed the current building housing the Bromfield School middle and high school, the town successfully resisted the Massachusetts School Building Authority efforts to regionalize its school system with other towns; the School Building Authority partially funds new school buildings and renovations. Library Harvard public library, 1891; the basis for the official seal of the town The public library of Harvard opened in 1856. The official seal of the town depicts the old town public library on The Common prior to renovations that removed the front steps. In fiscal year 2008, the town of Harvard spent 2.41% ($487,470) of its budget on its public library—approximately $81 per person and since then the library has undergone multiple renovations. Notable people Amos Bronson Alcott, teacher, writer and Transcendentalist, Fruitlands founder Louisa May Alcott, novelist, daughter of Amos Alcott Cornelius Atherton, inventor and steel maker. Blacksmith, built muskets for the Revolutionary Army Peter Atherton, 18th-century colonial leader Simon Atherton, early American Shaker who sold herbs in and around Boston Tabitha Babbitt, tool maker T. A. Barron, author of fantasy novels Del Cameron, Hall of Fame harness racing driver and trainer Theodore Ward Chanler, American composer Adam Dziewonski, geophysicist Jonathan Edwards, musician William Emerson, minister and father of Ralph Waldo Emerson Fannie Farmer, cookbook author Donald Featherstone, created the plastic flamingo lawn ornament Leonard Feeney, controversial Jesuit priest and founder of St. Benedict Center Levi Hutchins, clockmaker, inventor of the American alarm clock Shadrack Ireland, religious leader Lynn Jennings, Olympic runner Charles Lane, Transcendentalist, Fruitlands founder George F. Lewis, proprietor of newspapers Keir O'Donnell, Australian-born actor, Bromfield Class of 1996 Joseph Palmer, Transcendentalist; known for his beard Willard Van Orman Quine, American philosopher and logician Clara Endicott Sears, founder of Fruitlands Museum John Seccombe, religious leader, author Ted Sizer, educational reform leader Maurice K. Smith, architect Fiske Warren, supporter of Henry George's land value tax or single tax system William Channing Whitney, architect Gary K. Wolf, creator of Roger Rabbit Otto Thomas Solbrig, Renowned biologist Houses of worship Harvard Unitarian Universalist (Unitarian) Harvard United Church of Christ (Congregational) Saint Benedict Center / St. Benedict Abbey (Benedictine) Saint Theresa, the Little Flower Church (Roman Catholic) Seeds of Faith Church See also Harvard Historical Society Harvard Center Historic District Frederick Fiske and Gretchen Osgood Warren House Harvard Shaker Village Historic District References Notes ^ "Oak Ridge Station". Harvard University Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved October 1, 2023. ^ a b "Best High Schools in the U.S." U.S. News & World Report. 2023. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2023. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Harvard town, Worcester County, Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ Nourse, pp. 58-60. ^ "'Harvard' Is More Than A University | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023. ^ "History of Worcester County, Massachusetts, Embracing a ..., Volume 1 By Abijah Perkins Marvin, p.559". 1879. "Father%20Abbey's%20will"&f=false Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022. ^ "Pencils". Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017. ^ a b "Harvard Shaker Village Historic District". National Park Service. n.d. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013. ^ a b c d Fruitlands Museum Archived 2011-10-24 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c Patricia Harris, Anna Mundow, David Lyon, James Marshall, Lisa Oppenheimer. Compass American Guides: Massachusetts, 1st Edition. Random House. 2003. Pg. 186. ^ Kinnicutt, Lincoln Newton. Indian Place Names in Worcester County Massachusetts. Common Wealth Press. 1905. Pg. 20. ^ "Our History". Sisters of Saint Benedict Center. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008. ^ A guide to religious Ministries, 2010 edition ^ Abbot Xavier Biography Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 22 Nov. 2010 ^ "Oak Ridge Station". Harvard University Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments Science Center. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved October 1, 2023. ^ "Old Eyes on the Sky". Space.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2023. Retrieved October 1, 2023. ^ "Bare Hill Pond: A Hidden Gem". Town of Harvard. Archived from the original on June 15, 2023. Retrieved October 1, 2023. ^ "Bare Hill Pond". MassachusettsPaddler.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved October 1, 2023. ^ "Total Population (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts. United States Census Bureau. 2010. ^ "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1930 to 1950. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1920 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. Number of Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7. Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1890 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1870 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1860 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "1850 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 4, 2023. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "School 7 District Profiles". doe.mass.edu. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2023. ^ C.B. Tillinghast. The free public libraries of Massachusetts. 1st Report of the Free Public Library Commission of Massachusetts. Boston: Wright & Potter, 1891. Google books Archived January 9, 2020, at the Wayback Machine ^ http://www.harvardpubliclibrary.org/ Archived August 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-11-10 ^ July 1, 2007 through June 30, 2008; cf. The FY2008 Municipal Pie: What's Your Share? Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Board of Library Commissioners. Boston: 2009. Available: [http://mblc.state.ma.us/advisory/statistics/public/repmunicpie/index.php Municipal Pie Reports Archived 2012-01-23 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2010-08-04 ^ "Adelbert 'Del' Cameron page at Harness racing Museum & Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016. ^ Pollack, Bruce (July 9, 2013). "Jonathan Edwards - "Sunshine"". Songfacts. They're Playing My Song. Archived from the original on July 22, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2013. ^ Føllesdal, Dagfinn (March 2, 2001). "Quine Memorial Forum". Harvard Review of Philosophy: 106–111. doi:10.5840/harvardreview2001919. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2021. ^ Fox, Margalit (October 22, 2009). "Theodore R. Sizer, Leading Education-Reform Advocate, Dies at 77". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2010. ^ "Otto T. Solbrig". Archived from the original on May 31, 2023. Retrieved May 31, 2023. ^ "Home - Harvard Unitarian Universalist Church". Uuharvard.org. Archived from the original on August 9, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2022. ^ "Home - The Congregational Church of Harvard". Harvardmaucc.org. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2022. ^ "Home - Saint Benedict Abbey". Abbey.org. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2022. ^ "Holy Trinity Catholic Parish - Home". Htpboltonharvard.org. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2022. ^ "Home". Seedsoffaithchurch.org. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2022. Further reading Nourse, Henry S. (1894). History of the Town of Harvard, Massachusetts 1732-1893. Clinton, Massachusetts: Warren Hapgood. Retrieved July 7, 2011. Anderson, Rober C. (1976). Directions of a town: a history of Harvard, Massachusetts. Harvard, Massachusetts: Harvard Common Press. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harvard, Massachusetts. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Harvard, Massachusetts. Official town website Harvard Historical Commission Harvard Public Schools Harvard Public Library Fruitlands Museum St. Benedict Abbey The Harvard Hillside Newspaper The Harvard Press The Harvard Post Newspaper Fannie Farmer House Shaker Historic Trail Places adjacent to Harvard, Massachusetts Shirley Ayer Littleton Harvard Boxborough Lancaster Bolton Stow vteCommonwealth of MassachusettsBoston (capital)Topics Index Administrative divisions Congressional districts Elections Geography Geology Government History Images Law Lighthouses Music People State symbols Transportation Villages Tourist attractions Windmills Society Abortion Culture Climate change Crime Demographics Economy Education History of education Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics Sports Regions Cape Ann Central Massachusetts (Blackstone Valley, Montachusett-North County, South County) Greater Boston Greater Lowell Merrimack Valley MetroWest North Shore Southeastern Massachusetts (Cape Cod, South Coast, South Shore) Western Massachusetts (The Berkshires, Housatonic Valley, Pioneer Valley, Quabbin-Swift River Valley) Counties Barnstable Berkshire Bristol Dukes Essex Franklin Hampden Hampshire Middlesex Nantucket Norfolk Plymouth Suffolk Worcester Note: Nine former counties were in the District of Maine Cities Agawam Amherst Amesbury Attleboro Barnstable Beverly Boston Braintree Bridgewater Brockton Cambridge Chelsea Chicopee East Longmeadow Easthampton Everett Fall River Fitchburg Framingham Franklin Gardner Gloucester Greenfield Haverhill Holyoke Lawrence Leominster Lowell Lynn Malden Marlborough Medford Melrose Methuen New Bedford Newburyport Newton North Adams Northampton Palmer Peabody Pittsfield Quincy Randolph Revere Salem Somerville Southbridge Springfield Taunton Waltham Watertown Westfield West Springfield Weymouth Winthrop Woburn Worcester Note: Municipalities not listed have a town meeting form of government (see all municipalities)  Massachusetts portal vteMunicipalities and communities of Worcester County, Massachusetts, United StatesCounty seat: WorcesterCities Fitchburg Gardner Leominster Southbridge Worcester Towns Ashburnham Athol Auburn Barre Berlin Blackstone Bolton Boylston Brookfield Charlton Clinton Douglas Dudley East Brookfield Grafton Hardwick Harvard Holden Hopedale Hubbardston Lancaster Leicester Lunenburg Mendon Milford Millbury Millville New Braintree North Brookfield Northborough Northbridge Oakham Oxford Paxton Petersham Phillipston Princeton Royalston Rutland Shrewsbury Southborough Spencer Sterling Sturbridge Sutton Templeton Upton Uxbridge Warren Webster West Boylston West Brookfield Westborough Westminster Winchendon CDPs Athol (CDP) Baldwinville Barre (CDP) Brookfield (CDP) Clinton (CDP) Cordaville Devens‡ East Brookfield (CDP) East Douglas Fiskdale Hopedale (CDP) Lunenburg (CDP) Milford (CDP) North Brookfield (CDP) Northborough (CDP) Oxford (CDP) Petersham (CDP) Rutland (CDP) South Ashburnham South Lancaster Spencer (CDP) Sturbridge (CDP) Upton Warren (CDP) Webster (CDP) West Brookfield (CDP) West Warren Westborough (CDP) Whitinsville Winchendon (CDP) Othervillages Gilbertville Ironstone Linwood North Uxbridge Old Furnace Still River Union Chapel Wheelockville Wheelwright Ghost town Dana Indian reservations Chaubunagungamaug Reservation Hassanamisco Reservation Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Massachusetts portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Worcester County, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Harvard Shaker Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Shaker_Village"},{"link_name":"transcendentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalist"},{"link_name":"Fruitlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitlands_(transcendental_center)"},{"link_name":"St. Benedict Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Benedict_Abbey_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"traditional Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Oak Ridge Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_High_Schools_in_the_U.S-2"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Harvard University, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.Town in Massachusetts, United StatesHarvard is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The town is located 25 miles west-northwest of Boston, in eastern Massachusetts. It is mostly bounded by I-495 to the east and Route 2 to the north. A farming community settled in 1658 and incorporated in 1732, it has been home to several non-traditional communities, such as Harvard Shaker Village and the utopian transcendentalist center Fruitlands. It is also home to St. Benedict Abbey, a traditional Catholic monastery, and for over seventy years was home to Harvard University's Oak Ridge Observatory, at one time the most extensively equipped observatory in the Eastern United States.[1] It is now a rural and residential town noted for its public schools.[2] The population was 6,851 at the 2020 census.[3]","title":"Harvard, Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Groton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"King Philip's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Stow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stow,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Seccombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Seccombe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Still River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_River,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Devens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devens,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"orchards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"}],"text":"Europeans first settled in what later became Harvard in the 17th century, along a road connecting Lancaster with Groton that was formally laid out in 1658. There were few inhabitants until after King Philip's War, in which Groton and Lancaster were attacked and substantially destroyed. Over the next 50 years the population grew until it had reached a point adequate to support a church. A new town including parts of Lancaster, Groton, and Stow was incorporated in 1732, subject to the proviso that the inhabitants \"Settle a learned and Orthodox Minister among them within the space of two years and also erect an House for the publick Worship of God.\" It is uncertain how the town obtained its name, though the Willard family, among the first settlers and the largest proprietors in the new town, had several connections to Harvard College.[4] According to The Harvard Crimson, Josiah Willard named the town after Harvard College, which he had attended, because the articles of incorporation had left the town unnamed.[5] The first minister was Rev. John Seccombe, serving from 1733 to 1757.[6]In 1734, the town was considered to have five districts or villages. These were Oak Hill, Bare Hill, Still River, Old Mill, and Shabikin, present day Devens.One notable early enterprise based in Harvard was the Benjamin Ball Pencil Company,[7] which produced some of the first writing instruments made in the United States. They operated in the Old Mill district from 1830 to 1860. Despite this and other limited manufacturing, the town economy was primarily based on agriculture until the middle of the 20th century. This past is most prominently visible in the number of apple orchards. These apple orchards produce many apple products every year the most notable being apple cider. It is now mostly a residential \"bedroom community\" for workers at companies in Boston and its suburbs. Harvard has had a relatively quiet history, but has attracted several \"non-traditional\" communities that have given its history some flavor.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard Shaker Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Shaker_Village"},{"link_name":"utopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia"},{"link_name":"Shadrack Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadrack_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Mother Ann Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Ann_Lee"},{"link_name":"United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-Harvard-Shaker-Village-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard,_MA_Shaker_Village.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harvard Shaker Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Shaker_Village"},{"link_name":"Shaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakers"},{"link_name":"Fruitlands Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitlands_Museum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-Harvard-Shaker-Village-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Stone_Barn,_Harvard_Shakers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harvard Shaker Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Shaker_Village"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbathday_Lake_Shaker_Village"},{"link_name":"New Gloucester, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Gloucester,_Maine"}],"sub_title":"The Shakers","text":"One part of town is the site of Harvard Shaker Village, where a utopian religious community was established. During a period of religious dissent, a number of Harvard residents, led by Shadrack Ireland, abandoned the Protestant church in Harvard. In 1769, they built a house that later became known as the Square House. Not long after Ireland's death in 1778, the Shaker Founder Mother Ann Lee met with this group in 1781 and the group joined her United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, or Shakers.[8]Harvard Shaker Village c. 1905It was the first Shaker settlement in Massachusetts and the second settlement in the United States. The Harvard Shaker Village Historic District is located in the vicinity of Shaker Road, South Shaker Road, and Maple Lane. At its largest, the Shakers owned about 2,000 acres of land in Harvard. By 1890, the Harvard community had dwindled to less than 40, from a peak of about 200 in the 1850s. In 1917 the Harvard Shaker Village was closed and sold. Only one Shaker building is open to the public, at Fruitlands Museum; the remaining surviving buildings are in private ownership.[8]Old Stone Barn (c. 1915), in Harvard Shaker VillageNationally, 19 Shaker communities had been established in the 1700s and 1800s, mostly in northeastern United States. Community locations ranged from Maine to Kentucky and Indiana. The Shakers were renowned for plain architecture and furniture, and reached its national peak membership in the 1840s and 1850s. The Shaker community's practice of celibacy meant that to maintain its population, it was always necessary to have new outsiders join. The improving employment opportunities provided by the Industrial Revolution would over the middle decades of the 1800s diminish the attractions of joining the Shaker community. Today, only one church \"society\" remains open, run by the last Shakers at Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village in New Gloucester, Maine.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FruitlandsMuseum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fruitlands Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitlands_Museum"},{"link_name":"Amos Bronson Alcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott"},{"link_name":"Louisa May Alcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott"},{"link_name":"Charles Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lane_(transcendentalist)"},{"link_name":"transcendentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalist"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"link_name":"Fruitlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitlands_(transcendental_center)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fruitlands-9"},{"link_name":"Henry David Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"Ralph Waldo Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Compass-10"},{"link_name":"Little Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Women"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fruitlands-9"},{"link_name":"Clara Endicott Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Endicott_Sears"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Compass-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fruitlands-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Compass-10"},{"link_name":"Nipmuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipmuck"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinnicutt-11"},{"link_name":"eminent domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain"},{"link_name":"Fort Devens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Devens"},{"link_name":"Oxbow National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbow_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fruitlands-9"}],"sub_title":"Fruitlands","text":"Fruitlands Museum, 2008Amos Bronson Alcott relocated his family, including his ten-year-old daughter, Louisa May Alcott, to Harvard in June 1843. He and Charles Lane attempted to establish a utopian transcendentalist socialist farm called Fruitlands on the slopes of Prospect Hill in Harvard. The experimental community only lasted 7 months, closing in January 1844. Fruitlands, so called \"because the inhabitants hoped to live off the fruits of the land, purchasing nothing from the outside world\",[9] saw visits from the likes of Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson.[10] Louisa May Alcott used her experience at Fruitlands as an inspiration for her novel Little Women.[9]Clara Endicott Sears, whose Prospect Hill summer estate, The Pergolas,[10] restored Fruitlands and opened it as a museum in 1914.[9] On the grounds of Fruitlands Museum there is also a Shaker house, which was relocated there from Harvard's Shaker Village by Sears in 1920. It is the first Shaker museum ever established in the United States.[10] In addition, Sears opened a gallery on the property dedicated to Native American history. Sears became interested in Native Americans after Nipmuck arrowheads were found around her property on Prospect Hill, which the Nipmuck Indians had called Makamacheckamucks.[11]Originally, Sears' Fruitlands property spanned 458 acres (1.85 km2), but in 1939, 248 acres (1.00 km2) were seized by eminent domain for expansion of Fort Devens. As of 2010, that land is now part of the Oxbow National Wildlife Refuge.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiske Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_Warren"},{"link_name":"Henry George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George"},{"link_name":"single tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_tax"},{"link_name":"His house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Fiske_and_Gretchen_Osgood_Warren_House"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"sub_title":"Fiske Warren Tahanto Enclave","text":"Fiske Warren, a follower of Henry George, attempted to establish a single tax zone in Harvard in 1918. The enclave bought up land (previously owned by the recently disbanded Shaker community) communally and attempted to manage the land according to George's principles. The enclave disbanded shortly after Warren died in 1938. His house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leonard Feeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Feeney"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus"},{"link_name":"Catherine Goddard Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Goddard_Clarke"},{"link_name":"the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slaves_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slavessr-12"},{"link_name":"Still River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_River,_Massachusetts"}],"sub_title":"St. Benedict Center","text":"Father Leonard Feeney was a Jesuit priest who held to a literal interpretation of the doctrine \"Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus\" (or \"outside the Church there is no salvation\"). Feeney was excommunicated in 1953. Under the direction of Feeney, Catherine Goddard Clarke and others organized into a group called the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, an unofficial Catholic entity. In January 1958, the community moved from Cambridge to the town of Harvard. Eventually, the original community split into several groups: the Benedictines, the Sisters of Saint Ann's House and Sisters of St. Benedict's center, Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. A further split later occurred with some members of the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary leaving to establish a separate group in New Hampshire.\nA branch of the Saint Benedict Center[12] is located in Still River, on the west side of Harvard.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benedictine monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Divine Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"OSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"St. Benedict Abbey","text":"In Still River there is an abbey of Benedictine monks that branched from the St. Benedict Center. They focus on reverently saying Mass in both in English and Latin in the post-Vatican II form and chanting the Divine Office in Latin.[13] Their current abbot is the Right Reverend Marc Crilly, OSB, who was elected May 15, 2021.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvard.jpeg"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Oak Ridge Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Mount Wachusett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wachusett"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Harvard CommonAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 27.0 square miles (70 km2), of which 26.4 square miles (68 km2) is land and 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2), or 2.26%, is water.The eastern part of Harvard is on a large ridgeline. In 1931 Harvard College established the Oak Ridge Observatory at an elevation of 608 feet on Pinnacle Rd, the highest point between Mount Wachusett and the ocean.[15][16]Harvard is largely wooded with rolling hills, fields, and wetlands. In addition to numerous streams and brooks, Bare Hill Pond, a 320-acre lake with its town beach, dock, and several small islands, is a central, iconic locale.[17][18]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MetroWest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroWest"},{"link_name":"Ayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayer,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Littleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Boxborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxborough,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Stow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stow,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley,_Massachusetts"}],"sub_title":"Surrounding towns","text":"Harvard is located in MetroWest, surrounded by the seven municipalities of Ayer, Littleton, Bolton, Boxborough, Stow, Lancaster and Shirley","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-30"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"Fort Devens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Devens"},{"link_name":"MassDevelopment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Development_Finance_Agency"}],"text":"As of the census[30] of 2000, there were 5,981 people, 1,809 households, and 1,494 families residing in the town. The population density was 226.9 inhabitants per square mile (87.6/km2). There were 2,225 housing units at an average density of 84.4 per square mile (32.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 91.69% White, 4.50% African American, 0.17% Native American, 1.97% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.09% of the population.There were 1,809 households, out of which 44.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.4% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.4% were non-families. 14.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.18.In the town the population was spread out, with 26.6% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 32.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 124.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 133.6 males.The median income for a household in the town was $117,934, and the median income for a family was $139,352. Males had a median income of $90,937 versus $49,318 for females. The per capita income for the town was $50,867. About 0.5% of families and 2.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.7% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.The decline in the population of the town of Harvard from the 1990 census to the 2000 U.S. census is attributable to the 1996 closure of Fort Devens, a U.S. military installation and the departure of military personnel and families residing at Fort Devens, which in large part is within the territory of the town of Harvard. The Fort Devens property has in large part been converted to civilian use, under the direction of MassDevelopment, a development authority of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Board of Selectmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Selectmen"},{"link_name":"Town Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Meeting"}],"text":"The town elects five members to the Board of Selectmen to run the town day-to-day and has an annual Town Meeting to pass/amend the town bylaws and approve the town budget.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Bromfield School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bromfield_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_High_Schools_in_the_U.S-2"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Harvard houses three public schools. In the center of town is Hildreth Elementary, and a middle/high school, The Bromfield School. These schools are highly rated within Massachusetts and the nation.[2] In Devens, there is the Francis W. Parker Charter School. In Still River, there is the Immaculate Heart Of Mary, a private traditional Catholic school for Grades 1–12.[31]When the town constructed the current building housing the Bromfield School middle and high school, the town successfully resisted the Massachusetts School Building Authority efforts to regionalize its school system with other towns; the School Building Authority partially funds new school buildings and renovations.","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1891_Harvard_public_library_Massachusetts.png"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Harvard public library, 1891; the basis for the official seal of the townThe public library of Harvard opened in 1856.[32][33] The official seal of the town depicts the old town public library on The Common prior to renovations that removed the front steps. In fiscal year 2008, the town of Harvard spent 2.41% ($487,470) of its budget on its public library—approximately $81 per person and since then the library has undergone multiple renovations.[34]","title":"Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amos Bronson Alcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott"},{"link_name":"Transcendentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalist"},{"link_name":"Fruitlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitlands_(transcendental_center)"},{"link_name":"Louisa May Alcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Atherton"},{"link_name":"Peter Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Atherton_(Massachusetts_politician)"},{"link_name":"Simon Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Atherton"},{"link_name":"Tabitha Babbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabitha_Babbitt"},{"link_name":"tool maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_maker"},{"link_name":"T. A. Barron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._A._Barron"},{"link_name":"Del Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Cameron"},{"link_name":"harness racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harness_racing"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Theodore Ward Chanler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Chanler"},{"link_name":"Adam Dziewonski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Dziewonski"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"William Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(minister)"},{"link_name":"Ralph Waldo Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson"},{"link_name":"Fannie Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Donald Featherstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Featherstone_(artist)"},{"link_name":"plastic flamingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_flamingo"},{"link_name":"lawn ornament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_ornament"},{"link_name":"Leonard Feeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Feeney"},{"link_name":"St. Benedict Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Benedict_Center"},{"link_name":"Levi Hutchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Hutchins"},{"link_name":"Shadrack Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadrack_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Lynn Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Charles Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lane_(transcendentalist)"},{"link_name":"Transcendentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalist"},{"link_name":"Fruitlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitlands_(transcendental_center)"},{"link_name":"George F. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Lewis"},{"link_name":"Keir O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"Joseph Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Palmer_(communard)"},{"link_name":"Willard Van Orman Quine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Clara Endicott Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Endicott_Sears"},{"link_name":"Fruitlands Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitlands_Museum"},{"link_name":"John Seccombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Seccombe"},{"link_name":"Ted Sizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Sizer"},{"link_name":"educational reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_reform"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Maurice K. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_K._Smith"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Fiske Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiske_Warren"},{"link_name":"Henry George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George"},{"link_name":"land value tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_value_tax"},{"link_name":"single tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_tax"},{"link_name":"William Channing Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Channing_Whitney"},{"link_name":"Gary K. Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_K._Wolf"},{"link_name":"Roger Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"Otto Thomas Solbrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Thomas_Solbrig"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Amos Bronson Alcott, teacher, writer and Transcendentalist, Fruitlands founder\nLouisa May Alcott, novelist, daughter of Amos Alcott\nCornelius Atherton, inventor and steel maker. Blacksmith, built muskets for the Revolutionary Army\nPeter Atherton, 18th-century colonial leader\nSimon Atherton, early American Shaker who sold herbs in and around Boston\nTabitha Babbitt, tool maker\nT. A. Barron, author of fantasy novels\nDel Cameron, Hall of Fame harness racing driver and trainer[35]\nTheodore Ward Chanler, American composer\nAdam Dziewonski, geophysicist\nJonathan Edwards, musician[36]\nWilliam Emerson, minister and father of Ralph Waldo Emerson\nFannie Farmer, cookbook author\nDonald Featherstone, created the plastic flamingo lawn ornament\nLeonard Feeney, controversial Jesuit priest and founder of St. Benedict Center\nLevi Hutchins, clockmaker, inventor of the American alarm clock\nShadrack Ireland, religious leader\nLynn Jennings, Olympic runner\nCharles Lane, Transcendentalist, Fruitlands founder\nGeorge F. Lewis, proprietor of newspapers\nKeir O'Donnell, Australian-born actor, Bromfield Class of 1996\nJoseph Palmer, Transcendentalist; known for his beard\nWillard Van Orman Quine, American philosopher and logician[37]\nClara Endicott Sears, founder of Fruitlands Museum\nJohn Seccombe, religious leader, author\nTed Sizer, educational reform leader[38]\nMaurice K. Smith, architect\nFiske Warren, supporter of Henry George's land value tax or single tax system\nWilliam Channing Whitney, architect\nGary K. Wolf, creator of Roger Rabbit\nOtto Thomas Solbrig, Renowned biologist [39]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Congregational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Saint Benedict Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Benedict_Center"},{"link_name":"St. Benedict Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Benedict_Abbey_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Harvard Unitarian Universalist (Unitarian)[40]\nHarvard United Church of Christ (Congregational)[41]\nSaint Benedict Center / St. Benedict Abbey (Benedictine)[42]\nSaint Theresa, the Little Flower Church (Roman Catholic)[43]\nSeeds of Faith Church[44]","title":"Houses of worship"}]
[{"image_text":"Harvard Shaker Village c. 1905","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Harvard%2C_MA_Shaker_Village.jpg/220px-Harvard%2C_MA_Shaker_Village.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old Stone Barn (c. 1915), in Harvard Shaker Village","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Old_Stone_Barn%2C_Harvard_Shakers.jpg/220px-Old_Stone_Barn%2C_Harvard_Shakers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fruitlands Museum, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/FruitlandsMuseum.jpg/220px-FruitlandsMuseum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harvard Common","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Harvard.jpeg/220px-Harvard.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Harvard public library, 1891; the basis for the official seal of the town","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/1891_Harvard_public_library_Massachusetts.png/220px-1891_Harvard_public_library_Massachusetts.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Worcester_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Worcester_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Harvard Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Historical_Society"},{"title":"Harvard Center Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Center_Historic_District"},{"title":"Frederick Fiske and Gretchen Osgood Warren House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Fiske_and_Gretchen_Osgood_Warren_House"},{"title":"Harvard Shaker Village Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Shaker_Village_Historic_District"}]
[{"reference":"\"Oak Ridge Station\". Harvard University Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved October 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://waywiser.fas.harvard.edu/people/7180/oak-ridge-station","url_text":"\"Oak Ridge Station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231003215956/http://waywiser.fas.harvard.edu/people/7180/oak-ridge-station","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Best High Schools in the U.S.\" U.S. News & World Report. 2023. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023. 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Htpboltonharvard.org. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.htpboltonharvard.org/","url_text":"\"Holy Trinity Catholic Parish - Home\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005917/http://www.htpboltonharvard.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Seedsoffaithchurch.org. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seedsoffaithchurch.org/","url_text":"\"Home\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125025644/http://seedsoffaithchurch.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nourse, Henry S. (1894). History of the Town of Harvard, Massachusetts 1732-1893. Clinton, Massachusetts: Warren Hapgood. Retrieved July 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CpQvAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"History of the Town of Harvard, Massachusetts 1732-1893"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Rober C. (1976). Directions of a town: a history of Harvard, Massachusetts. Harvard, Massachusetts: Harvard Common Press.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Theatre_(Port_Chester,_New_York)
Capitol Theatre (Port Chester, New York)
["1 Building Structure","2 History","2.1 Movie theatre","2.2 Concert venue","2.3 Catering hall","2.4 Reopening as concert venue","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°0′6″N 73°39′56″W / 41.00167°N 73.66556°W / 41.00167; -73.66556Capitol TheatreCapitol Theatre, September 2016Address149 Westchester AvenueLocationPort Chester, New YorkOwnerPeter ShapiroTypemovie palaceCapacity1,800Opened1926 (1926)Websitewww.thecapitoltheatre.com Capitol TheatreU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocation147-151 Westchester Ave., Port Chester, New YorkCoordinates41°0′6″N 73°39′56″W / 41.00167°N 73.66556°W / 41.00167; -73.66556Arealess than one acreArchitectThomas W. LambNRHP reference No.84003426Added to NRHPJune 7, 1984 The Capitol Theatre is a historic theatre located in the village of Port Chester, Westchester County, New York. It was designed by noted theater architect Thomas W. Lamb (1871–1942) and built in 1926. The 1,800-seat facility operates as a concert venue, hosting musicians and occasionally comedians, as owned and operated by NYC-based concert promoter Peter Shapiro. The Capitol Theatre has had a long history, with tenures as a movie theater and catering hall, in addition to hosting concerts. Building Structure It consists of two parts: a three-story section containing three storefronts, the theater entrance, two stories of office space; and the theater auditorium. The front section is nine bays wide and four bays deep with a truncated hipped roof. It features a decorative terra cotta cornice. The theater structure is irregular in shape and ranges from four to seven stories in height. History Movie theatre The Capitol Theatre was built for vaudeville and cinema and continued as a movie theater until 1970. Its opening night in 1926 sold out all 2,000 seats and had to turn hundreds away. Concert venue In the 1970s, the theatre was renovated for use as a performance space. The Capitol was utilized as a concert space throughout the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, and featured performances by such acts as Pink Floyd, Johnny Winter, Rick Derringer, Talking Heads, the Grateful Dead, Rubén Blades, Janis Joplin, Parliament-Funkadelic and Traffic. The Grateful Dead played 13 dates at the Capitol Theatre in a one-year span from 1970 to 1971. American Songwriter notes that "Many fans think those shows were some of the best the band ever played." Janis Joplin debuted her song "Mercedes Benz" at the theater, to the surprise of her band, after writing it at a bar nearby. In 1984, the Capitol Theatre was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In the 1980s, the frequency of live events at the theatre diminished, partially due to a village curfew for live music after 1:00 am. The Capitol would host off-Broadway plays and musicals, and events run by the Port Chester Council of the Arts. The 1990s would see some live music again, with the likes of Phish, Blues Traveler, God Street Wine, Spin Doctors and Strangefolk. Both David Bowie and the Rolling Stones performed at the Capitol in 1997, as part of episodes of the MTV television program Live From The 10 Spot. The venue also hosted the Complete Last Waltz around Thanksgiving for several years. Catering hall The theatre later became a catering and special-events facility, run by owner Marvin Ravikoff and managed under the leadership of Jim Lopolito from October 2001 to December 2011. The lower level seats were removed to create a flat space for tables and a dance floor for weddings, Bar Mitzvot and other events. Reopening as concert venue In December 2011, The New York Times announced that the theatre was to be reopened by music entrepreneur Peter Shapiro, owner of the Brooklyn Bowl and former owner of the NYC club Wetlands Preserve, to present major concerts at the venue, in partnership with concert promoter The Bowery Presents. A multimillion-dollar renovation took place; "state-of-the-art" sound and lighting equipment was installed. Part of the renovations included acquiring the adjacent Capitol Jewelers store and converting it into a bar, which is open to the public most nights when the theatre does not have an event. The bar, with the approval of the estate of the Garcia family, was named "Garcia's" in honor of Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia. The Capitol Theatre reopened on September 4, 2012, with Bob Dylan as its first act. Initially, Shapiro had a long-term lease on the Capitol Theatre, which, at the time, was owned by Marvin Ravikoff. In December 2012, Shapiro purchased the theatre. The theatre has hosted many famous performers and top acts such as Ween, B.B. King, Furthur, Willie Nelson, the Black Crowes, Skrillex, George Lopez, Elvis Costello & The Roots, Steely Dan, Al Green, the B-52s, and Yo Gabba Gabba!. In 2013 the venue hosted Dawes, Blondie, Pat Benatar, Billy Idol, the Rascals, and Chicago, and scheduled Neil Young, Willie Nelson, Chris Isaak, Yes, Foreigner, Patti Smith, Courtney Love, Bonnie Raitt, Jonny Lang, Cyndi Lauper, Herbie Hancock and many other top performers. On November 3, 2013, The New York Times reported that Phil Lesh, longtime bass player of the Grateful Dead, would play 45 shows with Shapiro of which 30 would take place at the Capitol Theatre and the first at Brooklyn Bowl on November 14, 2013. Since Lesh's retirement from touring in 2014 he has performed multiple residencies each year at the Capitol Theatre in addition to performing other shows at his own venue, Terrapin Crossroads in San Rafael, California, and occasionally other venues, often ones owned by Shapiro. On December 11, 2015, Bo Burnham's stand-up special Make Happy was filmed at the Capitol Theatre and released on Netflix the following year. 1990s Folk Rock band Counting Crows played a special show at the Capitol Theatre where super fans Mike and Melissa (known to the band as the S&M couple) would get engaged. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Westchester County, New York References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ "History". The Capitol Theater. Archived from the original on 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2015-03-16. ^ "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original (Searchable database) on 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2016-03-01. Note: This includes Austin N. O'Brien (April 1984). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Capitol Theater" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-03-01. and Accompanying 47 photographs ^ Inman, Davis (March 2012). "New York State's Historic Capitol Theatre Looks To A New Era". American Songwriter. Retrieved 6 June 2012. ^ "Janis Joplin's 70th Birthday: How 'Mercedes Benz' Became Her Joyous Last Will And Testament". Yahoo. 2013-01-09. Retrieved 2015-03-16. ^ "Nine of the Best Thanksgiving Jams at the Capitol Theatre". TheCaptiolTheatre.com. Retrieved April 9, 2023. ^ Sisario, Ben (November 3, 2013). "Ex-Bassist for the Grateful Dead Strikes a Deal". The New York Times. pp. C3. Retrieved April 9, 2023. ^ Bush, Kaitlyn (December 14, 2015). "reCAP :: Bo Burnham :: 2015.12.11". TheCapitolTheatre.com. Retrieved June 3, 2021. External links New York Times article Capitol Theatre website Cinema Treasures: Capitol Theatre, Port Chester, NY vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal Authority control databases: Geographic EUTA theatre MusicBrainz place
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The theater structure is irregular in shape and ranges from four to seven stories in height.","title":"Building Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Movie theatre","text":"The Capitol Theatre was built for vaudeville and cinema and continued as a movie theater until 1970. Its opening night in 1926 sold out all 2,000 seats and had to turn hundreds away.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NysNrhpNom-3"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Johnny Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Winter"},{"link_name":"Rick Derringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Derringer"},{"link_name":"Talking Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Heads"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"Rubén Blades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Blades"},{"link_name":"Janis Joplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janis_Joplin"},{"link_name":"Parliament-Funkadelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic"},{"link_name":"Traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_(band)"},{"link_name":"American Songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Songwriter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mercedes Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Benz_(song)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"Phish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phish"},{"link_name":"Blues Traveler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_Traveler"},{"link_name":"God Street Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Street_Wine"},{"link_name":"Spin Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_Doctors"},{"link_name":"Strangefolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangefolk"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Concert venue","text":"In the 1970s, the theatre was renovated for use as a performance space.[3] The Capitol was utilized as a concert space throughout the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, and featured performances by such acts as Pink Floyd, Johnny Winter, Rick Derringer, Talking Heads, the Grateful Dead, Rubén Blades, Janis Joplin, Parliament-Funkadelic and Traffic. The Grateful Dead played 13 dates at the Capitol Theatre in a one-year span from 1970 to 1971. American Songwriter notes that \"Many fans think those shows were some of the best the band ever played.\"[4] Janis Joplin debuted her song \"Mercedes Benz\" at the theater, to the surprise of her band, after writing it at a bar nearby.[5]\nIn 1984, the Capitol Theatre was added to the National Register of Historic Places.[1] In the 1980s, the frequency of live events at the theatre diminished, partially due to a village curfew for live music after 1:00 am. The Capitol would host off-Broadway plays and musicals, and events run by the Port Chester Council of the Arts. The 1990s would see some live music again, with the likes of Phish, Blues Traveler, God Street Wine, Spin Doctors and Strangefolk. Both David Bowie and the Rolling Stones performed at the Capitol in 1997, as part of episodes of the MTV television program Live From The 10 Spot. The venue also hosted the Complete Last Waltz around Thanksgiving for several years.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Catering hall","text":"The theatre later became a catering and special-events facility, run by owner Marvin Ravikoff and managed under the leadership of Jim Lopolito from October 2001 to December 2011. The lower level seats were removed to create a flat space for tables and a dance floor for weddings, Bar Mitzvot and other events.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shapiro_(concert_promoter)"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Wetlands Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Jerry Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Ween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ween"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Furthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furthur_(band)"},{"link_name":"Willie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"the Black Crowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Crowes"},{"link_name":"Skrillex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrillex"},{"link_name":"George Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"The Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roots"},{"link_name":"Steely Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steely_Dan"},{"link_name":"Al Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Green"},{"link_name":"B-52s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52s"},{"link_name":"Yo Gabba Gabba!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_Gabba_Gabba!"},{"link_name":"Dawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Blondie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_(band)"},{"link_name":"Pat Benatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Benatar"},{"link_name":"Billy Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Idol"},{"link_name":"the Rascals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rascals"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(band)"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Willie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Chris Isaak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Isaak"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Foreigner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreigner_(band)"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"},{"link_name":"Courtney Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Love"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Raitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt"},{"link_name":"Jonny Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Lang"},{"link_name":"Cyndi Lauper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper"},{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Phil Lesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lesh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Terrapin Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrapin_Crossroads"},{"link_name":"San Rafael, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Rafael,_California"},{"link_name":"Bo Burnham's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Burnham"},{"link_name":"Make Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Happy"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Reopening as concert venue","text":"In December 2011, The New York Times announced that the theatre was to be reopened by music entrepreneur Peter Shapiro, owner of the Brooklyn Bowl and former owner of the NYC club Wetlands Preserve, to present major concerts at the venue, in partnership with concert promoter The Bowery Presents. A multimillion-dollar renovation took place; \"state-of-the-art\" sound and lighting equipment was installed. Part of the renovations included acquiring the adjacent Capitol Jewelers store and converting it into a bar, which is open to the public most nights when the theatre does not have an event. The bar, with the approval of the estate of the Garcia family, was named \"Garcia's\" in honor of Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia. The Capitol Theatre reopened on September 4, 2012, with Bob Dylan as its first act. Initially, Shapiro had a long-term lease on the Capitol Theatre, which, at the time, was owned by Marvin Ravikoff. In December 2012, Shapiro purchased the theatre. The theatre has hosted many famous performers and top acts such as Ween, B.B. King, Furthur, Willie Nelson, the Black Crowes, Skrillex, George Lopez, Elvis Costello & The Roots, Steely Dan, Al Green, the B-52s, and Yo Gabba Gabba!.In 2013 the venue hosted Dawes, Blondie, Pat Benatar, Billy Idol, the Rascals, and Chicago, and scheduled Neil Young, Willie Nelson, Chris Isaak, Yes, Foreigner, Patti Smith, Courtney Love, Bonnie Raitt, Jonny Lang, Cyndi Lauper, Herbie Hancock and many other top performers.On November 3, 2013, The New York Times reported that Phil Lesh, longtime bass player of the Grateful Dead, would play 45 shows with Shapiro of which 30 would take place at the Capitol Theatre and the first at Brooklyn Bowl on November 14, 2013.[7] Since Lesh's retirement from touring in 2014 he has performed multiple residencies each year at the Capitol Theatre in addition to performing other shows at his own venue, Terrapin Crossroads in San Rafael, California, and occasionally other venues, often ones owned by Shapiro.On December 11, 2015, Bo Burnham's stand-up special Make Happy was filmed at the Capitol Theatre and released on Netflix the following year.[8]1990s Folk Rock band Counting Crows played a special show at the Capitol Theatre where super fans Mike and Melissa (known to the band as the S&M couple) would get engaged.","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in southern Westchester County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_southern_Westchester_County,_New_York"}]
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". The Capitol Theater. Archived from the original on 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2015-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150318221243/http://www.thecapitoltheatre.com/history/","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.thecapitoltheatre.com/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)\". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original (Searchable database) on 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2016-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190404141934/https://cris.parks.ny.gov/","url_text":"\"Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation","url_text":"New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"},{"url":"https://cris.parks.ny.gov/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Austin N. O'Brien (April 1984). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Capitol Theater\" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://cris.parks.ny.gov/Uploads/ViewDoc.aspx?mode=A&id=32305&q=false","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Capitol Theater\""}]},{"reference":"Inman, Davis (March 2012). \"New York State's Historic Capitol Theatre Looks To A New Era\". American Songwriter. Retrieved 6 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americansongwriter.com/2012/03/new-york-states-historic-capitol-theatre-looks-to-a-new-era/","url_text":"\"New York State's Historic Capitol Theatre Looks To A New Era\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Songwriter","url_text":"American Songwriter"}]},{"reference":"\"Janis Joplin's 70th Birthday: How 'Mercedes Benz' Became Her Joyous Last Will And Testament\". Yahoo. 2013-01-09. Retrieved 2015-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/janis-joplin-70th-birthday-mercedes-benz-became-her-173050939.html","url_text":"\"Janis Joplin's 70th Birthday: How 'Mercedes Benz' Became Her Joyous Last Will And Testament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nine of the Best Thanksgiving Jams at the Capitol Theatre\". TheCaptiolTheatre.com. Retrieved April 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecapitoltheatre.com/blog/detail/nine-of-the-best-thanksgiving-jams-at-the-capitol-theatre","url_text":"\"Nine of the Best Thanksgiving Jams at the Capitol Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"Sisario, Ben (November 3, 2013). \"Ex-Bassist for the Grateful Dead Strikes a Deal\". The New York Times. pp. C3. Retrieved April 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/04/arts/music/phil-lesh-a-grateful-dead-founder-strikes-promotion-deal.html","url_text":"\"Ex-Bassist for the Grateful Dead Strikes a Deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Bush, Kaitlyn (December 14, 2015). \"reCAP :: Bo Burnham :: 2015.12.11\". TheCapitolTheatre.com. Retrieved June 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecapitoltheatre.com/blog/detail/recap-bo-burnham-2015-12-11","url_text":"\"reCAP :: Bo Burnham :: 2015.12.11\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_October_24,_1995
Solar eclipse of October 24, 1995
["1 Observation","1.1 India","1.2 China","2 Images","3 Related eclipses","3.1 Eclipses of 1995","3.2 Solar eclipses 1993–1996","3.3 Solar 143","3.4 Metonic series","4 In popular culture","5 Notes","6 References"]
20th-century total solar eclipse Solar eclipse of October 24, 1995Corona during total solar eclipse by Fred Espenak from Dundlod, IndiaMapType of eclipseNatureTotalGamma0.3518Magnitude1.0213Maximum eclipseDuration130 sec (2 m 10 s)Coordinates8°24′N 113°12′E / 8.4°N 113.2°E / 8.4; 113.2Max. width of band78 km (48 mi)Times (UTC)Greatest eclipse4:33:30ReferencesSaros143 (22 of 72)Catalog # (SE5000)9498 A total solar eclipse occurred on October 24, 1995. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. The path of totality went through Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, southwestern tip of Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Spratly Islands, northeastern tip of Sabah of Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia. Observation India An aerial observation of this eclipse was done over India, when a MiG-25 reconnaissance aircraft of the Indian Air Force was used to take images of this eclipse at an altitude of 25 km. The Indian Institute of Astrophysics established camps along the path of totality in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Iradatganj and Diamond Harbour near Kolkata. Astronomers from other institutions and abroad from the Slovakia, Brazil, Russia, Japan and Germany joined IIA at its camps. An IIA team also photographed the eclipse by chasing the Moon’s shadow in an Indian Air Force plane AN-32 from the crew escape hatch on the roof of the cockpit at an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m) above the sea level, which was the first time efforts made by the institute. Doordarshan and All India Radio made live coverages of the eclipse. The eclipse happened to occur on the day of the Diwali. China Within the Spratly Islands claimed by China, only Cuarteron Reef was controlled by China and lay in the path of totality. Instead of going to the faraway island, The Popular Science Committee of the Chinese Astronomical Society, Beijing Astronomical Society, Beijing Planetarium and Beijing Astronomical Observatory (now incorporated into the National Astronomical Observatories of China) jointly organized observations abroad for the first time. A team of 4 was sent to Sikhio district, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand by the Beijing Planetarium, and successfully photographed the whole process of the eclipse, the corona at the greatest eclipse, and the Baily's beads at the 2nd and 3rd contact. In addition, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Electronics Industry, China Earthquake Administration, State Education Commission (now Ministry of Education) and departments in charge of water conservancy and meteorology conducted joint observations on changes of solar radiation, ionosphere, geomagnetic field, radio and acoustic heavy waves, mainly in the Paracel Islands, Sanya, Haikou and Zhengzhou. From all these places, only a partial solar eclipse was visible instead of a total solar eclipse. Images Related eclipses Eclipses of 1995 A partial lunar eclipse on April 15. An annular solar eclipse on April 29. A penumbral lunar eclipse on October 8. A total solar eclipse on October 24. Solar eclipses 1993–1996 This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit. Solar eclipse series sets from 1993–1996 Descending node   Ascending node Saros Map Gamma Saros Map Gamma 118 1993 May 21Partial 1.13720 123 1993 November 13Partial −1.04114 128Partial from Bismarck, ND 1994 May 10Annular 0.40771 133Totality at Bolivia 1994 November 3Total −0.35216 138 1995 April 29Annular −0.33821 143Totality at Dundlod, India 1995 October 24Total 0.35176 148 1996 April 17Partial −1.05796 153 1996 October 12Partial 1.12265 Solar 143 It is a part of Saros cycle 143, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, containing 72 events. The series started with partial solar eclipse on March 7, 1617 and total event from June 24, 1797 through October 24, 1995. It has hybrid eclipses from November 3, 2013 through December 6, 2067, and annular eclipses from December 16, 2085 through September 16, 2536. The series ends at member 72 as a partial eclipse on April 23, 2873. The longest duration of totality was 3 minutes, 50 seconds on August 19, 1887. All eclipses in this series occurs at the Moon’s ascending node. Series members 17–28 occur between 1741 and 2100 8 9 10 May 23, 1743 June 3, 1761 June 14, 1779 11 12 13 June 24, 1797 July 6, 1815 July 17, 1833 14 15 16 July 28, 1851 August 7, 1869 August 19, 1887 17 18 19 August 30, 1905 September 10, 1923 September 21, 1941 20 21 22 October 2, 1959 October 12, 1977 October 24, 1995 23 24 25 November 3, 2013 November 14, 2031 November 25, 2049 26 27 28 December 6, 2067 December 16, 2085 Metonic series The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node. 22 eclipse events between January 5, 1935 and August 11, 2018 January 4-5 October 23-24 August 10-12 May 30-31 March 18-19 111 113 115 117 119 January 5, 1935 August 12, 1942 May 30, 1946 March 18, 1950 121 123 125 127 129 January 5, 1954 October 23, 1957 August 11, 1961 May 30, 1965 March 18, 1969 131 133 135 137 139 January 4, 1973 October 23, 1976 August 10, 1980 May 30, 1984 March 18, 1988 141 143 145 147 149 January 4, 1992 October 24, 1995 August 11, 1999 May 31, 2003 March 19, 2007 151 153 155 January 4, 2011 October 23, 2014 August 11, 2018 In popular culture Phil Whitaker's prize-winning debut novel Eclipse of the Sun published in 1997 and set in India has at its centre a dramatic attempt to organize a public viewing of the eclipse. Notes ^ The MIGnificient Flying Machines - MiG-25R Archived 2019-05-05 at the Wayback Machine Bharat Rakshak.com 22 August 2017 ^ Bhatnagar, A; Livingston, William Charles (2005). Fundamentals of Solar Astronomy. World Scientific. p. 157. ISBN 9812382445. ^ R. C. Kapoor. "SOME TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSES OBSERVED FROM INDIA". Indian Institute of Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. ^ "1995年10月24日泰国日全食". 21 July 2008. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. ^ 1995年10月24日日全食观测. 河南省郑州集邮公司. ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018. References Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC Google interactive map Besselian elements Photos: Prof. Druckmüller's eclipse photography site Rušin from Nim Ka Thana, India Russian scientist had no successful observation of the eclipse Russian scientist had no successful observation of the eclipse (2) Archived 2009-12-10 at the Wayback Machine The 1995 Eclipse in India vteSolar eclipsesLists of eclipsesBy era Antiquity Middle Ages Modern era 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd Future Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Israel Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili's eclipse (1312 BC) Assyrian eclipse (763 BC) Eclipse of Thales (585 BC) Total/hybrid eclipses→ next total/hybrid 1560 1598 1652 1654 1673 1699 1706 1715 1724 1766 1778 1780 1806 1816 1824 1842 1851 1853 1857 1858 1860 1865 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1874 1875 1878 1882 1883 1885 1886 1887 Jan 1889 Dec 1889 1893 1896 1898 1900 1901 1903 1904 1905 1907 Jan 1908 Dec 1908 1909 1910 1911 Apr 1912 Oct 1912 1914 1916 1918 1919 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 Apr 1930 Oct 1930 1932 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1943 Jan 1944 1945 1947 1948 1950 1952 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1965 1966 1967 1968 1970 1972 1973 1974 1976 1977 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 2015 2016 2017 2019 2020 2021 2023 → 2024 2026 2027 2028 2030 2031 2033 2034 2035 2037 2038 2039 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2048 2049 2050 2052 2053 2055 Jan 2057 Dec 2057 2059 2060 2061 2063 2064 2066 2067 2068 2070 2071 2072 2073 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2081 2082 2084 2086 2088 2089 2090 2091 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2099 2100 2114 2117 2126 2132 2150 2153 2168 2178 2186 Annular eclipses→ next annular 1820 1854 1879 1889 1900 1901 1903 1904 1905 1907 1908 1911 1914 Feb 1915 Aug 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 1927 1929 1932 Feb 1933 Aug 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1939 1940 1941 1943 Jul 1944 1945 1947 1948 1950 Mar 1951 Sep 1951 1952 Jan 1954 Dec 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1965 1966 Mar 1969 Sep 1969 1970 1972 Jan 1973 Dec 1973 1976 1977 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1987 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 2014 2016 2017 2019 2020 2021 2023 → 2024 2026 2027 2028 2030 2031 2032 2034 2035 2036 Jan 2038 Jul 2038 2039 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2048 2049 2052 2053 Jan 2056 Jul 2056 2057 2059 2060 2061 2063 2064 2066 2067 2070 2071 Jan 2074 Jul 2074 2075 2077 2078 2079 2081 2082 2084 Jun 2085 Dec 2085 2088 2089 Feb 2092 Aug 2092 2093 2095 2096 2097 2099 2100 2101 Jan 2168 Dec 2168 Apr 2191 2200 Partial eclipses→ next partial Jan 1639 Apr 1902 May 1902 Oct 1902 Feb 1906 Jul 1906 Aug 1906 Dec 1909 Nov 1910 Apr 1913 Aug 1913 Sep 1913 Dec 1916 Jan 1917 Jun 1917 Jul 1917 May 1920 Nov 1920 Mar 1924 Jul 1924 Aug 1924 Dec 1927 Jun 1928 Nov 1928 Apr 1931 Sep 1931 Oct 1931 Jan 1935 Feb 1935 Jun 1935 Jul 1935 Nov 1938 Mar 1942 Aug 1942 Sep 1942 Jan 1946 May 1946 Jun 1946 Nov 1946 Apr 1949 Oct 1949 Feb 1953 Jul 1953 Aug 1953 Dec 1956 Mar 1960 Sep 1960 Jan 1964 Jun 1964 Jul 1964 Dec 1964 May 1967 Mar 1968 Feb 1971 Jul 1971 Aug 1971 Dec 1974 May 1975 Nov 1975 Apr 1978 Oct 1978 Jan 1982 Jun 1982 Jul 1982 Dec 1982 May 1985 Apr 1986 Mar 1989 Aug 1989 Dec 1992 May 1993 Nov 1993 Apr 1996 Oct 1996 Sep 1997 Feb 2000 1 Jul 2000 31 Jul 2000 Dec 2000 Apr 2004 Oct 2004 Mar 2007 Sep 2007 Jan 2011 Jun 2011 Jul 2011 Nov 2011 Oct 2014 Sep 2015 Feb 2018 Jul 2018 Aug 2018 Jan 2019 Apr 2022 Oct 2022 → Mar 2025 Sep 2025 Jan 2029 Jun 2029 Jul 2029 Dec 2029 2032 2033 Feb 2036 Jul 2036 Aug 2036 2037 May 2040 Nov 2040 Jan 2047 Jun 2047 Jul 2047 Dec 2047 2050 Apr 2051 Oct 2051 Mar 2054 Aug 2054 Sep 2054 2055 May 2058 Jun 2058 Nov 2058 Mar 2062 Sep 2062 Feb 2065 Jul 2065 Aug 2065 Dec 2065 2068 Apr 2069 May 2069 Oct 2069 2072 2073 Jun 2076 Jul 2076 Nov 2076 Feb 2083 Jul 2083 Aug 2083 2084 2086 May 2087 Jun 2087 Oct 2087 2090 2091 Jun 2094 Jul 2094 Dec 2094 Apr 2098 Sep 2098 Oct 2098 Apr 2108 Jul 2195 Other bodies Mars Moon Jupiter Neptune Pluto Saturn Uranus Related Eclipse chasing Solar viewer Planetary transit List of films featuring eclipses Solar eclipses in fiction Lunar eclipse  Astronomy portal  Solar System portal Category Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar eclipse of 1995 October 24.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"solar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"},{"link_name":"apparent diameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_diameter"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Spratly Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"}],"text":"A total solar eclipse occurred on October 24, 1995. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.\nThe path of totality went through Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, southwestern tip of Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Spratly Islands, northeastern tip of Sabah of Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia.","title":"Solar eclipse of October 24, 1995"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Observation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"MiG-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-25"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Astrophysics"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Diamond Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"AN-32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN-32"},{"link_name":"Doordarshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doordarshan"},{"link_name":"All India Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Radio"},{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"An aerial observation of this eclipse was done over India,[1] when a MiG-25 reconnaissance aircraft of the Indian Air Force was used to take images of this eclipse at an altitude of 25 km.[2]The Indian Institute of Astrophysics established camps along the path of totality in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Iradatganj and Diamond Harbour near Kolkata. Astronomers from other institutions and abroad from the Slovakia, Brazil, Russia, Japan and Germany joined IIA at its camps. An IIA team also photographed the eclipse by chasing the Moon’s shadow in an Indian Air Force plane AN-32 from the crew escape hatch on the roof of the cockpit at an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m) above the sea level, which was the first time efforts made by the institute. Doordarshan and All India Radio made live coverages of the eclipse. The eclipse happened to occur on the day of the Diwali.[3]","title":"Observation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuarteron Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarteron_Reef"},{"link_name":"Beijing Planetarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Planetarium"},{"link_name":"Beijing Astronomical Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Astronomical_Observatory"},{"link_name":"National Astronomical Observatories of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Astronomical_Observatories_of_China"},{"link_name":"Sikhio district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhio_district"},{"link_name":"Nakhon Ratchasima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima"},{"link_name":"corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_corona"},{"link_name":"Baily's beads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baily%27s_beads"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"China Earthquake Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Earthquake_Administration"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"ionosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere"},{"link_name":"geomagnetic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_field"},{"link_name":"Paracel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracel_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanya"},{"link_name":"Haikou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikou"},{"link_name":"Zhengzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"Within the Spratly Islands claimed by China, only Cuarteron Reef was controlled by China and lay in the path of totality. Instead of going to the faraway island, The Popular Science Committee of the Chinese Astronomical Society, Beijing Astronomical Society, Beijing Planetarium and Beijing Astronomical Observatory (now incorporated into the National Astronomical Observatories of China) jointly organized observations abroad for the first time. A team of 4 was sent to Sikhio district, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand by the Beijing Planetarium, and successfully photographed the whole process of the eclipse, the corona at the greatest eclipse, and the Baily's beads at the 2nd and 3rd contact.[4]In addition, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Electronics Industry, China Earthquake Administration, State Education Commission (now Ministry of Education) and departments in charge of water conservancy and meteorology conducted joint observations on changes of solar radiation, ionosphere, geomagnetic field, radio and acoustic heavy waves, mainly in the Paracel Islands, Sanya, Haikou and Zhengzhou. From all these places, only a partial solar eclipse was visible instead of a total solar eclipse.[5]","title":"Observation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SE1995Oct24T.gif"}],"title":"Images"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related eclipses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A partial lunar eclipse on April 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_1995_lunar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"An annular solar eclipse on April 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_April_29,_1995"},{"link_name":"A penumbral lunar eclipse on October 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1995_lunar_eclipse"}],"sub_title":"Eclipses of 1995","text":"A partial lunar eclipse on April 15.\nAn annular solar eclipse on April 29.\nA penumbral lunar eclipse on October 8.\nA total solar eclipse on October 24.","title":"Related eclipses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semester series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_cycle#Eclipse_cycles"},{"link_name":"nodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_node"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Solar eclipses 1993–1996","text":"This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[6]","title":"Related eclipses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saros cycle 143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Saros_143"},{"link_name":"August 19, 1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_August_19,_1887"}],"sub_title":"Solar 143","text":"It is a part of Saros cycle 143, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, containing 72 events. The series started with partial solar eclipse on March 7, 1617 and total event from June 24, 1797 through October 24, 1995. It has hybrid eclipses from November 3, 2013 through December 6, 2067, and annular eclipses from December 16, 2085 through September 16, 2536. The series ends at member 72 as a partial eclipse on April 23, 2873. The longest duration of totality was 3 minutes, 50 seconds on August 19, 1887. All eclipses in this series occurs at the Moon’s ascending node.","title":"Related eclipses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metonic series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonic_cycle"}],"sub_title":"Metonic series","text":"The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node.","title":"Related eclipses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phil Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"Eclipse of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_of_the_Sun_(novel)"}],"text":"Phil Whitaker's prize-winning debut novel Eclipse of the Sun published in 1997 and set in India has at its centre a dramatic attempt to organize a public viewing of the eclipse.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The MIGnificient Flying Machines - MiG-25R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/aircraft/past/963-mig25.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190505181615/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/aircraft/past/963-mig25.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Fundamentals of Solar Astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fe7XDuxCYjcC&q=mig-25+eclipse&pg=PA157"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9812382445","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9812382445"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"SOME TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSES OBSERVED FROM INDIA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121128034332/http://www.iiap.res.in/solareclipse"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iiap.res.in/solareclipse"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"1995年10月24日泰国日全食\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200519142333/http://news.163.com/08/0721/16/4HD0BMPU000125LI.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.163.com/08/0721/16/4HD0BMPU000125LI.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/eclipse/eclipsecycles.htm#Sar%20%28Half%20Saros%29"}],"text":"^ The MIGnificient Flying Machines - MiG-25R Archived 2019-05-05 at the Wayback Machine Bharat Rakshak.com 22 August 2017\n\n^ Bhatnagar, A; Livingston, William Charles (2005). Fundamentals of Solar Astronomy. World Scientific. p. 157. ISBN 9812382445.\n\n^ R. C. Kapoor. \"SOME TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSES OBSERVED FROM INDIA\". Indian Institute of Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012.\n\n^ \"1995年10月24日泰国日全食\". 21 July 2008. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020.\n\n^ 1995年10月24日日全食观测. 河南省郑州集邮公司.\n\n^ van Gent, R.H. \"Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present\". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_West_Dulwich
All Saints Church, West Dulwich
["1 Parish","2 Building","3 Other uses","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°26′30″N 0°5′50″W / 51.44167°N 0.09722°W / 51.44167; -0.09722 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "All Saints Church, West Dulwich" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Church in London , EnglandAll Saints' Church, West DulwichView from the eastAll Saints' Church, West Dulwich51°26′30″N 0°5′50″W / 51.44167°N 0.09722°W / 51.44167; -0.09722LocationRosendale Road, Lambeth, London SE21CountryEnglandDenominationChurch of EnglandWebsitewww.all-saints.org.ukHistoryDedicationAll SaintsConsecrated13 November 1897EventsJune 1944 damaged by V-1 flying bombJune 2000 gutted by fireArchitectureHeritage designationGrade IDesignated27 March 1981Architect(s)George Fellowes PrynneStyleGothic RevivalYears built1888–91SpecificationsMaterialsbrickAdministrationProvinceCanterburyDioceseSouthwarkEpiscopal areaKingstonArchdeaconryLambethClergyVicar(s)Revd Dr Alan Everett All Saints' Church is a Church of England parish church in West Dulwich, South London. It is a red brick building designed in a Gothic Revival style by George Fellowes Prynne and built 1888–91. It is Grade I listed. Parish All Saints' parish was formed from the western part of the parish of St Luke's, West Norwood and also included a detached part of the parish of St Leonard's Church, Streatham. The area that became All Saints’ parish was largely rural until West Dulwich railway station was opened in 1863. The decades after then were marked by an upsurge in residential development, a large proportion of the new houses being on a substantial scale. In the 1880s, a temporary iron church was erected in Rosendale Road. This was replaced by a permanent structure that was consecrated on 13 November 1897. The 1901 Census recorded the parish's population as 3,665. In the following year it was served by one clergyman and attendance at its services (morning and evening combined) represented 37.3% of the parochial population. Based on statistics from UK censuses, the Diocese of Southwark estimates the population of All Saints’ parish was 5,700 in 2001 and 6,400 in 2011. Building View from the north The church was designed by George Fellowes Prynne, a pupil of George Edmund Street. It stands on a site that slopes dramatically down from Lovelace Road to Rosendale Road. The east end of the church is lofty and the whole church, with the exception of the incomplete west bay, is situated over crypt spaces, which are extensively used by the wider community. The northeast corner of the building has four storeys of accommodation. An enclosed staircase rises to church floor level across the east elevation. The building is vast in scale even though incomplete. The nave was intended to be three bays longer with an apsidal western baptistery. A flèche was intended over the chancel arch, flanked by a tall slender tower. Only the base of the flèche exists and the present bell turret by JBS Comper of 1952 is a modest substitute. The church is brick-built with stone dressings and steep-pitched slated roofs. The aisles have individual double-pitched roofs with deep valley gutters alongside the nave's clerestory. There is a four-bay nave, the west bay being incomplete with no clerestory and what was intended to be a temporary slated gable end. It is flanked by narrow aisles and porches (now used for other purposes). The nave is flanked by the Lady Chapel in the north aisle and All Souls' Chapel in the south aisle. The apsidal chancel is enclosed by a narrow ambulatory. To the north the Lady Chapel has its own arcaded chancel with ambulatory. To the south of the chancel the space is occupied by the organ chamber and vestries. In June 1944 a V-1 flying bomb exploded near the church, shattering the stained glass windows and damaging the roof. Services continued in the crypt until the church was restored after the war. On 9 June 2000 fire destroyed the building's interior. Restoration work was completed in April 2006, providing the western end of the church with a modern entrance that contrasts with the Gothic architecture of the remainder of the building. The church's organ was also destroyed in the fire. In the summer of 2011 a 1969 organ, previously in the chapel at St Paul's School in Barnes, was installed at All Saints. Other uses The church is the home of the Lambeth Orchestra and the Dulwich Symphony Orchestra. After the restoration, a private nursery was installed in the basement. References ^ Archbishops' Council. "West Dulwich, All Saints". A Church Near You. Church of England. ^ Historic England. "Church of All Saints (Grade I) (1064976)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 21 April 2017. ^ "Norwood: Churches". Lambeth: Southern Area. Survey of London. Vol. 26. London County Council. 1956. pp. 173–180. ^ Cox, Jeffrey (1982). The English Churches in a Secular Society – Lambeth, 1870–1930. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 286. ISBN 0195030192. ^ "Parish of: West Dulwich: All Saints". Diocese of Southwark. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013. ^ "History". All Saints, West Dulwich. ^ "West Dulwich, All Saints". Lambeth South Deanery. Anglican Diocese of Southwark. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. ^ "All Saints Parish Church, West Dulwich | David Wells Organ Builders". Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ "Geograph:: All Saints, West Dulwich: new organ © Stephen Craven cc-by-sa/2.0". www.geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ "Lambeth Orchestra". ^ "Dulwich Symphony Orchestra". Sources Pevsner, Nikolaus (1952). London. The Buildings of England. Vol. 2 Except the Cities of London and Westminster. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 270. ISBN 0-14-071006-X. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to All Saints' Church, West Dulwich. All Saints West Dulwich 51°26′30″N 0°5′50″W / 51.44167°N 0.09722°W / 51.44167; -0.09722 vteChurches in Lambethancient parishchurches(pre-1800) Holy Trinity, Clapham St Leonard, Streatham deconsecratedSt Mary-at-Lambeth Anglicandaughterchurches All Saints, West Dulwich Christ Church, Brixton Road Christ Church, Gipsy Hill Holy Trinity, Tulse Hill St John the Divine, Kennington St John, Waterloo St Luke, West Norwood St Mark, Kennington St Matthew, Brixton St Peter, Streatham St Peter, Vauxhall otherdenominations Christ Church, Lambeth Corpus Christi, Brixton Lincoln Memorial Tower St Mary, Clapham Sts Simon and Jude, Streatham Hill St Anne's Church, Vauxhall St Patrick's Church, Waterloo Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of England parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England_parish_church"},{"link_name":"West Dulwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Dulwich"},{"link_name":"South London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"George Fellowes Prynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fellowes_Prynne"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building#Categories_of_listed_building"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Church in London , EnglandAll Saints' Church is a Church of England parish church in West Dulwich, South London.[1] It is a red brick building designed in a Gothic Revival style by George Fellowes Prynne and built 1888–91. It is Grade I listed.[2]","title":"All Saints Church, West Dulwich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Luke's, West Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Church,_West_Norwood"},{"link_name":"St Leonard's Church, Streatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_Church,_Streatham"},{"link_name":"West Dulwich railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Dulwich_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1901 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_1901"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"UK censuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Southwark"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"All Saints' parish was formed from the western part of the parish of St Luke's, West Norwood and also included a detached part of the parish of St Leonard's Church, Streatham. The area that became All Saints’ parish was largely rural until West Dulwich railway station was opened in 1863. The decades after then were marked by an upsurge in residential development, a large proportion of the new houses being on a substantial scale. In the 1880s, a temporary iron church was erected in Rosendale Road. This was replaced by a permanent structure that was consecrated on 13 November 1897.[3]The 1901 Census recorded the parish's population as 3,665. In the following year it was served by one clergyman and attendance at its services (morning and evening combined) represented 37.3% of the parochial population.[4]Based on statistics from UK censuses, the Diocese of Southwark estimates the population of All Saints’ parish was 5,700 in 2001 and 6,400 in 2011.[5]","title":"Parish"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Saints,_Rosendale_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1435026.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Fellowes Prynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fellowes_Prynne"},{"link_name":"George Edmund Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edmund_Street"},{"link_name":"crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt"},{"link_name":"baptistery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptistery"},{"link_name":"flèche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"clerestory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerestory"},{"link_name":"V-1 flying bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gothic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"St Paul's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"View from the northThe church was designed by George Fellowes Prynne, a pupil of George Edmund Street. It stands on a site that slopes dramatically down from Lovelace Road to Rosendale Road. The east end of the church is lofty and the whole church, with the exception of the incomplete west bay, is situated over crypt spaces, which are extensively used by the wider community. The northeast corner of the building has four storeys of accommodation. An enclosed staircase rises to church floor level across the east elevation.The building is vast in scale even though incomplete. The nave was intended to be three bays longer with an apsidal western baptistery. A flèche was intended over the chancel arch, flanked by a tall slender tower. Only the base of the flèche exists and the present bell turret by JBS Comper of 1952 is a modest substitute.The church is brick-built with stone dressings and steep-pitched slated roofs. The aisles have individual double-pitched roofs with deep valley gutters alongside the nave's clerestory. There is a four-bay nave, the west bay being incomplete with no clerestory and what was intended to be a temporary slated gable end. It is flanked by narrow aisles and porches (now used for other purposes). The nave is flanked by the Lady Chapel in the north aisle and All Souls' Chapel in the south aisle. The apsidal chancel is enclosed by a narrow ambulatory. To the north the Lady Chapel has its own arcaded chancel with ambulatory. To the south of the chancel the space is occupied by the organ chamber and vestries.In June 1944 a V-1 flying bomb exploded near the church, shattering the stained glass windows and damaging the roof.[6] Services continued in the crypt until the church was restored after the war.On 9 June 2000 fire destroyed the building's interior.[7] Restoration work was completed in April 2006, providing the western end of the church with a modern entrance that contrasts with the Gothic architecture of the remainder of the building. The church's organ was also destroyed in the fire. In the summer of 2011 a 1969 organ, previously in the chapel at St Paul's School in Barnes, was installed at All Saints.[8][9]","title":"Building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lambeth Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The church is the home of the Lambeth Orchestra[10] and the Dulwich Symphony Orchestra.[11] After the restoration, a private nursery was installed in the basement.","title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pevsner, Nikolaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner"},{"link_name":"The Buildings of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevsner_Architectural_Guides#Buildings_of_England"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-071006-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071006-X"}],"text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus (1952). London. The Buildings of England. Vol. 2 Except the Cities of London and Westminster. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 270. ISBN 0-14-071006-X.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"View from the north","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/All_Saints%2C_Rosendale_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1435026.jpg/290px-All_Saints%2C_Rosendale_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1435026.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando,_Buenos_Aires
San Fernando de la Buena Vista
["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","1.2 Surface area","1.3 Distances","2 Population","2.1 Population by localities","3 Education","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°26′25″S 58°33′28″W / 34.44028°S 58.55778°W / -34.44028; -58.55778District in Buenos Aires, ArgentinaSan Fernando de la Buena VistaDistrictAerial viewSan Fernando de la Buena VistaLocation in Greater Buenos AiresCoordinates: 34°26′25″S 58°33′28″W / 34.44028°S 58.55778°W / -34.44028; -58.55778Country ArgentinaProvince Buenos AiresPartido San FernandoPopulation (2001 census ) • Total145,165CPA BaseB 1646Area code+54 11 San Fernando de la Buena Vista is a city in the Gran Buenos Aires area, in Argentina, and capital of the San Fernando Partido, 20 km (12 mi) north of the city of Buenos Aires. Geography Located in the northern area of Gran Buenos Aires, San Fernando is composed of two clearly differentiated areas: a densely populated mainland section, with predominance of industrial, commercial and service areas; and a section of Islands of the Paraná Delta of 950 km2 (370 sq mi). It is the nautical capital of Argentina. Mitre Square The city is bordered by San Isidro and Tigre. Its continental area is composed of the towns of Virreyes, San Fernando and Victoria. The rest of his jurisdiction comprises the second and third sections of the Paraná Delta Islands. Climate Climate data for San Fernando, Buenos Aires (1991–2020, extremes 1995–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 41.2(106.2) 36.8(98.2) 34.7(94.5) 33.3(91.9) 30.6(87.1) 28.3(82.9) 29.8(85.6) 35.0(95.0) 34.1(93.4) 36.3(97.3) 35.6(96.1) 39.4(102.9) 41.2(106.2) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.5(85.1) 28.2(82.8) 26.2(79.2) 22.7(72.9) 18.9(66.0) 16.2(61.2) 15.4(59.7) 17.7(63.9) 19.3(66.7) 22.1(71.8) 25.4(77.7) 28.3(82.9) 22.5(72.5) Daily mean °C (°F) 24.6(76.3) 23.5(74.3) 21.5(70.7) 17.8(64.0) 14.2(57.6) 11.2(52.2) 10.6(51.1) 12.5(54.5) 14.5(58.1) 17.6(63.7) 20.6(69.1) 23.0(73.4) 17.6(63.7) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19.3(66.7) 18.7(65.7) 16.7(62.1) 13.1(55.6) 9.8(49.6) 6.9(44.4) 6.2(43.2) 7.8(46.0) 9.6(49.3) 12.8(55.0) 15.3(59.5) 17.5(63.5) 12.8(55.0) Record low °C (°F) 9.9(49.8) 7.5(45.5) 4.9(40.8) 1.6(34.9) −3.4(25.9) −5.0(23.0) −4.0(24.8) −5.4(22.3) −0.8(30.6) 2.0(35.6) 3.3(37.9) 6.2(43.2) −5.4(22.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 114.4(4.50) 122.6(4.83) 119.2(4.69) 106.2(4.18) 81.3(3.20) 52.5(2.07) 68.6(2.70) 70.7(2.78) 78.6(3.09) 111.8(4.40) 113.7(4.48) 104.3(4.11) 1,143.9(45.04) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 7.5 7.2 6.8 7.5 6.0 5.3 5.9 6.2 6.4 8.3 7.4 7.7 82.2 Average snowy days 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Average relative humidity (%) 66.0 70.7 73.6 76.9 80.3 79.7 78.3 74.4 71.2 70.9 66.6 64.6 72.8 Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional Surface area Continental section: 23 km2 (8.9 sq mi) Delta section: 950 km2 (370 sq mi) (approx.) Distances 28 km from the City of Buenos Aires. 95 km from the City of La Plata. Population Total population: 151,131 Urban population: 147,409 Rural population (delta): 3,058 Population by localities San Fernando: 68,806 Victoria: 40,461 Virreyes: 38,142 Delta: 3,058 Education This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2015) Buenos Aires International Christian Academy, an English-only Christian International school in Argentina, is located in San Fernando. References Argentina portal ^ "Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023. ^ "Clima en la Argentina: Guia Climática por San Fernando Aero". Caracterización: Estadísticas de largo plazo (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved 31 July 2023. ^ "Directions." Buenos Aires International Christian Academy. Retrieved on February 9, 2015. "Av. del Libertador 2170, San Fernando (1646), Buenos Aires, Argentina." External links Municipal information: Municipal Affairs Federal Institute (IFAM), Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina. (in Spanish) (in Spanish) Municipal website (in Spanish) local news webpage vteGreater Buenos AiresFirst-leveladministrativedivisions Buenos Aires Autonomous City  Buenos Aires ProvinceBuenos AiresProvince partidos Almirante Brown Avellaneda Berazategui Esteban Echevarría Ezeiza Florencio Varela Hurlingham Ituzaingó José C. Paz Lanús Lomas de Zamora La Matanza Malvinas Argentinas Merlo Moreno Morón Quilmes San Fernando San Isidro San Martín San Miguel Tigre 3 de Febrero Vicente López List of cities Autonomous City of Buenos Aires Adrogué Avellaneda Banfield Béccar Bella Vista Berazategui Bernal Boulogne Sur Mer Burzaco Caseros Castelar Ciudadela Ciudad Evita Ciudad Jardín Ciudad Madero Claypole Dock Sud Don Torcuato El Palomar Ezeiza Florencio Varela Florida Este Florida Oeste Haedo General Pacheco Gerli Glew González Catán Gregorio de Laferrère Grand Bourg Guernica Hurlingham Isidro Casanova Ituzaingó José C. Paz José Mármol Lanús La Tablada Llavallol Libertad Lomas del Mirador Lomas de Zamora Longchamps Los Polvorines Mariano Acosta Martínez Merlo Monte Chingolo Monte Grande Moreno Morón Munro Muñiz Olivos Pablo Nogués Parque San Martín Paso del Rey Pontevedra Quilmes Rafael Calzada Rafael Castillo Ramos Mejía Remedios de Escalada San Antonio de Padua San Fernando San Francisco Solano San Isidro San José San Justo San Martín San Miguel Sarandí Temperley Tigre Tortuguitas Tristán Suárez Valentín Alsina Vicente López Victoria Villa Adelina Villa Ballester Villa Bosch Villa Centenario Villa Domínico Villa Fiorito Villa La Florida Villa Maipú Villa Martelli Villa de Mayo Villa Tesei Villa Udaondo Virreyes Wilde William C. Morris Lesser settlements(towns and others) Acassuso Aldo Bonzi Billinghurst Campo de Mayo Carapachay Churruca Dique Luján Dock Sud Don Bosco El Libertador José Ingenieros La Lucila Loma Hermosa Lomas del Palomar Martín Coronado Once de Septiembre Pablo Podestá Ranelagh Remedios de Escalada, Tres de Febrero Sáenz Peña Santos Lugares Tapiales Villa Raffo Villa Sarmiento Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area This article about a place in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gran Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Partido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Partido"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"}],"text":"District in Buenos Aires, ArgentinaSan Fernando de la Buena Vista is a city in the Gran Buenos Aires area, in Argentina, and capital of the San Fernando Partido, 20 km (12 mi) north of the city of Buenos Aires.","title":"San Fernando de la Buena Vista"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gran Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Paraná Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_Delta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaza_Mitre_-_San_Fernando_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Isidro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Isidro,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Tigre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigre,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Virreyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virreyes,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Buenos_Aires"}],"text":"Located in the northern area of Gran Buenos Aires, San Fernando is composed of two clearly differentiated areas: a densely populated mainland section, with predominance of industrial, commercial and service areas; and a section of Islands of the Paraná Delta of 950 km2 (370 sq mi). It is the nautical capital of Argentina.Mitre SquareThe city is bordered by San Isidro and Tigre. Its continental area is composed of the towns of Virreyes, San Fernando and Victoria. The rest of his jurisdiction comprises the second and third sections of the Paraná Delta Islands.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"Servicio Meteorológico Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_Meteorol%C3%B3gico_Nacional_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNestadisticas-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMNextremes-2"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for San Fernando, Buenos Aires (1991–2020, extremes 1995–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n41.2(106.2)\n\n36.8(98.2)\n\n34.7(94.5)\n\n33.3(91.9)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n28.3(82.9)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n36.3(97.3)\n\n35.6(96.1)\n\n39.4(102.9)\n\n41.2(106.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29.5(85.1)\n\n28.2(82.8)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n17.7(63.9)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n25.4(77.7)\n\n28.3(82.9)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n20.6(69.1)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n7.5(45.5)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n−3.4(25.9)\n\n−5.0(23.0)\n\n−4.0(24.8)\n\n−5.4(22.3)\n\n−0.8(30.6)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n−5.4(22.3)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n114.4(4.50)\n\n122.6(4.83)\n\n119.2(4.69)\n\n106.2(4.18)\n\n81.3(3.20)\n\n52.5(2.07)\n\n68.6(2.70)\n\n70.7(2.78)\n\n78.6(3.09)\n\n111.8(4.40)\n\n113.7(4.48)\n\n104.3(4.11)\n\n1,143.9(45.04)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n7.5\n\n7.2\n\n6.8\n\n7.5\n\n6.0\n\n5.3\n\n5.9\n\n6.2\n\n6.4\n\n8.3\n\n7.4\n\n7.7\n\n82.2\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.1\n\n0.1\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.1\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n66.0\n\n70.7\n\n73.6\n\n76.9\n\n80.3\n\n79.7\n\n78.3\n\n74.4\n\n71.2\n\n70.9\n\n66.6\n\n64.6\n\n72.8\n\n\nSource: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[1][2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Surface area","text":"Continental section: 23 km2 (8.9 sq mi)\nDelta section: 950 km2 (370 sq mi) (approx.)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"La Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Plata"}],"sub_title":"Distances","text":"28 km from the City of Buenos Aires.\n95 km from the City of La Plata.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Total population: 151,131\nUrban population: 147,409\nRural population (delta): 3,058","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Population by localities","text":"San Fernando: 68,806\nVictoria: 40,461\nVirreyes: 38,142\nDelta: 3,058","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Buenos Aires International Christian Academy, an English-only Christian International school in Argentina, is located in San Fernando.[3]","title":"Education"}]
[{"image_text":"Mitre Square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plaza_Mitre_-_San_Fernando_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Plaza_Mitre_-_San_Fernando_-_panoramio.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Gr%C3%A9vin
Musée Grévin
["1 History","2 Attractions","3 Grévin Seoul","4 See also","5 Notes","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°52′18.59″N 2°20′31.56″E / 48.8718306°N 2.3421000°E / 48.8718306; 2.3421000Wax museum in Rue de Lille Paris, FranceMusée GrévinFaçade of the Musée GrévinEstablished1882; 142 years ago (1882)LocationRue de Lille 75343 Paris, FranceTypeWax museumWebsitegrevin.com Entrance from Passage Jouffroy The Musée Grévin (French: ; Euronext: GREV) (English: Grévin Museum) is a wax museum located on the Grands Boulevards in the 9th arrondissement of Paris on the right bank of the Seine. The Musée Grévin also has a location in Seoul. Musée Grévin Montreal opened in 2013, and closed in 2021. History The museum was founded in 1882 by Arthur Meyer, a journalist for Le Gaulois, on the model of Madame Tussauds founded in London in 1835, and named for its first artistic director, caricaturist Alfred Grévin. It is one of the oldest wax museums in Europe. Its baroque architecture includes a hall of mirrors based on the principle of a catoptric cistula in 2018, a young American author, composer, interpreter and designer, Krysle Lip was in charge of the artistic and esthetical transformation of the Hall of Mirrors The hall of mirrors was built for the Exposition Universelle in 1900. It was originally housed in the Palais des mirages designed by Eugène Hénard. Attractions The Musée Grévin now contains some 450 characters arranged in scenes from the history of France and modern life, including a panorama of French history from Charlemagne to Napoleon III and bloody scenes of the French Revolution, with the original wax figures of the late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessing their technical evolution. By contrast, the more contemporaneous movie stars, athletes, and international figures such as Albert Einstein, Mahatma Gandhi, Shah Rukh Khan, Pablo Picasso, Michael Jackson, Josephine Baker and Pope John Paul II use the modern techniques of modeling. The tableau of Charlotte Corday murdering Jean-Paul Marat created in 1889 includes the actual knife and bathtub used. New wax characters are regularly added to the Museum among more than 2000 made since it opened. They include Zinedine Zidane, Jean Reno, Monica Bellucci, Jean Dujardin, Isabelle Adjani and Nolwenn Leroy. Bollywood celebrities whose wax has been added include Shah Rukh Khan, Aishwarya Rai and Ranveer Singh. Grévin Seoul The Grévin Seoul is a waxwork museum in Seoul, South Korea. The museum was founded in 2015. See also List of museums in Paris Musée Grévin — Forum des Halles, an annex of the museum, opened from 1981 to 1996 Dermatological wax museum of the Hôpital Saint-Louis. Wax Museum of Lourdes Notes ^ "Grévin Museum in Montreal permanently closes - Montreal | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 2023-06-20. ^ "Grevin Wax Museum in Paris". Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-27. ^ a b "The Hall of mirrors". 11 March 2024. ^ a b Blackmore, Ruth (2012). The Rough Guide to Paris. London: Rough Guides. p. 71. ISBN 978-1405386951. ^ "Passages et Galeries - 1ère partie". Sur les toits de paris. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 2013-05-25. ^ "Nolwenn Leroy" (in French). Musée Grévin. Retrieved 2015-04-20. ^ "Now, Shah Rukh's wax statue in Paris". Hindustan Times. March 8, 2008. ^ "First Look: Aishwarya's wax statue in Europe's oldest museum". India Today. July 14, 2013. ^ Verma, Abhinav (July 7, 2017). "The Internet thinks that Ranveer Singh's wax statue looks more like Shiamak Davar". Hindustan Times. ^ Yun Suh-young (2015-07-31). "Grevin wax museum opens in Seoul". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2016-07-06. ^ (fr) Musée des moulages dermatologiques de l'hôpital Saint-Louis, site bium.univ-paris5.fr. ^ (fr) Musée des moulages dermatologiques de l'hôpital Saint-Louis, site hôpital-Saint-Louis.aphp.fr. External links Media related to Musée Grévin at Wikimedia Commons Musée Grévin official site (in French, English, and Spanish) Grevin Seoul Wireimage gallery "France's Past Cast in Wax", The New York Times, November 8, 1987 vteTourism in ParisLandmarks Arc de Triomphe Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Arènes de Lutèce Bourse Catacombs Conciergerie Eiffel Tower Gare d'Austerlitz Gare de l'Est Gare de Lyon Gare du Nord Gare Montparnasse Gare Saint-Lazare Grand Palais and Petit Palais Institut de France Jeanne d'Arc Les Invalides Louvre Pyramid Luxor Obelisk Odéon Opéra Bastille Opéra Garnier Panthéon Philharmonie de Paris Place Diana Flame of Liberty Porte Saint-Denis Porte Saint-Martin Sorbonne Tour Montparnasse Museums(list) Army Museum Bibliothèque nationale Carnavalet Centre Pompidou Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume Louis Vuitton Foundation Musée des Arts décoratifs Musée des Arts et Métiers Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris Maison de Balzac Musée Bourdelle Musée de la Cinémathèque Musée Cognacq-Jay Musée Grévin Musée Guimet Maison de Victor Hugo Musée Jacquemart-André Musée du Louvre Musée Marmottan Monet Musée de Montmartre Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée national Eugène Delacroix Musée national Gustave Moreau Musée national des Monuments Français Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge Musée de l'Orangerie Musée d'Orsay Musée Pasteur Musée Picasso Musée du Quai Branly Musée Rodin Palais de la Légion d'Honneur Musée de la Légion d'honneur Musée de la Vie romantique Religious buildings Alexander Nevsky Cathedral American Cathedral American Church Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist Chapelle expiatoire Grand Mosque Grand Synagogue Synagogue de Nazareth La Madeleine Notre-Dame de Paris Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle Notre-Dame-de-Lorette Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Sacré-Cœur Saint Ambroise Saint-Augustin Saint-Étienne-du-Mont Saint-Eustache Saint-François-Xavier Saint-Germain-des-Prés Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais Tour Saint-Jacques Saint-Jean de Montmartre Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis Saint-Pierre de Montmartre Saint-Roch Saint-Sulpice Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Sainte-Chapelle Sainte-Clotilde Sainte-Trinité Temple du Marais Val-de-Grâce Hôtels particuliersand palaces Élysée Palace Hôtel de Beauvais Hôtel de Charost Hôtel de Crillon Hôtel d'Estrées Hôtel de la Païva Hôtel de Pontalba Hôtel de Sens Hôtel de Soubise Hôtel de Sully Hôtel de Ville Hôtel Lambert Hôtel Matignon Luxembourg Palace Petit Luxembourg Palais Bourbon Palais de Justice Palais de la Cité Palais-Royal Bridges, streets,areas, squaresand waterways Avenue de l'Opéra Avenue Foch Avenue George V Boulevard de la Madeleine Boulevard de Sébastopol Canal de l'Ourcq Canal Saint-Martin Champ de Mars Champs-Élysées Covered passages Galerie Véro-Dodat Choiseul Panoramas Galerie Vivienne Havre Jouffroy Brady Latin Quarter Le Marais Montmartre Montparnasse Place Diana Place Dauphine Place de la Bastille Place de la Concorde Place de la Nation Place de la République Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall Place des États-Unis Place des Pyramides Place des Victoires Place des Vosges Place du Carrousel Place du Châtelet Place du Tertre Place Saint-Michel Place Vendôme Pont Alexandre III Pont d'Iéna Pont de Bir-Hakeim Pont des Arts Pont Neuf Port du Louvre Rive Gauche Rue Basse Rue Bonaparte Rue Charlemagne Rue d'Argenteuil Rue de la Ferronnerie Rue de la Paix Rue de la Sourdière Rue de Montmorency Rue de Richelieu Rue de Rivoli Rue de Vaugirard Rue des Francs-Bourgeois Rue des Lombards Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré Rue Elzévir Rue Foyatier Rue Molière Rue Montorgueil Rue Radziwill Rue Rambuteau Rue Mondétour Rue Pastourelle Rue des Rosiers Rue Saint-Honoré Rue Saint-Denis Rue Sainte-Anne Saint-Germain-des-Prés Trocadéro Viaduc d'Austerlitz Parks and gardens Bois de Boulogne Jardin d'Acclimatation Bois de Vincennes Parc floral Jardin du Luxembourg Parc André-Citroën Parc Clichy-Batignolles Parc de Belleville Parc de Bercy Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge Parc des Buttes Chaumont Parc Georges-Brassens Parc Monceau Parc Montsouris Tuileries Garden Coulée verte René-Dumont Sport venues Accor Arena Auteuil Hippodrome Halle Georges Carpentier Longchamp Hippodrome Parc des Princes Piscine Molitor Porte de La Chapelle Arena Stade Jean Bouin Stade Pershing Stade Pierre de Coubertin Stade Roland Garros Stade Sébastien Charléty Vélodrome de Vincennes Vincennes Hippodrome Cemeteries Montmartre Cemetery Montparnasse Cemetery Passy Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery Oscar Wilde's tomb Picpus Cemetery Région parisienne Basilica of Saint-Denis Château d'Écouen Château de Chantilly Château de Fontainebleau Château de Malmaison Château de Rambouillet Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Château de Sceaux Château and Gardens of Versailles (Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon, including the Fresh pavilion) Château de Vincennes La Défense Grande Arche Paris La Défense Arena Disneyland Paris Disneyland Park Walt Disney Studios Park Exploradôme Fort Mont-Valérien Mémorial de la France combattante Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial France Miniature Musée de l'air et de l'espace Musée Fragonard d'Alfort Parc Astérix Parc de Saint-Cloud Provins La Roche-Guyon Sèvres – Cité de la céramique Stade de France Vaux-le-Vicomte Culture and events Bastille Day military parade Dîner en Blanc Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Paris Air Show Paris Fashion Week Paris-Plages Republican Guard Solidays Other Axe historique Bateau-Lavoir Bateaux Mouches Café des 2 Moulins Café Procope Folies Bergère Fountains in Paris La Ruche Les Deux Magots Maxim's Moulin de la Galette Moulin Rouge Paris Métro entrances Montmartre Funicular Paris Musées Paris syndrome Paris Zoological Park Pyramide inversée World Heritage Centre Related List of tourist attractions in Paris Art in Paris Paris syndrome Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Other IdRef 48°52′18.59″N 2°20′31.56″E / 48.8718306°N 2.3421000°E / 48.8718306; 2.3421000
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_Gr%C3%A9vin_(1).JPG"},{"link_name":"Passage Jouffroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_Jouffroy"},{"link_name":"[myze ɡʁevɛ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Euronext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronext"},{"link_name":"GREV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.euronext.com/en/search_instruments/GREV"},{"link_name":"wax museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_museum"},{"link_name":"9th arrondissement of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_arrondissement_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Musée Grévin Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Gr%C3%A9vin_Montreal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Wax museum in Rue de Lille Paris, FranceEntrance from Passage JouffroyThe Musée Grévin (French: [myze ɡʁevɛ̃]; Euronext: GREV) (English: Grévin Museum) is a wax museum located on the Grands Boulevards in the 9th arrondissement of Paris on the right bank of the Seine. The Musée Grévin also has a location in Seoul. Musée Grévin Montreal opened in 2013, and closed in 2021.[1]","title":"Musée Grévin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Meyer_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Le Gaulois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Gaulois"},{"link_name":"Madame Tussauds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Tussauds"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParisDigest-2"},{"link_name":"Alfred Grévin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gr%C3%A9vin"},{"link_name":"baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"hall of mirrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_mirrors"},{"link_name":"catoptric cistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoptric_cistula"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hall_of_mirrors-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hall_of_mirrors-3"},{"link_name":"Exposition Universelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rough-4"},{"link_name":"Eugène Hénard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_H%C3%A9nard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The museum was founded in 1882 by Arthur Meyer, a journalist for Le Gaulois, on the model of Madame Tussauds founded in London in 1835,[2] and named for its first artistic director, caricaturist Alfred Grévin. It is one of the oldest wax museums in Europe. Its baroque architecture includes a hall of mirrors based on the principle of a catoptric cistula[3] in 2018, a young American author, composer, interpreter and designer, Krysle Lip was in charge of the artistic and esthetical transformation of the Hall of Mirrors [3] The hall of mirrors was built for the Exposition Universelle in 1900.[4]\nIt was originally housed in the Palais des mirages designed by Eugène Hénard.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Shah Rukh Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Josephine Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Corday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Corday"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Marat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat"},{"link_name":"bathtub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Tub"},{"link_name":"Zinedine Zidane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane"},{"link_name":"Jean Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Reno"},{"link_name":"Monica Bellucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Bellucci"},{"link_name":"Jean Dujardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dujardin"},{"link_name":"Isabelle Adjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_Adjani"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rough-4"},{"link_name":"Nolwenn Leroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolwenn_Leroy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Shah Rukh Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Aishwarya Rai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ranveer Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranveer_Singh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Musée Grévin now contains some 450 characters arranged in scenes from the history of France and modern life, including a panorama of French history from Charlemagne to Napoleon III and bloody scenes of the French Revolution, with the original wax figures of the late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessing their technical evolution. By contrast, the more contemporaneous movie stars, athletes, and international figures such as Albert Einstein, Mahatma Gandhi, Shah Rukh Khan, Pablo Picasso, Michael Jackson, Josephine Baker and Pope John Paul II use the modern techniques of modeling. The tableau of Charlotte Corday murdering Jean-Paul Marat created in 1889 includes the actual knife and bathtub used.New wax characters are regularly added to the Museum among more than 2000 made since it opened. They include Zinedine Zidane, Jean Reno, Monica Bellucci, Jean Dujardin, Isabelle Adjani[4] and Nolwenn Leroy.[6]Bollywood celebrities whose wax has been added include Shah Rukh Khan,[7] Aishwarya Rai[8] and Ranveer Singh.[9]","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"waxwork museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_museum"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Grévin Seoul is a waxwork museum in Seoul, South Korea. The museum was founded in 2015.[10]","title":"Grévin Seoul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Grévin Museum in Montreal permanently closes - Montreal | Globalnews.ca\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//globalnews.ca/news/8198236/grevin-museum-closed/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ParisDigest_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Grevin Wax Museum in Paris\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.parisdigest.com/museums/grevin.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Hall_of_mirrors_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-The_Hall_of_mirrors_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Hall of mirrors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.grevin-paris.com/en/actualites/hall-mirrors"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rough_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rough_4-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1405386951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405386951"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Passages et Galeries - 1ère partie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sur-les-toits-de-paris.eklablog.net/passages-et-galeries-iere-partie-a47020917"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Nolwenn Leroy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.grevin-paris.com/fr/actus/nolwenn-leroy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Now, Shah Rukh's wax statue in Paris\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/now-shah-rukh-s-wax-statue-in-paris/story-oDBME2Qihqs8sAvzw2kfwO.html"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"First Look: Aishwarya's wax statue in Europe's oldest museum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//indiatoday.intoday.in/story/first-look-aishwaryas-wax-statue-in-europes-oldest-museam/1/291280.html"},{"link_name":"India Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Today"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"The Internet thinks that Ranveer Singh's wax statue looks more like Shiamak Davar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-internet-thinks-that-ranveer-singh-s-wax-statue-looks-more-like-shiamak-davar/story-o4NIygW46LC2hsVoHckM5J.html"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Grevin wax museum opens in Seoul\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2015/07/135_183922.html"},{"link_name":"The Korea Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160817141727/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2015/07/135_183922.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"(fr) Musée des moulages dermatologiques de l'hôpital Saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/sfhd/musee/musee.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"(fr) Musée des moulages dermatologiques de l'hôpital Saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hopital-saintlouis.aphp.fr/le-musee-des-moulages-de-lhopital-de-saint-louis/"}],"text":"^ \"Grévin Museum in Montreal permanently closes - Montreal | Globalnews.ca\". Global News. Retrieved 2023-06-20.\n\n^ \"Grevin Wax Museum in Paris\". Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-27.\n\n^ a b \"The Hall of mirrors\". 11 March 2024.\n\n^ a b Blackmore, Ruth (2012). The Rough Guide to Paris. London: Rough Guides. p. 71. ISBN 978-1405386951.\n\n^ \"Passages et Galeries - 1ère partie\". Sur les toits de paris. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 2013-05-25.\n\n^ \"Nolwenn Leroy\" (in French). Musée Grévin. Retrieved 2015-04-20.\n\n^ \"Now, Shah Rukh's wax statue in Paris\". Hindustan Times. March 8, 2008.\n\n^ \"First Look: Aishwarya's wax statue in Europe's oldest museum\". India Today. July 14, 2013.\n\n^ Verma, Abhinav (July 7, 2017). \"The Internet thinks that Ranveer Singh's wax statue looks more like Shiamak Davar\". Hindustan Times.\n\n^ Yun Suh-young (2015-07-31). \"Grevin wax museum opens in Seoul\". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2016-07-06.\n\n^ (fr) Musée des moulages dermatologiques de l'hôpital Saint-Louis, site bium.univ-paris5.fr.\n\n^ (fr) Musée des moulages dermatologiques de l'hôpital Saint-Louis, site hôpital-Saint-Louis.aphp.fr.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"title":"List of museums in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Paris"},{"title":"Musée Grévin — Forum des Halles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Gr%C3%A9vin_-_Forum_des_Halles"},{"title":"Dermatological wax museum of the Hôpital Saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Saint-Louis#Wax_museum"},{"title":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"title":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"title":"Wax Museum of Lourdes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_Museum_of_Lourdes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Outstanding_New_Talent
Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent
["1 Winners","1.1 Outstanding New Talent","1.2 Best First Feature","1.3 Breakthrough Performance Award","2 References","3 External links"]
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent was a special achievement award given by the International Press Academy between 1996 and 2012. After the retirement of the Outstanding New Talent Award in 2012, a similar award was given as a Breakthrough Performance Award in 2013. In addition, a special achievement Satellite Award was awarded for Best First Feature in 2011, 2016, and 2017. Winners Outstanding New Talent Year Winner Film 1996 Arie Verveen Caught 1997 Aaron Eckhart In the Company of Men 1998 Eamonn Owens The Butcher Boy 1999 Haley Joel Osment 2000 Rob Brown 2001 Rupert GrintDakota Fanning Harry Potter and the Philosopher's StoneI Am Sam 2002 Derek Luke Antwone Fisher 2003 none 2004 Freddie Highmore 2005 Rupert Friend 2006 none 2007 none 2008 Brandon Walters 2009 Gabourey Sidibe Precious 2010 none 2011 none 2012 Quvenzhané Wallis Beasts of the Southern Wild Best First Feature Year Winner Film 2011 Paddy Considine Tyrannosaur 2016 Rusudan Glurjidze House of Others 2017 John Carroll Lynch Lucky 2018 Rupert Everett The Happy Prince 2019 Laure de Clermont-Tonnerre The Mustang 2020 Channing Godfrey Peoples Miss Juneteenth 2021 Halle Berry Bruised Breakthrough Performance Award Year Winner Film 2013 Michael B. JordanSophie Nélisse Fruitvale StationThe Book Thief References ^ Satellite Awards 1996, April 2017. ^ Satellite Awards 1997, April 2017. ^ Satellite Awards 1998, April 2017. ^ Satellite Awards 1999, April 2017. ^ Satellite Awards 2000, April 2017. ^ Satellite Awards 2001, April 2017. ^ Satellite Awards 2002, April 2017. ^ Satellite Awards 2004, April 2017. ^ Satellite Awards 2005, April 2017. ^ Satellite Awards 2008, April 2017. ^ Satellite Awards 2009, April 2017. ^ Satellite Awards 2012, April 2017. ^ Satellite Awards 2011, April 2017. ^ Satellite Awards 2016, April 2017. ^ Pond, Steve (28 November 2017). "'Dunkirk,' 'The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations". ^ "2018 Winners". International Press Academy. Retrieved May 9, 2021. ^ "2019 Winners". International Press Academy. Retrieved May 9, 2021. ^ "2020 Winners". International Press Academy. Retrieved May 9, 2021. ^ "2021 Winners". International Press Academy. Retrieved April 3, 2022. ^ Satellite Awards 2013, April 2017. External links International Press Academy website vteSatellite Award for Best First FeatureOutstanding New Talent (1996–2010, 2012) Arie Verveen (1996) Aaron Eckhart (1997) Eamonn Owens (1998) Haley Joel Osment (1999) Rob Brown (2000) Dakota Fanning / Rupert Grint (2001) Derek Luke (2002) No Award (2003) Freddie Highmore (2004) Rupert Friend (2005) No Award (2006) No Award (2007) Brandon Walters (2008) Gabourey Sidibe (2009) No Award (2010) Quvenzhané Wallis (2012) Best First Feature (2011, 2016–2021) Paddy Considine (2011) Rusudan Glurjidze (2016) John Carroll Lynch (2017) Rupert Everett (2018) Laure de Clermont-Tonnerre (2019) Channing Godfrey Peoples (2020) Halle Berry (2021) Breakthrough Performance Award (2013, 2022–present) Michael B. Jordan / Sophie Nélisse (2013) Bhavin Rabari (2022) No Award (2023) vteSatellite AwardsCurrent Awards (Film) Best Film Best Actor Best Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Animated or Mixed Media Film Art Direction and Production Design Cinematography Costume Design Director Documentary Film Editing Foreign Language Film Original Score Original Song Screenplay – Adapted Screenplay – Original Sound Visual Effects Cast Current Awards (Television) TV Series: Drama TV Series: Musical or Comedy TV Series: Genre Miniseries & Limited Series or TV Film Actor: Drama Series Actor: Musical or Comedy Series Actor: Miniseries or TV Film Actress: Drama Series Actress: Musical or Comedy Series Actress: Miniseries or TV Film Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Cast Retired Awards (Film) Film: Musical or Comedy Actor: Musical or Comedy Actress: Musical or Comedy Supporting Actor: Drama Supporting Actor: Musical or Comedy Supporting Actress: Drama Supporting Actress: Musical or Comedy Retired Awards (Television) Miniseries & Limited Series TV Film Supporting Actor: Drama Series Supporting Actor: Musical or Comedy Series Supporting Actress: Drama Series Supporting Actress: Musical or Comedy Series Retired Awards (New Media) Best Classic DVD Best DVD Extras Best DVD Release of TV Shows Interactive Media Outstanding Mobile Game Outstanding Overall Blu-Ray/DVD Outstanding Platform Action/Adventure Game Outstanding Puzzle/Strategy Game Outstanding Role Playing Game Outstanding Sports Game Outstanding Youth Blu-Ray/DVD Honorary Awards Auteur Award Humanitarian Award Mary Pickford Award Nikola Tesla Award Outstanding New Talent Ceremonies 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 International Press Academy
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Pond, Steve (28 November 2017). \"'Dunkirk,' 'The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/dunkirk-the-shape-of-water-lead-satellite-award-nominations/","url_text":"\"'Dunkirk,' 'The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Winners\". International Press Academy. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressacademy.com/2018-winners/","url_text":"\"2018 Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Press_Academy","url_text":"International Press Academy"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Winners\". International Press Academy. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressacademy.com/2019-ipa-awards/","url_text":"\"2019 Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Press_Academy","url_text":"International Press Academy"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Winners\". International Press Academy. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressacademy.com/2020-ipa-awards/","url_text":"\"2020 Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Press_Academy","url_text":"International Press Academy"}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Winners\". International Press Academy. Retrieved April 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressacademy.com/news/5437/","url_text":"\"2021 Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Press_Academy","url_text":"International Press Academy"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Ernest_Weiss
Pierre Weiss
["1 Life","2 Important works","3 References","4 External links"]
French physicist (1865–1940) Pierre WeissBorn(1865-03-25)25 March 1865MulhouseDied24 October 1940(1940-10-24) (aged 75)LyonNationalityFrenchKnown forCurie–Weiss lawMean field theoryMagnetic domainWeiss magnetonMagnetocaloric effectCotton-Weiss methodAwardsCommandeur of the Legion of Honor (1935)Scientific careerFieldsPhysics, magnetismInstitutionsUniversity of Rennes, University of Lyon, ETH Zurich, University of Strasbourg,Thesis Recherches sur l'aimantation de la magnétite cristallisée et de quelques alliages de fer et d’antimoine  (1896)Doctoral advisorJules ViolleMarcel BrillouinDoctoral studentsLouis Néel Pierre-Ernest Weiss (25 March 1865, Mulhouse – 24 October 1940, Lyon) was a French physicist who specialized in magnetism. He developed the domain theory of ferromagnetism in 1907. Weiss domains and the Weiss magneton are named after him. Weiss also developed the molecular or mean field theory, which is often called Weiss-mean-field theory, that led to the discovery of the Curie–Weiss law. Alongside Auguste Piccard, Pierre Weiss is considered one of the first discoverers of the magnetocaloric effect in 1917. Pierre Weiss made several experimental discoveries that led to the development of the strongest electromagnets of the beginning of the 20th century. He worked at the universities of Rennes, Lyon, ETH Zurich where he was raised, and finally at Strasbourg. In these academic institutions he founded several renown laboratories. Life Pierre Weiss was born in Mulhouse the 25 March 1865, where he was the first born of Émile Weiss and Ida Schlumberger. At the age of 5, Alsace was annexed to Germany. Weiss conducted his secondary studies at Mulhouse. He later left to continue higher education at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH), where he obtained the diploma of mechanical engineer in 1887 as the first in the grade ranking of his class. At the age of majority, he decided to take the French nationality instead of the German one. In 1888, he practiced for the entry exam of the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) at the Lycée Saint-Louis, Paris, where he was admitted. After his years at the ENS, he remained there as a teacher assistant while in parallel he obtained his license in physical sciences and mathematical sciences at the Faculty of Sciences of Paris. During his time in Paris, he met several colleagues who will become famous mathematicians like Élie Cartan, Henri Lebesgue, and Émile Borel, and famous physicists like Aimé Cotton, Jean Perrin, and Paul Langevin. In 1895, he won the title of Maître de Conférences (lecturer) at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Rennes. In 1896, he defends his doctoral thesis in physical sciences, related to the study of the magnetization of crystallized magnetite and some iron and antimony alloys, in front of the Faculty of Science of the University of Paris. His supervisors were Jules Violle and Marcel Brillouin, and the thesis jury was comprised by Charles Friedel, Edmond Bouty  and Henry Pellatt. In October 1896, Pierre Weiss married Jane Rancès in Paris. Their daughter, Nicole, later married the French mathematician Henri Cartan. The Dreyfus affair burst during this time. According to the witnesses testimony, collected by Nicolas Ballet, Pierre Weiss joined the academics that defended Alfred Dreyfus, who was also of Alsace origin (born in Mulhouse) and another former ETH student. This position was controversial during his time at Rennes, so Weiss later preferred to teach at the University of Lyon in 1899 due to this issue. Albert Einstein, Paul Ehrenfest, Paul Langevin, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Pierre Weiss at Kamerlingh Onnes home at Leiden. Even when Pierre Weiss did take the mantle of professor at Lyon, he later accepted the ETH Zurich proposal to become physics professor and director of the Institute of Physics in 1902. In 1907, he published an important work on the nature of ferromagnetism where he introduced the concept of molecular field, a precursor idea to mean field theory. It was at this moment in his life that he met Albert Einstein and Peter Debye, also professors in Zurich. During World War I, he came back to France where he worked with Aimé Cotton in the development of an acoustic system for tracking artillery, known as the Cotton-Weiss method. In 1919, Strasbourg was no longer part of the German Empire but returned to being a part of France. Even when the University of Strasbourg (as Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität de Strasbourg) benefited from important German investment, Weiss had to participate in several endeavors that had to be performed to reintegrate the institution to the French system (as Université de Strasbourg). The French president Raymond Poincaré declared that the University of Strasbourg had to outperform its precedent German counterpart. In this manner, many faculties and subordinate institutes were also created to promote research. In this environment, Pierre Weiss chose to become physics professor at the Faculty of Physics of the University of Strasbourg and director of the Institute of Physics. He also founded in Strasbourg an institute focused on the research of magnetism, similar to the one he founded in Zurich. He gathered in Strasbourg many of his collaborators from Zurich, such as Gabriel Foëx, Robert Forrer and Edmond Bauer. Some of Weiss's remarkable students included Swiss explorer and inventor Auguste Piccard, Spanish physicist Blas Cabrera, and Louis Néel, French Nobel laureate in physics for his work on magnetism. According to Francis Perrin, son of Weiss's friend Jean Perrin, Weiss was thin and rather tall. Distinguished looking and extremely courteous, he wore a pincenez and wing collar that gave him an air of elegance. His hair and large moustache became completely white when he was still quite young. Louis Néel, young associate from the ENS, arrived at Weiss's laboratory to prepare his thesis in 1928. He becomes his assistant in 1932 and succeeds Weiss at his position in the Chair of Physics at the University of Strasbourg in 1937. Néel remarked the political fervour of Weiss, who supported Popular front which was badly seen in the mostly conservative population of Strasbourg of the time. As a widower in 1919, Pierre Weiss remarried in 1922 to physicist Marthe Klein. In 1939, Pierre Weiss followed his friend Jean Perrin to the University of Lyon where he died in 1940. During his lifetime, Weiss was nominated 23 times to the Nobel Prize in Physics. Important works G. Foëx & P. Weiss (1926), Le magnétisme, Armand Colin, Section Physique N°71. References ^ "Base Eléonore. Fiche signalétique de la Légion d'Honneur de Pierre Ernest Weiss". culture.gouv.fr (in French). 22 May 1935. Retrieved 9 April 2017. ^ Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. p. 411. ISBN 0671621300. ^ Weiss, Pierre; Piccard, Auguste (1917). "Le phénomène magnétocalorique" (PDF). J. Phys. (Paris). 5th Ser. (7): 103–109.Smith, Anders (2013). "Who discovered the magnetocaloric effect?". The European Physical Journal H. 38 (4): 507–517. Bibcode:2013EPJH...38..507S. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2013-40001-9. S2CID 18956148. ^ a b c d e f g h "Francis Perrin: "Weiss, Pierre"". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 30 March 2017. ^ a b c d "René Voltz, Véronique Pierron-Bohnes, Marie-Claire Cadeville, "La France Retrouvée, Pierre Weiss (1865–1840)", 91–95" (PDF). unistra.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 March 2017. ^ Kuzemsky, Alexander L. "Biography of Pierre-Ernest Weiss". Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics. Retrieved 26 June 2018. ^ "Registre des mariages 1896 du 5ème arrondissement de Paris, Vue Numérisée 17/28". archives.paris.fr. Retrieved 17 March 2017. ^ a b Nicolas Ballet (12 March 2017). "La trace d'un ami lyonnais d'Einstein à "l'Hôtel des mystères"". Le Progrès de Lyon (in French): 14–15. ^ "J-F. Picard & E. Pradoura: "Entretien avec Louis Néel (1904–2000)"". histcnrs.fr (in French). 4 June 1986. Retrieved 30 May 2017. ^ "Nomination Archive - Pierre Weiss". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020. ^ Weiss, Pierre; Foëx, Gabriel (1931). Le Magnétisme, par Pierre Weiss et Gabriel Foëx. 69 figures. 2e édition, revue et corrigée (in French). libr. Armand Colin. External links Media related to Pierre Weiss at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Italy United States Netherlands Poland Academics Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland SNAC IdRef
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He developed the domain theory of ferromagnetism in 1907.[2] Weiss domains and the Weiss magneton are named after him. Weiss also developed the molecular or mean field theory, which is often called Weiss-mean-field theory, that led to the discovery of the Curie–Weiss law. Alongside Auguste Piccard, Pierre Weiss is considered one of the first discoverers of the magnetocaloric effect in 1917.[3]Pierre Weiss made several experimental discoveries that led to the development of the strongest electromagnets of the beginning of the 20th century. He worked at the universities of Rennes, Lyon, ETH Zurich where he was raised, and finally at Strasbourg. In these academic institutions he founded several renown laboratories.","title":"Pierre Weiss"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich"},{"link_name":"École Normale Supérieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure"},{"link_name":"Lycée Saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Saint-Louis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenciate"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Sciences of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Élie Cartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Cartan"},{"link_name":"Henri 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Mulhouse the 25 March 1865, where he was the first born of Émile Weiss and Ida Schlumberger. At the age of 5, Alsace was annexed to Germany. Weiss conducted his secondary studies at Mulhouse. He later left to continue higher education at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH), where he obtained the diploma of mechanical engineer in 1887 as the first in the grade ranking of his class. At the age of majority, he decided to take the French nationality instead of the German one. In 1888, he practiced for the entry exam of the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) at the Lycée Saint-Louis, Paris, where he was admitted.[4] After his years at the ENS, he remained there as a teacher assistant[5] while in parallel he obtained his license in physical sciences and mathematical sciences at the Faculty of Sciences of Paris. During his time in Paris, he met several colleagues who will become famous mathematicians like Élie Cartan, Henri Lebesgue, and Émile Borel, and famous physicists like Aimé Cotton, Jean Perrin, and Paul Langevin.[4]In 1895, he won the title of Maître de Conférences (lecturer) at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Rennes. In 1896, he defends his doctoral thesis in physical sciences, related to the study of the magnetization of crystallized magnetite and some iron and antimony alloys, in front of the Faculty of Science of the University of Paris. His supervisors were Jules Violle and Marcel Brillouin,[6] and the thesis jury was comprised by Charles Friedel, Edmond Bouty [fr] and Henry Pellatt.[5]In October 1896, Pierre Weiss married Jane Rancès in Paris.[7] Their daughter, Nicole, later married the French mathematician Henri Cartan.The Dreyfus affair burst during this time. According to the witnesses testimony, collected by Nicolas Ballet,[8] Pierre Weiss joined the academics that defended Alfred Dreyfus, who was also of Alsace origin (born in Mulhouse) and another former ETH student. This position was controversial during his time at Rennes, so Weiss later preferred to teach at the University of Lyon in 1899 due to this issue.[8]Albert Einstein, Paul Ehrenfest, Paul Langevin, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Pierre Weiss at Kamerlingh Onnes home at Leiden.Even when Pierre Weiss did take the mantle of professor at Lyon, he later accepted the ETH Zurich proposal to become physics professor and director of the Institute of Physics in 1902. In 1907, he published an important work on the nature of ferromagnetism where he introduced the concept of molecular field, a precursor idea to mean field theory.[5] It was at this moment in his life that he met Albert Einstein and Peter Debye, also professors in Zurich.[4] During World War I, he came back to France where he worked with Aimé Cotton in the development of an acoustic system for tracking artillery, known as the Cotton-Weiss method.[4]In 1919, Strasbourg was no longer part of the German Empire but returned to being a part of France. Even when the University of Strasbourg (as Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität de Strasbourg) benefited from important German investment, Weiss had to participate in several endeavors that had to be performed to reintegrate the institution to the French system (as Université de Strasbourg). The French president Raymond Poincaré declared that the University of Strasbourg had to outperform its precedent German counterpart. In this manner, many faculties and subordinate institutes were also created to promote research. In this environment, Pierre Weiss chose to become physics professor at the Faculty of Physics of the University of Strasbourg and director of the Institute of Physics. He also founded in Strasbourg an institute focused on the research of magnetism, similar to the one he founded in Zurich.[4] He gathered in Strasbourg many of his collaborators from Zurich, such as Gabriel Foëx, Robert Forrer and Edmond Bauer.[5] Some of Weiss's remarkable students included Swiss explorer and inventor Auguste Piccard, Spanish physicist Blas Cabrera, and Louis Néel, French Nobel laureate in physics for his work on magnetism.According to Francis Perrin, son of Weiss's friend Jean Perrin,[4]Weiss was thin and rather tall. Distinguished looking and extremely courteous, he wore a pincenez and wing collar that gave him an air of elegance. His hair and large moustache became completely white when he was still quite young.Louis Néel, young associate from the ENS, arrived at Weiss's laboratory to prepare his thesis in 1928. He becomes his assistant in 1932 and succeeds Weiss at his position in the Chair of Physics at the University of Strasbourg in 1937. Néel remarked the political fervour of Weiss, who supported Popular front which was badly seen in the mostly conservative population of Strasbourg of the time.[9]As a widower in 1919, Pierre Weiss remarried in 1922 to physicist Marthe Klein.[4] In 1939, Pierre Weiss followed his friend Jean Perrin to the University of Lyon where he died in 1940.[4]During his lifetime, Weiss was nominated 23 times to the Nobel Prize in Physics.[10]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"G. Foëx & P. Weiss (1926), Le magnétisme, Armand Colin, Section Physique N°71.[11]","title":"Important works"}]
[{"image_text":"Albert Einstein, Paul Ehrenfest, Paul Langevin, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Pierre Weiss at Kamerlingh Onnes home at Leiden.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/EinsteinEhrenfestKamerlingh-OnnesWeiss.jpg/220px-EinsteinEhrenfestKamerlingh-OnnesWeiss.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Base Eléonore. Fiche signalétique de la Légion d'Honneur de Pierre Ernest Weiss\". culture.gouv.fr (in French). 22 May 1935. Retrieved 9 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.culture.gouv.fr/LH/LH278/PG/FRDAFAN83_OL2752019V001.htm","url_text":"\"Base Eléonore. Fiche signalétique de la Légion d'Honneur de Pierre Ernest Weiss\""}]},{"reference":"Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. p. 411. ISBN 0671621300.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671621300","url_text":"0671621300"}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Pierre; Piccard, Auguste (1917). \"Le phénomène magnétocalorique\" (PDF). J. Phys. (Paris). 5th Ser. (7): 103–109.","urls":[{"url":"http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/24/19/82/PDF/ajp-jphystap_1917_7_103_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Le phénomène magnétocalorique\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Anders (2013). \"Who discovered the magnetocaloric effect?\". The European Physical Journal H. 38 (4): 507–517. Bibcode:2013EPJH...38..507S. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2013-40001-9. S2CID 18956148.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EPJH...38..507S","url_text":"2013EPJH...38..507S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2013-40001-9","url_text":"10.1140/epjh/e2013-40001-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18956148","url_text":"18956148"}]},{"reference":"\"Francis Perrin: \"Weiss, Pierre\"\". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 30 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/weiss-pierre","url_text":"\"Francis Perrin: \"Weiss, Pierre\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"René Voltz, Véronique Pierron-Bohnes, Marie-Claire Cadeville, \"La France Retrouvée, Pierre Weiss (1865–1840)\", 91–95\" (PDF). unistra.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://jardin-sciences.unistra.fr/uploads/media/weiss1.pdf","url_text":"\"René Voltz, Véronique Pierron-Bohnes, Marie-Claire Cadeville, \"La France Retrouvée, Pierre Weiss (1865–1840)\", 91–95\""}]},{"reference":"Kuzemsky, Alexander L. \"Biography of Pierre-Ernest Weiss\". Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics. Retrieved 26 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kuzemsky","url_text":"Kuzemsky, Alexander L."},{"url":"http://theor.jinr.ru/~kuzemsky/pwbio.html","url_text":"\"Biography of Pierre-Ernest Weiss\""}]},{"reference":"\"Registre des mariages 1896 du 5ème arrondissement de Paris, Vue Numérisée 17/28\". archives.paris.fr. Retrieved 17 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.paris.fr/s/4/etat-civil-actes/resultats/?","url_text":"\"Registre des mariages 1896 du 5ème arrondissement de Paris, Vue Numérisée 17/28\""}]},{"reference":"Nicolas Ballet (12 March 2017). \"La trace d'un ami lyonnais d'Einstein à \"l'Hôtel des mystères\"\". Le Progrès de Lyon (in French): 14–15.","urls":[{"url":"http://c.leprogres.fr/societe/2017/03/12/la-trace-d-un-ami-lyonnais-d-einstein-a-l-hotel-des-mysteres","url_text":"\"La trace d'un ami lyonnais d'Einstein à \"l'Hôtel des mystères\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"J-F. Picard & E. Pradoura: \"Entretien avec Louis Néel (1904–2000)\"\". histcnrs.fr (in French). 4 June 1986. Retrieved 30 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.histcnrs.fr/archives-orales/neel.html","url_text":"\"J-F. Picard & E. Pradoura: \"Entretien avec Louis Néel (1904–2000)\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nomination Archive - Pierre Weiss\". NobelPrize.org. April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=10065","url_text":"\"Nomination Archive - Pierre Weiss\""}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Pierre; Foëx, Gabriel (1931). Le Magnétisme, par Pierre Weiss et Gabriel Foëx. 69 figures. 2e édition, revue et corrigée (in French). libr. Armand Colin.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4PMitwAACAAJ&q=le+magnetisme+foex","url_text":"Le Magnétisme, par Pierre Weiss et Gabriel Foëx. 69 figures. 2e édition, revue et corrigée"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_exchequer
Chancellor of the Exchequer
["1 Second Lord of the Treasury","2 Roles and responsibilities","2.1 Fiscal policy","2.2 Monetary policy","2.3 Ministerial arrangements","3 Perquisites of the office","3.1 Official residence","3.2 Dorneywood","3.3 Budget box","3.4 Budget tipple","3.5 Robe of office","4 List of chancellors of the Exchequer","4.1 Chancellors of the Exchequer of England (c. 1221 – c. 1558)","4.2 Chancellors of the Exchequer of England (c. 1558 – 1708)","4.3 Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain (1708–1817)","4.4 Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom (1817–present)","5 Timeline","5.1 1817–present","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
Lead minister of His Majesty's Treasury For the historic position in Ireland, see Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland. For the 1983 simulation game, see Chancellor of the Exchequer (video game). Not to be confused with Lord Chancellor, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Chancellor of the High Court, or Chief Baron of the Exchequer. United Kingdom Chancellor of the Exchequer and Second Lord of the TreasuryRoyal Arms of His Majesty's GovernmentIncumbentJeremy Huntsince 14 October 2022His Majesty's TreasuryStyleThe Chancellor(informal)The Right Honourable(within the UK and Commonwealth)TypeMinister of the CrownStatusGreat Office of StateMember ofCabinetPrivy CouncilNational Security CouncilReports toFirst Lord of the Treasury(Prime Minister of the United Kingdom)Residence11 Downing StreetSeatWestminsterNominatorThe Prime MinisterAppointerThe Monarch(on the advice of the Prime Minister)Term lengthAt His Majesty's pleasureFormation22 June 1316First holderHervey de Stanton(in the Kingdom of England only)DeputyChief Secretary to the TreasurySalary£159,038 per annum (2022)(including £86,584 MP salary)WebsiteOfficial website The Chancellor of the Exchequer, often abbreviated to Chancellor, is a senior minister of the Crown within His Majesty's Government, and head of His Majesty's Treasury. As one of the four Great Offices of State, the chancellor is a high-ranking member of the British Cabinet. Responsible for all economic and financial matters, the role is equivalent to that of a finance minister in other countries. The chancellor is now always second lord of the Treasury as one of at least six lords commissioners of the Treasury, responsible for executing the office of the Treasurer of the Exchequer – the others are the prime minister and Commons government whips. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, it was common for the prime minister also to serve as Chancellor of the Exchequer if he sat in the Commons; the last Chancellor who was simultaneously prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer was Stanley Baldwin in 1923. Formerly, in cases when the chancellorship was vacant, the Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench would act as chancellor pro tempore. The last Lord Chief Justice to serve in this way was Lord Denman in 1834. The chancellor is the third-oldest major state office in English and British history, and in recent times has come to be the most powerful office in British politics after the prime minister. It originally carried responsibility for the Exchequer, the medieval English institution for the collection and auditing of royal revenues. The earliest surviving records which are the results of the exchequer's audit, date from 1129 to 1130 under King Henry I and show continuity from previous years. The chancellor has oversight of fiscal policy, therefore of taxation and public spending across government departments. It previously controlled monetary policy as well until 1997, when the Bank of England was granted independent control of its interest rates. Since 1718, all chancellors of the Exchequer, except at times the lord chief justice as interim holders, have been members of the House of Commons with Lord Stanhope being the last chancellor from the House of Lords. The office holder works alongside the other Treasury ministers and the permanent secretary to the Treasury. The corresponding shadow minister is the shadow chancellor of the Exchequer, and the chancellor is also scrutinised by the Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson and the Treasury Select Committee. Jeremy Hunt has been the incumbent chancellor since 14 October 2022, being appointed by Liz Truss and retained in the role by Rishi Sunak. Second Lord of the Treasury The holder of the office of chancellor of the Exchequer is ex officio second lord of the Treasury as a member of the commission exercising the ancient office of treasurer of the Exchequer. As second lord, his official residence is 11 Downing Street in London, next door to the residence of the first lord of the Treasury (a title that has for many years been held by the prime minister), who resides in 10 Downing Street. While in the past both houses were private residences, today they serve as interlinked offices, with the occupant living in an apartment made from attic rooms previously resided in by servants. Since 1827, the chancellor has always simultaneously held the office of second lord of the Treasury when that person has not also been the prime minister. Roles and responsibilities A previous chancellor, Robert Lowe, described the office in the following terms in the House of Commons, on 11 April 1870: "The Chancellor of the Exchequer is a man whose duties make him more or less of a taxing machine. He is entrusted with a certain amount of misery which it is his duty to distribute as fairly as he can." Fiscal policy The chancellor has considerable control over other departments as it is the Treasury that sets Departmental Expenditure Limits. The amount of power this gives to an individual chancellor depends on their personal forcefulness, their status within their party and their relationship with the prime minister. Gordon Brown, who became chancellor when Labour came into Government in 1997, had a large personal power base in the party. Perhaps as a result, Tony Blair chose to keep him in the same position throughout his ten years as prime minister; making Brown an unusually dominant figure and the longest-serving chancellor since the Reform Act of 1832. This has strengthened a pre-existing trend towards the chancellor occupying a clear second position among government ministers, elevated above his traditional peers, the foreign secretary and home secretary. One part of the chancellor's key roles involves the framing of the annual year budget. As of 2017, the first is the Autumn Budget, also known as Budget Day which forecasts government spending in the next financial year and also announces new financial measures. The second is a Spring Statement, also known as a "mini-Budget". Britain's tax year has retained the old Julian end of year: 24 March (Old Style) / 5 April (New Style, i.e. Gregorian). From 1993, the Budget was in spring, preceded by an annual autumn statement. This was then called Pre-Budget Report. The Autumn Statement usually took place in November or December. The 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012 and 2016 budgets were all delivered on a Wednesday, summarised in a speech to the House of Commons. The budget is a state secret until the chancellor reveals it in his speech to Parliament. Hugh Dalton, on his way to giving the budget speech in 1947, inadvertently blurted out key details to a newspaper reporter, and they appeared in print before he made his speech. Dalton was forced to resign. Monetary policy Although the Bank of England is responsible for setting interest rates, the chancellor also plays an important part in the monetary policy structure. He sets the inflation target which the Bank must set interest rates to meet. Under the Bank of England Act 1998 the chancellor has the power of appointment of four out of nine members of the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee – the so-called 'external' members. He also has a high level of influence over the appointment of the Bank's Governor and Deputy Governors, and has the right of consultation over the appointment of the two remaining MPC members from within the Bank. The Act also provides that the Government has the power to give instructions to the Bank on interest rates for a limited period in extreme circumstances. This power has never been officially used. Ministerial arrangements At HM Treasury the chancellor is supported by a political team of four junior ministers and by permanent civil servants. The most important junior minister is the chief secretary to the Treasury, a member of the Cabinet, to whom the negotiations with other government departments on the details of government spending are delegated, followed by the paymaster general, the financial secretary to the Treasury and the economic secretary to the Treasury. Whilst not continuously in use, there can also be appointed a commercial secretary to the Treasury and an exchequer secretary to the Treasury. Two other officials are given the title of a secretary to the Treasury, although neither is a government minister in the Treasury: the parliamentary secretary to the Treasury is the Government Chief Whip in the House of Commons; the permanent secretary to the Treasury is not a minister but the senior civil servant in the Treasury. The chancellor is obliged to be a member of the Privy Council, and thus is styled the Right Honourable (Rt. Hon.). Because the House of Lords is excluded from financial matters by tradition confirmed by the Parliament Acts, the office is effectively limited to members of the House of Commons; apart from the occasions when the lord chief justice of the King's Bench has acted as interim Chancellor. The last peer to hold the office was Henry Booth, 2nd Baron Delamer (created Earl of Warrington shortly after leaving office) from 9 April 1689 to 18 March 1690. The chancellor holds the formerly independent office of Master of the Mint as a subsidiary office. Perquisites of the office Official residence The chancellor of the Exchequer has no official London residence as such but since 1828 in his role as Second Lord of the Treasury he lives in the second lord's official residence, No. 11 Downing Street. In 1997, the then first and second Lords, Tony Blair and Gordon Brown respectively, swapped apartments, as the chancellor's larger apartment in No. 11 accommodated Blair's family and Brown was then unmarried. Dorneywood Main article: Dorneywood Dorneywood is the summer residence that is traditionally made available to the chancellor, though it is the prime minister who ultimately decides who may use it. Gordon Brown, on becoming chancellor in 1997, refused to use it and the house, which is set in 215 acres (87 ha) of parkland, was allocated to Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott. It reverted to the chancellor in 2007, then Alistair Darling. Budget box Budget box or Gladstone box, c. 1860 The chancellor traditionally carries his budget speech to the House of Commons in a particular red despatch box. The so-called ‘Budget Box’ is identical to the cases used by all other government ministers (known as ministerial boxes or "despatch boxes") to transport their official papers, but is better known because the chancellor traditionally displays the box, containing the budget speech, to the press before leaving 11 Downing Street for the House of Commons.. The original budget box was first used by William Ewart Gladstone in 1853 and continued in use until 1965 when James Callaghan was the first chancellor to break with tradition when he used a newer box. Prior to Gladstone, a generic red despatch box of varying design and specification was used. The practice is said to have begun in the late 16th century, when Queen Elizabeth I's representative Francis Throckmorton presented the Spanish Ambassador, Bernardino de Mendoza, with a specially constructed red briefcase filled with black puddings. In July 1997, Gordon Brown became the second chancellor to use a new box for the Budget. Made by industrial trainees at Babcock Rosyth Defence Ltd ship and submarine dockyard in Fife, the new box is made of yellow pine, with a brass handle and lock, covered in scarlet leather and embossed with the Royal cypher and crest and the chancellor's title. In his first Budget, in March 2008, Alistair Darling reverted to using the original budget box and his successor, George Osborne, continued this tradition for his first budget, before announcing that it would be retired due to its fragile condition. The key to the original budget box has been lost. Budget tipple By tradition, the chancellor has been allowed to drink whatever they wish while making the annual budget speech to Parliament. This includes alcohol, which is otherwise banned under parliamentary rules. Previous chancellors have opted for whisky (Kenneth Clarke), gin and tonic (Geoffrey Howe), brandy and water (Benjamin Disraeli and John Major), spritzer (Nigel Lawson) and sherry and beaten egg (William Gladstone). The recent chancellors, Philip Hammond, George Osborne, Alistair Darling and Gordon Brown, opted for water. In fact Darling drank what was named "Standard Water" in reference to, and support of, the London Evening Standard newspaper's campaign to have plain tap water available in restaurants at no charge to customers. Robe of office The chancellor, as Master of the Mint, has a robe of office, similar to that of the lord chancellor (as seen in several of the portraits depicted below). In recent times, it has only regularly been worn at coronations, but some chancellors (at least until the 1990s) have also worn it when attending the Trial of the Pyx as Master of the Mint. According to George Osborne, the robe (dating from Gladstone's time in office, and worn by the likes of Lloyd George and Churchill) 'went missing' during Gordon Brown's time as chancellor. List of chancellors of the Exchequer Chancellors of the Exchequer of England (c. 1221 – c. 1558) This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2011) Chancellor of the Exchequer Term of office Monarch(Reign) Eustace of FauconbergBishop of London c. 1221 — Henry III(1216–1272) John MaunsellSecretary of State c. 1234 — Ralph de Leicester before 1248 Edward of Westminster 1248 — Albric de Fiscamp before 1263 John ChishullLord Chancellor 1263 1265 Walter GiffardBishop of Bath and Wells 1265 1266 Godfrey GiffardLord Chancellor 1266 1268 John ChishullLord Chancellor 1268 1269 Richard of MiddletonArchdeacon of Northumberland 1269 1272† Roger de la Leye before 1283 Geoffrey de Neuband Edward I(1272–1307) Philip de Willoughby 1283 1305 John BensteadSecretary of State 1305 1306 John SandaleBishop of Winchester c. July1307 1308 Edward II(1307–1327) John of Markenfield 1309 1312 John HothamBishop of Ely 1312 1316 Hervey de Stanton 1316 c. 1323 Walter StapledonLord High Treasurer 1323 c. 1324 Hervey de StantonChief Justice of the Common Pleas 1324 c. January1327 Adam de Harvington c. January1327 1330 Edward III(1327–1377) Robert Wodehouse 1330 1331 Robert de StratfordBishop of Chichester 1331 1334 John Hildesle c. 1338 — William de Everdon 1341 — William AskebyArchdeacon of Northampton 1363 — Robert de Ashton 1375 c. June1377 Sir Walter Barnham c. June1377 c. September1399 Richard II(1377–1399) Henry SomerMP for Middlesex 1410 1437 Henry IV(1399–1413) Henry V(1413–1422) ​ Henry VI(1422–1461) John Somerset 1441 1447 Thomas BrowneMP for Dover 1440? 1450? Thomas Witham 1454 — Thomas Thwaites c. March1461 — Edward IV(1461–1470) Thomas Witham 1465 1469 ​ Richard Fowler 1469 c. April1471 Henry VI(1470–1471) Thomas ThwaitesChancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster c. April1471 c. April1483 Edward IV(1471–1483) William CatesbySpeaker of the House of Commons c. April1483 c. 1484 Edward V(1483) Richard III(1483–1485) Thomas LovellSpeaker of the House of Commons c. August1485 1524 Henry VII(1485–1509) ​ Henry VIII(1509–1547) John Bourchier2nd Baron Berners 1524 1533? Thomas Cromwell1st Earl of EssexSecretary of State 12 April1533 10 June1540 ​ John BakerMP for Kent 1545 c. November1558 Edward VI(1547–1553) Mary I(1553–1558) ^† Died in office. ^ Served until 1264. ^ Lord Lancaster served as Regent of England during the minority of Edward III. ^ The Regency government led by the Regency Council governed England during the minority of Henry VI. ^ The Duke of Gloucester served as Regent of England during the reign of Edward V. ^ Served until 1488. ^ Margaret Beaufort served as Regent of England during the minority of Henry VIII. ^ The Duke of Somerset and Duke of Northumberland served as Regent of England successively during the reign of Edward VI. Chancellors of the Exchequer of England (c. 1558 – 1708) Chancellor of the Exchequer Term of office Monarch(Reign) Richard SackvilleMP for Sussex February1559 21 April1566† Elizabeth I(1558–1603) Walter MildmayMP for Northamptonshire 1566 31 May1589† John FortescueMP for Buckinghamshire →Middlesex 1589 1603 George Home1st Earl of Dunbar 24 May1603 April1606 James I(1603–1625) Julius CaesarMP for Middlesex 11 April1606 1614 Fulke GrevilleMP for Warwickshire 15 October1614 1621 Richard WestonMP for 7 constituencies successively 29 January1621 15 July1628 Charles I(1625–1649) Edward Barrett1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh 14 August1628 1629 Francis Cottington1st Baron Cottington 18 April1629 6 January1642 John ColepeperMP for Kent 6 January1642 22 February1643 Edward Hyde February1643 1646 Vacancy during the Interregnum (1649–1660) Chancellor of the Exchequer Term of office Ministry Monarch(Reign) Edward Hyde1st Baron Hyde 1660 13 May1661 Clarendon Charles II(1660–1685) Anthony Ashley Cooper1st Baron Ashley 13 May1661 22 November1672 Cabal John DuncombeMP for Bury St Edmunds 22 November1672 2 May1676 Danby I ​ John ErnleMP for 4 constituencies successively 2 May1676 9 April1689 Privy Council ​ Chits James II(1685–1688) ​ William III&Mary II(1689–1694) Henry Booth2nd Baron Delamer 9 April1689 18 March1690 Carmarthen–Halifax Richard HampdenMP for Buckinghamshire 18 March1690 10 May1694 Carmarthen Charles MontaguMP for Maldon → Westminster 10 May1694 31 May1699 Whig Junto I William III(1694–1702) John SmithMP for Andover 31 May1699 23 March1701 Pembroke ​ Henry BoyleMP for Cambridge University → Westminster 27 March1701 22 April1708 Godolphin–Marlborough(Tory–Whig) Anne(1702–1714) ^ Served until 1589 during the 9th Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I. ^ Served from 1601 prior to the Golden Speech. ^ Served during the 3rd Parliament of King James I in 1621. ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1695 general election. ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1705 general election. Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain (1708–1817) Chancellor of the Exchequer Term of office Party Ministry Monarch(Reign) John SmithMP for Andover 22 April1708 11 August1710 Whig Godolphin–Marlborough(Tory–Whig) Anne(1702–1714) Robert HarleyMP for Radnor 11 August1710 4 June1711 Tory Oxford–Bolingbroke Robert BensonMP for York 4 June1711 21 August1713 Tory William WyndhamMP for Somerset 21 August1713 13 October1714 Tory George I(1714–1727) Richard OnslowMP for Surrey 13 October1714 12 October1715 Whig Townshend Robert WalpoleMP for King's Lynn 12 October1715 15 April1717 Whig James Stanhope1st Earl Stanhope 15 April1717 20 March1718 Whig Stanhope–Sunderland I John AislabieMP for Ripon 20 March1718 23 January1721 Whig Stanhope–Sunderland II John PrattLord Chief Justice (interim) 2 February1721 3 April1721 Whig Robert Walpole1st Earl of OrfordMP for King's Lynn 3 April1721 12 February1742 Whig Walpole–Townshend George II(1727–1760) Walpole Samuel SandysMP for Worcester 12 February1742 12 December1743 Whig Carteret ​ Henry PelhamMP for Sussex 12 December1743 8 March1754† Whig Broad Bottom(I & II) William LeeLord Chief Justice (interim) 8 March1754 6 April1754 Whig Newcastle I Henry Bilson-LeggeMP for Orford 6 April1754 25 November1755 Whig George LytteltonMP for Okehampton 25 November1755 16 November1756 Whig Henry Bilson-LeggeMP for Orford 16 November1756 13 April1757 Whig Pitt–Devonshire William Murray1st Earl of MansfieldLord Chief Justice (interim) 13 April1757 2 July1757 Whig 1757 Caretaker Henry Bilson-LeggeMP for Orford → Hampshire 2 July1757 19 March1761 Whig Pitt–Newcastle George III(1760–1820) William Barrington2nd Viscount BarringtonMP for Plymouth 19 March1761 29 May1762 Whig Francis DashwoodMP for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis 29 May1762 16 April1763 Tory Bute(Tory–Whig) George GrenvilleMP for Buckingham 16 April1763 16 July1765 Whig Grenville(Whig–Tory) William DowdeswellMP for Worcestershire 16 July1765 2 August1766 Whig Rockingham I Charles TownshendMP for Harwich 2 August1766 4 September1767† Whig Chatham(Whig–Tory) ​ Frederick NorthLord NorthMP for Banbury 11 September1767 27 March1782 Tory Grafton North Lord John CavendishMP for York 27 March1782 10 July1782 Whig Rockingham II William Pitt the YoungerMP for Appleby 10 July1782 31 March1783 Whig Shelburne(Whig–Tory) Lord John CavendishMP for York 2 April1783 19 December1783 Whig Fox–North William Pitt the YoungerMP for Appleby → Cambridge University 19 December1783 14 March1801 Tory Pitt I Henry AddingtonMP for Devizes 14 March1801 10 May1804 Tory Addington William Pitt the YoungerMP for Cambridge University 10 May1804 23 January1806† Tory Pitt II Edward Law1st Baron EllenboroughLord Chief Justice (interim) 23 January1806 5 February1806 Tory All the Talents(Whig–Tory) Lord Henry Petty-FitzmauriceMP for Cambridge University 5 February1806 26 March1807 Whig Spencer PercevalMP for Northampton 26 March1807 11 May1812† Tory Portland II Perceval Nicholas VansittartMP for East Grinstead → Harwich 9 June1812 12 July1817 Tory Liverpool ^ Lord Parker served as Regent of Great Britain from 1 August to 18 September 1714. ^ Elevated to the Peerage of Great Britain on 6 February 1742. ^ Elected to a new constituency in the Hampshire by-election. ^ The Prince of Wales served as prince regent from 5 February 1811. ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1784 general election. ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1812 general election. Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom (1817–present) Although the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland had been united by the Acts of Union 1800, the Exchequers of the two Kingdoms were not consolidated until 1817 under the Consolidated Fund Act 1816 (56 Geo. 3. c. 98). For the holders of the Irish office before this date, see Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland. Chancellor of the Exchequer Term of office Party Ministry Monarch(Reign) Nicholas VansittartMP for Harwich 12 July 1817 31 January 1823 Tory Liverpool George III(1760–1820) George IV(1820–1830) Frederick John RobinsonMP for Ripon 31 January 1823 27 April 1827 Tory George CanningMP for Seaford 27 April 1827 8 August 1827† Tory Canning(Canningite–Whig) Charles Abbott1st Baron TenterdenLord Chief Justice (interim) 8 August 1827 5 September 1827 Tory Goderich John Charles HerriesMP for Harwich 5 September 1827 26 January 1828 Tory Henry GoulburnMP for Armagh 26 January 1828 22 November 1830 Tory Wellington–Peel William IV(1830–1837) John SpencerViscount AlthorpMP for Northamptonshire →South Northamptonshire 22 November 1830 14 November 1834 Whig Grey Melbourne I Thomas Denman1st Baron DenmanLord Chief Justice (interim) 14 November 1834 15 December 1834 Whig Wellington Caretaker Robert PeelMP for Tamworth 15 December 1834 8 April 1835 Conservative Peel I Thomas Spring RiceMP for Cambridge 18 April 1835 26 August 1839 Whig Melbourne II Victoria(1837–1901) Francis BaringMP for Portsmouth 26 August 1839 30 August 1841 Whig Henry GoulburnMP for Cambridge University 3 September 1841 27 June 1846 Conservative Peel II Charles WoodMP for Halifax 6 July 1846 21 February 1852 Whig Russell I Benjamin DisraeliMP for Buckinghamshire 27 February 1852 17 December 1852 Conservative Who? Who? William Ewart GladstoneMP for Oxford University 28 December 1852 28 February 1855 Peelite Aberdeen(Peelite–Whig) George Cornewall LewisMP for Radnor 28 February 1855 21 February 1858 Whig Palmerston I Benjamin DisraeliMP for Buckinghamshire 26 February 1858 11 June 1859 Conservative Derby–Disraeli II William Ewart GladstoneMP for Oxford University →South Lancashire 18 June 1859 26 June 1866 Liberal Palmerston II Russell II Benjamin DisraeliMP for Buckinghamshire 6 July 1866 29 February 1868 Conservative Derby–Disraeli III George Ward HuntMP for North Northamptonshire 29 February 1868 1 December 1868 Conservative Robert LoweMP for London University 9 December 1868 11 August 1873 Liberal Gladstone I William Ewart GladstoneMP for Greenwich 11 August 1873 17 February 1874 Liberal Stafford NorthcoteMP for North Devonshire 21 February 1874 21 April 1880 Conservative Disraeli II William Ewart GladstoneMP for Midlothian 28 April 1880 16 December 1882 Liberal Gladstone II Hugh ChildersMP for Pontefract 16 December 1882 9 June 1885 Liberal Michael Hicks BeachMP for Bristol West 24 June 1885 28 January 1886 Conservative Salisbury I William HarcourtMP for Derby 6 February 1886 20 July 1886 Liberal Gladstone III Lord Randolph ChurchillMP for Paddington South 3 August 1886 22 December 1886 Conservative Salisbury II George GoschenMP for St George Hanover Square 14 January 1887 11 August 1892 Liberal Unionist William HarcourtMP for Derby 18 August 1892 21 June 1895 Liberal Gladstone IV Rosebery Michael Hicks BeachMP for Bristol West 29 June 1895 11 August 1902 Conservative Salisbury(III & IV)(Con.–Lib.U.) Edward VII(1901–1910) Charles RitchieMP for Croydon 11 August 1902 9 October 1903 Conservative Balfour Austen ChamberlainMP for East Worcestershire 9 October 1903 4 December 1905 Liberal Unionist Herbert Henry AsquithMP for East Fife 10 December 1905 16 April 1908 Liberal Campbell-Bannerman David Lloyd GeorgeMP for Caernarvon Boroughs 16 April 1908 25 May 1915 Liberal Asquith(I–III) George V(1910–1936) Reginald McKennaMP for North Monmouthshire 25 May 1915 10 December 1916 Liberal Asquith Coalition(Lib.–Con.–et al.) Bonar LawMP for Bootle →Glasgow Central 10 December 1916 10 January 1919 Conservative Lloyd George(I & II) Austen ChamberlainMP for Birmingham West 10 January 1919 1 April 1921 Conservative Robert HorneMP for Glasgow Hillhead 1 April 1921 19 October 1922 Conservative Stanley BaldwinMP for Bewdley 27 October 1922 27 August 1923 Conservative Law ​ Baldwin I Neville ChamberlainMP for Birmingham Ladywood 27 August 1923 22 January 1924 Conservative Philip SnowdenMP for Colne Valley 22 January 1924 3 November 1924 Labour MacDonald I Winston ChurchillMP for Epping 6 November 1924 4 June 1929 Conservative Baldwin II Philip SnowdenMP for Colne Valley 7 June 1929 5 November 1931 Labour MacDonald II National Labour National I(N.Lab.–Con.–et al.) Neville ChamberlainMP for Birmingham Edgbaston 5 November 1931 28 May 1937 Conservative National II ​ National III(Con.–N.Lab.–et al.) Edward VIII(1936) ​ George VI(1936–1952) John SimonMP for Spen Valley 28 May 1937 12 May 1940 Liberal National National IV Chamberlain War Kingsley WoodMP for Woolwich West 12 May 1940 21 September 1943† Conservative Churchill War(All parties) ​ John AndersonMP for Combined Scottish Universities 24 September 1943 26 July 1945 Independent(National) Churchill Caretaker(Con.–Lib.N.) Hugh DaltonMP for Bishop Auckland 27 July 1945 13 November 1947 Labour Attlee(I & II) Stafford CrippsMP for Bristol East →Bristol South East 13 November 1947 19 October 1950 Labour Hugh GaitskellMP for Leeds South 19 October 1950 26 October 1951 Labour Richard Austen ButlerMP for Saffron Walden 26 October 1951 20 December 1955 Conservative Churchill III Elizabeth II(1952–2022) Eden Harold MacmillanMP for Bromley 20 December 1955 13 January 1957 Conservative Peter ThorneycroftMP for Monmouth 13 January 1957 6 January 1958 Conservative Macmillan(I & II) Derick Heathcoat-AmoryMP for Tiverton 6 January 1958 27 July 1960 Conservative Selwyn LloydMP for Wirral 27 July 1960 13 July 1962 Conservative ​ Reginald MaudlingMP for Barnet 16 July 1962 16 October 1964 Conservative Douglas-Home James CallaghanMP for Cardiff South East 17 October 1964 29 November 1967 Labour Wilson(I & II) Roy JenkinsMP for Birmingham Stechford 29 November 1967 19 June 1970 Labour Iain MacleodMP for Enfield West 20 June 1970 20 July 1970† Conservative Heath Anthony BarberMP for Altrincham and Sale 25 July 1970 4 March 1974 Conservative Denis HealeyMP for Leeds East 5 March 1974 4 May 1979 Labour Wilson(III & IV) Callaghan Geoffrey HoweMP for East Surrey 4 May 1979 11 June 1983 Conservative Thatcher I Nigel LawsonMP for Blaby 11 June 1983 26 October 1989 Conservative Thatcher II ​ Thatcher III John MajorMP for Huntingdon 26 October 1989 28 November 1990 Conservative Norman LamontMP for Kingston-upon-Thames 28 November 1990 27 May 1993 Conservative Major I ​ Major II Kenneth ClarkeMP for Rushcliffe 27 May 1993 2 May 1997 Conservative Gordon BrownMP for Dunfermline East →Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath 2 May 1997 27 June 2007 Labour Blair(I, II & III) Alistair DarlingMP for Edinburgh South West 28 June 2007 11 May 2010 Labour Brown George OsborneMP for Tatton 11 May 2010 13 July 2016 Conservative Cameron–Clegg(Con.–L.D.) Cameron II Philip HammondMP for Runnymede and Weybridge 13 July 2016 24 July 2019 Conservative May I May II Sajid JavidMP for Bromsgrove 24 July 2019 13 February 2020 Conservative Johnson I ​ Johnson II Rishi SunakMP for Richmond (Yorks) 13 February 2020 5 July 2022 Conservative Nadhim ZahawiMP for Stratford-on-Avon 5 July 2022 6 September 2022 Conservative ‍ Kwasi KwartengMP for Spelthorne 6 September 2022 14 October 2022 Conservative Truss Charles III(2022–present) Jeremy HuntMP for South West Surrey 14 October 2022 Incumbent Conservative ​ Sunak ^ The Prince of Wales served as prince regent from 5 February 1811. ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1832 general election. ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1865 general election. ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1918 general election. ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1950 general election. ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 2005 general election. Timeline 1817–present See also Politics portalUnited Kingdom portal Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer List of lord high treasurers of England and Great Britain Notes ^ a b c d Including constituencies for elected MPs. References ^ "Salaries of Members of His Majesty's Government – Financial Year 2022–23" (PDF). 15 December 2022. ^ "Pay and expenses for MPs". parliament.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2022. ^ Martin, Ben (13 July 2016). "Who is Philip Hammond, Britain's new Chancellor, and what are likely to be his first steps?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk. ^ Joseph Haydn, Horace Ockerby (ed.): The Book of Dignities, 3rd edition, Part III (Political and Official), p. 164. W.H. Allen & Co., London 1894, reprinted by Firecrest Publishing Ltd, Pancakes, 1969. ^ Chrimes, Administrative History, pp. 62–63. ^ "George Osborne gives evidence on Budget to the Treasury Select Committee". ITV.COM. Retrieved 25 April 2022. Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne gives evidence to the Treasury Select Committee. ^ Sainty, John Christopher (1972). Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 1, Treasury Officials 1660–1870. London: University of London. pp. 16–25. ISBN 0485171414. Retrieved 19 October 2021. ^ "Gordon Brown: Chancellor of the Exchequer". Encyclopedia II. Experiencefestival.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2010. ^ Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (1985) pp 524–48. ^ "Monetary Policy | Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) | Framework". Bank of England. 6 May 1997. Archived from the original on 8 May 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010. ^ Owen, James (19 December 2012). "Sir Isaac Newton – did you know?". The Royal Mint. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017. ^ "History of Number 11 Downing Street". UK Government. Retrieved 16 October 2014. ^ "Local History". Burnham Parish Council. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. ^ "Reluctant Chancellor makes a move to keep his mansion out of reach". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2010. ^ "What is the Budget Box? Why is it red?". Birmingham Mail. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022. ^ "Bye-bye budget box, hello backpack". The Guardian. 21 March 2011. ^ Alistair Darling, Back from the Brink(2011) ^ "The Budget and Parliament". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 8 November 2015. ^ Lydall, Ross (6 March 2008). "Chancellor names his preferred Budget tipple – a glass of plain London tap water". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2 May 2010. ^ Murphy, Joe (5 March 2008). "Darling chooses tap water for Budget Day to support Standard campaign". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 9 February 2012. ^ "November, 1943. Sir John Anderson, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, wearing traditional robes and holding his red budget box". Getty Images. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015. ^ "Portrait of Churchill in the robes of wearing his robes as Chancellor of the Exchequer, by John Singer Sargent, 1929. © National Trust Collections". 4 December 2012. ^ Vina, Gonzalo (10 December 2010). "www.bloomberg.com". Bloomberg. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh "Past Chancellors of the Exchequer". gov.uk. Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 7 September 2017. ^ "No. 16611". The London Gazette. 9 June 1812. p. 1111. ^ Consolidated Fund Act 1816 (c. 98). 1816 . § 2. ^ Haydn, Joseph; Ockerby, Horace, eds. (1890). "X (Ireland)". The Book of Dignities. London: W. H. Allen & Co. p. 562. OL 13505280M. ^ "No. 17893". The London Gazette. 4 February 1823. p. 193. ^ "No. 18356". The London Gazette. 27 April 1827. p. 937. ^ "No. 18394". The London Gazette. 7 September 1827. p. 1892. ^ "No. 28129". The London Gazette. 17 April 1908. p. 2937. ^ "No. 42733". The London Gazette. 17 July 1962. p. 5731. ^ "No. 43470". The London Gazette. 23 October 1964. p. 9014. ^ "No. 44469". The London Gazette. 5 December 1967. p. 13287. ^ "No. 58389". The London Gazette. 11 July 2007. p. 9979. ^ "No. 59425". The London Gazette. 21 May 2010. p. 9405. ^ "Philip Hammond appointed chancellor". BBC News. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2017. ^ "Sajid Javid confirmed as chancellor". The Guardian. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019. ^ "Sajid Javid resigns as chancellor". BBC News. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020. ^ "Who is Rishi Sunak? Meet Sajid Javid's replacement as Chancellor". Evening Standard. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020. ^ "Nadhim Zahawi made chancellor after Rishi Sunak resigns - as Steve Barclay replaces Sajid Javid as health secretary". Sky News. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022. ^ "Kwasi Kwarteng is the UK's new chancellor". POLITICO. 6 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022. ^ "Jeremy Hunt made chancellor after Liz Truss sacks Kwasi Kwarteng". Sky News. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022. ^ Giles, Chris (25 October 2022). "Jeremy Hunt to remain as Chancellor". BBC News. Retrieved 25 October 2022. Further reading Barber, Stephen. "'Westminster's wingman'? Shadow chancellor as a strategic and coveted political role." British Politics 11.2 (2016): 184–204. Baxter, Stephen B. The Development of the Treasury, 1660–1702 (1957) online Browning, Peter. The Treasury and Economic Policy: 1964–1985 (Longman, 1986). Dell, Edmund. The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (HarperCollins, 1997) 619pp; 17 chapters covering the terms of each chancellor. Holt, Richard. Second Amongst Equals: Chancellors of the Exchequer and the British Economy (Profile Books, 2001). Jenkins, Roy. The Chancellors (1998); 497pp; covers entire career as well as term in office of 19 chancellors from 1886 to 1947. Kynaston, David. The chancellor of the exchequer (T. Dalton, 1980). Peden, G. C. The Treasury and British Public Policy, 1906–1959 (Oxford UP, 2000). online Seldon, Anthony. The Impossible Office? The History of the British Prime Minister (2021) excerpt major scholarly history. Covers the relations with Prime Minister in Chapter 9. Vincent, Nicholas C. "The Origins of the Chancellorship of the Exchequer." English Historical Review 108.426 (1993): 105–121. in JSTOR Woodward, Nicholas. The management of the British economy, 1945–2001 (Manchester University Press, 2004). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chancellors of the Exchequer. Official website Links to related articles vteChancellors of the Exchequer under the House of Plantagenet (1216–1399)Henry III(1216–1272) Eustace of Fauconberg (c. 1221–?) John Maunsell (c. 1234–?) Ralf de Leicester (?–1248) Edward of Westminster (1248–?) Albric de Fiscamp (?–1263) John Chishull (1263–1265) Walter Giffard (1265–1266) Godfrey Giffard (1266–1268) John Chishull (1268–1269) Richard Middleton (1269–1272) Edward I(1272–1307) Roger de la Leye & Geoffrey de Neuband (?–1283) Philip de Willoughby (1283–1305) John de Benstede (1305–1306) Edward II(1307–1327) John Sandale (1307–1308) John of Markenfield (1309–1312) John Hotham (1312–1316) Hervey de Stanton (1316–1323) Walter de Stapleton (1323–1324) Hervey de Stanton (1324–1327) Edward III(1327–1377) Adam de Harvington (1327–1330) Robert Wodehouse (1330–1331) Robert de Stratford (1331–1334) John Hildesle (c. 1338–?) William de Everdon (c. 1341–?) William Askeby (1363–?) Robert de Ashton (1375–1377) Richard II(1377–1399) Walter Barnham (1377–1399) vteChancellors of the Exchequer under the House of Lancaster (1399–1461; 1470–1471)Henry IV(1399–1413) Henry Somer (1410–1413) Henry V(1413–1422) Henry Somer (1413–1422) Henry VI(1422–1461)(1470–1471) Henry Somer (1422–1437) Thomas Browne (1440?–1450?) John Somerset (1441–1447) Thomas Witham (1454–?) Richard Fowler (1470–1471) vteChancellors of the Exchequer under the House of York (1461–1470; 1471–1485)Edward IV(1461–1470)(1471–April 1483) Thomas Thwaites (1461–?) Thomas Witham (1465–1469) Richard Fowler (1469–1470) Thomas Thwaites (1471–1483) Edward V(April–June 1483) William Catesby (April–June 1483) Richard III(June 1483–1485) William Catesby (June 1483–1484) vteChancellors of the Exchequer under the House of Tudor (1485–1603)Henry VII(1485–1509) Thomas Lovell (1485–1509) Henry VIII(1509–1547) Thomas Lovell (1509–1524) 2nd Baron Berners (1524–1533) Thomas Cromwell (1533–1540) John Baker (1545–1547) Edward VI(1547–July 1553) John Baker (1545–July 1553) Lady Jane Grey(July 1553) John Baker (July 1553) Mary I(July 1553–1558) John Baker (July 1553–1558) Elizabeth I(1558–1603) Richard Sackville (1559–1566) Walter Mildmay (1566–1589) John Fortescue of Salden (1589–1603) vteChancellors of the Exchequer under the House of Stuart (1603–1649; 1660–1714)James I(1603–1625) Sir George Home of Spot (1603–1606) Sir Julius Caesar (1606–1614) 5th Baron Willoughby de Broke (1614–1621) Sir Richard Weston (1621–1625) Charles I(1625–1649) 1st Baron Weston (1625–1628) 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh (1628–1629) 1st Baron Cottington (1629–1642) Sir John Colepeper (1642–1643) Sir Edward Hyde (1643–1646) Charles II(1660–1685) 1st Baron Ashley (1661–1672) John Duncombe (1672–1676) John Ernle (1676–1685) James II(1685–1688) John Ernle (1685–1688) William & Mary(1689–1694) John Ernle (1688–1689) 2nd Baron Delamer (1689–1690) Richard Hampden (1690–1694) William III(1694–1702) Sir Charles Montagu (1694–1699) John Smith (1699–1701) Henry Boyle (1701–1702) Anne(1702–1714) 1st Baron Carleton (1702–1708) John Smith (1708–1710) Robert Harley (1710–1711) Robert Benson (1711–1713) Sir William Wyndham, Bt (1713–1714) vte Chancellors of the Exchequerof England Eustace of Fauconberg Maunsell Leicester Westminster Chishull W. Giffard G. Giffard Chishull de la Leye Willoughby Benstead Sandale Hotham Stanton Harvington Wodehouse Stratford Ashby Ashton Barnham Somer Somerset Browne Witham Thwaites Witham Fowler Catesby Lovell Berners Cromwell Baker Sackville Mildmay Fortescue Dunbar Caesar Greville Portland Barrett Cottington Colepeper Hyde Ashley Duncombe Ernle Delamer Hampden Montagu Smith Boyle of Great Britain Boyle Smith Harley Benson Wyndham Onslow Walpole Stanhope Aislabie Pratt Walpole Sandys Pelham Lee Bilson-Legge Lyttelton Bilson-Legge Mansfield Bilson-Legge Barrington Dashwood Grenville Dowdeswell Townshend North Cavendish Pitt Cavendish Pitt Addington Pitt Ellenborough Petty Perceval Vansittart of the United Kingdom Vansittart Robinson Canning Tenterden Herries Goulburn Althorp Denman Peel Spring Rice Baring Goulburn Wood Disraeli Gladstone Lewis Disraeli Gladstone Disraeli Hunt Lowe Gladstone Northcote Gladstone Childers Hicks Beach Harcourt R. Churchill Goschen Harcourt Hicks Beach Ritchie A. Chamberlain Asquith Lloyd George McKenna Law A. Chamberlain Horne Baldwin N. Chamberlain Snowden W. Churchill Snowden N. Chamberlain Simon Wood Anderson Dalton Cripps Gaitskell Butler Macmillan Thorneycroft Heathcoat-Amory Lloyd Maudling Callaghan Jenkins Macleod Barber Healey Howe Lawson Major Lamont Clarke Brown Darling Osborne Hammond Javid Sunak Zahawi Kwarteng Hunt Italic: Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, as Lord Chief Justice vte Great Offices of State of the United Kingdom Prime MinisterRishi Sunak Chancellor of the Exchequer Jeremy Hunt Foreign Secretary The Lord Cameron of Chipping Norton Home SecretaryJames Cleverly vteUK cabinet portfoliosCabinet of the United KingdomCabinet ministers Prime Minister / First Lord of the Treasury / Minister for the Union / Minister for the Civil Service Deputy Prime Minister / Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster / Secretary of State in the Cabinet Office. Chancellor of the Exchequer Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Secretary Home Secretary Defence Secretary Energy Security and Net Zero Secretary Justice Secretary / Lord Chancellor Science, Innovation and Technology Secretary Levelling Up, Housing and Communities Secretary / Minister for Intergovernmental Relations Health and Social Care Secretary Lord President of the Council / Leader of the House of Commons Leader of the House of Lords / Lord Privy Seal Business and Trade Secretary / President of the Board of Trade / Minister for Women and Equalities Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Secretary Work and Pensions Secretary Education Secretary Transport Secretary Culture, Media and Sport Secretary Minister without portfolio Northern Ireland Secretary Scottish Secretary Welsh Secretary Also attending Cabinet Chief Whip / Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury Chief Secretary to the Treasury Attorney General for England and Wales / Advocate General for Northern Ireland Minister for the Cabinet Office / Paymaster General Minister of State for Immigration Minister of State for Security Minister of State for Development and Africa Minister of State for the Armed Forces and Veterans vteHM TreasuryHeadquarters: 1, Horse Guards RoadMinisters First Lord of the Treasury Chancellor of the Exchequer / Second Lord of the Treasury Chief Secretary to the Treasury Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury* Paymaster General Financial Secretary to the Treasury & City Minister Economic Secretary to the Treasury Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury Commercial Secretary to the Treasury Lords Commissioners of the Treasury* Civil Service Permanent Secretary to the Treasury Non-ministerial departments Government Actuary's Department National Savings and Investments Executive agencies Debt Management Office Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt Government Internal Audit Agency National Infrastructure Commission Executive non-departmentalpublic bodies Office for Budget Responsibility Reclaim Fund Other bodies Crown Estate Infrastructure and Projects Authority Office of Tax Simplification Royal Mint UK Government Investments Topics Autumn Budget Budget day Spring Statement Offices in italics are not currently in use * Sinecure offices nominally associated with the Treasury de facto held by Government Whips vte Ministers of HM TreasuryCabinet ministers Rishi Sunak (First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister) Jeremy Hunt (Second Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer) Ministers also attending Cabinet Laura Trott (Chief Secretary to the Treasury) John Glen (Paymaster General) Junior ministers Nigel Huddleston (Financial Secretary to the Treasury & City Minister) Bim Afolami (Economic Secretary to the Treasury) Gareth Davies (Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury) * also attending Cabinet vteEnglish ExchequerOfficers Auditor of the imprests Auditor of the Receipt of the Exchequer Baron of the Exchequer Chancellor of the Exchequer Chamberlain of the Exchequer Chief Baron of the Exchequer Clerk of the Pipe Clerk of the Pells Comptroller General of the Exchequer Lord High Treasurer King's Remembrancer Teller of the Receipt of the Exchequer Divisions Court of Exchequer Chamber Exchequer Bill Loan Commission Exchequer of Pleas Exchequer of the Jews Pell Office Other Exchequer Standards Exchequer of Chester Dialogus de Scaccario Pipe rolls Red Book of the Exchequer Stop of the Exchequer Taxation in medieval England vteDowning StreetBuildings 9 Downing Street Chief Whip's Office 10 Downing Street 11 Downing Street 12 Downing Street Privy Council Office Residence First Lord of the Treasury Prime Minister Second Lord of the Treasury (Chancellor of the Exchequer) Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury Government Chief Whip Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office Prime Minister's Office Principal Private Secretary Parliamentary Private Secretary Political Secretary Chief of Staff Director of Communications Press Secretary Director of Policy Official Spokesperson Miscellaneous Downing Street Christmas Tree Ministerial Broadcast Number 10 Policy Unit Prime Minister's New Year Message Press Briefing Room Partygate
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Chief Baron of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Baron_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"minister of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown"},{"link_name":"His Majesty's Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"His Majesty's Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Great Offices of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Offices_of_State"},{"link_name":"British Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"finance minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_minister"},{"link_name":"lords commissioners of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Commissioners_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Treasurer of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Stanley Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_the_King%27s_Bench"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lord Denman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_1st_Baron_Denman"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_England"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchequer"},{"link_name":"records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_Rolls"},{"link_name":"Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chrimes62-5"},{"link_name":"fiscal policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_policy"},{"link_name":"taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"public spending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_spending"},{"link_name":"government departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"monetary policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy"},{"link_name":"Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"lord chief justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_chief_justice"},{"link_name":"members of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Lord Stanhope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Treasury ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Treasury#Ministers"},{"link_name":"permanent secretary to the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Secretary_to_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"shadow minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_minister"},{"link_name":"shadow chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_Treasury_spokesperson"},{"link_name":"Treasury Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Select_Committee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Liz Truss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Truss"},{"link_name":"Rishi Sunak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Sunak"}],"text":"For the historic position in Ireland, see Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland. For the 1983 simulation game, see Chancellor of the Exchequer (video game).Not to be confused with Lord Chancellor, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Chancellor of the High Court, or Chief Baron of the Exchequer.The Chancellor of the Exchequer, often abbreviated to Chancellor,[3] is a senior minister of the Crown within His Majesty's Government, and head of His Majesty's Treasury. As one of the four Great Offices of State, the chancellor is a high-ranking member of the British Cabinet.Responsible for all economic and financial matters, the role is equivalent to that of a finance minister in other countries. The chancellor is now always second lord of the Treasury as one of at least six lords commissioners of the Treasury, responsible for executing the office of the Treasurer of the Exchequer – the others are the prime minister and Commons government whips. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, it was common for the prime minister also to serve as Chancellor of the Exchequer if he sat in the Commons; the last Chancellor who was simultaneously prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer was Stanley Baldwin in 1923. Formerly, in cases when the chancellorship was vacant, the Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench would act as chancellor pro tempore.[4] The last Lord Chief Justice to serve in this way was Lord Denman in 1834.The chancellor is the third-oldest major state office in English and British history, and in recent times has come to be the most powerful office in British politics after the prime minister. It originally carried responsibility for the Exchequer, the medieval English institution for the collection and auditing of royal revenues. The earliest surviving records which are the results of the exchequer's audit, date from 1129 to 1130 under King Henry I and show continuity from previous years.[5] The chancellor has oversight of fiscal policy, therefore of taxation and public spending across government departments. It previously controlled monetary policy as well until 1997, when the Bank of England was granted independent control of its interest rates.Since 1718, all chancellors of the Exchequer, except at times the lord chief justice as interim holders, have been members of the House of Commons with Lord Stanhope being the last chancellor from the House of Lords.The office holder works alongside the other Treasury ministers and the permanent secretary to the Treasury. The corresponding shadow minister is the shadow chancellor of the Exchequer, and the chancellor is also scrutinised by the Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson and the Treasury Select Committee.[6]Jeremy Hunt has been the incumbent chancellor since 14 October 2022, being appointed by Liz Truss and retained in the role by Rishi Sunak.","title":"Chancellor of the Exchequer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ex officio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_officio"},{"link_name":"member of the commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Commissioners_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"treasurer of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sainty-7"},{"link_name":"11 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"first lord of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_lord_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"10 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street"}],"text":"The holder of the office of chancellor of the Exchequer is ex officio second lord of the Treasury as a member of the commission exercising the ancient office of treasurer of the Exchequer.[7] As second lord, his official residence is 11 Downing Street in London, next door to the residence of the first lord of the Treasury (a title that has for many years been held by the prime minister), who resides in 10 Downing Street. While in the past both houses were private residences, today they serve as interlinked offices, with the occupant living in an apartment made from attic rooms previously resided in by servants.Since 1827, the chancellor has always simultaneously held the office of second lord of the Treasury when that person has not also been the prime minister.","title":"Second Lord of the Treasury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lowe"}],"text":"A previous chancellor, Robert Lowe, described the office in the following terms in the House of Commons, on 11 April 1870: \"The Chancellor of the Exchequer is a man whose duties make him more or less of a taxing machine. He is entrusted with a certain amount of misery which it is his duty to distribute as fairly as he can.\"","title":"Roles and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"foreign secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs"},{"link_name":"home secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_secretary"},{"link_name":"budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_budget"},{"link_name":"Autumn Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Budget Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Day"},{"link_name":"Spring Statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Statement"},{"link_name":"tax year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_year"},{"link_name":"Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Pre-Budget Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Budget_Report"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"2016 budgets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Hugh Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Dalton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Fiscal policy","text":"The chancellor has considerable control over other departments as it is the Treasury that sets Departmental Expenditure Limits. The amount of power this gives to an individual chancellor depends on their personal forcefulness, their status within their party and their relationship with the prime minister. Gordon Brown, who became chancellor when Labour came into Government in 1997, had a large personal power base in the party. Perhaps as a result, Tony Blair chose to keep him in the same position throughout his ten years as prime minister; making Brown an unusually dominant figure and the longest-serving chancellor since the Reform Act of 1832.[8] This has strengthened a pre-existing trend towards the chancellor occupying a clear second position among government ministers, elevated above his traditional peers, the foreign secretary and home secretary.One part of the chancellor's key roles involves the framing of the annual year budget. As of 2017, the first is the Autumn Budget, also known as Budget Day which forecasts government spending in the next financial year and also announces new financial measures. The second is a Spring Statement, also known as a \"mini-Budget\". Britain's tax year has retained the old Julian end of year: 24 March (Old Style) / 5 April (New Style, i.e. Gregorian). From 1993, the Budget was in spring, preceded by an annual autumn statement. This was then called Pre-Budget Report. The Autumn Statement usually took place in November or December. The 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012 and 2016 budgets were all delivered on a Wednesday, summarised in a speech to the House of Commons.The budget is a state secret until the chancellor reveals it in his speech to Parliament. Hugh Dalton, on his way to giving the budget speech in 1947, inadvertently blurted out key details to a newspaper reporter, and they appeared in print before he made his speech. Dalton was forced to resign.[9]","title":"Roles and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"Bank of England Act 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England_Act_1998"},{"link_name":"Monetary Policy Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Monetary policy","text":"Although the Bank of England is responsible for setting interest rates, the chancellor also plays an important part in the monetary policy structure. He sets the inflation target which the Bank must set interest rates to meet. Under the Bank of England Act 1998 the chancellor has the power of appointment of four out of nine members of the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee – the so-called 'external' members. He also has a high level of influence over the appointment of the Bank's Governor and Deputy Governors, and has the right of consultation over the appointment of the two remaining MPC members from within the Bank.[10] The Act also provides that the Government has the power to give instructions to the Bank on interest rates for a limited period in extreme circumstances. This power has never been officially used.","title":"Roles and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HM Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Treasury"},{"link_name":"civil servants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"chief secretary to the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_secretary_to_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"paymaster general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paymaster_general"},{"link_name":"financial secretary to the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"economic secretary to the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Secretary_to_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"commercial secretary to the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"exchequer secretary to the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchequer_Secretary_to_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"secretary to the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"parliamentary secretary to the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Secretary_to_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Chief Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Whip"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"permanent secretary to the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Secretary_to_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(government)"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"styled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)"},{"link_name":"Right Honourable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Honourable"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Parliament Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Acts"},{"link_name":"lord chief justice of the King's Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_the_King%27s_Bench"},{"link_name":"Henry Booth, 2nd Baron Delamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Booth,_2nd_Baron_Delamer"},{"link_name":"Master of the Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_the_Mint"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Ministerial arrangements","text":"At HM Treasury the chancellor is supported by a political team of four junior ministers and by permanent civil servants. The most important junior minister is the chief secretary to the Treasury, a member of the Cabinet, to whom the negotiations with other government departments on the details of government spending are delegated, followed by the paymaster general, the financial secretary to the Treasury and the economic secretary to the Treasury. Whilst not continuously in use, there can also be appointed a commercial secretary to the Treasury and an exchequer secretary to the Treasury. Two other officials are given the title of a secretary to the Treasury, although neither is a government minister in the Treasury: the parliamentary secretary to the Treasury is the Government Chief Whip in the House of Commons; the permanent secretary to the Treasury is not a minister but the senior civil servant in the Treasury.The chancellor is obliged to be a member of the Privy Council, and thus is styled the Right Honourable (Rt. Hon.). Because the House of Lords is excluded from financial matters by tradition confirmed by the Parliament Acts, the office is effectively limited to members of the House of Commons; apart from the occasions when the lord chief justice of the King's Bench has acted as interim Chancellor. The last peer to hold the office was Henry Booth, 2nd Baron Delamer (created Earl of Warrington shortly after leaving office) from 9 April 1689 to 18 March 1690. The chancellor holds the formerly independent office of Master of the Mint as a subsidiary office.[11]","title":"Roles and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Perquisites of the office"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"11 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"}],"sub_title":"Official residence","text":"The chancellor of the Exchequer has no official London residence as such but since 1828 in his role as Second Lord of the Treasury he lives in the second lord's official residence, No. 11 Downing Street.[12] In 1997, the then first and second Lords, Tony Blair and Gordon Brown respectively, swapped apartments, as the chancellor's larger apartment in No. 11 accommodated Blair's family and Brown was then unmarried.","title":"Perquisites of the office"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Deputy Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"John Prescott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Prescott"},{"link_name":"Alistair Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Darling"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Dorneywood","text":"Dorneywood is the summer residence that is traditionally made available to the chancellor, though it is the prime minister who ultimately decides who may use it. Gordon Brown, on becoming chancellor in 1997, refused to use it and the house, which is set in 215 acres (87 ha)[13] of parkland, was allocated to Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott. It reverted to the chancellor in 2007, then Alistair Darling.[14]","title":"Perquisites of the office"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cropped_Gladstone%27s_Red_Box.jpg"},{"link_name":"budget speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Day"},{"link_name":"red despatch box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_box_(government)"},{"link_name":"William Ewart Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone"},{"link_name":"James Callaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Callaghan"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"Francis Throckmorton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Throckmorton"},{"link_name":"Bernardino de Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_de_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"black puddings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pudding"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"first Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_budget"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Budget box","text":"Budget box or Gladstone box, c. 1860The chancellor traditionally carries his budget speech to the House of Commons in a particular red despatch box. The so-called ‘Budget Box’ is identical to the cases used by all other government ministers (known as ministerial boxes or \"despatch boxes\") to transport their official papers, but is better known because the chancellor traditionally displays the box, containing the budget speech, to the press before leaving 11 Downing Street for the House of Commons..The original budget box was first used by William Ewart Gladstone in 1853 and continued in use until 1965 when James Callaghan was the first chancellor to break with tradition when he used a newer box. Prior to Gladstone, a generic red despatch box of varying design and specification was used. The practice is said to have begun in the late 16th century, when Queen Elizabeth I's representative Francis Throckmorton presented the Spanish Ambassador, Bernardino de Mendoza, with a specially constructed red briefcase filled with black puddings.[15]In July 1997, Gordon Brown became the second chancellor to use a new box for the Budget. Made by industrial trainees at Babcock Rosyth Defence Ltd ship and submarine dockyard in Fife, the new box is made of yellow pine, with a brass handle and lock, covered in scarlet leather and embossed with the Royal cypher and crest and the chancellor's title. In his first Budget, in March 2008, Alistair Darling reverted to using the original budget box and his successor, George Osborne, continued this tradition for his first budget, before announcing that it would be retired due to its fragile condition.[16] The key to the original budget box has been lost.[17]","title":"Perquisites of the office"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Disraeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli"},{"link_name":"John Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major"},{"link_name":"Nigel Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Lawson"},{"link_name":"William Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gladstone"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Philip Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hammond"},{"link_name":"George Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Alistair Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Darling"},{"link_name":"Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-20"}],"sub_title":"Budget tipple","text":"By tradition, the chancellor has been allowed to drink whatever they wish while making the annual budget speech to Parliament. This includes alcohol, which is otherwise banned under parliamentary rules.Previous chancellors have opted for whisky (Kenneth Clarke), gin and tonic (Geoffrey Howe), brandy and water (Benjamin Disraeli and John Major), spritzer (Nigel Lawson) and sherry and beaten egg (William Gladstone).[18]The recent chancellors, Philip Hammond, George Osborne, Alistair Darling and Gordon Brown,[19] opted for water. In fact Darling drank what was named \"Standard Water\" in reference to, and support of, the London Evening Standard newspaper's campaign to have plain tap water available in restaurants at no charge to customers.[20]","title":"Perquisites of the office"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Master of the Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_the_Mint"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"coronations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch"},{"link_name":"Trial of the Pyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_the_Pyx"},{"link_name":"Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Robe of office","text":"The chancellor, as Master of the Mint, has a robe of office,[21] similar to that of the lord chancellor (as seen in several of the portraits depicted below). In recent times, it has only regularly been worn at coronations, but some chancellors (at least until the 1990s) have also worn it when attending the Trial of the Pyx as Master of the Mint. According to George Osborne, the robe (dating from Gladstone's time in office, and worn by the likes of Lloyd George and Churchill)[22] 'went missing' during Gordon Brown's time as chancellor.[23]","title":"Perquisites of the office"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of chancellors of the Exchequer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Died"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Lord Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Regency government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_government,_1422%E2%80%931437"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Duke of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Margaret Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Duke of Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Duke of Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland"}],"sub_title":"Chancellors of the Exchequer of England (c. 1221 – c. 1558)","text":"^† Died in office.^ Served until 1264.\n\n^ Lord Lancaster served as Regent of England during the minority of Edward III.\n\n^ The Regency government led by the Regency Council governed England during the minority of Henry VI.\n\n^ The Duke of Gloucester served as Regent of England during the reign of Edward V.\n\n^ Served until 1488.\n\n^ Margaret Beaufort served as Regent of England during the minority of Henry VIII.\n\n^ The Duke of Somerset and Duke of Northumberland served as Regent of England successively during the reign of Edward VI.","title":"List of chancellors of the Exchequer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"9th Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Parliament_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Golden Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Speech"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"3rd Parliament of King James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Parliament_of_King_James_I"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"1695 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1695_English_general_election"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"1705 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1705_English_general_election"}],"sub_title":"Chancellors of the Exchequer of England (c. 1558 – 1708)","text":"^ Served until 1589 during the 9th Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I.\n\n^ Served from 1601 prior to the Golden Speech.\n\n^ Served during the 3rd Parliament of King James I in 1621.\n\n^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1695 general election.\n\n^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1705 general election.","title":"List of chancellors of the Exchequer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Lord Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Parker,_1st_Earl_of_Macclesfield"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Peerage of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"Hampshire by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1759_Hampshire_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"prince regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_regent"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"1784 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1784_British_general_election"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"1812 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"sub_title":"Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain (1708–1817)","text":"^ Lord Parker served as Regent of Great Britain from 1 August to 18 September 1714.\n\n^ Elevated to the Peerage of Great Britain on 6 February 1742.\n\n^ Elected to a new constituency in the Hampshire by-election.\n\n^ The Prince of Wales served as prince regent from 5 February 1811.\n\n^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1784 general election.\n\n^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1812 general election.","title":"List of chancellors of the Exchequer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Acts of Union 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Fund Act 1816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Fund_Act_1816"},{"link_name":"56 Geo. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56_Geo._3"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA1816-45"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"prince regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_regent"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"1832 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"1865 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"1918 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"1950 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"2005 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"sub_title":"Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom (1817–present)","text":"Although the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland had been united by the Acts of Union 1800, the Exchequers of the two Kingdoms were not consolidated until 1817 under the Consolidated Fund Act 1816 (56 Geo. 3. c. 98).[26][27] For the holders of the Irish office before this date, see Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland.^ The Prince of Wales served as prince regent from 5 February 1811.\n\n^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1832 general election.\n\n^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1865 general election.\n\n^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1918 general election.\n\n^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1950 general election.\n\n^ Elected to a new constituency in the 2005 general election.","title":"List of chancellors of the Exchequer"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1817–present","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Name_31-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Name_31-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Name_31-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Name_31-3"},{"link_name":"elected MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"^ a b c d Including constituencies for elected MPs.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.questia.com/library/706216/the-development-of-the-treasury-1660-1702"},{"link_name":"Kynaston, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynaston,_David"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.questia.com/library/118307420/the-treasury-and-british-public-policy-1906-1959"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Impossible-Office-History-British-Minister/dp/131651532X/"},{"link_name":"in JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/573551"}],"text":"Barber, Stephen. \"'Westminster's wingman'? Shadow chancellor as a strategic and coveted political role.\" British Politics 11.2 (2016): 184–204.\nBaxter, Stephen B. The Development of the Treasury, 1660–1702 (1957) online\nBrowning, Peter. The Treasury and Economic Policy: 1964–1985 (Longman, 1986).\nDell, Edmund. The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (HarperCollins, 1997) 619pp; 17 chapters covering the terms of each chancellor.\nHolt, Richard. Second Amongst Equals: Chancellors of the Exchequer and the British Economy (Profile Books, 2001).\nJenkins, Roy. The Chancellors (1998); 497pp; covers entire career as well as term in office of 19 chancellors from 1886 to 1947.\nKynaston, David. The chancellor of the exchequer (T. Dalton, 1980).\nPeden, G. C. The Treasury and British Public Policy, 1906–1959 (Oxford UP, 2000). online\nSeldon, Anthony. The Impossible Office? The History of the British Prime Minister (2021) excerpt major scholarly history. Covers the relations with Prime Minister in Chapter 9.\nVincent, Nicholas C. \"The Origins of the Chancellorship of the Exchequer.\" English Historical Review 108.426 (1993): 105–121. in JSTOR\nWoodward, Nicholas. The management of the British economy, 1945–2001 (Manchester University Press, 2004).","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Budget box or Gladstone box, c. 1860","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cropped_Gladstone%27s_Red_Box.jpg/220px-Cropped_Gladstone%27s_Red_Box.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"title":"List of lord high treasurers of England and Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lord_high_treasurers_of_England_and_Great_Britain"}]
[{"reference":"\"Salaries of Members of His Majesty's Government – Financial Year 2022–23\" (PDF). 15 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1124173/2022-12-07-Ministerial-Salaries-22-23-table.pdf","url_text":"\"Salaries of Members of His Majesty's Government – Financial Year 2022–23\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pay and expenses for MPs\". parliament.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/members/pay-mps/","url_text":"\"Pay and expenses for MPs\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Ben (13 July 2016). \"Who is Philip Hammond, Britain's new Chancellor, and what are likely to be his first steps?\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/07/13/who-is-philip-hammond-britains-new-chancellor-and-what-are-like/","url_text":"\"Who is Philip Hammond, Britain's new Chancellor, and what are likely to be his first steps?\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/07/13/who-is-philip-hammond-britains-new-chancellor-and-what-are-like/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"George Osborne gives evidence on Budget to the Treasury Select Committee\". ITV.COM. Retrieved 25 April 2022. Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne gives evidence to the Treasury Select Committee.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/update/2012-03-27/george-osborne-gives-evidence-on-budget-to-the-treasury-select-committee/","url_text":"\"George Osborne gives evidence on Budget to the Treasury Select Committee\""}]},{"reference":"Sainty, John Christopher (1972). Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 1, Treasury Officials 1660–1870. London: University of London. pp. 16–25. ISBN 0485171414. Retrieved 19 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/office-holders/vol1/pp16-25","url_text":"Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 1, Treasury Officials 1660–1870"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0485171414","url_text":"0485171414"}]},{"reference":"\"Gordon Brown: Chancellor of the Exchequer\". Encyclopedia II. Experiencefestival.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. 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Sir John Anderson, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, wearing traditional robes and holding his red budget box\". Getty Images. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150218121135/http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/november-sir-john-anderson-the-chancellor-of-the-exchequer-news-photo/79028205","url_text":"\"November, 1943. Sir John Anderson, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, wearing traditional robes and holding his red budget box\""},{"url":"http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/november-sir-john-anderson-the-chancellor-of-the-exchequer-news-photo/79028205","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Portrait of Churchill in the robes of wearing his robes as Chancellor of the Exchequer, by John Singer Sargent, 1929. © National Trust Collections\". 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://nttreasurehunt.wordpress.com/2012/12/04/politics-roses-and-butterflies/getmedia-2/","url_text":"\"Portrait of Churchill in the robes of wearing his robes as Chancellor of the Exchequer, by John Singer Sargent, 1929. © National Trust Collections\""}]},{"reference":"Vina, Gonzalo (10 December 2010). \"www.bloomberg.com\". 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Retrieved 5 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/nadhim-zahawi-made-chancellor-after-rishi-sunak-resigns-as-steve-barclay-replaces-sajid-javid-as-health-secretary-12646552","url_text":"\"Nadhim Zahawi made chancellor after Rishi Sunak resigns - as Steve Barclay replaces Sajid Javid as health secretary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kwasi Kwarteng is the UK's new chancellor\". POLITICO. 6 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.eu/article/kwasi-kwarteng-is-the-uks-new-chancellor/","url_text":"\"Kwasi Kwarteng is the UK's new chancellor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeremy Hunt made chancellor after Liz Truss sacks Kwasi Kwarteng\". Sky News. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/jeremy-hunt-made-chancellor-after-liz-truss-sacks-kwasi-kwarteng-12720267","url_text":"\"Jeremy Hunt made chancellor after Liz Truss sacks Kwasi Kwarteng\""}]},{"reference":"Giles, Chris (25 October 2022). \"Jeremy Hunt to remain as Chancellor\". BBC News. Retrieved 25 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-63375473?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=6357d50a92171f0e39be96a4%26Jeremy%20Hunt%20to%20remain%20as%20Chancellor%262022-10-25T14%3A45%3A11.335Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:5c63253f-485f-4f8b-a9df-b51788cf7fd9&pinned_post_asset_id=6357d50a92171f0e39be96a4&pinned_post_type=share","url_text":"\"Jeremy Hunt to remain as Chancellor\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(play)
Frost/Nixon (play)
["1 Performance history","2 Awards and nominations","2.1 Original Broadway production","3 Feature film","4 References","5 External links"]
2006 play by Peter Morgan Frost/NixonOriginal posterWritten byPeter MorganCharactersDavid FrostRichard NixonDate premiered2006Place premieredDonmar Warehouse, LondonOriginal languageEnglishSubjectThe Frost/Nixon interviewsGenreDrama Frost/Nixon is a 2006 British historical play by Peter Morgan. The play is based on a series of controversial televised interviews granted by former U.S. president Richard Nixon to English broadcaster David Frost in 1977. The interviews focused on Nixon's administration, including his role in the Watergate scandal that ultimately led to his resignation as president. Performance history The play premiered at the Donmar Warehouse theatre in London in August 2006, directed by Michael Grandage and starring Michael Sheen as the talk-show host and Frank Langella as the former president. Frost/Nixon received enthusiastic reviews in the British press. It then played at the Gielgud Theatre in London's West End, again starring Langella and Sheen. On March 31, 2007, the play began previews on Broadway. It officially opened as a limited engagement at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre on April 22 and closed on August 19, after 137 performances. The cast included Langella, Sheen, Remy Auberjonois (John Birt), Shira Gregory (Evonne Goolagong), Corey Johnson (Jack Brennan), Stephen Kunken (James Reston Jr.), Stephen Rowe (Swifty Lazar/Mike Wallace), Triney Sandoval (Manolo Sanchez), Armand Schultz (Bob Zelnick) and Sonya Walger (Caroline Cushing). TimeLine Theatre Company in Chicago ran the play from August 21 to October 10, 2010. In regional theatre, Frost/Nixon made its Ohio premiere at the Rabbit Run Theatre in Madison, Ohio. The U.S. Rocky Mountain regional premiere was directed and designed by John Thornberry for Longmont Theatre Company in Longmont, Colorado, and ran from November 4 to 19, 2011. The show received its Philadelphia premiere with New City Stage Company December 5, 2013 to January 4, 2014. The show was a combination of the stage play and the screenplay for the film Frost/Nixon and received wide acclaim. Dan Olmstead, who portrayed Richard Nixon, received a Barrymore Award nomination, and Russ Widdall, who portrayed David Frost, received a citation from Philadelphia Weekly for one of the 2014's most notable performances. Awards and nominations Original Broadway production Year Award ceremony Category Nominee Result 2007 Tony Award Best Play Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play Frank Langella Won Best Direction of a Play Michael Grandage Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Play Peter Morgan Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Play Frank Langella Won Outstanding Director of a Play Michael Grandage Nominated Outstanding Music in a Play Adam Cork Nominated Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding New Play Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Play Frank Langella Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Stephen Kunken Nominated Outstanding Director of a Play Michael Grandage Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design Neil Austin Nominated Drama League Award Distinguished Production of a Play Nominated Feature film Main article: Frost/Nixon (film) Ron Howard directed a 2008 film adaptation of the play. The film was produced by Imagine Entertainment and Working Title Films for Universal Pictures. Shooting began on August 27, 2007. Langella and Sheen reprised their roles for the film. References ^ BWW News Desk (8 April 2010). "TimeLine Theater Announces Their 2010-11 Season". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved on 8 April 2010. ^ "Night and Day, Remy Bummpo Theatre Company; Frost/Nixon, TimeLine Theatre Company; Theater Reviews by Terry Teachout - WSJ.com". online.wsj.com. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2010. ^ "On-line interview with actor Michael Sheen". Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2006. ^ "Arts Briefly", The New York Times, 1 May 2007 External links Official sites: The Original Interviews Website London production ​Frost/Nixon​ at the Internet Broadway Database ​Frost/Nixon​ at the Internet Broadway Database Michael Billington, Frost/Nixon, The Guardian,(London) 22 August 2006 Paul Taylor, "Frost/Nixon, Donmar Warehouse, London: Closing shots convey the drama of a TV classic", The Independent (London), 22 August 2006 Charles Spencer, "Brief but gripping encounters", The Telegraph (London), 23 August 2006 Benedict Nightingale, Frost/Nixon, The Times Online (London), 22 August 2006 Ben Brantley, "When David Faced a Wounded Goliath", The New York Times, 23 April 2007 (Broadway production) TimeLine Theatre Company, Chicago: Frost/Nixon Study Guide Retrieved 2011-10-02 vteWorks by Peter MorganTelevision The Jury (2002, 2011) The Deal (2003) Henry VIII (2003) Colditz (2005) Longford (2006) The Special Relationship (2010) The Lost Honour of Christopher Jefferies (2014) The Crown (2016–23) Film Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel and Laurence (1998) The Last King of Scotland (2006) The Queen (2006) The Other Boleyn Girl (2008) Frost/Nixon (2008) The Damned United (2009) Hereafter (2010) 360 (2011) Rush (2013) Bohemian Rhapsody (2018) Shorts Dear Rosie (1990) Theatre Frost/Nixon (2006) The Audience (2013) Patriots (2022) vteRichard Nixon 37th President of the United States (1969–1974) 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961) U.S. Senator from California (1950–1953) U.S. Representative for CA–12 (1947–1950) Pre-presidency Checkers speech Vice presidency 1958 motorcade attack Kitchen Debate Operation 40 Presidency(timeline) Transition First inauguration Second inauguration "Bring Us Together" Silent majority 1970 Lincoln Memorial visit State of the Union Address 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 VP confirmation of Gerald Ford Wilson desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Foreign policy International trips Nixon Doctrine Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords "Peace with Honor" Vietnamization Cold War period Linkage policy Tar Baby Option 1972 visit to China Shanghai Communiqué 1973 Chilean coup d'état Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Operation CHAOS Space exploration Domestic policy Family Assistance Plan Revised Philadelphia Plan Minority Business Development Agency Native American policy Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Education Amendments of 1972 Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants Title IX Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 National Cancer Act of 1971 End Stage Renal Disease Program Supplemental Security Income Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act Shafer Commission War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Cannabis policy Federal Contested Elections Act Federal Election Campaign Act 1970 VRA Amendments District of Columbia Home Rule Act Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 Congressional Research Service Economic policy Bank Secrecy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 Nixon shock Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 Smithsonian Agreement Occupational Safety and Health Act National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible exposure limit U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Consumer Product Safety Act Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act Securities Investor Protection Act Securities Investor Protection Corporation Tax Reform Act of 1969 Alternative minimum tax Revenue Act of 1971 Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 Agricultural Act of 1970 Farm Credit Act of 1971 Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972 Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 Federal Energy Administration Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act Environmentalpolicy Council on Environmental Quality Environmental Quality Improvement Act National Environmental Policy Act Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Amendments of 1970 Clean Water Act Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants New Source Performance Standards Noise Control Act Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Zone Management Act Coastal Zone Management Program Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement Marine Mammal Protection Act Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 Endangered Species Act of 1969 Endangered Species Act of 1973 Oil Pollution Act of 1973 Water Resources Development Act of 1974 Watergate Timeline Operation Sandwedge Operation Gemstone Saturday Night Massacre CRP White House Plumbers Watergate Seven Enemies List list of opponents White House tapes United States v. Nixon (1974) Senate Watergate Committee impeachment process "I am not a crook" Resignation Pardon Life andpolitics Richard Nixon Foundation Presidential Library and Museum Birthplace and boyhood home "Last press conference" Florida White House "La Casa Pacifica" Nixon Center Nixon v. General Services Administration (1977) Nixon v. Fitzgerald (1982) Death and state funeral Books Six Crises (1962) Bibliography ElectionsU.S. House 1946 1948 U.S. Senate 1950 Vice Presidential 1952 campaign selection convention election transition 1956 campaign convention election Presidential 1960 campaign primaries running mate selection convention debates election Kennedy transition 1968 campaign primaries running mate selection convention election 1972 campaign primaries convention election Gubernatorial 1962 Popularculture "Nixon goes to China" Millhouse (1971 film) An Evening with Richard Nixon (1972 play) Richard (1972 film) Another Nice Mess (1972 film) Four More Years (1972 film) Impeach the President (1973 song) The Werewolf of Washington (1973 film) White House Madness (1975 film) All the President's Men (1976 film) The Public Burning (1977 novel) Washington: Behind Closed Doors (1977 miniseries) Secret Honor (1984 film) Nixon in China (1987 opera) The Final Days (1989 film) Nixon (1995 film) Elvis Meets Nixon (1997 film) Futurama (1999 TV series) Dick (1999 film) Nixon's China Game (2000 film) Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film) The Assassination of Richard Nixon (2004 film) Frost–Nixon interviews (2006 play, 2008 film) Black Dynamite (2009 film) "The Impossible Astronaut" (2011 TV episode) Our Nixon (2013 film) X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014 film) Crooked (2015 novel) Elvis & Nixon (2016 film) The Post (2017 film) Watergate (2019 board game) U.S. postage stamp Related Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Presidential Townhouse Richard Nixon mask Staff Jack Brennan (aide de camp) Murray Chotiner (early campaign manager) Manolo Sanchez (valet) Rose Mary Woods (secretary) Family Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon (wife) Tricia Nixon Cox (daughter) Julie Nixon Eisenhower (daughter) Christopher Nixon Cox (grandson) Jennie Eisenhower (granddaughter) Francis A. Nixon (father) Hannah Milhous Nixon (mother) Donald Nixon (brother) Edward Nixon (brother) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → ← Alben W. Barkley Lyndon B. Johnson → Category vteDavid FrostTelevision That Was the Week That Was (1962–63) Not So Much a Programme, More a Way of Life (1964–65) The Frost Report (1966–67) A Salute to the Beatles (1975) David Frost on Sunday (1986–92) Through the Keyhole (1987–2008) Breakfast with Frost (1993–2005) Frost Over the World (2006–12) Nixon interviews Frost/Nixon (2006 play) Frost/Nixon (2008 film) Related articles CPV-TV David Paradine Productions London Weekend Television The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer (1970) The Slipper and the Rose (1976) TV-am
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The interviews focused on Nixon's administration, including his role in the Watergate scandal that ultimately led to his resignation as president.","title":"Frost/Nixon (play)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donmar Warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donmar_Warehouse"},{"link_name":"Michael Grandage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Grandage"},{"link_name":"Michael Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sheen"},{"link_name":"Frank Langella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Langella"},{"link_name":"Gielgud Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gielgud_Theatre"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"previews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preview_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Jacobs_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Remy Auberjonois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remy_Auberjonois"},{"link_name":"John Birt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Birt"},{"link_name":"Evonne Goolagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evonne_Goolagong"},{"link_name":"Corey Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Johnson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jack Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Brennan"},{"link_name":"James Reston Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Reston_Jr."},{"link_name":"Swifty Lazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swifty_Lazar"},{"link_name":"Mike Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Bob Zelnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Zelnick"},{"link_name":"Sonya Walger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonya_Walger"},{"link_name":"TimeLine Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TimeLine_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Madison, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Longmont, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmont,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"New City Stage Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newcitystage.org"},{"link_name":"the film Frost/Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)"},{"link_name":"Barrymore Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrymore_Awards_for_Excellence_in_Theater"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Weekly"}],"text":"The play premiered at the Donmar Warehouse theatre in London in August 2006, directed by Michael Grandage and starring Michael Sheen as the talk-show host and Frank Langella as the former president. Frost/Nixon received enthusiastic reviews in the British press. It then played at the Gielgud Theatre in London's West End, again starring Langella and Sheen.On March 31, 2007, the play began previews on Broadway. It officially opened as a limited engagement at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre on April 22 and closed on August 19, after 137 performances. The cast included Langella, Sheen, Remy Auberjonois (John Birt), Shira Gregory (Evonne Goolagong), Corey Johnson\n(Jack Brennan), Stephen Kunken (James Reston Jr.), Stephen Rowe (Swifty Lazar/Mike Wallace), Triney Sandoval (Manolo Sanchez), Armand Schultz (Bob Zelnick) and Sonya Walger (Caroline Cushing).TimeLine Theatre Company in Chicago ran the play from August 21 to October 10, 2010.[1][2]In regional theatre, Frost/Nixon made its Ohio premiere at the Rabbit Run Theatre in Madison, Ohio. The U.S. Rocky Mountain regional premiere was directed and designed by John Thornberry for Longmont Theatre Company in Longmont, Colorado, and ran from November 4 to 19, 2011.The show received its Philadelphia premiere with New City Stage Company December 5, 2013 to January 4, 2014. The show was a combination of the stage play and the screenplay for the film Frost/Nixon and received wide acclaim. Dan Olmstead, who portrayed Richard Nixon, received a Barrymore Award nomination, and Russ Widdall, who portrayed David Frost, received a citation from Philadelphia Weekly for one of the 2014's most notable performances.","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Original Broadway production","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ron Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Howard"},{"link_name":"film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Imagine Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Working Title Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Title_Films"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ron Howard directed a 2008 film adaptation of the play.[3] The film was produced by Imagine Entertainment and Working Title Films for Universal Pictures. Shooting began on August 27, 2007.[4] Langella and Sheen reprised their roles for the film.","title":"Feature film"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Night and Day, Remy Bummpo Theatre Company; Frost/Nixon, TimeLine Theatre Company; Theater Reviews by Terry Teachout - WSJ.com\". online.wsj.com. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704483004575523642834823332","url_text":"\"Night and Day, Remy Bummpo Theatre Company; Frost/Nixon, TimeLine Theatre Company; Theater Reviews by Terry Teachout - WSJ.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"On-line interview with actor Michael Sheen\". Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312045941/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/indietopnews.php?id=17065","url_text":"\"On-line interview with actor Michael Sheen\""},{"url":"http://comingsoon.net/news/indietopnews.php?id=17065","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.newcitystage.org/","external_links_name":"New City Stage Company"},{"Link":"http://chicago.broadwayworld.com/article/TimeLine_Theater_Announces_Their_201011_Season_20010101","external_links_name":"TimeLine Theater Announces Their 2010-11 Season"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704483004575523642834823332","external_links_name":"\"Night and Day, Remy Bummpo Theatre Company; Frost/Nixon, TimeLine Theatre Company; Theater Reviews by Terry Teachout - WSJ.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312045941/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/indietopnews.php?id=17065","external_links_name":"\"On-line interview with actor Michael Sheen\""},{"Link":"http://comingsoon.net/news/indietopnews.php?id=17065","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE5D6133EF932A35756C0A9619C8B63","external_links_name":"\"Arts Briefly\""},{"Link":"http://www.frostnixon.com/","external_links_name":"The Original Interviews Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190611/http://www.frostnixontheplay.com/","external_links_name":"London production"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/453356","external_links_name":"​Frost/Nixon​"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/453357","external_links_name":"​Frost/Nixon​"},{"Link":"http://arts.guardian.co.uk/critic/review/0,,1855618,00.html","external_links_name":"Michael Billington, Frost/Nixon, The Guardian,(London) 22 August 2006"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312101646/http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/theatre/reviews/article1220917.ece","external_links_name":"Paul Taylor, \"Frost/Nixon, Donmar Warehouse, London: Closing shots convey the drama of a TV classic\", The Independent (London), 22 August 2006"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311055854/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/arts/2006/08/23/btfrost23.xml","external_links_name":"Charles Spencer, \"Brief but gripping encounters\", The Telegraph (London), 23 August 2006"},{"Link":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,14936-2323309,00.html","external_links_name":"Benedict Nightingale, Frost/Nixon, The Times Online (London), 22 August 2006"},{"Link":"http://theater2.nytimes.com/2007/04/23/theater/reviews/23fros.html","external_links_name":"Ben Brantley, \"When David Faced a Wounded Goliath\", The New York Times, 23 April 2007 (Broadway production)"},{"Link":"http://www.timelinetheatre.com/frost_nixon/FrostNixon_StudyGuide.pdf","external_links_name":"TimeLine Theatre Company, Chicago: Frost/Nixon Study Guide"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Bandeira
Manuel Bandeira
["1 Life and career","2 Bibliography","3 Example","4 Poetry","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Brazilian poet, literary critic, and translator This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Manuel BandeiraBornManuel Carneiro de Sousa Bandeira Filho(1886-04-19)April 19, 1886Recife, Pernambuco, Empire of BrazilDiedOctober 13, 1968(1968-10-13) (aged 82)Rio de Janeiro, BrazilOccupationPoetNationalityBrazilianLiterary movementModernism Manuel Bandeira (the 3rd left to right, back row), 1936 Manuel Carneiro de Sousa Bandeira Filho (April 19, 1886 – October 13, 1968) was a Brazilian poet, literary critic, and translator, who wrote over 20 books of poetry and prose. Life and career Bandeira was born in Recife, Pernambuco. In 1904, he found out that he suffered from tuberculosis, which encouraged him to move from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro, because of Rio's tropical beach weather. In 1922, after an extended stay in Europe where Bandeira met many prominent authors and painters, he contributed poems of political and social criticism to the Modernist movement in São Paulo. Bandeira began to publish his most important works in 1924. He became a respected Brazilian author and wrote for several newspapers and magazines. He also taught Hispanic Literature in Rio de Janeiro. Bandeira began to translate into Portuguese canonical plays of world literature in 1956, something he continued to do until his last days. He died in Rio de Janeiro. Bandeira's poems have a unique delicacy and beauty. Recurrent themes that can be found in his works are: the love of women, his childhood in the Northeast city of Recife, friends, and health problems. His delicate health affected his poetry, and many Many of his poems depict the limits of the human body. He is one of Brazil's most admired and inspiring poets until today. In fact, the "bandeiriano rhythm" deserves in-depth studies of essayists. Manuel Bandeira has a simple and direct style, but does not share the hardness of poets like João Cabral de Melo Neto, also a Pernambucano. Indeed, in an analysis of the works of Manuel Bandeira and João Cabral de Melo Neto, one sees that, unlike the latter, who aims to purge the lyricism of his work, Bandeira was the most lyrical of poets. His work addresses universal themes and everyday concerns, sometimes with an approach of "poem-a-joke", dealing with forms and inspiration that academic tradition considers vulgar. Manuel Bandeira, 1966. National Archives of Brazil. In addition, his vast knowledge of literature was used to speak about everyday topics, sometimes using forms taken from classical and medieval traditions. In his debut work (that had very short circulation) there are rigid poetic compositions, rich rhymes and sonnets in perfect measure. In his later work we find as the rondo compositions and ballads. His poetry, far from being a little sweet song of melancholy, is deeply concerned with a drama combining his personal history and conflicts stylistic lived by the poets of his time. Cinza das Horas—Ash from the Hours presents a great view: the hurt, the sadness, resentment, framed by the morbid style of late symbolism. Carnaval, a book that came soon after Cinza das Horas opens with the unpredictable: the evocation of the Bacchic and satanic carnival, but it ends in the middle of melancholy. This hesitation between jubilation and joint pain will be figurative in several dimensions. Instead, happiness appears in poems like "Vou-me Embora para Pasárgada" ," where the question is dreamy evocation of an imaginary country, the Pays de Cocagne, where every desire, especially erotic, is satisfied. Passargada is not elsewhere, but an intangible place, a locus of spiritual amenus. In Bandeira, the object of desire is veiled. Adopting the trope of the Portuguese saudade, Pasargada and many other poems are similar in a nostalgic remembrance of Bandeira's childhood, street life, as well as the everyday world of provincial Brazilian cities of the early 20th century. The intangible is also feminine and erotic. Torn between a sheer idealism of friendly and platonic unions and a voluptuous carnality, Manuel Bandeira is, in many of his poems, a poet of guilt. The pleasure is not accomplished by the satisfaction of desire, but it is the excitement of loss that satisfies the desire. In O Ritmo Dissoluto , eroticism, so morbid in the first two books, is longing, it is the dissolution of a liquid element, as it is the case of wet nights in Loneliness. Bibliography A Literature professor, he was elected to the Brazilian Academy of Letters where he was the third occupant of the 24th Chair whose patron was Júlio Ribeiro. His election took place on August 29, 1940, succeeding Luís Guimarães and he was formally introduced by academician Ribeiro Couto on November 30, 1940. He died at the age of 82, on October 18, 1968, in Botafogo (a borough of Rio de Janeiro). His funeral took place at the grand hall of the Brazilian Academy of Letters and he was buried at the São João Batista Cemetery. Example CONSOADA Quando a Indesejada das gentes chegar (Não sei se dura ou caroável), Talvez eu tenha medo. Talvez sorria, ou diga: - Alô, iniludível! O meu dia foi bom, pode a noite descer. (A noite com seus sortilégios.) Encontrará lavrado o campo, a casa limpa, A mesa posta, Com cada coisa em seu lugar. Manuel Bandeira Translation: Special dinner (*) When the undesirable of the people comes, (I don't know if tough or gentle) Maybe I will be scared. Maybe I will smile, or say: - Hello, uncheatable! My day was good, the night can fall. (The night with its maledictions.) It will find the field plowed, the house cleaned, the table ready, With everything in its place. (*) "Consoada" translated as "Special dinner" is the traditional Portuguese dinner in the night before Christmas Day. Poetry Alumbramentos, 1960 Antologia Poética Berimbau e Outros Poemas, 1986 Carnaval, 1919 50 Poemas Escolhidos pelo Autor, 1955 A Cinza das Horas, 1917 A Cinza das Horas, Carnaval e O Ritmo Dissoluto, 1994 Estrela da Manhã, 1936 Estrela da Tarde, 1959 Estrela da Vida Inteira. Poesias Reunidas, 1966 This Earth, That Sky: Poems (English translation of Estrela da vida inteira), 1989 Libertinagem, 1930 Libertinagem. Estrela da Manhã. Edição crítica, 1998 Mafuá do Malungo. Jogos Onomásticos e Outros Versos de Circunstância 1948. O Melhor Soneto de Manuel Bandeira, 1955 Os Melhores Poemas de Manuel Bandeira Selected and edited by Francisco de Assis Barbosa, 1984 A Morte, 1965. (special edition) Opus 10, 1952 Pasárgada, 1959 Um Poema de Manuel Bandeira, 1956 Poemas de Manuel Bandeira com Motivos Religiosos, 1985 Poesia Selected by Alceu Amoroso Lima, 197 Poesia e Prosa, 1958 Poesias, 192 Poesias Completas, 1940 Poesias Escolhidas, 1937 Seleta em Prosa e Verso Selected and edited by Emanuel de Morais, 1971 References ^ "Manuel Bandeira: Biography and Poems | Brazilian Poetry". Retrieved 2021-05-28. ^ Nist, John (2014-11-06). The Modernist Movement in Brazil: A Literary Study. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-4773-0452-5. ^ BERWANGER, M. Luiza (2015-12-08). Manuel Bandeira, leitor de alteridades e de espacialidades da alma: EN Manuel Bandeira en Pasárgada (in Portuguese). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. ^ Berardinelli, Cleonice (1993). "The Poetry of Manuel Bandeira". Portuguese Studies. 9: 183–188. ISSN 0267-5315. JSTOR 41104983. ^ Silva, Maria de Fátima; Hardwick, Lorna; Pereira, Susana Marques (2022-02-21). The Classical Tradition in Portuguese and Brazilian Poetry. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-8119-7. ^ "Jornal do Brasil (RJ) - 1960 a 1969 - DocReader Web". memoria.bn.br. Retrieved 2023-11-10. Further reading Bocskay, Stephen. “Coreografias Móveis: José Asunción Silva, Poeta Pré Modernista Brasileiro?” in A poesia na era da internacionalização dos saberes: A produção, a crítica, a tradução e o ensino da poesia no contexto contemporâneo. Eds. Lúcia Outeiro Fernandes and Paulo Andrade. Araraquara: UNESP (2016): 77-89. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Manuel Bandeira. Manuel Bandeira Academia Brasileira de Letras profile of Manuel Bandeira Manuel Bandeira recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division's audio literary archive on August 12, 1953. Works by Manuel Bandeira at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) vtePatrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of LettersChairs1 to 10 1 (Adelino Fontoura): Luís Murat ► Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay ► Ivan Monteiro de Barros Lins ► Bernardo Élis ► Evandro Lins e Silva ► Ana Maria Machado 2 (Álvares de Azevedo): Coelho Neto ► João Neves da Fontoura ► João Guimarães Rosa ► Mário Palmério ► Tarcísio Padilha ► Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca 3 (Artur de Oliveira): Filinto de Almeida ► Roberto Simonsen ► Aníbal Freire da Fonseca ► Herberto Sales ► Carlos Heitor Cony ► Joaquim Falcão 4 (Basílio da Gama): Aluísio Azevedo ► Alcides Maia ► Viana Moog ► Carlos Nejar 5 (Bernardo Guimarães): Raimundo Correia ► Oswaldo Cruz ► Aloísio de Castro ► Cândido Mota Filho ► Rachel de Queiroz ► José Murilo de Carvalho ► Ailton Krenak 6 (Casimiro de Abreu): Teixeira de Melo ► Artur Jaceguai ► Goulart de Andrade ► Barbosa Lima Sobrinho ► Raimundo Faoro ► Cícero Sandroni 7 (Castro Alves): Valentim Magalhães ► Euclides da Cunha ► Afrânio Peixoto ► Afonso Pena Júnior ► Hermes Lima ► Pontes de Miranda ► Diná Silveira de Queirós ► Sérgio Correia da Costa ► Nelson Pereira dos Santos ► Cacá Diegues 8 (Cláudio Manuel da Costa): Alberto de Oliveira ► Oliveira Viana ► Austregésilo de Athayde ► Antônio Calado ► Antônio Olinto ► Cleonice Berardinelli ► Ricardo Cavaliere 9 (Gonçalves de Magalhães): Carlos Magalhães de Azeredo ► Marques Rebelo ► Carlos Chagas Filho ► Alberto da Costa e Silva ► Vacant 10 (Evaristo da Veiga): Rui Barbosa ► Laudelino Freire ► Osvaldo Orico ► Orígenes Lessa ► Lêdo Ivo ► Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira Chairs11 to 20 11 (Fagundes Varela): Lúcio de Mendonça ► Pedro Augusto Carneiro Lessa ► Eduardo Ramos ► João Luís Alves ► Adelmar Tavares ► Deolindo Couto ► Darcy Ribeiro ► Celso Furtado ► Hélio Jaguaribe ► Ignácio de Loyola Brandão 12 (França Júnior): Urbano Duarte de Oliveira ► Antônio Augusto de Lima ► Vítor Viana ► José Carlos de Macedo Soares ► Abgar Renault ► Lucas Moreira Neves ► Alfredo Bosi ► Paulo Niemeyer Filho 13 (Francisco Otaviano): Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay ► Francisco de Castro ► Martins Júnior ► Sousa Bandeira ► Hélio Lobo ► Augusto Meyer ► Francisco de Assis Barbosa ► Sérgio Paulo Rouanet ► Ruy Castro 14 (Franklin Távora): Clóvis Beviláqua ► Antônio Carneiro Leão ► Fernando de Azevedo ► Miguel Reale ► Celso Lafer 15 (Gonçalves Dias): Olavo Bilac ► Amadeu Amaral ► Guilherme de Almeida ► Odilo Costa Filho ► Marcos Barbosa ► Fernando Bastos de Ávila ► Marco Lucchesi 16 (Gregório de Matos): Araripe Júnior ► Félix Pacheco ► Pedro Calmon ► Lygia Fagundes Telles ► Jorge Caldeira 17 (Hipólito da Costa): Sílvio Romero ► Osório Duque-Estrada ► Edgar Roquette-Pinto ► Álvaro Lins ► Antônio Houaiss ► Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco ► Fernanda Montenegro 18 (João Francisco Lisboa): José Veríssimo ► Barão Homem de Melo ► Alberto Faria ► Luís Carlos ► Pereira da Silva ► Peregrino Júnior ► Arnaldo Niskier 19 (Joaquim Caetano): Alcindo Guanabara ► Silvério Gomes Pimenta ► Gustavo Barroso ► Silva Melo ► Américo Jacobina Lacombe ► Marcos Almir Madeira ► Antônio Carlos Secchin 20 (Joaquim Manuel de Macedo): Salvador de Mendonça ► Emílio de Meneses ► Humberto de Campos ► Múcio Leão ► Aurélio de Lira Tavares ► Murilo Melo Filho ► Gilberto Gil Chairs21 to 30 21 (Joaquim Serra): José do Patrocínio ► Mário de Alencar ► Olegário Mariano ► Álvaro Moreira ► Adonias Filho ► Dias Gomes ► Roberto Campos ► Paulo Coelho 22 (José Bonifácio the Younger): Medeiros e Albuquerque ► Miguel Osório de Almeida ► Luís Viana Filho ► Ivo Pitanguy ► João Almino 23 (José de Alencar): Machado de Assis ► Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira ► Alfredo Pujol ► Otávio Mangabeira ► Jorge Amado ► Zélia Gattai ► Luiz Paulo Horta ► Antônio Torres 24 (Júlio Ribeiro): Garcia Redondo ► Luís Guimarães Filho ► Manuel Bandeira ► Cyro dos Anjos ► Sábato Magaldi ► Geraldo Carneiro 25 (Junqueira Freire): Franklin Dória ► Artur Orlando da Silva ► Ataulfo de Paiva ► José Lins do Rego ► Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco ► Alberto Venancio Filho 26 (Laurindo Rabelo): Guimarães Passos ► João do Rio ► Constâncio Alves ► Ribeiro Couto ► Gilberto Amado ► Mauro Mota ► Marcos Vilaça 27 (Antônio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro): Joaquim Nabuco ► Dantas Barreto ► Gregório da Fonseca ► Levi Carneiro ► Otávio de Faria ► Eduardo Portella ► Antonio Cícero 28 (Manuel Antônio de Almeida): Inglês de Sousa ► Xavier Marques ► Menotti Del Picchia ► Oscar Dias Correia ► Domício Proença Filho 29 (Martins Pena): Artur Azevedo ► Vicente de Carvalho ► Cláudio de Sousa ► Josué Montello ► José Mindlin ► Geraldo Holanda Cavalcanti 30 (Pardal Mallet): Pedro Rabelo ► Heráclito Graça ► Antônio Austregésilo ► Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira ► Nélida Piñon ► Heloísa Teixeira Chairs31 to 40 31 (Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa): Luís Caetano Pereira Guimarães Júnior ► João Batista Ribeiro de Andrade Fernandes ► Paulo Setúbal ► Cassiano Ricardo ► José Cândido de Carvalho ► Geraldo França de Lima ► Moacyr Scliar ► Merval Pereira 32 (Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre): Carlos de Laet ► Ramiz Galvão ► Viriato Correia ► Joracy Camargo ► Genolino Amado ► Ariano Suassuna ► Zuenir Ventura 33 (Raul Pompeia): Domício da Gama ► Fernando Magalhães ► Luís Edmundo ► Afrânio Coutinho ► Evanildo Bechara 34 (Sousa Caldas): João Manuel Pereira da Silva ► José Maria da Silva Paranhos Jr. ► Lauro Müller ► Aquino Correia ► Magalhães Júnior ► Carlos Castelo Branco ► João Ubaldo Ribeiro ► Zuenir Ventura ► Evaldo Cabral de Mello 35 (Tavares Bastos): Rodrigo Otávio ► Rodrigo Otávio Filho ► José Honório Rodrigues ► Celso Cunha ► Cândido Mendes de Almeida ► Godofredo de Oliveira Neto 36 (Teófilo Dias): Afonso Celso ► Clementino Fraga ► Paulo Carneiro ► José Guilherme Merquior ► João de Scantimburgo ► Fernando Henrique Cardoso 37 (Tomás António Gonzaga): José Júlio da Silva Ramos ► José de Alcântara Machado ► Getúlio Vargas ► Assis Chateaubriand ► João Cabral de Melo Neto ► Ivan Junqueira ► Ferreira Gullar ► Arno Wehling 38 (Tobias Barreto): Graça Aranha ► Alberto Santos-Dumont ► Celso Vieira ► Maurício Campos de Medeiros ► José Américo de Almeida ► José Sarney 39 (Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen): Manuel de Oliveira Lima ► Alberto de Faria ► Rocha Pombo ► Rodolfo Garcia ► Elmano Cardim ► Otto Lara Resende ► Roberto Marinho ► Marco Maciel ► José Paulo Cavalcanti Filho 40 (José Maria da Silva Paranhos Sr.): Eduardo Prado ► Afonso Arinos ► Miguel Couto ► Alceu Amoroso Lima ► Evaristo de Moraes Filho ► Edmar Bacha Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Argentina Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz ULAN People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_Bandeira,_Alceu_Amoroso_Lima,_H%C3%A9lder_C%C3%A2mara,_Louren%C3%A7o_Filho,_Roquette_Pinto_e_Gustavo_Capanema.jpg"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"literary critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_critic"},{"link_name":"translator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Manuel Bandeira (the 3rd left to right, back row), 1936Manuel Carneiro de Sousa Bandeira Filho (April 19, 1886 – October 13, 1968) was a Brazilian poet, literary critic, and translator, who wrote over 20 books of poetry and prose.[1]","title":"Manuel Bandeira"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"Pernambuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Recife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recife"},{"link_name":"João Cabral de Melo Neto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral_de_Melo_Neto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manuel_Bandeira,_1966.tif"},{"link_name":"National Archives of Brazil.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_National_Archives"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pasargadae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasargadae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"saudade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudade"}],"text":"Bandeira was born in Recife, Pernambuco. In 1904, he found out that he suffered from tuberculosis,[2] which encouraged him to move from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro, because of Rio's tropical beach weather. In 1922, after an extended stay in Europe where Bandeira met many prominent authors and painters, he contributed poems of political and social criticism to the Modernist movement in São Paulo.[3] Bandeira began to publish his most important works in 1924. He became a respected Brazilian author and wrote for several newspapers and magazines. He also taught Hispanic Literature in Rio de Janeiro. Bandeira began to translate into Portuguese canonical plays of world literature in 1956, something he continued to do until his last days. He died in Rio de Janeiro.Bandeira's poems have a unique delicacy and beauty. Recurrent themes that can be found in his works are: the love of women, his childhood in the Northeast city of Recife, friends, and health problems. His delicate health affected his poetry, and many Many of his poems depict the limits of the human body.He is one of Brazil's most admired and inspiring poets until today. In fact, the \"bandeiriano rhythm\" deserves in-depth studies of essayists. Manuel Bandeira has a simple and direct style, but does not share the hardness of poets like João Cabral de Melo Neto, also a Pernambucano. Indeed, in an analysis of the works of Manuel Bandeira and João Cabral de Melo Neto, one sees that, unlike the latter, who aims to purge the lyricism of his work, Bandeira was the most lyrical of poets. His work addresses universal themes and everyday concerns, sometimes with an approach of \"poem-a-joke\", dealing with forms and inspiration that academic tradition considers vulgar.Manuel Bandeira, 1966. National Archives of Brazil.In addition, his vast knowledge of literature was used to speak about everyday topics, sometimes using forms taken from classical and medieval traditions. In his debut work (that had very short circulation) there are rigid poetic compositions, rich rhymes and sonnets in perfect measure. In his later work we find as the rondo compositions and ballads. His poetry, far from being a little sweet song of melancholy, is deeply concerned with a drama combining his personal history and conflicts stylistic lived by the poets of his time. Cinza das Horas—Ash from the Hours presents a great view: the hurt, the sadness, resentment, framed by the morbid style of late symbolism.[4]Carnaval, a book that came soon after Cinza das Horas opens with the unpredictable: the evocation of the Bacchic and satanic carnival, but it ends in the middle of melancholy. This hesitation between jubilation and joint pain will be figurative in several dimensions. Instead, happiness appears in poems like \"Vou-me Embora para Pasárgada\" [I'm off to Pasargadae],[5]\" where the question is dreamy evocation of an imaginary country, the Pays de Cocagne, where every desire, especially erotic, is satisfied. Passargada is not elsewhere, but an intangible place, a locus of spiritual amenus. In Bandeira, the object of desire is veiled. Adopting the trope of the Portuguese saudade, Pasargada and many other poems are similar in a nostalgic remembrance of Bandeira's childhood, street life, as well as the everyday world of provincial Brazilian cities of the early 20th century.The intangible is also feminine and erotic. Torn between a sheer idealism of friendly and platonic unions and a voluptuous carnality, Manuel Bandeira is, in many of his poems, a poet of guilt. The pleasure is not accomplished by the satisfaction of desire, but it is the excitement of loss that satisfies the desire. In O Ritmo Dissoluto [Dissolute Rhythm], eroticism, so morbid in the first two books, is longing, it is the dissolution of a liquid element, as it is the case of wet nights in Loneliness.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"academician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academician"},{"link_name":"Ribeiro Couto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ribeiro_Couto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Botafogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botafogo"},{"link_name":"São João Batista Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemit%C3%A9rio_de_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Batista"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A Literature professor, he was elected to the Brazilian Academy of Letters where he was the third occupant of the 24th Chair whose patron was Júlio Ribeiro. His election took place on August 29, 1940, succeeding Luís Guimarães and he was formally introduced by academician Ribeiro Couto on November 30, 1940.He died at the age of 82, on October 18, 1968, in Botafogo (a borough of Rio de Janeiro). His funeral took place at the grand hall of the Brazilian Academy of Letters and he was buried at the São João Batista Cemetery.[6]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"CONSOADA\n Quando a Indesejada das gentes chegar\n (Não sei se dura ou caroável),\n Talvez eu tenha medo.\n Talvez sorria, ou diga:\n - Alô, iniludível!\n O meu dia foi bom, pode a noite descer.\n (A noite com seus sortilégios.)\n Encontrará lavrado o campo, a casa limpa,\n A mesa posta,\n Com cada coisa em seu lugar.\n Manuel Bandeira\n Translation:\n Special dinner (*)\n When the undesirable of the people comes,\n (I don't know if tough or gentle)\n Maybe I will be scared.\n Maybe I will smile, or say:\n - Hello, uncheatable!\n My day was good, the night can fall.\n (The night with its maledictions.)\n It will find the field plowed, the house cleaned,\n the table ready,\n With everything in its place.\n (*) \"Consoada\" translated as \"Special dinner\" is the traditional Portuguese \n dinner in the night before Christmas Day.","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alumbramentos, 1960\nAntologia Poética\nBerimbau e Outros Poemas, 1986\nCarnaval, 1919\n50 Poemas Escolhidos pelo Autor, 1955\nA Cinza das Horas, 1917\nA Cinza das Horas, Carnaval e O Ritmo Dissoluto, 1994\nEstrela da Manhã, 1936\nEstrela da Tarde, 1959\nEstrela da Vida Inteira. Poesias Reunidas, 1966\nThis Earth, That Sky: Poems (English translation of Estrela da vida inteira), 1989\nLibertinagem, 1930\nLibertinagem. Estrela da Manhã. Edição crítica, 1998\nMafuá do Malungo. Jogos Onomásticos e Outros Versos de Circunstância 1948.\nO Melhor Soneto de Manuel Bandeira, 1955\nOs Melhores Poemas de Manuel Bandeira Selected and edited by Francisco de Assis Barbosa, 1984\nA Morte, 1965. (special edition)\nOpus 10, 1952\nPasárgada, 1959\nUm Poema de Manuel Bandeira, 1956\nPoemas de Manuel Bandeira com Motivos Religiosos, 1985\nPoesia Selected by Alceu Amoroso Lima, 197\nPoesia e Prosa, 1958\nPoesias, 192\nPoesias Completas, 1940\nPoesias Escolhidas, 1937\nSeleta em Prosa e Verso Selected and edited by Emanuel de Morais, 1971","title":"Poetry"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bocskay, Stephen. “Coreografias Móveis: José Asunción Silva, Poeta Pré Modernista Brasileiro?” in A poesia na era da internacionalização dos saberes: A produção, a crítica, a tradução e o ensino da poesia no contexto contemporâneo. Eds. Lúcia Outeiro Fernandes and Paulo Andrade. Araraquara: UNESP (2016): 77-89.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Manuel Bandeira (the 3rd left to right, back row), 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Manuel_Bandeira%2C_Alceu_Amoroso_Lima%2C_H%C3%A9lder_C%C3%A2mara%2C_Louren%C3%A7o_Filho%2C_Roquette_Pinto_e_Gustavo_Capanema.jpg/200px-Manuel_Bandeira%2C_Alceu_Amoroso_Lima%2C_H%C3%A9lder_C%C3%A2mara%2C_Louren%C3%A7o_Filho%2C_Roquette_Pinto_e_Gustavo_Capanema.jpg"},{"image_text":"Manuel Bandeira, 1966. National Archives of Brazil.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Manuel_Bandeira%2C_1966.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Manuel_Bandeira%2C_1966.tif.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Manuel Bandeira: Biography and Poems | Brazilian Poetry\". Retrieved 2021-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brazilianpoetry.com/2021/05/manuel-bandeira-biography-and-poems.html","url_text":"\"Manuel Bandeira: Biography and Poems | Brazilian Poetry\""}]},{"reference":"Nist, John (2014-11-06). The Modernist Movement in Brazil: A Literary Study. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-4773-0452-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jad0BQAAQBAJ&dq=manuel+bandeira+poet+tuberculosis&pg=PT118","url_text":"The Modernist Movement in Brazil: A Literary Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0452-5","url_text":"978-1-4773-0452-5"}]},{"reference":"BERWANGER, M. Luiza (2015-12-08). Manuel Bandeira, leitor de alteridades e de espacialidades da alma: EN Manuel Bandeira en Pasárgada (in Portuguese). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V0p2CwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Manuel Bandeira, leitor de alteridades e de espacialidades da alma: EN Manuel Bandeira en Pasárgada"}]},{"reference":"Berardinelli, Cleonice (1993). \"The Poetry of Manuel Bandeira\". Portuguese Studies. 9: 183–188. ISSN 0267-5315. JSTOR 41104983.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41104983","url_text":"\"The Poetry of Manuel Bandeira\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0267-5315","url_text":"0267-5315"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41104983","url_text":"41104983"}]},{"reference":"Silva, Maria de Fátima; Hardwick, Lorna; Pereira, Susana Marques (2022-02-21). The Classical Tradition in Portuguese and Brazilian Poetry. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-8119-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=63VjEAAAQBAJ&dq=manuel+bandeira+pasargadae&pg=PA393","url_text":"The Classical Tradition in Portuguese and Brazilian Poetry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-8119-7","url_text":"978-1-5275-8119-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Jornal do Brasil (RJ) - 1960 a 1969 - DocReader Web\". memoria.bn.br. Retrieved 2023-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://memoria.bn.br/DOCREADER/DocReader.aspx?bib=030015_08&hf=www.google.com.br&pagfis=123355","url_text":"\"Jornal do Brasil (RJ) - 1960 a 1969 - DocReader Web\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranborne_Chase
Cranborne Chase
["1 Definitions","2 History and archaeology","3 Geography","3.1 Natural region","3.2 Hills","4 Biodiversity","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°57′40″N 2°02′38″W / 50.961°N 2.044°W / 50.961; -2.044For the electoral division covering the area, see Cranborne Chase (ward).Plateau in southern England Ashmore pond Cranborne Chase (grid reference ST970180) is an area of central southern England, straddling the counties Dorset, Hampshire and Wiltshire. It is part of the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The area is dominated by, and often considered to be synonymous with, a chalk downland plateau. Part of the English Chalk Formation, it is adjacent to Salisbury Plain and the West Wiltshire Downs in the north, and the Dorset Downs to the south west. The highest point is Win Green Down, in Wiltshire, at 910 feet (280 m). Historically a medieval hunting forest, the area is also noted for its Neolithic and Bronze age archaeology and its rural agricultural character. Definitions As an informally defined region, the boundaries of Cranborne Chase vary depending on usage. When defined as the chalk plateau, it is clearly bounded by escarpments which face the valleys of the Blackmore Vale to the west, the Vale of Wardour to the north, and the Hampshire Avon to the east. To the south the chalk gently slopes, giving way more subtly to the Dorset Heaths landscape around Verwood and Wimborne Minster. The name is derived from its historic use as a medieval hunting forest, which at its height covered an area bounded by Salisbury, Shaftesbury, Blandford Forum, Wimborne Minster and Ringwood, incorporating a slightly larger area than just the chalk plateau. Early written records of this definition include a jury verdict at New Sarum in 1246 and the Quo Warranto of Edward I, issued in or around 1280. Over time this estate shrank, and the term has also been used to describe a smaller remnant area of around 10 mi (16 km) by 4 mi (6.4 km) immediately to the west of Cranborne village. A more recent usage of the term, used since 2014 by the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB Partnership of local authorities, has been to promote the much larger AONB area simply as "Cranborne Chase AONB". This usage includes a large area outside of the more established landscape and historical definitions of Cranborne Chase, including the West Wiltshire Downs and an area of greensand landscape on the Somerset-Wiltshire border around Longleat and Stourhead. History and archaeology Badbury Rings hill fort The downland has a long history with many earthworks and archaeology from the Neolithic age onwards. The dense woodland originally covering the downs would have gradually been cleared by the first farmers, but would have grown back repeatedly over the centuries as soils became exhausted and the agricultural carrying capacity of the land was exceeded several times over the course of six millennia. Much of the area therefore remained wooded from the Middle Ages until World War II. Analysis of remains found in some of the Bronze Age burial mounds, by experts at Bournemouth University, has revealed that many of the bones had small holes drilled in then, enabling them, it is hypothesised, to have been articulated by means of wooden pegs, i.e. the skeletons were prevented from falling apart during repeated removal and re-burial. There are many Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments, including the henge monuments at Knowlton and the remains of a number of Iron Age settlements on the downs, most notably the hill fort at Badbury Rings (Vindocladia). There is a Roman villa which has been dug by archaeological television programme Time Team. During the Saxon invasion of England the Romano-British kept the invaders out of Dorset by building Bokerley Dyke, a defensive ditch, across the Roman Road that runs across the downs from Dorchester to Old Sarum. The downs have been sparsely populated since Saxon times, largely preserving archaeology until World War II when the need for agricultural land outweighed the archaeological importance. It was here that Augustus Pitt Rivers developed modern archaeological field work in the 19th century. The downs are named after the village Cranborne, founded by the Saxons, which had a manor house and a small monastery. The word "chase" comes from the hunts, frequented by royalty (including Kings John, Henry VIII and James I), which took place on the downs. The first known owner of the chase is thought to have been Brictric. His possessions were confiscated by Queen Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror; on her death, it passed to the Crown, and was granted, with other lands forming the feudal barony of Gloucester, to Robert Fitzhamon in 1083. This passed to his son-in-law Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester. Ownership of the chase passed through successive Earls of Gloucester until the death of Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester in 1314. The chase passed to his sister Elizabeth de Clare (d. 1360), and thence to her granddaughter Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster (d. 1363). The Countess was succeeded by her daughter Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster (d. 1382), wife of Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March. The chase was owned by successive Earls of March until 1461, when the last Earl was crowned as Edward IV of England. Cranborne Chase remained crown property until 1616, when it was granted to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury. His great-grandson, the 3rd Earl, sold it to Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury in 1671. His son, the 2nd Earl, sold it in 1692 to Thomas Freke (d. 1701), who bequeathed it to Elizabeth Freke (the wife of his kinsman, also Thomas Freke) and her father Thomas Pile, with reversion to George Pitt should she die without children. Pitt inherited Cranborne Chase from her in 1714, and it passed from father to son in the Pitt family to his great-grandson George Pitt, 2nd Baron Rivers, after whose death it was disfranchised. Much of the Chase is still owned by large estates such as Kingston Lacy. Cranborne Chase School, a former boarding school for girls, was based at two locations in Cranborne Chase: at Crichel House near the village of Moor Crichel in Dorset from 1946 to 1961, and then at New Wardour Castle in the settlement of Wardour (near the village of Tisbury) in Wiltshire, until the School's closure in 1990. Geography Panorama at Win Green showing the northern chalk escarpment above the Vale of Wardour. Natural region Cranborne Chase is part of a National Character Area (No. 134), "Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase", designated by Natural England. Hills The landscape of Cranborne Chase is remarkably varied, its most dramatic scenery being near the boundary between Dorset and Wiltshire where the chalk downland rises sharply to the rounded summits of Breeze Hill (262 m), with the hairpin bends of the B3081 climbing Zig Zag Hill on its northwestern flanks, and Win Green (277 m). Nearby, another prominent top, Melbury Hill (263 m) above Melbury Abbas, "appears almost like an island rising above the flat, sea-like expanses of" Compton Abbas airfield. Further south are two more summits on an outlier of the Chase that define its southern limits: Hambledon and Hod Hills. Biodiversity An area of 1,115 acres (451 ha) of Cranborne Chase has been notified as a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, notification initially taking place in 1975. As some of the wooded areas in the chase are centuries old, they possess a diverse ground flora that is associated with such sites. The area is one of the richest in southern England for numbers of lichen species; over 160 have been recorded. See also Bowerchalke – geological profile of a Lower Greensand inlier on chalklands of Cranborne Chase References ^ a b Pitt-Rivers, Michael (1966). Dorset: a Shell Guide. London: Faber & Faber. p. 65. Cranborne Chase is now the name for the chalk uplands of East Dorset as far as the escarpment which overlooks the Blackmore Vale. ^ a b Hawkins, Desmond (1981). Cranborne Chase. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. ISBN 0575027681. ^ "National Character Area 134 - Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase". Natural England. Retrieved 9 October 2022. ^ Hawkins, Desmond (1981). Cranborne Chase. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. ISBN 0575027681. Physically the Chase is a chalk plateau, bordered by the valleys of the Stour and the Avon, rising steeply along its northern escarpment and sloping gently southward to lose itself in the wastes of heather, gorse and pine that run westward from Christchurch to Wareham. ^ "Historic Environment Action Plans. Theme 5: Hunting Landscapes" (PDF). Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Retrieved 9 October 2022. ^ Hawkins, Desmond (1981). Cranborne Chase. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. ISBN 0575027681. To gain a tolerably accurate impression of the size of Cranborne Chase it is sufficient to sketch a rough quadrangle with Shaftesbury, Salisbury, Ringwood and Wimborne at the four corners. The accepted definition of what are termed the outer or greater metes and bounds of the Chase is contained in the Quo Warranto of Edward I, issues in or about the year 1280. It merely confirmed the unanimous verdict of the jury at New Sarum in 1245, which was appointed by Henry III following a complaint by Richard de Clare, who was a ward from 1230 to 1245, that during his minority his inheritance had been neglected. ^ Thompson, M.W. (1977). General Pitt-Rivers. Moonraker Press. SBN 239001621. ^ "CRANBORNE CHASE PARTNERSHIP PLAN 2019-2024 (Page 8)" (PDF). Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB Partnership. Retrieved 9 October 2022. ^ Cranborne Chase and the West Wiltshire Downs AONB map ^ Hammond, Norman (8 June 2013). "Exposing the truth about ancient burials". The Times. Retrieved 9 February 2024. ^ "Channel4.com - Time Team - Cranborne Chase". 19 February 2005. Archived from the original on 19 February 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2011. ^ Hawkins, Desmond (1981). Cranborne Chase. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. p. 18. ISBN 0575027681. William the Conqueror gave it to his queen. Their son, William Rufus, gave it to a cousin. An illegitimate son of Henry I acquired it by marriage. So did King John later: he is known to have made at least fourteen visits in order to hunt in the Chase. The lordship of the Chase was never far from the Crown until James I gave it to his 'little beagle', Robert Cecil, who was created Viscount Cranborne. ^ Crittall, Elizabeth, ed. (1959). "Cranborne Chase". A History of the County of Wiltshire. Vol. v. 4. pp. 458–460. ^ NCA Profile:134 Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase (NE494) at publications.naturalengland.org.uk. Retrieved 25 Feb 2018. ^ a b The face of Dorset — Cranborne Chase at www.dorsetlife.co.uk. Accessed on 24 March 2013. ^ Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase at www.naturalengland.org.uk. Accessed on 24 March 2013. ^ "Cranborne Chase Downs & Woodlands". www.plantlife.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2015. External links Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase AONB Natural Character Area Dorset County Council: Cranborne Chase AONB at archive.today (archived 19 June 2004) Natural England citation sheet for Cranborne Chase 50°57′40″N 2°02′38″W / 50.961°N 2.044°W / 50.961; -2.044 vteBiological Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire Acres Farm Meadow River Avon System Baverstock Juniper Bank Bencroft Hill Meadows Bentley Wood Bincknoll Dip Woods Blackmoor Copse Botley Down Bowerchalke Downs Box Mine Bracknell Croft Bradley Woods Bratton Downs Brickworth Down and Dean Hill Brimsdown Hill Britford Water Meadows Burcombe Down Burderop Wood Calstone and Cherhill Downs Camp Down Chilmark Quarries Chickengrove Bottom Chilton Foliat Meadows Clattinger Farm Clearbury Down Cley Hill Cloatley Manor Farm Meadows Clout's Wood Coate Water Cockey Down Colerne Park and Monk's Wood The Coombes, Hinton Parva Cotswold Water Park Cranborne Chase Dank's Down and Truckle Hill Distillery Farm Meadows East Harnham Meadows Ebsbury Down Emmett Hill Meadows Figsbury Ring Fonthill Grottoes Fyfield Down Gallows Hill Goldborough Farm Meadows Great Cheverell Hill Great Yews Gutch Common Ham Hill Hang Wood Harries Ground, Rodbourne Haydon Meadow Heath Hill Farm Homington and Coombe Bissett Downs Honeybrook Farm Inwood, Warleigh Jones's Mill River Kennet Kennet and Lambourn Floodplain King's Play Hill Knapp and Barnett's Downs Knighton Downs and Wood Landford Bog Landford Heath Langley Wood and Homan's Copse Little Grubbins Meadow Long Knoll Loosehanger Copse and Meadows Lower Coombe and Ferne Brook Meadows Lower Woodford Water Meadows Midford Valley Woods Morgan's Hill The New Forest North Meadow, Cricklade Odstock Down Out Woods Parsonage Down Pewsey Downs Picket and Clanger Wood Piggledene Pike Corner Pincombe Down Porton Down Porton Meadows Prescombe Down Rack Hill Ravensroost Wood Restrop Farm and Brockhurst Wood Rotherley Downs Roundway Down and Covert Salisbury Plain Savernake Forest Scratchbury & Cotley Hills Silbury Hill Spye Park Starveall and Stony Down Steeple Langford Down Stockton Wood and Down Stoke Common Meadows Stratford Toney Down Sutton Lane Meadows Throope Down River Till Tytherington Down Upper Waterhay Meadow Upton Cow Down West Yatton Down Whiteparish Common Whitesheet Hill Win Green Down Winklebury Hill Winsley Mines Wylye and Church Dean Downs Yarnbury Castle Neighbouring areas Avon Berkshire Dorset Gloucestershire Hampshire Oxfordshire Somerset Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cranborne Chase (ward)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranborne_Chase_(ward)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashmore_pond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2329373.jpg"},{"link_name":"grid reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid"},{"link_name":"ST970180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cranborne_Chase&params=50.961416_N_2.044089_W_region:GB_scale:25000"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranborne_Chase_and_West_Wiltshire_Downs"},{"link_name":"Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk"},{"link_name":"downland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downland"},{"link_name":"plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitt-Rivers-1"},{"link_name":"Chalk Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_Formation"},{"link_name":"Salisbury Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Plain"},{"link_name":"West Wiltshire Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Wiltshire_Downs"},{"link_name":"Dorset Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Downs"},{"link_name":"Win Green Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_Green_Down"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawkins-2"},{"link_name":"medieval hunting forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_forest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawkins-2"}],"text":"For the electoral division covering the area, see Cranborne Chase (ward).Plateau in southern EnglandAshmore pondCranborne Chase (grid reference ST970180) is an area of central southern England, straddling the counties Dorset, Hampshire and Wiltshire. It is part of the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).The area is dominated by, and often considered to be synonymous with, a chalk downland plateau.[1] Part of the English Chalk Formation, it is adjacent to Salisbury Plain and the West Wiltshire Downs in the north, and the Dorset Downs to the south west. The highest point is Win Green Down, in Wiltshire, at 910 feet (280 m).[2]Historically a medieval hunting forest, the area is also noted for its Neolithic and Bronze age archaeology and its rural agricultural character.[2]","title":"Cranborne Chase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"escarpments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpments"},{"link_name":"Blackmore Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmore_Vale"},{"link_name":"Vale of Wardour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Wardour"},{"link_name":"Hampshire Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Avon,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Dorset Heaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Heaths"},{"link_name":"Verwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verwood"},{"link_name":"Wimborne Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimborne_Minster"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCA134-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitt-Rivers-1"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"Blandford Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandford_Forum"},{"link_name":"Wimborne Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimborne_Minster"},{"link_name":"Ringwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwood,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cranborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranborne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"West Wiltshire Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Wiltshire_Downs"},{"link_name":"Longleat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longleat"},{"link_name":"Stourhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stourhead"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"As an informally defined region, the boundaries of Cranborne Chase vary depending on usage. When defined as the chalk plateau, it is clearly bounded by escarpments which face the valleys of the Blackmore Vale to the west, the Vale of Wardour to the north, and the Hampshire Avon to the east. To the south the chalk gently slopes, giving way more subtly to the Dorset Heaths landscape around Verwood and Wimborne Minster.[3][4][1]The name is derived from its historic use as a medieval hunting forest, which at its height covered an area bounded by Salisbury, Shaftesbury, Blandford Forum, Wimborne Minster and Ringwood, incorporating a slightly larger area than just the chalk plateau.[5] Early written records of this definition include a jury verdict at New Sarum in 1246 and the Quo Warranto of Edward I, issued in or around 1280.[6] Over time this estate shrank, and the term has also been used to describe a smaller remnant area of around 10 mi (16 km) by 4 mi (6.4 km) immediately to the west of Cranborne village.[7]A more recent usage of the term, used since 2014 by the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB Partnership of local authorities, has been to promote the much larger AONB area simply as \"Cranborne Chase AONB\".[8] This usage includes a large area outside of the more established landscape and historical definitions of Cranborne Chase, including the West Wiltshire Downs and an area of greensand landscape on the Somerset-Wiltshire border around Longleat and Stourhead.[9]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Badbury_Rings,_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Badbury Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badbury_Rings"},{"link_name":"downland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downland"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Neolithic age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_age"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Knowlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowlton_Circles"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"hill fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_fort"},{"link_name":"Badbury Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badbury_Rings"},{"link_name":"Roman villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_villa"},{"link_name":"Time Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Team"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_people"},{"link_name":"Romano-British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-British"},{"link_name":"Bokerley Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokerley_Dyke"},{"link_name":"Roman Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Road"},{"link_name":"Dorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Old Sarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sarum"},{"link_name":"agricultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"Augustus Pitt Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Pitt_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Cranborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranborne"},{"link_name":"manor house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_house"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"hunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Brictric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brictric"},{"link_name":"Queen Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Robert Fitzhamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitzhamon"},{"link_name":"Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert,_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Earls of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_8th_Earl_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth de Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Clare"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Burgh,_4th_Countess_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa,_5th_Countess_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Mortimer,_3rd_Earl_of_March"},{"link_name":"Edward IV of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England"},{"link_name":"Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"3rd Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cecil,_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"2nd Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_2nd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"Thomas Freke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Freke_(died_1701)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Freke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Freke_(1660%E2%80%931721)"},{"link_name":"George Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pitt_(1663-1735)"},{"link_name":"George Pitt, 2nd Baron Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pitt,_2nd_Baron_Rivers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kingston Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Lacy"},{"link_name":"Cranborne Chase School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranborne_Chase_School"},{"link_name":"Crichel House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crichel_House"},{"link_name":"Moor Crichel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moor_Crichel"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"New Wardour Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Wardour_Castle"},{"link_name":"Wardour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardour,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Tisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisbury,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"}],"text":"Badbury Rings hill fortThe downland has a long history with many earthworks and archaeology from the Neolithic age onwards. The dense woodland originally covering the downs would have gradually been cleared by the first farmers, but would have grown back repeatedly over the centuries as soils became exhausted and the agricultural carrying capacity of the land was exceeded several times over the course of six millennia. Much of the area therefore remained wooded from the Middle Ages until World War II.Analysis of remains found in some of the Bronze Age burial mounds, by experts at Bournemouth University, has revealed that many of the bones had small holes drilled in then, enabling them, it is hypothesised, to have been articulated by means of wooden pegs, i.e. the skeletons were prevented from falling apart during repeated removal and re-burial.[10]There are many Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments, including the henge monuments at Knowlton and the remains of a number of Iron Age settlements on the downs, most notably the hill fort at Badbury Rings (Vindocladia). There is a Roman villa which has been dug by archaeological television programme Time Team.[11] During the Saxon invasion of England the Romano-British kept the invaders out of Dorset by building Bokerley Dyke, a defensive ditch, across the Roman Road that runs across the downs from Dorchester to Old Sarum.The downs have been sparsely populated since Saxon times, largely preserving archaeology until World War II when the need for agricultural land outweighed the archaeological importance. It was here that Augustus Pitt Rivers developed modern archaeological field work in the 19th century.The downs are named after the village Cranborne, founded by the Saxons, which had a manor house and a small monastery. The word \"chase\" comes from the hunts, frequented by royalty (including Kings John, Henry VIII and James I), which took place on the downs.[12]The first known owner of the chase is thought to have been Brictric. His possessions were confiscated by Queen Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror; on her death, it passed to the Crown, and was granted, with other lands forming the feudal barony of Gloucester, to Robert Fitzhamon in 1083. This passed to his son-in-law Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester. Ownership of the chase passed through successive Earls of Gloucester until the death of Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester in 1314. The chase passed to his sister Elizabeth de Clare (d. 1360), and thence to her granddaughter Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster (d. 1363). The Countess was succeeded by her daughter Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster (d. 1382), wife of Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March. The chase was owned by successive Earls of March until 1461, when the last Earl was crowned as Edward IV of England. Cranborne Chase remained crown property until 1616, when it was granted to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury. His great-grandson, the 3rd Earl, sold it to Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury in 1671. His son, the 2nd Earl, sold it in 1692 to Thomas Freke (d. 1701), who bequeathed it to Elizabeth Freke (the wife of his kinsman, also Thomas Freke) and her father Thomas Pile, with reversion to George Pitt should she die without children. Pitt inherited Cranborne Chase from her in 1714, and it passed from father to son in the Pitt family to his great-grandson George Pitt, 2nd Baron Rivers, after whose death it was disfranchised.[13]Much of the Chase is still owned by large estates such as Kingston Lacy.Cranborne Chase School, a former boarding school for girls, was based at two locations in Cranborne Chase: at Crichel House near the village of Moor Crichel in Dorset from 1946 to 1961, and then at New Wardour Castle in the settlement of Wardour (near the village of Tisbury) in Wiltshire, until the School's closure in 1990.","title":"History and archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Win_Green_Panorama_(20286794243).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Win_Green_Panorama_(20286794243).jpg"}],"text":"Panorama at Win Green showing the northern chalk escarpment above the Vale of Wardour.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Character Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Character_Area"},{"link_name":"Dorset Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Downs"},{"link_name":"Natural England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_England"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Natural region","text":"Cranborne Chase is part of a National Character Area (No. 134), \"Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase\", designated by Natural England.[14]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breeze Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeze_Hill"},{"link_name":"Win Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_Green"},{"link_name":"Melbury Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbury_Hill"},{"link_name":"Melbury Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbury_Abbas"},{"link_name":"Compton Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_Abbas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DL-15"},{"link_name":"Hambledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambledon_Hill"},{"link_name":"Hod Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hod_Hill"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DL-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Hills","text":"The landscape of Cranborne Chase is remarkably varied, its most dramatic scenery being near the boundary between Dorset and Wiltshire where the chalk downland rises sharply to the rounded summits of Breeze Hill (262 m), with the hairpin bends of the B3081 climbing Zig Zag Hill on its northwestern flanks, and Win Green (277 m). Nearby, another prominent top, Melbury Hill (263 m) above Melbury Abbas, \"appears almost like an island rising above the flat, sea-like expanses of\" Compton Abbas airfield.[15]Further south are two more summits on an outlier of the Chase that define its southern limits: Hambledon and Hod Hills.[15][16]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"notified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSI_notification"},{"link_name":"biological Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"lichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"An area of 1,115 acres (451 ha) of Cranborne Chase has been notified as a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, notification initially taking place in 1975.As some of the wooded areas in the chase are centuries old, they possess a diverse ground flora that is associated with such sites. The area is one of the richest in southern England for numbers of lichen species; over 160 have been recorded.[17]","title":"Biodiversity"}]
[{"image_text":"Ashmore pond","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ashmore_pond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2329373.jpg/220px-Ashmore_pond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2329373.jpg"},{"image_text":"Badbury Rings hill fort","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Entrance_to_Badbury_Rings%2C_2010.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_Badbury_Rings%2C_2010.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Bowerchalke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowerchalke"},{"title":"chalklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_grassland"}]
[{"reference":"Pitt-Rivers, Michael (1966). Dorset: a Shell Guide. London: Faber & Faber. p. 65. Cranborne Chase is now the name for the chalk uplands of East Dorset as far as the escarpment which overlooks the Blackmore Vale.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hawkins, Desmond (1981). Cranborne Chase. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. ISBN 0575027681.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0575027681","url_text":"0575027681"}]},{"reference":"\"National Character Area 134 - Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase\". Natural England. Retrieved 9 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalcharacterareas.co.uk/dorset-downs-and-cranborne-chase/","url_text":"\"National Character Area 134 - Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase\""}]},{"reference":"Hawkins, Desmond (1981). Cranborne Chase. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. ISBN 0575027681. Physically the Chase is a chalk plateau, bordered by the valleys of the Stour and the Avon, rising steeply along its northern escarpment and sloping gently southward to lose itself in the wastes of heather, gorse and pine that run westward from Christchurch to Wareham.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0575027681","url_text":"0575027681"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Environment Action Plans. Theme 5: Hunting Landscapes\" (PDF). Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Retrieved 9 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historiclandscape.co.uk/pdf/Theme/T5%20CCWWD%20AONB%20HEAP%20Feb%202011.pdf","url_text":"\"Historic Environment Action Plans. Theme 5: Hunting Landscapes\""}]},{"reference":"Hawkins, Desmond (1981). Cranborne Chase. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. ISBN 0575027681. To gain a tolerably accurate impression of the size of Cranborne Chase it is sufficient to sketch a rough quadrangle with Shaftesbury, Salisbury, Ringwood and Wimborne at the four corners. [...] The accepted definition of what are termed the outer or greater metes and bounds of the Chase is contained in the Quo Warranto of Edward I, issues in or about the year 1280. [...] It merely confirmed the unanimous verdict of the jury at New Sarum in 1245, which was appointed by Henry III following a complaint by Richard de Clare, who was a ward from 1230 to 1245, that during his minority his inheritance had been neglected.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0575027681","url_text":"0575027681"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, M.W. (1977). General Pitt-Rivers. Moonraker Press. SBN 239001621.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBN_(identifier)","url_text":"SBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-239001621","url_text":"239001621"}]},{"reference":"\"CRANBORNE CHASE PARTNERSHIP PLAN 2019-2024 (Page 8)\" (PDF). Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB Partnership. Retrieved 9 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cranbornechase.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CCAONB-Management-Plan-2019-2024-for-WEB.pdf","url_text":"\"CRANBORNE CHASE PARTNERSHIP PLAN 2019-2024 (Page 8)\""}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Norman (8 June 2013). \"Exposing the truth about ancient burials\". The Times. Retrieved 9 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/exposing-the-truth-about-ancient-burials-jr0gl08ss8l","url_text":"\"Exposing the truth about ancient burials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Channel4.com - Time Team - Cranborne Chase\". 19 February 2005. Archived from the original on 19 February 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050219094735/http://www.channel4.com/history/timeteam/2004_cran_t.html","url_text":"\"Channel4.com - Time Team - Cranborne Chase\""},{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/history/timeteam/2004_cran_t.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hawkins, Desmond (1981). Cranborne Chase. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. p. 18. ISBN 0575027681. William the Conqueror gave it to his queen. Their son, William Rufus, gave it to a cousin. An illegitimate son of Henry I acquired it by marriage. So did King John later: he is known to have made at least fourteen visits in order to hunt in the Chase. The lordship of the Chase was never far from the Crown until James I gave it to his 'little beagle', Robert Cecil, who was created Viscount Cranborne.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0575027681","url_text":"0575027681"}]},{"reference":"Crittall, Elizabeth, ed. (1959). \"Cranborne Chase\". A History of the County of Wiltshire. Vol. v. 4. pp. 458–460.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol4/pp458-46","url_text":"A History of the County of Wiltshire"}]},{"reference":"\"Cranborne Chase Downs & Woodlands\". www.plantlife.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055623/http://www.plantlife.org.uk/wild_plants/important_plant_areas/cranborne_chase_downs_woodlands/","url_text":"\"Cranborne Chase Downs & Woodlands\""},{"url":"http://www.plantlife.org.uk/wild_plants/important_plant_areas/cranborne_chase_downs_woodlands/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cranborne_Chase&params=50.961_N_2.044_W_region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(ST970180)","external_links_name":"50°57′40″N 2°02′38″W / 50.961°N 2.044°W / 50.961; -2.044"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cranborne_Chase&params=50.961416_N_2.044089_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"ST970180"},{"Link":"https://nationalcharacterareas.co.uk/dorset-downs-and-cranborne-chase/","external_links_name":"\"National Character Area 134 - Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase\""},{"Link":"http://www.historiclandscape.co.uk/pdf/Theme/T5%20CCWWD%20AONB%20HEAP%20Feb%202011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Historic Environment Action Plans. Theme 5: Hunting Landscapes\""},{"Link":"https://cranbornechase.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CCAONB-Management-Plan-2019-2024-for-WEB.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CRANBORNE CHASE PARTNERSHIP PLAN 2019-2024 (Page 8)\""},{"Link":"http://www.historiclandscape.co.uk/pdf/General_MapSW.pdf","external_links_name":"Cranborne Chase and the West Wiltshire Downs AONB map"},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/exposing-the-truth-about-ancient-burials-jr0gl08ss8l","external_links_name":"\"Exposing the truth about ancient burials\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050219094735/http://www.channel4.com/history/timeteam/2004_cran_t.html","external_links_name":"\"Channel4.com - Time Team - Cranborne Chase\""},{"Link":"http://www.channel4.com/history/timeteam/2004_cran_t.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol4/pp458-46","external_links_name":"A History of the County of Wiltshire"},{"Link":"http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/5846213517639680?category=587130","external_links_name":"NCA Profile:134 Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase (NE494)"},{"Link":"http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2009/12/the-face-of-dorset-cranborne-chase/","external_links_name":"The face of Dorset — Cranborne Chase"},{"Link":"http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/Images/jca134_tcm6-5480.pdf","external_links_name":"Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055623/http://www.plantlife.org.uk/wild_plants/important_plant_areas/cranborne_chase_downs_woodlands/","external_links_name":"\"Cranborne Chase Downs & Woodlands\""},{"Link":"http://www.plantlife.org.uk/wild_plants/important_plant_areas/cranborne_chase_downs_woodlands/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nationalcharacterareas.co.uk/dorset-downs-and-cranborne-chase/","external_links_name":"Dorset Downs and Cranborne Chase AONB Natural Character Area"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20040619221311/http://www.dorsetcc.gov.uk/index.jsp?articleid=3314","external_links_name":"Dorset County Council: Cranborne Chase AONB"},{"Link":"https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/1003368.pdf","external_links_name":"Natural England citation sheet for Cranborne Chase"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cranborne_Chase&params=50.961_N_2.044_W_region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(ST970180)","external_links_name":"50°57′40″N 2°02′38″W / 50.961°N 2.044°W / 50.961; -2.044"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315130398","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553754505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh89004289","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Foot
Golden Foot
["1 Award winners","1.1 By country","1.2 By club","2 Women's Golden Foot","3 Award legends","3.1 Total by country","4 Golden Foot Prestige Award","5 References","6 External links"]
AwardGolden FootFrancesco Totti's 2010 Golden Foot imprintLocationHôtel de Paris Monte-CarloCountryMonacoPresented byMonarchy of MonacoFirst awarded2003Currently held by Robert Lewandowski (men's, 2022) Kosovare Asllani (women's, 2022)Websitegoldenfoot.com The Golden Foot award is an international football award, given to players who stand out for their athletic achievements (both as individuals and team players) and for their personality. The award is only given to active players of at least 28 years of age, and can only be won once. Ten nominees are chosen by a panel of international journalists based on the criteria that they are at least 28 years of age and still playing. Out of this list, the winner is selected by an online poll, where anyone can vote. The winner of the award leaves a permanent mould of his footprints on "The Champions Promenade", on the seafront of the Principality of Monaco. Since 2009, there has been a charity auction accompanying the Golden Foot event. The auction is held during the gala evening at the Hôtel de Paris Monte-Carlo, and raises funds for fighting AIDS. Award winners List of Golden Foot award winners Year Player Club 2003 Roberto Baggio Brescia 2004 Pavel Nedvěd Juventus 2005 Andriy Shevchenko Milan 2006 Ronaldo Real Madrid 2007 Alessandro Del Piero Juventus 2008 Roberto Carlos Fenerbahçe 2009 Ronaldinho Milan 2010 Francesco Totti Roma 2011 Ryan Giggs Manchester United 2012 Zlatan Ibrahimović Paris Saint-Germain 2013 Didier Drogba Galatasaray 2014 Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 2015 Samuel Eto'o Antalyaspor 2016 Gianluigi Buffon Juventus 2017 Iker Casillas Porto 2018 Edinson Cavani Paris Saint-Germain 2019 Luka Modrić Real Madrid 2020 Cristiano Ronaldo Juventus 2021 Mohamed Salah Liverpool 2022 Robert Lewandowski Barcelona By country Country Players  Italy 4  Brazil 3  Spain 2  Croatia 1  Portugal 1  Egypt 1  Czech Republic 1  Ukraine 1  Wales 1  Sweden 1  Ivory Coast 1  Cameroon 1  Uruguay 1  Poland 1 By club Club Players Juventus 4 Milan 2 Paris Saint-Germain 2 Real Madrid 2 Barcelona 2 Brescia 1 Antalyaspor 1 Fenerbahçe 1 Galatasaray 1 Manchester United 1 Roma 1 Porto 1 Liverpool 1 Women's Golden Foot An equivalent award for women's football was assigned from 2022 onwards. List of Women's Golden Foot award winners Year Player Club 2022 Kosovare Asllani Milan Award legends List of Golden Foot award legends Year Legends 2003 Diego Maradona Eusébio Gianni Rivera Just Fontaine 2004 Alfredo Di Stéfano Dino Zoff Michel Platini 2005 Paco Gento George Best George Weah Gigi Riva Rivellino 2006 Alcides Ghiggia Ferenc Puskás Giacinto Facchetti Raymond Kopa Zico 2007 Gerd Müller Hristo Stoichkov Mario Kempes Paolo Rossi Romário 2008 Aldair Igor Belanov Luis Suárez Zinedine Zidane 2009 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge Nilton Santos Oleg Blokhin René Higuita Zbigniew Boniek 2010 Carlos Dunga Francisco Varallo Franz Beckenbauer Giancarlo Antognoni Hugo Sánchez 2011 Abedi Pele Javier Zanetti Luís Figo Rabah Madjer Ruud Gullit 2012 Eric Cantona Franco Baresi Lothar Matthäus Pelé 2013 Carlos Valderrama Jean-Pierre Papin Osvaldo Ardiles 2014 Antonín Panenka Jean-Marie Pfaff Hakan Şükür Hidetoshi Nakata Mia Hamm Roger Milla 2015 Gheorghe Hagi Daniel Passarella David Trezeguet Rinat Dasayev 2016 Frank de Boer Claudio Ranieri Carles Puyol Deco 2017 Roberto Mancini Michael Owen Marcel Desailly Oliver Kahn Li Ming 2018 Leonardo Araújo Clarence Seedorf Andrea Pirlo Marcello Lippi Didier Deschamps 2019 Paulo Roberto Falcao Patrick Vieira José Altafini Carolina Morace 2021 Dani Alves Paolo Maldini Günter Netzer Gabriele Oriali Kelly Smith 2022 Emilio Butragueño Juan Sebastián Verón Fatih Terim Total by country Country Total  Italy 14  Brazil 11  France 10  Argentina 8  Germany 6  Spain 4  Netherlands 3  Portugal 3  Colombia 2  Sweden 2  Turkey 2  Ukraine 2  Algeria 1  Belgium 1  Bulgaria 1 Country Total  Cameroon 1  China 1  Czech Republic 1  England 1  Ghana 1  Hungary 1  Japan 1  Liberia 1  Mexico 1  Northern Ireland 1  Poland 1  Romania 1  Russia 1  United States 1  Uruguay 1 Golden Foot Prestige Award A Prestige Award was given from 2020 onwards. List of Golden Foot Prestige award 2020 Andrea Agnelli 2021 Gabriele Gravina 2022 Florentino Pérez References ^ "GoldenFoot". World Champion Club Ltd. ^ "ESPN Classic supports Golden Foot Awards". ESPN Soccernet. 26 May 2010. ^ "Golden Foot - Winners". goldenfoot.com. Archived from the original on 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2020-12-01. ^ Théo, Théophile (26 December 2022). "Kosovare Asllani, première Golden Foot féminine de l'histoire". WORLD SPORTS ACTU (in French). Retrieved 5 March 2023. ^ LEGENDS – GoldenFoot ^ “Golden Foot Awards 2012 – Ibrahimovic, Pele, And Cantona” Archived 2022-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. Amfm magazine. Retrieved 23 July 2018 ^ Golden Foot Award 2021: a Monte Carlo i Fuoriclasse del Calcio External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden Foot. The Golden Foot official site vteGolden Foot 2003: Baggio 2004: Nedvěd 2005: Shevchenko 2006: Ronaldo 2007: Del Piero 2008: Roberto Carlos 2009: Ronaldinho 2010: Totti 2011: Giggs 2012: Ibrahimović 2013: Drogba 2014: Iniesta 2015: Eto'o 2016: Buffon 2017: Casillas 2018: Cavani 2019: Modrić 2020: C. Ronaldo 2021: Salah 2022: Lewandowski vteGolden Foot Legends Award2003 Eusébio Fontaine Maradona Rivera 2004 Di Stéfano Platini Zoff 2005 Best Gento Riva Rivellino Weah 2006 Facchetti Ghiggia Kopa Puskás Zico 2007 Kempes Müller Romário Rossi Stoichkov 2008 Aldair Belanov Suárez Zidane 2009 Blokhin Boniek Higuita Rummenigge Nílton Santos 2010 Antognoni Beckenbauer Dunga Sánchez Varallo 2011 Figo Gullit Madjer Abedi Pele Zanetti 2012 Baresi Cantona Matthäus Pelé 2013 Ardiles Papin Valderrama 2014 Hamm Milla Nakata Panenka Pfaff Şükür 2015 Dasayev Hagi Passarella Trezeguet 2016 De Boer Deco Puyol Ranieri 2017 Desailly Kahn Li Mancini Owen 2018 Deschamps Leonardo Lippi Pirlo Seedorf 2019 Altafini Falcão Vieira Morace 2021 Alves Maldini Netzer Oriali Smith 2022 Butragueño Terim Verón
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldenfoot1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Hôtel de Paris Monte-Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Paris_Monte-Carlo"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"}],"text":"The Golden Foot award is an international football award, given to players who stand out for their athletic achievements (both as individuals and team players) and for their personality. The award is only given to active players of at least 28 years of age, and can only be won once.[1]Ten nominees are chosen by a panel of international journalists based on the criteria that they are at least 28 years of age and still playing. Out of this list, the winner is selected by an online poll, where anyone can vote.[2] The winner of the award leaves a permanent mould of his footprints on \"The Champions Promenade\", on the seafront of the Principality of Monaco.Since 2009, there has been a charity auction accompanying the Golden Foot event. The auction is held during the gala evening at the Hôtel de Paris Monte-Carlo, and raises funds for fighting AIDS.","title":"Golden Foot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By country","title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By club","title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"women's football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_association_football"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"An equivalent award for women's football was assigned from 2022 onwards.[4]","title":"Women's Golden Foot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Award legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"}],"sub_title":"Total by country","text":"Country\n\nTotal\n\n\n Italy\n\n14\n\n\n Brazil\n\n11\n\n\n France\n\n10\n\n\n Argentina\n\n8\n\n\n Germany\n\n6\n\n\n Spain\n\n4\n\n\n Netherlands\n\n3\n\n\n Portugal\n\n3\n\n\n Colombia\n\n2\n\n\n Sweden\n\n2\n\n\n Turkey\n\n2\n\n\n Ukraine\n\n2\n\n\n Algeria\n\n1\n\n\n Belgium\n\n1\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry\n\nTotal\n\n\n Cameroon\n\n1\n\n\n China\n\n1\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\n1\n\n\n England\n\n1\n\n\n Ghana\n\n1\n\n\n Hungary\n\n1\n\n\n Japan\n\n1\n\n\n Liberia\n\n1\n\n\n Mexico\n\n1\n\n\n Northern Ireland\n\n1\n\n\n Poland\n\n1\n\n\n Romania\n\n1\n\n\n Russia\n\n1\n\n\n United States\n\n1\n\n\n Uruguay\n\n1","title":"Award legends"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A Prestige Award was given from 2020 onwards.","title":"Golden Foot Prestige Award"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"GoldenFoot\". World Champion Club Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goldenfoot.com/","url_text":"\"GoldenFoot\""}]},{"reference":"\"ESPN Classic supports Golden Foot Awards\". ESPN Soccernet. 26 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espnfc.com/story/659902/espn-classic-supports-golden-foot-awards","url_text":"\"ESPN Classic supports Golden Foot Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Foot - Winners\". goldenfoot.com. Archived from the original on 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2020-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190222012029/http://goldenfoot.com/winners/","url_text":"\"Golden Foot - Winners\""},{"url":"https://goldenfoot.com/winners","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Théo, Théophile (26 December 2022). \"Kosovare Asllani, première Golden Foot féminine de l'histoire\". WORLD SPORTS ACTU (in French). Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldsportsactu.com/2022/12/26/kosovare-asllani-premiere-golden-foot-feminine-de-lhistoire/","url_text":"\"Kosovare Asllani, première Golden Foot féminine de l'histoire\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswagen
Aswagen
["1 References","2 Sources"]
King of Caucasian Albania AswagenKing of Caucasian AlbaniaReign415–440PredecessorAsaySuccessorVache IISpouseUnnamed daughter of Yazdegerd IIIssueVache IIVachagan III (?)HouseArsacidFatherUrnayrMotherDaughter of Shapur IIReligionChurch of Caucasian Albania Aswagen (also spelled Arsvaghen and Aswahen) was the eight Arsacid king of Caucasian Albania, ruling from approximately 415 to 440. He was most likely the son of the previous Albanian king Urnayr, while his mother was a daughter of the Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) of Iran, Shapur II (r. 309–379). Aswagen was himself married to a daughter of shahanshah Yazdegerd II (r. 438–457). It was under Aswagen that the Caucasian Albanian script was created in c. 420. Aswagen is mentioned in a Middle Persian seal, whose inscription reads: Āhzwahēn i, Ārān šāh ("Āhzwahēn, King of Aran (Albania)"). The seal is one of the three known unique aristocratic Albanian gem-seals that were crafted between the end of the 4th-century and the start of the 6th-century. Furthermore, it is also important for the cultural and political connections between Sasanian Iran and Albania, as well as the role of Middle Persian in Albania. The seal depicts a "Moon chariot" monogram, which may have been his royal emblem, and also possibly used by the rest of the Arsacid kings of Albania. An identical symbol is depicted on Sasanian gems, as well as Kushan-Sasanian, Chionite, Alkhan, Nezak and Hephthalite coins. The Dagestani historian Murtazali Gadjiev suggests that the monogram was a symbol of their blood ties with the Sasanians, and therefore lineage from the gods. Aswagen was succeeded by Vache II, who was most likely his son. The later Albanian king Vachagan III may have also been Aswagen's son. References ^ Gadjiev 2020, p. 33. ^ a b Gadjiev 2020, p. 32. ^ Gadjiev 2021, pp. 60. ^ a b Gadjiev 2021, pp. 63. ^ Gadjiev 2021, pp. 61–62. ^ Gadjiev 2021, pp. 59. ^ Gadjiev 2020, pp. 32–33. Sources Chaumont, M. L. (1985). "Albania". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. pp. 806–810. Gadjiev, Murtazali (2020). "The Chronology of the Arsacid Albanians". In Hoyland, Robert (ed.). From Albania to Arrān: The East Caucasus between the Ancient and Islamic Worlds (ca. 330 BCE–1000 CE). Gorgias Press. pp. 29–35. ISBN 978-1463239886. Gadjiev, Murtazali (2021). "The role and place of Middle Persian language and writing in Caucasian Albania". Vostok (Oriens): 59–70. Preceded byAsay King of Caucasian Albania 415–440 Succeeded byVache II vteArsacid kings of Caucasian Albania (300–510) Vachagan I (300–336) Vache I (336–350) Urnayr (350–375) Vachagan II (375–385) Merkhavan (385–395) Sato (395–405) Asai (405–415) Aswagen (415–440) Vache II (440–462) Vachagan III (485–510)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arsacid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Caucasian_Albania"},{"link_name":"Caucasian Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadjiev202033-1"},{"link_name":"Urnayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urnayr"},{"link_name":"King of Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Kings"},{"link_name":"shahanshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah"},{"link_name":"Shapur II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadjiev202032-2"},{"link_name":"Yazdegerd II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazdegerd_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadjiev202160-3"},{"link_name":"Caucasian Albanian script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadjiev202163-4"},{"link_name":"Middle Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian"},{"link_name":"seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(emblem)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadjiev202161%E2%80%9362-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadjiev202159-6"},{"link_name":"monogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram"},{"link_name":"Kushan-Sasanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushano-Sasanians"},{"link_name":"Chionite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chionite"},{"link_name":"Alkhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchon_Huns"},{"link_name":"Nezak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezak"},{"link_name":"Hephthalite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalite"},{"link_name":"Dagestani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadjiev202163-4"},{"link_name":"Vache II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vache_II_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadjiev202032%E2%80%9333-7"},{"link_name":"Vachagan III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachagan_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGadjiev202032-2"}],"text":"Aswagen (also spelled Arsvaghen and Aswahen) was the eight Arsacid king of Caucasian Albania, ruling from approximately 415 to 440.[1] He was most likely the son of the previous Albanian king Urnayr, while his mother was a daughter of the Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) of Iran, Shapur II (r. 309–379).[2] Aswagen was himself married to a daughter of shahanshah Yazdegerd II (r. 438–457).[3] It was under Aswagen that the Caucasian Albanian script was created in c. 420.[4]Aswagen is mentioned in a Middle Persian seal, whose inscription reads: Āhzwahēn i, Ārān šāh (\"Āhzwahēn, King of Aran (Albania)\").[5] The seal is one of the three known unique aristocratic Albanian gem-seals that were crafted between the end of the 4th-century and the start of the 6th-century. Furthermore, it is also important for the cultural and political connections between Sasanian Iran and Albania, as well as the role of Middle Persian in Albania.[6] The seal depicts a \"Moon chariot\" monogram, which may have been his royal emblem, and also possibly used by the rest of the Arsacid kings of Albania. An identical symbol is depicted on Sasanian gems, as well as Kushan-Sasanian, Chionite, Alkhan, Nezak and Hephthalite coins. The Dagestani historian Murtazali Gadjiev suggests that the monogram was a symbol of their blood ties with the Sasanians, and therefore lineage from the gods.[4]Aswagen was succeeded by Vache II, who was most likely his son.[7] The later Albanian king Vachagan III may have also been Aswagen's son.[2]","title":"Aswagen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Albania\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm"},{"link_name":"From Albania to Arrān: The East Caucasus between the Ancient and Islamic Worlds (ca. 330 BCE–1000 CE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/43005774"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1463239886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1463239886"},{"link_name":"\"The role and place of Middle Persian language and writing in Caucasian Albania\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/60515022"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Arsacid_dynasty_of_Caucasian_Albania"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Arsacid_dynasty_of_Caucasian_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arsacid_dynasty_of_Caucasian_Albania"},{"link_name":"Arsacid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Caucasian_Albania"},{"link_name":"Caucasian Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania"},{"link_name":"Vachagan I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachagan_I"},{"link_name":"Vache I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vache_I_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Urnayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urnayr"},{"link_name":"Aswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Vache II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vache_II_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Vachagan III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachagan_III"}],"text":"Chaumont, M. L. (1985). \"Albania\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. pp. 806–810.\nGadjiev, Murtazali (2020). \"The Chronology of the Arsacid Albanians\". In Hoyland, Robert (ed.). From Albania to Arrān: The East Caucasus between the Ancient and Islamic Worlds (ca. 330 BCE–1000 CE). Gorgias Press. pp. 29–35. ISBN 978-1463239886.\nGadjiev, Murtazali (2021). \"The role and place of Middle Persian language and writing in Caucasian Albania\". Vostok (Oriens): 59–70.vteArsacid kings of Caucasian Albania (300–510)\nVachagan I (300–336)\nVache I (336–350)\nUrnayr (350–375)\nVachagan II (375–385)\nMerkhavan (385–395)\nSato (395–405)\nAsai (405–415)\nAswagen (415–440)\nVache II (440–462)\nVachagan III (485–510)","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_Woman_Climbing_a_Staircase
Naked Woman Climbing a Staircase
["1 History","2 Description","3 Exhibitions","4 2011 exhibition","5 Notes","6 References"]
1937 artwork by Joan Miró Naked Woman Climbing a StaircaseFrench: Femme nue montant l'escalier, Catalan: Dona nua pujant l'escalaArtistJoan MiróYear1937TypeDrawingDimensions78 cm × 55.8 cm (31 in × 22.0 in)LocationFundació Joan Miró, Barcelona Naked Woman Climbing a Staircase (originally in French Femme nue montant l'escalier) is a drawing done with pencil and charcoal on card made by Joan Miró in 1937. It is part of the permanent collection of the Fundació Joan Miró in Barcelona. History Eadweard Muybridge's Woman Walking Downstairs in The Human Figure in Motion, 1887, work which in turn inspired Marcel Duchamp. Miró created Naked Woman Climbing a Staircase during the Spanish Civil War. He was living in Paris when he started to attend life drawing classes at the school of the Grande Chaumiere. Miró returned to constructing the human figure to represent the drama that was then taking place in Catalonia. This feeling can be made out in the shapes used to draw this tortured nude woman climbing a staircase. Other works of this period include Still Life with Old Shoe and Aidez l'Espagne. Description Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, 1912, by Marcel Duchamp According to the Joan Miró Foundation, "Miró's despondency brought about by the moral tragedy of the war can be seen in the violent metamorphosis of the figure, in her heavy limbs and in the effort involved in climbing." At the top right is a kind of window or box where light rays can be seen entering the room. The woman is using her right arm to try to grab a ladder – this was a symbol that Miró used in several of his works to represent evasion or escape. The external genitals of the woman are similar to those of the woman in Man and Woman in Front of a Pile of Excrement as they are exaggerated in size. This work is said to be related to Marcel Duchamp's 1912 painting Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, although here the woman is ascending. The distortion and effort of the figure are interpreted as mirroring the Spanish Civil War. Duchamp's painting was not original; it alluded to the earlier photographs by Eadweard Muybridge which were amongst the first to record animal locomotion. Miró first saw this work by Duchamp in 1912, during the Cubist art exhibition held at Galeries Dalmau in Barcelona. Muybridge's idea of a woman on a staircase caught the imagination of not only Duchamp and Miró but also Miró's contemporary Salvador Dalí who created a homage to Duchamp's painting. His model was also shown ascending the stairs like Miró's subject. Exhibitions Start End Exhibition Place City Ref 1964 1964 Tate Gallery London 1964 1964 Kunsthaus Zürich Zurich 20 September 1978 22 January 1979 Dessins de Miró Centre Georges Pompidou París 1 June 1980 31 October 1980 Palacio de Velázquez Madrid 21 November 1986 1 February 1987 Kunsthaus Zürich Zurich 14 February 1987 20 April 1987 Städtische Kunsthalle Düsseldorf 24 November 1988 15 January 1999 Impactes. Joan Miró 1929–1941 Fundació Joan Miró Barcelona 3 February 1989 23 April 1989 Joan Miró: Paintings & Drawings 1929–1941 Whitechapel Gallery London 4 July 1990 14 October 1990 Maeght Foundation Saint-Paul-de-Vence 20 April 1993 30 August 1993 Fundació Joan Miró Barcelona 6 October 1993 11 January 1994 Museum of Modern Art New York 11 February 1995 17 April 1995 Städtische Kunsthalle Düsseldorf 12 May 1995 16 July 1995 Kunsthalle Wien Vienna 28 July 1995 22 October 1995 Galleria d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea de Verona Verona 26 February 1996 5 May 1996 CCCB Barcelona 7 June 1997 11 November 1997 Miró, ceci est la couleur de mes rêves Fondation Pierre Gianadda Martigny 15 May 1998 30 August 1998 Joan Miró. Creator of new worlds Moderna Museet Stockholm 18 September 1998 10 January 1999 Joan Miró. Creator of new worlds Louisiana Museum of Modern Art Humlebæk 4 July 2000 5 November 2000 Maeght Foundation Saint-Paul-de-Vence 23 October 2001 27 January 2002 Rèquiem per les escales CCCB Barcelona 6 March 2002 24 June 2002 La Révolution surréaliste Centre Georges Pompidou Paris 20 July 2002 24 November 2002 Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen Düsseldorf 25 November 2004 6 February 2005 Joan Miró. Arquitectura d'un llibre Fundació Joan Miró Barcelona 25 October 2007 27 January 2008 Joan Miró. 1956–1983 Sentiment, emoció i gest Fundació Joan Miró Barcelona 14 April 2011 11 September 2011 Miró. Tate London 15 October 2011 18 March 2011 Miró i l'escala de l'evasió. Tate, Fundació Joan Miró London & Barcelona 6 May 2012 12 August 2012 National Gallery of Art Washington 2011 exhibition The exhibition L'escala de l'evasió that opened in October 2011 was supported by access to Wikipedia using QRpedia codes that allowed access to visitors in Catalan, English and several other languages. Notes ^ "Information about the work at the museum site". 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011. ^ Works by Joan Miró. Joan Miró Foundation. 1988. Ediciones Polígrafa. ^ "The Tate Modern discovers the most political Miró". Diario de Mallorca (in Spanish). 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011. ^ a b "A New Approach To Joan Miró" (PDF). Joan Miró Foundation. p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011. ^ Clavero 2010, p.72-73 ^ Tomkins, Calvin (1996). Duchamp: A Biography. U.S.: Henry Holt and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-8050-5789-7. ^ Surrealisme a Catalunya, 1924–1936: de l'amic de les arts llogicofobisme (in Catalan). Polígrafa. 1 August 1988. p. 17. ISBN 978-84-343-0539-7. Retrieved 5 November 2011. ^ Rosa Maria Malet; Joan Miró (1993). Joan Miró. Edicions 62. p. 19. ISBN 978-84-297-3568-0. Retrieved 5 November 2011. ^ Judovitz, Dalia (2010). Drawing on art: Duchamp and company. Minnesota Press. p. 147. ISBN 9780816665297. Retrieved 5 November 2011. ^ a b Jacques Dupin; Joan Mirâo; Ariane Lelong-Mainaud (2002). Joan Miró: catalogue raisonné : paintings. Daniel Lelong. Retrieved 24 September 2011. cat num 151 ^ cat. núm. 145, repr. p. 70 ^ a b cat. nº 108 repr ^ cat. nº 56 repr. p.88 ^ cat. repr. ^ cat. nº 102, repr. p. 343 ^ cat. nº 147 repr. p.343 ^ cat. repr. p.226 ^ cat. nº 40 repr. p.95 ^ cat. nº 102 repr. p.113 ^ cat. nº 84 repr. p.66 ^ Agustí, Fancelli (25 October 2001). "Óscar Tusquets entona un réquiem emocionado por la escalera". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 August 2011. ^ "La Révolution surréaliste. Fitxa de l'exposició" (PDF) (in French). 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2011. ^ "Joan Miró. Arquitectura d'un llibre". Fundació Joan Miró. 2004. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "Joan Miró. 1956–1983 Sentiment, emoció i gest". Fundació Joan Miró. 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2011. ^ "Miró i l'escala de l'evasió. Fitxa de l'exposició". 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011. ^ a b "Miró i l'escala de l'evasió. Fitxa de l'exposició". Fundació Joan Miró. 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011. ^ Photo at opening day of the exhibition, 15 October 2011 References Clavero, Jordi.J (2010). Fundació Joan Miró. Foundation's Guide. Barcelona: Polígrafa. ISBN 978-84-343-1242-5. Joan Miró (1988). Obra de Joan Miró: dibuixos, pintura, escultura, ceràmica, tèxtils. Fundació Joan Miró-Centre d'Estudis d'Art Contemporani. Retrieved 5 October 2011. Jaques Dupin – Ariane Lelong-Mainaud. Joan Miró. Catalogue raisonné. Drawings I 1901–1937, 2008. Daniel Lelong and Successió Miró vteJoan MiróPaintings Portrait of Vincent Nubiola (1917) The Farm (1921–1922) The Tilled Field (1923–1924) The Harlequin's Carnival (1924–1925) The Birth of the World (1925) Dog Barking at the Moon (1926) Painting (Blue Star) (1927) Man and Woman in Front of a Pile of Excrement (1935) Still Life with Old Shoe (1937) The Reaper (1938) Ciphers and Constellations, in Love with a Woman (1941) Women and Birds (1963) Woman, Bird, Star (Homage to Pablo Picasso) (1966–1973) May 1968 (1968–1973) Hands flying off toward the constellations (1974) Series Head of a Catalan Peasant (1924–1925) Dutch Interiors (1928) Paintings on masonite (1936) Metamorphosis (1935–1936) Constellations (1939–1941) Barcelona Series (1939–1944) Triptych Bleu I, II, III (1961) The navigator's hope (1968–1973) The Hope of a Condemned Man (1974) Drawings Naked Woman Climbing a Staircase (1937) Sculpture Lunar Bird (1944–1967) Solar Bird (1966) The Caress of a Bird (1967) His Majesty the King (1974) Her Majesty the Queen (1974) His Highness the Prince (1974) Personnage Gothique, Oiseau-Eclair (1974–1977) Miró's Chicago (1981) Labyrinth (1961–1981) Dona i Ocell (1983) Ceramicsand textiles Wall of the Sun and Wall of the Moon (1955–1958) The World Trade Center Tapestry (1974) Miró Wall (1979) Tapestry of the Fundació (1979) Murals Personnages Oiseaux (1972–1978) Colleagues Joan Prats Josep Llorens i Artigas Josep Lluís Sert Joaquim Gomis Joan Gardy Artigas Josep Royo Museums Fundació Joan Miró Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró in Mallorca Related Fondation Maeght Miró otro Joan Miró: The Ladder of Escape exhibition Mont-roig del Camp 4329 Miró
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_stock"},{"link_name":"Joan Miró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Fundació Joan Miró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Joan_Mir%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Naked Woman Climbing a Staircase (originally in French Femme nue montant l'escalier) is a drawing done with pencil and charcoal on card made by Joan Miró in 1937. It is part of the permanent collection of the Fundació Joan Miró in Barcelona.[1]","title":"Naked Woman Climbing a Staircase"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eadweard_Muybridge_1.gif"},{"link_name":"Eadweard Muybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge"},{"link_name":"Marcel Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Still Life with Old Shoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Life_with_Old_Shoe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Eadweard Muybridge's Woman Walking Downstairs in The Human Figure in Motion, 1887, work which in turn inspired Marcel Duchamp.Miró created Naked Woman Climbing a Staircase during the Spanish Civil War. He was living in Paris when he started to attend life drawing classes at the school of the Grande Chaumiere. Miró returned to constructing the human figure to represent the drama that was then taking place in Catalonia. This feeling can be made out in the shapes used to draw this tortured nude woman climbing a staircase.[2] Other works of this period include Still Life with Old Shoe and Aidez l'Espagne.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duchamp_-_Nude_Descending_a_Staircase.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2"},{"link_name":"Joan Miró Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new-4"},{"link_name":"Man and Woman in Front of a Pile of Excrement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_and_Woman_in_Front_of_a_Pile_of_Excrement"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Marcel Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new-4"},{"link_name":"Eadweard Muybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Galeries Dalmau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeries_Dalmau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surrealisme-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaletMir%C3%B31993-8"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-judo-9"}],"text":"Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, 1912, by Marcel DuchampAccording to the Joan Miró Foundation, \"Miró's despondency brought about by the moral tragedy of the war can be seen in the violent metamorphosis of the figure, in her heavy limbs and in the effort involved in climbing.\"[4] At the top right is a kind of window or box where light rays can be seen entering the room. The woman is using her right arm to try to grab a ladder – this was a symbol that Miró used in several of his works to represent evasion or escape. The external genitals of the woman are similar to those of the woman in Man and Woman in Front of a Pile of Excrement as they are exaggerated in size.[5] This work is said to be related to Marcel Duchamp's 1912 painting Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, although here the woman is ascending. The distortion and effort of the figure are interpreted as mirroring the Spanish Civil War.[4] Duchamp's painting was not original; it alluded to the earlier photographs by Eadweard Muybridge[6] which were amongst the first to record animal locomotion. Miró first saw this work by Duchamp in 1912, during the Cubist art exhibition held at Galeries Dalmau in Barcelona.[7][8]Muybridge's idea of a woman on a staircase caught the imagination of not only Duchamp and Miró but also Miró's contemporary Salvador Dalí who created a homage to Duchamp's painting. His model was also shown ascending the stairs[9] like Miró's subject.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'escala de l'evasió","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3:_The_Ladder_of_Escape"},{"link_name":"QRpedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QRpedia"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The exhibition L'escala de l'evasió that opened in October 2011 was supported by access to Wikipedia using QRpedia codes that allowed access to visitors in Catalan, English and several other languages.[27]","title":"2011 exhibition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Information about the work at the museum site\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//80.25.201.238:8081/cdm-fons-fjm/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/fons-fjm&CISOPTR=6927&CISOBOX=1&REC=2"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"The Tate Modern discovers the most political Miró\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ocio.diariodemallorca.es/planes/noticias/nws-13103-la-tate-modern-descubre-miro-mas-politico.html"},{"link_name":"Diario de Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diario_de_Mallorca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-new_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-new_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"A New Approach To Joan Miró\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110620193045/http://fundaciomiro-bcn.org/imgdin/spdossier/0010.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fundaciomiro-bcn.org/imgdin/spdossier/0010.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Tomkins, Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Tomkins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8050-5789-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-5789-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-surrealisme_7-0"},{"link_name":"Surrealisme a Catalunya, 1924–1936: de l'amic de les arts llogicofobisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KqZDAAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-343-0539-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-343-0539-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MaletMir%C3%B31993_8-0"},{"link_name":"Rosa Maria Malet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Maria_Malet"},{"link_name":"Joan Miró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=o7e_jwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-297-3568-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-297-3568-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-judo_9-0"},{"link_name":"Judovitz, Dalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalia_Judovitz"},{"link_name":"Drawing on art: Duchamp and company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rt-BCXnPokUC&q=stairs+duchamp+dali"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780816665297","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816665297"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DupinMir%C3%A2o2002_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DupinMir%C3%A2o2002_10-1"},{"link_name":"Joan Miró: catalogue raisonné : paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VVk9bwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cat._n%C2%BA_108_repr_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cat._n%C2%BA_108_repr_12-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Óscar Tusquets entona un réquiem emocionado por la escalera\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Oscar/Tusquets/entona/requiem/emocionado/escalera/elpepicul/20011025elpepicul_2/Tes"},{"link_name":"El País","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"La Révolution surréaliste. Fitxa de l'exposició\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061118081145/http://www.centrepompidou.fr/Pompidou/Communication.nsf/docs/IDBEFA8CF430D80D71C1256AFE003C83F4/$File/r%C3%A9vosurr%C3%A9.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.centrepompidou.fr/Pompidou/Communication.nsf/docs/IDBEFA8CF430D80D71C1256AFE003C83F4/$File/r%C3%A9vosurr%C3%A9.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Joan Miró. Arquitectura d'un llibre\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fundaciomiro-bcn.org/exposicio.php?idioma=4&exposicio=84&titulo=Joan%20Mir%C3%B3.%20Arquitectura%20d%27un%20llibre"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Joan Miró. 1956–1983 Sentiment, emoció i gest\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fundaciomiro-bcn.org/exposicio.php?idioma=4&exposicio=56&titulo=Joan%20%20Mir%C3%B3.%201956-1983%20Sentiment,%20emoci%C3%B3%20i%20gest"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Miró i l'escala de l'evasió. Fitxa de l'exposició\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fundaciomiro-bcn.org/exposicio.php?idioma=4&exposicio=3652&titulo=Joan%20Mir%C3%B3.%20L%27escala%20de%20l%27evasi%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fundaciomiro-bcn1_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fundaciomiro-bcn1_26-1"},{"link_name":"\"Miró i l'escala de l'evasió. Fitxa de l'exposició\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fundaciomiro-bcn.org/exposicio.php?idioma=4&exposicio=3652&titulo=Joan%20Mir%C3%B3.%20L%27escala%20de%20l%27evasi%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Photo at opening day of the exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Mir%C3%B3-L%27escala_de_l%27evasi%C3%B3._Entrada_a_l%27exposici%C3%B3-_QRpedia_codes.jpg?uselang=ca"}],"text":"^ \"Information about the work at the museum site\". 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ Works by Joan Miró. Joan Miró Foundation. 1988. Ediciones Polígrafa.\n\n^ \"The Tate Modern discovers the most political Miró\". Diario de Mallorca (in Spanish). 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.\n\n^ a b \"A New Approach To Joan Miró\" (PDF). Joan Miró Foundation. p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.\n\n^ Clavero 2010, p.72-73\n\n^ Tomkins, Calvin (1996). Duchamp: A Biography. U.S.: Henry Holt and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-8050-5789-7.\n\n^ Surrealisme a Catalunya, 1924–1936: de l'amic de les arts llogicofobisme (in Catalan). Polígrafa. 1 August 1988. p. 17. ISBN 978-84-343-0539-7. Retrieved 5 November 2011.\n\n^ Rosa Maria Malet; Joan Miró (1993). Joan Miró. Edicions 62. p. 19. ISBN 978-84-297-3568-0. Retrieved 5 November 2011.\n\n^ Judovitz, Dalia (2010). Drawing on art: Duchamp and company. Minnesota Press. p. 147. ISBN 9780816665297. Retrieved 5 November 2011.\n\n^ a b Jacques Dupin; Joan Mirâo; Ariane Lelong-Mainaud (2002). Joan Miró: catalogue raisonné : paintings. Daniel Lelong. Retrieved 24 September 2011. cat num 151\n\n^ cat. núm. 145, repr. p. 70\n\n^ a b cat. nº 108 repr\n\n^ cat. nº 56 repr. p.88\n\n^ cat. repr.\n\n^ cat. nº 102, repr. p. 343\n\n^ cat. nº 147 repr. p.343\n\n^ cat. repr. p.226\n\n^ cat. nº 40 repr. p.95\n\n^ cat. nº 102 repr. p.113\n\n^ cat. nº 84 repr. p.66\n\n^ Agustí, Fancelli (25 October 2001). \"Óscar Tusquets entona un réquiem emocionado por la escalera\". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 August 2011.\n\n^ \"La Révolution surréaliste. Fitxa de l'exposició\" (PDF) (in French). 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2011.\n\n^ \"Joan Miró. Arquitectura d'un llibre\". Fundació Joan Miró. 2004. Retrieved 29 September 2011.\n\n^ \"Joan Miró. 1956–1983 Sentiment, emoció i gest\". Fundació Joan Miró. 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2011.\n\n^ \"Miró i l'escala de l'evasió. Fitxa de l'exposició\". 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.\n\n^ a b \"Miró i l'escala de l'evasió. Fitxa de l'exposició\". Fundació Joan Miró. 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.\n\n^ Photo at opening day of the exhibition, 15 October 2011","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Eadweard Muybridge's Woman Walking Downstairs in The Human Figure in Motion, 1887, work which in turn inspired Marcel Duchamp.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eadweard_Muybridge_1.gif/220px-Eadweard_Muybridge_1.gif"},{"image_text":"Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, 1912, by Marcel Duchamp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Duchamp_-_Nude_Descending_a_Staircase.jpg/220px-Duchamp_-_Nude_Descending_a_Staircase.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Information about the work at the museum site\". 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://80.25.201.238:8081/cdm-fons-fjm/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/fons-fjm&CISOPTR=6927&CISOBOX=1&REC=2","url_text":"\"Information about the work at the museum site\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Tate Modern discovers the most political Miró\". Diario de Mallorca (in Spanish). 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://ocio.diariodemallorca.es/planes/noticias/nws-13103-la-tate-modern-descubre-miro-mas-politico.html","url_text":"\"The Tate Modern discovers the most political Miró\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diario_de_Mallorca&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Diario de Mallorca"}]},{"reference":"\"A New Approach To Joan Miró\" (PDF). Joan Miró Foundation. p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110620193045/http://fundaciomiro-bcn.org/imgdin/spdossier/0010.pdf","url_text":"\"A New Approach To Joan Miró\""},{"url":"http://www.fundaciomiro-bcn.org/imgdin/spdossier/0010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tomkins, Calvin (1996). Duchamp: A Biography. U.S.: Henry Holt and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-8050-5789-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Tomkins","url_text":"Tomkins, Calvin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-5789-7","url_text":"0-8050-5789-7"}]},{"reference":"Surrealisme a Catalunya, 1924–1936: de l'amic de les arts llogicofobisme (in Catalan). Polígrafa. 1 August 1988. p. 17. ISBN 978-84-343-0539-7. Retrieved 5 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KqZDAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Surrealisme a Catalunya, 1924–1936: de l'amic de les arts llogicofobisme"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-343-0539-7","url_text":"978-84-343-0539-7"}]},{"reference":"Rosa Maria Malet; Joan Miró (1993). Joan Miró. Edicions 62. p. 19. ISBN 978-84-297-3568-0. Retrieved 5 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Maria_Malet","url_text":"Rosa Maria Malet"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o7e_jwEACAAJ","url_text":"Joan Miró"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-297-3568-0","url_text":"978-84-297-3568-0"}]},{"reference":"Judovitz, Dalia (2010). Drawing on art: Duchamp and company. Minnesota Press. p. 147. ISBN 9780816665297. Retrieved 5 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalia_Judovitz","url_text":"Judovitz, Dalia"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rt-BCXnPokUC&q=stairs+duchamp+dali","url_text":"Drawing on art: Duchamp and company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816665297","url_text":"9780816665297"}]},{"reference":"Jacques Dupin; Joan Mirâo; Ariane Lelong-Mainaud (2002). Joan Miró: catalogue raisonné : paintings. Daniel Lelong. Retrieved 24 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VVk9bwAACAAJ","url_text":"Joan Miró: catalogue raisonné : paintings"}]},{"reference":"Agustí, Fancelli (25 October 2001). \"Óscar Tusquets entona un réquiem emocionado por la escalera\". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Oscar/Tusquets/entona/requiem/emocionado/escalera/elpepicul/20011025elpepicul_2/Tes","url_text":"\"Óscar Tusquets entona un réquiem emocionado por la escalera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"\"La Révolution surréaliste. Fitxa de l'exposició\" (PDF) (in French). 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061118081145/http://www.centrepompidou.fr/Pompidou/Communication.nsf/docs/IDBEFA8CF430D80D71C1256AFE003C83F4/$File/r%C3%A9vosurr%C3%A9.pdf","url_text":"\"La Révolution surréaliste. Fitxa de l'exposició\""},{"url":"http://www.centrepompidou.fr/Pompidou/Communication.nsf/docs/IDBEFA8CF430D80D71C1256AFE003C83F4/$File/r%C3%A9vosurr%C3%A9.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joan Miró. Arquitectura d'un llibre\". Fundació Joan Miró. 2004. Retrieved 29 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://fundaciomiro-bcn.org/exposicio.php?idioma=4&exposicio=84&titulo=Joan%20Mir%C3%B3.%20Arquitectura%20d%27un%20llibre","url_text":"\"Joan Miró. Arquitectura d'un llibre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joan Miró. 1956–1983 Sentiment, emoció i gest\". Fundació Joan Miró. 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://fundaciomiro-bcn.org/exposicio.php?idioma=4&exposicio=56&titulo=Joan%20%20Mir%C3%B3.%201956-1983%20Sentiment,%20emoci%C3%B3%20i%20gest","url_text":"\"Joan Miró. 1956–1983 Sentiment, emoció i gest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miró i l'escala de l'evasió. Fitxa de l'exposició\". 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundaciomiro-bcn.org/exposicio.php?idioma=4&exposicio=3652&titulo=Joan%20Mir%C3%B3.%20L%27escala%20de%20l%27evasi%C3%B3","url_text":"\"Miró i l'escala de l'evasió. Fitxa de l'exposició\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miró i l'escala de l'evasió. Fitxa de l'exposició\". Fundació Joan Miró. 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundaciomiro-bcn.org/exposicio.php?idioma=4&exposicio=3652&titulo=Joan%20Mir%C3%B3.%20L%27escala%20de%20l%27evasi%C3%B3","url_text":"\"Miró i l'escala de l'evasió. Fitxa de l'exposició\""}]},{"reference":"Clavero, Jordi.J (2010). Fundació Joan Miró. Foundation's Guide. Barcelona: Polígrafa. ISBN 978-84-343-1242-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-343-1242-5","url_text":"978-84-343-1242-5"}]},{"reference":"Joan Miró (1988). Obra de Joan Miró: dibuixos, pintura, escultura, ceràmica, tèxtils. Fundació Joan Miró-Centre d'Estudis d'Art Contemporani. Retrieved 5 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EHNKPQAACAAJ","url_text":"Obra de Joan Miró: dibuixos, pintura, escultura, ceràmica, tèxtils"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chin_Lake
Aksai Chin Lake
["1 Geography","2 History","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]
Coordinates: 35°13′N 79°51′E / 35.217°N 79.850°E / 35.217; 79.850Endorheic lake in Chinese-administered Kashmir Aksai Chin LakeAmtogor Tso (Standard Tibetan)View of Aksai Chin Lake taken during ISS Expedition 54.Aksai Chin LakeLocationAksai Chin (disputed territory)Coordinates35°13′N 79°51′E / 35.217°N 79.850°E / 35.217; 79.850TypeSalt lakeEtymologySee Aksai Chin § NamePrimary outflowsevaporationMax. length15 kilometres (9.3 mi)Max. width8 kilometres (5.0 mi)Surface area160 square kilometres (62 sq mi)Max. depth12.6 metres (41 ft)Water volume136.2698 cubic kilometres (32.6929 cu mi)Surface elevation4,844 metres (15,892 ft) Aksai Chin Lake or Aksayqin Lake, (Chinese: 阿克赛钦湖; pinyin: Ākèsàiqīn Hú) is an endorheic lake in the disputed region of Aksai Chin. The plateau is administered by China but also claimed by India. Its Tibetan/Ladakhi name is Amtogar or Amtogor Tso which means "encounter with a round object". Geography Map including the lake Aksai Chin (AMS, 1950) The lake is part of Hotan County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang, The lake is located just south of the Kunlun Mountains. It is approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long and 6 kilometres (3.7 mi)-8 kilometres (5.0 mi) across. It is fed by the river of the same name, Aksai Chin River. China National Highway 219 passes some 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the southwest of the lake on its way from Shiquanhe, Tibet to Yarkand, Xinjiang. The lake itself is within Hotan County of Xinjiang, and the official Xinjiang-Tibet border runs about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the lake. History In the 1950s, prior to the Sino-Indian War, India collected salt from this lake and two other lakes in Aksai Chin to study the economic feasibility of potential salt mining operations. This lake was the only lake deemed economically viable. See also List of locations in Aksai Chin Notes ^ From map: "THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE." References ^ Li, Shijie; Zeng, Benxing; Jiao, Keqin (1989). "Preliminary research on lacustrine deposits and lake evolution on the southern slope of the West Kunlun mountains" (PDF). Bulletin of Glaciological Research. 7. Japanese Society of Snow and Ice: 170–173. (p170) 129 glaciers with area of 709.08 km² and ice volume of 136.2698 km3 in the Aksayqin Lake drainage basin ... (p173) The lake-level of Aksayqin Lake lies at 4844m a.s.l. ^ Lamb, Alastair (1973). The Sino-Indian Border in Ladakh (PDF). Canberra: Australian National University Press. p. 83. ISBN 0-7081-0399-5. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Raghav Sharan Sharma (2018). The Unfought War of 1962: An Appraisal. Routledge. p. . ISBN 9781351056366. 1899 Line: It concedes Karakash, Soda Plain and Amtogor Tso lake to China in the Aksai Chin and retains the rest with India. ^ Nehru, Jawaharlal (14 February 1961). Palat, Madhavan K. (ed.). Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru. Vol. 66. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund. p. 68. ISBN 978-01-994670-1-3. Retrieved 1 January 2020 – via Internet Archive. Indian side ... drew attention to the fact that ... in Aksai Chin all the major place names were Ladakhi ... Amtogar meant an encounter with a round object ^ 地貌气候. 和田县政府门户网站 (in Simplified Chinese). 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 和田县境内有主要湖泊5处：阿克赛钦湖，距县城200千米，面积158平方米，湖面高程 4 963米； ^ Brig Amar Cheema, VSM (31 March 2015). The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective. Lancer Publishers. pp. 157–158. ISBN 978-81-7062-301-4. ...though neither side had any physical presence there. The advantage India had was that she administered the grazing grounds and even collected salt from Amtogor Lake, deep in Aksai Chin. ^ Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (India) (1958). Technical Report. p. 127. Brines from (i) Pong Kong, (ii) Sarigh Jilgang Kol and (iii) Amtogor lakes were examined for their suitability for salt manufacture. The brines from the first two sources have been found to be uneconomical for salt manufacture.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-li-1"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"阿克赛钦","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%B5%9B%E9%92%A6"},{"link_name":"湖","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B9%96"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"endorheic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic"},{"link_name":"Aksai Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Endorheic lake in Chinese-administered KashmirAksai Chin Lake or Aksayqin Lake,[1] (Chinese: 阿克赛钦湖; pinyin: Ākèsàiqīn Hú) is an endorheic lake in the disputed region of Aksai Chin. The plateau is administered by China but also claimed by India. Its Tibetan/Ladakhi name is Amtogar or Amtogor Tso[2][3] which means \"encounter with a round object\".[4]","title":"Aksai Chin Lake"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-6654394-ni-44-3rd-ed.jpg"},{"link_name":"AMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Map_Service"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hotan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan_County"},{"link_name":"Hotan Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kunlun Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains"},{"link_name":"China National Highway 219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_219"},{"link_name":"Shiquanhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali,_Tibet"},{"link_name":"Yarkand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkant_County"},{"link_name":"Hotan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan_County"}],"text":"Map including the lake Aksai Chin (AMS, 1950)[a]The lake is part of Hotan County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang,[5] The lake is located just south of the Kunlun Mountains. It is approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long and 6 kilometres (3.7 mi)-8 kilometres (5.0 mi) across. It is fed by the river of the same name, Aksai Chin River.China National Highway 219 passes some 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the southwest of the lake on its way from Shiquanhe, Tibet to Yarkand, Xinjiang. The lake itself is within Hotan County of Xinjiang, and the official Xinjiang-Tibet border runs about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the lake.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sino-Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War"},{"link_name":"salt mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_mining"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VSM2015-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In the 1950s, prior to the Sino-Indian War, India collected salt from this lake and two other lakes in Aksai Chin to study the economic feasibility of potential salt mining operations. This lake was the only lake deemed economically viable.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ From map: \"THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE.\"","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"title":"List of locations in Aksai Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_locations_in_Aksai_Chin"}]
[{"reference":"Li, Shijie; Zeng, Benxing; Jiao, Keqin (1989). \"Preliminary research on lacustrine deposits and lake evolution on the southern slope of the West Kunlun mountains\" (PDF). Bulletin of Glaciological Research. 7. Japanese Society of Snow and Ice: 170–173. (p170) 129 glaciers with area of 709.08 km² and ice volume of 136.2698 km3 in the Aksayqin Lake drainage basin ... (p173) The lake-level of Aksayqin Lake lies at 4844m a.s.l.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.seppyo.org/bgr/pdf/7/BGR7P169.PDF","url_text":"\"Preliminary research on lacustrine deposits and lake evolution on the southern slope of the West Kunlun mountains\""}]},{"reference":"Lamb, Alastair (1973). The Sino-Indian Border in Ladakh (PDF). Canberra: Australian National University Press. p. 83. ISBN 0-7081-0399-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Lamb","url_text":"Lamb, Alastair"},{"url":"https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/114831/2/b10941575.pdf","url_text":"The Sino-Indian Border in Ladakh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7081-0399-5","url_text":"0-7081-0399-5"}]},{"reference":"Raghav Sharan Sharma (2018). The Unfought War of 1962: An Appraisal. Routledge. p. [1]. ISBN 9781351056366. 1899 Line: It concedes Karakash, Soda Plain and Amtogor Tso lake to China in the Aksai Chin and retains the rest with India.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ntNBDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Unfought War of 1962: An Appraisal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ntNBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT151","url_text":"[1]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351056366","url_text":"9781351056366"}]},{"reference":"Nehru, Jawaharlal (14 February 1961). Palat, Madhavan K. (ed.). Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru. Vol. 66. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund. p. 68. ISBN 978-01-994670-1-3. Retrieved 1 January 2020 – via Internet Archive. Indian side ... drew attention to the fact that ... in Aksai Chin all the major place names were Ladakhi ... Amtogar meant an encounter with a round object","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/selectedworksofj66nehr/page/n119","url_text":"Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-994670-1-3","url_text":"978-01-994670-1-3"}]},{"reference":"地貌气候. 和田县政府门户网站 (in Simplified Chinese). 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 和田县境内有主要湖泊5处：阿克赛钦湖，距县城200千米，面积158平方米，湖面高程 4 963米；","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200625194432/https://www.htx.gov.cn/article/show.php?itemid=81","url_text":"地貌气候"},{"url":"https://www.htx.gov.cn/article/show.php?itemid=81","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brig Amar Cheema, VSM (31 March 2015). The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective. Lancer Publishers. pp. 157–158. ISBN 978-81-7062-301-4. ...though neither side had any physical presence there. The advantage India had was that she administered the grazing grounds and even collected salt from Amtogor Lake, deep in Aksai Chin.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157","url_text":"The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7062-301-4","url_text":"978-81-7062-301-4"}]},{"reference":"Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (India) (1958). Technical Report. p. 127. Brines from (i) Pong Kong, (ii) Sarigh Jilgang Kol and (iii) Amtogor lakes were examined for their suitability for salt manufacture. The brines from the first two sources have been found to be uneconomical for salt manufacture.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rHY9AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Technical Report"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifumi
Ifumi
["1 Ingredients","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Indonesian noodle dish IfumiA plate full of ifumi noodles in YogyakartaAlternative namesI fu mie, ifu mie, yi fu meinCourseMain coursePlace of originIndonesiaRegion or stateJavaServing temperatureHotMain ingredientsCrispy deep fried noodles with chicken, meat or prawnSimilar dishesMie kering  Media: Ifumi Ifumi is an Indonesian crispy deep fried thick noodle dish, popular in Maritime Southeast Asia, served in a thick savoury sauce with pieces of meat or seafood and vegetables. The dishes are to be served hot while the noodles are still crisp until the noodles are softened by the sauce and are ready to be eaten. The dish is one of the most popular noodle dishes in Chinese Indonesian cuisine. The type of noodle being used in this dish is the thick yi mein noodle, hence the origin of its name. It is quite similar to mie kering noodles from Makassar. Ingredients Ifumi ready to eat Unlike other Chinese Indonesian favourite noodles with a soft texture—such as mie goreng for example, ifumi has a crispy texture akin to dried instant noodles or crackers. This is because the noodles were deep fried in palm oil first. The vegetable sauce is actually quite similar to the other Chinese Indonesian favourite, cap cai and it is made of stir-fried carrots, cloud ear mushroom, choy sum or napa cabbage, cauliflower, garlic and onion all seasoned with oyster sauce, ang ciu Chinese cooking wine, and a little bit of salt and sugar. The vegetable sauce then has water added to it, and it is mixed with dissolved corn starch as a thickening agent. This savoury thick sauce with pieces of meat and vegetables is cooked separately, and it is later poured upon the dry crispy noodles prior to serving the dish. See also Food portalIndonesia portal Indonesian noodles Laksa Mie kering Mie kuah List of Indonesian dishes Chinese Indonesian cuisine References ^ a b c "I Fu Mie". Dapur Umami. ^ a b "I Fu Mie". Recipe Master. 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iloni Sagela Ilahe Bilentango Sate Balanga Ilabulo Nasi kuning cakalang Buburu Bubur sagela Nasi goreng sagela Tabu Moitomo Ikan iloni Pilitode Indian Ayam mentega Ayam tandori Chapati Chutney Dosa Idli Laddu Kari kambing Kari kepala ikan Korma Modak Naan Nasi biryani Raita Roti canai Sambar Samosa Satti Sorru Indo Ayam kodok Babi panggang Bitterballen Erwtensoep Hutspot Makaroni schotel Oliebol Ontbijtkoek Pannenkoek Poffertjes Shepherd's pie Spekkoek Javanese Apem Arem-arem Ayam bumbu rujak Ayam geprek Ayam goreng kalasan Ayam penyet Bakso Bakpia Bakpia pathok Botok Brongkos Buntil Gudeg Iga penyet Kamir Kelan antep Krechek Kuluban Lepet Lontong balap Lontong dekem Lontong kupang Lumpia Lumpia goreng Lumpia semarang Sumpia Mendoan Mi bakso Mi goreng Mi jawa Mi rebus Nasi ambeng Nasi bebek Nasi bogana Nasi empal Nasi gandul Nasi goreng Nasi goreng jawa Nasi kare Nasi kucing Nasi liwet Nasi megono Nasi pecel Nasi tempong Opor Opor ayam Pecel Pecel ayam Pecel lele Rambak petis Rawon Roti ganjel rel Roti konde Rujak cingur Rujak soto Sambal ulek Sate ambal Sate blora Sate kambing Sate hati Sate kelinci Sate kikil Sate klatak Sate madura Sate ponorogo Sate tegal Sate udang Sayur lodeh Selat solo Serundeng Soto babat Soto ceker Tahu campur Telur pindang Tempe bacem Tempe goreng Tempe mendoan Timlo  Tongseng Trancam Tumpeng Urap Madurese Rujak Rujak cingur Sate madura Serundeng Soto madura Malay Amplang Ayam goreng Ayam pansuh Bubur cha cha Bubur pedas Cincalok Epok-epok Gulai Ikan bakar Ikan patin Kangkung belacan Kari Kemplang Laksa Mi kari Mi rebus Nasi berlauk Nasi briyani Nasi dagang Nasi goreng Nasi goreng pattaya Nasi lemak Nasi minyak Otak-otak Pekasam Pulut Roti canai Roti jala Roti john Roti tisu Sayur lodeh Siput gonggong Soto Sup kambing Tahu goreng Tempoyak Ulam Minahasan Ayam rica-rica Brenebon Cakalang fufu Dabu-dabu Klappertaart Mi cakalang Nasi kuning Panada Paniki Rica-rica Rintek wuuk Tinorangsak Tinutuan Woku Minangkabau Asam pedas Ayam pop Balado Daun ubi tumbuk Dendeng Gulai Gulai ayam Gulai kambing Gulai otak Kalio Kepiting saus padang Keripik sanjai Lemang Lontong gulai pakis Nasi kapau Nasi kari Nasi padang Palai bada Rendang Sambal lada muda Sate padang Soto padang Udang balado Moluccanand Papuan Asida Babi bakar Bibingka Colo-colo Papeda Puding sagu Sagu Soto ambon Palembang Burgo Gulai Kemplang Laksan Lakso Mi celor Nasi minyak Otak-otak Pempek Pindang Tekwan Tempoyak ikan patin Peranakan Bubur cha cha Cincalok Laksa Pai ti Swikee Sasak Ayam taliwang Plecing kangkung Sate ampet Sate belut Sate pusut Sundanese Asinan bogor Batagor Empal gepuk Karedok Kupat tahu Laksa bogor Laksa tangerang Lalab Mi kocok Nasi timbel Nasi tutug oncom Oncom Pepes Rujak tumbuk Sate bandeng Sate maranggi Sayur asem Seblak Soto bandung Tauge goreng Uli bakar Timorese Feijoada Ikan bakar Katemak Pastel de nata Se'i SnacksKrupuk Amplang Emping Kemplang Krupuk Krupuk ikan Krupuk kulit Krupuk udang Kripik Kripik sanjai Rempeyek Rengginang Kue Agar-agar Apam Ape Arem-arem Asida Bagea Bahulu Bakcang Bakpau Bakpia Bakpia pathok Bangkit Bibingka Bika ambon Bingka Bitterballen Bolen Bolu gulung Bolu kukus Bolu pandan Bugis Bulan Busa Cakwe Cilok Clorot Cubit Cucur Dadar gulung Dodol Donat jawa Donat kentang Gapit Geplak Gethuk Jalangkote Jemput-jemput Kaak Kaasstengels Kamir Karipap Kembang goyang Keranjang Klappertaart Klepon Kochi Kroket Ku Kukis jagung Laddu Laklak Lapis Lapis legit Leker Lemper Lidah kucing Lumpia Lumpia goreng Lumpia semarang Sumpia Lupis Madumongso Makmur Martabak Mangkok Mochi Modak Nagasari Nastar Ombusombus Onde-onde Pai susu Pai ti Panada Pancong Pastel Pastel de nata Pinyaram Pisang cokelat Pisang goreng Poffertjes Popiah Pukis Putri salju Putu Putu mangkok Putu mayang Rangi Rempah udang Risoles Samosa Satu Semar mendem Semprit Semprong Serabi Seri muka Sus Spekulaas Stroopwafel Talam Tapai Timphan Terang bulan Untir-untir Wajik Wingko BeveragesAlcoholic Arak Beer Brem Cap tikus Ciu Lapen Saguer Sopi Tuak Non-alcoholic Adon-adon coro Angsle Bajigur Bandrek Bir jawa Bir kocok Bir pletok Cendol Chocolate milk Cincau Dadiah Es asam jawa Es buah Es campur Es doger Es durian Es goyobod Es kelapa muda Es kopyor Es selendang mayang Es tebak Es tebu Es teler Hot chocolate Jahe telur Jamu Java coffee Kembang tahu Kopi luwak Kopi susu Kopi tarik Kopi tiam Kopi tubruk Lahang Laksamana mengamuk Legen Milo Moke Ronde Sarsi Badak Indo saparelle Sekoteng Soda gembira Susu kedelai Sweet tea Teh botol Teh krisan Teh liang Teh poci Teh jahe Teh tarik Teh talua Wedang jahe Wedang uwuh BumbuSpices Adas manis Andaliman Asam jawa Bawang bombai Bawang merah Bawang perei Bawang putih Bunga lawang Bunga pala Cabai rawit Cabai merah Cengkih Daun bawang Daun jeruk Daun kari Daun kemangi Daun pandan Daun salam Jahe Jeruk purut Jeruk nipis Jintan Kapulaga Kayu manis Kecombrang Kencur Kemiri Ketumbar Keluak Kunyit Lengkuas Lada hitam Lada putih Lokio Pala Peterseli Seledri Serai Temu kunci Temu lawak Seasoningsand condiments Abon Acar Balado Bawang goreng Budu Coconut jam Cuka Dabu-dabu Hagelslag Kecap asin Kecap ikan Kecap inggris Kecap manis Kerisik Lalab Mayones Minyak samin Minyak wijen Minyak zaitun Moster Muisjes Nata de coco Peanut sauce Petis Petis ikan Rica-rica Sambal Sambal goreng teri Serundeng Saus tiram Saus tomat Tapai Tauco Tempoyak Terasi Tongcai Tuktuk Vlokken Influences andoverseas dishes Achat Asam pedas Ayam penyet Babi pangang Bami Bamischijf Begedil Biryani Bobotie Bobotok Boeber Dendeng Kaassoufflé Kalu dodol Koe'sister Lumpia Martabak Mie goreng Mie rebus Nasi ambeng Nasi goreng Nasi kuning Nasischijf Pechal Pisang goreng Rawon Rendang Rojak Roti canai Satay Sayur lodeh Serundeng Sosatie Soto Telur pindang Tempeh Tomato bredie List articles Indonesian beverages Indonesian condiments Indonesian desserts Indonesian dishes Indonesian noodles Indonesian snacks Indonesian soups Relatedtopics List of Indonesian dishes Alcohol in Indonesia Jamu Bumbu (seasoning) Street food of Indonesia Jajan pasar Sri Owen Nunuk Nuraini  Category: Indonesian cuisine
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"deep fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_fried"},{"link_name":"noodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodle"},{"link_name":"Maritime Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Chinese Indonesian cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Umami-Ifumie-1"},{"link_name":"yi mein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_mein"},{"link_name":"mie kering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_kering"}],"text":"Ifumi is an Indonesian crispy deep fried thick noodle dish, popular in Maritime Southeast Asia, served in a thick savoury sauce with pieces of meat or seafood and vegetables. The dishes are to be served hot while the noodles are still crisp until the noodles are softened by the sauce and are ready to be eaten. The dish is one of the most popular noodle dishes in Chinese Indonesian cuisine.[1] The type of noodle being used in this dish is the thick yi mein noodle, hence the origin of its name. It is quite similar to mie kering noodles from Makassar.","title":"Ifumi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I_Fu_Mie.JPG"},{"link_name":"mie goreng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_goreng"},{"link_name":"instant noodles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_noodles"},{"link_name":"deep fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_fried"},{"link_name":"palm oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Umami-Ifumie-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM-Ifumie-2"},{"link_name":"cap cai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_cai"},{"link_name":"carrots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrots"},{"link_name":"cloud ear mushroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_ear_fungus"},{"link_name":"choy sum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choy_sum"},{"link_name":"napa cabbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_cabbage"},{"link_name":"cauliflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflower"},{"link_name":"oyster sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_sauce"},{"link_name":"corn starch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_starch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM-Ifumie-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Umami-Ifumie-1"}],"text":"Ifumi ready to eatUnlike other Chinese Indonesian favourite noodles with a soft texture—such as mie goreng for example, ifumi has a crispy texture akin to dried instant noodles or crackers. This is because the noodles were deep fried in palm oil first.[1][2]The vegetable sauce is actually quite similar to the other Chinese Indonesian favourite, cap cai and it is made of stir-fried carrots, cloud ear mushroom, choy sum or napa cabbage, cauliflower, garlic and onion all seasoned with oyster sauce, ang ciu Chinese cooking wine, and a little bit of salt and sugar. The vegetable sauce then has water added to it, and it is mixed with dissolved corn starch as a thickening agent.[2] This savoury thick sauce with pieces of meat and vegetables is cooked separately, and it is later poured upon the dry crispy noodles prior to serving the dish.[1]","title":"Ingredients"}]
[{"image_text":"Ifumi ready to eat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/I_Fu_Mie.JPG/220px-I_Fu_Mie.JPG"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Indonesia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia"},{"title":"Indonesian noodles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_noodles"},{"title":"Laksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksa"},{"title":"Mie kering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_kering"},{"title":"Mie kuah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_kuah"},{"title":"List of Indonesian dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_dishes"},{"title":"Chinese Indonesian cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine"}]
[{"reference":"\"I Fu Mie\". Dapur Umami.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dapurumami.com/resep_detail/index/I-Fu-Mie","url_text":"\"I Fu Mie\""}]},{"reference":"\"I Fu Mie\". Recipe Master.","urls":[{"url":"http://recipemaster.org/fu-mie/","url_text":"\"I Fu Mie\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.dapurumami.com/resep_detail/index/I-Fu-Mie","external_links_name":"\"I Fu Mie\""},{"Link":"http://recipemaster.org/fu-mie/","external_links_name":"\"I Fu Mie\""},{"Link":"https://cookpad.com/id/cari/i%20fu%20mie","external_links_name":"I Fu Mie Recipes"},{"Link":"https://www.dapurumami.com/resep_detail/index/I-Fu-Mie","external_links_name":"I Fu Mi Recipe"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izkeRG7Q3gU","external_links_name":"I Fu Mie cooking instructions"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadwell_Basin
Shadwell Basin
["1 History","2 Landmarks","3 People","4 Neighbouring streets","5 References & links"]
Coordinates: 51°30′29″N 0°03′11″W / 51.508°N 0.053°W / 51.508; -0.053Disused dock in East London, England Human settlement in EnglandShadwell BasinShadwell Basin in 2023Shadwell BasinLocation within Greater LondonOS grid referenceTQ351806London boroughTower HamletsCeremonial countyGreater LondonRegionLondonCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLONDONPoliceMetropolitanFireLondonAmbulanceLondon UK ParliamentPoplar and LimehouseLondon AssemblyCity and East List of places UK England London 51°30′29″N 0°03′11″W / 51.508°N 0.053°W / 51.508; -0.053 Shadwell Basin is a housing and leisure complex built around a disused dock in Wapping, London. The old dock was formerly part of the London Docks, a group of docks built by the London Dock Company at Shadwell and Wapping as part of the wider docks of the Port of London. Today Shadwell Basin is one of the most significant bodies of water surviving from the historical London Docks. It is situated on the north side of the river Thames east (downstream) of the Tower of London and Tower Bridge and west (upstream) of Limehouse. Unlike some of the London Docks which have been landfilled, Shadwell Basin, the most easterly part of the complex, has been retained. It is now a maritime square of 2.8 hectares used for recreational purposes (including sailing, canoeing and fishing) and is surrounded on three sides by a waterside housing development designed by British architects MacCormac, Jamieson, Prichard and Wright (MJPW) and constructed 1986–1988. The residential buildings are four and five storeys with façades of alternating open arches and enclosed structure, echoing the scale of traditional 19th century dockside warehouses, with a colonnade at quayside. It took inspiration from the Royal Albert Dock in Liverpool. The development, made up of buildings on Newlands Quay, Maynards Quay and Peartree Lane, was added to the National Heritage List for England by Historic England as Grade II listed in 2018, part of a listing of postmodern buildings. Shadwell Basin has Benson Quay on its south-west corner with its south side overlooked by Riverside Mansions in Milk Yard and the Monza Building in Monza Street and, at its south-eastern end, the former Wapping Hydraulic Power Station building. On the north side of Shadwell Basin, east of Newlands Quay, St Paul's Church provides a dramatic backdrop with its spire and the St Paul's Church Conservation Area extends to the water's edge with a terraced quayside that includes an outdoor gym. A Scherzer bascule bridge spans one of the entrances on the east side of the basin. This was built in the 1930s by the Port of London Authority and was restored by the London Docklands Development Corporation during their redevelopment of the site in the 1980s. Shadwell Basin is a popular public route for cyclists, joggers and pedestrians with a walkway alongside the water as part of the linked open spaces and canals between the river and Hermitage Basin near St Katharine Docks to the west. History The London Docks expanded eastward in the 1830s with the opening of the Eastern Dock and Shadwell Basin (built 1828–32). To provide these new docks with access to the river, a new entrance at Shadwell was built. Opened in 1832, it was named Shadwell Entrance (the main entrance to the London Dock was through Wapping Entrance with a third entrance at Hermitage Basin). Part of the Shadwell Basin Housing built in the 1980s and now Grade II listed By the 1850s, the London Dock Company had recognised that the entrances at both Wapping and Shadwell were too small to accommodate the newer and larger ships coming into service. In 1854-58 the company built a new larger entrance (45 feet wide) and a new basin at Shadwell (the only element of the London Docks system to have survived redevelopment to this day) linked to the west part of the docks by Eastern Dock and the short Tobacco Dock. The small size of the London Docks made them outdated by the early 20th century as steam power meant ships were built too large to fit into them. Cargoes were unloaded downriver and then ferried by barge to warehouses in Wapping. This system was uneconomic and inefficient and one of the main reasons that London's western docks (St Katharine Dock and the London Docks) were the first to close in the 1960s. The London Docks complex closed to shipping in 1969. Purchased by the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, Shadwell Basin and the western part of the London Docks fell into a derelict state, mostly a large open tract of land and water. Acquired in 1981 by the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC), redevelopment of Shadwell Basin took place in 1987 resulting in 169 houses and flats being built around the retained historic dock. Landmarks (North) St. Paul's Church, Shadwell — the Church of Sea Captains (South) The former Wapping Hydraulic Power Station building (previously the site of the Wapping Project arts venue and Wapping Food restaurant). Prospect of Whitby pub (East) King Edward VII Memorial Park — giving access to the River Thames The Shadwell Basin Outdoor Activity Centre - including Tower Hamlets Canoe Club and Docklands Dive School People People associated with the area: Captain James Cook (1728–1779) lived in the area, and some of his children were baptised at St. Paul's Church, Shadwell Jane Randolph Jefferson (1720–1776), mother of President of the United States Thomas Jefferson, was born in Shakespeare Walk (a road which ran from north to south in the middle of what is now Shadwell Basin) and was baptised at St. Paul's Church, Shadwell John Wesley (1703–1791) preached at St. Paul's Church, Shadwell Sir William Henry Perkin (1838–1907) chemist who discovered aniline purple dye was baptised at St. Paul's Church, Shadwell Neighbouring streets North of Shadwell Basin Newlands Quay — formerly Elbow Lane (in 1862) East of Shadwell Basin Pear Tree Lane — formerly Fox's Lane (in 1862). Named after The Pear Tree, the inn where the second group of Ratcliff Highway murders took place. West of Shadwell Basin Maynards Quay off Garnet Street — formerly New Gravel Lane (in 1862) Benson Quay South of Shadwell Basin starting from the west: Milk Yard Monza Street Wapping Wall References & links ^ a b c Historic England. "Shadwell Basin Housing, 5–54 (cons) Maynards Quay, 1–62 (cons) Newlands Quay and 1–35 (odd) Peartree Lane (1451936)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 December 2020. ^ "1980s Buildings Officially Become Heritage". Historic England. 10 May 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2023. ^ "Lifting bridge, Garnet Street, Shadwell Basin, Wapping Wall, London". ^ "Wapping 13 Oct 1973: Shadwell dock basin & lock gate". Flickr. October 1973. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shadwell Basin. vteLondon Borough of Tower HamletsWards Bethnal Green Blackwall and Cubitt Town Bow East Bow West Bromley North Bromley South Canary Wharf Island Gardens Lansbury Limehouse Mile End Poplar Shadwell Spitalfields and Banglatown St Dunstan's St Katharine's and Wapping St Peter's Stepney Green Weavers Whitechapel Notable locations Brick Lane Christ Church, Spitalfields Dennis Severs' House East Smithfield Fish Island Fournier Street Museum of Immigration and Diversity Museum of London Docklands Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park Ragged School Museum Royal London Museum and Archives Jack the Ripper Museum St Katharine Docks Spitalfields City Farm Stepney City Farm Tower Bridge Tower of London Traitors' Gate Whitechapel Art Gallery Young V&A Street markets Petticoat Lane Brick Lane Columbia Road Old Spitalfields Roman Road Parks and open spaces Altab Ali Park Bartlett Park Island Gardens Langdon Park Mile End Park Mudchute Sir John McDougall Gardens Tower Hamlets Cemetery Victoria Park Governance London borough council Directly elected mayor Civic mayor/speaker of council Constituencies: Bethnal Green and Bow Poplar and Limehouse Bridges and tunnels Blackwall Tunnel Greenwich foot tunnel Rotherhithe Tunnel Tower Bridge Tube and rail stations  Aldgate East  All Saints  Bethnal Green  Bethnal Green  Blackwall  Bow Church  Bow Road  Bromley-by-Bow  Cambridge Heath  Canary Wharf (DLR)  Canary Wharf (Elizabeth line)  Canary Wharf (tube)  Crossharbour  Devons Road  East India  Heron Quays  Island Gardens  Langdon Park   Limehouse  Mile End  Mudchute  Poplar  Shadwell  Shadwell  South Quay  Stepney Green  Tower Gateway  Tower Hill  Wapping  West India Quay  Westferry    Whitechapel Other topics Council Grade I and II* listed buildings People Public art Schools Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_estate"},{"link_name":"Wapping, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping"},{"link_name":"London Docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Docks"},{"link_name":"Port of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_London"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Tower Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Limehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limehouse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Dock,_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed"},{"link_name":"postmodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wapping Hydraulic Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping_Hydraulic_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Shadwell"},{"link_name":"bascule bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascule_bridge"},{"link_name":"Port of London Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_London_Authority"},{"link_name":"London Docklands Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Docklands_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"St Katharine Docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Katharine_Docks"}],"text":"Disused dock in East London, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandShadwell Basin is a housing and leisure complex built around a disused dock in Wapping, London. The old dock was formerly part of the London Docks, a group of docks built by the London Dock Company at Shadwell and Wapping as part of the wider docks of the Port of London.Today Shadwell Basin is one of the most significant bodies of water surviving from the historical London Docks. It is situated on the north side of the river Thames east (downstream) of the Tower of London and Tower Bridge and west (upstream) of Limehouse.Unlike some of the London Docks which have been landfilled, Shadwell Basin, the most easterly part of the complex, has been retained. It is now a maritime square of 2.8 hectares used for recreational purposes (including sailing, canoeing and fishing) and is surrounded on three sides by a waterside housing development designed by British architects MacCormac, Jamieson, Prichard and Wright (MJPW) and constructed 1986–1988.[1]The residential buildings are four and five storeys with façades of alternating open arches and enclosed structure, echoing the scale of traditional 19th century dockside warehouses, with a colonnade at quayside. It took inspiration from the Royal Albert Dock in Liverpool.[1] The development, made up of buildings on Newlands Quay, Maynards Quay and Peartree Lane, was added to the National Heritage List for England by Historic England as Grade II listed in 2018, part of a listing of postmodern buildings.[1][2]Shadwell Basin has Benson Quay on its south-west corner with its south side overlooked by Riverside Mansions in Milk Yard and the Monza Building in Monza Street and, at its south-eastern end, the former Wapping Hydraulic Power Station building.On the north side of Shadwell Basin, east of Newlands Quay, St Paul's Church provides a dramatic backdrop with its spire and the St Paul's Church Conservation Area extends to the water's edge with a terraced quayside that includes an outdoor gym.A Scherzer bascule bridge spans one of the entrances on the east side of the basin. This was built in the 1930s by the Port of London Authority and was restored by the London Docklands Development Corporation during their redevelopment of the site in the 1980s.[3]Shadwell Basin is a popular public route for cyclists, joggers and pedestrians with a walkway alongside the water as part of the linked open spaces and canals between the river and Hermitage Basin near St Katharine Docks to the west.","title":"Shadwell Basin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peartree_Lane,_Shadwell_(01).jpg"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Tower Hamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"London Docklands Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Docklands_Development_Corporation"}],"text":"The London Docks expanded eastward in the 1830s with the opening of the Eastern Dock and Shadwell Basin (built 1828–32). To provide these new docks with access to the river, a new entrance at Shadwell was built. Opened in 1832, it was named Shadwell Entrance (the main entrance to the London Dock was through Wapping Entrance with a third entrance at Hermitage Basin).Part of the Shadwell Basin Housing built in the 1980s and now Grade II listedBy the 1850s, the London Dock Company had recognised that the entrances at both Wapping and Shadwell were too small to accommodate the newer and larger ships coming into service. In 1854-58 the company built a new larger entrance (45 feet wide) and a new basin at Shadwell (the only element of the London Docks system to have survived redevelopment to this day) linked to the west part of the docks by Eastern Dock and the short Tobacco Dock.The small size of the London Docks made them outdated by the early 20th century as steam power meant ships were built too large to fit into them. Cargoes were unloaded downriver and then ferried by barge to warehouses in Wapping. This system was uneconomic and inefficient and one of the main reasons that London's western docks (St Katharine Dock and the London Docks) were the first to close in the 1960s.The London Docks complex closed to shipping in 1969. Purchased by the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, Shadwell Basin and the western part of the London Docks fell into a derelict state,[4] mostly a large open tract of land and water. Acquired in 1981 by the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC), redevelopment of Shadwell Basin took place in 1987 resulting in 169 houses and flats being built around the retained historic dock.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Paul's Church, Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church,_Shadwell"},{"link_name":"Wapping Hydraulic Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping_Hydraulic_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Wapping Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping_Project"},{"link_name":"Prospect of Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_of_Whitby"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII Memorial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Memorial_Park"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"The Shadwell Basin Outdoor Activity Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.shadwell-basin.org.uk"},{"link_name":"Tower Hamlets Canoe Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.towerhamletscanoeclub.co.uk"},{"link_name":"Docklands Dive School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.diveschool.demon.co.uk"}],"text":"(North)St. Paul's Church, Shadwell — the Church of Sea Captains(South)The former Wapping Hydraulic Power Station building (previously the site of the Wapping Project arts venue and Wapping Food restaurant).\nProspect of Whitby pub(East)King Edward VII Memorial Park — giving access to the River Thames\nThe Shadwell Basin Outdoor Activity Centre - including Tower Hamlets Canoe Club and Docklands Dive School","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Church, Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church,_Shadwell"},{"link_name":"Jane Randolph Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Randolph_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"John Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Church, Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church,_Shadwell"},{"link_name":"Sir William Henry Perkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Henry_Perkin"},{"link_name":"aniline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniline"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Church, Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church,_Shadwell"}],"text":"People associated with the area:Captain James Cook (1728–1779) lived in the area, and some of his children were baptised at St. Paul's Church, Shadwell\nJane Randolph Jefferson (1720–1776), mother of President of the United States Thomas Jefferson, was born in Shakespeare Walk (a road which ran from north to south in the middle of what is now Shadwell Basin) and was baptised at St. Paul's Church, Shadwell\nJohn Wesley (1703–1791) preached at St. Paul's Church, Shadwell\nSir William Henry Perkin (1838–1907) chemist who discovered aniline purple dye was baptised at St. Paul's Church, Shadwell","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ratcliff Highway murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratcliff_Highway_murders"},{"link_name":"Wapping Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping_Wall"}],"text":"North of Shadwell BasinNewlands Quay — formerly Elbow Lane (in 1862)East of Shadwell BasinPear Tree Lane — formerly Fox's Lane (in 1862). Named after The Pear Tree, the inn where the second group of Ratcliff Highway murders took place.West of Shadwell BasinMaynards Quay off Garnet Street — formerly New Gravel Lane (in 1862)\nBenson QuaySouth of Shadwell Basin starting from the west:Milk Yard\nMonza Street\nWapping Wall","title":"Neighbouring streets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-2"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"\"Shadwell Basin Housing, 5–54 (cons) Maynards Quay, 1–62 (cons) Newlands Quay and 1–35 (odd) Peartree Lane (1451936)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1451936"},{"link_name":"National Heritage List for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"1980s Buildings Officially Become Heritage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//historicengland.org.uk/whats-new/news/post-modern-buildings-listed/"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Lifting bridge, Garnet Street, Shadwell Basin, Wapping Wall, London\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ribapix.com/lifting-bridge-garnet-street-shadwell-basin-wapping-wall-london_riba116611#"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Wapping 13 Oct 1973: Shadwell dock basin & lock gate\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.flickr.com/photos/jonathanbarker/2180513077/in/set-72157603147272174/"},{"link_name":"Shadwell Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shadwell_Basin"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Tower Hamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"Wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bethnal Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green"},{"link_name":"Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow,_London"},{"link_name":"Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow,_London"},{"link_name":"Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley-by-Bow"},{"link_name":"Bromley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley-by-Bow"},{"link_name":"Canary Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Wharf"},{"link_name":"Limehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limehouse"},{"link_name":"Mile End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_End"},{"link_name":"Poplar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar,_London"},{"link_name":"Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadwell"},{"link_name":"Spitalfields and Banglatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitalfields"},{"link_name":"St Katharine's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Katharine_Docks"},{"link_name":"Wapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping"},{"link_name":"Stepney Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepney_Green"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LondonTowerHamlets.svg"},{"link_name":"Brick Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Lane"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Spitalfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Spitalfields"},{"link_name":"Dennis Severs' House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Severs%27_House"},{"link_name":"East Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Smithfield"},{"link_name":"Fish Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_Island,_London"},{"link_name":"Fournier Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fournier_Street"},{"link_name":"Museum of Immigration and Diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Immigration_and_Diversity"},{"link_name":"Museum of London Docklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London_Docklands"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Olympic_Park"},{"link_name":"Ragged School Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragged_School_Museum"},{"link_name":"Royal London Museum and Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_London_Hospital#Royal_London_Museum_and_Archives"},{"link_name":"Jack the Ripper Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_Museum"},{"link_name":"St Katharine Docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Katharine_Docks"},{"link_name":"Spitalfields City Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitalfields_City_Farm"},{"link_name":"Stepney City Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepney_City_Farm"},{"link_name":"Tower Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Traitors' Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traitors%27_Gate"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Young V&A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_V%26A"},{"link_name":"Petticoat Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petticoat_Lane_Market"},{"link_name":"Brick Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Lane_Market"},{"link_name":"Columbia Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Road_Flower_Market"},{"link_name":"Old Spitalfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Spitalfields_market"},{"link_name":"Roman Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Road,_London#Roman_Road_(area)#Roman_Road_Market"},{"link_name":"Parks and open spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_and_open_spaces_in_the_London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"Altab Ali Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altab_Ali_Park"},{"link_name":"Bartlett Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett_Park"},{"link_name":"Island Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Langdon Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langdon_Park,_London&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mile End Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_End_Park"},{"link_name":"Mudchute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudchute"},{"link_name":"Sir John McDougall Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_McDougall_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Tower Hamlets Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hamlets_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Victoria Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"London borough council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hamlets_London_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Directly elected mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directly_elected_mayor_of_the_London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"Civic mayor/speaker of council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_the_London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"Constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_London"},{"link_name":"Bethnal Green and Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green_and_Bow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Poplar and Limehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_and_Limehouse_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bridges and tunnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_London"},{"link_name":"Blackwall Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Greenwich foot tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_foot_tunnel"},{"link_name":"Rotherhithe Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherhithe_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Tower Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Tube and rail stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets#Transport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Aldgate East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate_East_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"All Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bethnal Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Bethnal Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Blackwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Bow Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Church_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bow Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Road_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bromley-by-Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley-by-Bow_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Heath_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Canary Wharf (DLR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Wharf_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"Canary Wharf (Elizabeth line)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Wharf_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Canary Wharf (tube)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Wharf_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Crossharbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossharbour_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Devons Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devons_Road_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"East India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Heron Quays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Quays_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Island Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Gardens_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Langdon Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langdon_Park_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Limehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limehouse_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Mile End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_End_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Mudchute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudchute_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Poplar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadwell_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadwell_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"South Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Quay_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Stepney Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepney_Green_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Tower Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Gateway_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Tower Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hill_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Wapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"West India Quay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_India_Quay_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Westferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westferry_DLR_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_station"},{"link_name":"Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hamlets_London_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Grade I and II* listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_and_II*_listed_buildings_in_the_London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_the_London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"Public art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_the_London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"}],"text":"^ a b c Historic England. \"Shadwell Basin Housing, 5–54 (cons) Maynards Quay, 1–62 (cons) Newlands Quay and 1–35 (odd) Peartree Lane (1451936)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 December 2020.\n\n^ \"1980s Buildings Officially Become Heritage\". Historic England. 10 May 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2023.\n\n^ \"Lifting bridge, Garnet Street, Shadwell Basin, Wapping Wall, London\".\n\n^ \"Wapping 13 Oct 1973: Shadwell dock basin & lock gate\". Flickr. October 1973.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shadwell Basin.vteLondon Borough of Tower HamletsWards\nBethnal Green\nBlackwall and Cubitt Town\nBow East\nBow West\nBromley North\nBromley South\nCanary Wharf\nIsland Gardens\nLansbury\nLimehouse\nMile End\nPoplar\nShadwell\nSpitalfields and Banglatown\nSt Dunstan's\nSt Katharine's and Wapping\nSt Peter's\nStepney Green\nWeavers\nWhitechapel\nNotable locations\nBrick Lane\nChrist Church, Spitalfields\nDennis Severs' House\nEast Smithfield\nFish Island\nFournier Street\nMuseum of Immigration and Diversity\nMuseum of London Docklands\nQueen Elizabeth Olympic Park\nRagged School Museum\nRoyal London Museum and Archives\nJack the Ripper Museum\nSt Katharine Docks\nSpitalfields City Farm\nStepney City Farm\nTower Bridge\nTower of London\nTraitors' Gate\nWhitechapel Art Gallery\nYoung V&A\nStreet markets\nPetticoat Lane\nBrick Lane\nColumbia Road\nOld Spitalfields\nRoman Road\nParks and open spaces\nAltab Ali Park\nBartlett Park\nIsland Gardens\nLangdon Park\nMile End Park\nMudchute\nSir John McDougall Gardens\nTower Hamlets Cemetery\nVictoria Park\nGovernance\nLondon borough council\nDirectly elected mayor\nCivic mayor/speaker of council\nConstituencies: Bethnal Green and Bow\nPoplar and Limehouse\nBridges and tunnels\nBlackwall Tunnel\nGreenwich foot tunnel\nRotherhithe Tunnel\nTower Bridge\nTube and rail stations\n Aldgate East\n All Saints\n Bethnal Green\n Bethnal Green\n Blackwall\n Bow Church\n Bow Road\n Bromley-by-Bow\n Cambridge Heath\n Canary Wharf (DLR)\n Canary Wharf (Elizabeth line)\n Canary Wharf (tube)\n Crossharbour\n Devons Road\n East India\n Heron Quays\n Island Gardens\n Langdon Park\n  Limehouse\n Mile End\n Mudchute\n Poplar\n Shadwell\n Shadwell\n South Quay\n Stepney Green\n Tower Gateway\n Tower Hill\n Wapping\n West India Quay\n Westferry\n   Whitechapel\nOther topics\nCouncil\nGrade I and II* listed buildings\nPeople\nPublic art\nSchools\n\n Category\n Commons","title":"References & links"}]
[{"image_text":"Part of the Shadwell Basin Housing built in the 1980s and now Grade II listed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Peartree_Lane%2C_Shadwell_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Peartree_Lane%2C_Shadwell_%2801%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Shadwell Basin Housing, 5–54 (cons) Maynards Quay, 1–62 (cons) Newlands Quay and 1–35 (odd) Peartree Lane (1451936)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1451936","url_text":"\"Shadwell Basin Housing, 5–54 (cons) Maynards Quay, 1–62 (cons) Newlands Quay and 1–35 (odd) Peartree Lane (1451936)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"1980s Buildings Officially Become Heritage\". Historic England. 10 May 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/whats-new/news/post-modern-buildings-listed/","url_text":"\"1980s Buildings Officially Become Heritage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"}]},{"reference":"\"Lifting bridge, Garnet Street, Shadwell Basin, Wapping Wall, London\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ribapix.com/lifting-bridge-garnet-street-shadwell-basin-wapping-wall-london_riba116611#","url_text":"\"Lifting bridge, Garnet Street, Shadwell Basin, Wapping Wall, London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wapping 13 Oct 1973: Shadwell dock basin & lock gate\". Flickr. October 1973.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jonathanbarker/2180513077/in/set-72157603147272174/","url_text":"\"Wapping 13 Oct 1973: Shadwell dock basin & lock gate\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_in_My_Mind
Carolina in My Mind
["1 Song and recordings","2 Chart history","3 Later appearances","4 Other versions","5 Sense of place","6 References","7 External links"]
This article is about the song by James Taylor. For the What Would You Do? episode of the same name, see What Would You Do? (season 13). 1969 single by James Taylor"Carolina in My Mind"Single by James Taylorfrom the album James Taylor B-side"Taking It In" (1969 original) "Something's Wrong" (1970 reissue)ReleasedFebruary/March 1969 (original UK & US releases)October/November 1970 (US & UK reissues)RecordedJuly–October 1968GenreFolk rock, country popLength3:36 (original)3:57 (1976 version)LabelAppleSongwriter(s)James TaylorProducer(s)Peter AsherJames Taylor singles chronology "Something in the Way She Moves" (1969) "Carolina in My Mind" (1969) "Knocking 'Round the Zoo" (1969) "Carolina in My Mind" is a song originally written and performed by American singer-songwriter James Taylor. It was Taylor's second single from his 1968 self-titled debut album. Taylor wrote Carolina in My Mind while in England recording for the Beatles' label Apple Records, and the song's themes reflect his homesickness at the time. Released as a single in 1969, the song earned critical praise but not commercial success. It was re-recorded for Taylor's 1976 Greatest Hits album in the version that is most familiar to listeners. It has been a staple of Taylor's concert performances over the decades of his career. Carolina in My Mind is one of the most covered contemporary folk songs of all time, the most famous of which being covers by American singer-songwriter John Denver and American rock music duo the Everly Brothers. The song was a modest hit on the country charts in 1969 for North Carolinian singer George Hamilton IV, released as the first single from his 1970 album Back Where It's At (see George Hamilton IV discography). Strongly tied to a sense of geographic place, "Carolina in My Mind" has been called an unofficial state anthem for North Carolina. It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, being played at athletic events and pep rallies and sung by the graduating class at every university commencement. The association of the song with the state is also made in written works of both fiction and non-fiction. It has become one of Taylor's most critically praised songs and one that has great popularity and significance for his audience. Song and recordings The song references Taylor's years growing up in North Carolina. Taylor wrote it while overseas recording for the Beatles' label Apple Records. He started writing the song at producer Peter Asher's London flat on Marylebone High Street, resumed work on it while on holiday on the Mediterranean island of Formentera, and then completed it while stranded on the nearby island of Ibiza with Karin, a Swedish girl he had just met. The song reflects Taylor's homesickness at the time, as he was missing his family, his dog and his state. Dark and silent late last night, I think I might have heard the highway calling ... Geese in flight and dogs that bite And signs that might be omens say I'm going, I'm going I'm gone to Carolina in my mind. The original recording of the song was done at London's Trident Studios during the July to October 1968 period, and was produced by Asher. The song's lyric "holy host of others standing around me" makes reference to the Beatles, who were recording The Beatles in the same studio where Taylor was recording his album. Indeed, the recording of "Carolina in My Mind" includes a credited appearance by Paul McCartney on bass guitar and an uncredited one by George Harrison on backing vocals. The other players were Freddie Redd on organ, Joel "Bishop" O'Brien on drums, and Mick Wayne providing a second guitar alongside Taylor's. Taylor and Asher also did backing vocals and Asher added a tambourine. Richard Hewson arranged and conducted a string part; an even more ambitious 30-piece orchestra part was recorded but not used. The song itself earned critical praise, with Jon Landau's April 1969 review for Rolling Stone calling it "beautiful" and one of the "two most deeply affecting cuts" on the album and praising McCartney's bass playing as "extraordinary". Taylor biographer Timothy White calls the song "the album's quiet masterpiece". In a 50-years-later retrospective of the album's release, Billboard calls the song "a mellow Taylor classic" and a "stone-classic". The song was first released on Taylor's eponymous debut album in December 1968 (February 1969 in the United States), and was later released as a single in the UK in February 1969 and in the United States in March 1969. However, owing to the same problems which plagued the release of the album (namely, Taylor's inability to promote it due to his hospitalization for drug addiction), the single's original release reached only No. 118 on US pop charts and failed to chart in the UK. Indeed, Taylor had fallen back into addiction during the London recording sessions, and his line about being surrounded by Beatles had been immediately followed by "Still I'm on the dark side of the moon". Following the success of Taylor's second album, Sweet Baby James, and its hit single "Fire and Rain", "Carolina in My Mind" was reissued by Apple as a single in October 1970 and rose to No. 67 on the U.S. charts. (A previously unreleased acoustic demo of "Carolina in My Mind" was issued as a bonus track on the 2010 Apple Records remastering of James Taylor.) In Canada, the song peaked at No. 64 in the spring of 1969, then recharted in the fall of 1970, reaching No. 39. Different versions of both this song and "Something in the Way She Moves" were remade by Taylor for use on his 1976 Greatest Hits album because of the difficulty of obtaining licensing rights from Apple during the 1970s and because of uncertainty about where the Apple masters were. The new recordings were done in October 1976 at The Sound Factory in Los Angeles and production was again done by Peter Asher. This rendition of "Carolina in My Mind" had a slower tempo than the original, and accompanying Taylor on acoustic guitar were experienced LA session musicians Dan Dugmore on pedal steel guitar (highlighted in the descending note sequences at the song's conclusion), Lee Sklar on bass, Russ Kunkel on drums, Clarence McDonald on piano, Andrew Gold on harmonium, and Byron Berline on fiddle. Backing vocals were handled by Gold and Taylor. Greatest Hits became a diamond record, selling more than 11 million copies in the United States by 2001, and this is the version of "Carolina in My Mind" that became best known. The remake earned even more critical praise than the original. Bill Janovitz of Allmusic said of the 1976 recording that it "accent the languid, plaintive and wistful country melancholy of the song", while in the 1979 Rolling Stone Record Guide, critic Stephen Holden said that the "stunning" remake showed how much Taylor's singing had strengthened in the intervening years. Biographer White believed that the song benefited from the removal of the original's orchestration. The 1976 re-recording was also included on Taylor's 2003 compilation The Best of James Taylor. Chart history James Taylor: Chart (1969) Peakposition Canada RPM Top Singles 64 US Billboard Hot 100 118 Chart (1970) Peakposition Canada RPM Top Singles 39 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Cash Box Top 100 72 George Hamilton IV: Chart (1969–70) Peakposition Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 39 Canada RPM Country Tracks 3 US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 29 Crystal Mansion: Chart (1970) Peakposition US Billboard Adult Contemporary 34 US Billboard Hot 100 73 US Cash Box Top 100 61 Later appearances Taylor performs "Carolina in My Mind" during his 2010 Troubadour Reunion Tour with Carole King. The video screen shows scenes of a countryside. "Carolina in My Mind" became a staple of Taylor's concert repertoire, appearing in the set list of virtually every Taylor tour. A 1992 performance of it was included near the end of Taylor's first live album, 1993's Live. The audience reaction demonstrates that the song has great popularity despite never being a hit single: there is immediate cheering as the first notes are picked out on Taylor's acoustic guitar, and further cheering as soon as he starts to sing. By this era Taylor's always-excellent touring band was using four backing singers. Arnold McCuller, David Lasley, Kate Markowitz, and Valerie Carter featured strongly in the arrangement, continuing the emphasis on the song's harmonies that had begun with the 1976 remake. The song has been included in a number of Taylor's concert video releases, including 1980's James Taylor: In Concert at the Blossom Music Center, 1988's James Taylor: In Concert at Boston's Colonial Theatre, and 2002's Pull Over. It was performed in collaboration with the Dixie Chicks in 2002 for the CMT Crossroads program. In 2004, Taylor and the Chicks again performed the song together during the Vote for Change tour, with Taylor dedicating it to former North Carolina Senator and U.S. vice-presidential candidate John Edwards. On the 2006 A Musicares Person of the Year Tribute Honoring James Taylor tribute show and video release, "Carolina in My Mind" was performed by Alison Krauss and Jerry Douglas. The song was then included in Taylor's 2006–2007 One Man Band Tour; accompanied only by Larry Goldings on piano and harmonium, Taylor introduced the song with visual material and by relating its composition on Formentera and other locations. He talked about the Karin of the lyrics, whom he had known only briefly and never seen since, and related various humorous notions about how to find her again. One such performance was documented on the 2007 album and video release One Man Band. Another live performance appeared on Taylor's 2010 live CD/DVD combo release with Carole King, Live at The Troubadour. James Taylor appeared on The Colbert Report on January 19, 2012, and sang "Carolina in My Mind" along with Stephen Colbert, and then performed it on the final day of the 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, where he greeted "fellow Tar Heels and Democrats". In a 2020 interview with Parade, Taylor stated that "Carolina in My Mind" was his favorite song to perform, explaining, "Because my audience responds well to it, and because it wears well, I like 'Carolina In My Mind'. I play it almost every time I perform, and I haven't tired of it." Other versions While "Carolina in My Mind" did not gain much attention from the public upon its original release, it did from other artists. It was a No. 29 hit on the American country charts and No. 3 hit in Canada in 1969 for North Carolinian singer George Hamilton IV. The Everly Brothers also released it as a single in 1969, under the variant title "Carolina on My Mind", but it failed to chart; this was later collected on their 1994 box set Heartaches and Harmonies. Evie Sands also touched upon it in her 1969 album Any Way That You Want Me. The song was recorded by Melanie on her hit April 1970 album Candles in the Rain; the arrangement and vocal phrasing are different from Taylor's, and Allmusic writes that her version "exist on an entirely separate plane from the original". It was also recorded in more conventional folk rock form by John Denver on his May 1970 album Take Me to Tomorrow. Philadelphia-based pop group Crystal Mansion released a version in October 1970 that reached No. 73 on the U.S. pop singles chart. Dawn included a version of it on their 1970 debut album Candida. About the same time, Glen Campbell was performing the song as a sped-up country duet with Linda Ronstadt on his popular television series The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour; this was later collected on his 2007 video release Good Times Again. The song subsequently became so identified with Taylor that other artists recorded it less frequently, but still by the late 2000s there were some 60 albums (including compilation reappearances and albums from Taylor himself) that featured it. Sense of place In 1998, a family of James Taylor fans listens to the Live recording of "Carolina in My Mind" as they enter the state on North Carolina Highway 168. "Carolina in My Mind" is strongly associated with its geographical place and has been referred to a number of times as an unofficial state anthem of North Carolina. Taylor had grown up in Carrboro, outside Chapel Hill, where his father taught at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. Taylor later reflected: "Chapel Hill, the piedmont, the outlying hills, were tranquil, rural, beautiful, but quiet. Thinking of the red soil, the seasons, the way things smelled down there, I feel as though my experience of coming of age there was more a matter of landscape and climate than people." More broadly, the song has been associated with The South. Author James L. Peacock sees it akin to Stephen Foster's "My Old Kentucky Home" and other songs and works of literature in establishing "the South's sense of place", even if that sense is sometimes an exercise in projected nostalgia. Author Ken Emerson also sees a connection to that quintessential American songwriter, with the Taylor song resembling Foster's "Sitting By My Own Cabin Door" in its sense of longing for home amid personal and contextual dislocation. Recognizing the association with the state, the Chapel Hill Museum opened an ongoing exhibit "Carolina in My Mind: The James Taylor Story" in 2003 that includes memorabilia from Taylor's years in the area and a video documentary. "Carolina in My Mind" is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It is played at athletic events and pep rallies, and is sung by the graduating class at every university graduation. In 2019 the student newspaper The Daily Tar Heel ran a piece detailing how the song often stayed with students beyond their years on campus. The song is also frequently performed by popular UNC campus a cappella groups, including the Clef Hangers. The Clef Hangers' Fall Concert 2007 performances of the song featured future American Idol season 8 finalist Anoop Desai handling the lead vocal on the closing part of the song. The Clef Hangers, joined by university chancellor Holden Thorp, again performed it in March 2009 at the first anniversary memorial service for murdered student president Eve Carson. In 2019, one former Clef Hanger recalled that, "Pretty quickly ... I realized that the song had a lot of significance. We also sing it at graduation every year, as a send off, so there's more significance behind it ... we treat it like our special thing we get to bring during private events or even situations like graduation." In October 2006, Taylor returned to the campus to receive the school's Carolina Performing Arts Lifetime Achievement Award. University chancellor James Moeser said to Taylor, "We love you. We love what you do and how you represent this university." Taylor said, "It's strange but somehow compelling to come home and sing it. It draws a line through my own personal history and connects me again to a place that I go to in my dreams, a landscape that will forever be a part of me." "Carolina in My Mind" is the corps song for the Carolina Crown Drum & Bugle Corps; the corps sings the song before every performance. The 82nd Airborne Division of the United States Army, stationed at Fort Bragg in North Carolina, sponsors a group of singing soldiers known as the 82nd Airborne Division All-American Chorus. They recorded a version of the song on their 2009 album A Soldier's Heart, and the song is part of their concert repertoire. Some of the song's lyrics are used as an epigraph in the 2001 Celebrate the States series volume on North Carolina and in the 1983 reference book America the Quotable. News providers have used "Carolina in My Mind" as a title for stories about the state's politics, economy, and outdoor activities. The song's geographical association also appears in fiction, including in Carly Alexander's 2004 novel The Eggnog Chronicles and North Carolinian Sharyn McCrumb's 2006 novel St. Dale. Although it was North Carolina that inspired the song, it is popular in South Carolina too, tying for first place on a South Carolina Information Highway's construction of a soundtrack regarding the state. It has been used as the theme for the television coverage of the annual Family Circle Cup tennis event in South Carolina. "Carolina in My Mind" has been mentioned by members of the Carolinian diaspora. Prize-winning North Carolinian writer Jill McCorkle, living in Massachusetts, refers to it as "the chosen anthem of misplaced Carolinians". In Kathy Reichs' initial Temperance Brennan novel, Déjà Dead, the protagonist (like the author) is from North Carolina but working in Montreal as a forensic anthropologist, and alludes to the song as part of a Carolinian reverie in the midst of a horrid murder case. One person who had moved to California said, "Still to this day I get nostalgic whenever I hear it on the radio. It's a song that makes anyone who grew up in North Carolina homesick. In a way, it's become an anthem song for people who left the state." References ^ a b Castleman, Harry; Podrazik, Walter J. (1976). All Together Now. Pierian Press. pp. 75, 93. ^ a b c d Keyes, Brian (June 24, 2019). "Alumni reflect on how 'Carolina in My Mind' stays with them years after graduation". The Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved June 26, 2019. ^ a b c d Halperin, Ian (2003). Fire and Rain: The James Taylor Story (Revised ed.). Citadel Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-8065-2348-4. ^ a b Dave Marsh; John Swenson, eds. (1979). The Rolling Stone Record Guide. Random House/Rolling Stone Press. p. 379. ISBN 0-394-73535-8. ^ a b c d e f g White, Timothy. James Taylor: Long Ago and Far Away, Omnibus Press, 2002, ISBN 0-7119-9193-6. pp. 137–140. ^ a b c d e Taylor, James (2007). One Man Band (DVD). Hear Music. ^ a b c d e Janovitz, Bill. "Carolina in My Mind: Song Review". Allmusic. Retrieved April 2, 2009. ^ a b c d James Taylor (Vinyl inside gatefold). James Taylor. Apple Records. 1968.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Castleman, Harry; Podrazik, Walter J. (1977). "1967 – It's Lonely at the Top". All Together Now – The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975 (Second ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. p. 71. ISBN 0-345-25680-8. ^ Landau, Jon (April 19, 1969). "Album Reviews: James Taylor". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 29, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2017. ^ a b Enos, Morgan (December 6, 2018). "James Taylor's Self-Titled Debut Turns 50: A Track-by-Track Retrospective". Billboard. ^ a b White, Long Ago and Far Away, pp. 142–144. ^ Halperin, Fire and Rain, p. 70. ^ a b RPM Top Singles, April 28, 1969 ^ a b RPM Top Singles, December 12, 1970 ^ a b White, Long Ago and Far Away, p. 240. ^ a b c Greatest Hits (Vinyl inside gatefold). James Taylor. Warner Bros. Records. 1976.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Gold & Platinum". RIAA. Retrieved February 16, 2022. ^ Joel Whitburn's Bubbling Under the Billboard Hot 100 1959–2004 ^ a b Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–1990 – ISBN 0-89820-089-X ^ a b "Cash Box Top 100 Singles, December 12, 1970". Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2017. ^ "Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. January 3, 1970. Retrieved April 4, 2017. ^ "Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. January 1, 1970. Retrieved January 12, 2020. ^ "George Hamilton IV Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. ^ One newspaper story per year (and tour) is presented as supporting evidence. Note that some years Taylor did not tour (2000, 1988) or played only a small number of shows, usually benefits (1993, 1991, 1989), making fewer stories written. The early 1980s and before are harder to access through online newspaper archives. "Spotty connection leaves some struggling to hear James Taylor at ...". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. May 1, 2009. "Taylor thrills crowd with songs and humor". Deseret News. August 5, 2008. Archived from the original on August 14, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2009. "Set List: James Taylor & Carole King, Troubadour, 2007". Variety. November 28, 2007. Archived from the original on April 27, 2009. Holden, Stephen (November 11, 2006). "Mr. Taylor Goes to New York, Telling the Tales Behind the Tunes". The New York Times. Stout, Gene (August 29, 2005). "James Taylor's songs sound all the sweeter live". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. "In Concert, Natalie Maines Reiterates Opposition to Bush". CMT. October 4, 2004. "Taylor charms Fargodome crowd with well-paced show". Fargo Forum. August 3, 2003. "James Taylor Easy on the Ears, Mind". St. Paul Pioneer Press. November 11, 2002. "10,000 enjoy James Taylor lovefest". San Antonio Express-News. August 27, 2001. "Orchestra and James Taylor: SRO". The Philadelphia Inquirer. October 6, 1999. "Concert hopscotches through 30 years of James Taylor hits". Kansas City Star. June 28, 1998. Strauss, Neil (September 12, 1997). "Lullabies and Little Sighs, With Memories, of Course". The New York Times. "Taylor Blends Soul With Insights". Los Angeles Times. September 19, 1996. "Taylor Makes Right Move to Play With Strings ...". Los Angeles Times. November 6, 1995. "Classic Taylor shows why he's here". Austin American-Statesman. August 5, 1994. "'Sweet Baby James' musical show Taylor-made, but doesn't always fit". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. August 2, 1992. "James Taylor hits memory lane at full stride in Telluride". The Gazette. Colorado Springs. June 29, 1990. "James Taylor's Singing Has Something to Say, but It Was Said Long Ago". Los Angeles Times. November 16, 1987. "A Critical View of Audience Participation Pop Music". The Sacramento Bee. November 14, 1986. "Taylor's melodic soft touch charms audience". Daily Collegian. October 7, 1985. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2019. "Dandy Man Davis Audience Falls for James Taylor at Rousing Concert". The Sacramento Bee. May 12, 1984. "James Taylor's Old Songs, New Audience Mix Amicably". Toledo Blade. February 22, 1982. Citations are primarily based upon this Google News Archive search done June 30, 2009. ^ Ruhlmann, William. "Live: Review". Allmusic. Retrieved April 3, 2009. ^ a b Risberg, Joel (2005). The James Taylor Encyclopedia. GeekTV Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 1-4116-3477-2. ^ Taylor, James (2002). Pull Over. DVD: Columbia Music Video. ^ "CMT Crossroads: James Taylor and Dixie Chicks". CMT. Retrieved June 28, 2009. ^ Risberg, The James Taylor Encyclopedia, p. 73. ^ Shelburne, Craig (October 4, 2004). "In Concert, Natalie Maines Reiterates Opposition to Bush". CMT News. Retrieved June 28, 2009. ^ Various artists (2006). 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Retrieved April 4, 2009. ^ Ober, Chick (June 28, 1970). "Jerry Hahn Brotherhood – An Array of Sound". St. Petersburg Times. p. 69. Retrieved February 16, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2000). Top Pop Singles 1955–1999. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research. p. 151. ISBN 0-89820-140-3. ^ Roland, Tom (November 30, 2007). "Glen Campbell Recalls Good Times". CMT News. Retrieved April 4, 2009. ^ "Song Search Results for: Carolina In My Mind (60)". Allmusic. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved April 4, 2009. ^ Nelson, Connie; Harris, Floyd (2004). Film Junkie's Guide to North Carolina. John F. Blair. p. 201. ISBN 0-89587-269-2. ^ "Hey, James Taylor – You've got a ... bridge?". Rome News-Tribune. May 21, 2002. Archived from the original on January 31, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2009. ^ a b c d e Hoppenjans, Lisa (October 2, 2006). "You must forgive him if he's ..." The News & Observer. Retrieved June 28, 2009. ^ Waggoner, Martha (October 17, 2008). "James Taylor to play 5 free NC concerts for Obama". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved June 28, 2009. ^ White, Long Ago and Far Away, pp. 55, 57. ^ White, Long Ago and Far Away, p. 61. ^ Peacock, James L. (2007). Grounded Globalism: How the U.S. South Embraces the World. University of Georgia Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-8203-2868-3. ^ Emerson, Ken (1998). Doo-dah!: Stephen Foster and the Rise of American Popular Culture. Da Capo Press. p. 304. ISBN 0-306-80852-8. ^ "Carolina in My Mind: The James Taylor Story". The Chapel Hill Museum. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2009. ^ a b Blythe, Anne (March 3, 2009). "Service will honor slain student leader". The News & Observer. Archived from the original on March 11, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2009. ^ "UNC Marching Tar Heels – Duke Pep Band Trip Schedule" (PDF). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. November 29, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. 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Retrieved May 5, 2010. ^ "The 82nd Airborne Division (Fort Bragg) All American Chorus sings "Carolina in My Mind" at the WBHS 3rd annual Army JROTC Veterans Day ceremony". Star-News. Wilmington, North Carolina. November 10, 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2021. ^ Shirley, David (2001). North Carolina. Marshall Cavendish. p. 9. ISBN 0-7614-1072-4. ^ Edelhart, Mike; Tinen, James (1983). America the Quotable. Facts on File. p. 421. ISBN 0-87196-331-0. ^ "'carolina in my mind' Archive Search". Retrieved June 28, 2009. ^ Alexander, Carly (2004). The Eggnog Chronicles. Kensington Books. p. 256. ISBN 0-7582-0643-7. ^ McCrumb, Sharyn (2006). St. Dale. Kensington Books. p. 169. ISBN 0-7582-0777-8. ^ "Soundtrack for this state now playing". The Post and Courier. November 15, 2007. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2009. ^ "Jill McCorkle – 1958". The American Collection. Retrieved June 29, 2009. ^ McCorkle, Jill (2004). "North Carolina". In Leonard, John (ed.). These United States: Original Essays by Leading American Writers on Their State Within the Union. Nation Books. p. 337. ISBN 1-56025-618-4. ^ Reichs, Kathy (2007). Déjà Dead (10th anniversary ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-4165-7098-1. External links Lyrics of this song James Taylor – Carolina in My Mind on YouTube vteJames TaylorStudio albums James Taylor Sweet Baby James Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon One Man Dog Walking Man Gorilla In the Pocket JT Flag Dad Loves His Work That's Why I'm Here Never Die Young New Moon Shine Hourglass October Road Covers Before This World American Standard Live albums Live/Best Live One Man Band Amchitka Live at the Troubadour Live at the Beacon Theatre (DVD video) Holiday albums A Christmas Album James Taylor at Christmas Compilation albums Greatest Hits Classic Songs Greatest Hits Volume 2 The Best of James Taylor The Essential James Taylor Extended plays Other Covers Singles "Carolina in My Mind" "Knocking 'Round the Zoo" "Sweet Baby James" "Fire and Rain" "Country Road" "You've Got a Friend" "Long Ago and Far Away" "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" "One Man Parade" "Hymn" "Mockingbird" (with Carly Simon) "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" "Mexico" "Shower the People" "Woman's Gotta Have It" "Handy Man" "Your Smiling Face" "Honey Don't Leave L.A." "Devoted to You" (with Carly Simon) "Up on the Roof" "Her Town Too" "Hard Times" "Everyday" "It's Growing" "Change" Other songs "Night Owl" "Something in the Way She Moves" "Sunny Skies" "Steamroller Blues" "You Can Close Your Eyes" "Highway Song" "I Was a Fool to Care" "Bartender's Blues" "Secret O' Life" "Millworker" "Summer's Here" Related articles Discography James Taylor and the Original Flying Machine Working Vote for Change Tour Troubadour Reunion Tour Carly Simon Sally Taylor Kate Taylor Livingston Taylor Alex Taylor Isaac M. Taylor Two-Lane Blacktop vteGeorge Hamilton IVStudio albums Songs for a Winter's Night (1982) Singles "A Rose and a Baby Ruth" "Why Don't They Understand" "I Know Where I'm Goin'" "Your Cheatin' Heart" "Abilene" "Truck Drivin' Man" "Early Morning Rain" "Canadian Pacific" "Carolina in My Mind" "She's a Little Bit Country" "Back Where It's At" "Anyway" "Countryfied" "Dirty Old Man" "I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now" Related Discography vteThe Everly Brothers Don Everly Phil Everly Studio albums The Everly Brothers Songs Our Daddy Taught Us It's Everly Time A Date with the Everly Brothers Both Sides of an Evening Instant Party! Christmas with the Everly Brothers and the Boys Town Choir The Everly Brothers Sing Great Country Hits Gone Gone Gone Rock'n Soul Beat & Soul In Our Image Two Yanks in England The Hit Sound of the Everly Brothers The Everly Brothers Sing Roots Stories We Could Tell Pass the Chicken & Listen EB 84 Born Yesterday Some Hearts Live albums The Everly Brothers Show Compilations The Everly Brothers' Best Greatest Hits Vol. III The New Album All They Had to Do Was Dream Heartaches and Harmonies Stories We Could Tell: The RCA Years Too Good to Be True Give Me a Future Singles "Bye Bye Love" "Wake Up Little Susie" "This Little Girl of Mine" "Should We Tell Him" "All I Have to Do Is Dream" "Claudette "Bird Dog" "Devoted to You" "Problems" "Take a Message to Mary" "Poor Jenny" "(Till) I Kissed You" "Let It Be Me" "Cathy's Clown" "When Will I Be Loved" "So Sad (To Watch Good Love Go Bad)" "Like Strangers" "Be-Bop-a-Lula" "Lucille" "Walk Right Back" "Ebony Eyes" "Temptation" "Don't Blame Me"/"Muskrat" "Crying in the Rain" "That's Old Fashioned (That's the Way Love Should Be)"/"How Can I Meet Her?" "Don't Ask Me to Be Friends"/"No One Can Make My Sunshine Smile" "Love Her" "Ain't That Lovin' You, Baby" "That'll Be the Day" "The Price of Love" "Love Is Strange" "It's All Over" "(You Got) The Power of Love" "Somebody Help Me" "Bowling Green" "Love of the Common People" "Carolina in My Mind" "Not Fade Away" "The Air That I Breathe" (Phil Everly solo) "Brother Jukebox" (Don Everly solo) "Dare to Dream Again" (Phil Everly solo) "On the Wings of a Nightingale" "Born Yesterday" "Don't Worry Baby" "Ballad of a Teenage Queen" Related Discography List of songs Gibson Everly Brothers Flattop Venetia Stevenson Edan Everly James Best Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"What Would You Do? (season 13)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Would_You_Do%3F_(season_13)"},{"link_name":"James Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor_(album)"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Apple Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Records"},{"link_name":"homesickness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homesickness"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(James_Taylor_album)"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk-pop"},{"link_name":"John Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denver"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"the Everly Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers"},{"link_name":"George Hamilton IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hamilton_IV"},{"link_name":"George Hamilton IV discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hamilton_IV_discography"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dth-2019-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halperin-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsrg79-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halperin-3"}],"text":"This article is about the song by James Taylor. For the What Would You Do? episode of the same name, see What Would You Do? (season 13).1969 single by James Taylor\"Carolina in My Mind\" is a song originally written and performed by American singer-songwriter James Taylor. It was Taylor's second single from his 1968 self-titled debut album. Taylor wrote Carolina in My Mind while in England recording for the Beatles' label Apple Records, and the song's themes reflect his homesickness at the time. Released as a single in 1969, the song earned critical praise but not commercial success. It was re-recorded for Taylor's 1976 Greatest Hits album in the version that is most familiar to listeners. It has been a staple of Taylor's concert performances over the decades of his career. Carolina in My Mind is one of the most covered contemporary folk songs of all time, the most famous of which being covers by American singer-songwriter John Denver and American rock music duo the Everly Brothers.The song was a modest hit on the country charts in 1969 for North Carolinian singer George Hamilton IV, released as the first single from his 1970 album Back Where It's At (see George Hamilton IV discography). Strongly tied to a sense of geographic place, \"Carolina in My Mind\" has been called an unofficial state anthem for North Carolina. It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, being played at athletic events and pep rallies and sung by the graduating class at every university commencement.[2] The association of the song with the state is also made in written works of both fiction and non-fiction. It has become one of Taylor's most critically praised songs[3][4] and one that has great popularity and significance for his audience.[3]","title":"Carolina in My Mind"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white-139-5"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Apple Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Records"},{"link_name":"Peter Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Asher"},{"link_name":"Marylebone High 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McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white-139-5"},{"link_name":"Freddie Redd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Redd"},{"link_name":"Mick Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jta-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jta-8"},{"link_name":"Richard Hewson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Anthony_Hewson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jta-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white-139-5"},{"link_name":"Jon Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Landau"},{"link_name":"Rolling 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charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white-142-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white-139-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg-song-7"},{"link_name":"Sweet Baby James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Baby_James"},{"link_name":"Fire and Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_and_Rain_(song)"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atn-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPM_Top_Singles,_April_28,_1969-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bac-lac.gc.ca-15"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(James_Taylor_album)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white-240-16"},{"link_name":"The Sound Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_Factory"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gh-17"},{"link_name":"Dan Dugmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dugmore"},{"link_name":"pedal steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"Lee Sklar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Sklar"},{"link_name":"Russ Kunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Kunkel"},{"link_name":"Clarence McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Andrew Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gold"},{"link_name":"harmonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_organ"},{"link_name":"Byron Berline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Berline"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gh-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gh-17"},{"link_name":"diamond record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_record"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white-240-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riaa-11x-18"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg-song-7"},{"link_name":"Bill Janovitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Janovitz"},{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg-song-7"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone Record Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_Record_Guide"},{"link_name":"Stephen Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Holden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsrg79-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white-139-5"},{"link_name":"The Best of James Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_James_Taylor"}],"text":"The song references Taylor's years growing up in North Carolina.[5] Taylor wrote it while overseas recording for the Beatles' label Apple Records. He started writing the song at producer Peter Asher's London flat on Marylebone High Street, resumed work on it while on holiday on the Mediterranean island of Formentera, and then completed it while stranded on the nearby island of Ibiza with Karin, a Swedish girl he had just met.[3][6] The song reflects Taylor's homesickness at the time,[7] as he was missing his family, his dog and his state.[6]Dark and silent late last night,\nI think I might have heard the highway calling ... \nGeese in flight and dogs that bite\nAnd signs that might be omens say I'm going, I'm going\nI'm gone to Carolina in my mind.The original recording of the song was done at London's Trident Studios during the July to October 1968 period, and was produced by Asher.[8] The song's lyric \"holy host of others standing around me\" makes reference to the Beatles, who were recording The Beatles in the same studio where Taylor was recording his album.[5] Indeed, the recording of \"Carolina in My Mind\" includes a credited appearance by Paul McCartney on bass guitar[9] and an uncredited one by George Harrison on backing vocals.[5] The other players were Freddie Redd on organ, Joel \"Bishop\" O'Brien on drums, and Mick Wayne providing a second guitar alongside Taylor's.[8] Taylor and Asher also did backing vocals and Asher added a tambourine.[8] Richard Hewson arranged and conducted a string part;[8] an even more ambitious 30-piece orchestra part was recorded but not used.[5] The song itself earned critical praise, with Jon Landau's April 1969 review for Rolling Stone calling it \"beautiful\" and one of the \"two most deeply affecting cuts\" on the album and praising McCartney's bass playing as \"extraordinary\".[10] Taylor biographer Timothy White calls the song \"the album's quiet masterpiece\".[5] In a 50-years-later retrospective of the album's release, Billboard calls the song \"a mellow Taylor classic\" and a \"stone-classic\".[11]The song was first released on Taylor's eponymous debut album in December 1968 (February 1969 in the United States), and was later released as a single in the UK in February 1969 and in the United States in March 1969.[12] However, owing to the same problems which plagued the release of the album (namely, Taylor's inability to promote it due to his hospitalization for drug addiction), the single's original release reached only No. 118 on US pop charts and failed to chart in the UK.[12] Indeed, Taylor had fallen back into addiction during the London recording sessions,[5][13] and his line about being surrounded by Beatles had been immediately followed by \"Still I'm on the dark side of the moon\".[7] Following the success of Taylor's second album, Sweet Baby James, and its hit single \"Fire and Rain\", \"Carolina in My Mind\" was reissued by Apple as a single in October 1970[1] and rose to No. 67 on the U.S. charts. (A previously unreleased acoustic demo of \"Carolina in My Mind\" was issued as a bonus track on the 2010 Apple Records remastering of James Taylor.) In Canada, the song peaked at No. 64 in the spring of 1969,[14] then recharted in the fall of 1970, reaching No. 39.[15]Different versions of both this song and \"Something in the Way She Moves\" were remade by Taylor for use on his 1976 Greatest Hits album because of the difficulty of obtaining licensing rights from Apple during the 1970s and because of uncertainty about where the Apple masters were.[16] The new recordings were done in October 1976 at The Sound Factory in Los Angeles and production was again done by Peter Asher.[17]This rendition of \"Carolina in My Mind\" had a slower tempo than the original, and accompanying Taylor on acoustic guitar were experienced LA session musicians Dan Dugmore on pedal steel guitar (highlighted in the descending note sequences at the song's conclusion), Lee Sklar on bass, Russ Kunkel on drums, Clarence McDonald on piano, Andrew Gold on harmonium, and Byron Berline on fiddle.[17] Backing vocals were handled by Gold and Taylor.[17] Greatest Hits became a diamond record, selling more than 11 million copies in the United States by 2001,[16][18] and this is the version of \"Carolina in My Mind\" that became best known.[7] The remake earned even more critical praise than the original. Bill Janovitz of Allmusic said of the 1976 recording that it \"accent[ed] the languid, plaintive and wistful country melancholy of the song\",[7] while in the 1979 Rolling Stone Record Guide, critic Stephen Holden said that the \"stunning\" remake showed how much Taylor's singing had strengthened in the intervening years.[4] Biographer White believed that the song benefited from the removal of the original's orchestration.[5]The 1976 re-recording was also included on Taylor's 2003 compilation The Best of James Taylor.","title":"Song and recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPM_Top_Singles,_April_28,_1969-14"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bac-lac.gc.ca-15"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropicalglen.com-21"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcountrysongs_George_Hamilton_IV-24"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tropicalglen.com-21"}],"text":"James Taylor:\n\n\n\n\nChart (1969)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nCanada RPM Top Singles[14]\n\n64\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[19]\n\n118\n\n\n\n\n\nChart (1970)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nCanada RPM Top Singles[15]\n\n39\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[20]\n\n67\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[21]\n\n72\n\n\n\n\nGeorge Hamilton IV:\n\n\n\n\nChart (1969–70)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nCanada RPM Adult Contemporary[22]\n\n39\n\n\nCanada RPM Country Tracks[23]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[24]\n\n29\n\nCrystal Mansion:\n\n\n\n\nChart (1970)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Billboard Adult Contemporary[25]\n\n34\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[20]\n\n73\n\n\nUS Cash Box Top 100[21]\n\n61","title":"Chart history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carolina_in_my_Mind_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Troubadour Reunion Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadour_Reunion_Tour"},{"link_name":"Carole King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_King"},{"link_name":"set list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_list"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_(James_Taylor_album)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Arnold McCuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_McCuller"},{"link_name":"David Lasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lasley"},{"link_name":"Kate Markowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Markowitz"},{"link_name":"Valerie Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Carter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg-song-7"},{"link_name":"Blossom Music Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossom_Music_Center"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-risberg-videos-28"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Colonial Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Theatre_(Boston,_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-risberg-videos-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Dixie Chicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Chicks"},{"link_name":"CMT Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_Crossroads"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Vote for Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_for_Change"},{"link_name":"John Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edwards"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Alison Krauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Krauss"},{"link_name":"Jerry Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Douglas_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Larry Goldings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Goldings"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omb-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omb-6"},{"link_name":"One Man Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Man_Band_(James_Taylor_album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omb-6"},{"link_name":"Carole King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_King"},{"link_name":"Live at The Troubadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Troubadour_(Carole_King_and_James_Taylor)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"The Colbert Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colbert_Report"},{"link_name":"Stephen Colbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Colbert"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"2012 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Taylor performs \"Carolina in My Mind\" during his 2010 Troubadour Reunion Tour with Carole King. The video screen shows scenes of a countryside.\"Carolina in My Mind\" became a staple of Taylor's concert repertoire, appearing in the set list of virtually every Taylor tour.[26]\nA 1992 performance of it was included near the end of Taylor's first live album, 1993's Live. The audience reaction demonstrates that the song has great popularity despite never being a hit single: there is immediate cheering as the first notes are picked out on Taylor's acoustic guitar, and further cheering as soon as he starts to sing. By this era Taylor's always-excellent touring band[27] was using four backing singers. Arnold McCuller, David Lasley, Kate Markowitz, and Valerie Carter featured strongly in the arrangement, continuing the emphasis on the song's harmonies that had begun with the 1976 remake.[7]The song has been included in a number of Taylor's concert video releases, including 1980's James Taylor: In Concert at the Blossom Music Center,[28] 1988's James Taylor: In Concert at Boston's Colonial Theatre,[28] and 2002's Pull Over.[29] It was performed in collaboration with the Dixie Chicks in 2002 for the CMT Crossroads program.[30][31] In 2004, Taylor and the Chicks again performed the song together during the Vote for Change tour, with Taylor dedicating it to former North Carolina Senator and U.S. vice-presidential candidate John Edwards.[32] On the 2006 A Musicares Person of the Year Tribute Honoring James Taylor tribute show and video release, \"Carolina in My Mind\" was performed by Alison Krauss and Jerry Douglas.[33] The song was then included in Taylor's 2006–2007 One Man Band Tour; accompanied only by Larry Goldings on piano and harmonium, Taylor introduced the song with visual material and by relating its composition on Formentera and other locations.[6] He talked about the Karin of the lyrics, whom he had known only briefly and never seen since, and related various humorous notions about how to find her again.[6] One such performance was documented on the 2007 album and video release One Man Band.[6] Another live performance appeared on Taylor's 2010 live CD/DVD combo release with Carole King, Live at The Troubadour.[34] James Taylor appeared on The Colbert Report on January 19, 2012, and sang \"Carolina in My Mind\" along with Stephen Colbert,[35] and then performed it on the final day of the 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina, where he greeted \"fellow Tar Heels and Democrats\".[36]In a 2020 interview with Parade, Taylor stated that \"Carolina in My Mind\" was his favorite song to perform, explaining, \"Because my audience responds well to it, and because it wears well, I like 'Carolina In My Mind'. I play it almost every time I perform, and I haven't tired of it.\"[37]","title":"Later appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Hamilton IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hamilton_IV"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"The Everly Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Everly_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Heartaches and Harmonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartaches_and_Harmonies"},{"link_name":"Evie Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evie_Sands"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Melanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Safka"},{"link_name":"Candles in the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candles_in_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"folk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock"},{"link_name":"John Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denver"},{"link_name":"Take Me to Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Me_to_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Orlando_and_Dawn"},{"link_name":"Candida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_(album)"},{"link_name":"Glen Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glen_Campbell_Goodtime_Hour"},{"link_name":"Good Times Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Times_Again"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"While \"Carolina in My Mind\" did not gain much attention from the public upon its original release, it did from other artists. It was a No. 29 hit on the American country charts and No. 3 hit in Canada in 1969 for North Carolinian singer George Hamilton IV.[38] The Everly Brothers also released it as a single in 1969, under the variant title \"Carolina on My Mind\", but it failed to chart;[39] this was later collected on their 1994 box set Heartaches and Harmonies. Evie Sands also touched upon it in her 1969 album Any Way That You Want Me.[40]The song was recorded by Melanie on her hit April 1970 album Candles in the Rain; the arrangement and vocal phrasing are different from Taylor's, and Allmusic writes that her version \"exist[s] on an entirely separate plane from the original\".[41] It was also recorded in more conventional folk rock form by John Denver on his May 1970 album Take Me to Tomorrow.[42] Philadelphia-based pop group Crystal Mansion released a version in October 1970 that reached No. 73 on the U.S. pop singles chart.[43] Dawn included a version of it on their 1970 debut album Candida. About the same time, Glen Campbell was performing the song as a sped-up country duet with Linda Ronstadt on his popular television series The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour; this was later collected on his 2007 video release Good Times Again.[44]The song subsequently became so identified with Taylor that other artists recorded it less frequently,[citation needed] but still by the late 2000s there were some 60 albums (including compilation reappearances and albums from Taylor himself) that featured it.[45]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ListeningToCarolinaInMyMind.jpg"},{"link_name":"Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_(James_Taylor_album)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Highway 168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Highway_168"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nando100206-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-50-11"},{"link_name":"Carrboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white-61-51"},{"link_name":"The South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Stephen Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Foster"},{"link_name":"My Old Kentucky Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Old_Kentucky_Home"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nando100206-48"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nando030309-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"The Daily Tar Heel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Tar_Heel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dth-2019-2"},{"link_name":"a cappella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_a_cappella"},{"link_name":"Clef Hangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_Clef_Hangers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dth-2019-2"},{"link_name":"Clef Hangers'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_Clef_Hangers"},{"link_name":"American Idol season 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol_(season_8)"},{"link_name":"Anoop Desai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoop_Desai"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Clef Hangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_Clef_Hangers"},{"link_name":"Holden Thorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Thorp"},{"link_name":"Eve Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Carson"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nando030309-55"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dth-2019-2"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nando100206-48"},{"link_name":"James Moeser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moeser"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nando100206-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nando100206-48"},{"link_name":"Carolina Crown Drum & Bugle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Crown_Drum_%26_Bugle_Corps"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"82nd Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Fort Bragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bragg_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"epigraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Sharyn McCrumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharyn_McCrumb"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Family Circle Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Circle_Cup"},{"link_name":"Jill McCorkle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_McCorkle"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Kathy Reichs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Reichs"},{"link_name":"Temperance Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_Brennan"},{"link_name":"Déjà Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_Dead"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"forensic anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_anthropologist"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halperin-3"}],"text":"In 1998, a family of James Taylor fans listens to the Live recording of \"Carolina in My Mind\" as they enter the state on North Carolina Highway 168.\"Carolina in My Mind\" is strongly associated with its geographical place[46] and has been referred to a number of times as an unofficial state anthem of North Carolina.[47][48][49][11] Taylor had grown up in Carrboro, outside Chapel Hill, where his father taught at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine.[50] Taylor later reflected: \"Chapel Hill, the piedmont, the outlying hills, were tranquil, rural, beautiful, but quiet. Thinking of the red soil, the seasons, the way things smelled down there, I feel as though my experience of coming of age there was more a matter of landscape and climate than people.\"[51] More broadly, the song has been associated with The South. Author James L. Peacock sees it akin to Stephen Foster's \"My Old Kentucky Home\" and other songs and works of literature in establishing \"the South's sense of place\", even if that sense is sometimes an exercise in projected nostalgia.[52] Author Ken Emerson also sees a connection to that quintessential American songwriter, with the Taylor song resembling Foster's \"Sitting By My Own Cabin Door\" in its sense of longing for home amid personal and contextual dislocation.[53] Recognizing the association with the state, the Chapel Hill Museum opened an ongoing exhibit \"Carolina in My Mind: The James Taylor Story\" in 2003 that includes memorabilia from Taylor's years in the area and a video documentary.[54]\"Carolina in My Mind\" is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[48][55] It is played at athletic events and pep rallies,[56] and is sung by the graduating class at every university graduation.[57][58] In 2019 the student newspaper The Daily Tar Heel ran a piece detailing how the song often stayed with students beyond their years on campus.[2] The song is also frequently performed by popular UNC campus a cappella groups, including the Clef Hangers.[2] The Clef Hangers' Fall Concert 2007 performances of the song featured future American Idol season 8 finalist Anoop Desai[59] handling the lead vocal on the closing part of the song.[60] The Clef Hangers, joined by university chancellor Holden Thorp, again performed it in March 2009 at the first anniversary memorial service for murdered student president Eve Carson.[55][61] In 2019, one former Clef Hanger recalled that, \"Pretty quickly ... I realized that the song had a lot of significance. We also sing it at graduation every year, as a send off, so there's more significance behind it ... we treat it like our special thing we get to bring during private events or even situations like graduation.\"[2]In October 2006, Taylor returned to the campus to receive the school's Carolina Performing Arts Lifetime Achievement Award.[48] University chancellor James Moeser said to Taylor, \"We love you. We love what you do and how you represent this university.\"[48] Taylor said, \"It's strange but somehow compelling to come home and sing it. It draws a line through my own personal history and connects me again to a place that I go to in my dreams, a landscape that will forever be a part of me.\"[48]\"Carolina in My Mind\" is the corps song for the Carolina Crown Drum & Bugle Corps;[62] the corps sings the song before every performance.[citation needed]\nThe 82nd Airborne Division of the United States Army, stationed at Fort Bragg in North Carolina, sponsors a group of singing soldiers known as the 82nd Airborne Division All-American Chorus. They recorded a version of the song on their 2009 album A Soldier's Heart,[63] and the song is part of their concert repertoire.[64]Some of the song's lyrics are used as an epigraph in the 2001 Celebrate the States series volume on North Carolina[65] and in the 1983 reference book America the Quotable.[66] News providers have used \"Carolina in My Mind\" as a title for stories about the state's politics, economy, and outdoor activities.[67] The song's geographical association also appears in fiction, including in Carly Alexander's 2004 novel The Eggnog Chronicles[68] and North Carolinian Sharyn McCrumb's 2006 novel St. Dale.[69]Although it was North Carolina that inspired the song, it is popular in South Carolina too, tying for first place on a South Carolina Information Highway's construction of a soundtrack regarding the state.[70] It has been used as the theme for the television coverage of the annual Family Circle Cup tennis event in South Carolina.\"Carolina in My Mind\" has been mentioned by members of the Carolinian diaspora. Prize-winning North Carolinian writer Jill McCorkle,[71] living in Massachusetts, refers to it as \"the chosen anthem of misplaced Carolinians\".[72] In Kathy Reichs' initial Temperance Brennan novel, Déjà Dead, the protagonist (like the author) is from North Carolina but working in Montreal as a forensic anthropologist, and alludes to the song as part of a Carolinian reverie in the midst of a horrid murder case.[73] One person who had moved to California said, \"Still to this day I get nostalgic whenever I hear it on the radio. It's a song that makes anyone who grew up in North Carolina homesick. In a way, it's become an anthem song for people who left the state.\"[3]","title":"Sense of place"}]
[{"image_text":"Taylor performs \"Carolina in My Mind\" during his 2010 Troubadour Reunion Tour with Carole King. The video screen shows scenes of a countryside.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Carolina_in_my_Mind_2010.jpg/220px-Carolina_in_my_Mind_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"In 1998, a family of James Taylor fans listens to the Live recording of \"Carolina in My Mind\" as they enter the state on North Carolina Highway 168.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4b/ListeningToCarolinaInMyMind.jpg/220px-ListeningToCarolinaInMyMind.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Castleman, Harry; Podrazik, Walter J. (1976). All Together Now. Pierian Press. pp. 75, 93.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Keyes, Brian (June 24, 2019). \"Alumni reflect on how 'Carolina in My Mind' stays with them years after graduation\". The Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved June 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/2019/06/carolina-in-my-mind","url_text":"\"Alumni reflect on how 'Carolina in My Mind' stays with them years after graduation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Tar_Heel","url_text":"The Daily Tar Heel"}]},{"reference":"Halperin, Ian (2003). Fire and Rain: The James Taylor Story (Revised ed.). Citadel Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-8065-2348-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_Press","url_text":"Citadel Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8065-2348-4","url_text":"0-8065-2348-4"}]},{"reference":"Dave Marsh; John Swenson, eds. (1979). The Rolling Stone Record Guide. Random House/Rolling Stone Press. p. 379. ISBN 0-394-73535-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Marsh","url_text":"Dave Marsh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Record_Guide","url_text":"The Rolling Stone Record Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_Press","url_text":"Rolling Stone Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-73535-8","url_text":"0-394-73535-8"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, James (2007). One Man Band (DVD). Hear Music.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor","url_text":"Taylor, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Man_Band_(James_Taylor_album)","url_text":"One Man Band"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hear_Music","url_text":"Hear Music"}]},{"reference":"Janovitz, Bill. \"Carolina in My Mind: Song Review\". Allmusic. Retrieved April 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Janovitz","url_text":"Janovitz, Bill"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/t1020893","url_text":"\"Carolina in My Mind: Song Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"James Taylor (Vinyl inside gatefold). James Taylor. Apple Records. 1968.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor_(album)","url_text":"James Taylor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor","url_text":"James Taylor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Records","url_text":"Apple Records"}]},{"reference":"Castleman, Harry; Podrazik, Walter J. (1977). \"1967 – It's Lonely at the Top\". All Together Now – The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975 (Second ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. p. 71. ISBN 0-345-25680-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/alltogethernowfi0000cast/page/71","url_text":"\"1967 – It's Lonely at the Top\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/alltogethernowfi0000cast/page/71","url_text":"71"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-25680-8","url_text":"0-345-25680-8"}]},{"reference":"Landau, Jon (April 19, 1969). \"Album Reviews: James Taylor\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 29, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Landau","url_text":"Landau, Jon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100329095547/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jamestaylor/albums/album/113822/review/5945820/james_taylor","url_text":"\"Album Reviews: James Taylor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jamestaylor/albums/album/113822/review/5945820/james_taylor","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Enos, Morgan (December 6, 2018). \"James Taylor's Self-Titled Debut Turns 50: A Track-by-Track Retrospective\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8488797/james-taylor-self-titled-debut-anniversary","url_text":"\"James Taylor's Self-Titled Debut Turns 50: A Track-by-Track Retrospective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Greatest Hits (Vinyl inside gatefold). James Taylor. Warner Bros. Records. 1976.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(James_Taylor_album)","url_text":"Greatest Hits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor","url_text":"James Taylor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records","url_text":"Warner Bros. Records"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum\". RIAA. Retrieved February 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=JAMES+TAYLOR%27S+GREATEST+HITS#search_section","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA","url_text":"RIAA"}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles, December 12, 1970\". Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150608155418/http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/19701212.html","url_text":"\"Cash Box Top 100 Singles, December 12, 1970\""},{"url":"http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/70s_files/19701212.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada\". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. January 3, 1970. Retrieved April 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.6097&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.6097.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.6097","url_text":"\"Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada\". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. January 1, 1970. Retrieved January 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.6111&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.6111.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.6111","url_text":"\"Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"\"Spotty connection leaves some struggling to hear James Taylor at ...\". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. May 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Florida_Sun-Sentinel","url_text":"South Florida Sun-Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor thrills crowd with songs and humor\". Deseret News. August 5, 2008. Archived from the original on August 14, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080814213038/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,700248450,00.html","url_text":"\"Taylor thrills crowd with songs and humor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"},{"url":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,700248450,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Set List: James Taylor & Carole King, Troubadour, 2007\". Variety. November 28, 2007. Archived from the original on April 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090427075941/http://weblogs.variety.com/thesetlist/2007/11/set-list-james.html","url_text":"\"Set List: James Taylor & Carole King, Troubadour, 2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"http://weblogs.variety.com/thesetlist/2007/11/set-list-james.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Holden, Stephen (November 11, 2006). \"Mr. Taylor Goes to New York, Telling the Tales Behind the Tunes\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Holden","url_text":"Holden, Stephen"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/11/arts/music/11tayl.html","url_text":"\"Mr. Taylor Goes to New York, Telling the Tales Behind the Tunes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Stout, Gene (August 29, 2005). \"James Taylor's songs sound all the sweeter live\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seattlepi.com/pop/238400_taylor29q.html","url_text":"\"James Taylor's songs sound all the sweeter live\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer","url_text":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer"}]},{"reference":"\"In Concert, Natalie Maines Reiterates Opposition to Bush\". CMT. October 4, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/news/country-music/1491929/in-concert-natalie-maines-reiterates-opposition-to-bush.jhtml","url_text":"\"In Concert, Natalie Maines Reiterates Opposition to Bush\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television","url_text":"CMT"}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor charms Fargodome crowd with well-paced show\". Fargo Forum. August 3, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forum_of_Fargo-Moorhead","url_text":"Fargo Forum"}]},{"reference":"\"James Taylor Easy on the Ears, Mind\". St. Paul Pioneer Press. November 11, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_Pioneer_Press","url_text":"St. Paul Pioneer Press"}]},{"reference":"\"10,000 enjoy James Taylor lovefest\". San Antonio Express-News. August 27, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News","url_text":"San Antonio Express-News"}]},{"reference":"\"Orchestra and James Taylor: SRO\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. October 6, 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"The Philadelphia Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"\"Concert hopscotches through 30 years of James Taylor hits\". Kansas City Star. June 28, 1998.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Star","url_text":"Kansas City Star"}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Neil (September 12, 1997). \"Lullabies and Little Sighs, With Memories, of Course\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Strauss","url_text":"Strauss, Neil"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/12/arts/pop-review-lullabies-and-little-sighs-with-memories-of-course.html","url_text":"\"Lullabies and Little Sighs, With Memories, of Course\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor Blends Soul With Insights\". Los Angeles Times. September 19, 1996.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor Makes Right Move to Play With Strings ...\". Los Angeles Times. November 6, 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Classic Taylor shows why he's here\". Austin American-Statesman. August 5, 1994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_American-Statesman","url_text":"Austin American-Statesman"}]},{"reference":"\"'Sweet Baby James' musical show Taylor-made, but doesn't always fit\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. August 2, 1992.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"James Taylor hits memory lane at full stride in Telluride\". The Gazette. Colorado Springs. June 29, 1990.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Colorado_Springs)","url_text":"The Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"James Taylor's Singing Has Something to Say, but It Was Said Long Ago\". Los Angeles Times. November 16, 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"A Critical View of Audience Participation Pop Music\". The Sacramento Bee. November 14, 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacramento_Bee","url_text":"The Sacramento Bee"}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor's melodic soft touch charms audience\". Daily Collegian. October 7, 1985. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. 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February 22, 1982.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgsVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6843,8034502&dq=james-taylor+concert+carolina-in-my-mind","url_text":"\"James Taylor's Old Songs, New Audience Mix Amicably\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Blade","url_text":"Toledo Blade"}]},{"reference":"Ruhlmann, William. \"Live: Review\". Allmusic. Retrieved April 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r188465/review","url_text":"\"Live: Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Risberg, Joel (2005). The James Taylor Encyclopedia. GeekTV Press. pp. 52–53. 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ISBN 0-87196-331-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americaquotable00edel/page/421","url_text":"America the Quotable"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facts_on_File","url_text":"Facts on File"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americaquotable00edel/page/421","url_text":"421"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87196-331-0","url_text":"0-87196-331-0"}]},{"reference":"\"'carolina in my mind' Archive Search\". Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/archivesearch?um=1&ned=us&hl=en&q=%22carolina+in+my+mind%22&cf=all","url_text":"\"'carolina in my mind' Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Carly (2004). The Eggnog Chronicles. Kensington Books. p. 256. 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Retrieved March 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120801085609/http://www.charleston.net/news/2007/nov/15/soundtrack_this_state_now_playing22140/","url_text":"\"Soundtrack for this state now playing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier","url_text":"The Post and Courier"},{"url":"http://www.charleston.net/news/2007/nov/15/soundtrack_this_state_now_playing22140/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jill McCorkle – 1958\". The American Collection. Retrieved June 29, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://ncteamericancollection.org/litmap/mccorkle_jill_nc.htm","url_text":"\"Jill McCorkle – 1958\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Collection","url_text":"The American Collection"}]},{"reference":"McCorkle, Jill (2004). \"North Carolina\". In Leonard, John (ed.). These United States: Original Essays by Leading American Writers on Their State Within the Union. Nation Books. p. 337. ISBN 1-56025-618-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leonard_(critic)","url_text":"Leonard, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_Books","url_text":"Nation Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56025-618-4","url_text":"1-56025-618-4"}]},{"reference":"Reichs, Kathy (2007). Déjà Dead (10th anniversary ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-4165-7098-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Reichs","url_text":"Reichs, Kathy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_Dead","url_text":"Déjà Dead"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dejadead00kath/page/177","url_text":"177"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-7098-1","url_text":"978-1-4165-7098-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cem_Sultan
Cem Sultan
["1 Early life","2 Succession dispute","3 In Cairo","4 Imprisonment","4.1 Knights Hospitaller","4.2 France","4.3 Rome","5 Death","6 Legacy","6.1 Personality","6.2 Drawings of Cem","7 Family","7.1 Consort","7.2 Sons","7.3 Daughters","8 Treatments and references","8.1 In literature","8.2 In film","8.3 In television","8.4 In video games","9 Notes","10 References","11 Further reading"]
For the Turkish footballer, see Cem Sultan (footballer). For other uses, see Cem (disambiguation). In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Cem, the title is Sultan, and there is no family name. Claimant to the Ottoman throne Cem SultanA modified copy of Cem's portrait by PinturicchioClaimant to the Ottoman throneReign28 May 1481 − 20 June 1481Sanjak-bey of KaramanReign1474 – 1481Sanjak-bey of KastamonuReign1469 – 1474BornDecember 22, 1459Adrianople Palace, Edirne, Rumelia, Ottoman EmpireDiedFebruary 25, 1495(1495-02-25) (aged 35)Capua, Kingdom of NaplesBurialMuradiye Complex, Bursa, TurkeyConsortGülşirin HatunIssue Şehzade Abdullah Şehzade Oğuzhan Şehzade Murad Gevhermelik Hatun Ayşe Hatun NamesCem bin Meḥemmed ḪānDynastyOttomanFatherMehmed IIMotherÇiçek HatunReligionSunni IslamTughra Cem Sultan (also spelled Djem or Jem) or Sultan Cem or Şehzade Cem (December 22, 1459 – February 25, 1495, pronounced ; Ottoman Turkish: جم سلطان, romanized: Cem sulṭān; Turkish: Cem Sultan; French: Zizim), was a claimant to the Ottoman throne in the 15th century. Cem was the third son of Sultan Mehmed II and younger half-brother of Sultan Bayezid II, and thus a half-uncle of Sultan Selim I of Ottoman Empire. After being defeated by Bayezid, Cem went in exile in Egypt and Europe, under the protection of the Mamluks, the Knights Hospitaller of St. John on the island of Rhodes, and ultimately the Pope. Early life Cem was born on December 22, 1459, in Edirne. His mother was Çiçek Hatun. In accordance with the custom for a Şehzade (prince) Cem was appointed to a provincial governorship of Kastamonu in 1469. In December 1474, Cem replaced his deceased brother Mustafa as governor of Karaman in Konya. Succession dispute At the death of Mehmed the Conqueror, on May 3, 1481, Bayezid was the governor of Sivas, Tokat and Amasya, and Cem ruled the provinces of Karaman and Konya. With no designated heir after Mehmed, conflict over succession to the throne erupted between Cem and Bayezid. Contrary to Islamic law, which prohibits any unnecessary delay in burial, Mehmed II's body was transported to Constantinople, where it lay three days. His grand vizier Karamanlı Mehmet Pasha – believing himself to be fulfilling the wishes of the recently deceased Sultan – attempted to arrange a situation whereby the younger son Cem, whose governing seat at Konya was closer than his brother Bayezid's seat at Amasya, would arrive in Constantinople prior to his older sibling and be able to claim the throne. However, Bayezid had already established a political network of influential pashas (two of whom were his sons-in-law), the janissaries, and those opposed to the policies of Mehmed II and the grand vizier. In spite of Karamanlı Mehmet Pasha's attempts at secrecy, the Sultan's death and the grand vizier's plan were discovered by the Janissary corps, who supported Bayezid over Cem and had been kept out of the capital after the Sultan's death. As a result, the Janissary corps rebelled, entering the capital, and lynched the grand vizier. Akçe of Cem After the death of Karamanlı Mehmet Pasha, there was widespread rioting among the janissaries in Constantinople as there was neither a sultan nor a grand vizier to control the developments. Understanding the danger of the situation, former grand vizier Ishak Pasha took the initiative of beseeching Bayezid to arrive with all due haste. In the meantime, Ishak Pasha took the cautionary measure of proclaiming Bayezid's 11-year-old son, Sehzade (prince) Korkut, as regent until the arrival of his father. Prince Bayezid arrived at Constantinople on May 21, 1481, and was declared Sultan Bayezid II. Only six days later, Cem captured the city of Inegöl with an army of 4,000. Sultan Bayezid sent his army under the command of vizier Ayas Pasha to kill his brother. On May 28, Cem had defeated Bayezid's army and declared himself Sultan of Anatolia, establishing his capital at Bursa. He proposed to divide the empire between him and his brother, leaving Bayezid the European side. Bayezid furiously rejected the proposal, declared that "between rulers there is no kinship," and marched on to Bursa. The decisive battle between the two contenders to the Ottoman throne took place on June 19, 1481, near the town of Yenişehir. Cem lost and fled with his family to the Mamluk Cairo. In Cairo The Mamlūk sultan Qāʾit Bāy (r. 1468–1496) received Cem with honour in Cairo, and Cem took the opportunity to go on pilgrimage to Mecca, making him the only Ottoman prince to have made the pilgrimage. In Cairo, Cem received a letter from his brother, offering Cem one million akçes (the Ottoman currency) to stop competing for the throne. Cem rejected the offer, and in the following year he launched a campaign in Anatolia under the support of Kasım Bey (Qāsım Beğ), heir of the ruling house of Karaman, and the sanjek bey of Ankara. On May 27, 1482, Cem besieged Konya but was soon defeated and forced to withdraw to Ankara. He intended to give it all up and return to Cairo but all of the roads to Egypt were under Bayezid's control. Cem then tried to renegotiate with his brother. Bayezid offered him a stipend to live quietly in Jerusalem but refused to divide the empire, prompting Cem to flee to Rhodes on July 29, 1482. Imprisonment Cem Sultan (middle) and Pierre d'Aubusson at a dinner in Rhodes Knights Hospitaller This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Upon arriving at Rhodes, Cem asked the protection of the French captain of Bodrum Castle, Pierre d'Aubusson, grand master of the Knights of St. John, the Latin Catholic order on the island. On July 29, Cem arrived at Rhodes and was received with honor. In return for the overthrow of the new sultan Bayezid, Prince Cem offered perpetual peace between the Ottoman Empire and Christendom if he regained the Ottoman throne. However, Pierre d'Aubusson realized that conflict with Bayezid would be imprudent, so he secretly approached Bayezid, concluded a peace treaty, and then reached a separate agreement on Cem's captivity in March 1483. D'Aubusson promised Bayezid to detain Cem in return for an annual payment of 40,000 ducats for his maintenance. Therefore, the Knights took the money and betrayed Cem, who thereafter became a well-treated prisoner at Rhodes. Afterwards, Cem was sent to the castle of Pierre d'Aubusson in France. France The Zizim Tower in Bourganeuf, France. Cem had reached Nice, at that time in the Duchy of Savoy, on 17 October 1482, en route to Hungary, but the Knights were playing for time. After the agreement about his confinement was finalised, he became a hostage, as well as a potential pawn. Those who hoped to use his name and person to foment turmoil in the Ottoman realm included the Mamlūk sultan Qāʾit Bāy, Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, and Pope Innocent VIII. Others, such as the Knights of Saint John, the Venetians, the king of Naples, and Popes Innocent VIII and Alexander VI, viewed his presence in Europe as a deterrent to Ottoman aggression against Christendom and an opportunity for profit. For his part, Bayezid II dispatched ambassadors and spies to the West to assure that his rival was detained indefinitely, and he even attempted to eliminate him through assassination. Cem spent a year in the Duchy of Savoy. After the death of King Louis XI of France (August 30, 1483), who had refused to accept a Muslim in his lands, the Knights of Saint John transferred him to Limousin (D'Aubusson's birthplace). Cem spent the next five years there, mostly at Bourganeuf. He was well treated, but essentially a captive (a fortified tower was constructed to house him). Bayezid II negotiated both with D'Aubusson, to have Cem returned to Rhodes, and with representatives of the new French monarch, Charles VIII, to have him kept in France. When the king of Hungary and Pope Innocent VIII sought custody of the prince, the Pope prevailed, and Cem arrived in Rome on 13 March 1489. Rome Cem in St Catherine's Disputation by Pinturicchio Innocent VIII rebuffed overtures from the Mamlūks and prepared to launch a crusade against the Ottomans, but it was postponed when Matthias Corvinus of Hungary died on April 6, 1490. These developments worried Bayezid, who contacted D'Aubusson and also sent Mustafa Bey (later a grand vizier) to Rome, to conclude a secret agreement, in December 1490. The sultan promised not to attack Rhodes, Rome, or Venice, as well as to pay Cem's allowance of 40,000 ducats to the Pope (10,000 of which were earmarked for the Knights of Saint John), in return for the prince's incarceration. Apparently, Cem found life in Rome more pleasant than in France, and he had lost hope of seizing the Ottoman throne, but he wanted to die in a Muslim land. His wish would not be realized. Pope Innocent VIII unsuccessfully attempted to use Cem to begin a new crusade against the Ottomans. The Pope also tried to convert Cem to Christianity, without success. Cem's presence in Rome was useful nevertheless, because whenever Bayezid intended to launch a military campaign against Christian nations of the Balkans, the Pope would threaten to release his brother. In exchange for maintaining the custody of Cem, Bayezid paid Innocent VIII 120,000 crowns (at the time, equal to all other annual sources of papal revenue combined), a relic of the Holy Lance (which allegedly had pierced the side of Christ), one hundred Moorish slaves, and an annual fee of 45,000 ducats. Much of the costs associated with the Sistine Chapel were paid with funds from the Ottoman ransoms. Death Tomb of Cem Sultan alongside his brother Mustafa In 1494, Charles VIII invaded Italy, to take possession of the kingdom of Naples, and announced a crusade against the Turks. He compelled Pope Alexander VI to surrender Cem, who left Rome with the French army on January 28, 1495. The prince died in Naples on February 24. Some accounts attribute his death to poison, but he probably succumbed to pneumonia. Cem died in Capua, while on a military expedition to conquer Naples under the command of King Charles VIII of France. Sultan Bayezid declared national mourning for three days. He also requested to have Cem's body for an Islamic funeral, but it was not until four years after Cem's death that his body was finally brought to the Ottoman lands because of attempts to receive more gold for Cem's corpse. He was buried in Bursa. Legacy Personality Cem had two diwans in Turkish and Persian, and he also spoke Arabic. Drawings of Cem A man on horseback, probably Cem, by The Borgia Apartments, by Pinturicchio Portrait of Cem Sultan, 1586 Family Consort Cem had only one know consort: Gülşirin Hatun. Sons Cem had at least three sons: Şehzade Abdullah (executed by Bayezid II, 1481, buried in Orhan's türbe, Bursa). Şehzade Oğuzhan (executed by Bayezid II, Constantinople, 1482), called also Şehzade Oğuz. Şehzade Murad (murdered by Suleiman the Magnificent, Rhodes, December 1522), later Pierre Mehmed Sayd; married and had four sons and three daughters. Daughters Cem had at least two daughters: Gevhermelik Hatun, called also Gevhermuluk Hatun, married firstly in 1496 to Sultan An-Nasir Muhammad, son of Qaitbay (d. 1498), married secondly in 1503 to Sinan Pasha Beylerbey of Anatolia; Ayşe Hatun, married in 1503 to Mehmed Bey, son of Sinan Pasha, Sanjak-bey of Ioannina Treatments and references In literature In the 1490s, a book in Latin was written about Cem's life. It was illustrated by Guillaume Caoursin, vice-chancellor of the Knights Hospitaller. It was published in several European cities that possessed printing capability: Venice, Paris, Bruges, Salamanca, Ulm and London. The many illustrations in the book are the first accurately described representations in Western Europe of costumes and weapons of the Turkish people. An account of Cem's captivity—and of the political machinations that kept him captive—forms the basis of the historical novel, Francesca: Les Jeux du Sort (1872), written by the Haitian writer and political exile, Demesvar Delorme. Cem's life also served as inspiration for a character in the book The Damned Yard (1954) by the Yugoslav Nobelist writer Ivo Andrić. It is widely considered to be one of his masterpieces and has been translated into over 30 languages. Cem Sultan appears as one of the main characters in a multiple-layered narration and serves as a metaphor for the human condition. Bulgarian Ottoman historian Vera Mutafchieva, inspired by Cem Sultan's importance in European politics of the 15th century, wrote a novel (The Cem Case) about him in 1967. The book strives for historical accuracy and was translated into Turkish, German, Rumanian, Polish, Russian, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, French, Estonian, Greek and Croatian. In film In 1951, was released historical film Cem Sultan, which main protagonist was portrayed by Bülent Ufuk. In 1969 was released historical adventure film Malkoçoğlu Cem Sultan, which directed by Remzi Aydın Jöntürk, the character of Cem Sultan, was portrayed by Cihangir Ghaffari. In television In the Showtime series The Borgias, Cem is played by British actor Elyes Gabel, and is depicted in Rome under the papacy of Innocent VIII's successor, Pope Alexander VI. He is also portrayed to have sought to convert to Christianity, and to have been assassinated by Alexander VI's son, Juan Borgia. In the Canal+ series Borgia, the character of Cem, played by Nicolás Belmonte, dies from fever when traveling with Cesare Borgia in Charles' campaign against Naples. In the MBC series Kingdoms of Fire, Cem fought against Bayezid II, then he sought refuge with the crusaders, who agreed to host him in exchange to annual tribute from the Ottoman Sultan. In video games In Assassin's Creed: Revelations, Cem was mentioned to possess an Apple of Eden, then he became a Templar acquainted with Rodrigo Borgia, however, he was eventually killed by the Assassins. Notes ^ a b c Vatin, Nicolas (2011). "Cem". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830. ^ Finkel, 2006, pp. 81–82. ^ a b c Freely, John (2004). Jem Sultan, The adventures of a Captive Turkish Prince in Renaissance Europe. Hammersmith, London: Harper Collins Publishers. p. 145. ISBN 0007150660. ^ Finkel, 2006, p. 87. ^ Duffy, 2006, p. 196. ^ GÜNAY KUT (1988–2016). "CEM SULTAN (ö. 900/1495) Osmanlı şehzadesi.". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. ^ Lapina, Elizabeth; Morris, April Jehan; Throop, Susanna A.; Whatley, Laura J. (2015). The Crusades and Visual Culture. Ashgate Publishing. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-4724-4926-9. ^ Gök, İlhan (2014). II. Bâyezîd Dönemi İn'âmât Defteri ve Ceyb-i Hümayun Masraf Defteri (Thesis). p. 580. ^ Cem, Hasan (2004). Osmanlı tarihinde katledilen şehzadeler. Geçit Kitabevi. p. 131. ISBN 978-9-757-69989-7. ^ a b Thuasne, Louis (1892). Djem, Sultan, fils de Mohammed II, frère de Bayezid II, (1459–1495) d'après les documents originaux en grande partie inédits: Etude sur la question d'orient à la fin du XVe siècle. Leroux. pp. 388–9. ^ Caron, Maurice (2010). "4th part". Djem un prince dans la tourmente (in French). Impr. Corlet numérique. Villeurbanne: Les Éd. du Zeugma. pp. Part IV, 5. ISBN 978-2-9534413-3-8. OCLC 758546639. ^ a b Mustafa Çağatay Uluçay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ankara, Ötüken. pp. 50 n. 18, 48 n. 14. ^ Güler, Mustafa (2002). Osmanlı Devleti'nde haremeyn vakıfları (XVI-XVII. yüzyıllar). TATAV. p. 132. ISBN 978-9-756-59610-4. ^ Delorme, Demesvar. Francesca: Les Jeux du Sort. Paris: E. Dentu, Libraire-Editeur, 1872. ^ Ivo Andrić Foundation (in Serbian): https://www.ivoandric.org.rs/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_/%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8/16-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0 ^ *Bibliography of Ivo Andrić*, p. 124 ff: https://www.ivoandric.org.rs/images/bibliografija/bai_sep2011.pdf ^ Bowden, Oliver (2011). Assassin's Creed: Revelations. Penguin Group. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-101-57100-2. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cem. Duffy, Eamon (2006). Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11597-0. Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7. Freely, John (2004). Jem Sultan: The Adventures of a Captive Turkish Prince in Renaissance Europe. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-715066-3. Further reading Özgüdenli, Osman G. (2008). "JEM SOLṬĀN". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIV/6: Japan IV. Iranians in Japan–Jobbāʾi. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 623–624. ISBN 978-1-934283-07-3. Middle Ages portalRoyalty portal vte Ottoman princes1st generation Alaeddin Pasha Orhan 2nd generation Süleyman Pasha Murad I Şehzade Halil 3rd generation Savcı Bey Yakub Çelebi Bayezid I 4th generation Süleyman Çelebi İsa Çelebi Mehmed I Musa Çelebi Mustafa Çelebi 5th generation Murad II Küçük Mustafa 6th generation Mehmed II Orhan Çelebi 7th generation Bayezid II Cem Sultan 8th generation Şehzade Ahmet Şehzade Korkut Selim I Şehzade Abdullah Şehzade Mahmud Şehzade Murad 9th generation Suleiman I Şehzade Murad Üveys Pasha 10th generation Şehzade Mustafa Şehzade Mehmed Şehzade Abdullah Selim II Şehzade Bayezid Şehzade Cihangir 11th generation Murad III 12th generation Mehmed III Sultan Yahya 13th generation Şehzade Mahmud Ahmed I Mustafa I 14th generation Osman II Şehzade Mehmed Murad IV Şehzade Bayezid Şehzade Süleyman Şehzade Kasım Ibrahim 15th generation Şehzade Ömer Mehmed IV Suleiman II Ahmed II 16th generation Mustafa II Ahmed III 17th generation Mahmud I Osman III Mustafa III Abdul Hamid I 18th generation Selim III Mustafa IV Mahmud II Şehzade Selim 19th generation Abdulmejid I Abdulaziz Mustafa Efendi 20th generation Murad V Abdul Hamid II Mehmed V Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin Şehzade Selim Süleyman Mehmed VI Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin Abdulmejid II Şehzade Mehmed Şevket Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin 21st generation Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin Şehzade Mehmed Selim Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin Şehzade Ahmed Nuri Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin Şehzade Ömer Hilmi Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim Şehzade Ömer Faruk Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin Mehmed Abdulaziz Şehzade Mahmud Şevket Şehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin Şehzade Ahmed Tevhid Şehzade Mehmed Abid Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin Şehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul 22nd generation Şehzade Ahmed Nihad Şehzade Osman Fuad Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim Mehmed Orhan Ertuğrul Osman Şehzade Mahmud Namık Bayezid Osman 23rd generation Şehzade Ali Vasib Dündar Ali Osman Harun Osman vte Ottoman princes fighting for the throneAgainst Murad I (1373) Savcı Bey Ottoman Interregnum (1402–1413) Mehmet Çelebi Süleyman Çelebi İsa Çelebi Musa Çelebi Against Mehmed I (1419) Mustafa Çelebi Against Murad II (1421–1423) Mustafa Çelebi Küçük Mustafa Against Bayezid II (1481-1482) Cem Sultan Against Bayezid II (1511–1512) Selim Ahmet Against Selim I (1512–1513) Ahmet Korkut (?) Against Suleiman I (1553–1561) Mustafa (?) Bayezid Against Ahmed I (1603–1617) Sultan Yahya Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Greece Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cem Sultan (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cem_Sultan_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Cem (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cem_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_titles_and_appellations"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"[ˈdʒem sulˈtaːn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Bayezid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II"},{"link_name":"Selim I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Knights Hospitaller of St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller_of_St._John"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"}],"text":"For the Turkish footballer, see Cem Sultan (footballer). For other uses, see Cem (disambiguation).In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is Cem, the title is Sultan, and there is no family name.Claimant to the Ottoman throneCem Sultan (also spelled Djem or Jem) or Sultan Cem or Şehzade Cem (December 22, 1459 – February 25, 1495, pronounced [ˈdʒem sulˈtaːn]; Ottoman Turkish: جم سلطان, romanized: Cem sulṭān; Turkish: Cem Sultan; French: Zizim), was a claimant to the Ottoman throne in the 15th century.Cem was the third son of Sultan Mehmed II and younger half-brother of Sultan Bayezid II, and thus a half-uncle of Sultan Selim I of Ottoman Empire.After being defeated by Bayezid, Cem went in exile in Egypt and Europe, under the protection of the Mamluks, the Knights Hospitaller of St. John on the island of Rhodes, and ultimately the Pope.","title":"Cem Sultan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne"},{"link_name":"Çiçek Hatun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7ek_Hatun"},{"link_name":"Şehzade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade"},{"link_name":"Kastamonu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastamonu_Province"},{"link_name":"Karaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaman_Province"},{"link_name":"Konya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konya_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Cem was born on December 22, 1459, in Edirne. His mother was Çiçek Hatun. In accordance with the custom for a Şehzade (prince) Cem was appointed to a provincial governorship of Kastamonu in 1469. In December 1474, Cem replaced his deceased brother Mustafa as governor of Karaman in Konya.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mehmed the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Sivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivas_Province"},{"link_name":"Tokat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokat_Province"},{"link_name":"Amasya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasya_Province"},{"link_name":"Karaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaman_Province"},{"link_name":"Konya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konya_Province"},{"link_name":"Islamic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"grand vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_vizier"},{"link_name":"Karamanlı Mehmet Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanl%C4%B1_Mehmet_Pasha"},{"link_name":"pashas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"link_name":"janissaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissaries"},{"link_name":"Janissary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ak%C3%A7e_-_Cem_Sultan.png"},{"link_name":"Akçe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e"},{"link_name":"Ishak Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishak_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Korkut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Korkut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Sultan Bayezid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II"},{"link_name":"Inegöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineg%C3%B6l"},{"link_name":"vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"link_name":"Ayas Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayas_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Yenişehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni%C5%9Fehir,_Bursa"},{"link_name":"Mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"}],"text":"At the death of Mehmed the Conqueror, on May 3, 1481, Bayezid was the governor of Sivas, Tokat and Amasya, and Cem ruled the provinces of Karaman and Konya. With no designated heir after Mehmed, conflict over succession to the throne erupted between Cem and Bayezid.Contrary to Islamic law, which prohibits any unnecessary delay in burial, Mehmed II's body was transported to Constantinople, where it lay three days. His grand vizier Karamanlı Mehmet Pasha – believing himself to be fulfilling the wishes of the recently deceased Sultan – attempted to arrange a situation whereby the younger son Cem, whose governing seat at Konya was closer than his brother Bayezid's seat at Amasya, would arrive in Constantinople prior to his older sibling and be able to claim the throne.However, Bayezid had already established a political network of influential pashas (two of whom were his sons-in-law), the janissaries, and those opposed to the policies of Mehmed II and the grand vizier. In spite of Karamanlı Mehmet Pasha's attempts at secrecy, the Sultan's death and the grand vizier's plan were discovered by the Janissary corps, who supported Bayezid over Cem and had been kept out of the capital after the Sultan's death. As a result, the Janissary corps rebelled, entering the capital, and lynched the grand vizier.Akçe of CemAfter the death of Karamanlı Mehmet Pasha, there was widespread rioting among the janissaries in Constantinople as there was neither a sultan nor a grand vizier to control the developments. Understanding the danger of the situation, former grand vizier Ishak Pasha took the initiative of beseeching Bayezid to arrive with all due haste. In the meantime, Ishak Pasha took the cautionary measure of proclaiming Bayezid's 11-year-old son, Sehzade (prince) Korkut, as regent until the arrival of his father.[2]Prince Bayezid arrived at Constantinople on May 21, 1481, and was declared Sultan Bayezid II. Only six days later, Cem captured the city of Inegöl with an army of 4,000. Sultan Bayezid sent his army under the command of vizier Ayas Pasha to kill his brother. On May 28, Cem had defeated Bayezid's army and declared himself Sultan of Anatolia, establishing his capital at Bursa. He proposed to divide the empire between him and his brother, leaving Bayezid the European side. Bayezid furiously rejected the proposal, declared that \"between rulers there is no kinship,\"[3] and marched on to Bursa. The decisive battle between the two contenders to the Ottoman throne took place on June 19, 1481, near the town of Yenişehir. Cem lost and fled with his family to the Mamluk Cairo.","title":"Succession dispute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qāʾit Bāy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%81%CA%BEit_B%C4%81y"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"akçes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e"},{"link_name":"sanjek bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak-bey"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"}],"text":"The Mamlūk sultan Qāʾit Bāy (r. 1468–1496) received Cem with honour in Cairo, and Cem took the opportunity to go on pilgrimage to Mecca, making him the only Ottoman prince to have made the pilgrimage.[3]In Cairo, Cem received a letter from his brother, offering Cem one million akçes (the Ottoman currency) to stop competing for the throne. Cem rejected the offer, and in the following year he launched a campaign in Anatolia under the support of Kasım Bey (Qāsım Beğ), heir of the ruling house of Karaman, and the sanjek bey of Ankara. On May 27, 1482, Cem besieged Konya but was soon defeated and forced to withdraw to Ankara. He intended to give it all up and return to Cairo but all of the roads to Egypt were under Bayezid's control. Cem then tried to renegotiate with his brother. Bayezid offered him a stipend to live quietly in Jerusalem but refused to divide the empire, prompting Cem to flee to Rhodes on July 29, 1482.","title":"In Cairo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turkey.Bodrum.Cem03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre d'Aubusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_d%27Aubusson"}],"text":"Cem Sultan (middle) and Pierre d'Aubusson at a dinner in Rhodes","title":"Imprisonment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bodrum Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodrum_Castle"},{"link_name":"Pierre d'Aubusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_d%27Aubusson"},{"link_name":"Knights of St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_St._John"},{"link_name":"Pierre d'Aubusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_d%27Aubusson"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"sub_title":"Knights Hospitaller","text":"Upon arriving at Rhodes, Cem asked the protection of the French captain of Bodrum Castle, Pierre d'Aubusson, grand master of the Knights of St. John, the Latin Catholic order on the island. On July 29, Cem arrived at Rhodes and was received with honor. In return for the overthrow of the new sultan Bayezid, Prince Cem offered perpetual peace between the Ottoman Empire and Christendom if he regained the Ottoman throne. However, Pierre d'Aubusson realized that conflict with Bayezid would be imprudent, so he secretly approached Bayezid, concluded a peace treaty, and then reached a separate agreement on Cem's captivity in March 1483. D'Aubusson promised Bayezid to detain Cem in return for an annual payment of 40,000 ducats for his maintenance.Therefore, the Knights took the money and betrayed Cem, who thereafter became a well-treated prisoner at Rhodes. Afterwards, Cem was sent to the castle of Pierre d'Aubusson in France.","title":"Imprisonment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bourganeuf_la_tour_Zizim.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bourganeuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourganeuf"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Matthias Corvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII"},{"link_name":"Alexander VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Louis XI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bourganeuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourganeuf"},{"link_name":"Charles VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"The Zizim Tower in Bourganeuf, France.Cem had reached Nice, at that time in the Duchy of Savoy, on 17 October 1482, en route to Hungary, but the Knights were playing for time. After the agreement about his confinement was finalised, he became a hostage, as well as a potential pawn. Those who hoped to use his name and person to foment turmoil in the Ottoman realm included the Mamlūk sultan Qāʾit Bāy, Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, and Pope Innocent VIII. Others, such as the Knights of Saint John, the Venetians, the king of Naples, and Popes Innocent VIII and Alexander VI, viewed his presence in Europe as a deterrent to Ottoman aggression against Christendom and an opportunity for profit. For his part, Bayezid II dispatched ambassadors and spies to the West to assure that his rival was detained indefinitely, and he even attempted to eliminate him through assassination.[1]Cem spent a year in the Duchy of Savoy. After the death of King Louis XI of France (August 30, 1483), who had refused to accept a Muslim in his lands, the Knights of Saint John transferred him to Limousin (D'Aubusson's birthplace). Cem spent the next five years there, mostly at Bourganeuf. He was well treated, but essentially a captive (a fortified tower was constructed to house him). Bayezid II negotiated both with D'Aubusson, to have Cem returned to Rhodes, and with representatives of the new French monarch, Charles VIII, to have him kept in France. When the king of Hungary and Pope Innocent VIII sought custody of the prince, the Pope prevailed, and Cem arrived in Rome on 13 March 1489.","title":"Imprisonment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Catherine%27s_Disputation_(Detail).jpg"},{"link_name":"St Catherine's Disputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgia_Apartments"},{"link_name":"Pinturicchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinturicchio"},{"link_name":"Matthias Corvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Holy Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Lance#Vatican_lance"},{"link_name":"Sistine Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Rome","text":"Cem in St Catherine's Disputation by PinturicchioInnocent VIII rebuffed overtures from the Mamlūks and prepared to launch a crusade against the Ottomans, but it was postponed when Matthias Corvinus of Hungary died on April 6, 1490. These developments worried Bayezid, who contacted D'Aubusson and also sent Mustafa Bey (later a grand vizier) to Rome, to conclude a secret agreement, in December 1490. The sultan promised not to attack Rhodes, Rome, or Venice, as well as to pay Cem's allowance of 40,000 ducats to the Pope (10,000 of which were earmarked for the Knights of Saint John), in return for the prince's incarceration. Apparently, Cem found life in Rome more pleasant than in France, and he had lost hope of seizing the Ottoman throne, but he wanted to die in a Muslim land. His wish would not be realized.[1]Pope Innocent VIII unsuccessfully attempted to use Cem to begin a new crusade against the Ottomans.[4] The Pope also tried to convert Cem to Christianity, without success. Cem's presence in Rome was useful nevertheless, because whenever Bayezid intended to launch a military campaign against Christian nations of the Balkans, the Pope would threaten to release his brother.In exchange for maintaining the custody of Cem, Bayezid paid Innocent VIII 120,000 crowns (at the time, equal to all other annual sources of papal revenue combined), a relic of the Holy Lance (which allegedly had pierced the side of Christ), one hundred Moorish slaves, and an annual fee of 45,000 ducats. Much of the costs associated with the Sistine Chapel were paid with funds from the Ottoman ransoms.[5]","title":"Imprisonment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cem_Sultan_tomb_7954.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles VIII invaded Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931495"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Capua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capua"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Charles VIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Islamic funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_funeral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"Tomb of Cem Sultan alongside his brother MustafaIn 1494, Charles VIII invaded Italy, to take possession of the kingdom of Naples, and announced a crusade against the Turks. He compelled Pope Alexander VI to surrender Cem, who left Rome with the French army on January 28, 1495. The prince died in Naples on February 24. Some accounts attribute his death to poison, but he probably succumbed to pneumonia.[citation needed]Cem died in Capua, while on a military expedition to conquer Naples under the command of King Charles VIII of France. Sultan Bayezid declared national mourning for three days. He also requested to have Cem's body for an Islamic funeral, but it was not until four years after Cem's death that his body was finally brought to the Ottoman lands because of attempts to receive more gold for Cem's corpse. He was buried in Bursa.[3]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diwans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Personality","text":"Cem had two diwans in Turkish and Persian, and he also spoke Arabic.[6]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borgia_Apartment_002_(cropped)1.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CemAusschnittWienerCodex8615Fol12r.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Drawings of Cem","text":"A man on horseback, probably Cem, by The Borgia Apartments, by Pinturicchio[7]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortrait of Cem Sultan, 1586","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Consort","text":"Cem had only one know consort:Gülşirin Hatun.[8]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayezid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II"},{"link_name":"Orhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Şehzade Murad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Murad_(son_of_Cem_Sultan)"},{"link_name":"Suleiman the Magnificent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murad-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Sons","text":"Cem had at least three sons:Şehzade Abdullah (executed by Bayezid II, 1481, buried in Orhan's türbe, Bursa).\nŞehzade Oğuzhan (executed by Bayezid II, Constantinople, 1482), called also Şehzade Oğuz.[9]\nŞehzade Murad (murdered by Suleiman the Magnificent, Rhodes, December 1522), later Pierre Mehmed Sayd; married and had four sons and three daughters.[10][11]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cagatay-12"},{"link_name":"Sultan An-Nasir Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nasir_Muhammad_ibn_Qaitbay"},{"link_name":"Qaitbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaitbay"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murad-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sanjak-bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak-bey"},{"link_name":"Ioannina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_Ioannina"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cagatay-12"}],"sub_title":"Daughters","text":"Cem had at least two daughters:Gevhermelik Hatun, called also Gevhermuluk Hatun,[12] married firstly in 1496 to Sultan An-Nasir Muhammad, son of Qaitbay (d. 1498), married secondly in 1503 to Sinan Pasha Beylerbey of Anatolia;[10]\nAyşe Hatun,[13] married in 1503 to Mehmed Bey, son of Sinan Pasha, Sanjak-bey of Ioannina[12]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Treatments and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Caoursin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Caoursin"},{"link_name":"Knights Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Demesvar Delorme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demesvar_Delorme"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Damned Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Damned_Yard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivo Andrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Vera Mutafchieva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Mutafchieva"}],"sub_title":"In literature","text":"In the 1490s, a book in Latin was written about Cem's life. It was illustrated by Guillaume Caoursin, vice-chancellor of the Knights Hospitaller. It was published in several European cities that possessed printing capability: Venice, Paris, Bruges, Salamanca, Ulm and London. The many illustrations in the book are the first accurately described representations in Western Europe of costumes and weapons of the Turkish people.An account of Cem's captivity—and of the political machinations that kept him captive—forms the basis of the historical novel, Francesca: Les Jeux du Sort (1872), written by the Haitian writer and political exile, Demesvar Delorme.[14]Cem's life also served as inspiration for a character in the book The Damned Yard (1954) by the Yugoslav Nobelist writer Ivo Andrić. It is widely considered to be one of his masterpieces[15] and has been translated into over 30 languages.[16] Cem Sultan appears as one of the main characters in a multiple-layered narration and serves as a metaphor for the human condition.Bulgarian Ottoman historian Vera Mutafchieva, inspired by Cem Sultan's importance in European politics of the 15th century, wrote a novel (The Cem Case) about him in 1967. The book strives for historical accuracy and was translated into Turkish, German, Rumanian, Polish, Russian, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, French, Estonian, Greek and Croatian.","title":"Treatments and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malkoçoğlu Cem Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malko%C3%A7o%C4%9Flu_Cem_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Remzi Aydın Jöntürk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remzi_Ayd%C4%B1n_J%C3%B6nt%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"Cihangir Ghaffari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihangir_Ghaffari"}],"sub_title":"In film","text":"In 1951, was released historical film Cem Sultan, which main protagonist was portrayed by Bülent Ufuk.In 1969 was released historical adventure film Malkoçoğlu Cem Sultan, which directed by Remzi Aydın Jöntürk, the character of Cem Sultan, was portrayed by Cihangir Ghaffari.","title":"Treatments and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"The Borgias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Borgias_(2011_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Elyes Gabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elyes_Gabel"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_VI"},{"link_name":"Juan Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Borgia,_2nd_Duke_of_Gandia"},{"link_name":"Canal+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgia_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"MBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Broadcasting_Center"},{"link_name":"Kingdoms of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdoms_of_Fire"}],"sub_title":"In television","text":"In the Showtime series The Borgias, Cem is played by British actor Elyes Gabel, and is depicted in Rome under the papacy of Innocent VIII's successor, Pope Alexander VI. He is also portrayed to have sought to convert to Christianity, and to have been assassinated by Alexander VI's son, Juan Borgia.\nIn the Canal+ series Borgia, the character of Cem, played by Nicolás Belmonte, dies from fever when traveling with Cesare Borgia in Charles' campaign against Naples.\nIn the MBC series Kingdoms of Fire, Cem fought against Bayezid II, then he sought refuge with the crusaders, who agreed to host him in exchange to annual tribute from the Ottoman Sultan.","title":"Treatments and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed: Revelations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed:_Revelations"},{"link_name":"Apple of Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_of_Eden"},{"link_name":"Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templar"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Borgia"},{"link_name":"Assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"In video games","text":"In Assassin's Creed: Revelations, Cem was mentioned to possess an Apple of Eden, then he became a Templar acquainted with Rodrigo Borgia, however, he was eventually killed by the Assassins.[17]","title":"Treatments and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-2"},{"link_name":"Vatin, Nicolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Vatin"},{"link_name":"\"Cem\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/cem-COM_24384?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=cem"},{"link_name":"Krämer, Gudrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer"},{"link_name":"Rowson, Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1873-9830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_3-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0007150660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0007150660"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"CEM SULTAN (ö. 900/1495) Osmanlı şehzadesi.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cem-sultan"},{"link_name":"TDV Encyclopedia of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDV_Encyclopedia_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Turkiye Diyanet Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"The Crusades and Visual Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DWg2CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA239"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4724-4926-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-4926-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9-757-69989-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-757-69989-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-murad_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-murad_10-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"4th part\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//princedjem.com/presentation/4eme-partie?lang=en"},{"link_name":"Djem un prince dans la tourmente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/758546639"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-9534413-3-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9534413-3-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"758546639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/758546639"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cagatay_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cagatay_12-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9-756-59610-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-756-59610-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"https://www.ivoandric.org.rs/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_/%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8/16-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ivoandric.org.rs/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_/%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8/16-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"https://www.ivoandric.org.rs/images/bibliografija/bai_sep2011.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ivoandric.org.rs/images/bibliografija/bai_sep2011.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-101-57100-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-57100-2"}],"text":"^ a b c Vatin, Nicolas (2011). \"Cem\". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.\n\n^ Finkel, 2006, pp. 81–82.\n\n^ a b c Freely, John (2004). Jem Sultan, The adventures of a Captive Turkish Prince in Renaissance Europe. Hammersmith, London: Harper Collins Publishers. p. 145. ISBN 0007150660.\n\n^ Finkel, 2006, p. 87.\n\n^ Duffy, 2006, p. 196.\n\n^ GÜNAY KUT (1988–2016). \"CEM SULTAN (ö. 900/1495) Osmanlı şehzadesi.\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.\n\n^ Lapina, Elizabeth; Morris, April Jehan; Throop, Susanna A.; Whatley, Laura J. (2015). The Crusades and Visual Culture. Ashgate Publishing. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-4724-4926-9.\n\n^ Gök, İlhan (2014). II. Bâyezîd Dönemi İn'âmât Defteri ve Ceyb-i Hümayun Masraf Defteri (Thesis). p. 580.\n\n^ Cem, Hasan (2004). Osmanlı tarihinde katledilen şehzadeler. Geçit Kitabevi. p. 131. ISBN 978-9-757-69989-7.\n\n^ a b Thuasne, Louis (1892). Djem, Sultan, fils de Mohammed II, frère de Bayezid II, (1459–1495) d'après les documents originaux en grande partie inédits: Etude sur la question d'orient à la fin du XVe siècle. Leroux. pp. 388–9.\n\n^ Caron, Maurice (2010). \"4th part\". Djem un prince dans la tourmente (in French). Impr. Corlet numérique. Villeurbanne: Les Éd. du Zeugma. pp. Part IV, 5. ISBN 978-2-9534413-3-8. OCLC 758546639.\n\n^ a b Mustafa Çağatay Uluçay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ankara, Ötüken. pp. 50 n. 18, 48 n. 14.\n\n^ Güler, Mustafa (2002). Osmanlı Devleti'nde haremeyn vakıfları (XVI-XVII. yüzyıllar). TATAV. p. 132. ISBN 978-9-756-59610-4.\n\n^ Delorme, Demesvar. Francesca: Les Jeux du Sort. Paris: E. Dentu, Libraire-Editeur, 1872.\n\n^ Ivo Andrić Foundation (in Serbian): https://www.ivoandric.org.rs/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_/%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8/16-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0 \n\n^ *Bibliography of Ivo Andrić*, p. 124 ff: https://www.ivoandric.org.rs/images/bibliografija/bai_sep2011.pdf\n\n^ Bowden, Oliver (2011). Assassin's Creed: Revelations. Penguin Group. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-101-57100-2.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"JEM SOLṬĀN\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jem-soltan-"},{"link_name":"Yarshater, Ehsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-934283-07-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934283-07-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Royalty portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Royalty"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ottoman_princes"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_princes"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_princes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg"},{"link_name":"Alaeddin Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaeddin_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Orhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Pasha_(son_of_Orhan)"},{"link_name":"Murad I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_I"},{"link_name":"Şehzade Halil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_Bey_(son_of_Orhan)"},{"link_name":"Savcı 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II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II"},{"link_name":"Selim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I"},{"link_name":"Ahmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmet"},{"link_name":"Selim I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I"},{"link_name":"Ahmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmet"},{"link_name":"Korkut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Korkut"},{"link_name":"Suleiman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"Mustafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa"},{"link_name":"Bayezid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Bayezid"},{"link_name":"Ahmed I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_I"},{"link_name":"Sultan Yahya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Yahya"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441311#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/141711/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000055119106"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/2618561"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjdfmXQVY46dthdmcbrv3"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13338031x"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13338031x"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/119457350"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007604396505171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n84123624"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20020222004&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record155329"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810568045305606"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/60394"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119457350.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mp8rvn"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/032222858"}],"text":"Özgüdenli, Osman G. (2008). \"JEM SOLṬĀN\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIV/6: Japan IV. Iranians in Japan–Jobbāʾi. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 623–624. ISBN 978-1-934283-07-3.Middle Ages portalRoyalty portalvte Ottoman princes1st generation\nAlaeddin Pasha\nOrhan\n2nd generation\nSüleyman Pasha\nMurad I\nŞehzade Halil\n3rd generation\nSavcı Bey\nYakub Çelebi\nBayezid I\n4th generation\nSüleyman Çelebi\nİsa Çelebi\nMehmed I\nMusa Çelebi\nMustafa Çelebi\n5th generation\nMurad II\nKüçük Mustafa\n6th generation\nMehmed II\nOrhan Çelebi\n7th generation\nBayezid II\nCem Sultan\n8th generation\nŞehzade Ahmet\nŞehzade Korkut\nSelim I\nŞehzade Abdullah\nŞehzade Mahmud\nŞehzade Murad\n9th generation\nSuleiman I\nŞehzade Murad\nÜveys Pasha\n10th generation\nŞehzade Mustafa\nŞehzade Mehmed\nŞehzade Abdullah\nSelim II\nŞehzade Bayezid\nŞehzade Cihangir\n11th generation\nMurad III\n12th generation\nMehmed III\nSultan Yahya\n13th generation\nŞehzade Mahmud\nAhmed I\nMustafa I\n14th generation\nOsman II\nŞehzade Mehmed\nMurad IV\nŞehzade Bayezid\nŞehzade Süleyman\nŞehzade Kasım\nIbrahim\n15th generation\nŞehzade Ömer\nMehmed IV\nSuleiman II\nAhmed II\n16th generation\nMustafa II\nAhmed III\n17th generation\nMahmud I\nOsman III\n\nMustafa III\nAbdul Hamid I\n18th generation\nSelim III\nMustafa IV\nMahmud II\nŞehzade Selim\n19th generation\nAbdulmejid I\nAbdulaziz\nMustafa Efendi\n20th generation\nMurad V\nAbdul Hamid II\nMehmed V\nŞehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin\nŞehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin\nŞehzade Ahmed Nureddin\nŞehzade Yusuf Izzeddin\nŞehzade Selim Süleyman\nMehmed VI\nŞehzade Mahmud Celaleddin\nAbdulmejid II\nŞehzade Mehmed Şevket\nŞehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin\n21st generation\nŞehzade Mehmed Selaheddin\nŞehzade Mehmed Selim\nŞehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin\nŞehzade Ibrahim Tevfik\nŞehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir\nŞehzade Mahmud Necmeddin\nŞehzade Ahmed Nuri\nŞehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin\nŞehzade Ömer Hilmi\nŞehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin\nŞehzade Abdurrahim Hayri\nŞehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim\nŞehzade Ömer Faruk\nŞehzade Ahmed Nureddin\nMehmed Abdulaziz\nŞehzade Mahmud Şevket\nŞehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin\nŞehzade Ahmed Tevhid\nŞehzade Mehmed Abid\nŞehzade Mehmed Nizameddin\nŞehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul\n22nd generation\nŞehzade Ahmed Nihad\nŞehzade Osman Fuad\nŞehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim\nMehmed Orhan\nErtuğrul Osman\nŞehzade Mahmud Namık\nBayezid Osman\n23rd generation\nŞehzade Ali Vasib\nDündar Ali Osman\nHarun Osmanvte Ottoman princes fighting for the throneAgainst Murad I (1373)\nSavcı Bey\nOttoman Interregnum (1402–1413)\nMehmet Çelebi\nSüleyman Çelebi\nİsa Çelebi\nMusa Çelebi\nAgainst Mehmed I (1419)\nMustafa Çelebi\nAgainst Murad II (1421–1423)\nMustafa Çelebi\nKüçük Mustafa\nAgainst Bayezid II (1481-1482)\nCem Sultan\nAgainst Bayezid II (1511–1512)\nSelim\nAhmet\nAgainst Selim I (1512–1513)\nAhmet\nKorkut (?)\nAgainst Suleiman I (1553–1561)\nMustafa (?)\nBayezid\nAgainst Ahmed I (1603–1617)\nSultan YahyaAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nGreece\nPoland\nVatican\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Akçe of Cem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ak%C3%A7e_-_Cem_Sultan.png/220px-Ak%C3%A7e_-_Cem_Sultan.png"},{"image_text":"Cem Sultan (middle) and Pierre d'Aubusson at a dinner in Rhodes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Turkey.Bodrum.Cem03.jpg/150px-Turkey.Bodrum.Cem03.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Zizim Tower in Bourganeuf, France.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bourganeuf_la_tour_Zizim.JPG/170px-Bourganeuf_la_tour_Zizim.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cem in St Catherine's Disputation by Pinturicchio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/St_Catherine%27s_Disputation_%28Detail%29.jpg/220px-St_Catherine%27s_Disputation_%28Detail%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tomb of Cem Sultan alongside his brother Mustafa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cem_Sultan_tomb_7954.jpg/220px-Cem_Sultan_tomb_7954.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Vatin, Nicolas (2011). \"Cem\". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Vatin","url_text":"Vatin, Nicolas"},{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/cem-COM_24384?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=cem","url_text":"\"Cem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer","url_text":"Krämer, Gudrun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson","url_text":"Rowson, Everett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830","url_text":"1873-9830"}]},{"reference":"Freely, John (2004). Jem Sultan, The adventures of a Captive Turkish Prince in Renaissance Europe. Hammersmith, London: Harper Collins Publishers. p. 145. ISBN 0007150660.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0007150660","url_text":"0007150660"}]},{"reference":"GÜNAY KUT (1988–2016). \"CEM SULTAN (ö. 900/1495) Osmanlı şehzadesi.\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.","urls":[{"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cem-sultan","url_text":"\"CEM SULTAN (ö. 900/1495) Osmanlı şehzadesi.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDV_Encyclopedia_of_Islam","url_text":"TDV Encyclopedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs","url_text":"Turkiye Diyanet Foundation"}]},{"reference":"Lapina, Elizabeth; Morris, April Jehan; Throop, Susanna A.; Whatley, Laura J. (2015). The Crusades and Visual Culture. Ashgate Publishing. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-4724-4926-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DWg2CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA239","url_text":"The Crusades and Visual Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-4926-9","url_text":"978-1-4724-4926-9"}]},{"reference":"Gök, İlhan (2014). II. Bâyezîd Dönemi İn'âmât Defteri ve Ceyb-i Hümayun Masraf Defteri (Thesis). p. 580.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cem, Hasan (2004). Osmanlı tarihinde katledilen şehzadeler. Geçit Kitabevi. p. 131. ISBN 978-9-757-69989-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-757-69989-7","url_text":"978-9-757-69989-7"}]},{"reference":"Thuasne, Louis (1892). Djem, Sultan, fils de Mohammed II, frère de Bayezid II, (1459–1495) d'après les documents originaux en grande partie inédits: Etude sur la question d'orient à la fin du XVe siècle. Leroux. pp. 388–9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Caron, Maurice (2010). \"4th part\". Djem un prince dans la tourmente (in French). Impr. Corlet numérique. Villeurbanne: Les Éd. du Zeugma. pp. Part IV, 5. ISBN 978-2-9534413-3-8. OCLC 758546639.","urls":[{"url":"http://princedjem.com/presentation/4eme-partie?lang=en","url_text":"\"4th part\""},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/758546639","url_text":"Djem un prince dans la tourmente"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9534413-3-8","url_text":"978-2-9534413-3-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/758546639","url_text":"758546639"}]},{"reference":"Mustafa Çağatay Uluçay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ankara, Ötüken. pp. 50 n. 18, 48 n. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Güler, Mustafa (2002). Osmanlı Devleti'nde haremeyn vakıfları (XVI-XVII. yüzyıllar). TATAV. p. 132. ISBN 978-9-756-59610-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-756-59610-4","url_text":"978-9-756-59610-4"}]},{"reference":"Bowden, Oliver (2011). Assassin's Creed: Revelations. Penguin Group. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-101-57100-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-57100-2","url_text":"978-1-101-57100-2"}]},{"reference":"Duffy, Eamon (2006). Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11597-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamon_Duffy","url_text":"Duffy, Eamon"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/00book1593273669","url_text":"Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11597-0","url_text":"978-0-300-11597-0"}]},{"reference":"Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Finkel","url_text":"Finkel, Caroline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books","url_text":"Basic Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7","url_text":"978-0-465-02396-7"}]},{"reference":"Freely, John (2004). Jem Sultan: The Adventures of a Captive Turkish Prince in Renaissance Europe. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-715066-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Freely","url_text":"Freely, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Perennial","url_text":"Harper Perennial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-715066-3","url_text":"978-0-00-715066-3"}]},{"reference":"Özgüdenli, Osman G. (2008). \"JEM SOLṬĀN\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIV/6: Japan IV. Iranians in Japan–Jobbāʾi. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 623–624. ISBN 978-1-934283-07-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jem-soltan-","url_text":"\"JEM SOLṬĀN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater","url_text":"Yarshater, Ehsan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934283-07-3","url_text":"978-1-934283-07-3"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Teske
Werner Teske
["1 Early life and career","2 Defection plans and trial","3 Death","4 Posthumous rehabilitation","5 Notes","6 References","6.1 Footnotes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]
East German Stasi Captain Werner TeskePhotograph of Teske from his employee filesBorn(1942-04-24)24 April 1942Berlin, Nazi GermanyDied26 June 1981(1981-06-26) (aged 39)Leipzig Prison, Leipzig, East GermanyCause of deathExecution by shootingBurial placeSüdfriedhof, LeipzigNationalityEast GermanOccupationIntelligence officerKnown forLast person executed by East Germany in June 1981Signature Werner Teske (24 April 1942 – 26 June 1981) was an East German Hauptmann (Captain) of the Ministry for State Security (Stasi). Teske was a senior intelligence officer in the Stasi's economic espionage division when he was accused of plotting to defect to West Germany with sensitive information and embezzled money. In the one-day trial, Teske was found guilty of espionage and desertion. He was sentenced to death and subsequently executed in June 1981. Teske's sentence was posthumously overturned after German reunification when it was deemed unlawful by standards of East German law, and two jurists from his trial were prosecuted. The execution was the last time a death sentence was carried out in East Germany, before its abolition in 1987, making Teske the last person executed in Germany. Early life and career Werner Teske was born on 24 April 1942 in Berlin, and went to school from 1948 to 1960 in Berlin-Lichtenberg, graduating with the Abitur. During this time, he also played handball for an East German junior team. He studied economics at Humboldt University of Berlin from 1960 to 1964 and graduated with a degree in financial economics. A staunch communist, he entered the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in 1966 and became an unofficial collaborator (IM) of the Stasi in 1967. In 1969, he obtained his doctorate in economics, and started working full-time for the Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung, the foreign intelligence arm of the Stasi. Teske was part of the East German delegation that accompanied the East Germany national football team to the 1974 FIFA World Cup, which was held in West Germany. He was promoted to Hauptmann in 1975 and sent abroad again to the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck. Teske was married to Sabine Teske. They had one daughter. Defection plans and trial East German notification of Teske's arrest on 12 September 1980 In the mid-1970s, Teske began to question the political system in East Germany, and planned to defect to West Germany, with the intention of using highly sensitive Stasi information and materials as an "entrance fee". He put aside money for this purpose, around 20,000 Deutsche mark and a similar amount of East German marks. However, in 1979 the Stasi tightened its internal security measures following the defection of Werner Stiller , a Stasi Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) who fled to West Germany carrying sensitive information. In September 1980, Teske was arrested when irregularities in his work came to attention of the Stasi after he had failed to turn up to an appointment when he had been drunk at home. A cache of stolen documents was found in his work safe. Later, his previous embezzlement of operating money from his Stasi division was uncovered, and another cache of documents was found stashed in his apartment. Teske was tried at the 1st Military Criminal Division of the Supreme Court of East Germany. He was accused of "planned treason", and was found guilty of charges of espionage, desertion, and an illegal border crossing. Despite the defence counsel's argument that the defection had never occurred and no information had reached the West, Teske received the maximum sentence and was sentenced to death after a one-day trial on 11 June 1981 before a three-judge panel of Stasi officers. The severity of Teske's sentence might have been a reaction to Werner Stiller's defection to the West two years earlier, and the attempted defections both of Teske and fellow Stasi officer Gert Trebeljahr , who was also executed, have been linked to Stiller's as copycat crimes. Stiller himself stated in 1992 that Teske would likely have received a life sentence instead of being executed had his own defection not occurred. Death Entrance to Leipzig Prison, with a memorial plaque stating that the central execution site of East Germany was in this building On 26 June 1981, shortly after his trial, Teske was executed in a secret part of Leipzig Prison on Alfred-Kästner-Straße, Leipzig, by executioner Hermann Lorenz . Teske was shot in the back of the head using a semi-automatic pistol, after which his body was cremated and buried at the Südfriedhof. His death certificate stated that he died of "heart failure". Knowledge of Teske's trial, execution, and funeral were all kept secret by East German authorities, and this information was withheld even from Teske's closest relatives, including his wife who did not know she was a widow until after German reunification in 1990. Until then, she had assumed her husband was being held somewhere in custody. Posthumous rehabilitation Teske's grave at the Südfriedhof, Leipzig After German reunification, the sentence against Teske was overturned in 1993. Subsequently, the judges and prosecutors who had taken part in Teske's trial were prosecuted themselves, and in 1998, judge Karl-Heinz Knoche and prosecutor Heinz Kadgien were sentenced to four years imprisonment for perverting the course of justice. These new rulings were justified by the fact that the original decision had been disproportionate according to East German law, as though Teske had planned to defect, he never actually committed the offenses he was sentenced for. Teske was the last person to be executed in East Germany before the death penalty was abolished in 1987, effectively becoming the last person to be executed in Germany. The story of the 2021 film The Last Execution  by Franziska Stünkel  is based on aspects of the lives of Teske and the footballer Lutz Eigendorf. Notes ^ The Abitur is a German secondary school qualification that allows a student to enter university. References Footnotes ^ a b c d Adams 2009, p. 459. ^ Lange 2021, pp. 13–14. ^ a b c d e Florath 2016. ^ a b Staadt 2006. ^ a b c d Melzer 2006. ^ a b c d e Schnibben 1992. ^ a b c Lahusen 2011, p. 63. ^ Stasi Records Agency. ^ Lange 2021, pp. 77–78. ^ a b c Noffke 2021. ^ a b Mielke 1997. ^ Gieseke 2014, p. 174. ^ mdr.de 2009. ^ Müller 2014. ^ Lange 2021, pp. 219–221. ^ Eggleston 1998. ^ Gieseke 2014, p. 143. ^ Rodek 2021. ^ Reel Chicago 2021. Bibliography Adams, Jefferson (2009). Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6320-0. Florath, Werner (2016). "Teske, Werner". In Engelmann, Roger (ed.). Das MfS-Lexikon Begriffe, Personen und Strukturen der Staatssicherheit der DDR (in German) (3 ed.). Berlin: Links. ISBN 978-3-86153-681-9. OCLC 932706320. Eggleston, Roland (9 July 1998). "Germany: Prosecutions Of GDR Officials Coming To A Close". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 30 September 2021. Gieseke, Jens (2014). The History of the Stasi: East Germany's Secret Police, 1945–1990. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78238-255-3. Lahusen, Benjamin (2011). "Drei Jahrzehnte ohne Todesstrafe" (PDF). Myops (in German) (12): 62–64. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Lange, Gunter (2021). Der Nahschuss Leben und Hinrichtung des Stasi-Offiziers Werner Teske (in German). Christoph Links Verlag. ISBN 978-3-96289-117-6. OCLC 1225086515. Melzer, Chris (22 June 2006). "Nahschuss ins Hinterhaupt". Stern (in German). Retrieved 28 February 2020. Mielke, Michael (6 August 1997). "Gericht rollt letztes DDR-Todesurteil auf". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 29 February 2020. Müller, Reinhard (7 November 2014). "Unrechtsstaat: Die Exzesse der DDR". FAZ.NET (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Noffke, Oliver (26 June 2021). "Der letzte Nahschuss". rbb24 (in German). Retrieved 20 September 2021. Rodek, Hanns-Georg (12 August 2021). ""Nahschuss" mit Lars Eidinger – Trailer und Kritik". Die Welt. Retrieved 20 September 2021. Schnibben, Cordt (10 February 1992). ""Der Feind ist mir nie begegnet"". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 28 February 2020. Staadt, Jochen (21 May 2006). "WM 1974: Die Stasi und der Fußball". FAZ.NET (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 29 February 2020. mdr.de (5 February 2009). "Todesstrafe in der DDR". www.mdr.de (in German). Retrieved 29 February 2020. Reel Chicago (20 September 2021). "Chicago International Film Festival announces full lineup of 57th edition". Reel Chicago. Retrieved 20 September 2021. Stasi Records Agency. "Verräter aus den eigenen Reihen". www.stasi-mediathek.de (in German). Retrieved 29 February 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Werner Teske. Werner Teske at the DDR-Lexikon (in German) "Werner Teske | Mediathek des Stasi-Unterlagen-Archivs". www.stasi-mediathek.de (in German). Retrieved 29 February 2020. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States Czech Republic People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German"},{"link_name":"Hauptmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptmann"},{"link_name":"Ministry for State Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"intelligence officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_officer"},{"link_name":"economic espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_espionage"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"sentenced to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"executed in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Germany"}],"text":"East German Stasi CaptainWerner Teske (24 April 1942 – 26 June 1981) was an East German Hauptmann (Captain) of the Ministry for State Security (Stasi). Teske was a senior intelligence officer in the Stasi's economic espionage division when he was accused of plotting to defect to West Germany with sensitive information and embezzled money. In the one-day trial, Teske was found guilty of espionage and desertion. He was sentenced to death and subsequently executed in June 1981.Teske's sentence was posthumously overturned after German reunification when it was deemed unlawful by standards of East German law, and two jurists from his trial were prosecuted. The execution was the last time a death sentence was carried out in East Germany, before its abolition in 1987, making Teske the last person executed in Germany.","title":"Werner Teske"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2009459-1"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Lichtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtenberg_(locality)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange202113%E2%80%9314-2"},{"link_name":"Abitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorath2016-3"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaadt2006-5"},{"link_name":"Humboldt University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"financial economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_economics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorath2016-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelzer2006-6"},{"link_name":"Socialist Unity Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorath2016-3"},{"link_name":"unofficial collaborator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unofficial_collaborator"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnibben1992-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorath2016-3"},{"link_name":"Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptverwaltung_Aufkl%C3%A4rung"},{"link_name":"foreign intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2009459-1"},{"link_name":"East Germany national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1974 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnibben1992-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaadt2006-5"},{"link_name":"Hauptmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptmann"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahusen201163-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStasi_Records_Agency-9"},{"link_name":"1976 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnibben1992-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange202177%E2%80%9378-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnibben1992-7"}],"text":"Werner Teske was born on 24 April 1942 in Berlin,[1] and went to school from 1948 to 1960 in Berlin-Lichtenberg,[2] graduating with the Abitur.[3][nb 1] During this time, he also played handball for an East German junior team.[4] He studied economics at Humboldt University of Berlin from 1960 to 1964 and graduated with a degree in financial economics.[3] A staunch communist,[5] he entered the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in 1966[3] and became an unofficial collaborator (IM) of the Stasi in 1967.[6] In 1969, he obtained his doctorate in economics,[3] and started working full-time for the Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung, the foreign intelligence arm of the Stasi.[1]Teske was part of the East German delegation that accompanied the East Germany national football team to the 1974 FIFA World Cup, which was held in West Germany.[6][4] He was promoted to Hauptmann[7] in 1975[8] and sent abroad again to the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck.[6][9]Teske was married to Sabine Teske. They had one daughter.[6]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Einlieferungsanzeige_Teske.pdf"},{"link_name":"defect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defection"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelzer2006-6"},{"link_name":"Deutsche mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark"},{"link_name":"East German marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German_mark"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoffke2021-11"},{"link_name":"Werner Stiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Stiller&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Stiller"},{"link_name":"Oberleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberleutnant"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoffke2021-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnibben1992-7"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_East_Germany"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMielke1997-12"},{"link_name":"espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"desertion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertion"},{"link_name":"defence counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_counsel"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2009459-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahusen201163-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelzer2006-6"},{"link_name":"Gert Trebeljahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gert_Trebeljahr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Trebeljahr"},{"link_name":"copycat crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copycat_crime"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGieseke2014174-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2009459-1"}],"text":"East German notification of Teske's arrest on 12 September 1980In the mid-1970s, Teske began to question the political system in East Germany, and planned to defect to West Germany, with the intention of using highly sensitive Stasi information and materials as an \"entrance fee\".[5] He put aside money for this purpose, around 20,000 Deutsche mark and a similar amount of East German marks.[10] However, in 1979 the Stasi tightened its internal security measures following the defection of Werner Stiller [de], a Stasi Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) who fled to West Germany carrying sensitive information. In September 1980, Teske was arrested when irregularities in his work came to attention of the Stasi after he had failed to turn up to an appointment when he had been drunk at home.[10] A cache of stolen documents was found in his work safe. Later, his previous embezzlement of operating money from his Stasi division was uncovered, and another cache of documents was found stashed in his apartment.[6]Teske was tried at the 1st Military Criminal Division of the Supreme Court of East Germany.[11] He was accused of \"planned treason\", and was found guilty of charges of espionage, desertion, and an illegal border crossing. Despite the defence counsel's argument that the defection had never occurred and no information had reached the West, Teske received the maximum sentence and was sentenced to death after a one-day trial on 11 June 1981 before a three-judge panel of Stasi officers.[1][7] The severity of Teske's sentence might have been a reaction to Werner Stiller's defection to the West two years earlier,[5] and the attempted defections both of Teske and fellow Stasi officer Gert Trebeljahr [de], who was also executed, have been linked to Stiller's as copycat crimes.[12] Stiller himself stated in 1992 that Teske would likely have received a life sentence instead of being executed had his own defection not occurred.[1]","title":"Defection plans and trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arndtstra%C3%9Fe_48_Leipzig_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leipzig Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Prison"},{"link_name":"Leipzig Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Prison"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEmdr.de2009-14"},{"link_name":"Hermann Lorenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Lorenz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Lorenz_(Henker)"},{"link_name":"semi-automatic pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol"},{"link_name":"Südfriedhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdfriedhof_(Leipzig)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoffke2021-11"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelzer2006-6"}],"text":"Entrance to Leipzig Prison, with a memorial plaque stating that the central execution site of East Germany was in this buildingOn 26 June 1981, shortly after his trial, Teske was executed in a secret part of Leipzig Prison on Alfred-Kästner-Straße, Leipzig,[13] by executioner Hermann Lorenz [de]. Teske was shot in the back of the head using a semi-automatic pistol, after which his body was cremated and buried at the Südfriedhof. His death certificate stated that he died of \"heart failure\".[10] Knowledge of Teske's trial, execution, and funeral were all kept secret by East German authorities, and this information was withheld even from Teske's closest relatives, including his wife who did not know she was a widow until after German reunification in 1990. Until then, she had assumed her husband was being held somewhere in custody.[5]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrabplatteWernerTeske.JPG"},{"link_name":"Südfriedhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdfriedhof_(Leipzig)"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller2014-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange2021219%E2%80%93221-16"},{"link_name":"perverting the course of justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEggleston1998-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorath2016-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMielke1997-12"},{"link_name":"death penalty was abolished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGieseke2014143-18"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahusen201163-8"},{"link_name":"The Last Execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Execution&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahschuss"},{"link_name":"Franziska Stünkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franziska_St%C3%BCnkel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franziska_St%C3%BCnkel"},{"link_name":"Lutz Eigendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Eigendorf"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodek2021-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReel_Chicago2021-20"}],"text":"Teske's grave at the Südfriedhof, LeipzigAfter German reunification, the sentence against Teske was overturned in 1993.[14] Subsequently, the judges and prosecutors who had taken part in Teske's trial were prosecuted themselves,[15] and in 1998, judge Karl-Heinz Knoche and prosecutor Heinz Kadgien were sentenced to four years imprisonment for perverting the course of justice.[16][3] These new rulings were justified by the fact that the original decision had been disproportionate according to East German law, as though Teske had planned to defect, he never actually committed the offenses he was sentenced for.[11]Teske was the last person to be executed in East Germany before the death penalty was abolished in 1987,[17] effectively becoming the last person to be executed in Germany.[7]The story of the 2021 film The Last Execution [de] by Franziska Stünkel [de] is based on aspects of the lives of Teske and the footballer Lutz Eigendorf.[18][19]","title":"Posthumous rehabilitation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ The Abitur is a German secondary school qualification that allows a student to enter university.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"East German notification of Teske's arrest on 12 September 1980","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Einlieferungsanzeige_Teske.pdf/page1-170px-Einlieferungsanzeige_Teske.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to Leipzig Prison, with a memorial plaque stating that the central execution site of East Germany was in this building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Arndtstra%C3%9Fe_48_Leipzig_1.jpg/220px-Arndtstra%C3%9Fe_48_Leipzig_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Teske's grave at the Südfriedhof, Leipzig","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GrabplatteWernerTeske.JPG/220px-GrabplatteWernerTeske.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Adams, Jefferson (2009). Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6320-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gnEWm4kC844C&pg=PR459","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6320-0","url_text":"978-0-8108-6320-0"}]},{"reference":"Florath, Werner (2016). \"Teske, Werner\". In Engelmann, Roger (ed.). Das MfS-Lexikon Begriffe, Personen und Strukturen der Staatssicherheit der DDR (in German) (3 ed.). Berlin: Links. ISBN 978-3-86153-681-9. OCLC 932706320.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bstu.de/mfs-lexikon/detail/teske-werner/","url_text":"\"Teske, Werner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-681-9","url_text":"978-3-86153-681-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932706320","url_text":"932706320"}]},{"reference":"Eggleston, Roland (9 July 1998). \"Germany: Prosecutions Of GDR Officials Coming To A Close\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 30 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/1089031.html","url_text":"\"Germany: Prosecutions Of GDR Officials Coming To A Close\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty","url_text":"Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty"}]},{"reference":"Gieseke, Jens (2014). The History of the Stasi: East Germany's Secret Police, 1945–1990. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78238-255-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wa-2AgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The History of the Stasi: East Germany's Secret Police, 1945–1990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-255-3","url_text":"978-1-78238-255-3"}]},{"reference":"Lahusen, Benjamin (2011). \"Drei Jahrzehnte ohne Todesstrafe\" (PDF). Myops (in German) (12): 62–64. Retrieved 29 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://beckassets.blob.core.windows.net/product/readingsample/8725624/myops12_lahusen.pdf","url_text":"\"Drei Jahrzehnte ohne Todesstrafe\""}]},{"reference":"Lange, Gunter (2021). Der Nahschuss Leben und Hinrichtung des Stasi-Offiziers Werner Teske (in German). Christoph Links Verlag. ISBN 978-3-96289-117-6. OCLC 1225086515.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1225086515","url_text":"Der Nahschuss Leben und Hinrichtung des Stasi-Offiziers Werner Teske"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96289-117-6","url_text":"978-3-96289-117-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1225086515","url_text":"1225086515"}]},{"reference":"Melzer, Chris (22 June 2006). \"Nahschuss ins Hinterhaupt\". Stern (in German). Retrieved 28 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stern.de/politik/geschichte/letztes-todesurteil-der-ddr-nahschuss-ins-hinterhaupt-3602356.html","url_text":"\"Nahschuss ins Hinterhaupt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_(magazine)","url_text":"Stern"}]},{"reference":"Mielke, Michael (6 August 1997). \"Gericht rollt letztes DDR-Todesurteil auf\". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 29 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article641620/Gericht-rollt-letztes-DDR-Todesurteil-auf.html","url_text":"\"Gericht rollt letztes DDR-Todesurteil auf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt","url_text":"Die Welt"}]},{"reference":"Müller, Reinhard (7 November 2014). \"Unrechtsstaat: Die Exzesse der DDR\". FAZ.NET (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 29 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faz.net/1.3252022","url_text":"\"Unrechtsstaat: Die Exzesse der DDR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4909","url_text":"0174-4909"}]},{"reference":"Noffke, Oliver (26 June 2021). \"Der letzte Nahschuss\". rbb24 (in German). Retrieved 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbb24.de/politik/beitrag/2021/06/werner-teske-ddr-hinrichtungen-todesstrafe-stasi.html","url_text":"\"Der letzte Nahschuss\""}]},{"reference":"Rodek, Hanns-Georg (12 August 2021). \"\"Nahschuss\" mit Lars Eidinger – Trailer und Kritik\". Die Welt. Retrieved 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/kultur/kino/article233026257/Nahschuss-mit-Lars-Eidinger-Trailer-und-Kritik.html","url_text":"\"\"Nahschuss\" mit Lars Eidinger – Trailer und Kritik\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt","url_text":"Die Welt"}]},{"reference":"Schnibben, Cordt (10 February 1992). \"\"Der Feind ist mir nie begegnet\"\". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 28 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13680436.html","url_text":"\"\"Der Feind ist mir nie begegnet\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"Staadt, Jochen (21 May 2006). \"WM 1974: Die Stasi und der Fußball\". FAZ.NET (in German). ISSN 0174-4909. Retrieved 29 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faz.net/1.332249","url_text":"\"WM 1974: Die Stasi und der Fußball\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung","url_text":"FAZ.NET"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4909","url_text":"0174-4909"}]},{"reference":"mdr.de (5 February 2009). \"Todesstrafe in der DDR\". www.mdr.de (in German). Retrieved 29 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mdr.de/zeitreise/ddr/todesstrafe-ddr-todesurteil-werner-teske-100.html","url_text":"\"Todesstrafe in der DDR\""}]},{"reference":"Reel Chicago (20 September 2021). \"Chicago International Film Festival announces full lineup of 57th edition\". Reel Chicago. Retrieved 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://reelchicago.com/article/chicago-international-film-festival-announces-full-lineup-of-57th-edition/","url_text":"\"Chicago International Film Festival announces full lineup of 57th edition\""}]},{"reference":"Stasi Records Agency. \"Verräter aus den eigenen Reihen\". www.stasi-mediathek.de (in German). Retrieved 29 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi_Records_Agency","url_text":"Stasi Records Agency"},{"url":"https://www.stasi-mediathek.de/geschichten/verraeter-aus-den-eigenen-reihen/sheet/1-0/type/intro/","url_text":"\"Verräter aus den eigenen Reihen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Werner Teske | Mediathek des Stasi-Unterlagen-Archivs\". www.stasi-mediathek.de (in German). Retrieved 29 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stasi-mediathek.de/themen/person/Werner%20Teske/","url_text":"\"Werner Teske | Mediathek des Stasi-Unterlagen-Archivs\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyoshi_River
Koyoshi River
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 39°23′26″N 140°00′51″E / 39.3906°N 140.0141°E / 39.3906; 140.0141River in Honshu, JapanKoyoshi River子吉川Koyoshi River in 2021LocationCountryJapanStateHonshuRegionAkitaPhysical characteristicsSourceMount Chōkai • elevation2,236 m (7,336 ft) MouthSea of Japan • coordinates39°23′26″N 140°00′51″E / 39.3906°N 140.0141°E / 39.3906; 140.0141Length61 km (38 mi)Basin size1,190 km2 (460 sq mi) Koyoshi River (Japanese: 子吉川（こよしがわ）, Hepburn: koyoshigawa) is a river in Akita Prefecture, Japan. It originates from Mount Chōkai, where the border of Akita Prefecture and Yamagata Prefecture is located, and flows through Yurihonjō and finally into Sea of Japan. The headstream of the river is called Chōkai River (鳥海川, chōkaigawa). It has the third largest drainage area of the class A rivers that flow through Akita Prefecture, after Omono River and Yoneshiro River. References ^ a b c d "日本の川 - 東北 - 子吉川 - 国土交通省水管理・国土保全局" (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan. Retrieved December 28, 2017. ^ a b c d "子吉川(こよしがわ)とは - コトバンク" (in Japanese). kotobank. Retrieved December 28, 2017. ^ "気象庁 鳥海山" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 28, 2017. ^ "一級河川水系別延長等" (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan. Retrieved December 28, 2017. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Koyoshi River. vte River systems and rivers of JapanRivers of HokkaidoSea of Japan Ishikari River Chitose River Toyohira River Makomanai River Anano River Yūbari River Koetoi River Rumoi River Shiribeshi-Toshibetsu River Shiribetsu River Teshio River Zenibako River Sea of Okhotsk Abashiri River Shibetsu River Shokotsu River Tokoro River Yūbetsu River Pacific Ocean Akan River Kushiro River Mitsuishi River Mu River Niikappu River Saru River Shizunai River Tokachi River Rivers of Hokkaido on CommonsRivers of HonshuTōhoku region Abukuma River Arakawa River Iwaki River Kitakami River Komagome River Koyoshi River Mabechi River Mogami River Natori River Ōhata River Oirase River Omono River Takase River Yoneshiro River Kantō region Arakawa River Edo River Fuji River Kanda River Kuji River Naka River Sagami River Sumida River Tama River Tone River Tsurumi River Chūbu region Agano River Shinano River Seki River Hime River Kurobe River Jōganji River Jinzū River Shō River Oyabe River Tedori River Kuzuryū River Fuji River Abe River Ōi River Sakawa River Tenryū River Toyo River Yahagi River Shōnai River Kiso Three Rivers Kiso River Nagara River Ibi River Kushida River Miya River Kita River Minami River Kansai region Choshi River Ibo River Kako River Kinokawa River Kumano River Kuzuryu River Maruyama River Muko River Yamato River Yodo River Yasu River Katsura River Kamo River Kizu River Dōton River Yura River Chūgoku region Asahi River Ashida River Gōnokawa River Hino River Hii River Ōta River Oze River Saba River Sendai River Takahashi River Takatsu River Tenjin River Yoshii River Rivers of Shikoku Aibiki River Shimanto River Shinmachi River Suketō River Tamiya River Sako River Sumiyoshijima River Yoshino River Dōzan River Rivers of KyushuKyushu Arie River Chikugo River Kikuchi River Kuma River Mimi River Ōno River Ōyodo River Yaeyama Islands Kokuba River Nakama River Urauchi River Rivers of Japan Category Rivers of Japan on Commons Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan This article related to a river in Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"Akita Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Mount Chōkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ch%C5%8Dkai"},{"link_name":"Yamagata Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamagata_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Yurihonjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurihonj%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Sea of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotobank-2"},{"link_name":"class A rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_river"},{"link_name":"Omono River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omono_River"},{"link_name":"Yoneshiro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoneshiro_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlit2-4"}],"text":"River in Honshu, JapanKoyoshi River (Japanese: 子吉川（こよしがわ）, Hepburn: koyoshigawa) is a river in Akita Prefecture, Japan. It originates from Mount Chōkai, where the border of Akita Prefecture and Yamagata Prefecture is located, and flows through Yurihonjō and finally into Sea of Japan. The headstream of the river is called Chōkai River (鳥海川, chōkaigawa).[1][2] It has the third largest drainage area of the class A rivers that flow through Akita Prefecture, after Omono River and Yoneshiro River.[4]","title":"Koyoshi River"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"日本の川 - 東北 - 子吉川 - 国土交通省水管理・国土保全局\" (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan. Retrieved December 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlit.go.jp/river/toukei_chousa/kasen/jiten/nihon_kawa/0210_koyoshi/0210_koyoshi_00.html","url_text":"\"日本の川 - 東北 - 子吉川 - 国土交通省水管理・国土保全局\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism","url_text":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism"}]},{"reference":"\"子吉川(こよしがわ)とは - コトバンク\" (in Japanese). kotobank. Retrieved December 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%AD%90%E5%90%89%E5%B7%9D-66414","url_text":"\"子吉川(こよしがわ)とは - コトバンク\""}]},{"reference":"\"気象庁 鳥海山\" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vois/data/sendai/209_Chokaisan/209_index.html","url_text":"\"気象庁 鳥海山\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency","url_text":"Japan Meteorological Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"一級河川水系別延長等\" (in Japanese). Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan. Retrieved December 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlit.go.jp/river/toukei_chousa/kasen/jiten/toukei/birn88p.html","url_text":"\"一級河川水系別延長等\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure,_Transport_and_Tourism","url_text":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Nauri
Abdullah Al Nauri
["1 Novelist","2 Works","3 References"]
Emirati novelist and police officer (1959–2021) Abdullah Al NauriBorn1959Ras Al Khaimah, UAEDied18 April 2021Ras Al Khaimah, UAEOccupation(s)Novelist, police officer Abdullah Muhammad Issa Al Nauri Al Ali (Arabic: عبد الله محمد عيسى الناوري العلي) was an Emirati novelist and police officer. He is credited as the first crime fiction author in the United Arab Emirates, with his novel, the Arabic language A Neck in Search of a Necklace, written and published in 1978 when he was 19 years of age. Novelist Abdullah Al Nauri was born and raised in the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah. He joined the police force in 1975, and his experience in the police added to a childhood interest in crime literature. Although the author of only one full-length novel, he was a widely published writer of short stories and poetry. A Neck in Search of a Necklace was originally privately published by Al Nauri, but a second edition was subsequently published in 2013 by the UAE's Ministry of Culture, Youth and Community Development in cooperation with the Emirates Writers and Writers Union. The book has been the subject of critical acclaim and academic evaluation since its original publication, both as a pioneering effort but also for its use of language and its narrative form. It has been credited with inspiring the emergence of over 20 Emirati crime novelists. As well as the first Emirati crime novel, the book also stands as the first full-length work of fiction published in the emirate of Ras Al Khaimah. Al Nauri passed away on April 18, 2021 at the age of 62 due to a chronic heart condition. Works "A Neck in Search of a Necklace", 1978 and reprinted in 20013 (ISBN 9789948040439) References ^ "عبدالله الناوري". altibrah.ae (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-11-05. ^ Al Shammari, Etaf (9 September 2009). "Reissue of "A Neck in Search of a Necklace," the first detective novel in the Emirates". Al Riyadh Newspaper. Retrieved 5 November 2023. ^ منيرة, نفحات (2021-04-19). "رحيل الكاتب عبدالله الناوري أول كاتب للرواية البوليسية في الإمارات ال". نفحات القلم (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-11-05. ^ للأخبار, مركز الاتحاد (2011-03-16). "عبد الله الناوري.. أديب مستتر تقديره هو!". مركز الاتحاد للأخبار (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-11-05. ^ "عبدالله محمد الناوري". صحيفة الخليج (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-11-05. ^ الاتحاد, صحيفة (2021-04-18). "رحيل عبدالله الناوري.. رائد الأدب البوليسي المحلي". صحيفة الاتحاد (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-11-02. ^ "كتاب عنق يبحث عن عقد". التبراة : عالم الكتب (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-11-02.
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"عبدالله الناوري\". altibrah.ae (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://altibrah.ae/author/5212","url_text":"\"عبدالله الناوري\""}]},{"reference":"Al Shammari, Etaf (9 September 2009). \"Reissue of \"A Neck in Search of a Necklace,\" the first detective novel in the Emirates\". Al Riyadh Newspaper. Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alriyadh.com/458079","url_text":"\"Reissue of \"A Neck in Search of a Necklace,\" the first detective novel in the Emirates\""}]},{"reference":"منيرة, نفحات (2021-04-19). \"رحيل الكاتب عبدالله الناوري أول كاتب للرواية البوليسية في الإمارات ال\". نفحات القلم (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://pen-sy.com/53183/","url_text":"\"رحيل الكاتب عبدالله الناوري أول كاتب للرواية البوليسية في الإمارات ال\""}]},{"reference":"للأخبار, مركز الاتحاد (2011-03-16). \"عبد الله الناوري.. أديب مستتر تقديره هو!\". مركز الاتحاد للأخبار (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aletihad.ae/article/25369/2011/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%87%D9%88!","url_text":"\"عبد الله الناوري.. أديب مستتر تقديره هو!\""}]},{"reference":"\"عبدالله محمد الناوري\". صحيفة الخليج (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alkhaleej.ae/2021-04-27/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D9%8A-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7","url_text":"\"عبدالله محمد الناوري\""}]},{"reference":"الاتحاد, صحيفة (2021-04-18). \"رحيل عبدالله الناوري.. رائد الأدب البوليسي المحلي\". صحيفة الاتحاد (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alittihad.ae/news/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/4181739/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A---%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A","url_text":"\"رحيل عبدالله الناوري.. رائد الأدب البوليسي المحلي\""}]},{"reference":"\"كتاب عنق يبحث عن عقد\". التبراة : عالم الكتب (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://altibrah.ae/book/8487","url_text":"\"كتاب عنق يبحث عن عقد\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_in_Scottish_football
1946–47 in Scottish football
["1 Scottish League Division A","2 Scottish League Division B","3 Scottish League Division C","4 Cup honours","5 Other Honours","5.1 National","5.2 County","5.3 Highland League","6 Scotland national team","7 See also","8 Notes and references","9 External links"]
1946–47 in Scottish footballDivision A championsRangersDivision B championsDundeeDivision C championsStirling AlbionScottish Cup winnersAberdeenLeague Cup winnersRangersDivision C League Cup winnersStirling AlbionJunior Cup winnersShawfieldScotland national team1947 BHC The 1946–47 season was the 74th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 50th season of the Scottish Football League. Scottish League Division A Main article: 1946–47 Scottish Division A Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts 1 Rangers 30 21 4 5 76 26 +50 46 2 Hibernian 30 19 6 5 69 33 +36 44 3 Aberdeen 30 16 7 7 58 41 +17 39 4 Hearts 30 16 6 8 52 43 +9 38 5 Partick Thistle 30 16 3 11 74 59 +15 35 6 Morton 30 12 10 8 58 45 +13 34 7 Celtic 30 13 6 11 53 55 −2 32 8 Motherwell 30 12 5 13 58 54 +4 29 9 Third Lanark 30 11 6 13 56 64 −8 28 10 Clyde 30 9 9 12 55 65 −10 27 11 Falkirk 30 8 10 12 62 61 +1 26 12 Queen of the South 30 9 8 13 44 69 −25 26 13 Queen's Park 30 8 6 16 47 60 −13 22 14 St Mirren 30 9 4 17 47 65 −18 22 15 Kilmarnock 30 6 9 15 44 66 −22 21 16 Hamilton Academical 30 2 7 21 38 85 −47 11 Source: RSSSF Champions: Rangers Scottish League Division B Main article: 1946–47 Scottish Division B Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Promotion or relegation 1 Dundee 26 21 3 2 113 30 +83 45 Promotion to 1947–48 Division A 2 Airdrieonians 26 19 4 3 78 38 +40 42 3 East Fife 26 12 7 7 58 39 +19 31 4 Albion Rovers 26 10 7 9 50 54 −4 27 5 Alloa Athletic 26 11 5 10 51 57 −6 27 6 Raith Rovers 26 10 6 10 45 52 −7 26 7 Stenhousemuir 26 8 7 11 43 53 −10 23 8 Dunfermline Athletic 26 10 3 13 50 72 −22 23 9 St Johnstone 26 9 4 13 45 47 −2 22 10 Dundee United 26 9 4 13 53 60 −7 22 11 Ayr United 26 9 2 15 56 73 −17 20 12 Arbroath 26 7 6 13 42 63 −21 20 13 Dumbarton 26 7 4 15 41 54 −13 18 14 Cowdenbeath 26 6 6 14 44 77 −33 18 Source: Scottish League Division C Main article: 1946–47 Scottish Division C Pos Teamvte Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Promotion or relegation 1 Stirling Albion 18 13 4 1 76 66 +10 30 Promotion to the 1947–48 Division B 2 Dundee 'A' 18 12 2 4 60 37 +23 26 3 Leith Athletic 18 11 3 4 57 33 +24 25 Promotion to the 1947–48 Division B 4 East Stirlingshire 18 10 2 6 54 40 +14 22 5 St Johnstone 'A' 18 8 5 5 52 37 +15 21 6 Forfar Athletic 18 6 2 10 32 46 −14 14 7 Montrose 18 5 2 11 39 53 −14 12 8 Brechin City 18 4 4 10 42 60 −18 12 9 Dundee United 'A' 18 3 3 12 42 77 −35 9 10 Edinburgh City 18 3 3 12 36 75 −39 9 Source: Notes: ^ 'A' teams were not eligible for promotion from Division C. Cup honours Competition Winner Score Runner-up Scottish Cup 1946–47 Aberdeen 2 – 1 Hibernian Scottish League Cup 1946–47 Rangers 4 – 0 Aberdeen Junior Cup Shawfield 2 – 1 (rep.) Bo'ness United Other Honours National Competition Winner Score Runner-up B Division Supplementary Cup East Fife 7 – 3 * Raith Rovers Scottish Qualifying Cup - North Clachnacuddin 3 – 0 Inverness Caledonian Scottish Qualifying Cup - South Berwick Rangers 3 – 2 Stranraer Scottish Qualifying Cup - Midlands Montrose 3 – 0 <<dagger>> East Stirling County Competition Winner Score Runner-up Aberdeenshire Cup Peterhead 6 – 2 * Huntly Ayrshire Cup Kilmarnock 4 – 2 Ayr United East of Scotland Shield Hibernian 2 – 1 Hearts Forfarshire Cup Dundee 5 – 0 Dundee United Glasgow Cup Clyde 2 – 1 Third Lanark Perthshire Cup Breadalbane Renfrewshire Cup St Mirren 3 – 1 Morton Southern Counties Cup Dalbeattie Star * - aggregate over two legs Highland League Top Three Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts 1 Peterhead 30 22 5 3 89 38 +51 49 2 Huntly 30 22 3 5 111 68 +43 47 3 Clachnacuddin 30 21 4 5 100 41 +59 46 Source: Scotland national team Main article: Scotland national football team 1940–59 results Date Venue Opponents Score Competition Scotland scorer(s) 19 October 1946 Racecourse Ground, Wrexham (A)  Wales 1–3 BHC Willie Waddell (pen.) 27 November 1946 Hampden Park, Glasgow (H)  Northern Ireland 0–0 BHC 12 April 1947 Wembley Stadium, London (A)  England 1–1 BHC Andy McLaren 18 May 1947 Heysel Stadium, Brussels (A)  Belgium 1–2 Friendly Billy Steel 24 May 1947 Stade Municipal, Luxembourg (A)  Luxembourg 6–0 Friendly Andy McLaren (2), Bobby Flavell (2), Billy Steel (2) Key: (H) = Home match (A) = Away match BHC = British Home Championship See also 1946–47 Rangers F.C. season Notes and references ^ "1946/47 - the Scottish Football League". Archived from the original on 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2011-12-16. ^ Scotland's score is shown first. External links Scottish Football Historical Archive Broken link vte1946–47 in Scottish football « 1945–46 1947–48 » Domestic leagues Football League Division A Division B Division C Highland League Domestic cups Scottish Cup Final League Cup Final Junior Cup Related to national team Results British Home Championship Club seasonsDivision A Aberdeen Celtic Clyde Falkirk Hamilton Academical Heart of Midlothian Hibernian Kilmarnock Morton Motherwell Partick Thistle Rangers Queen of the South Queen's Park St. Mirren Third Lanark Division B Airdrieonians Albion Rovers Alloa Athletic Arbroath Ayr United Cowdenbeath Dumbarton Dundee Dundee United Dunfermline Athletic East Fife Raith Rovers St. Johnstone Stenhousemuir vteSeasons in Scottish football 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870 1871–72 1872–73 1873–74 1874–75 1875–76 1876–77 1877–78 1878–79 1879–80 1880–81 1881–82 1882–83 1883–84 1884–85 1885–86 1886–87 1887–88 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 1946–47 season was the 74th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 50th season of the Scottish Football League.[1]","title":"1946–47 in Scottish football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RSSSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tabless/scot47.html"}],"text":"Source: RSSSFChampions: Rangers","title":"Scottish League Division A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"Scottish League Division B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_DND0.31095307055439_2-0"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed]Notes:^ 'A' teams were not eligible for promotion from Division C.","title":"Scottish League Division C"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cup honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"National","title":"Other Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"County","text":"* - aggregate over two legs","title":"Other Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Highland League","text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"Other Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Key:(H) = Home match\n(A) = Away match\nBHC = British Home Championship","title":"Scotland national team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"1946/47 - the Scottish Football League\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121203070008/http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/stats/records/league-championship/league-tables/1940-1949/194142"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scottishfootballleague.com/stats/records/league-championship/league-tables/1940-1949/194142/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scotland_score_3-0"}],"text":"^ \"1946/47 - the Scottish Football League\". Archived from the original on 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2011-12-16.\n\n^ Scotland's score is shown first.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[]
[{"title":"1946–47 Rangers F.C. season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Rangers_F.C._season"}]
[{"reference":"\"1946/47 - the Scottish Football League\". Archived from the original on 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2011-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121203070008/http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/stats/records/league-championship/league-tables/1940-1949/194142","url_text":"\"1946/47 - the Scottish Football League\""},{"url":"http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/stats/records/league-championship/league-tables/1940-1949/194142/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrland_terrain
Norrland terrain
["1 Phytogeography and soils","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]
Geomorphic unit covering northern Sweden The purple line marks a version of the southern boundary of the Norrland Terrain. Norrland terrain (Swedish: Norrlandsterräng) is a geomorphic unit covering the bulk of Norrland and the northwestern half of Svealand. Except for The High Coast the coastal areas of Norrland do not belong to the Norrland terrain. The southern and eastern boundary of the Norrland terrain is made up of geological faults that disrupt the Sub-Cambrian peneplain found the lowlands. In some locations these faults have been extensively eroded making the Norrland terrain boundary partly a result of erosion. Karna Lidmar-Bergström categorizes the Norrland Terrain into the following classes: Highlands with well developed valleys above 500 m.a.s.l. Plains with residual hills of Northern Sweden Undulating hilly land of Övertorneå/Överkalix Undulating hilly land of Boden area Large scale joint valley landscapes Plains with residual hills of Dalarna Undulating hilly land of central Sweden Phytogeography and soils From the south the entrance to the Norrland terrain is not only seen in the relief but in the vast and contiguous boreal forests that extend north of it. These forests are known in Sweden as Norra barrskogsregionen (lit. the northern conifer forest region). The southern boundary of the Norrland terrain was identified as a major phytogeographical boundary by Rutger Sernander. For example, the boundary coincides with the northernmost extension of natural grown oaks. The phytogeographical boundary is not fully sharp as valleys of the Norrland terrain constitute transition zones for vegetation. Till and peat are the overwhelmingly commonest soil types. Gallery Highlands with well developed valleys above 500 m.a.s.l. at the Abisko Alps, Lappland Plains with residual hills of Northern Sweden at Jokkmokk, Lappland Large scale joint valley landscape at The High Coast, Ångermanland Undulating hilly land of Central Sweden seen at Säter Municipality, Dalarna Undulating hilly land of Central Sweden at Hagfors, Värmland See also Central Swedish lowland South Swedish highlands Sub-Cambrian peneplain Notes ^ Geographer Anders Rapp do however exclude the Scandinavian Mountains from the terrain. ^ "Plains with residual hills", "Monadnock plain" or "Inselberg plain" are translations of the original Swedish term "Bergkullsslätt". Another name for these surfaces in northern Sweden is Muddus plains. ^ "Undulating hilly land" is a translation of the original Swedish name "Bergkullsterräng" or "Bergkullsland". ^ "Large scale joint valley landscape" is a translation of the original Swedish term "Storskalig sprickdalslandskap". Sprickdalslandskap is itself a renaming of the earlier concept "Rutplatåland" (Square plateau land). References ^ De Geer, Sten (1926). "Norra Sveriges landforms-regioner". Geografiska Annaler (in Swedish). 8. Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography: 125–136. ^ a b Lidmar-Bergströrm, Karna (1995). "Relief and saprolites through time on the Baltic Shield". Geomorphology. 12. Elsevier: 45–61. ^ a b Lidmar-Bergströrm, Karna (1996). "Long term morphotectonic evolution in Sweden". Geomorphology. 16. Elsevier: 33–59. ^ Rapp, Anders. "norrlandsterräng". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Cydonia Development. Retrieved November 22, 2021. ^ Sporrong, Ulf (2003). "The Scandinavian landscape and its resources". In Helle, Knut (ed.). The Cambridge History of Scandinavia. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ^ "Norrlandsgränsen". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Cydonia Development. Retrieved December 12, 2017. ^ Lundqvist, Jan (1969). "Landskapet". In Lundqvist, Magnus (ed.). Det Moderna Sverige (in Swedish). Bonniers. pp. 64–67.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sverigekarta-Norrland_borders2.svg"},{"link_name":"geomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology"},{"link_name":"Norrland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrland"},{"link_name":"Svealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svealand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The High Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Coast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karna-2"},{"link_name":"geological faults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Sub-Cambrian peneplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Cambrian_peneplain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karna1996longterm-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karna1996longterm-3"},{"link_name":"Karna Lidmar-Bergström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karna_Lidmar-Bergstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karna-2"},{"link_name":"m.a.s.l.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.a.s.l."},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-note_1-5"},{"link_name":"Plains with residual hills of Northern Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddus_plains"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Övertorneå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96vertorne%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Överkalix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96verkalix"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Boden area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boden,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Large scale joint valley landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_valley_landscape"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dalarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalarna"}],"text":"The purple line marks a version of the southern boundary of the Norrland Terrain.Norrland terrain (Swedish: Norrlandsterräng) is a geomorphic unit covering the bulk of Norrland and the northwestern half of Svealand.[1] Except for The High Coast the coastal areas of Norrland do not belong to the Norrland terrain.[2] The southern and eastern boundary of the Norrland terrain is made up of geological faults that disrupt the Sub-Cambrian peneplain found the lowlands.[3] In some locations these faults have been extensively eroded making the Norrland terrain boundary partly a result of erosion.[3] Karna Lidmar-Bergström categorizes the Norrland Terrain into the following classes:[2]Highlands with well developed valleys above 500 m.a.s.l.[note 1]\nPlains with residual hills of Northern Sweden[note 2]\nUndulating hilly land of Övertorneå/Överkalix[note 3]\nUndulating hilly land of Boden area\nLarge scale joint valley landscapes[note 4]\nPlains with residual hills of Dalarna\nUndulating hilly land of central Sweden","title":"Norrland terrain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boreal forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rutger Sernander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutger_Sernander"},{"link_name":"oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatenGotlandterrang-10"},{"link_name":"Till","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till"},{"link_name":"peat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat"},{"link_name":"soil types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_type"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"From the south the entrance to the Norrland terrain is not only seen in the relief but in the vast and contiguous boreal forests that extend north of it.[5] These forests are known in Sweden as Norra barrskogsregionen (lit. the northern conifer forest region). The southern boundary of the Norrland terrain was identified as a major phytogeographical boundary by Rutger Sernander. For example, the boundary coincides with the northernmost extension of natural grown oaks. The phytogeographical boundary is not fully sharp as valleys of the Norrland terrain constitute transition zones for vegetation.[6] Till and peat are the overwhelmingly commonest soil types.[7]","title":"Phytogeography and soils"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abisko_alps.JPG"},{"link_name":"Abisko Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abisko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jokkmokk_utsikt_fr%C3%A5n_Storknabben.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jokkmokk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokkmokk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%A4ggvik_High_Coast.JPG"},{"link_name":"The High Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_High_Coast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gustafs_fr%C3%A5n_ovan_(5).JPG"},{"link_name":"Säter Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ter_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Hagfors,_Sweden.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hagfors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfors"}],"text":"Highlands with well developed valleys above 500 m.a.s.l. at the Abisko Alps, Lappland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlains with residual hills of Northern Sweden at Jokkmokk, Lappland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLarge scale joint valley landscape at The High Coast, Ångermanland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUndulating hilly land of Central Sweden seen at Säter Municipality, Dalarna\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUndulating hilly land of Central Sweden at Hagfors, Värmland","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-note_1_5-0"},{"link_name":"Anders Rapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Rapp"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naten-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Monadnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monadnock"},{"link_name":"Inselberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inselberg"},{"link_name":"Muddus plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddus_plains"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ Geographer Anders Rapp do however exclude the Scandinavian Mountains from the terrain.[4]\n\n^ \"Plains with residual hills\", \"Monadnock plain\" or \"Inselberg plain\" are translations of the original Swedish term \"Bergkullsslätt\". Another name for these surfaces in northern Sweden is Muddus plains.\n\n^ \"Undulating hilly land\" is a translation of the original Swedish name \"Bergkullsterräng\" or \"Bergkullsland\".\n\n^ \"Large scale joint valley landscape\" is a translation of the original Swedish term \"Storskalig sprickdalslandskap\". Sprickdalslandskap is itself a renaming of the earlier concept \"Rutplatåland\" (Square plateau land).","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The purple line marks a version of the southern boundary of the Norrland Terrain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sverigekarta-Norrland_borders2.svg/150px-Sverigekarta-Norrland_borders2.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Central Swedish lowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Swedish_lowland"},{"title":"South Swedish highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Swedish_highlands"},{"title":"Sub-Cambrian peneplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Cambrian_peneplain"}]
[{"reference":"De Geer, Sten (1926). \"Norra Sveriges landforms-regioner\". Geografiska Annaler (in Swedish). 8. Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography: 125–136.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sten_De_Geer","url_text":"De Geer, Sten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografiska_Annaler","url_text":"Geografiska Annaler"}]},{"reference":"Lidmar-Bergströrm, Karna (1995). \"Relief and saprolites through time on the Baltic Shield\". Geomorphology. 12. Elsevier: 45–61.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karna_Lidmar-Bergstr%C3%B6m","url_text":"Lidmar-Bergströrm, Karna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology_(journal)","url_text":"Geomorphology"}]},{"reference":"Lidmar-Bergströrm, Karna (1996). \"Long term morphotectonic evolution in Sweden\". Geomorphology. 16. Elsevier: 33–59.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karna_Lidmar-Bergstr%C3%B6m","url_text":"Lidmar-Bergströrm, Karna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology_(journal)","url_text":"Geomorphology"}]},{"reference":"Rapp, Anders. \"norrlandsterräng\". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Cydonia Development. Retrieved November 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Rapp","url_text":"Rapp, Anders"},{"url":"https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/norrlandsterr%C3%A4ng","url_text":"\"norrlandsterräng\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin","url_text":"Nationalencyklopedin"}]},{"reference":"Sporrong, Ulf (2003). \"The Scandinavian landscape and its resources\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). The Cambridge History of Scandinavia. Cambridge University Press. p. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Norrlandsgränsen\". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Cydonia Development. Retrieved December 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/gotland","url_text":"\"Norrlandsgränsen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin","url_text":"Nationalencyklopedin"}]},{"reference":"Lundqvist, Jan (1969). \"Landskapet\". In Lundqvist, Magnus (ed.). Det Moderna Sverige (in Swedish). Bonniers. pp. 64–67.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lundqvist","url_text":"Lundqvist, Jan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Lundqvist","url_text":"Lundqvist, Magnus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonniers","url_text":"Bonniers"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/norrlandsterr%C3%A4ng","external_links_name":"\"norrlandsterräng\""},{"Link":"https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/gotland","external_links_name":"\"Norrlandsgränsen\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Channel_(Bulgarian_TV_channel)
Star Channel (Bulgarian TV channel)
["1 Programming","1.1 Current Programming","1.2 Former Programming","2 References","3 External links"]
Bulgarian television channel The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Star Channel" Bulgarian TV channel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Television channel Star ChannelCountry BulgariaHeadquartersSofia, BulgariaProgrammingLanguage(s)BulgarianEnglish (with subtitles)Picture format16:9 (1080i, HDTV)OwnershipOwnerThe Walt Disney Company Bulgaria(Disney Entertainment)Sister channelsStar LifeStar CrimeNational Geographic ChannelNat Geo WildBabyTV24KitchenHistoryLaunched15 October 2012 (2012-10-15)Former namesFox (2012-2023)LinksWebsitehttp://starchannel-bg.com/ Star Channel (formerly known as Fox) is a Bulgarian television channel, owned by The Walt Disney Company Bulgaria. The channel was launched on October 15, 2012. It was announced that the Fox channels in Bulgaria (including Fox Crime and Fox Life) would be rebranded to have the "Star" name instead. On 1 October 2023, Fox (along with Fox Crime and Fox Life), rebranded to Star Channel, Star Crime and Star Life. Programming Current Programming Source: 4400 9-1-1 Beacon The Big Bang Theory Bones Castle Clarice CSI: Miami The Equalizer Hawaii Five-0 Lost Magnum P.I. Malcolm in the Middle NCIS: Hawai'i Orphan Black: Echoes Only Murders in the Building Seal Team The Simpsons Tracker Young Rock Former Programming 9-1-1: Lone Star Agent Carter Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. America's Got Talent America’s Funniest Home Videos American Dad! American Crime Story American Horror Story The Americans Anger Management Bedlam Brand X with Russell Brand Brickleberry Buffy the Vampire Slayer Chuck Dark Angel Da Vinci's Demons Dexter Dharma & Greg Empire Enlisted Entourage ER The Flash Friends with Better Lives The Goldbergs Graceland Harper's Island House How I Met Your Mother How to Live with Your Parents (For the Rest of Your Life) I Cesaroni Joe La Brea Las Vegas Last Man Standing Legends The Listener MacGyver The Millers Misfits Mixed-ish Mixology Modern Family NCIS: Los Angeles The New Normal Nip/Tuck The Phantom Psycho Rush Saint George Salem Sherlock Sinbad The Strain Tandem Titanic: Blood and Steel True Blood True Lies Two and a Half Men Tyrant Walker The Walking Dead War of the Worlds Wayward Pines White Collar The X Factor US References ^ "FOX International Channels води на българския телевизионен пазар най-силния си канал FOX". cinefish.bg. Retrieved 14 November 2023. ^ "FOX СТАВА STAR CHANNEL В БЪЛГАРИЯ ОТ ОКТОМВРИ" . Boulevard Bulgaria (in Bulgarian). 7 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023. ^ Star. "Програма - провери програмата на STAR Channel, за да разбереш кога можеш да гледаш любимите си сериали". www.starchannel-bg.com (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2 October 2023. ^ a b c d e f g "Заглавия". FOX. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Заглавия". FOX. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Заглавия". FOX. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2023. ^ a b "Сериалите "Американците" и "Народът срещу О Джей Симпсън: Американска криминална история" с общо 25 номинации "Еми"". Обекти (in Bulgarian). 15 July 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "FOX TV - 15-21 октомври, 2012". FOX TV. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2023. ^ a b c d e f g "Заглавия". FOX. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2023. ^ "Модерно семейство - FOX за всеки и навсякъде". FOX BG. Archived from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2024. External links Official site vteFox Networks Group (defunct)Fox channelsFox Africa Asia Balkans Belgium Bulgaria Finland Germany, Austria and Switzerland Greece Hungary Italy Japan Latin America (Fox Channel) Middle East Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Russia, Baltic and CIS Spain Sweden Turkey UK and Ireland Fox Life Africa Bulgaria Balkans Greece India Italy Latin America Middle East Portugal Russia, Baltic and CIS South Korea Spain Turkey Fox Crime Africa Asia Balkans Bulgaria Italy Middle East Portugal Turkey FX Africa Australia Asia India Italy South Korea Others Fox Family Worldwide Fox Family Fox Reality Channel Fox Classics Japan Fox Filipino Fox Animation Fox Comedy Italy Poland Portugal Fox Retro Fox Premium Fox Telecolombia (51%) MundoFox US Fox Movies Asia Balkans Japan Middle East Portugal Fox Action Movies Fox Family Movies Fox Rewayat Fox Sports Fox Sports Asia Fox Football Channel Fox Sports News Asia Fox Sports Africa Fox Sports Israel Fox Sports Turkey Fox Sports World Canada Fox Sports & Entertainment Fox Sports (Latin America) Fox Sports Brazil JTBC3 Fox Sports Fox Sports NetherlandsJV Eredivisie International Nat Geo channelsNational Geographic Farsi South Korea Latin America Asia Australia and New Zealand Indian subcontinent Japan Taiwan Others Nat Geo Wild Abu Dhabi Asia Indian subcontinent Japan Kids Latin America Music Gold Others BabyTV Bem Simples Speed Latin America Cinecanal YourTV Star Sports East Asia Star Movies Star World Star Chinese Channel Star Chinese Movies Channel V Viajar (Spain) Voyage (France) XeeJV(Denmark) 24Kitchen Balkans Netherlands Portugal Turkey Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International The Walt Disney Company vte Television in BulgariaPublic state-ownedBulgarian National Television BNT 1 (HD) BNT 2 (HD) BNT 3 (HD) BNT 4 (HD) Private with national coveragebTV Media Group bTV (HD) bTV Comedy bTV Cinema bTV Action (HD) bTV Story bTV International Ring (HD) Nova Broadcasting Group Nova Nova News Kino Nova Nova Sport (HD) Diema Diema Family Diema Sport (HD) Diema Sport 2 (HD) Diema Sport 3 (HD) Investor.BG Bulgaria ON AIR Bloomberg TV Bulgaria Private otherFen TV television Group Fen TV (HD) Balkanika TV (HD) Fen Folk Payner Media Planeta TV Planeta Folk Planeta HD Disney Bulgaria Disney Channel Disney Junior Disney XD Star Channel (HD) Star Crime (HD) Star Life (HD) 24Kitchen (HD) National Geographic (TV network) (HD) Nat Geo Wild (HD) Viasat Broadcasting TV1000 Balkan Viasat History Viasat Explore Viasat Nature AMC Networks International UK AMC CBS Drama CBS Reality Crime & Investigation Da Vinci Learning Extreme Sports Channel Fine Living Network Food Network History (HD) JimJam Outdoor Channel (HD) AXN Networks AXN AXN Black AXN White Warner Bros. Discovery TLC Discovery Animal Planet HBO (HD) HBO 2 (HD) HBO 3 (HD) Cinemax (HD) Cinemax 2 (HD) Cartoon Network Cartoonito Other channels TV1 Euronews Bulgaria Max Sport City TV The Voice SKAT 7/8 TV Defunct channels MM M2 Nova+ Diema Extra TV7 News7 Super7 Sport7 Kanal 3 Alfa TV TV+ DVB-C providers A1 Bulgaria NET1 DVB-S providers A1 Bulgaria Bulsatcom Vivacom IPTV providers A1 Bulgaria Bulsatcom Vivacom Cooolbox Terrestrial providers Vivacom Defunct operators blizoo This article about a European television station is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Bulgaria-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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On 1 October 2023, Fox (along with Fox Crime and Fox Life), rebranded to Star Channel, Star Crime and Star Life.[2]","title":"Star Channel (Bulgarian TV channel)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"4400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4400_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"9-1-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-1-1_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Big Bang Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory"},{"link_name":"Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bones_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Clarice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"CSI: Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Miami"},{"link_name":"The Equalizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Equalizer_(2021_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hawaii 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Millers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Millers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"Misfits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misfits_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Mixed-ish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-ish"},{"link_name":"Mixology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Modern Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Family"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"NCIS: Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS:_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"The New 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George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Sherlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Sinbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinbad_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"The Strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strain_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"Tandem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tandem_(French_TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Titanic: Blood and 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Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Worlds_(2019_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Wayward Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayward_Pines"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"White Collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Collar_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"The X Factor US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_US"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"}],"sub_title":"Former Programming","text":"9-1-1: Lone Star\nAgent Carter[4]\nAgents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[4]\nAmerica's Got Talent[5]\nAmerica’s Funniest Home Videos[6]\nAmerican Dad![5]\nAmerican Crime Story[7]\nAmerican Horror Story[8]\nThe Americans[7]\nAnger Management[9]\nBedlam[8]\nBrand X with Russell Brand[5]\nBrickleberry[8]\nBuffy the Vampire Slayer[6]\nChuck[8]\nDark Angel[5]\nDa Vinci's Demons[4]\nDexter[5]\nDharma & Greg[8]\nEmpire[4]\nEnlisted[6]\nEntourage[8]\nER[8]\nThe Flash\nFriends with Better Lives[6]\nThe Goldbergs[9]\nGraceland[5]\nHarper's Island[5]\nHouse[8]\nHow I Met Your Mother[6]\nHow to Live with Your Parents (For the Rest of Your Life)[4]\nI Cesaroni[8]\nJoe[5]\nLa Brea\nLas Vegas[5]\nLast Man Standing[8]\nLegends[6]\nThe Listener[5]\nMacGyver\nThe Millers[9]\nMisfits[8]\nMixed-ish\nMixology[6]\nModern Family[10]\nNCIS: Los Angeles[4]\nThe New Normal[8]\nNip/Tuck[8]\nThe Phantom[8]\nPsycho[8]\nRush[6]\nSaint George[9]\nSalem[6]\nSherlock[8]\nSinbad[8]\nThe Strain[4]\nTandem\nTitanic: Blood and Steel[8]\nTrue Blood[8]\nTrue Lies\nTwo and a Half Men[8]\nTyrant[9]\nWalker\nThe Walking Dead[8]\nWar of the Worlds\nWayward Pines[9]\nWhite Collar[6]\nThe X Factor US[9]","title":"Programming"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"FOX International Channels води на българския телевизионен пазар най-силния си канал FOX\". cinefish.bg. Retrieved 14 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cinefish.bg/news.php?newsid=10057","url_text":"\"FOX International Channels води на българския телевизионен пазар най-силния си канал FOX\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOX СТАВА STAR CHANNEL В БЪЛГАРИЯ ОТ ОКТОМВРИ\" [FOX becomes STAR channel from October]. Boulevard Bulgaria (in Bulgarian). 7 June 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://boulevardbulgaria.bg/articles/fox-stava-star-channel-v-balgariya-ot-oktomvri","url_text":"\"FOX СТАВА STAR CHANNEL В БЪЛГАРИЯ ОТ ОКТОМВРИ\""}]},{"reference":"Star. \"Програма - провери програмата на STAR Channel, за да разбереш кога можеш да гледаш любимите си сериали\". www.starchannel-bg.com (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.starchannel-bg.com/schedule/star","url_text":"\"Програма - провери програмата на STAR Channel, за да разбереш кога можеш да гледаш любимите си сериали\""}]},{"reference":"\"Заглавия\". FOX. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151020073928/http://www.foxtv.bg:80/shows","url_text":"\"Заглавия\""},{"url":"http://www.foxtv.bg/shows","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Заглавия\". FOX. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131220063101/http://www.foxtv.bg/shows","url_text":"\"Заглавия\""},{"url":"http://www.foxtv.bg/shows","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Заглавия\". FOX. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052839/http://www.foxtv.bg/shows","url_text":"\"Заглавия\""},{"url":"http://www.foxtv.bg/shows","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Сериалите \"Американците\" и \"Народът срещу О Джей Симпсън: Американска криминална история\" с общо 25 номинации \"Еми\"\". Обекти (in Bulgarian). 15 July 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.obekti.bg/tehno/serialite-amerikancite-i-narodt-sreshchu-o-dzhey-simpsn-amerikanska-kriminalna-istoriya-s","url_text":"\"Сериалите \"Американците\" и \"Народът срещу О Джей Симпсън: Американска криминална история\" с общо 25 номинации \"Еми\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOX TV - 15-21 октомври, 2012\". FOX TV. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019031747/http://fox.foxtv.bg/bg/15-21-%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8-2012.html","url_text":"\"FOX TV - 15-21 октомври, 2012\""},{"url":"http://fox.foxtv.bg/bg/15-21-%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8-2012.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Заглавия\". FOX. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150914024510/http://www.foxtv.bg/shows?view=current&filter=0&order=orderAZ&page=2","url_text":"\"Заглавия\""},{"url":"http://www.foxtv.bg/shows?view=current&filter=0&order=orderAZ&page=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Модерно семейство - FOX за всеки и навсякъде\". FOX BG. Archived from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160717210335/http://www.foxtv.bg:80/shows/fox/modern-family","url_text":"\"Модерно семейство - FOX за всеки и навсякъде\""},{"url":"http://www.foxtv.bg/shows/fox/modern-family","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrolite
Natrolite
["1 Properties","2 Environment","3 Notable localities","4 Images","5 See also","6 References","7 External links","7.1 Attribution"]
Zeolite mineral NatroliteGeneralCategoryTectosilicateFormula(repeating unit)Na2Al2Si3O10·2H2OIMA symbolNtrStrunz classification9.GA.05 (10 ed) 8/J.21-10 (8 ed)Dana classification77.01.05.01Crystal systemOrthorhombicCrystal classPyramidal (mm2) H–M symbol: (mm2)Space groupFdd2Unit cella = 18.27, b = 18.587 c = 6.56 , Z = 8IdentificationFormula mass380.22 g/molColorWhite, colorless, sometimes pinkCrystal habitAcicularTwinningOn {110}, {011}, {031}CleavagePerfect on {110}FractureIrregular, unevenTenacityBrittleMohs scale hardness5–6LusterVitreous, silky, pearlyStreakWhiteDiaphaneityTransparent to translucentSpecific gravity2.25References Natrolite is a tectosilicate mineral species belonging to the zeolite group. It is a hydrated sodium and aluminium silicate with the formula Na2Al2Si3O10·2H2O. The type locality is Hohentwiel, Hegau, Germany. It was named natrolite by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1803. The name is derived from natron (νατρών), the Greek word for soda, in reference to the sodium content, and lithos (λίθος), meaning stone. Needle stone or needle-zeolite are other informal names, alluding to the common acicular habit of the crystals, which are often very slender and are aggregated in divergent tufts. The crystals are frequently epitaxial overgrowths of natrolite, mesolite, and gonnardite in various orders. Properties Larger crystals most commonly have the form of a square prism terminated by a low pyramid, the prism angle being nearly a right angle. The crystals are tetragonal in appearance, though actually orthorhombic. There are perfect cleavages parallel to the faces of the prism. The mineral also often occurs in compact fibrous aggregates, the fibers having a divergent or radial arrangement. Natrolite is readily distinguished from other fibrous zeolites by its optical characteristics. Between crossed nicols the fibers extinguish parallel to their length, and they do not show an optic figure in convergent polarized light. Natrolite is usually white or colorless, but sometimes reddish or yellowish. The luster is vitreous, or, in finely fibrous specimens, silky. The specific gravity is 2.2, and the hardness is 5.5. The mineral is readily fusible, melting in a candle-flame to which it imparts a yellow color owing to the presence of sodium. It is decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of gelatinous silica. Environment Natrolite occurs with other zeolites in the amygdaloidal cavities of basaltic igneous rocks. It is also common in nepheline syenites. Notable localities Excellent specimens of diverging groups of white prismatic crystals are found in compact basalt at the Puy-deMarman, Puy-de-Dôme, France. Huge crystals have been found on the Kola Peninsula, Russia (30 cm by 13 cm). The walls of cavities in the basalt of the Giants Causeway, in County Antrim, are frequently encrusted with slender needles of natrolite, and similar material is found abundantly in the volcanic rocks (basalt and phonolite) of Salesel, Aussig and several other places in the north of Bohemia. Mont St. Hilaire, Quebec has produced large crystals associated with many rare minerals. The Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, New Jersey, Oregon, and British Columbia have also produced excellent specimens. Several varieties of natrolite have been distinguished: fargite is a red natrolite from Glenfarg in Perthshire; bergmannite or spreustein is an impure variety which has resulted by the alteration of other minerals, chiefly sodalite, in the augite syenite of southern Norway. Natrolite is one of the closely associated minerals with benitoite, a rare mineral with its type locality in San Benito County, California. Images Natrolite from the plateau basalts in east Greenland Colorless, radiating natrolite in zeolite pod Catapleiite and natrolite from Poudrette quarry, Québec, Canada Slender needles of natrolite are accented by deep pink inesites Natrolite in spherical clusters inside protective pocket of volcanic rock Natrolite sprays of stark white crystals are shooting out from a vug of inesite See also Pressure-induced hydration References ^ Warr, L. N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616. ^ a b c R. Tschernich, Zeolites of the World, Geoscience Press, 1992. ^ a b c M. H. Klapoth, XV. Chemische Untersuchung des Natroliths, Ges Naturforsch Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften, V 4, pp 243-248, 1803. ^ a b D. S. Coombs, Recommended Nomenclature for Zeolite Minerals: Report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, The Canadian Mineralogist, Vol. 35, pp. 1571-1606, 1997. ^ Normand, Charles; Tarassoff, Peter (2006). Mineralogy and geology of the Poudrette quarry, Mont SaintHilaire, Quebec (PDF). Mineralogical Association of Canada. Retrieved 12 March 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Natrolite. Structure type NAT Mineral Galleries Mindat Webmineral Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Natrolite". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 273. Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tectosilicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals"},{"link_name":"mineral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral"},{"link_name":"zeolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolite"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"silicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate"},{"link_name":"Na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"Al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"Si","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMA-4"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Hohentwiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohentwiel"},{"link_name":"Hegau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegau"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klapoth-3"},{"link_name":"Martin Heinrich Klaproth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klapoth-3"},{"link_name":"soda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natron"},{"link_name":"acicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acicular_(crystal_habit)"},{"link_name":"crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal"},{"link_name":"epitaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaxial"},{"link_name":"mesolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolite"},{"link_name":"gonnardite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonnardite"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zeolites-2"}],"text":"Natrolite is a tectosilicate mineral species belonging to the zeolite group. It is a hydrated sodium and aluminium silicate with the formula Na2Al2Si3O10·2H2O.[4] The type locality is Hohentwiel, Hegau, Germany.[3]It was named natrolite by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1803.[3] The name is derived from natron (νατρών), the Greek word for soda, in reference to the sodium content, and lithos (λίθος), meaning stone. Needle stone or needle-zeolite are other informal names, alluding to the common acicular habit of the crystals, which are often very slender and are aggregated in divergent tufts. The crystals are frequently epitaxial overgrowths of natrolite, mesolite, and gonnardite in various orders.[2]","title":"Natrolite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nicols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol_prism"},{"link_name":"polarized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)"},{"link_name":"luster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)"},{"link_name":"specific gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity"},{"link_name":"hardness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardness"},{"link_name":"hydrochloric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"silica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica"}],"text":"Larger crystals most commonly have the form of a square prism terminated by a low pyramid, the prism angle being nearly a right angle. The crystals are tetragonal in appearance, though actually orthorhombic. There are perfect cleavages parallel to the faces of the prism. The mineral also often occurs in compact fibrous aggregates, the fibers having a divergent or radial arrangement. Natrolite is readily distinguished from other fibrous zeolites by its optical characteristics.Between crossed nicols the fibers extinguish parallel to their length, and they do not show an optic figure in convergent polarized light. Natrolite is usually white or colorless, but sometimes reddish or yellowish. The luster is vitreous, or, in finely fibrous specimens, silky.The specific gravity is 2.2, and the hardness is 5.5. The mineral is readily fusible, melting in a candle-flame to which it imparts a yellow color owing to the presence of sodium. It is decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of gelatinous silica.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basaltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"igneous rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rock"}],"text":"Natrolite occurs with other zeolites in the amygdaloidal cavities of basaltic igneous rocks. It is also common in nepheline syenites.","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"Puy-de-Dôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zeolites-2"},{"link_name":"Giants Causeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giants_Causeway"},{"link_name":"County Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Antrim"},{"link_name":"phonolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonolite"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bay of Fundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Glenfarg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenfarg"},{"link_name":"sodalite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodalite"},{"link_name":"augite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augite"},{"link_name":"syenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syenite"},{"link_name":"benitoite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benitoite"}],"text":"Excellent specimens of diverging groups of white prismatic crystals are found in compact basalt at the Puy-deMarman, Puy-de-Dôme, France. Huge crystals have been found on the Kola Peninsula, Russia (30 cm by 13 cm).[2] The walls of cavities in the basalt of the Giants Causeway, in County Antrim, are frequently encrusted with slender needles of natrolite, and similar material is found abundantly in the volcanic rocks (basalt and phonolite) of Salesel, Aussig and several other places in the north of Bohemia. Mont St. Hilaire, Quebec has produced large crystals associated with many rare minerals.[5] The Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, New Jersey, Oregon, and British Columbia have also produced excellent specimens.Several varieties of natrolite have been distinguished: fargite is a red natrolite from Glenfarg in Perthshire; bergmannite or spreustein is an impure variety which has resulted by the alteration of other minerals, chiefly sodalite, in the augite syenite of southern Norway.Natrolite is one of the closely associated minerals with benitoite, a rare mineral with its type locality in San Benito County, California.","title":"Notable localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeolite-greenland_hg.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natrolite-61051.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catapleiite,_Natrolite-168971.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natrolite-Inesite-21148.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natrolite-223955.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natrolite-Inesite-37029.jpg"},{"link_name":"vug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vug"}],"text":"Natrolite from the plateau basalts in east Greenland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tColorless, radiating natrolite in zeolite pod\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCatapleiite and natrolite from Poudrette quarry, Québec, Canada\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSlender needles of natrolite are accented by deep pink inesites\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNatrolite in spherical clusters inside protective pocket of volcanic rock\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNatrolite sprays of stark white crystals are shooting out from a vug of inesite","title":"Images"}]
[]
[{"title":"Pressure-induced hydration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure-induced_hydration"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_College
Dorset College
["1 External links","2 References"]
Coordinates: 53°21′39″N 6°15′39″W / 53.3609°N 6.2607°W / 53.3609; -6.2607Private third-level education provider in Dublin, Ireland Not to be confused with Dorset Collegiate. Dorset CollegeMottoExcellence Through Life-Long LearningTypeprivateEstablished1983LocationDublin, IrelandCampusUrbanAffiliationsQQI, CIPD, PMI, ACELS, MEI, HECAWebsitewww.dorset.ie Dorset College is a private college, located in Dublin city centre. Founded in 1983, it provides training in Computing, Business, English Language, University Foundation Programmes and Healthcare. A number of its programmes are accredited by the QQI at level 5 to level 8 on the Irish National Framework Archived 22 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, as well as this it has programmes validated by professional bodies such as CIPD, QQI ACELS (English Language) and PMI. While many of its courses are Post Leaving Certificate and part-time professional training, it also provides a Bachelor of Business degree and a Bachelor of Business (Hons) in International Business, validated by QQI, who also validate the Bachelor of Science in Computing degree. Dorset College is recognised by The Advisory Council for English Language Schools in Ireland (ACELS), under the auspices of The Irish Department of Education & Science, for the teaching of English as a foreign language. In November 2021, Dorset College joined the European, Erasmus Charter in Higher Education (ECHE). The college has four campuses, in Dorset Street, Belvedere Place, Mountjoy Square and the ABC Building in Drumcondra. There is a library. The college also offer a recruitment service to students, helping with CV preparation and interview skills. External links Dorset College website References ^ Dorset College Courses Qualifax Database of Courses. ^ Dorset College Profile Post Leaving Cert. Courses website ^ "Courses". ^ Dorset College MEI Schools – association of recognised English Language Schools in Ireland. ^ Three institutions successful in ECHE 2021 Call by Gerry O'Sullivan, EU Ireland, November 8, 2021. 53°21′39″N 6°15′39″W / 53.3609°N 6.2607°W / 53.3609; -6.2607
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Courses\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dorset-college.ie/find-a-course","url_text":"\"Courses\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEOS_by_Denon
Denon
["1 History","2 Product timeline","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Japanese electronics company This article is about the consumer audio equipment manufacturer. For other uses, see Denon (disambiguation). This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2018) Denon株式会社デノンCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryElectronicsFounded1910; 114 years ago (1910), in Japan (as Nippon DENki ONkyo Kabushikigaisha)FounderFrederick Whitney HornProductsAudioVisualParentSound United LLCWebsitewww.denon.com Denon (株式会社デノン, Kabushiki Gaisha Denon) is a Japanese electronics company dealing with audio equipment. The Denon brand came from a merger of Denki Onkyo (not to be confused with the other Onkyo) and others in 1939, but it originally started as Nippon Chikuonki Shoukai in 1910 by Frederick Whitney Horn, an American entrepreneur. Denon produced the first cylinder audio media in Japan and players to play them. Decades later, Denon was involved in the early stages of development of digital audio technology, while specializing in the manufacture of high-fidelity professional and consumer audio equipment. Denon made Japan's first professional disc recorder and used it to record the Hirohito surrender broadcast. For many decades, Denon was a brand name of Nippon-Columbia, including the Nippon Columbia record label. In 2001, Denon was spun off as a separate company with 98% held by Ripplewood Holdings and 2% by Hitachi. In 2002, Denon merged with Marantz to form D&M Holdings. On March 1, 2017, Sound United LLC completed the acquisition of D+M Holdings. History The company was initially named Nippon Denki Onkyō Kabushikigaisha (日本電氣音響株式會社, Japan Electric Sound Company), which was shortened to Denon. The company is actively involved with sound systems and electric appliance production. Later the company merged with other related companies and as a result of this the company name became Denon. There followed a number of mergers and tie-ins over the next few decades as firstly the company merged with Japan-US Recorders Manufacturing in 1912, and then in 1928 the brand "Columbia" was introduced when the company became Japan Columbia Recorders. A further change of name occurred in 1946 when the company renamed itself Nippon Columbia. The Denon brand was first established in 1947 when Nippon Columbia merged with Japan Denki Onkyo. D&M Holdings Inc. was created in May 2002 when Denon Ltd and Marantz Japan Inc. merged. On March 1, 2017, Sound United LLC completed the acquisition of D+M Holdings. Today, the company specializes in professional and consumer home cinema and audio equipment including A/V receivers, Blu-ray players, tuners, headphones, and wireless music systems. Denon is also known for high-end AV receivers and moving coil phonograph cartridges. Two M-series models, the Denon M31 and M30, were the most successful radio hi-fi's in the mid-2000s. Since being released to the micro hi-fi DAB market, they have received several awards in Europe. Product timeline This section is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (February 2020) Denon DX1/90 audio cassette tape Stereo audio amplifier Denon PMA-980R, 1992 Denon DL-110&160, High output MC-pickups (since 1984) Denon RDS receiver DRA-1000 (1999-2001) 1910 Manufacturer of single-sided disc records and gramophones. 1939 Launched first professional-use disc recorder for broadcast industry and disk cutting lathe. 1951 Commenced sales of Japan's 1st LP records. 1953 Launched professional-use tape recorder for broadcast industry. 1958 Introduced sales of stereo records. 1959 Commenced production of open-reel audio tapes. 1962 Introduced Elepian series of electronic pianos. 1963 Developed the DL-103 phono cartridge. 1964 Started sales of audio cassette tapes. 1971 Started producing hi-fi audio components, including turntables, amplifiers, tuners and speakers. 1972 Introduced the world's first viable 8 channel digital recorder. 1977 Awarded US Billboard magazine's "Trend-Setter Award for outstanding contribution to the industry". 1980 Awarded the 13th Montreux International Diplome d’honneur technique award. 1981 Developed a professional-use CD player. 1984 Unveiled the CD-ROM format. 1988 Introduced range of AV amplifiers to product range. 1990 Awarded three component awards at Paris hi-fi show. Introduced lineup of Headphones. 1993 Developed the twin deck DJ CD player DN-2000F. Other early models are the DN1000F, DN2000F and the DN2500F. Denon also made the world's only twin MiniDisc player designed for DJ use. 1994 Awarded European Audio Innovation of the Year. 1999 World's first THX-EX home theater system (THX Extended to provide fuller surround sound). Denon AV (High End Munich, 2009) 2001 Produced first Mini system with 5.1 surround sound. 2002 Denon link technology developed for improved digital connectivity. 2004 Launch of world's first consumer product featuring HQV (Hollywood Quality Video). 2006 Denon introduces the 1.5m long AK-DL1 CAT5 Ethernet cable. It was not until mid-2008 that it caused controversy because of its high price ($499) and the company's claims that the cable is "designed for the audio enthusiast," and would "bring out all the nuances" in digital audio signals transmitted over it, despite the fact that even the most poorly made Ethernet cable would deliver identical quality for digital audio over a similar length. 2007 Denon releases the AVP-A1HDCI Pre-Amplifier and matching POA-A1HDCI Power Amplifier set which marks the company's first additions to a new line of high-performance custom-focused components. 2008 Denon announces the world's first Universal Blu-ray player capable of DVD-Audio and SA-CD playback. 2012 Denon introduces new headphone line with iOS lifestyle apps. Headphones are separated into different lifestyle groups as follows: Exercise Freak headphones (for sports/fitness use), Globe Cruiser headphones (for travel), Music Maniac Headphones (featuring a Flat EQ) and Urban Raver Headphones (providing enhanced bass performance). 2014 Denon has ventured into wireless multi-room sound systems. Recently it has launched its new set of wireless speakers named as HEOS by Denon. These have been launched as HEOS 3, HEOS 5, and HEOS 7 speakers. 2015 HEOS by Denon added on to their wireless multi-room sound system by launching the HEOS 1 and HEOS Go Pack, along with the HEOS HomeCinema 2016 Denon Introduced HEOS into the Higher X-Series Models. For HEOS by Denon series 2 for all the speakers have launched now they feature Bluetooth and High Resolution Audio. 2017 Denon Introduced HEOS into the S-Series (AVR-S730H/AVR-S930H) and all the X-Series Models now have HEOS. HEOS by Denon launched the HEOS Soundbar, HEOS Subwoofer and the HEOS AVR. 2018 Denon introduced the world's first 13.2 channel audio/video receiver with the introduction of the AVR-X8500H / AVC-X8500H at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, Nevada. 2020 Denon introduced the first 8K HDMI 2.1 compliant channel audio/video receivers with their AVR-X line starting from AVR-x2700h, AVR-x3700h, AVR-x4700h, and AVR-x6700h. Denon has also announced that they will allow hardware upgrades for AVR-x8500h for 8K features. 2023 Denon acquires Nura. See also List of phonograph manufacturers Companies portal References ^ "Denon History". Archived from the original on 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2008-04-02. ^ "High Fidelity (Denon History)". Retrieved 2008-04-02. ^ "D&M Holdings". Retrieved 2008-04-02. ^ "TNT Audio Review - DL-103". Retrieved 2008-04-04. ^ "Harmony Central – DN-2000f". Archived from the original on 2008-03-30. Retrieved 2008-04-04. ^ "Denon Global - Please choose your Denon region". denon.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-19. Retrieved 2010-05-21. ^ "Home Cinema Choice Review – AVC A10SE". Archived from the original on 2007-12-29. Retrieved 2008-04-04. ^ "Denon – Glossary". Retrieved 2008-04-04. ^ "AVReview – DVD A1XV". Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2008-04-04. ^ Charlie Sorrel: Snake-Oil Alert: Denon Sells 'Audiophile' Ethernet Cable for $500 Archived April 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Wired News, 13 June 2008 ^ Barry Collins: The £250 Ethernet cable Archived August 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine PC Pro News, 13 June 2008 ^ Gene DellaSala (6 September 2007). "Denon AVP-A1HDCI AV Processor". Audioholics. ^ Darren Murph. "Denon's DVD-A1UD: world's first universal (SACD / DVD-A) Blu-ray player". Engadget. Archived from the original on 2009-05-17. Retrieved 2009-11-13. ^ Zachary Lutz. "Denon turns up the volume with 11 new headphone models featuring iOS app integration". Engadget. ^ Rachel Cericola. "Denon Adds to HEOS Wireless Music Speaker System". Electronic House. Archived from the original on 2014-11-15. ^ "Announcement 7/4/2023 - Nura Joins Forces With Denon". Nura. Retrieved 29 July 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Denon. Official website vteElectronics industry in JapanCompaniesCurrent Aiwa Alaxala Networks Alinco Alps Alpine Anritsu AOR Audio-Technica Bandai Namco Brother Canon Casio CatEye Citizen Watch Cosina D+M Group Denon Marantz Daikin Denso Denso Ten DNP Eiki Eizo Elecom ESP Guitars FANUC Fostex Fuji Electric Fujifilm Business Innovation Fujitsu Funai Furuno Futaba Hamamatsu Photonics Hirose Electric Hitachi Clarion Maxell Hoya Ibanez Ibiden Icom Ikegami Tsushinki Iwatsu Japan Display JEOL JRC JR Propo JVCKenwood JVC Kenwood Kawai Keyence Kioxia Kiramek Konami Konica Minolta KO PROPO Korg Kyocera Luxman Mabuchi Motor Mamiya Maspro Melco Micron Memory Japan MinebeaMitsumi Mitsumi Mitsubishi Electric Murata Manufacturing Mutoh Nakamichi NEC Mobile Communications Nichia Nichicon Nidec Nidec Copal Corporation Nihon Dempa Kogyo Nikon Nintendo Nippon Chemi-Con Nitto Denko NKK Switches Oki Olympus Omron Onkyo Integra Home Theater Orion Electric Panasonic Sanyo Technics Pioneer Pixela Plextor Renesas Electronics Ricoh Pentax Riso Kagaku Rohm Roland Rubycon Sansui Sanwa Electronic SCREEN Sega Sammy Sega Seiko Group Pulsar Seiko Epson Orient Watch Seiko Instruments Sharp Shimadzu Shindengen Electric Manufacturing Sigma Sony SNK Square Enix Taito Stanley Electric Star Micronics Stax Sumitomo Electric Taiyo Yuden Tamron TDK TEAC Tiger TOA Corporation Tokyo Electron Topcon Toshiba Uniden Ushio Wacom Yaesu Yamaha Yaskawa Yokogawa Zojirushi Zoom Zuken Defunct Aiwa Akai Bronica Chinon Contax Konica Minolta National Norita Okaya Optical Other Electronic Industries Association INCJ Japan Electronic Industries Development Association Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association Yagi–Uda antenna Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"Onkyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkyo"},{"link_name":"digital audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio"},{"link_name":"high-fidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-fidelity"},{"link_name":"Hirohito surrender broadcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast"},{"link_name":"Nippon-Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Ripplewood Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripplewood_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"Marantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marantz"},{"link_name":"D&M Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%26M_Holdings"}],"text":"This article is about the consumer audio equipment manufacturer. For other uses, see Denon (disambiguation).Denon (株式会社デノン, Kabushiki Gaisha Denon) is a Japanese electronics company dealing with audio equipment. The Denon brand came from a merger of Denki Onkyo (not to be confused with the other Onkyo) and others in 1939, but it originally started as Nippon Chikuonki Shoukai in 1910 by Frederick Whitney Horn, an American entrepreneur.Denon produced the first cylinder audio media in Japan and players to play them. Decades later, Denon was involved in the early stages of development of digital audio technology, while specializing in the manufacture of high-fidelity professional and consumer audio equipment. Denon made Japan's first professional disc recorder and used it to record the Hirohito surrender broadcast. For many decades, Denon was a brand name of Nippon-Columbia, including the Nippon Columbia record label. In 2001, Denon was spun off as a separate company with 98% held by Ripplewood Holdings and 2% by Hitachi. In 2002, Denon merged with Marantz to form D&M Holdings. On March 1, 2017, Sound United LLC completed the acquisition of D+M Holdings.","title":"Denon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Marantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marantz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"AV receivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV_receiver"},{"link_name":"moving coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_cartridge"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"micro hi-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micro_hi-fi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The company was initially named Nippon Denki Onkyō Kabushikigaisha (日本電氣音響株式會社, Japan Electric Sound Company), which was shortened to Denon. The company is actively involved with sound systems and electric appliance production. Later the company merged with other related companies and as a result of this the company name became Denon.There followed a number of mergers and tie-ins over the next few decades as firstly the company merged with Japan-US Recorders Manufacturing in 1912, and then in 1928 the brand \"Columbia\" was introduced when the company became Japan Columbia Recorders. A further change of name occurred in 1946 when the company renamed itself Nippon Columbia.[1]The Denon brand was first established in 1947 when Nippon Columbia merged with Japan Denki Onkyo.[2] D&M Holdings Inc. was created in May 2002 when Denon Ltd and Marantz Japan Inc. merged. On March 1, 2017, Sound United LLC completed the acquisition of D+M Holdings.[3]Today, the company specializes in professional and consumer home cinema and audio equipment including A/V receivers, Blu-ray players, tuners, headphones, and wireless music systems. Denon is also known for high-end AV receivers and moving coil phonograph cartridges. Two M-series models, the Denon M31 and M30, were the most successful radio hi-fi's in the mid-2000s.[citation needed] Since being released to the micro hi-fi DAB market, they have received several awards in Europe.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denon_dx1_90_c1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denon_PMA-980R_audio_stereo_amplifier.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denon_DL-110_and_DL-160_phono_cartridges_(19060163236).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hifi_Denon_DRA1000.jpg"},{"link_name":"LP records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"DL-103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denon_dl103"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"audio cassette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette"},{"link_name":"Billboard magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"CD-ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"MiniDisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denon_AV-equipmnt_HighEnd-2009_3556324535crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"CAT5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_cable"},{"link_name":"Ethernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet"},{"link_name":"audio enthusiast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiophile"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-audioholics_avpa1hd-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engadget_a1ud-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engadget_head-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Electronic_House_head-15"},{"link_name":"Consumer Electronics Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Nura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nura_(company)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Denon DX1/90 audio cassette tapeStereo audio amplifier Denon PMA-980R, 1992Denon DL-110&160, High output MC-pickups (since 1984)Denon RDS receiver DRA-1000 (1999-2001)1910 Manufacturer of single-sided disc records and gramophones.\n1939 Launched first professional-use disc recorder for broadcast industry and disk cutting lathe.\n1951 Commenced sales of Japan's 1st LP records.\n1953 Launched professional-use tape recorder for broadcast industry.\n1958 Introduced sales of stereo records.\n1959 Commenced production of open-reel audio tapes.\n1962 Introduced Elepian series of electronic pianos.\n1963 Developed the DL-103 phono cartridge.[4]\n1964 Started sales of audio cassette tapes.\n1971 Started producing hi-fi audio components, including turntables, amplifiers, tuners and speakers.\n1972 Introduced the world's first viable 8 channel digital recorder.\n1977 Awarded US Billboard magazine's \"Trend-Setter Award for outstanding contribution to the industry\".\n1980 Awarded the 13th Montreux International Diplome d’honneur technique award.\n1981 Developed a professional-use CD player.\n1984 Unveiled the CD-ROM format.\n1988 Introduced range of AV amplifiers to product range.\n1990 Awarded three component awards at Paris hi-fi show. Introduced lineup of Headphones.\n1993 Developed the twin deck DJ CD player DN-2000F.[5] Other early models are the DN1000F, DN2000F and the DN2500F. Denon also made the world's only twin MiniDisc player designed for DJ use.[6]\n1994 Awarded European Audio Innovation of the Year.\n1999 World's first THX-EX home theater system (THX Extended to provide fuller surround sound).[7]Denon AV (High End Munich, 2009)2001 Produced first Mini system with 5.1 surround sound.\n2002 Denon link technology developed for improved digital connectivity.[8]\n2004 Launch of world's first consumer product featuring HQV (Hollywood Quality Video).[9]\n2006 Denon introduces the 1.5m long AK-DL1 CAT5 Ethernet cable. It was not until mid-2008 that it caused controversy because of its high price ($499) and the company's claims that the cable is \"designed for the audio enthusiast,\" and would \"bring out all the nuances\" in digital audio signals transmitted over it, despite the fact that even the most poorly made Ethernet cable would deliver identical quality for digital audio over a similar length.[10][11]\n2007 Denon releases the AVP-A1HDCI Pre-Amplifier and matching POA-A1HDCI Power Amplifier set which marks the company's first additions to a new line of high-performance custom-focused components.[12]\n2008 Denon announces the world's first Universal Blu-ray player capable of DVD-Audio and SA-CD playback.[13]\n2012 Denon introduces new headphone line with iOS lifestyle apps. Headphones are separated into different lifestyle groups as follows: Exercise Freak headphones (for sports/fitness use), Globe Cruiser headphones (for travel), Music Maniac Headphones (featuring a Flat EQ) and Urban Raver Headphones (providing enhanced bass performance).[14]\n2014 Denon has ventured into wireless multi-room sound systems. Recently it has launched its new set of wireless speakers named as HEOS by Denon. These have been launched as HEOS 3, HEOS 5, and HEOS 7 speakers.[15]\n2015 HEOS by Denon added on to their wireless multi-room sound system by launching the HEOS 1 and HEOS Go Pack, along with the HEOS HomeCinema\n2016 Denon Introduced HEOS into the Higher X-Series Models. For HEOS by Denon series 2 for all the speakers have launched now they feature Bluetooth and High Resolution Audio.\n2017 Denon Introduced HEOS into the S-Series (AVR-S730H/AVR-S930H) and all the X-Series Models now have HEOS. HEOS by Denon launched the HEOS Soundbar, HEOS Subwoofer and the HEOS AVR.\n2018 Denon introduced the world's first 13.2 channel audio/video receiver with the introduction of the AVR-X8500H / AVC-X8500H at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, Nevada.\n2020 Denon introduced the first 8K HDMI 2.1 compliant channel audio/video receivers with their AVR-X line starting from AVR-x2700h, AVR-x3700h, AVR-x4700h, and AVR-x6700h. Denon has also announced that they will allow hardware upgrades for AVR-x8500h for 8K features.\n2023 Denon acquires Nura.[16]","title":"Product timeline"}]
[{"image_text":"Denon DX1/90 audio cassette tape","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Denon_dx1_90_c1.jpg/220px-Denon_dx1_90_c1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stereo audio amplifier Denon PMA-980R, 1992","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Denon_PMA-980R_audio_stereo_amplifier.jpg/220px-Denon_PMA-980R_audio_stereo_amplifier.jpg"},{"image_text":"Denon DL-110&160, High output MC-pickups (since 1984)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Denon_DL-110_and_DL-160_phono_cartridges_%2819060163236%29.jpg/220px-Denon_DL-110_and_DL-160_phono_cartridges_%2819060163236%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Denon RDS receiver DRA-1000 (1999-2001)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hifi_Denon_DRA1000.jpg/220px-Hifi_Denon_DRA1000.jpg"},{"image_text":"Denon AV (High End Munich, 2009)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Denon_AV-equipmnt_HighEnd-2009_3556324535crop.jpg/220px-Denon_AV-equipmnt_HighEnd-2009_3556324535crop.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of phonograph manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phonograph_manufacturers"},{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"}]
[{"reference":"\"Denon History\". Archived from the original on 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2008-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071110081645/http://www.denon.com.hk/about/history.php?page=1&id=13#timeline","url_text":"\"Denon History\""},{"url":"http://www.denon.com.hk/about/history.php?page=1&id=13#timeline","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"High Fidelity (Denon History)\". Retrieved 2008-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.highfidelity.pl/!ev/artykuly/09_02_2007/denon.html","url_text":"\"High Fidelity (Denon History)\""}]},{"reference":"\"D&M Holdings\". Retrieved 2008-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dm-holdings.com/About_History.asp","url_text":"\"D&M Holdings\""}]},{"reference":"\"TNT Audio Review - DL-103\". Retrieved 2008-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tnt-audio.com/sorgenti/denon-dl103_e.html","url_text":"\"TNT Audio Review - DL-103\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harmony Central – DN-2000f\". Archived from the original on 2008-03-30. Retrieved 2008-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080330060320/http://news.harmony-central.com/Newp/1997/DN-2000F.html","url_text":"\"Harmony Central – DN-2000f\""},{"url":"http://news.harmony-central.com/Newp/1997/DN-2000F.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Denon Global - Please choose your Denon region\". denon.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-19. Retrieved 2010-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100819191507/http://usa.denon.com/History.asp","url_text":"\"Denon Global - Please choose your Denon region\""},{"url":"http://www.usa.denon.com/History.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home Cinema Choice Review – AVC A10SE\". Archived from the original on 2007-12-29. Retrieved 2008-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071229021836/http://www.homecinemachoice.com/reviews/hccreviews/Amplifiers/Denon/DenonAVC-A10SE.php","url_text":"\"Home Cinema Choice Review – AVC A10SE\""},{"url":"http://www.homecinemachoice.com/reviews/hccreviews/Amplifiers/Denon/DenonAVC-A10SE.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Denon – Glossary\". Retrieved 2008-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denon.co.uk/site/popup/index.php?p=erkl&Pid=339","url_text":"\"Denon – Glossary\""}]},{"reference":"\"AVReview – DVD A1XV\". Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2008-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080411121656/http://www.avreview.co.uk/news/article/mps/uan/134","url_text":"\"AVReview – DVD A1XV\""},{"url":"http://www.avreview.co.uk/news/article/mps/uan/134","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gene DellaSala (6 September 2007). \"Denon AVP-A1HDCI AV Processor\". Audioholics.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.audioholics.com/news/trade-show-coverage/2007-cedia-expo/denon-avp-a1hdci","url_text":"\"Denon AVP-A1HDCI AV Processor\""}]},{"reference":"Darren Murph. \"Denon's DVD-A1UD: world's first universal (SACD / DVD-A) Blu-ray player\". Engadget. Archived from the original on 2009-05-17. Retrieved 2009-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090517002230/http://www.engadgethd.com/2008/12/03/denons-dvd-a1ud-worlds-first-universal-sacd-dvd-a-blu-ray","url_text":"\"Denon's DVD-A1UD: world's first universal (SACD / DVD-A) Blu-ray player\""},{"url":"http://www.engadgethd.com/2008/12/03/denons-dvd-a1ud-worlds-first-universal-sacd-dvd-a-blu-ray/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zachary Lutz. \"Denon turns up the volume with 11 new headphone models featuring iOS app integration\". Engadget.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/06/01/denon-releases-11-new-headphones-with-ios-apps/","url_text":"\"Denon turns up the volume with 11 new headphone models featuring iOS app integration\""}]},{"reference":"Rachel Cericola. \"Denon Adds to HEOS Wireless Music Speaker System\". Electronic House. Archived from the original on 2014-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115212901/http://www.electronichouse.com/article/denon_adds_to_heos_wireless_music_speaker_system","url_text":"\"Denon Adds to HEOS Wireless Music Speaker System\""},{"url":"http://www.electronichouse.com/article/denon_adds_to_heos_wireless_music_speaker_system/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Announcement 7/4/2023 - Nura Joins Forces With Denon\". Nura. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://help.nurasound.com/hc/en-us/articles/6730374103695","url_text":"\"Announcement 7/4/2023 - Nura Joins Forces With Denon\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotech:_The_Shadow_Chronicles_Role-Playing_Game
Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles Role-Playing Game
["1 Description","2 Publication history","3 Reception","4 References"]
Tabletop anime role-playing game Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles Role-Playing Game is a role-playing game published by Palladium Books in 2008. Description Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles Role-Playing Game is based on the 2006 anime Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles. Publication history Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles Role-Playing Game was published by Palladium Books in 2008. On August 26, 2006, a post on the company forums stated Palladium's intent to reacquire the Robotech license capitalize on the publicity of the anticipated feature film Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles. Contract negotiations lasted longer than anticipated, and it was September 6, 2007 before Palladium was able to announce the deal had been finalized. The books in this new series are: The Shadow Chronicles Role-Playing Game by Kevin Siembieda, published March 2008 The Macross Saga Sourcebook by Jason Marker and Kevin Siembieda, published October 2008 The Masters Saga Sourcebook by Jason Marker, published March 2009 The New Generation Sourcebook by Irvin Jackson, published November 2011 The Genesis Pits Sourcebook by Irvin Jackson, published November 2012 The Expeditionary Force Marines Sourcebook by Irvin Jackson, published July 2015 The Shadow Chronicles role-playing game was published in a "manga-sized" form factor, rather than the standard 8-1/2 by 11-inch size of all Palladium's prior Robotech publications, a move that engendered some controversy among Palladium fans, prompting the announcement of a full-sized, hardcover "deluxe" edition of the sourcebook. This option was initially not offered for the follow-on sourcebooks for the Macross Saga (2008) or The Masters Saga (2009) sourcebooks. In late 2011, Palladium Books reversed course on its commitment to the manga sizes and announced that the New Generation sourcebook and all future Robotech RPG books would be released in the traditional 8.5x11" size. The announcement also promised that any reprints of the already released Macross and Masters books would be in the traditional size. In August 2013, the Macross Saga sourcebook was reprinted in full size. The Masters Saga was unavailable in the larger format until the summer of 2016. Reception The return of Robotech to the Palladium catalog was warmly received by fans of the previous editions, but a subsequent decision to publish the new line of Robotech books in a 6x9 "manga" size drew mixed reactions. Some fans were attracted to the portability of the smaller form factor, but others observed that not only the older books of the Robotech RPG but also the entire catalog of other Palladium titles (such as the popular Rifts series) continued to be printed in the 8.5x11 size. References ^ Siembieda, Kevin (2006-08-26). "Palladium Survival Strategies". Forums of the Megaverse. Retrieved 2007-02-20. ^ Chris Meadows "Robotech Master" (September 14, 2007). "Robotech RPG Talk with Tommy Yune & Kevin Siembieda, Part 1". Space Station Liberty. TalkShoe. Archived from the original (MP3) on September 30, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2007. ^ User: Drewkitty (September 19, 2008). "Topic: normal sized or manga sized..." Forums of the Megaverse—MDC Worlds: The Shadow Chronicles, Robotech, Macross II. Westfield, MI: Palladium Books. Retrieved August 4, 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help) ^ Kevin Siembieda (June 13, 2008). "Palladium Books Press Release". Westfield, MI: Palladium Books. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008. ^ Rali (2007-09-20). "Manga Sized Manuals?". Forums of the Megaverse. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2007-09-22. vtePalladium BooksActive role-playing game seriesFantasy Palladium Fantasy Role-Playing Game Horror Beyond the Supernatural Dead Reign Nightbane Martial Arts and Military Ninjas & Superspies RECON Post-apocalyptic Rifts Rifts Chaos Earth After the Bomb Splicers Superhero Heroes Unlimited Out of print role-playing gamesAnime and Comics Macross II (1993–1996) Robotech (1986–1998) Robotech II: The Sentinels (1988–1995) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness (1985–1999) Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles (2008–2018) Historical Valley of the Pharaohs (1983–1985) Science Fiction The Mechanoid Invasion (1981–1988) Systems Failure (1999–2004) See also Megaversal system The Rifter (1998–2019) List of role-playing games by genre vteRobotech Characters Episodes TV series Robotech (1985) Episodes Robotech 3000 (Unaired) Films Robotech: The Movie (1986) Robotech II: The Sentinels (1988) Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles (2006) Robotech: Love Live Alive (2013) Publications Comics (Robotech: Prelude to the Shadow Chronicles) Novels Video games Crystal Dreams Battlecry The Macross Saga Invasion The New Generation Universe VF-1 Valkyrie Zentradi Merchandise Robotech Collectible Card Game Robotech music Robotech Defenders Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles Role-Playing Game Related Super Dimension Fortress Macross Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross Genesis Climber MOSPEADA Megazone 23 Super Dimension Century Orguss Fang of the Sun Dougram
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a8/Robotech%2C_The_Shadow_Chronicles_Role-Playing_Game.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Stone_Creamery
Cold Stone Creamery
["1 History","1.1 Co-Branding","2 Products","2.1 Licensing","3 Legal issues","3.1 CNBC documentary and lawsuit","3.2 Misleading ingredients class action lawsuit","4 Safety issues","4.1 Food safety","4.2 Workplace safety","5 Corporate headquarters","6 References","7 External links"]
American ice cream chain "Cold Stone" redirects here. For other uses, see Coldstone. Not to be confused with Cold Rock Ice Creamery. Cold Stone Creamery, Inc.Cold Stone Creamery in Hudson, OhioCompany typeWholly owned subsidiaryIndustryIce cream parlorFounded1988; 36 years ago (1988) in Tempe, ArizonaFoundersDonald SutherlandSusan SutherlandHeadquartersScottsdale, Arizona, U.S., U.S.Number of locations929 (US domestic, 2022)Areas servedUnited StatesBrazilCambodiaCameroonChinaChileDemocratic Republic of the CongoDjiboutiEgyptEthiopiaGuamIndiaIndonesiaIraqJapanKenyaKuwaitLebanonMalaysiaNigeriaOmanPakistanPhilippinesPuerto RicoQatarSaudi ArabiaSouth KoreaTaiwanThailandTrinidad and TobagoTurkeyUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomKey peopleÉric Lefebvre (CEO - MTY)ProductsIce creamIce cream cakesFrozen yogurtSorbetParentKahala Brands (through MTY Food Group (2007–present)Websitecoldstonecreamery.com The Cold Stone Creamery, Inc. is an American international ice cream parlor chain. Headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona, the company is owned and operated by Kahala Brands. The company's main product is premium ice cream made with approximately 12–14% butterfat, made on location and customized for patrons at time of order. Cold Stone has also expanded its menu with other ice cream-related products, including: ice cream cakes, pies, cookie sandwiches, smoothies, shakes, and iced or blended coffee drinks. History A neon sign for the Cold Stone Creamery at Irvine Spectrum in Irvine, California Cold Stone Creamery at Serendra Plaza in Taguig, Philippines Cold Stone Creamery in Springboro, Ohio The company was co-founded in 1988 by Donald and Susan Sutherland, who sought ice cream that was neither hard packed nor soft-serve. Cold Stone Creamery opened its first store that year in Tempe, Arizona. The original Cold Stone Creamery, store #0001, is in operation today near the same intersection (southwest corner of McClintock and Southern) as the original Tempe location. The store moved from the original location to the current location in the early 1990s. The company has maintained the same concept created by Steve Herrell, who founded Steve's Ice Cream. Patrons first select a flavor of ice cream and then choose a number of mix-ins to be created into the ice cream. Mix-ins include candies, nuts, brownies and syrups. Cold Stone derives its name from the frozen granite slab that employees use to fold mix-ins into the ice cream. In 1995, Cold Stone Creamery opened its first franchise store in Tempe, Arizona. Shortly after, a second location (first out of state) was opened in Camarillo, California. Cold Stone Creamery is now the sixth best-selling brand of ice cream in the US. In 2008, Cold Stone opened its first European franchise in Copenhagen, Denmark. Three more stores were later opened in other parts of the country. In January 2006, the company was named the 11th fastest-growing franchise by Entrepreneur magazine. In June 2009, the company opened its first locations in Canada. As of 2012, three stores had opened in Singapore. In 2012, Cold Stone opened its first store in Nigeria, the first in Sub-Saharan Africa. On January 3, 2020, Cold Stone Creamery announced that it would close its doors on January 31, 2020, in Singapore. In March 2015, Cold Stone opened its first location in Turkey's capital Ankara. In 2015 Cold Stone Creamery opened its first location in El Salvador in Multiplaza Mall and in April 2023, Cold Stone opened its first United Kingdom location in Charing Cross Road, the first in Europe. In May 2007, Cold Stone Creamery merged with Kahala Corp to form Kahala-Cold Stone, which collectively owns 8 brands. Doug Ducey, who had served as president and CEO of Cold Stone Creamery since 1995, and later Governor of Arizona, was named CEO of the newly established company. Kevin Blackwell, the former CEO of Kahala, became chairman of the board and chief strategist. However, in September 2007, Ducey announced he was leaving the company. Blackwell was named CEO. In 2013, the Serruya family, based in Toronto, Ontario, purchased a majority interest in Kahala and changed the name to Kahala Brands to better align with the focus of the business. Co-Branding The parent company of Cold Stone Creamery, Kahala Brands, announced in February 2009 that it had reached an agreement with Canadian coffee shop chain Tim Hortons to open up 100 co-branded stores in the United States after successfully testing two locations in Rhode Island. The strategic alliance was intended to pave the way for Tim Hortons to operate in more US locations while allowing Cold Stone Creamery to expand into Canada. The most notable co-branded store opened in August 2009 when Tim Hortons moved into three Cold Stone Creamery locations in New York City, including its flagship Times Square location. In June 2009, Cold Stone Creamery started testing the Canadian market by opening seven co-branded locations with Tim Hortons in Toronto, Oakville, Mississauga, Hamilton, Pickering, Sudbury, and Halifax, Nova Scotia. They had locations in every Canadian province except for Newfoundland and Labrador. The Tim Hortons venture followed on the footsteps of a similar co-branding efforts in 2007 and 2008, but ended in 2014. Cold Stone franchisees in New York City began partnering with Soup Kitchen International to sell soup in their stores beginning in late 2007. In 2008, the company signed a master agreement with the Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory to open licensed locations carrying that company's products. Products There are four serving sizes. Also offered are milkshakes and smoothies, among them the Cold Stone PB&C; its large size was designated by Men's Health Magazine as the most unhealthy drink in the United States for two consecutive years. The drink has 2,010 calories, 131 grams of fat with 68 grams saturated fat, and 153 grams of sugar. Cold Stone Creamery: Scoop It Up, a simulation video game developed by CyberPlanet Interactive and published by Zoo Games, was released for the Wii in 2009. Licensing Cold Stone Creamery sponsored Tony Kanaan's 2015 #10 IndyCar Cold Stone has entered into partnerships with other companies to promote brand name products inside its stores. The first major partnership the company entered into was with Kraft Foods for its Jell-O brand in 2009. Cold Stone introduced a series of flavors of ice cream based on popular Jell-O pudding flavors; Chocolate, Butterscotch, Banana, and Vanilla. Because the pudding additives cause the ice cream to gel, it was recently noted that these flavors do not melt. Externally, a 2008 licensing agreement with Jelly Belly had a line of jelly beans flavored like some of Cold Stone's most popular ice cream flavors. Legal issues There have been allegations by independent franchises that Cold Stone's business practices have put them at a competitive disadvantage. These former franchises claim that the parent company opens locations too close to each other, requires expensive remodeling and overstates potential revenues and income. Other franchises have contended that is not the case and that they are experiencing growth amid financial uncertainties and higher costs associated with fuel and energy prices. In June 2008, The Wall Street Journal examined the issue. The article stated that a large number of locations, approximately 16–20%, of Cold Stone Creamery franchises have closed or were put up for sale by their owners, many of whom had suffered significant financial losses due to their investment. The article included claims by franchisees that the company had misrepresented the average revenues of Cold Stone stores and acted in ways that reduced stores' profit margins. A company spokeswoman said that the number of stores for sale was "at par with industry expectations" in light of "the economically challenging times." CNBC documentary and lawsuit In December 2010 lawyers from Cold Stone Creamery threatened a lawsuit over some of the contents of a then-upcoming documentary by CNBC. Behind the Counter: The Untold Story of Franchising reported on the failures and successes of franchising. After several edits the program was broadcast on CNBC on March 21, 2011. Brands such as Dunkin' Donuts and Five Guys were highlighted as successful franchise brands. Cold Stone Creamery's executives and corporate lawyers were interviewed. The lawsuit was discussed with former franchisees and the litigation threats with CNBC. An apparently successful Cold Stone franchise was also featured. Another expose was not aired due to threats of litigation and stores that were closed for years appeared on search engines for some unknown reason. Misleading ingredients class action lawsuit In June 2024, a class action lawsuit by a customer from Long Island for serving a flavor that did not contain any actual ingredients representative of its marketed flavor was allowed to proceed into court. Around July 2022, the plaintiff purchased a serving of pistachio ice cream from a Levittown, New York location before researching on the company website that the pistachio flavor did not contain any actual pistachio nuts, but instead "pistachio flavoring". The pistachio flavoring was composed of a "mixture of water, Ethanol, Propylene Glycol, natural and artificial flavor, Yellow 5, and Blue 1". The plaintiff claimed that ice flavors should include what they advertise instead of a "concoction of processed flavors", noting that the mango, coconut, orange, mint, butter pecan ice cream flavors also did not include ingredients representative of their marketed flavors. U.S. District Judge Gary R. Brown concurred and called these "deceptive practices" under New York’s General Business Law. Kahala Brands tried to dismiss the case on the basis that there were no signs saying that an ice cream flavor actually contained that ingredient, that each flavor had detailed and easily accessible ingredient lists online, and that customers should reasonably be able to see for themselves that the ice cream flavor doesn't actually contain any particular ingredient before buying. Safety issues Food safety In 2015, the Food and Drug Administration alerted the public that products containing "cake batter" ice cream sold at Cold Stone Creamery stores may be associated with an outbreak of infection in several states. In response, Cold Stone Creamery has agreed to immediately remove all "cake batter" ice cream products from its stores throughout the US. Ice cream served at a Cold Stone Creamery Ten years earlier, in 2005, the Minnesota Department of Health notified the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that four cases of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) with an indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtype (CDC PulseNet pattern JPXX01.1173) had been identified. The only common exposure among the four ill individuals was that all had eaten at one of two Cold Stone Creamery stores. All cases had eaten cake batter flavor ice cream in the week before the onset of symptoms. After a thorough investigation, 25 cases were identified in nine states (Minnesota, Oregon, Washington, Virginia, Ohio, California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Pennsylvania); 24 reported eating cake batter ice cream from Cold Stone Creamery. There have been allegations that Cold Stone uses battery-caged eggs, which were banned in the European Union in 2012 by European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC. for the health risks associated with eggs produced in battery cages, as well as the cruel conditions for the hens kept on those farms. Workplace safety In 2023, an Oregon employee lost three fingers when the rotors of an ice cream machine pulled the towel she was using and her hand into the machine's blades. In response, the employees reportedly immediately quit their jobs. In a similar incident in 2007, also involving a rag and an ice cream machine, an employee lost one finger. Corporate headquarters While the company was originally headquartered in Tempe, in 1997 the company moved its headquarters to Scottsdale, Arizona. In July 2005 Cold Stone moved into its current headquarters. The two-story building has classroom space, a product development laboratory kitchen, and a training store. References ^ "Number of Cold Stone Creamery locations in the United States". scrapehero. Retrieved February 25, 2022. ^ "International Coldstone Locations". Retrieved April 1, 2022. ^ Ruggless, Ron (2009-02-06). "Cold Stone, Tim Hortons expand co-branding". Nation's Restaurant News. Retrieved 2014-05-21.(registration required) ^ a b c d Pederson, Jay P., ed. (2005-04-29). International Directory of Company Histories. Vol. 69. Detroit, Michigan: St. James Press. ISBN 1-55862-544-5. Retrieved 2009-10-30. ^ Murphy, Kate (2006-10-26). "Slabs Are Joining Scoops In Ice Cream Retailing". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-03. ^ Keyser, Hannah (2016-03-29). "11 Chock-Full Facts About Cold Stone Creamery". Mental Floss. Retrieved 2019-02-20. ^ "The Cold Stone Creamery Location finder". Cold Stone Creamery. Retrieved 2015-05-26. ^ "Cold Stone Creamery name meaning". popularask. 22 February 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022. ^ "Cold Stone Creamery - About Our Job facts". Cold Stone Creamery. Retrieved 15 October 2017. ^ "Cold Stone Creamery Marks Presence in 20th Country with Expansion into Nigeria" (Press release). ^ "Kahala and Cold Stone Creamery merge creating new category of franchising company" (PDF). Cold Stone Creamery. May 11, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-10. ^ Randazzo, Ryan (September 15, 2007). "Kahala-Cold Stone CEO leaving job after 12 years". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2007-10-10. ^ "Kahala•Cold Stone Names New Chief Executive Officer". QSR Magazine. 17 September 2007. Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-10. ^ "Kahala Brands' Restaurant Franchising History". kahalamgmgt.com. Kahala Brands. Retrieved 2015-10-17. ^ "Tim Hortons, Cold Stone to create new stores". Toronto Star. 2009-02-06. Retrieved 2009-10-30. ^ "Tim Hortons to co-brand six stores in Ontario with Cold Stone Creamery". Amherst Daily News. Amherst, Nova Scotia: The Canadian Press. 2009-06-11. Archived from the original on 2009-06-15. Retrieved 2009-10-30. ^ "Cold Stone Creamery Menu". Tim Hortons. Archived from the original on 2011-04-20. Retrieved 2012-11-06. ^ Friend, David (2014-02-20). "Tim Hortons pulling Cold Stone Creamery ice cream from Canadian stores". CTV News. ^ "SoupMan and Cold Stone Team Up". QSR Magazine. 2007-11-19. Archived from the original on 2012-09-07. Retrieved 2009-10-30. ^ "Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory, Inc. Reports 6% Increase in Second Quarter Earnings". The New York Times (Press release). 2009-10-09. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2009-11-03. ^ "Ice Cream FAQ". Cold Stone Creamery. Retrieved 27 October 2015. ^ a b 20 Worst Drinks in America 2010, Men's Health ^ The Worst Drinks in America 2009, Men's Health ^ "Cold Stone Creamery: Scoop It Up". Nintendo. Archived from the original on 2010-11-23. Retrieved 25 November 2019. ^ a b Burton, Susan (2009-07-14). "Chemistry in a Cone". New York Magazine. ^ Murphy, Kate (2008-06-26). "Not Just Another Jelly Bean". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-03. ^ Cassutt, Melissa (2008-05-03). "Cooling Business:3 of 5 local Cold Stone Creamery stores have shut down in just over a year". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, Colorado. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2009-11-03. ^ Fink, Jason (2008-06-18). "Cold Stone Creamery in Trouble?". Hoboken Now. NJ.com. Retrieved 2009-11-03. ^ Gibson, Richard (2008-06-12). "The Inside Scoop". The Wall Street Journal. ^ Kosman, Josh (2010-12-28). "Cold Stone Creamery burning mad at CNBC". New York Post. Retrieved 24 March 2011. ^ "Cold Stone Cake Batter Contaminated". 2 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ "Cold Stone Creamery Salmonella". 2 June 2005. Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ "European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC". Official Journal of the European Communities. European Union. 19 July 1999. Retrieved 30 September 2020. ^ "Cold Stone Creamery Cruelty". 2 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ Hart, Jordan. "'In memory of Jordyn's fingers please lend a hand': Family has cheeky fundraiser for worker who lost fingers in Cold Stone Creamery incident". Business Insider. Retrieved 2023-11-24. ^ Roberts, Michelle (2005-08-09). "Cold Stone Creamery scoops out market success". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2023-11-24. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cold Stone Creamery. Arizona portalCompanies portalFood portal Official website Interview with Ray Karam, Senior Tastemaster, Cold Stone Creamery, Pursue The Passion, 18 April 2010. vteMTY Food GroupKahala (in USA) Baja Fresh Blimpie Cold Stone Creamery Great Steak La Salsa Pinkberry Planet Smoothie Surf City Squeeze Sweet Frog Taco Time Tasti D-Lite Yogen Früz Canada-basedcompanies Au Vieux Duluth Baton Rouge Big Smoke Burger Cafe Depot Country Style Croissant Plus Cultures Extreme Pita Fabrika Sandwicherie FranxSupreme Jugo Juice Kim Chi Koryo Korean BBQ Koya Japan La Cremerie Madison's NY Grill Manchu Wok Mr. Sub Mikes Mucho Burrito Muffin Plus O'burger Pizza Delight Scores Sukiyaki Sushi Shop SushiGo Sushiman Tandori Thaï Express Thaizone Tiki-Ming Timothy's World Coffee Groupe Valentine Van Houtte Vanelli's Vie & Nam Villa Madina Wasabi Grill & Noodle Canada onlyfranchises TCBY (Canada only) Tutti Frutti (Canada only) Other USA Papa Murphy's vteFast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Burger chains Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Doughnut chains Hot dog chains Pizza chains Sandwich chains Seafood chains Asian Happi House Manchu Wok Panda Express Pei Wei Asian Diner P. 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Seafood Arthur Treacher's Bubba Gump Shrimp Company California Fish Grill Captain D's H. Salt Esquire Ivar's Joe's Crab Shack Long John Silver's McCormick & Schmick's Mitchell's Fish Market Red Lobster Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Other Cava German Doner Kebab The Halal Guys Noodles & Company Pita Pit Rainforest Cafe Skyline Chili WaBa Grill Defunct Bresler's 33 Flavors Brigham's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Dawn Donuts Druther's Henry's Hamburgers Hot 'n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Nestlé Toll House Red Barn Sandy's Seattle's Best Coffee Souplantation/Sweet Tomatoes Teavana T.J. Cinnamons Tully's Wetson's White Tower Zantigo vteFood chains in JapanBaked goods/sandwich Krispy Kreme Mister Donut Subway Uncle Tetsu's Cheesecake Vie de France Bento take-out Hokka Hokka Tei Hotto Motto Casual dining Anna Miller's Big Boy Denny's Din Tai Fung Fujiya Gyu-Kaku Hard Rock Cafe Italian Tomato Jonathan's Kani Dōraku KFC The Old Spaghetti Factory Outback Steakhouse Pepper Lunch Royal Host Saizeriya Sizzler TGI Fridays Chuka (Japanese Chinese) Gyoza no Ohsho Panda Express Coffee shops/tea rooms Doutor Coffee Gong Cha McDonald's McCafé Starbucks Tully's Coffee Dairy Baskin-Robbins Beard Papa's Cold Stone Creamery Dippin' Dots Gyūdon/kare Coco Ichibanya Matsuya Sukiya Yoshinoya Hamburgers Burger King Carl's Jr. Dom Dom Jef First Kitchen (Wendy's) Freshness Burger Lotteria Lucky Pierrot McDonald's MOS Burger Shake Shack Pizza/tacos Aoki's Pizza California Pizza Kitchen Domino's Pizza California Pizza Hut Pizza-La Taco Bell Ramen Ajisen Ramen Santouka Ichiran Ippudo Muteppou Ramen Jiro Ringer Hut Tenkaippin Sushi Genki Sushi Kura Sushi Sushiro Hama Sushi Udon Hanamaru Udon Marugame Seimen Multi-brand company Yamazaki Baking Zensho vteFood chains in South KoreaCasual dining Ashley Mad for Garlic Outback Steakhouse Phở Hòa Seoga & Cook TGI Fridays VIPS Coffee shops and tea rooms Angel-in-us Caffe Bene Caffè Pascucci Chatime CoCo The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Coffine Gurunaru Ediya Coffee Gong Cha Hollys McDonald's McCafé Smoothie King Starbucks Tom N Toms A Twosome Place Baked goods/sandwiches/tacos Dunkin' Donuts Isaac Toast Krispy Kreme Mister Donut Paris Croissant Quiznos Subway Taco Bell Tous les Jours Hamburgers Burger King Lotteria McDonald's Mom's Touch MOS Burger No Brand Burger Shake Shack Pizza Domino's Mr. Pizza Papa John's Pizza Hut Fried chicken Bonchon KFC Kyochon Nene Pelicana Popeyes Dairy Baskin-Robbins Cold Stone Creamery Chinese/Taiwanese Din Tai Fung Haidilao Tim Ho Wan Japanese Coco Ichibanya Former chains Bennigan's China Factory D'maris Hooters Seven Springs Sizzler vteFood chains in TaiwanCoffeehouseFrom USA Cold Stone Creamery Starbucks Swensen's Local 85°C Bakery Cafe Chatime Chun Shui Tang CoCo EasyWay Gong Cha Louisa Coffee Quickly Ten Ren Tea Fast foodFrom USA Burger King Domino's Pizza KFC McDonald's Pizza Hut Subway From Japan Ajisen Ramen Ichiran Marugame Seimen MOS Burger Pepper Lunch Sukiya Yoshinoya Local J&G Fried Chicken KLG Laya Burger TKK Fried Chicken Casual dining Bafang Dumpling Chili's CraftWorks Restaurants & Breweries Din Tai Fung Haidilao Hooters Outback Steakhouse Phở Hòa Romano's Macaroni Grill Ruth's Chris Steak House Saizeriya TGI Fridays Tim Ho Wan Baked goods / confectionery 85°C Bakery Cafe Krispy Kreme Mister Donut Sunmerry Bakery Wu Pao Chun Bakery Former chains Boston Market California Pizza Kitchen Hard Rock Cafe Lee's Sandwiches Planet Hollywood Wendy's
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coldstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldstone_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Cold Rock Ice Creamery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Rock_Ice_Creamery"},{"link_name":"ice cream parlor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream_parlor"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Kahala Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahala_Brands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrn-hortons-3"},{"link_name":"ice cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream"},{"link_name":"butterfat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-history-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-slabs-5"},{"link_name":"ice cream cakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream_cakes"}],"text":"\"Cold Stone\" redirects here. For other uses, see Coldstone.Not to be confused with Cold Rock Ice Creamery.The Cold Stone Creamery, Inc. is an American international ice cream parlor chain. Headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona, the company is owned and operated by Kahala Brands.[3] The company's main product is premium ice cream made with approximately 12–14% butterfat,[4][5] made on location and customized for patrons at time of order. Cold Stone has also expanded its menu with other ice cream-related products, including: ice cream cakes, pies, cookie sandwiches, smoothies, shakes, and iced or blended coffee drinks.","title":"Cold Stone Creamery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coldstone_Creamery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Irvine Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Spectrum_Center"},{"link_name":"Irvine, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cold_Stone_Creamery_at_Serendra_Plaza,_BGC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taguig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coldstone_Springboro_OH_USA.JPG"},{"link_name":"Springboro, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springboro,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"soft-serve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-serve_ice_cream"},{"link_name":"Tempe, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-history-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Steve's Ice Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%27s_Ice_Cream"},{"link_name":"mix-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix-ins"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchising"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-history-4"},{"link_name":"Camarillo, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarillo,_California"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchising"},{"link_name":"Entrepreneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Multiplaza Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplaza"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross_Road"},{"link_name":"Kahala-Cold Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahala-Cold_Stone"},{"link_name":"Doug Ducey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Ducey"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO"},{"link_name":"Governor of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"text":"A neon sign for the Cold Stone Creamery at Irvine Spectrum in Irvine, CaliforniaCold Stone Creamery at Serendra Plaza in Taguig, PhilippinesCold Stone Creamery in Springboro, OhioThe company was co-founded in 1988 by Donald and Susan Sutherland,[6] who sought ice cream that was neither hard packed nor soft-serve. Cold Stone Creamery opened its first store that year in Tempe, Arizona.[4] The original Cold Stone Creamery, store #0001, is in operation today near the same intersection (southwest corner of McClintock and Southern) as the original Tempe location.[7] The store moved from the original location to the current location in the early 1990s.The company has maintained the same concept created by Steve Herrell, who founded Steve's Ice Cream. Patrons first select a flavor of ice cream and then choose a number of mix-ins to be created into the ice cream. Mix-ins include candies, nuts, brownies and syrups. Cold Stone derives its name from the frozen granite slab that employees use to fold mix-ins into the ice cream.[8][9]In 1995, Cold Stone Creamery opened its first franchise store in Tempe, Arizona.[4] Shortly after, a second location (first out of state) was opened in Camarillo, California. Cold Stone Creamery is now the sixth best-selling brand of ice cream in the US. In 2008, Cold Stone opened its first European franchise in Copenhagen, Denmark. Three more stores were later opened in other parts of the country. In January 2006, the company was named the 11th fastest-growing franchise by Entrepreneur magazine. In June 2009, the company opened its first locations in Canada.[citation needed] As of 2012, three stores had opened in Singapore. In 2012, Cold Stone opened its first store in Nigeria, the first in Sub-Saharan Africa.[10] On January 3, 2020, Cold Stone Creamery announced that it would close its doors on January 31, 2020, in Singapore. In March 2015, Cold Stone opened its first location in Turkey's capital Ankara. In 2015 Cold Stone Creamery opened its first location in El Salvador in Multiplaza Mall and in April 2023, Cold Stone opened its first United Kingdom location in Charing Cross Road, the first in Europe.In May 2007, Cold Stone Creamery merged with Kahala Corp to form Kahala-Cold Stone, which collectively owns 8 brands. Doug Ducey, who had served as president and CEO of Cold Stone Creamery since 1995, and later Governor of Arizona, was named CEO of the newly established company.[11] Kevin Blackwell, the former CEO of Kahala, became chairman of the board and chief strategist. However, in September 2007, Ducey announced he was leaving the company.[12] Blackwell was named CEO.[13] In 2013, the Serruya family, based in Toronto, Ontario, purchased a majority interest in Kahala and changed the name to Kahala Brands to better align with the focus of the business.[14][non-primary source needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Tim Hortons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Hortons"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Oakville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakville,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Pickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickering,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Halifax, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Soup Kitchen International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_Kitchen_International"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Chocolate_Factory"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-rmcf-20"}],"sub_title":"Co-Branding","text":"The parent company of Cold Stone Creamery, Kahala Brands, announced in February 2009 that it had reached an agreement with Canadian coffee shop chain Tim Hortons to open up 100 co-branded stores in the United States after successfully testing two locations in Rhode Island.[15] The strategic alliance was intended to pave the way for Tim Hortons to operate in more US locations while allowing Cold Stone Creamery to expand into Canada. The most notable co-branded store opened in August 2009 when Tim Hortons moved into three Cold Stone Creamery locations in New York City, including its flagship Times Square location.In June 2009, Cold Stone Creamery started testing the Canadian market by opening seven co-branded locations with Tim Hortons in Toronto, Oakville, Mississauga, Hamilton, Pickering, Sudbury, and Halifax, Nova Scotia.[16] They had locations in every Canadian province except for Newfoundland and Labrador.[17]The Tim Hortons venture followed on the footsteps of a similar co-branding efforts in 2007 and 2008, but ended in 2014.[18] Cold Stone franchisees in New York City began partnering with Soup Kitchen International to sell soup in their stores beginning in late 2007.[19] In 2008, the company signed a master agreement with the Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory to open licensed locations carrying that company's products.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ice_Cream_FAQ-21"},{"link_name":"smoothies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothie"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mens612-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"saturated fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mens612-22"},{"link_name":"Zoo Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndiePub"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"There are four serving sizes.[21] Also offered are milkshakes and smoothies, among them the Cold Stone PB&C; its large size was designated by Men's Health Magazine as the most unhealthy drink in the United States for two consecutive years.[22][23] The drink has 2,010 calories, 131 grams of fat with 68 grams saturated fat, and 153 grams of sugar.[22]Cold Stone Creamery: Scoop It Up, a simulation video game developed by CyberPlanet Interactive and published by Zoo Games, was released for the Wii in 2009.[24]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Kanaan_in_car_at_Carb_Day_2015_-_Stierch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tony Kanaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Kanaan"},{"link_name":"IndyCar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar"},{"link_name":"Kraft Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Foods"},{"link_name":"Jell-O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jell-O"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"Jelly Belly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Belly"},{"link_name":"jelly beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_beans"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-jb-26"}],"sub_title":"Licensing","text":"Cold Stone Creamery sponsored Tony Kanaan's 2015 #10 IndyCarCold Stone has entered into partnerships with other companies to promote brand name products inside its stores. The first major partnership the company entered into was with Kraft Foods for its Jell-O brand in 2009. Cold Stone introduced a series of flavors of ice cream based on popular Jell-O pudding flavors; Chocolate, Butterscotch, Banana, and Vanilla. Because the pudding additives cause the ice cream to gel, it was recently noted that these flavors do not melt.[25]Externally, a 2008 licensing agreement with Jelly Belly had a line of jelly beans flavored like some of Cold Stone's most popular ice cream flavors.[26]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcsg-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hn-nj.com-28"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"There have been allegations by independent franchises that Cold Stone's business practices have put them at a competitive disadvantage. These former franchises claim that the parent company opens locations too close to each other, requires expensive remodeling and overstates potential revenues and income.[27] Other franchises have contended that is not the case and that they are experiencing growth amid financial uncertainties and higher costs associated with fuel and energy prices.[28]In June 2008, The Wall Street Journal examined the issue. The article stated that a large number of locations, approximately 16–20%, of Cold Stone Creamery franchises have closed or were put up for sale by their owners, many of whom had suffered significant financial losses due to their investment. The article included claims by franchisees that the company had misrepresented the average revenues of Cold Stone stores and acted in ways that reduced stores' profit margins. A company spokeswoman said that the number of stores for sale was \"at par with industry expectations\" in light of \"the economically challenging times.\"[29]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Dunkin' Donuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkin%27_Donuts"},{"link_name":"Five Guys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Guys"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"CNBC documentary and lawsuit","text":"In December 2010 lawyers from Cold Stone Creamery threatened a lawsuit over some of the contents of a then-upcoming documentary by CNBC.[30]Behind the Counter: The Untold Story of Franchising reported on the failures and successes of franchising. After several edits the program was broadcast on CNBC on March 21, 2011. Brands such as Dunkin' Donuts and Five Guys were highlighted as successful franchise brands. Cold Stone Creamery's executives and corporate lawyers were interviewed. The lawsuit was discussed with former franchisees and the litigation threats with CNBC. An apparently successful Cold Stone franchise was also featured. Another expose was not aired due to threats of litigation and stores that were closed for years appeared on search engines for some unknown reason.[citation needed]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Levittown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levittown"},{"link_name":"Gary R. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_R._Brown"},{"link_name":"Kahala Brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahala_Brands"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"}],"sub_title":"Misleading ingredients class action lawsuit","text":"In June 2024, a class action lawsuit by a customer from Long Island for serving a flavor that did not contain any actual ingredients representative of its marketed flavor was allowed to proceed into court. Around July 2022, the plaintiff purchased a serving of pistachio ice cream from a Levittown, New York location before researching on the company website that the pistachio flavor did not contain any actual pistachio nuts, but instead \"pistachio flavoring\". The pistachio flavoring was composed of a \"mixture of water, Ethanol, Propylene Glycol, natural and artificial flavor, Yellow 5, and Blue 1\". The plaintiff claimed that ice flavors should include what they advertise instead of a \"concoction of processed flavors\", noting that the mango, coconut, orange, mint, butter pecan ice cream flavors also did not include ingredients representative of their marketed flavors. U.S. District Judge Gary R. Brown concurred and called these \"deceptive practices\" under New York’s General Business Law.Kahala Brands tried to dismiss the case on the basis that there were no signs saying that an ice cream flavor actually contained that ingredient, that each flavor had detailed and easily accessible ingredient lists online, and that customers should reasonably be able to see for themselves that the ice cream flavor doesn't actually contain any particular ingredient before buying.[25]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Safety issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColdStoneCakeBatter-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_cream_served_at_a_Cold_Stone_Creamery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Department of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Health"},{"link_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"Salmonella typhimurium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_enterica_subsp._enterica"},{"link_name":"pulsed-field gel electrophoresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed-field_gel_electrophoresis"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColdStoneSalmonella-32"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_1999/74/EC"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eur-lex.europa.eu-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnimalCruelty-34"}],"sub_title":"Food safety","text":"In 2015, the Food and Drug Administration alerted the public that products containing \"cake batter\" ice cream sold at Cold Stone Creamery stores may be associated with an outbreak of [salmonella] infection in several states. In response, Cold Stone Creamery has agreed to immediately remove all \"cake batter\" ice cream products from its stores throughout the US.[31]Ice cream served at a Cold Stone CreameryTen years earlier, in 2005, the Minnesota Department of Health notified the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that four cases of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) with an indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtype (CDC PulseNet pattern JPXX01.1173) had been identified. The only common exposure among the four ill individuals was that all had eaten at one of two Cold Stone Creamery stores. All cases had eaten cake batter flavor ice cream in the week before the onset of symptoms. After a thorough investigation, 25 cases were identified in nine states (Minnesota, Oregon, Washington, Virginia, Ohio, California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Pennsylvania); 24 reported eating cake batter ice cream from Cold Stone Creamery.[32]There have been allegations that Cold Stone uses battery-caged eggs, which were banned in the European Union in 2012 by European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC.[33] for the health risks associated with eggs produced in battery cages, as well as the cruel conditions for the hens kept on those farms.[34]","title":"Safety issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Workplace safety","text":"In 2023, an Oregon employee lost three fingers when the rotors of an ice cream machine pulled the towel she was using and her hand into the machine's blades. In response, the employees reportedly immediately quit their jobs.[35]In a similar incident in 2007, also involving a rag and an ice cream machine, an employee lost one finger.[citation needed]","title":"Safety issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-history-4"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"While the company was originally headquartered in Tempe, in 1997 the company moved its headquarters to Scottsdale, Arizona.[4] In July 2005 Cold Stone moved into its current headquarters. The two-story building has classroom space, a product development laboratory kitchen, and a training store.[36]","title":"Corporate headquarters"}]
[{"image_text":"A neon sign for the Cold Stone Creamery at Irvine Spectrum in Irvine, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Coldstone_Creamery.jpg/253px-Coldstone_Creamery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cold Stone Creamery at Serendra Plaza in Taguig, Philippines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cold_Stone_Creamery_at_Serendra_Plaza%2C_BGC.jpg/253px-Cold_Stone_Creamery_at_Serendra_Plaza%2C_BGC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cold Stone Creamery in Springboro, Ohio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coldstone_Springboro_OH_USA.JPG/253px-Coldstone_Springboro_OH_USA.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cold Stone Creamery sponsored Tony Kanaan's 2015 #10 IndyCar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Tony_Kanaan_in_car_at_Carb_Day_2015_-_Stierch.jpg/220px-Tony_Kanaan_in_car_at_Carb_Day_2015_-_Stierch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ice cream served at a Cold Stone Creamery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ice_cream_served_at_a_Cold_Stone_Creamery.jpg/220px-Ice_cream_served_at_a_Cold_Stone_Creamery.jpg"}]
null
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Retrieved 2023-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/business/cold-stone-creamery-scoops-out-market-success/","url_text":"\"Cold Stone Creamery scoops out market success\""}]}]
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Reports 6% Increase in Second Quarter Earnings\""},{"Link":"http://markets.on.nytimes.com/research/stocks/news/press_release.asp?docKey=600-200910060830PR_NEWS_USPR_____LA87610-4PODQ1S9U59KL6E3NOOLJFUPBP&provider=PR%20Newswire&docDate=October%206%2C%202009&press_symbol=243127&scp=10&sq=Cold%20STone%20Creamery&st=cse","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.coldstonecreamery.com/faqs/icecream/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Ice Cream FAQ\""},{"Link":"http://eatthis.menshealth.com/slide/worst-beverage-america?slideshow=184612#title","external_links_name":"20 Worst Drinks in America 2010"},{"Link":"http://eatthis.menshealth.com/slide/worst-drink-america-2009?slideshow=77230#title","external_links_name":"The Worst Drinks in America 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101123001903/https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/Zz6ei2vtuObv2np4Uyoty6i7MOEBrfZO","external_links_name":"\"Cold Stone Creamery: Scoop It Up\""},{"Link":"https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/Zz6ei2vtuObv2np4Uyoty6i7MOEBrfZO","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nymag.com/restaurants/features/58059/","external_links_name":"\"Chemistry in a Cone\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/business/smallbusiness/26sbiz.html?scp=20&sq=Cold%20STone%20Creamery&st=cse","external_links_name":"\"Not Just Another Jelly Bean\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080511211632/http://www.gazette.com/articles/business_35936___article_pluck.html/cooling_.html","external_links_name":"\"Cooling Business:3 of 5 local Cold Stone Creamery stores have shut down in just over a year\""},{"Link":"http://www.gazette.com/articles/business_35936___article_pluck.html/cooling_.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2008/06/gourmet_ice_cream_shop_in_trou.html","external_links_name":"\"Cold Stone Creamery in Trouble?\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121321718319265569","external_links_name":"\"The Inside Scoop\""},{"Link":"http://www.nypost.com/p/news/business/cold_stone_creamery_burning_mad_riulL9wA8tCJv5AcwLnJyM","external_links_name":"\"Cold Stone Creamery burning mad at CNBC\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxnews.com/story/cold-stone-cake-batter-ice-cream-contaminated","external_links_name":"\"Cold Stone Cake Batter Contaminated\""},{"Link":"https://www.marlerblog.com/legal-cases/cold-stone-creamery-salmonella/","external_links_name":"\"Cold Stone Creamery Salmonella\""},{"Link":"http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:203:0053:0057:EN:PDF","external_links_name":"\"European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC\""},{"Link":"http://coldstonecreamerycruelty.com/","external_links_name":"\"Cold Stone Creamery Cruelty\""},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/cold-stone-creamery-worker-loses-three-fingers-job-2023-3","external_links_name":"\"'In memory of Jordyn's fingers please lend a hand': Family has cheeky fundraiser for worker who lost fingers in Cold Stone Creamery incident\""},{"Link":"https://www.seattletimes.com/business/cold-stone-creamery-scoops-out-market-success/","external_links_name":"\"Cold Stone Creamery scoops out market success\""},{"Link":"http://www.coldstonecreamery.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://pursuethepassion.com/how-to-become-ice-cream-taster/","external_links_name":"Interview with Ray Karam, Senior Tastemaster, Cold Stone Creamery"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(disambiguation)
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (disambiguation)
["1 See also"]
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a science fiction comedy series created by Douglas Adams. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy may also refer to: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (radio series), a 1978 radio series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel), a 1979 novel The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (TV series), a 1981 BBC TV series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (video game), a 1984 text-based computer game by Infocom The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (film), a 2005 film by Garth Jennings The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (fictional), the book as it appears in the franchise The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts a book, published in 1985 "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", a 2024 song by South Korean group Artms See also H2g2, a British-based collaborative online encyclopedia project founded by Douglas Adams in 1999 Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Polytechnique_de_Paris
Polytechnic Institute of Paris
["1 History","2 Organisation","2.1 Grandes écoles","2.2 Research organizations","3 University rankings","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°42′42″N 2°10′17″E / 48.7117343°N 2.1712888°E / 48.7117343; 2.1712888French research university of engineering schools in Palaiseau Polytechnic Institute of ParisInstitut polytechnique de Paris TypePublic research universityEstablished1741 ENSTA Paris2019 Scission from Paris-Saclay UniversityChancellorChristophe KerreroPresidentThierry CoulhonStudents8,500Postgraduates1,500Doctoral students950LocationPalaiseau, Île-de-France, France48°42′42″N 2°10′17″E / 48.7117343°N 2.1712888°E / 48.7117343; 2.1712888CampusParis-SaclayWebsiteip-paris.fr/enThe Polytechnic Institute of Paris (French: Institut polytechnique de Paris) is a public technological university located in Palaiseau, France. It consists of five engineering grandes écoles: École polytechnique, ENSTA Paris, ENSAE Paris, Télécom Paris and Télécom SudParis. With the Paris-Saclay University, the Polytechnic Institute of Paris is part of the Paris-Saclay project, which is a research-intensive academic campus and business cluster being developed on the Plateau de Saclay near Paris. The project integrates several engineering schools and research centers that are part of the world's top research organizations in various fields. The technological university was formed around the École polytechnique, one of the most respected and selective grandes écoles in France. Among its alumni and teachers are five Nobel prize winners, two Fields medalists, three presidents of France and many CEOs of French and international companies. History After World War II, the rapid growth of nuclear physics and chemistry meant that research needed more and more powerful accelerators, which required large areas. The University of Paris, the École Normale Supérieure and the Collège de France looked for space in the south of Paris near Orsay. The Orsay branch of the University of Paris eventually became an independent university, called Paris Sud University. In 1976, the École polytechnique joined the region, by moving from central Paris to Palaiseau. Other institutes joined the region in the following decades, most notably ENS Cachan, Télécom Paris, and ENSTA, as part of the Paris-Saclay project, a national effort to regroup research and business activities. In 2015, these institutes were grouped together as a university community (ComUE) called Paris-Saclay University. The goal was to be recognized as an entity of sufficient size and quality, and to become a top-ranking, research-focused French university. Each member institution would remain independent but share a significant portion of existing and newly invested resources. This follows a model similar to the one adopted by University of Oxford and Cambridge, where each constituent college keeps its independence while being grouped under a 'university'. Confronted with disagreements between its members (engineering schools versus universities, French Ministry of Defense versus Ministry of Higher Education), the University of Paris-Sud proposed to transform itself into Paris-Saclay University in 2017, with the engineering schools being only associated to the future institution. On October 25, 2017, the French president Emmanuel Macron announced the creation of a second university pole in Paris-Saclay, which would split away from Paris-Saclay University and regroup the engineering schools. This new pole was initially called "NewUni", and became the Polytechnic Institute of Paris in February 2019. HEC Paris also joined the new university pole without becoming a member. Other higher education or research institutions may join in the future. Paris-Saclay University and the Polytechnic Institute of Paris co-operate in several master's degrees and PhD programs On September 15, 2020, the Institute co-founded with HEC Paris the artificial intelligence research center Hi! PARIS. Organisation Grandes écoles The Polytechnic Institute of Paris comprises five grandes écoles: École Polytechnique Télécom Paris Telecom SudParis ENSTA Paris ENSAE Paris Name Foundation Field Students Campus École polytechnique 1794 Science and engineering 2,316 Paris-Saclay, Paris ENSTA Paris 1741 Science and engineering 897 Paris-Saclay ENSAE Paris 1945 Science and engineering 581 Paris-Saclay Télécom Paris 1878 Science and engineering 1,360 Paris-Saclay Télécom SudParis 1979 Science and engineering 822 Évry-Courcouronnes, Paris-Saclay École polytechnique, seen from the lake Side court of the building of Telecom Paris and Telecom SudParis Main court of the building of Telecom Paris and Telecom SudParis ENSAE Paris ENSAE Paris seen from the South ENSTA Paris Research organizations The following research organizations have established research centers within the Polytechnic Institute of Paris. The resources contributed by these organizations will remain largely independent from other member institutions. CEA (Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission) CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research) Inria (French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation) INSERM (French Institute of Health and Medical Research) Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (Institute of Advanced Scientific Studies) INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Sciences) ONERA (National Board of Study and Aerospace Research) SOLEIL (national synchrotron facility) CEA IHES INRIA SOLEIL University rankings University rankingsGlobal – OverallARWU World301-400 (2022)CWUR World43 (2022-2023)QS World38 (2024)THE World71 (2024) In international rankings, the Polytechnic Institute of Paris is ranked 38th overall and 12th in graduate employability by QS World University Rankings. It is ranked 71st by Times Higher Education, 301-400 by the Shanghai Ranking, and 41st in the world by the CWUR Ranking. See also France portal List of public universities in France by academy Paris-Saclay Medical School References ^ Staley, Oliver (13 March 2014). "Nations Chasing Harvard Merge Colleges to Ascend Rankings". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 13 March 2014. ^ Nic Mitchell "Big is beautiful for merging universities",BBC News,25 November 2015 ^ Becquerel, Allais and Tirole. ^ Jean-Christophe Yoccoz (1994) ; Yoccoz was not a student at Polytechnique because he chose to be educated at École normale supérieure (1975-1979), but he completed his Ph.D. under Michael Herman in 1985 in the Centre de mathématiques Laurent Schwartz  of École Polytechnique, a research centre which had been created by another Field medalist and a professor at Polytechnique : Laurent Schwartz. ^ Sadi Carnot (who was the nephew of Carnot the physicist and the grandson of Carnot the École founder), Lebrun and Giscard. ^ "Institut Polytechnique de Paris officially established". www.telecom-paris.fr. Retrieved 2019-09-01. ^ Hi!Paris, L’Institut Polytechnique De Paris Et HEC Paris Affichent Leur Ambition Dans L’IA ^ Zoom sur Hi! PARIS, le centre consacré à l’IA et aux Sciences des données de l’Institut Polytechnique de Paris et HEC Paris ^ HEC et Polytechnique lancent le centre pluridisciplinaire Hi! Paris pour devenir champions de la recherche en IA ^ Foundation of the oldest constituent part of the school ^ "ARWU World University Rankings 2022 | Academic Ranking of World Universities 2022 | Top 500 universities | Shanghai Ranking - 2022". www.shanghairanking.com. ^ "Center for World University Rankings 2022-2023". ^ "QS World University Rankings 2024". ^ "World University Rankings". www.timeshighereducation.com/. 4 October 2022. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2024: Institut Polytechnique de Paris". Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2023: Institut Polytechnique de Paris". 12 October 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2023. ^ "2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities". Retrieved 5 July 2023. ^ "Global 2000 List By The Center For World University Rankings". Retrieved 27 July 2021. External links Official website Polytechnique Online vteÉtablissements publics à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnelUniversities Aix-Marseille Amiens Angers Antilles Artois Avignon Besançon Bordeaux Bordeaux Montaigne Brest Bretagne-Sud Caen Cergy-Pontoise Chambéry Clermont Auvergne Corse Dijon Évry Le Havre Guyane Lille Limoges Littoral Lyon Lyon 1 Lyon 2 Lyon 3 Le Mans Marne-la-Vallée Montpellier Montpellier 3 Mulhouse Nantes Nice Nîmes Nouvelle-Calédonie Orléans Paris Assas Cité Nanterre Panthéon-Sorbonne Sorbonne Sorbonne Nouvelle Sorbonne Paris North Paris 8 Paris-East Créteil Pau Perpignan Poitiers Polynésie française Reims Rennes Rennes 2 La Réunion La Rochelle Rouen Saint-Étienne Strasbourg Toulon Toulouse Capitole Jean Jaurès Paul Sabatier INPT Tours Valenciennes Versailles Grandes écolesCentrale Graduate School École centrale de Lille École centrale de Lyon École centrale de Marseille École centrale de Nantes École Centrale Paris Institut national des sciences appliquées CVL Euro-Méditerranée Hauts-de-France Lyon Rennes Rouen Strasbourg Toulouse Universités de technologie Belfort-Montbéliard Compiègne Troyes École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Etienne (ENISE) ENSAIT ENTPE Supméca École normale supérieure École normale supérieure École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay École normale supérieure de Lyon École normale supérieure de Rennes French institutes abroad Casa de Velázquez École française d'Extrême-Orient French School at Athens Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale Roman Historical Institutes Grands établissements Instituts polytechniques Grenoble Lorraine Toulouse Bordeaux Clermont-Auvergne Agro ParisTech Arts et Métiers ParisTech Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques Collège de France Conservatoire national des arts et métiers École Centrale Paris École des ponts ParisTech École Nationale des Chartes École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques École nationale supérieure maritime École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation, Nantes-Atlantique École pratique des hautes études EHESP Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris Institut Mines-Télécom Institut national d'histoire de l'art Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales Institut national du sport, de l'expertise et de la performance Institut national supérieur des sciences agronomiques, de l'alimentation et de l'environnement Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace Institut supérieur des sciences agronomiques, agroalimentaires, horticoles et du paysage VetAgro Sup National Museum of Natural History Paris Dauphine University Paris Observatory School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences Sciences Po University of Lorraine Grenoble Alpes University Communities of universities and institutions Aquitaine University of Burgundy - Franche-Comté Bretagne-Loire Centre-Val de Loire Côte d'Azur Hesam Languedoc-Roussillon Universities Leonardo da Vinci consolidated University University of Lille Nord de France University of Lyon Normandy University University of Paris-Est Université Paris Lumières Université Paris Sciences et Lettres Sorbonne Paris Cité University Federal University of Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées Institute of technology Polytechnic University of Hauts-de-France Institut polytechnique de Paris University of Paris-Saclay CY Cergy Paris University Gustave Eiffel University Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"technological university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_university"},{"link_name":"Palaiseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaiseau"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"grandes écoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles"},{"link_name":"École polytechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique"},{"link_name":"ENSTA Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENSTA_Paris"},{"link_name":"ENSAE Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENSAE_Paris"},{"link_name":"Télécom Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Paris"},{"link_name":"Télécom SudParis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_SudParis"},{"link_name":"Paris-Saclay University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University"},{"link_name":"Paris-Saclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Saclay"},{"link_name":"research-intensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research-intensive_cluster"},{"link_name":"business cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_cluster"},{"link_name":"Plateau de Saclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_de_Saclay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staley_2014-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"École polytechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique"},{"link_name":"grandes écoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles"},{"link_name":"its alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_alumni"},{"link_name":"Nobel prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_prize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fields medalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"presidents of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents_of_France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"French research university of engineering schools in PalaiseauThe Polytechnic Institute of Paris (French: Institut polytechnique de Paris) is a public technological university located in Palaiseau, France. It consists of five engineering grandes écoles: École polytechnique, ENSTA Paris, ENSAE Paris, Télécom Paris and Télécom SudParis.With the Paris-Saclay University, the Polytechnic Institute of Paris is part of the Paris-Saclay project, which is a research-intensive academic campus and business cluster being developed on the Plateau de Saclay near Paris. The project integrates several engineering schools and research centers that are part of the world's top research organizations in various fields.[1][2]The technological university was formed around the École polytechnique, one of the most respected and selective grandes écoles in France. Among its alumni and teachers are five Nobel prize winners,[3] two Fields medalists,[4] three presidents of France[5] and many CEOs of French and international companies.","title":"Polytechnic Institute of Paris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"École Normale Supérieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure"},{"link_name":"Collège de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France"},{"link_name":"Orsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsay"},{"link_name":"Paris Sud University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Sud_University&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"École polytechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique"},{"link_name":"Palaiseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaiseau"},{"link_name":"ENS Cachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Paris-Saclay"},{"link_name":"Télécom Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Paris"},{"link_name":"ENSTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_techniques_avanc%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Paris-Saclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Saclay"},{"link_name":"Paris-Saclay University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"French Ministry of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Armed_Forces_(France)"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(France)"},{"link_name":"University of Paris-Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Sud_University"},{"link_name":"Paris-Saclay University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron"},{"link_name":"HEC Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEC_Paris"},{"link_name":"Paris-Saclay University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Hi! PARIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi!_PARIS"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"After World War II, the rapid growth of nuclear physics and chemistry meant that research needed more and more powerful accelerators, which required large areas. The University of Paris, the École Normale Supérieure and the Collège de France looked for space in the south of Paris near Orsay. The Orsay branch of the University of Paris eventually became an independent university, called Paris Sud University. In 1976, the École polytechnique joined the region, by moving from central Paris to Palaiseau. Other institutes joined the region in the following decades, most notably ENS Cachan, Télécom Paris, and ENSTA, as part of the Paris-Saclay project, a national effort to regroup research and business activities.In 2015, these institutes were grouped together as a university community (ComUE) called Paris-Saclay University. The goal was to be recognized as an entity of sufficient size and quality, and to become a top-ranking, research-focused French university. Each member institution would remain independent but share a significant portion of existing and newly invested resources. This follows a model similar to the one adopted by University of Oxford and Cambridge, where each constituent college keeps its independence while being grouped under a 'university'.Confronted with disagreements between its members (engineering schools versus universities, French Ministry of Defense versus Ministry of Higher Education), the University of Paris-Sud proposed to transform itself into Paris-Saclay University in 2017, with the engineering schools being only associated to the future institution. On October 25, 2017, the French president Emmanuel Macron announced the creation of a second university pole in Paris-Saclay, which would split away from Paris-Saclay University and regroup the engineering schools. This new pole was initially called \"NewUni\", and became the Polytechnic Institute of Paris in February 2019.HEC Paris also joined the new university pole without becoming a member. Other higher education or research institutions may join in the future. Paris-Saclay University and the Polytechnic Institute of Paris co-operate in several master's degrees and PhD programs[6]On September 15, 2020, the Institute co-founded with HEC Paris[7] the artificial intelligence research center Hi! PARIS.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grandes écoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles"},{"link_name":"École Polytechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique"},{"link_name":"Télécom Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Paris"},{"link_name":"Telecom SudParis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_SudParis"},{"link_name":"ENSTA Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENSTA_Paris"},{"link_name":"ENSAE Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENSAE_ParisTech"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telecom_Paris_side_court.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telecom_Paris_main_court.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ENSAE_Paris_with_panel.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ENSAE_Paris_seen_from_the_bridge.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ENSTA_Paris_main_entrance.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Grandes écoles","text":"The Polytechnic Institute of Paris comprises five grandes écoles:École Polytechnique\nTélécom Paris\nTelecom SudParis\nENSTA Paris\nENSAE ParisÉcole polytechnique, seen from the lake\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSide court of the building of Telecom Paris and Telecom SudParis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMain court of the building of Telecom Paris and Telecom SudParis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tENSAE Paris\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tENSAE Paris seen from the South\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tENSTA Paris","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissariat_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9nergie_atomique_et_aux_%C3%A9nergies_alternatives"},{"link_name":"CNRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique"},{"link_name":"Inria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Institute_for_Research_in_Computer_Science_and_Automation"},{"link_name":"INSERM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Institute_of_Health_and_Medical_Research"},{"link_name":"Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_des_Hautes_%C3%89tudes_Scientifiques"},{"link_name":"INRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_recherche_agronomique"},{"link_name":"ONERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONERA"},{"link_name":"SOLEIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOLEIL"},{"link_name":"synchrotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CEA_Saclay.JPG"},{"link_name":"CEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Alternative_Energies_and_Atomic_Energy_Commission"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IHES_main_building.jpg"},{"link_name":"IHES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHES"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INRIA.JPG"},{"link_name":"INRIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INRIA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SOLEIL_le_01_juin_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"SOLEIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOLEIL"}],"sub_title":"Research organizations","text":"The following research organizations have established research centers within the Polytechnic Institute of Paris. The resources contributed by these organizations will remain largely independent from other member institutions.CEA (Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission)\nCNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research)\nInria (French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation)\nINSERM (French Institute of Health and Medical Research)\nInstitut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (Institute of Advanced Scientific Studies)\nINRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Sciences)\nONERA (National Board of Study and Aerospace Research)\nSOLEIL (national synchrotron facility)CEA\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIHES\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tINRIA\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSOLEIL","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QS World University Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Times Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"In international rankings, the Polytechnic Institute of Paris is ranked 38th overall and 12th in graduate employability by QS World University Rankings.[15] It is ranked 71st by Times Higher Education,[16] 301-400 by the Shanghai Ranking,[17] and 41st in the world by the CWUR Ranking.[18]","title":"University rankings"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Staley, Oliver (13 March 2014). \"Nations Chasing Harvard Merge Colleges to Ascend Rankings\". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 13 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-13/nations-chasing-harvard-merge-universities-to-ascend-rankings.html","url_text":"\"Nations Chasing Harvard Merge Colleges to Ascend Rankings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com","url_text":"bloomberg.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Institut Polytechnique de Paris officially established\". www.telecom-paris.fr. Retrieved 2019-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telecom-paris.fr/institut-polytechnique-paris-officially-established","url_text":"\"Institut Polytechnique de Paris officially established\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARWU World University Rankings 2022 | Academic Ranking of World Universities 2022 | Top 500 universities | Shanghai Ranking - 2022\". www.shanghairanking.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2022","url_text":"\"ARWU World University Rankings 2022 | Academic Ranking of World Universities 2022 | Top 500 universities | Shanghai Ranking - 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Center for World University Rankings 2022-2023\".","urls":[{"url":"https://cwur.org/2022-23.php","url_text":"\"Center for World University Rankings 2022-2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"QS World University Rankings 2024\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024","url_text":"\"QS World University Rankings 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"World University Rankings\". www.timeshighereducation.com/. 4 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/world-ranking","url_text":"\"World University Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"QS World University Rankings 2024: Institut Polytechnique de Paris\". Retrieved 1 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/institut-polytechnique-de-paris","url_text":"\"QS World University Rankings 2024: Institut Polytechnique de Paris\""}]},{"reference":"\"Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2023: Institut Polytechnique de Paris\". 12 October 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/institut-polytechnique-de-paris","url_text":"\"Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2023: Institut Polytechnique de Paris\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities\". Retrieved 5 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2022","url_text":"\"2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global 2000 List By The Center For World University Rankings\". Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cwur.org/2021-22.php","url_text":"\"Global 2000 List By The Center For World University Rankings\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQ-1B_Predator
General Atomics MQ-1 Predator
["1 Development","1.1 Command and sensor systems","1.2 Deployment methodology","1.3 Armed versions","1.4 Other versions and fate","2 Operational history","2.1 Squadrons and operational units","2.2 The Balkans","2.3 Afghanistan","2.4 Pakistan","2.5 Iraq","2.6 Yemen","2.7 Libya","2.8 Somalia","2.9 Iran","2.10 Syria","2.11 Philippines","2.12 Other users","3 Variants","4 Operators","4.1 Former operators","5 Aircraft on display","5.1 Serbia","5.2 United Kingdom","5.3 United States","6 Specifications","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
Family of unmanned aerial vehicles "Predator drone" and "Predator plane" redirect here. For other drones, see Predator B and Predator C. For other uses, see Predator (disambiguation). RQ-1 / MQ-1 Predator A US Air Force MQ-1 armed with AGM-114 Hellfire missiles Role Remote piloted aircraft/unmanned combat aerial vehicleType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer General Atomics Aeronautical Systems First flight 3 July 1994 Introduction 1 July 1995 Retired 9 March 2018 (USAF) Status In limited service Primary users United States Air Force (retired) Italian Air Force (retired) Turkish Air Force Royal Moroccan Air Force Produced 1995–2018 Number built 360 (285 RQ-1, 75 MQ-1) Developed from General Atomics Gnat Variants General Atomics MQ-1C Gray Eagle Developed into General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper The General Atomics MQ-1 Predator (often referred to as the Predator drone) is an American remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) built by General Atomics that was used primarily by the United States Air Force (USAF) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Conceived in the early 1990s for aerial reconnaissance and forward observation roles, the Predator carries cameras and other sensors. It was modified and upgraded to carry and fire two AGM-114 Hellfire missiles or other munitions. The aircraft entered service in 1995, and saw combat in the war in Afghanistan, Pakistan, the NATO intervention in Bosnia, the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, the Iraq War, Yemen, the 2011 Libyan civil war, the 2014 intervention in Syria, and Somalia. The USAF describes the Predator as a "Tier II" MALE UAS (medium-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aircraft system). The UAS consists of four aircraft or "air vehicles" with sensors, a ground control station (GCS), and a primary satellite link communication suite. Powered by a Rotax engine and driven by a propeller, the air vehicle can fly up to 400 nmi (460 mi; 740 km) to a target, loiter overhead for 14 hours, then return to its base. The MQ-1 Predator was the primary remotely piloted aircraft used for offensive operations by the USAF and the CIA in Afghanistan and the Pakistani tribal areas from 2001 until the introduction of the MQ-9 Reaper; it has also been deployed elsewhere. Because offensive uses of the Predator are classified by the U.S., U.S. military officials have reported an appreciation for the intelligence and reconnaissance-gathering abilities of RPAs but declined to publicly discuss their offensive use. The United States Air Force retired the Predator in 2018, replacing it with the Reaper. Civilian applications for drones have included border enforcement and scientific studies, and to monitor wind direction and other characteristics of large forest fires (such as the drone that was used by the California Air National Guard in the August 2013 Rim Fire). Development At Paris Air Show 2007 A Predator flies on a simulated Navy aerial reconnaissance flight off the coast of southern California on 5 December 1995. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Pentagon began experimenting with unmanned reconnaissance aircraft (drones) in the early 1980s. The CIA preferred small, lightweight, unobtrusive drones, in contrast to the United States Air Force (USAF). In the early 1990s, the CIA became interested in the "Amber", a drone developed by Leading Systems, Inc. The company's owner, Abraham Karem, was the former chief designer for the Israeli Air Force, and had immigrated to the U.S. in the late 1970s. Karem's company went bankrupt and was bought by a U.S. defense contractor, from whom the CIA secretly bought five drones (now called the "Gnat"). Karem agreed to produce a quiet engine for the vehicle, which had until then sounded like "a lawnmower in the sky". The new development became known as the "Predator". General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA) was awarded a contract to develop the Predator in January 1994, and the initial Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) phase lasted from January 1994 to June 1996. First flight took place on 3 July 1994 at the El Mirage airfield in the Mojave Desert. The aircraft itself was a derivative of the GA Gnat 750. During the ACTD phase, three systems were purchased from GA, comprising twelve aircraft and three ground control stations. From April through May 1995, the Predator ACTD aircraft were flown as a part of the Roving Sands 1995 exercises in the U.S. The exercise operations were successful which led to the decision to deploy the system to the Balkans later in the summer of 1995. During the ACTD, Predators were operated by a combined Army/Navy/Air Force/Marine team managed by the Navy's Joint Program Office for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (JPO-UAV) and first deployed to Gjader, Albania, for operations in the former Yugoslavia in spring 1995. By the start of the United States Afghan campaign in 2001, the USAF had acquired 60 Predators, but lost 20 of them in action. Few if any of the losses were from enemy action, the worst problem apparently being foul weather, particularly icy conditions. Some critics within the Pentagon saw the high loss rate as a sign of poor operational procedures. In response to the losses caused by cold weather conditions, a few of the later USAF Predators were fitted with de-icing systems, along with an uprated turbocharged engine and improved avionics. This improved "Block 1" version was referred to as the "RQ-1B", or the "MQ-1B" if it carried munitions; the corresponding air vehicle designation was "RQ-1L" or "MQ-1L". The Predator system was initially designated the RQ-1 Predator. The "R" is the United States Department of Defense designation for reconnaissance and the "Q" refers to an unmanned aircraft system. The "1" describes it as being the first of a series of aircraft systems built for unmanned reconnaissance. Pre-production systems were designated as RQ-1A, while the RQ-1B (not to be confused with the Predator B, which became the MQ-9 Reaper) denotes the baseline production configuration. These are designations of the system as a unit. The actual aircraft themselves were designated RQ-1K for pre-production models, and RQ-1L for production models. In 2002, the USAF officially changed the designation to MQ-1 ("M" for multi-role) to reflect its growing use as an armed aircraft. Command and sensor systems During campaign in the former Yugoslavia, a Predator's pilot would sit with several payload specialists in a van near the runway of the drone's operating base. Direct radio signals controlled the drone's takeoff and initial ascent, and then communications shifted to military satellite networks linked to the pilot's van. Pilots experienced a delay of several seconds between moving their sticks and the drone's response. But by 2000, improvements in communications systems made it possible, at least in theory, to fly the drone remotely from great distances. It was no longer necessary to use close-up radio signals during the Predator's takeoff and ascent. The entire flight could be controlled by satellite from any command and control center with the right equipment. The CIA proposed to attempt over Afghanistan the first fully remote Predator flight operations, piloted from the agency's headquarters at Langley. The Predator air vehicle and sensors are controlled from the ground control station (GCS) via a C-band line-of-sight data link or a Ku-band satellite data link for beyond-line-of-sight operations. During flight operations the crew in the GCS is a pilot and two sensor operators. The aircraft is equipped with the AN/AAS-52 Multi-spectral Targeting System, a color nose camera (generally used by the pilot for flight control), a variable aperture day-TV camera, and a variable aperture thermographic camera (for low light/night). Previously, Predators were equipped with a synthetic aperture radar for looking through smoke, clouds or haze, but lack of use validated its removal to reduce weight and conserve fuel. The cameras produce full motion video and the synthetic aperture radar produced still frame radar images. There is sufficient bandwidth on the datalink for two video sources to be used together, but only one video source from the sensor ball can be used due to design limitations. Either the daylight variable aperture or the infrared electro-optical sensor may be operated simultaneously with the synthetic aperture radar, if equipped. All later Predators are equipped with a laser designator that allows the pilot to identify targets for other aircraft and even provide the laser guidance for manned aircraft. This laser is also the designator for the AGM-114 Hellfire that are carried on the MQ-1. Deployment methodology Predator operators at Balad Camp Anaconda, Iraq, August 2007 Each Predator air vehicle can be disassembled into six modules and loaded into a container nicknamed "the coffin". This enables all system components and support equipment to be rapidly deployed worldwide. The largest component is the ground control station (GCS) which is designed to roll into a C-130 Hercules. The Predator primary satellite link consists of a 6.1-meter (20-ft) satellite dish with associated support equipment. The satellite link provides communications between the GCS and the aircraft when it is beyond line-of-sight and links to networks that disseminate secondary intelligence. The RQ-1A system needs 1,500 by 40 meters (5,000 by 125 ft) of hard surface runway with clear line-of-sight to each end from the GCS to the air vehicles. Initially, all components needed to be located on the same airfield. As of 2011, the U.S. Air Force used a concept called "Remote-Split Operations" where the satellite datalink is placed in a different location and is connected to the GCS through fiber optic cabling. This allows Predators to be launched and recovered by a small "Launch and Recovery Element" and then handed off to a "Mission Control Element" for the rest of the flight. This allows a smaller number of troops to be deployed to a forward location, and consolidates control of the different flights in one location. The improvements in the MQ-1B production version include an ARC-210 radio, an APX-100 IFF/SIF with mode 4, a glycol-weeping "wet wings" de-icing system, upgraded turbo-charged engine, fuel injection, longer wings, dual alternators as well as other improvements. On 18 May 2006, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued a certificate of authorization which will allow the M/RQ-1 and M/RQ-9 aircraft to be used within U.S. civilian airspace to search for survivors of disasters. Requests had been made in 2005 for the aircraft to be used in search and rescue operations following Hurricane Katrina, but because there was no FAA authorization in place at the time, the assets were not used. The Predator's infrared camera with digitally enhanced zoom has the capability of identifying the infrared signature of a human body from an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft), making the aircraft an ideal search and rescue tool. The longest declassified Predator flight as of 2011 lasted for 40 hours and 5 minutes. The total flight time reached 1 million hours in April 2010, according to General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc. Armed versions Close-up of the Hellfire missile pylon, 2004. The USAF BIG SAFARI program office managed the Predator program and was directed on 21 June 2000 to explore armament options. This led to reinforced wings with munitions storage pylons, as well as a laser designator. The RQ-1 conducted its first firing of a Hellfire anti-tank missile on 16 February 2001 over a bombing range near Indian Springs Air Force Station north of Las Vegas, Nevada, with an inert AGM-114C successfully striking a tank target. Then on 21 February 2001 the Predator fired three Hellfire missiles, scoring hits on a stationary tank with all three missiles. Following the February tests, phase two involved more complex tests to hunt for simulated moving targets from greater altitudes with the more advanced AGM-114K version. The armed Predators were put into service with the designation MQ-1A. The Predator gives little warning of attack because it is relatively quiet and the Hellfire is supersonic, so it strikes before it is heard by the target. In the winter of 2000–2001, after seeing the results of Predator reconnaissance in Afghanistan, Cofer Black, head of the CIA's Counterterrorist Center (CTC), became a vocal advocate of arming the Predator with missiles to target Osama bin Laden in country. He believed that CIA pressure and practical interest were causing the USAF's armed Predator program to be significantly accelerated. Black, and "Richard", who was in charge of the CTC's Bin Laden Issue Station, continued to press during 2001 for a Predator armed with Hellfire missiles. Further weapons tests occurred between 22 May and 7 June 2001, with mixed results. While missile accuracy was excellent, there were some problems with missile fuzing. In the first week of June, in the Nevada desert, a Hellfire missile was successfully launched on a replica of bin Laden's Afghanistan Tarnak residence. A missile launched from a Predator exploded inside one of the replica's rooms; it was concluded that any people in the room would have been killed. However, the armed Predator was not deployed before the September 11 attacks. The USAF also investigated using the Predator to drop battlefield ground sensors and to carry and deploy the "Finder" mini-UAV. Other versions and fate Two unarmed versions, known as the General Atomics ALTUS were built, ALTUS I for the Naval Postgraduate School and ALTUS II for the NASA ERAST Project in 1997 and 1996, respectively. Based on the MQ-1 Predator, the General Atomics MQ-1C Gray Eagle was developed for the U.S. Army. The USAF ordered a total of 259 Predators, and due to retirements and crashes the number in Air Force operation was reduced to 154 as of May 2014. Budget proposals planned to retire the Predator fleet between FY 2015 and 2017 in favor of the larger MQ-9 Reaper, which has greater payload and range. The Predators were to be stored at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base or given to other agencies willing to take them. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection showed interest, but already had higher-performance Reapers and were burdened with operating costs. The U.S. Coast Guard also showed interest in land-based UAV surveillance. Foreign sales were also an option, but the MQ-1 is subject to limitations of the Missile Technology Control Regime because it can be armed; export markets are also limited by the existence of the Reaper. Given the Predator's pending phase-out and its size, weight, and power limitations, the Air Force decided not to pursue upgrades to make it more effective in contested environments, and determined its only use in defended airspace would be as a decoy to draw fire away from other aircraft. Due to airborne surveillance needs after the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) invaded Iraq, the Predator's retirement was delayed to 2018. MQ-1s will probably be placed in non-recoverable storage at the Boneyard and not sold to allies, although antenna, ground control stations, and other components may be salvaged for continued use on other airframes. General Atomics completed the final RQ-1 ordered by Italy by October 2015, marking the end of Predator A production after two decades. The last Predator for the USAF was completed in 2011; later Predator aircraft were built on the Predator XP assembly line. The United States Air Force announced plans to retire the MQ-1 on 9 March 2018. The Predator was officially retired from USAF service in March 2018. Operational history RQ-1A Predator As of March 2009, the U.S. Air Force had 195 MQ-1 Predators and 28 MQ-9 Reapers in operation. Predators and Reapers fired missiles 244 times in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2007 and 2008. A report in March 2009 indicated that U.S. Air Force had lost 70 Predators in air crashes during its operational history. Fifty-five were lost to equipment failure, operator error, or weather. Five were shot down in Bosnia, Kosovo, Syria and Iraq. Eleven more were lost to operational accidents on combat missions. In 2012, the Predator, Reaper and Global Hawk were described as "the most accident-prone aircraft in the Air Force fleet." On 3 March 2011, the U.S. Air Force took delivery of its last MQ-1 Predator in a ceremony at General Atomics' flight operations facility. Since its first flight in July 1994, the MQ-1 series accumulated over 1,000,000 flight hours and maintained a fleet fully mission capable rate over 90 percent. On 22 October 2013, the U.S. Air Force's fleets of MQ-1 Predators and MQ-9 Reaper remotely piloted aircraft reached 2,000,000 flight hours. The RPA program began in the mid-1990s, taking 16 years for them to reach 1 million flight hours. The 2 million hour mark was reached just two and a half years after that. On 9 March 2018, the U.S. Air Force officially retired the MQ-1 Predator from operational service. The aircraft was first operationally deployed in 1995 and in 2011 the last of 268 Predators were delivered to the service, of which just over 100 were still in service by the start of 2018. While the Predator was phased out by the Air Force in favor of the heavier and more capable MQ-9 Reaper, the Predator continues to serve in the MQ-1C Gray Eagle derivative for the U.S. Army as well as with several foreign nations. Squadrons and operational units During the initial ACTD phase, the United States Army led the evaluation program, but in April 1996, the Secretary of Defense selected the U.S. Air Force as the operating service for the RQ-1A Predator system. The 3d Special Operations Squadron at Cannon Air Force Base, 11th, 15th, 17th, and 18th Reconnaissance Squadrons, Creech Air Force Base, Nevada, and the Air National Guard's 163d Reconnaissance Wing at March Air Reserve Base, California, currently operate the MQ-1. In 2005, the U.S. Department of Defense recommended retiring Ellington Field's 147th Fighter Wing's F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter jets (a total of 15 aircraft), which was approved by the Base Realignment and Closure committee. They will be replaced with 12 MQ-1 Predator UAVs, and the new unit should be fully equipped and outfitted by 2009. The wing's combat support arm will remain intact. The 272d Engineering Installation Squadron, an Air National Guard unit currently located off-base, will move into Ellington Field in its place. The 3d Special Operations Squadron is currently the largest Predator squadron in the United States Air Force. U.S. Customs and Border Protection was reported in 2013 to be operating 10 Predators and to have requested 14 more. On 21 June 2009, the United States Air Force announced that it was creating a new MQ-1 squadron at Whiteman Air Force Base that would become operational by February 2011. In September 2011, the U.S. Air National Guard announced that despite current plans for budget cuts, they will continue to operate the Air Force's combat UAVs, including MQ-1B. On 28 August 2013, a Predator belonging to the 163d Reconnaissance Wing was flying at 18,000 to 20,000 feet over the Rim Fire in California providing infrared video of lurking fires, after receiving emergency approvals. Rules limit the Predator behavior; it must be accompanied by a manned aircraft, and its camera must only be active above the fire. In September 2013, the Air Force Special Operations Command tested the ability to rapidly deploy Predator aircraft. Two MQ-1s were loaded into a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III in a cradle system that also carried a control terminal, maintenance tent, and the crew. The test was to prove the UAVs could be deployed and set up at an expeditionary base within four hours of landing. In a recent undisclosed deployment, airmen set up a portable hangar in a tent and a wooden taxiway to operate MQ-1s for a six-week period. The Balkans A shot down RQ-1 Predator in the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade, Serbia The first overseas deployment took place in the Balkans, from July to November 1995, under the name Nomad Vigil. Operations were based in Gjader, Albania. Four disassembled Predators were flown into Gjadër airbase in a C-130 Hercules. The UAVs were assembled and flown first by civilian contract personnel. The U.S. deployed more than 70 military intelligence personnel. Intelligence collection missions began in July 1995. One of the Predators was lost over Bosnia on 11 August 1995; a second was deliberately destroyed on 14 August after suffering an engine failure over Bosnia, which may have been caused by hostile ground fire. The wreckage of the first Predator was handed over to Russia, according to Serb sources. Its original 60-day stay was extended to 120 days. The following spring, in March 1996, the system was redeployed to the Balkans area and operated out of Taszar, Hungary. Several others were destroyed in the course of Operation Noble Anvil, the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia: One aircraft (serial 95-3017) was lost on 18 April 1999, following fuel system problems and icing. A second aircraft (serial 95-3019) was lost on 13 May, when it was shot down by a Serbian Strela-1M surface-to-air missile over the village of Biba. A Serbian TV crew videotaped this incident. A third aircraft (serial number 95-3021) crashed on 20 May near the town of Talinovci, and Serbian news reported that this, too, was the result of anti-aircraft fire. Afghanistan In 2000, a joint CIA-DoD effort was agreed to locate Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan. Dubbed "Afghan Eyes", it involved a projected 60-day trial run of Predators over the country. The first experimental flight was held on 7 September 2000. White House security chief Richard A. Clarke was impressed by the resulting video footage; he hoped that the drones might eventually be used to target Bin Laden with cruise missiles or armed aircraft. Clarke's enthusiasm was matched by that of Cofer Black, head of the CIA's Counterterrorist Center (CTC), and Charles Allen, in charge of the CIA's intelligence-collection operations. The three men backed an immediate trial run of reconnaissance flights. Ten out of the ensuing 15 Predator missions over Afghanistan were rated successful. On at least two flights, a Predator spotted a tall man in white robes at bin Laden's Tarnak Farm compound outside Kandahar; the figure was subsequently deemed to be "probably bin Laden". By October 2000, deteriorating weather conditions made it difficult for the Predator to fly from its base in Uzbekistan, and the flights were suspended. Predator launching a Hellfire missile On 16 February 2001 at Nellis Air Force Base, a Predator successfully fired three Hellfire AGM-114C missiles into a target. The newly armed Predators were given the designation of MQ-1A. In the first week of June 2001, a Hellfire missile was successfully launched on a replica of bin Laden's Afghanistan Tarnak residence built at a Nevada testing site. A missile launched from a Predator exploded inside one of the replica's rooms; it was concluded that any people in the room would have been killed. On 4 September 2001 (after the Bush cabinet approved a Qaeda/Taliban plan), CIA chief Tenet ordered the agency to resume reconnaissance flights. The Predators were now weapons-capable, but did not carry missiles because the host country (presumably Uzbekistan) hadn't granted permission. Subsequent to 9/11, approval was quickly granted to ship the missiles, and the Predator aircraft and missiles reached their overseas location on 16 September 2001. The first mission was flown over Kabul and Kandahar on 18 September without carrying weapons. Subsequent host nation approval was granted on 7 October and the first armed mission was flown on the same day. In February 2002, armed Predators are thought to have been used to destroy a sport utility vehicle belonging to suspected Taliban leader Mullah Mohammed Omar and mistakenly killed Afghan scrap metal collectors near Zhawar Kili because one of them resembled Osama bin Laden. On 4 March 2002, a CIA-operated Predator fired a Hellfire missile into a reinforced Taliban machine gun bunker that had pinned down an Army Ranger team whose CH-47 Chinook had crashed on the top of Takur Ghar Mountain in Afghanistan. Previous attempts by flights of F-15 and F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft were unable to destroy the bunker. This action took place during what has become known as the "Battle of Roberts Ridge", a part of Operation Anaconda. This appears to be the first use of such a weapon in a close air support role. On 6 April 2011, 2 US soldiers were killed in Afghanistan when the Predator had its first friendly fire incident. This occurred when observers in Indiana did not relay their doubts about the target to the operators at Creech Air Force Base in Nevada. On 5 May 2013, an MQ-1 Predator surpassed 20,000 flight hours over Afghanistan by a single Predator. Predator P107 achieved the milestone while flying a 21-hour combat mission; P107 was first delivered in October 2004. Pakistan Main article: Drone attacks in Pakistan by the United States From at least 2003 until 2011, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency has allegedly been operating the drones out of Shamsi airfield in Pakistan to attack militants in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. During this period, the MQ-1 Predator fitted with Hellfire missiles was successfully used to kill a number of prominent al Qaeda operatives. On 13 January 2006, 18 civilians were unintentionally killed by the Predator. According to Pakistani authorities, the U.S. strike was based on faulty intelligence. Iraq An MQ-1B Predator from the 361st Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron takes off 9 July 2008 from Ali Base, Iraq. An Iraqi MiG-25 shot down a Predator performing reconnaissance over the no fly zone in Iraq on 23 December 2002. This was the first time in history a conventional aircraft and a drone had engaged each other in combat. Predators had been armed with AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles, and were purportedly being used to "bait" Iraqi fighters, then run. However, the Predator's maximum speed is 1,800 mph (2,900 km/h) lower than the MiG-25's, and its service ceiling is nearly 60,000 ft (18,000 m) lower, making the "run" segment of any "bait and run" mission a difficult task. In this incident, the Predator did not run (or could not run fast enough), but instead fired one of its Stingers. The Stinger's heat-seeker became "distracted" by the MiG's missile and missed the MiG. The Predator was hit by the MiG's missile and destroyed. Another two Predators had been shot down earlier by Iraqi SAMs. During the initial phases of the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, a number of older Predators were stripped down and used as decoys to entice Iraqi air defenses to expose themselves by firing. From July 2005 to June 2006, the 15th Reconnaissance Squadron participated in more than 242 separate raids, engaged 132 troops in contact-force protection actions, fired 59 Hellfire missiles; surveyed 18,490 targets, escorted four convoys, and flew 2,073 sorties for more than 33,833 flying hours. Iraqi insurgents intercepted video feeds, which were not encrypted, using a $26 piece of Russian software named SkyGrabber. The encryption for the ROVER feeds was removed for performance reasons. Work to secure the data feeds was to be completed by 2014. On 27 June 2014, the Pentagon confirmed that a number of armed Predators had been sent to Iraq along with U.S. Special Forces following advances by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The Predators were flying 30 to 40 missions a day in and around Baghdad with government permission, and intelligence was shared with Iraqi forces. On 8 August 2014, an MQ-1 Predator fired a missile at a militant mortar position. From the beginning of Operation Inherent Resolve to January 2016, five USAF Predators were lost; four crashed from technical failures in Iraq, one in June 2015, two in October 2015, and one in January 2016. Yemen Main article: CIA activities in Yemen On 3 November 2002, a Hellfire missile was fired at a car in Yemen, killing Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi, an al-Qaeda leader thought to be responsible for the USS Cole bombing. It was the first direct U.S. strike in the War on Terrorism outside Afghanistan. In 2004, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's (ABC-TV) international affairs program Foreign Correspondent investigated this targeted killing and the involvement of the then U.S. Ambassador as part of a special report titled "The Yemen Option". The report also examined the evolving tactics and countermeasures in dealing with Al Qaeda inspired attacks. On 30 September 2011, a Hellfire fired from an American UAV killed Anwar al-Awlaki, an American-citizen cleric and Al Qaeda leader, in Yemen. Also killed was Samir Khan, an American born in Saudi Arabia, who was editor of al-Qaeda's English-language webzine, Inspire. On 14 February 2017, a United Arab Emiates UAV MQ-1B was shot down by Houthi anti aircraft missile over Marib province. On 14 May 2019, a United Arab Emirates MQ-1 Predator was shot down by Houthi fire during a night flight in Saana, Houthi fighters used an air-to-air missile (R-27T or R-73) with a modified land operator device. On 25 February 2022, Houthi forces shot down a UAEAF MQ-1 drone of the Saudi led Coalition in Al-Jawf province. Publishing footage of the drone wreck and photos. Libya U.S. Air Force MQ-1B Predators have been involved in reconnaissance and strike sorties in Operation Unified Protector. An MQ-1B fired its first Hellfire missile in the conflict on 23 April 2011, striking a BM-21 Grad. There are also some suggestions that a Predator was involved in the final attack against Gaddafi. Predators returned to Libya in 2012, after the attack that killed the US Ambassador in Benghazi. MQ-9 Reapers were also deployed. Somalia On 7 March 2016, US Predator drones attacked an al-Shabaab training camp south of Kismayo. Ibrahim al-Afghani, a senior al-Shabaab leader was rumored to be killed in the strike. Four al-Shabaab fighters, including a Kenyan, were killed in a drone strike late February 2012. Iran On 1 November 2012, two Iranian Sukhoi Su-25 attack aircraft engaged an unarmed Predator conducting routine surveillance over the Persian Gulf just before 05:00 EST. The Su-25s made two passes at the drone firing their 30 mm cannon; the Predator was not hit and returned to base. The incident was not revealed publicly until 8 November. The U.S. stated that the Predator was over international waters, 16 miles (26 km) away from Iran and never entered its airspace. Iran states that the drone entered Iran's airspace and that its aircraft fired warning shots to drive it away. On 12 March 2013, an Iranian F-4 Phantom pursued an MQ-1 flying over the Persian Gulf. The unarmed reconnoitering Predator was approached by the F-4, coming within 16 miles of the UAV. Two U.S. fighters were escorting the Predator and verbally warned the jet, which made the Iranian F-4 break off. All American aircraft remained over international waters. An earlier statement by the Pentagon that the escorting planes fired a flare to warn the Iranian jet was later amended. The Air Force later revealed that the American jet that forced the Iranian F-4 to break off was an F-22 Raptor. Syria Armed MQ-1s are used in Operation Inherent Resolve against IS over Syria and Iraq. On 17 March 2015, a US MQ-1 was shot down by a Syrian government S-125 SAM battery when it overflew the port of Latakia, a region not involved in the international military operation. Philippines A 2012 New York Times article claimed that U.S. forces used a Predator drone to try and kill Indonesian terrorist Umar Patek in the Philippines in 2006. The Philippines' military denied this action took place, however. It was reported that a drone was responsible for killing al-Qaeda operative Zulkifli bin Hir on Jolo island on 2 February 2012. The strike reportedly killed 15 Abu Sayyaf operatives. The Philippines stated the strike was executed by manned North American / Rockwell OV-10 Bronco aircraft with assistance from the U.S. Other users The Predator has also been used by the Italian Air Force. A contract for 6 version A Predators (later upgraded to A+) was signed in July 2002 and delivery begun in December 2004. It was used in these missions: Iraq, Tallil: from January 2005 to November 2006 for "Antica Babilonia" mission (1.600 hours flew) Afghanistan, Herat: from June 2007 to January 2014 (beginning with Predator A, then A+ and finally replaced by MQ-9 Reaper). Flew 6.000 hours in 750 missions only from June 2007 to May 2011. Djibouti: 2 x Predator A+, since 6 August 2014 for support Atalanta EU mission – counter piracy – and for EUTM mission in Somalia (first mission flew 9 August 2014; detachment of about 70 Italian air force airmen ) Two civil-registered unarmed MQ-1s have been operated by the Office of the National Security Advisor in the Philippines since 2006. The Predator has been licensed for sale to Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and UAE. Variants This section is about MQ-1 Predator variants. For the larger, derivative MQ-9 Reaper or "Predator B", see General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) RQ-1 series RQ-1A: Pre-production designation for the Predator system – four aircraft, Ground Control Station (GCS), and Predator Primary Satellite Link (PPSL). RQ-1K: Pre-production designation for individual airframe. RQ-1B: Production designation for the Predator UAV system. RQ-1L: Production designation for individual airframe. MQ-1 series The M designation differentiates Predator airframes capable of carrying and deploying ordnance. MQ-1A Predator: Early airframes capable of carrying ordnance (AGM-114 Hellfire ATGM or AIM-92 Stinger). Nose-mounted AN/ZPQ-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar removed. MQ-1B Predator: Later airframes capable of carrying ordnance. Modified antenna fit, including introduction of spine-mounted VHF fin. Enlarged dorsal and ventral air intakes for Rotax engine. MQ-1B Block 10 / 15: Current production aircraft include updated avionics, datalinks, and countermeasures, modified v-tail planes to avoid damage from ordnance deployment, upgraded AN/AAS-52 Multi-Spectral Targeting System, wing deicing equipment, secondary daylight and infrared cameras in the nose for pilot visual in case of main sensor malfunction, and a 3 ft (0.91 m) wing extension from each wingtip. Some older MQ-1A aircraft have been partially retrofitted with some Block 10 / 15 features, primarily avionics and the modified tail planes. Predator XP Export variant of the Predator designed specifically to be unable to carry weapons to allow for wider exportation opportunities. Markets for it are expected in the Middle East and Latin America. First flight on 27 June 2014. Features winglets with an endurance of 35 hours and a service ceiling of 25,000 ft (7,600 m). Is equipped with the Lynx synthetic aperture radar, may contain laser rangefinder and laser designator for target illumination for other aircraft. MQ-1C Main article: General Atomics MQ-1C Gray Eagle MQ-1C 25M General Atomics MQ-1C 25M Gray Eagle The “M” in 25M refers to “Modernized,” including open architecture ground and aerial systems, advanced datalinks, and an improved propulsion system. This dramatically improves the capacity for developing new capabilities, supplying electronic threat resistance, and delivering expeditionary employment to remote areas The U.S. Army selected the MQ-1C Warrior as the winner of the Extended-Range Multi-Purpose UAV competition August 2005. The aircraft became operational in 2009 as the MQ-1C Gray Eagle. Operators Operators of the aircraft. Three contract maintainers walk an RQ-1 into a shelter at Balad Air Base, Iraq in 2006. RQ-1 Predator of the Italian Air Force  Morocco Royal Moroccan Air Force received four Predator A aircraft.  Turkey Turkish Air Force The Turkish Air Force has 6 MQ-1 Predators on order via the USA's Foreign Military Sales mechanism. The Turkish Air Force also operates 3 MQ-1 Predator systems on lease from the US as a stop gap measure as of 2011. The leased MQ-1s are under Turkish command (UAV Base Group Command) but operated by a joint Turkish-US unit.  United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Air Force signed a US$197 million deal in February 2013 for an unspecified number of Predators, XP version, marking its first sale. One system of four aircraft is planned to begin delivery in mid-2016. General Atomics stated on 16 February 2017 that it finished deliveries, declining comment on the number delivered. Former operators  Italy Italian Air Force retired on 19 December 2022. 32° Stormo (32nd Wing) Armando Boetto—Foggia, Amendola Air Force Base 28° Gruppo (28th Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron) 61° Gruppo (61st Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron)  United Kingdom Royal Air Force Creech Air Force Base, Nevada No. 1115 Flight (2004–2007) No. 39 Squadron (2007–20??)  United States U.S. Customs and Border Protection Central Intelligence Agency Special Operations Group in Langley, VA Aircraft on display MQ-1B 03-3120 on display at the American Air Museum, IWM Duxford Serbia 95-3021 – RQ-1K on static display at the Aeronautical Museum Belgrade in Belgrade. It was lost during Operation Allied Force. United Kingdom 03-3119 – MQ-1B on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum London in London. 03-3120 – MQ-1B on static display at the American Air Museum at IWM Duxford in Duxford, Cambridgeshire. It was formerly operated by the 432nd Wing of Creech Air Force Base. United States 94-3009 – RQ-1K on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. 95-3013 – RQ-1K on static display at Goodfellow Air Force Base in San Angelo, Texas. Tail 13 was formerly deployed in support of Operation Allied Force; it is noted for having been presumed lost on a mission due to loss of communications only to reappear at its base six hours later, allowing its crew to recover it. 95-3018 – RQ-1K is on static display at the San Diego Air & Space Museum in San Diego, California. 97-3034 – MQ-1L on static display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia. It was the first Predator to launch a Hellfire missile as well as the first to do so operationally. 00-3067 – MQ-1B on static display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona. 00-3069 – MQ-1B is on static display at the Hiller Aviation Museum in San Carlos, California. 03-33116 – MQ-1B on static display at the Hill Aerospace Museum in Roy, Utah. 05-3138 – MQ-1B on static display at the Aviation Unmanned Vehicle Museum in Caddo Mills, Texas. 05-3144 – MQ-1B on static display at the March Field Air Museum in Riverside, California. 07-3185 – MQ-1B on static display at the Lone Star Flight Museum in Houston, Texas. An MQ-1 is on static display at the Fargo Air Museum in Fargo, North Dakota. An MQ-1 is on static display at the Palm Springs Air Museum in Palm Springs, California. Specifications RQ-1B Predator 3-view drawing MQ-1B Predator 3-view drawing Data from USAF MQ-1B fact sheetGeneral characteristics Crew: 0, 3 on ground out of theater, (remote pilot, sensor operator, and intelligence analyst), with in-theater ground handling crew Length: 27 ft 0 in (8.23 m) Wingspan: 48 ft 7 in (14.8 m) ::::MQ-1B Block 10/15: 55.2 ft (16.84 m) Height: 6 ft 11 in (2.1 m) Wing area: 123.3 sq ft (11.45 m2) Aspect ratio: 19 Empty weight: 1,130 lb (513 kg) Gross weight: 2,249 lb (1,020 kg) Fuel capacity: 851 lb (387 kg) Powerplant: 1 × Rotax 914F 4-cylinder air-cooled turbocharged horizontally-opposed piston engine, 115 hp (86 kW) Propellers: 2-bladed constant-speed pusher propeller Performance Maximum speed: 117 kn (135 mph, 217 km/h) Cruise speed: 70 kn (81 mph, 130 km/h) to 90 kn (100 mph; 170 km/h) Stall speed: 54 kn (62 mph, 100 km/h) Range: 675 nmi (777 mi, 1,250 km) Endurance: 24 hours Service ceiling: 25,000 ft (7,600 m) Armament Hardpoints: 2 , with provisions to carry combinations of: Missiles: 2 × AGM-114 Hellfire (MQ-1B) 4 × Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS) (MQ-1B) 6 × AGM-176 Griffin air-to-surface missiles Avionics ASIP-1C AN/AAS-52 Multi-Spectral Targeting System AN/ZPQ-1 synthetic-aperture radar (early airframes only) See also Unmanned combat aerial vehicle Lethal autonomous weapon Related development General Atomics ALTUS General Atomics Avenger General Atomics Gnat General Atomics MQ-1C Gray Eagle General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era CAIG Wing Loong Denel Dynamics Bateleur DRDO Rustom EADS Harfang Fotros Elbit Hermes 900 IAI Heron Shahed 129 Bayraktar Tactical UAS TAI Anka Orion Related lists List of unmanned aerial vehicles List of active United States military aircraft Notes ^ a b c d U.S. Air Force Ends Predator Operations. 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Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. References Coll, Steve (2005). Ghost Wars. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-102080-8. Parts of this article are taken from the MQ-1 PREDATOR fact sheet."Fact Sheet (Printable) : MQ-1 PREDATOR". AF.mil. 23 May 2007. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2010. This article contains material that originally came from the web article Unmanned Aerial Vehicles by Greg Goebel, which exists in the public domain. Goebel, Greg, "Predator & Global Hawk", AirVectors Further reading Lee, Caitlin (2019), "The role of culture in military innovation studies: Lessons learned from the US Air Force's adoption of the Predator Drone, 1993-1997", Journal of Strategic Studies, 46: 1–35, doi:10.1080/01402390.2019.1668272, S2CID 204445254 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to MQ-1 Predator. General Atomics Predator page MQ-1B Predator US Air Force Fact Sheet MQ-1 Predator page on armyrecognition.com Predator page and UAV Sensor page on defense-update.com How the Predator Works – Howstuffworks.com British Daily Telegraph article – 'In Las Vegas a pilot pulls the trigger. In Iraq a Predator fires its missile' Accident report from 20 March 2006 MQ-1L crash Missile strike emphasizes Al-Qaida vteGeneral Atomics aircraftDesignation RQ-1/MQ-1 MQ-1C MQ-9 MQ-20 Name Altus Avenger (Predator C) Gnat Gray Eagle (Warrior) Mojave Prowler Predator Reaper (Predator B) vteUSAAF/USAF UAV designations 1924–1962, tri-service designations 1962–presentUSAAF designations(1924-1947)Controllable bombs BQ-1 BQ-2 BQ-3 BQ-4 BQ-5 BQ-6 BQ-7 BQ-8 Target control aircraft CQ-1 CQ-2 CQ-3 CQ-4 Aerial target (subscale) OQ-11 OQ-2 OQ-3 OQ-4 OQ-5 OQ-6 OQ-7 OQ-81 OQ-91 OQ-101 OQ-11 OQ-12 OQ-13 OQ-14 OQ-15 OQ-16 OQ-17 OQ-18 OQ-19 Aerial target (full-scale)2 A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8/PQ-8 PQ-9 PQ-10 PQ-11 PQ-12 PQ-13 PQ-14 PQ-15 USAF designations(1948-1962) Q-1 Q-2 Q-3 Q-4 Q-5 Q-6 Q-71 Q-8 Q-9 Q-10 Q-11 Q-12 Q-131 Q-14 Tri-service designations(1962-present)Main series Q-1/C Q-2 Q-3 Q-4/C Q-5 Q-6 Q-7 Q-8/C Q-9 Q-10 Q-11 Q-12 Q-131 Q-14 Q-15 Q-16 Q-17 Q-18 Q-19 Q-203 RQ-20 MQ-20 Q-21 Q-22 Q-23 Q-24 Q-25 Q-26 Q-27 Q-28 Non-sequential Q-35 Q-58 Q-67 Q-72 Q-170 1 Not assigned 2 Not to be confused with the Attack or Amphibious aircraft sequences. 3 Assigned to multiple types Drones designated in missile sequence vteWar on terror War in Afghanistan (2001–2016) Iraq War (2003–2011) Symbolism of terrorism ParticipantsOperational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq (Iraqi Armed Forces) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia TargetsIndividuals Osama bin Laden Hamza bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki Sirajuddin Haqqani Jalaluddin Haqqani Anas Haqqani Khalil Haqqani Hafiz Saeed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Factions al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State ConflictsOperationEnduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF – Philippines Georgia Train and Equip Program Georgia Sustainment and Stability OEF – Horn of Africa OEF – Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War in Somalia (2006–2009) 2007 Lebanon conflict al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Related Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the war on terror CIA black sites Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri Killing of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Torture Memos Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Military Commissions Act of 2006 Military Commissions Act of 2009 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Terrorist Surveillance Program Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Pakistan's role Patriot Act President's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 September 11 attacks Situation Room photograph State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016) Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011) CAGE Category Commons vteItalian Armed Forces aircraft designation system, 2009–present1–100 Q-1 G-2 H-3D/H-3F G-4 Q-7 AV-8 Q-9 Q-10 A-11 Q-11 Q-12 F-16 G-17 G-21 Q-24 Q-25 Q-26 C-27 Q-27 F-35 C-42/P-42 H-47 C-50 P-72 H-90 101–200 H-101 G-103 H-109 H-129 C-130 H-139 U-166 H-169 C-180 A-200 201–400 H-205 H-206 U-208 H-212 C-222 C-228 H-249 T-260 C-319 T-339 T-345 T-346 401–2006 H-412 H-500 E-550 KC-707 KC-767 A B C-900 P-1150 F-2000 T-2006
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Predator B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator_B"},{"link_name":"Predator C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator_C"},{"link_name":"Predator (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"remotely piloted aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remotely_piloted_aircraft"},{"link_name":"General Atomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"aerial reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"AGM-114 Hellfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire"},{"link_name":"missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile"},{"link_name":"war in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"NATO intervention in Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"NATO bombing of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"2011 Libyan civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)"},{"link_name":"2014 intervention in Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_military_intervention_in_Somalia_(2007%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"ground control station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV_ground_control_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAF_Tier_system_scheme-3"},{"link_name":"Rotax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax"},{"link_name":"nmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"},{"link_name":"Pakistani tribal areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas"},{"link_name":"MQ-9 Reaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper"},{"link_name":"classified by the U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drone_aircraft_in_a_stepped-up_war_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ain13march18-1"},{"link_name":"California Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Rim Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_Fire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msn-5"}],"text":"\"Predator drone\" and \"Predator plane\" redirect here. For other drones, see Predator B and Predator C. For other uses, see Predator (disambiguation).The General Atomics MQ-1 Predator (often referred to as the Predator drone) is an American remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) built by General Atomics that was used primarily by the United States Air Force (USAF) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Conceived in the early 1990s for aerial reconnaissance and forward observation roles, the Predator carries cameras and other sensors. It was modified and upgraded to carry and fire two AGM-114 Hellfire missiles or other munitions. The aircraft entered service in 1995, and saw combat in the war in Afghanistan, Pakistan, the NATO intervention in Bosnia, the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, the Iraq War, Yemen, the 2011 Libyan civil war, the 2014 intervention in Syria, and Somalia.The USAF describes the Predator as a \"Tier II\" MALE UAS (medium-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aircraft system). The UAS consists of four aircraft or \"air vehicles\" with sensors, a ground control station (GCS), and a primary satellite link communication suite.[3] Powered by a Rotax engine and driven by a propeller, the air vehicle can fly up to 400 nmi (460 mi; 740 km) to a target, loiter overhead for 14 hours, then return to its base.The MQ-1 Predator was the primary remotely piloted aircraft used for offensive operations by the USAF and the CIA in Afghanistan and the Pakistani tribal areas from 2001 until the introduction of the MQ-9 Reaper; it has also been deployed elsewhere. Because offensive uses of the Predator are classified by the U.S., U.S. military officials have reported an appreciation for the intelligence and reconnaissance-gathering abilities of RPAs but declined to publicly discuss their offensive use.[4] The United States Air Force retired the Predator in 2018, replacing it with the Reaper.[1]Civilian applications for drones have included border enforcement and scientific studies, and to monitor wind direction and other characteristics of large forest fires (such as the drone that was used by the California Air National Guard in the August 2013 Rim Fire).[5]","title":"General Atomics MQ-1 Predator"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQ-1_Predator_P1230014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paris Air Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Air_Show"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RQ-1_Predator_in_flight_near_USS_Carl_Vinson_(CVN-70)_951205-N-3149J-006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Amber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSI_Amber"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spyflight.co.uk-6"},{"link_name":"Abraham Karem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Karem"},{"link_name":"Israeli Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Gnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_Gnat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penguin-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indispensable-8"},{"link_name":"General Atomics Aeronautical Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_Aeronautical_Systems"},{"link_name":"El Mirage airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mirage_Field"},{"link_name":"Mojave Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"GA Gnat 750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_Gnat"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOS-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOS-10"},{"link_name":"Gjader, Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjader"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOS-10"},{"link_name":"United States Afghan campaign in 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"de-icing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-icing"},{"link_name":"air vehicle designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designation_system"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Short_Primer_on_Military_Aircraft_Designations-12"},{"link_name":"MQ-9 Reaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQ-9_Reaper"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vector-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FS1-14"}],"text":"At Paris Air Show 2007A Predator flies on a simulated Navy aerial reconnaissance flight off the coast of southern California on 5 December 1995.The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Pentagon began experimenting with unmanned reconnaissance aircraft (drones) in the early 1980s. The CIA preferred small, lightweight, unobtrusive drones, in contrast to the United States Air Force (USAF). In the early 1990s, the CIA became interested in the \"Amber\", a drone developed by Leading Systems, Inc.[6] The company's owner, Abraham Karem, was the former chief designer for the Israeli Air Force, and had immigrated to the U.S. in the late 1970s. Karem's company went bankrupt and was bought by a U.S. defense contractor, from whom the CIA secretly bought five drones (now called the \"Gnat\"). Karem agreed to produce a quiet engine for the vehicle, which had until then sounded like \"a lawnmower in the sky\". The new development became known as the \"Predator\".[7][8]General Atomics Aeronautical Systems (GA) was awarded a contract to develop the Predator in January 1994, and the initial Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) phase lasted from January 1994 to June 1996. First flight took place on 3 July 1994 at the El Mirage airfield in the Mojave Desert.[9] The aircraft itself was a derivative of the GA Gnat 750. During the ACTD phase, three systems were purchased from GA, comprising twelve aircraft and three ground control stations.[10]From April through May 1995, the Predator ACTD aircraft were flown as a part of the Roving Sands 1995 exercises in the U.S. The exercise operations were successful which led to the decision to deploy the system to the Balkans later in the summer of 1995.[10]During the ACTD, Predators were operated by a combined Army/Navy/Air Force/Marine team managed by the Navy's Joint Program Office for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (JPO-UAV) and first deployed to Gjader, Albania, for operations in the former Yugoslavia in spring 1995.[10]By the start of the United States Afghan campaign in 2001, the USAF had acquired 60 Predators, but lost 20 of them in action.[11] Few if any of the losses were from enemy action, the worst problem apparently being foul weather, particularly icy conditions. Some critics within the Pentagon saw the high loss rate as a sign of poor operational procedures. In response to the losses caused by cold weather conditions, a few of the later USAF Predators were fitted with de-icing systems, along with an uprated turbocharged engine and improved avionics. This improved \"Block 1\" version was referred to as the \"RQ-1B\", or the \"MQ-1B\" if it carried munitions; the corresponding air vehicle designation was \"RQ-1L\" or \"MQ-1L\".The Predator system was initially designated the RQ-1 Predator. The \"R\" is the United States Department of Defense designation for reconnaissance and the \"Q\" refers to an unmanned aircraft system.[12] The \"1\" describes it as being the first of a series of aircraft systems built for unmanned reconnaissance. Pre-production systems were designated as RQ-1A, while the RQ-1B (not to be confused with the Predator B, which became the MQ-9 Reaper) denotes the baseline production configuration. These are designations of the system as a unit. The actual aircraft themselves were designated RQ-1K for pre-production models, and RQ-1L for production models.[13] In 2002, the USAF officially changed the designation to MQ-1 (\"M\" for multi-role) to reflect its growing use as an armed aircraft.[14]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"sticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystick"},{"link_name":"command and control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control"},{"link_name":"Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penguin1-15"},{"link_name":"C-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)"},{"link_name":"line-of-sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation"},{"link_name":"Ku-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_band"},{"link_name":"Multi-spectral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multispectral_imaging"},{"link_name":"thermographic camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camera"},{"link_name":"synthetic aperture radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_aperture_radar"},{"link_name":"radar images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_imaging"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"laser designator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_designator"},{"link_name":"laser guidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_guidance"},{"link_name":"AGM-114 Hellfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Command and sensor systems","text":"During campaign in the former Yugoslavia, a Predator's pilot would sit with several payload specialists in a van near the runway of the drone's operating base. Direct radio signals controlled the drone's takeoff and initial ascent, and then communications shifted to military satellite networks linked to the pilot's van. Pilots experienced a delay of several seconds between moving their sticks and the drone's response. But by 2000, improvements in communications systems made it possible, at least in theory, to fly the drone remotely from great distances. It was no longer necessary to use close-up radio signals during the Predator's takeoff and ascent. The entire flight could be controlled by satellite from any command and control center with the right equipment. The CIA proposed to attempt over Afghanistan the first fully remote Predator flight operations, piloted from the agency's headquarters at Langley.[15]The Predator air vehicle and sensors are controlled from the ground control station (GCS) via a C-band line-of-sight data link or a Ku-band satellite data link for beyond-line-of-sight operations. During flight operations the crew in the GCS is a pilot and two sensor operators. The aircraft is equipped with the AN/AAS-52 Multi-spectral Targeting System, a color nose camera (generally used by the pilot for flight control), a variable aperture day-TV camera, and a variable aperture thermographic camera (for low light/night). Previously, Predators were equipped with a synthetic aperture radar for looking through smoke, clouds or haze, but lack of use validated its removal to reduce weight and conserve fuel. The cameras produce full motion video and the synthetic aperture radar produced still frame radar images. There is sufficient bandwidth on the datalink for two video sources to be used together, but only one video source from the sensor ball can be used due to design limitations. Either the daylight variable aperture or the infrared electro-optical sensor may be operated simultaneously with the synthetic aperture radar, if equipped.[citation needed]All later Predators are equipped with a laser designator that allows the pilot to identify targets for other aircraft and even provide the laser guidance for manned aircraft. This laser is also the designator for the AGM-114 Hellfire that are carried on the MQ-1.[citation needed][16]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQ-1_Predator_controls_2007-08-07.jpg"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator&action=edit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"M/RQ-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper"},{"link_name":"search and rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"infrared camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_camera"},{"link_name":"infrared signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_signature"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www2006-17"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator&action=edit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Predator-series_UAVs_surpass_one_million_flight_hours-18"}],"sub_title":"Deployment methodology","text":"Predator operators at Balad Camp Anaconda, Iraq, August 2007Each Predator air vehicle can be disassembled into six modules and loaded into a container nicknamed \"the coffin\". This enables all system components and support equipment to be rapidly deployed worldwide. The largest component is the ground control station (GCS) which is designed to roll into a C-130 Hercules. The Predator primary satellite link consists of a 6.1-meter (20-ft) satellite dish with associated support equipment. The satellite link provides communications between the GCS and the aircraft when it is beyond line-of-sight and links to networks that disseminate secondary intelligence. The RQ-1A system needs 1,500 by 40 meters (5,000 by 125 ft) of hard surface runway with clear line-of-sight to each end from the GCS to the air vehicles. Initially, all components needed to be located on the same airfield.[citation needed]As of 2011[update], the U.S. Air Force used a concept called \"Remote-Split Operations\" where the satellite datalink is placed in a different location and is connected to the GCS through fiber optic cabling. This allows Predators to be launched and recovered by a small \"Launch and Recovery Element\" and then handed off to a \"Mission Control Element\" for the rest of the flight. This allows a smaller number of troops to be deployed to a forward location, and consolidates control of the different flights in one location.[citation needed]The improvements in the MQ-1B production version include an ARC-210 radio, an APX-100 IFF/SIF with mode 4, a glycol-weeping \"wet wings\" de-icing system, upgraded turbo-charged engine, fuel injection, longer wings, dual alternators as well as other improvements.[citation needed]On 18 May 2006, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued a certificate of authorization which will allow the M/RQ-1 and M/RQ-9 aircraft to be used within U.S. civilian airspace to search for survivors of disasters. Requests had been made in 2005 for the aircraft to be used in search and rescue operations following Hurricane Katrina, but because there was no FAA authorization in place at the time, the assets were not used. The Predator's infrared camera with digitally enhanced zoom has the capability of identifying the infrared signature of a human body from an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft), making the aircraft an ideal search and rescue tool.[17]The longest declassified Predator flight as of 2011[update] lasted for 40 hours and 5 minutes.[citation needed] The total flight time reached 1 million hours in April 2010, according to General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc.[18]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AGM-114_Hellfire_hung_on_a_Predator_drone.JPEG"},{"link_name":"Hellfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire"},{"link_name":"pylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_pylon"},{"link_name":"BIG SAFARI program office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Safari"},{"link_name":"pylons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_pylon"},{"link_name":"laser designator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_designator"},{"link_name":"Hellfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire"},{"link_name":"anti-tank missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_missile"},{"link_name":"Indian Springs Air Force Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creech_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vector-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Predator_missile_launch_test_totally_successful-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cofer Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofer_Black"},{"link_name":"Counterterrorist Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterterrorist_Center"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Bin Laden Issue Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Laden_Issue_Station"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tarnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnak_Farms"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penguin2-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_CIA_and_the_Predator_Drone_(2000%E2%80%931)-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9-11commission15-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonpost2002-24"},{"link_name":"\"Finder\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_UAVs#NRL_%22Dragon_Eye%22,_%22Swallow%22_and_%22Finder%22"},{"link_name":"mini-UAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_UAV"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vector-13"}],"sub_title":"Armed versions","text":"Close-up of the Hellfire missile pylon, 2004.The USAF BIG SAFARI program office managed the Predator program and was directed on 21 June 2000 to explore armament options. This led to reinforced wings with munitions storage pylons, as well as a laser designator. The RQ-1 conducted its first firing of a Hellfire anti-tank missile on 16 February 2001 over a bombing range near Indian Springs Air Force Station north of Las Vegas, Nevada, with an inert AGM-114C successfully striking a tank target. Then on 21 February 2001 the Predator fired three Hellfire missiles, scoring hits on a stationary tank with all three missiles. Following the February tests, phase two involved more complex tests to hunt for simulated moving targets from greater altitudes with the more advanced AGM-114K version. The armed Predators were put into service with the designation MQ-1A. The Predator gives little warning of attack because it is relatively quiet and the Hellfire is supersonic, so it strikes before it is heard by the target.[13][19][20]In the winter of 2000–2001, after seeing the results of Predator reconnaissance in Afghanistan, Cofer Black, head of the CIA's Counterterrorist Center (CTC), became a vocal advocate of arming the Predator with missiles to target Osama bin Laden in country. He believed that CIA pressure and practical interest were causing the USAF's armed Predator program to be significantly accelerated. Black, and \"Richard\", who was in charge of the CTC's Bin Laden Issue Station, continued to press during 2001 for a Predator armed with Hellfire missiles.[citation needed]Further weapons tests occurred between 22 May and 7 June 2001, with mixed results. While missile accuracy was excellent, there were some problems with missile fuzing. In the first week of June, in the Nevada desert, a Hellfire missile was successfully launched on a replica of bin Laden's Afghanistan Tarnak residence. A missile launched from a Predator exploded inside one of the replica's rooms; it was concluded that any people in the room would have been killed. However, the armed Predator was not deployed before the September 11 attacks. \n[21]\n[22]\n[23]\n[24]The USAF also investigated using the Predator to drop battlefield ground sensors and to carry and deploy the \"Finder\" mini-UAV.[13]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Atomics ALTUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_ALTUS"},{"link_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"ERAST Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERAST_Project"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA_Dryden_Fact_Sheet_%E2%80%93_ALTUS_II-25"},{"link_name":"General Atomics MQ-1C Gray Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1C_Gray_Eagle"},{"link_name":"MQ-9 Reaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQ-9_Reaper"},{"link_name":"Davis-Monthan Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis-Monthan_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"U.S. Customs and Border Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection"},{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Missile Technology Control Regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_Technology_Control_Regime"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"invaded Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ain13march18-1"}],"sub_title":"Other versions and fate","text":"Two unarmed versions, known as the General Atomics ALTUS were built, ALTUS I for the Naval Postgraduate School and ALTUS II for the NASA ERAST Project in 1997 and 1996, respectively.[25]Based on the MQ-1 Predator, the General Atomics MQ-1C Gray Eagle was developed for the U.S. Army.The USAF ordered a total of 259 Predators, and due to retirements and crashes the number in Air Force operation was reduced to 154 as of May 2014. Budget proposals planned to retire the Predator fleet between FY 2015 and 2017 in favor of the larger MQ-9 Reaper, which has greater payload and range. The Predators were to be stored at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base or given to other agencies willing to take them. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection showed interest, but already had higher-performance Reapers and were burdened with operating costs. The U.S. Coast Guard also showed interest in land-based UAV surveillance. Foreign sales were also an option, but the MQ-1 is subject to limitations of the Missile Technology Control Regime because it can be armed; export markets are also limited by the existence of the Reaper.[26] Given the Predator's pending phase-out and its size, weight, and power limitations, the Air Force decided not to pursue upgrades to make it more effective in contested environments, and determined its only use in defended airspace would be as a decoy to draw fire away from other aircraft.[27] Due to airborne surveillance needs after the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) invaded Iraq, the Predator's retirement was delayed to 2018. MQ-1s will probably be placed in non-recoverable storage at the Boneyard and not sold to allies, although antenna, ground control stations, and other components may be salvaged for continued use on other airframes.[28]General Atomics completed the final RQ-1 ordered by Italy by October 2015, marking the end of Predator A production after two decades. The last Predator for the USAF was completed in 2011; later Predator aircraft were built on the Predator XP assembly line.[29]The United States Air Force announced plans to retire the MQ-1 on 9 March 2018.[30] The Predator was officially retired from USAF service in March 2018.[1]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Atomics_RQ-1A_Predator_USAF.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-choice-31"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2009-03-17-33"},{"link_name":"Global Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_RQ-4_Global_Hawk"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-34"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FS1-14"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-General_Atomics_Press_Release-35"},{"link_name":"MQ-9 Reaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQ-9_Reaper"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suasnews-36"},{"link_name":"MQ-1C Gray Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MQ-1C_Gray_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ain13march18-1"}],"text":"RQ-1A PredatorAs of March 2009, the U.S. Air Force had 195 MQ-1 Predators and 28 MQ-9 Reapers in operation.[31] Predators and Reapers fired missiles 244 times in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2007 and 2008. A report in March 2009 indicated that U.S. Air Force had lost 70 Predators in air crashes during its operational history. Fifty-five were lost to equipment failure, operator error, or weather. Five were shot down in Bosnia, Kosovo, Syria and Iraq.[32] Eleven more were lost to operational accidents on combat missions.[33] In 2012, the Predator, Reaper and Global Hawk were described as \"the most accident-prone aircraft in the Air Force fleet.\"[34]On 3 March 2011, the U.S. Air Force took delivery of its last MQ-1 Predator in a ceremony at General Atomics' flight operations facility. Since its first flight in July 1994, the MQ-1 series accumulated over 1,000,000 flight hours[14] and maintained a fleet fully mission capable rate over 90 percent.[35]On 22 October 2013, the U.S. Air Force's fleets of MQ-1 Predators and MQ-9 Reaper remotely piloted aircraft reached 2,000,000 flight hours. The RPA program began in the mid-1990s, taking 16 years for them to reach 1 million flight hours. The 2 million hour mark was reached just two and a half years after that.[36]On 9 March 2018, the U.S. Air Force officially retired the MQ-1 Predator from operational service. The aircraft was first operationally deployed in 1995 and in 2011 the last of 268 Predators were delivered to the service, of which just over 100 were still in service by the start of 2018. While the Predator was phased out by the Air Force in favor of the heavier and more capable MQ-9 Reaper, the Predator continues to serve in the MQ-1C Gray Eagle derivative for the U.S. Army as well as with several foreign nations.[1]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"3d Special Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3d_Special_Operations_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Cannon Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"15th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"17th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"18th Reconnaissance Squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Creech Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creech_Air_Force_Base#Indian_Springs_history"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"163d Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/163d_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rf163-37"},{"link_name":"March Air Reserve Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Air_Reserve_Base"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ellington Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellington_Airport_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"147th Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/147th_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"F-16 Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Base Realignment and Closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guard_unit_welcomes_Predator,_reconnaissance_mission-38"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Factsheets_:_3rd_Special_Operations_Squadron-39"},{"link_name":"U.S. Customs and Border Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Now_%E2%80%93_Southern_California-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Officials_choose_bases_for_MQ-1,_MQ-9_ground_control_stations-42"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AirForceWorld_MQ-1B_Air_Guard-43"},{"link_name":"163d Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/163d_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"Rim Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_Fire"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rf163-37"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-verticalmag-44"},{"link_name":"Air Force Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"Boeing C-17 Globemaster III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-militarytimes-45"}],"sub_title":"Squadrons and operational units","text":"During the initial ACTD phase, the United States Army led the evaluation program, but in April 1996, the Secretary of Defense selected the U.S. Air Force as the operating service for the RQ-1A Predator system. The 3d Special Operations Squadron at Cannon Air Force Base, 11th, 15th, 17th, and 18th Reconnaissance Squadrons, Creech Air Force Base, Nevada, and the Air National Guard's 163d Reconnaissance Wing[37] at March Air Reserve Base, California, currently operate the MQ-1.[citation needed]In 2005, the U.S. Department of Defense recommended retiring Ellington Field's 147th Fighter Wing's F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter jets (a total of 15 aircraft), which was approved by the Base Realignment and Closure committee. They will be replaced with 12 MQ-1 Predator UAVs, and the new unit should be fully equipped and outfitted by 2009.[38] The wing's combat support arm will remain intact. The 272d Engineering Installation Squadron, an Air National Guard unit currently located off-base, will move into Ellington Field in its place.The 3d Special Operations Squadron is currently the largest Predator squadron in the United States Air Force.[39]U.S. Customs and Border Protection was reported in 2013 to be operating 10 Predators and to have requested 14 more.[40][41]On 21 June 2009, the United States Air Force announced that it was creating a new MQ-1 squadron at Whiteman Air Force Base that would become operational by February 2011.[42] In September 2011, the U.S. Air National Guard announced that despite current plans for budget cuts, they will continue to operate the Air Force's combat UAVs, including MQ-1B.[43]On 28 August 2013, a Predator belonging to the 163d Reconnaissance Wing was flying at 18,000 to 20,000 feet over the Rim Fire in California providing infrared video of lurking fires, after receiving emergency approvals. Rules limit the Predator behavior; it must be accompanied by a manned aircraft, and its camera must only be active above the fire.[37][44]In September 2013, the Air Force Special Operations Command tested the ability to rapidly deploy Predator aircraft. Two MQ-1s were loaded into a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III in a cradle system that also carried a control terminal, maintenance tent, and the crew. The test was to prove the UAVs could be deployed and set up at an expeditionary base within four hours of landing. In a recent undisclosed deployment, airmen set up a portable hangar in a tent and a wooden taxiway to operate MQ-1s for a six-week period.[45]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Predator_MQ-1_(war_trophy_in_Museum_of_Aviation,_Belgrade,_Serbia).jpg"},{"link_name":"Museum of Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_Museum_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Gjader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjader_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-47"},{"link_name":"Taszar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taszar"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Operation Noble Anvil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Noble_Anvil"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFPN_report-50"},{"link_name":"Strela-1M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-9_Gaskin"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loss-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loss-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aeronautics-52"}],"sub_title":"The Balkans","text":"A shot down RQ-1 Predator in the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade, SerbiaThe first overseas deployment took place in the Balkans, from July to November 1995, under the name Nomad Vigil. Operations were based in Gjader, Albania. Four disassembled Predators were flown into Gjadër airbase in a C-130 Hercules. The UAVs were assembled and flown first by civilian contract personnel. The U.S. deployed more than 70 military intelligence personnel. Intelligence collection missions began in July 1995.[46]One of the Predators was lost over Bosnia on 11 August 1995;[47] a second was deliberately destroyed on 14 August after suffering an engine failure over Bosnia, which may have been caused by hostile ground fire.[48] The wreckage of the first Predator was handed over to Russia, according to Serb sources.[47] Its original 60-day stay was extended to 120 days. The following spring, in March 1996, the system was redeployed to the Balkans area and operated out of Taszar, Hungary.[49]Several others were destroyed in the course of Operation Noble Anvil, the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia:One aircraft (serial 95-3017) was lost on 18 April 1999, following fuel system problems and icing.[50]\nA second aircraft (serial 95-3019) was lost on 13 May, when it was shot down by a Serbian Strela-1M surface-to-air missile over the village of Biba. A Serbian TV crew videotaped this incident.[51]\nA third aircraft (serial number 95-3021) crashed on 20 May near the town of Talinovci, and Serbian news reported that this, too, was the result of anti-aircraft fire.[51][52]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Richard A. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Clarke"},{"link_name":"Cofer Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofer_Black"},{"link_name":"Charles Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Allen"},{"link_name":"Tarnak Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnak_Farm"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9-11commission189-53"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penguin3-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Predator_and_Hellfire.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nellis Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"AGM-114C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire"},{"link_name":"Tarnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnak_Farms"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9-11commission213-55"},{"link_name":"sport utility vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Omar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah_Omar"},{"link_name":"Zhawar Kili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhawar_Kili"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrepreneurship-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technology-57"},{"link_name":"Army Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Ranger_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"CH-47 Chinook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH-47_Chinook"},{"link_name":"Takur Ghar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takur_Ghar"},{"link_name":"F-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15E_Strike_Eagle"},{"link_name":"F-16 Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"Battle of Roberts Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Takur_Ghar"},{"link_name":"Operation Anaconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anaconda"},{"link_name":"close air support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discovery2007-58"},{"link_name":"Creech Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creech_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-59"}],"sub_title":"Afghanistan","text":"In 2000, a joint CIA-DoD effort was agreed to locate Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan. Dubbed \"Afghan Eyes\", it involved a projected 60-day trial run of Predators over the country. The first experimental flight was held on 7 September 2000. White House security chief Richard A. Clarke was impressed by the resulting video footage; he hoped that the drones might eventually be used to target Bin Laden with cruise missiles or armed aircraft. Clarke's enthusiasm was matched by that of Cofer Black, head of the CIA's Counterterrorist Center (CTC), and Charles Allen, in charge of the CIA's intelligence-collection operations. The three men backed an immediate trial run of reconnaissance flights. Ten out of the ensuing 15 Predator missions over Afghanistan were rated successful. On at least two flights, a Predator spotted a tall man in white robes at bin Laden's Tarnak Farm compound outside Kandahar; the figure was subsequently deemed to be \"probably bin Laden\".[53] By October 2000, deteriorating weather conditions made it difficult for the Predator to fly from its base in Uzbekistan, and the flights were suspended.[54]Predator launching a Hellfire missileOn 16 February 2001 at Nellis Air Force Base, a Predator successfully fired three Hellfire AGM-114C missiles into a target. The newly armed Predators were given the designation of MQ-1A. In the first week of June 2001, a Hellfire missile was successfully launched on a replica of bin Laden's Afghanistan Tarnak residence built at a Nevada testing site. A missile launched from a Predator exploded inside one of the replica's rooms; it was concluded that any people in the room would have been killed. On 4 September 2001 (after the Bush cabinet approved a Qaeda/Taliban plan), CIA chief Tenet ordered the agency to resume reconnaissance flights. The Predators were now weapons-capable, but did not carry missiles because the host country (presumably Uzbekistan) hadn't granted permission.Subsequent to 9/11, approval was quickly granted to ship the missiles, and the Predator aircraft and missiles reached their overseas location on 16 September 2001. The first mission was flown over Kabul and Kandahar on 18 September without carrying weapons. Subsequent host nation approval was granted on 7 October and the first armed mission was flown on the same day.[55]In February 2002, armed Predators are thought to have been used to destroy a sport utility vehicle belonging to suspected Taliban leader Mullah Mohammed Omar and mistakenly killed Afghan scrap metal collectors near Zhawar Kili because one of them resembled Osama bin Laden.[56][57]\nOn 4 March 2002, a CIA-operated Predator fired a Hellfire missile into a reinforced Taliban machine gun bunker that had pinned down an Army Ranger team whose CH-47 Chinook had crashed on the top of Takur Ghar Mountain in Afghanistan. Previous attempts by flights of F-15 and F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft were unable to destroy the bunker. This action took place during what has become known as the \"Battle of Roberts Ridge\", a part of Operation Anaconda. This appears to be the first use of such a weapon in a close air support role.[58]\nOn 6 April 2011, 2 US soldiers were killed in Afghanistan when the Predator had its first friendly fire incident. This occurred when observers in Indiana did not relay their doubts about the target to the operators at Creech Air Force Base in Nevada.[59]On 5 May 2013, an MQ-1 Predator surpassed 20,000 flight hours over Afghanistan by a single Predator. Predator P107 achieved the milestone while flying a 21-hour combat mission; P107 was first delivered in October 2004.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Shamsi airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamsi_airfield"},{"link_name":"Federally Administered Tribal Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Earth_Reveals_Secret_History_of_US_Base_in_Pakistan-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_those_missing_Predator_drones:_It_wasn't_censorship_after_all-61"},{"link_name":"Hellfire missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellfire_missile"},{"link_name":"al Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc1-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAToday_article-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph2006-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_Al-Qaeda_Central:_Far_From_Declining,_the_Network_Has_Rebuilt,_With_Fresh_Faces_and_a_Vigorous_Media_Arm-65"}],"sub_title":"Pakistan","text":"From at least 2003 until 2011, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency has allegedly been operating the drones out of Shamsi airfield in Pakistan to attack militants in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas.[60][61] During this period, the MQ-1 Predator fitted with Hellfire missiles was successfully used to kill a number of prominent al Qaeda operatives.[62]On 13 January 2006, 18 civilians were unintentionally killed by the Predator. According to Pakistani authorities, the U.S. strike was based on faulty intelligence.[63][64][65]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQ-1B_Predator_unmanned_aircraft.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ali Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"MiG-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-25"},{"link_name":"no fly zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_fly_zone"},{"link_name":"AIM-92 Stinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-92_Stinger"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbs2-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atwar1999-67"},{"link_name":"SAMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-institute-68"},{"link_name":"2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vector-13"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbs2-66"},{"link_name":"15th Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www20064-69"},{"link_name":"Iraqi insurgents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(Iraq_War)"},{"link_name":"SkyGrabber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyGrabber"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Insurgents_Hack_U.S._Drones_%E2%80%93_WSJ.com-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iraq_rebels_'hack_into_US_drones'-71"},{"link_name":"ROVER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROVER"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iraqi_insurgents_hacked_Predator_drone_feeds,_U.S._official_indicates-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fixes_on_the_way_for_nonsecure_UAV_links_%E2%80%93_Air_Force_News,_news_from_Iraq-73"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Operation Inherent Resolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Iraq","text":"An MQ-1B Predator from the 361st Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron takes off 9 July 2008 from Ali Base, Iraq.An Iraqi MiG-25 shot down a Predator performing reconnaissance over the no fly zone in Iraq on 23 December 2002. This was the first time in history a conventional aircraft and a drone had engaged each other in combat. Predators had been armed with AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles, and were purportedly being used to \"bait\" Iraqi fighters, then run. However, the Predator's maximum speed is 1,800 mph (2,900 km/h) lower than the MiG-25's, and its service ceiling is nearly 60,000 ft (18,000 m) lower, making the \"run\" segment of any \"bait and run\" mission a difficult task. In this incident, the Predator did not run (or could not run fast enough), but instead fired one of its Stingers. The Stinger's heat-seeker became \"distracted\" by the MiG's missile and missed the MiG. The Predator was hit by the MiG's missile and destroyed.[66][67] Another two Predators had been shot down earlier by Iraqi SAMs.[68]During the initial phases of the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, a number of older Predators were stripped down and used as decoys to entice Iraqi air defenses to expose themselves by firing.[13][66] From July 2005 to June 2006, the 15th Reconnaissance Squadron participated in more than 242 separate raids, engaged 132 troops in contact-force protection actions, fired 59 Hellfire missiles; surveyed 18,490 targets, escorted four convoys, and flew 2,073 sorties for more than 33,833 flying hours.[69]Iraqi insurgents intercepted video feeds, which were not encrypted, using a $26 piece of Russian software named SkyGrabber.[70][71] The encryption for the ROVER feeds was removed for performance reasons.[72] Work to secure the data feeds was to be completed by 2014.[73]On 27 June 2014, the Pentagon confirmed that a number of armed Predators had been sent to Iraq along with U.S. Special Forces following advances by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The Predators were flying 30 to 40 missions a day in and around Baghdad with government permission, and intelligence was shared with Iraqi forces.[74] On 8 August 2014, an MQ-1 Predator fired a missile at a militant mortar position.[75] From the beginning of Operation Inherent Resolve to January 2016, five USAF Predators were lost; four crashed from technical failures in Iraq, one in June 2015, two in October 2015, and one in January 2016.[76]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hellfire missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaed_Salim_Sinan_al-Harethi"},{"link_name":"USS Cole bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing"},{"link_name":"War on Terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorism"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc1-62"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mit2002-77"},{"link_name":"targeted killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_killing"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Yemen_Option-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview_with_James_Bamford_on_the_National_Security_Agency-79"},{"link_name":"UAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Anwar al-Awlaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-80"},{"link_name":"Samir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Khan"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Inspire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"UAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAV"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"air-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"UAEAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Yemen","text":"On 3 November 2002, a Hellfire missile was fired at a car in Yemen, killing Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi, an al-Qaeda leader thought to be responsible for the USS Cole bombing. It was the first direct U.S. strike in the War on Terrorism outside Afghanistan.[62][77]In 2004, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's (ABC-TV) international affairs program Foreign Correspondent investigated this targeted killing and the involvement of the then U.S. Ambassador as part of a special report titled \"The Yemen Option\". The report also examined the evolving tactics and countermeasures in dealing with Al Qaeda inspired attacks.[78][79]On 30 September 2011, a Hellfire fired from an American UAV killed Anwar al-Awlaki, an American-citizen cleric and Al Qaeda leader, in Yemen.[80] Also killed was Samir Khan, an American born in Saudi Arabia, who was editor of al-Qaeda's English-language webzine, Inspire.On 14 February 2017, a United Arab Emiates UAV MQ-1B was shot down by Houthi anti aircraft missile over Marib province.[81][82]On 14 May 2019, a United Arab Emirates MQ-1 Predator was shot down by Houthi fire during a night flight in Saana, Houthi fighters used an air-to-air missile (R-27T or R-73) with a modified land operator device.[83][84]On 25 February 2022, Houthi forces shot down a UAEAF MQ-1 drone of the Saudi led Coalition in Al-Jawf province. Publishing footage of the drone wreck and photos.[85]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Unified Protector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector"},{"link_name":"BM-21 Grad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BM-21_Grad"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Qaddafi_Forces_Struck_by_First_U.S._Drone_as_Rebels_Say_They_Hold_Misrata-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Carries_Out_First_Drone_Strike_in_Libya:_Pentagon-87"},{"link_name":"Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S._Drone_Involved_in_Final_Qaddafi_Strike,_as_Obama_Heralds_Regime's_'End'-88"},{"link_name":"the attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Consulate_attack_in_Benghazi"},{"link_name":"Benghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Libyan_officials:_U.S._drones_behind_airport_closure-89"}],"sub_title":"Libya","text":"U.S. Air Force MQ-1B Predators have been involved in reconnaissance and strike sorties in Operation Unified Protector. An MQ-1B fired its first Hellfire missile in the conflict on 23 April 2011, striking a BM-21 Grad.[86][87] There are also some suggestions that a Predator was involved in the final attack against Gaddafi.[88]Predators returned to Libya in 2012, after the attack that killed the US Ambassador in Benghazi. MQ-9 Reapers were also deployed.[89]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"al-Shabaab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)"},{"link_name":"Kismayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismayo"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim al-Afghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Afghani"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senior_Shabaab_commander_rumored_to_have_been_killed_in_recent_Predator_strike-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Drone_Strike_Kills_4_in_Somalia-91"}],"sub_title":"Somalia","text":"On 7 March 2016, US Predator drones attacked an al-Shabaab training camp south of Kismayo. Ibrahim al-Afghani, a senior al-Shabaab leader was rumored to be killed in the strike.[90]Four al-Shabaab fighters, including a Kenyan, were killed in a drone strike late February 2012.[91]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired_Nov_8-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired_Nov_8-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-militarytimes_Nov_9-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-militarytimes_Nov_9-93"},{"link_name":"F-4 Phantom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-4_Phantom"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-militarytimes5-94"},{"link_name":"F-22 Raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptor"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military-95"}],"sub_title":"Iran","text":"On 1 November 2012, two Iranian Sukhoi Su-25 attack aircraft engaged an unarmed Predator conducting routine surveillance over the Persian Gulf just before 05:00 EST. The Su-25s made two passes at the drone firing their 30 mm cannon; the Predator was not hit and returned to base.[92] The incident was not revealed publicly until 8 November. The U.S. stated that the Predator was over international waters, 16 miles (26 km) away from Iran and never entered its airspace.[92][93] Iran states that the drone entered Iran's airspace and that its aircraft fired warning shots to drive it away.[93]On 12 March 2013, an Iranian F-4 Phantom pursued an MQ-1 flying over the Persian Gulf. The unarmed reconnoitering Predator was approached by the F-4, coming within 16 miles of the UAV. Two U.S. fighters were escorting the Predator and verbally warned the jet, which made the Iranian F-4 break off. All American aircraft remained over international waters. An earlier statement by the Pentagon that the escorting planes fired a flare to warn the Iranian jet was later amended.[94] The Air Force later revealed that the American jet that forced the Iranian F-4 to break off was an F-22 Raptor.[95]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Inherent Resolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve"},{"link_name":"S-125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-125"},{"link_name":"Latakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latakia"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"Syria","text":"Armed MQ-1s are used in Operation Inherent Resolve against IS over Syria and Iraq. On 17 March 2015, a US MQ-1 was shot down by a Syrian government S-125 SAM battery when it overflew the port of Latakia, a region not involved in the international military operation.[96][97]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Umar Patek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Patek"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"The Philippines' military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abs-cbnnews-98"},{"link_name":"Zulkifli bin Hir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulkifli_bin_Hir"},{"link_name":"Jolo island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolo_island"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atimes-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brookings-100"},{"link_name":"OV-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OV-10"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wenatcheeworld-101"}],"sub_title":"Philippines","text":"A 2012 New York Times article claimed that U.S. forces used a Predator drone to try and kill Indonesian terrorist Umar Patek in the Philippines in 2006. The Philippines' military denied this action took place, however.[98] It was reported that a drone was responsible for killing al-Qaeda operative Zulkifli bin Hir on Jolo island on 2 February 2012. The strike reportedly killed 15 Abu Sayyaf operatives.[99][100] The Philippines stated the strike was executed by manned North American / Rockwell OV-10 Bronco aircraft with assistance from the U.S.[101]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautica_Militare"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Office of the National Security Advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_of_the_National_Security_Advisor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philippines_operation_2006_details-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MQ-1_Predator_for_Egypt-105"}],"sub_title":"Other users","text":"The Predator has also been used by the Italian Air Force. A contract for 6 version A Predators (later upgraded to A+) was signed in July 2002 and delivery begun in December 2004.[102] It was used in these missions:Iraq, Tallil: from January 2005 to November 2006 for \"Antica Babilonia\" mission (1.600 hours flew)\nAfghanistan, Herat: from June 2007 to January 2014 (beginning with Predator A, then A+ and finally replaced by MQ-9 Reaper). Flew 6.000 hours in 750 missions only from June 2007 to May 2011.\nDjibouti: 2 x Predator A+, since 6 August 2014 for support Atalanta EU mission – counter piracy – and for EUTM mission in Somalia (first mission flew 9 August 2014; detachment of about 70 Italian air force airmen[103] )Two civil-registered unarmed MQ-1s have been operated by the Office of the National Security Advisor in the Philippines since 2006.[104]The Predator has been licensed for sale to Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and UAE.[105]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper"},{"link_name":"AGM-114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114"},{"link_name":"AIM-92 Stinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-92_Stinger"},{"link_name":"v-tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-tail"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armyrecognition-106"},{"link_name":"winglets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winglets"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"synthetic aperture radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_aperture_radar"},{"link_name":"laser rangefinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_rangefinder"},{"link_name":"laser designator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_designator"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"text":"This section is about MQ-1 Predator variants. For the larger, derivative MQ-9 Reaper or \"Predator B\", see General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper.RQ-1 seriesRQ-1A: Pre-production designation for the Predator system – four aircraft, Ground Control Station (GCS), and Predator Primary Satellite Link (PPSL).\nRQ-1K: Pre-production designation for individual airframe.\nRQ-1B: Production designation for the Predator UAV system.\nRQ-1L: Production designation for individual airframe.MQ-1 series\nThe M designation differentiates Predator airframes capable of carrying and deploying ordnance.MQ-1A Predator: Early airframes capable of carrying ordnance (AGM-114 Hellfire ATGM or AIM-92 Stinger). Nose-mounted AN/ZPQ-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar removed.\nMQ-1B Predator: Later airframes capable of carrying ordnance. Modified antenna fit, including introduction of spine-mounted VHF fin. Enlarged dorsal and ventral air intakes for Rotax engine.\nMQ-1B Block 10 / 15: Current production aircraft include updated avionics, datalinks, and countermeasures, modified v-tail planes to avoid damage from ordnance deployment, upgraded AN/AAS-52 Multi-Spectral Targeting System, wing deicing equipment, secondary daylight and infrared cameras in the nose for pilot visual in case of main sensor malfunction, and a 3 ft (0.91 m) wing extension from each wingtip. Some older MQ-1A aircraft have been partially retrofitted with some Block 10 / 15 features, primarily avionics and the modified tail planes.Predator XP\nExport variant of the Predator designed specifically to be unable to carry weapons to allow for wider exportation opportunities. Markets for it are expected in the Middle East and Latin America.[106] First flight on 27 June 2014. Features winglets with an endurance of 35 hours and a service ceiling of 25,000 ft (7,600 m).[107] Is equipped with the Lynx synthetic aperture radar, may contain laser rangefinder and laser designator for target illumination for other aircraft.[108]MQ-1CMQ-1C 25MGeneral Atomics MQ-1C 25M Gray Eagle The “M” in 25M refers to “Modernized,” including open architecture ground and aerial systems, advanced datalinks, and an improved propulsion system. This dramatically improves the capacity for developing new capabilities, supplying electronic threat resistance, and delivering expeditionary employment to remote areas \n[109]The U.S. Army selected the MQ-1C Warrior as the winner of the Extended-Range Multi-Purpose UAV competition August 2005. The aircraft became operational in 2009 as the MQ-1C Gray Eagle.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator_operators.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RQ-1_Predator_in_Iraq_2006-05-04_F-0000R-004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Balad Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Base_Balad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UAV_Predator_Italian_Air_Force.JPG"},{"link_name":"Italian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Royal Moroccan Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armada-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wordpress-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-militaryfactory-113"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkish_army_seeks_procurement_agency_to_bid_for_US_Predators-114"},{"link_name":"Foreign Military Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Military_Sales"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hurriyetdailynews-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkey_in_command_of_newly_deployed_Predators'_missions-116"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flightglobal-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"text":"Operators of the aircraft.Three contract maintainers walk an RQ-1 into a shelter at Balad Air Base, Iraq in 2006.RQ-1 Predator of the Italian Air ForceMoroccoRoyal Moroccan Air Force received four Predator A aircraft.[110][111][112][113]TurkeyTurkish Air Force[114] The Turkish Air Force has 6 MQ-1 Predators on order via the USA's Foreign Military Sales mechanism. The Turkish Air Force also operates 3 MQ-1 Predator systems on lease from the US as a stop gap measure as of 2011. The leased MQ-1s are under Turkish command (UAV Base Group Command) but operated by a joint Turkish-US unit.[115][116]United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates Air Force signed a US$197 million deal in February 2013 for an unspecified number of Predators, XP version, marking its first sale.[117] One system of four aircraft is planned to begin delivery in mid-2016.[118] General Atomics stated on 16 February 2017 that it finished deliveries, declining comment on the number delivered.[119]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Italian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFMFEB23-11-121"},{"link_name":"32° Stormo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32%C2%B0_Stormo"},{"link_name":"Foggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foggia"},{"link_name":"Amendola Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendola_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Creech Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creech_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"No. 39 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._39_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. Customs and Border Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Group_(CIA)"},{"link_name":"Langley, VA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley,_VA"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americanspecialops-124"}],"sub_title":"Former operators","text":"ItalyItalian Air Force[120] retired on 19 December 2022.[121]\n32° Stormo (32nd Wing) Armando Boetto—Foggia, Amendola Air Force Base\n28° Gruppo (28th Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron)\n61° Gruppo (61st Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron)United KingdomRoyal Air Force[122][123]\nCreech Air Force Base, Nevada\nNo. 1115 Flight (2004–2007)\nNo. 39 Squadron (2007–20??)United StatesU.S. Customs and Border Protection\nCentral Intelligence Agency\nSpecial Operations Group in Langley, VA[124]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQ1_O.Manley.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Air_Museum"},{"link_name":"IWM Duxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWM_Duxford"}],"text":"MQ-1B 03-3120 on display at the American Air Museum, IWM Duxford","title":"Aircraft on display"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aeronautical Museum Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_Museum_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Operation Allied Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allied_Force"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"sub_title":"Serbia","text":"95-3021 – RQ-1K on static display at the Aeronautical Museum Belgrade in Belgrade. It was lost during Operation Allied Force.[125][126]","title":"Aircraft on display"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Air Force Museum London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"American Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Air_Museum"},{"link_name":"IWM Duxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWM_Duxford"},{"link_name":"Duxford, Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxford,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"432nd Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/432nd_Wing"},{"link_name":"Creech Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creech_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"03-3119 – MQ-1B on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum London in London.[127][128]\n03-3120 – MQ-1B on static display at the American Air Museum at IWM Duxford in Duxford, Cambridgeshire. It was formerly operated by the 432nd Wing of Creech Air Force Base.[129]","title":"Aircraft on display"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Museum of the United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Goodfellow Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodfellow_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"San Angelo, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Operation Allied Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"San Diego Air & Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Air_%26_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center"},{"link_name":"National Air and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Chantilly, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantilly,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Pima Air & Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Tucson, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Hiller Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiller_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"San Carlos, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlos,_California"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Hill Aerospace Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Aerospace_Museum"},{"link_name":"Roy, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Aviation Unmanned Vehicle Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Unmanned_Vehicle_Museum"},{"link_name":"Caddo Mills, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo_Mills,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"March Field Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Field_Air_Museum"},{"link_name":"Riverside, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_California"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Lone Star Flight Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Star_Flight_Museum"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Fargo Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo_Air_Museum"},{"link_name":"Fargo, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs_Air_Museum"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"94-3009 – RQ-1K on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.[130]\n95-3013 – RQ-1K on static display at Goodfellow Air Force Base in San Angelo, Texas. Tail 13 was formerly deployed in support of Operation Allied Force; it is noted for having been presumed lost on a mission due to loss of communications only to reappear at its base six hours later, allowing its crew to recover it.[131]\n95-3018 – RQ-1K is on static display at the San Diego Air & Space Museum in San Diego, California.[132][133]\n97-3034 – MQ-1L on static display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia. It was the first Predator to launch a Hellfire missile as well as the first to do so operationally.[134][135]\n00-3067 – MQ-1B on static display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.[136]\n00-3069 – MQ-1B is on static display at the Hiller Aviation Museum in San Carlos, California.[137]\n03-33116 – MQ-1B on static display at the Hill Aerospace Museum in Roy, Utah.[138][139]\n05-3138 – MQ-1B on static display at the Aviation Unmanned Vehicle Museum in Caddo Mills, Texas.[140][141]\n05-3144 – MQ-1B on static display at the March Field Air Museum in Riverside, California.[142][143]\n07-3185 – MQ-1B on static display at the Lone Star Flight Museum in Houston, Texas.[144]\nAn MQ-1 is on static display at the Fargo Air Museum in Fargo, North Dakota.[145]\nAn MQ-1 is on static display at the Palm Springs Air Museum in Palm Springs, California.[146]","title":"Aircraft on display"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USAF_RQ-1B_Predator_UAV_3view.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MQ-1B_3view.jpg"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-factsheet-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Factsheets_:_MQ-1B_Predator-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warfighterpedia-149"},{"link_name":"Aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Rotax 914F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_914F"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deagel.com-2"},{"link_name":"AGM-114 Hellfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire"},{"link_name":"Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-Air_Stinger_(ATAS)"},{"link_name":"AGM-176 Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-176_Griffin"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Small_Raytheon_Missile_Deployed_on_Predator-150"},{"link_name":"synthetic-aperture radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar"}],"text":"RQ-1B Predator 3-view drawingMQ-1B Predator 3-view drawingData from USAF MQ-1B fact sheet[147]General characteristicsCrew: 0, 3 on ground out of theater, (remote pilot, sensor operator, and intelligence analyst), with in-theater ground handling crew\nLength: 27 ft 0 in (8.23 m)\nWingspan: 48 ft 7 in (14.8 m) ::::MQ-1B Block 10/15: 55.2 ft (16.84 m)[148]\nHeight: 6 ft 11 in (2.1 m)\nWing area: 123.3 sq ft (11.45 m2) [149]\nAspect ratio: 19\nEmpty weight: 1,130 lb (513 kg)\nGross weight: 2,249 lb (1,020 kg)\nFuel capacity: 851 lb (387 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Rotax 914F 4-cylinder air-cooled turbocharged horizontally-opposed piston engine, 115 hp (86 kW)\nPropellers: 2-bladed constant-speed pusher propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 117 kn (135 mph, 217 km/h)\nCruise speed: 70 kn (81 mph, 130 km/h) to 90 kn (100 mph; 170 km/h)\nStall speed: 54 kn (62 mph, 100 km/h)\nRange: 675 nmi (777 mi, 1,250 km)\nEndurance: 24 hours[2]\nService ceiling: 25,000 ft (7,600 m)ArmamentHardpoints: 2 , with provisions to carry combinations of:\nMissiles: \n2 × AGM-114 Hellfire (MQ-1B)\n4 × Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS) (MQ-1B)\n6 × AGM-176 Griffin air-to-surface missiles[150]AvionicsASIP-1C\nAN/AAS-52 Multi-Spectral Targeting System\nAN/ZPQ-1 synthetic-aperture radar (early airframes only)","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ain13march18_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ain13march18_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ain13march18_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ain13march18_1-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Ends Predator Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-03-13/us-air-force-ends-predator-operations"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-deagel.com_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-deagel.com_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"MQ-1 Predator / MQ-1B, MQ-1L Block 10\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.deagel.com/Unmanned-Combat-Air-Vehicles/MQ-1-Predator_a000517002.aspx"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131014024645/http://www.deagel.com/Unmanned-Combat-Air-Vehicles/MQ-1-Predator_a000517002.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-USAF_Tier_system_scheme_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"USAF Tier system scheme\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130601053222/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/cc/uav.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/cc/uav.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Drone_aircraft_in_a_stepped-up_war_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Drone aircraft in a stepped-up war in Afghanistan and Pakistan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2009/1211/Drone-aircraft-in-a-stepped-up-war-in-Afghanistan-and-Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130730053325/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2009/1211/Drone-aircraft-in-a-stepped-up-war-in-Afghanistan-and-Pakistan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-msn_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.msn.com/us/california-launches-drone-to-aid-wildfire-battle"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-spyflight.co.uk_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"spyflight.co.uk\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131015052155/http://spyflight.co.uk/Predator.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//spyflight.co.uk/Predator.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-penguin_7-0"},{"link_name":"Steve Coll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll"},{"link_name":"Ghost Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Wars"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-indispensable_8-0"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Japan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8050-9964-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-9964-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOS_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOS_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOS_10-2"},{"link_name":"\"FAS Intelligence Resource Program RQ-1 information\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131025024344/https://fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"- U.S. LESSONS LEARNED IN AFGHANISTAN\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-116hhrg38915/html/CHRG-116hhrg38915.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A_Short_Primer_on_Military_Aircraft_Designations_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"A Short Primer on Military Aircraft Designations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121002163323/http://www.hill.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070507-053.doc"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hill.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070507-053.doc"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vector_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vector_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vector_13-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vector_13-3"},{"link_name":"\"Modern Endurance 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Display\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104469/mq-1b-predator/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-www2006_17-0"},{"link_name":"\"FAA Authorizes Predators to seek survivors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123024467"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Predator-series_UAVs_surpass_one_million_flight_hours_18-0"},{"link_name":"\"Predator-series UAVs surpass one million flight hours\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw100409_1_n.shtml"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100413174844/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw100409_1_n.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Predator_missile_launch_test_totally_successful_19-0"},{"link_name":"\"Predator missile launch test totally 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Archived from the original on 6 November 2011.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/01402390.2019.1668272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F01402390.2019.1668272"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"204445254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204445254"}],"text":"Lee, Caitlin (2019), \"The role of culture in military innovation studies: Lessons learned from the US Air Force's adoption of the Predator Drone, 1993-1997\", Journal of Strategic Studies, 46: 1–35, doi:10.1080/01402390.2019.1668272, S2CID 204445254","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"At Paris Air Show 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/MQ-1_Predator_P1230014.jpg/220px-MQ-1_Predator_P1230014.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Predator flies on a simulated Navy aerial reconnaissance flight off the coast of southern California on 5 December 1995.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RQ-1_Predator_in_flight_near_USS_Carl_Vinson_%28CVN-70%29_951205-N-3149J-006.jpg/220px-RQ-1_Predator_in_flight_near_USS_Carl_Vinson_%28CVN-70%29_951205-N-3149J-006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Predator operators at Balad Camp Anaconda, Iraq, August 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/MQ-1_Predator_controls_2007-08-07.jpg/220px-MQ-1_Predator_controls_2007-08-07.jpg"},{"image_text":"Close-up of the Hellfire missile pylon, 2004.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/AGM-114_Hellfire_hung_on_a_Predator_drone.JPEG/220px-AGM-114_Hellfire_hung_on_a_Predator_drone.JPEG"},{"image_text":"RQ-1A Predator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/General_Atomics_RQ-1A_Predator_USAF.jpg/220px-General_Atomics_RQ-1A_Predator_USAF.jpg"},{"image_text":"A shot down RQ-1 Predator in the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade, Serbia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Predator_MQ-1_%28war_trophy_in_Museum_of_Aviation%2C_Belgrade%2C_Serbia%29.jpg/220px-Predator_MQ-1_%28war_trophy_in_Museum_of_Aviation%2C_Belgrade%2C_Serbia%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Predator launching a Hellfire missile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Predator_and_Hellfire.jpg/220px-Predator_and_Hellfire.jpg"},{"image_text":"An MQ-1B Predator from the 361st Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron takes off 9 July 2008 from Ali Base, Iraq.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/MQ-1B_Predator_unmanned_aircraft.jpg/220px-MQ-1B_Predator_unmanned_aircraft.jpg"},{"image_text":"Operators of the aircraft.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator_operators.png/350px-General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator_operators.png"},{"image_text":"Three contract maintainers walk an RQ-1 into a shelter at Balad Air Base, Iraq in 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/RQ-1_Predator_in_Iraq_2006-05-04_F-0000R-004.jpg/220px-RQ-1_Predator_in_Iraq_2006-05-04_F-0000R-004.jpg"},{"image_text":"RQ-1 Predator of the Italian Air Force","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/UAV_Predator_Italian_Air_Force.JPG/220px-UAV_Predator_Italian_Air_Force.JPG"},{"image_text":"MQ-1B 03-3120 on display at the American Air Museum, IWM Duxford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/MQ1_O.Manley.jpg/220px-MQ1_O.Manley.jpg"},{"image_text":"RQ-1B Predator 3-view drawing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/USAF_RQ-1B_Predator_UAV_3view.jpg/220px-USAF_RQ-1B_Predator_UAV_3view.jpg"},{"image_text":"MQ-1B Predator 3-view drawing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MQ-1B_3view.jpg/220px-MQ-1B_3view.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Unmanned combat aerial vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle"},{"title":"Lethal autonomous weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_autonomous_weapon"},{"title":"General Atomics ALTUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_ALTUS"},{"title":"General Atomics Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_Avenger"},{"title":"General Atomics Gnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_Gnat"},{"title":"General Atomics MQ-1C Gray Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1C_Gray_Eagle"},{"title":"General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper"},{"title":"CAIG Wing Loong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAIG_Wing_Loong"},{"title":"Denel Dynamics Bateleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denel_Dynamics_Bateleur"},{"title":"DRDO Rustom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRDO_Rustom"},{"title":"EADS Harfang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EADS_Harfang"},{"title":"Fotros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAIO_Fotros"},{"title":"Elbit Hermes 900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbit_Hermes_900"},{"title":"IAI Heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAI_Heron"},{"title":"Shahed 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahed_129"},{"title":"Bayraktar Tactical UAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayraktar_Tactical_UAS"},{"title":"TAI Anka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAI_Anka"},{"title":"Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronshtadt_Orion"},{"title":"List of unmanned aerial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles"},{"title":"List of active United States military aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasbora_lateristriata
Yellow rasbora
["1 Distribution","2 Habitat and feeding habit","3 Spawning site","4 Morphology","5 Incident","6 Current status","7 References"]
Species of fish Yellow rasbora Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Subfamily: Danioninae Genus: Rasbora Species: R. lateristriata Binomial name Rasbora lateristriata(Bleeker, 1854) Synonyms Leuciscus lateristriatus Bleeker, 1854 The yellow rasbora (Rasbora lateristriata) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Rasbora from Southeast Asia. It is a primarily freshwater fish originally from Java island in Indonesia. It is known as the Wader pari fish in the Indonesian language. In addition, it was a protein source for the local community during the old days. The taxonomy, phylogeny, and distributional boundary have not been fully studied yet. Distribution The species can be found in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Philippines, Singapore and the United States. The distribution is pretty reliable according to their Genus distribution in which they are native to freshwater habitats in South, Southeast Asia, and southeast China. However, a journal had stated that R. lateristriata had a west-to-east direction of divergence and migration from Miocene to Plio-Pleistocene. R. lateristriata is often considered to be widely distributed from Sumatra, Java, Bali, across Wallace's Line, to Lombok and Sumbawa Islands of Indonesia (e.g., Froese and Pauly, 2015). Habitat and feeding habit It is a type of riverine fish found in mountainous streams that are in shallow areas, and have relatively fast flowing water and plenty of gravel at the river floor. The fish is an omnivorous feeder which feeds on phytoplankton, zooplankton, insect larvae, leaves, and small caterpillars. It feeds continuously through the day and night. It is hunted down by snake head and red devil fish in the natural ecosystem. Spawning site The requirement for the spawning site is to have clean water flows smoothly, shallow, available enough of sand and gravel, and no garbage around them. Depth of the spawning site is about 30 cm. Artificial induced spawning is unknown. Morphology Dorsal spines (total): 2; Dorsal soft rays (total): 7; Anal spines: 3; Anal soft rays: 5. Preserved color dark brown dorsally, whitish to yellowish on sides and below; scales margined with minute dark spots; opercle with silvery black spot. 12 scales between nape and dorsal. Mouth strongly oblique with anterior end as high as upper margin of pupil; maxillary extends posteriorly below anterior margin of eye. Lateral line complete, reaching caudal, with 7 rows of scales between lateral lines over middle of caudal peduncle. Incident The eruption of Kelud Volcano on February 13, 2014 released a huge amount of volcanic dust and nearly covered the whole of Java island. The exposure of fish to the volcanic dust dissolved in the water affected and caused change to the histological structure of the gills and intestine, but did not have an effect on the histological structure of the eyes, liver and gonad of the wader pari fish. Current status R. lateristriata is at vulnerable according to IUCN Red List and the population is declining with numbers from 10,000 to 100,000 mature individuals. The original habitat which used to be moderately abundant is becoming rare which leads to less opportunity for a researcher to do sampling. The declining population trend was probably caused by declining and inconsistent rainfall. References ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Rasbora lateristriata" in FishBase. April 2013 version. ^ "Rasbora lateristriata (Bleeker, 1854)". www.gbif.org (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2019-10-27. ^ "Rasbora", Wikipedia, 2019-05-21, retrieved 2019-10-27 ^ a b Kusuma, Wahyu Endra; Ratmuangkhwang, Sahat; Kumazawa, Yoshinori (2016-12-01). "Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Indonesian freshwater fish Rasbora lateristriata species complex (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae): Cryptic species and west-to-east divergences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 105: 212–223. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.08.014. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 27566416. ^ a b Djumanto, Djumanto; Setyawan, F. (2009-02-24). "FOOD HABITS OF THE YELLOW RASBORA, Rasbora lateristriata, (FAMILY: CYPRINIDAE) BROODFISH DURING MOVING TO SPAWNING GROUND". Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada. 11 (1): 107–116. doi:10.22146/jfs.3027 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN 2502-5066.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link) ^ "Rasbora lateristriata summary page". FishBase. Retrieved 2019-10-27. ^ Retnoaji, Bambang; Nanda, Febrina; Sartika, Dian; Eunike, Nurmaditha; Oktaviani, Dwi Dhini; Afriani, Devi (2016-06-14). "The effect of volcanic dust on the histological structure of wader pari (Rasbora lateristriata Bleeker, 1854) organs". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1744 (1): 020007. doi:10.1063/1.4953481. ISSN 0094-243X. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2019-10-27. Taxon identifiersRasbora lateristriata Wikidata: Q3765647 BOLD: 544577 CoL: 4RLFS EoL: 214414 FishBase: 5167 GBIF: 2359498 iNaturalist: 613503 IRMNG: 10153240 ITIS: 689914 IUCN: 91073440 NCBI: 590941 WoRMS: 1021627
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ray-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray-finned_fish"},{"link_name":"Rasbora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasbora"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-1"}],"text":"The yellow rasbora (Rasbora lateristriata) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Rasbora from Southeast Asia.[1] It is a primarily freshwater fish originally from Java island in Indonesia. It is known as the Wader pari fish in the Indonesian language. In addition, it was a protein source for the local community during the old days.The taxonomy, phylogeny, and distributional boundary have not been fully studied yet.","title":"Yellow rasbora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"The species can be found in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Philippines, Singapore and the United States.[2] The distribution is pretty reliable according to their Genus distribution in which they are native to freshwater habitats in South, Southeast Asia, and southeast China.[3]However, a journal had stated that R. lateristriata had a west-to-east direction of divergence and migration from Miocene to Plio-Pleistocene.[4] R. lateristriata is often considered to be widely distributed from Sumatra, Java, Bali, across Wallace's Line, to Lombok and Sumbawa Islands of Indonesia (e.g., Froese and Pauly, 2015).[4]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"It is a type of riverine fish found in mountainous streams that are in shallow areas, and have relatively fast flowing water and plenty of gravel at the river floor.[5]The fish is an omnivorous feeder which feeds on phytoplankton, zooplankton, insect larvae, leaves, and small caterpillars. It feeds continuously through the day and night. It is hunted down by snake head and red devil fish in the natural ecosystem.","title":"Habitat and feeding habit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"The requirement for the spawning site is to have clean water flows smoothly, shallow, available enough of sand and gravel, and no garbage around them. Depth of the spawning site is about 30 cm. Artificial induced spawning is unknown.[5]","title":"Spawning site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Dorsal spines (total): 2; Dorsal soft rays (total): 7; Anal spines: 3; Anal soft rays: 5. Preserved color dark brown dorsally, whitish to yellowish on sides and below; scales margined with minute dark spots; opercle with silvery black spot. 12 scales between nape and dorsal. Mouth strongly oblique with anterior end as high as upper margin of pupil; maxillary extends posteriorly below anterior margin of eye. Lateral line complete, reaching caudal, with 7 rows of scales between lateral lines over middle of caudal peduncle.[6]","title":"Morphology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The eruption of Kelud Volcano on February 13, 2014 released a huge amount of volcanic dust and nearly covered the whole of Java island. The exposure of fish to the volcanic dust dissolved in the water affected and caused change to the histological structure of the gills and intestine, but did not have an effect on the histological structure of the eyes, liver and gonad of the wader pari fish.[7]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"R. lateristriata is at vulnerable according to IUCN Red List and the population is declining with numbers from 10,000 to 100,000 mature individuals. The original habitat which used to be moderately abundant is becoming rare which leads to less opportunity for a researcher to do sampling. The declining population trend was probably caused by declining and inconsistent rainfall.[8]","title":"Current status"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand
François-René de Chateaubriand
["1 Biography","1.1 Early years and exile","1.2 Journey to America","1.3 Return to France","1.4 Exile in London","1.5 Consulate and Empire","1.6 Under the Restoration","1.7 July Monarchy","2 Influence","3 Honors and memberships","4 Works","4.1 Digitized works","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 Sources","8 Further reading","8.1 In French","8.2 Primary sources","9 External links"]
French writer, politician and historian (1768–1848) "Chateaubriand" redirects here. For the steak dish, see Chateaubriand (dish). For other uses, see Chateaubriand (disambiguation). François-René de ChateaubriandChateaubriand Meditating on the Ruins of Rome (ca.1810s) by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson. Oil on canvas.French Ambassador to the Papal StatesIn office4 January 1828 – 8 August 1829Appointed byJean-Baptiste de MartignacPreceded byAdrien-Pierre de Montmorency-LavalSucceeded byAuguste de La FerronaysMinister of Foreign AffairsIn office28 December 1822 – 4 August 1824Prime MinisterJean-Baptiste de VillèlePreceded byMathieu de MontmorencySucceeded byHyacinthe Maxence de DamasFrench Ambassador to the United KingdomIn office22 December 1822 – 28 December 1822Appointed byJean-Baptiste de VillèlePreceded byAntoine de GramontSucceeded byJules de PolignacFrench Ambassador to PrussiaIn office14 December 1821 – 22 December 1822Appointed byJean-Baptiste de VillèlePreceded byCharles-François de BonnaySucceeded byMaximilien Gérard de RaynevalFrench Ambassador to SwedenIn office3 April 1814 – 26 September 1815Appointed byCharles-Maurice de TalleyrandMember of the Académie françaiseIn office1811–1848Preceded byMarie-Joseph ChénierSucceeded byPaul de Noailles Personal detailsBorn(1768-09-04)4 September 1768Saint-Malo, Brittany, FranceDied4 July 1848(1848-07-04) (aged 79)Paris, FranceSpouse Céleste Buisson de la Vigne ​ ​(m. 1792; died 1847)​Relations Jean-Baptiste de Châteaubriand (brother, 1759 – 1794) Lucile de Chateaubriand (sister, 1764 — 1804) ProfessionWriter, translator, diplomatAwards Legion of Honour Order of the Holy Sepulchre Order of Saint Louis Order of the Holy Spirit Order of Saint Michael Military serviceAllegianceKingdom of FranceBranch/serviceArmée des ÉmigrésYears of service1792RankCaptainBattles/warsFrench Revolutionary WarsSiege of ThionvilleWriting careerPeriod19th centuryGenreNovel, memoir, essaySubjectReligion, exoticism, existentialismLiterary movementRomanticismConservatismYears active1793–1848Notable worksAtalaGénie du christianismeRenéMémoires d'Outre-TombeSignature This article is part of a series onConservatism in France Ideologies French nationalism Integral Nouvelle Droite Gaullism Political Catholicism Christian democracy Integralism Ultramontanism Révolution nationale Royalism Bonapartism Legitimism Maurrassisme Orléanism Sarkozysm Principles Anti-communism Catholic social teaching Counter-revolution Dirigisme Elitism Meritocracy Noblesse oblige Family values French culture Imperialism Monarchism Restauration Nativism Patriotism  Social hierarchy Social order Souverainisme Traditional authority History Ancien Régime Monarchiens Feuillant War in the Vendée Thermidorian Reaction First White Terror Companions of Jehu Muscadins Second White Terror Bourbon Restoration Ultra-royalists Second French Empire Vichy France Intellectuals Barbey d'Aurevilly Bainville Barrès Barruel Bellamy de Benoist Blanc de Saint-Bonnet de Bonald Boutang Bruckner Carrel de Chateaubriand Daudet Dimier Faye Ferré Fustel de Coulanges Guénon de Gobineau Houellebecq de Jouvenel de La Mennais Le Bon Lefebvre Lemaître Le Play de Maistre Massis Maurras des Mousseaux d'Ornellas Pujo Renan de Rivarol Rueff Taine de Tocqueville Veuillot Zemmour Literature Considerations on France (1796) Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism (1797) The Genius of Christianity (1802) The Pope (1819) St Petersburg Dialogues (1821) Democracy in America (1835) An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1855) "What Is a Nation?" (1882) The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1895) The Future of Intelligentsia (1905) The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times (1945) The French Suicide (2014) Submission (2015) Politicians Bellamy de Bonald Cathelineau de Chateaubriand Ciotti de La Tour du Pin de Gaulle Juppé Le Pen (Marine) Maurras MacMahon Messmer Pécresse Poincaré Poisson de Polignac Pompidou Retailleau Sarkozy Schuman de Vaublanc de Villèle Zemmour PartiesActive Alliance Royale Debout la France French Future The Nationalists Future with Confidence National Centre of Independents & Peasants Reconquête The Republicans Soyons libres VIA, the Way of the People Defunct Feuillants French Agrarian and Peasant Party French Social Party Movement for France Independent Republicans Party of Order Rally for France Rally for the Republic Republican Federation Resistance Party Union for a Popular Movement OrganisationsActive Action Française Carrefour de l'Horloge (formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge) Initiative and Liberty Movement La Manif pour tous March for Life Student Cockade Union Nationale Inter-universitaire Defunct Camelots du Roi Cercle Proudhon Civitas Croix-de-Feu Independent Republicans Service d'Action Civique Media CNews Éléments Famille chrétienne L'Écho du Sud La Croix La Nation française Le Figaro Le Figaro Magazine Le Point Minute Nouvelle École Radio Courtoisie Valeurs actuelles Related topics French–German enmity French Revolution Remigration Sinistrisme Conservatism portal France portalvte François-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand (4 September 1768 – 4 July 1848) was a French writer, politician, diplomat and historian who influenced French literature of the nineteenth century. Descended from an old aristocratic family from Brittany, Chateaubriand was a royalist by political disposition. In an age when large numbers of intellectuals turned against the Church, he authored the Génie du christianisme in defense of the Catholic faith. His works include the autobiography Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe ("Memoirs from Beyond the Grave"), published posthumously in 1849–1850. Historian Peter Gay says that Chateaubriand saw himself as the greatest lover, the greatest writer, and the greatest philosopher of his age. Gay states that Chateaubriand "dominated the literary scene in France in the first half of the nineteenth century". Biography Early years and exile The château de Combourg, where Chateaubriand spent his childhood This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Born in Saint-Malo on 4 September 1768, the last of ten children, Chateaubriand grew up at his family's castle (the château de Combourg) in Combourg, Brittany. His father, René de Chateaubriand, was a sea captain turned ship-owner and slave trader. His mother's maiden name was Apolline de Bedée. Chateaubriand's father was a morose, uncommunicative man, and the young Chateaubriand grew up in an atmosphere of gloomy solitude, only broken by long walks in the Breton countryside and an intense friendship with his sister Lucile. His youthful solitude and wild desire produced a suicide attempt with a hunting rifle, although the weapon failed to discharge. English agriculturist and pioneering travel writer Arthur Young visited Comburg in 1788 and he described the immediate environs of the "romantic" Chateau de Combourg thusly: "SEPTEMBER 1st. To Combourg, the country has a savage aspect; husbandry not much further advanced, at least in skill, than among the Hurons, which appears incredible amidst inclosures; the people almost as wild as their country, and their town of Combourg one of the most brutal filthy places that can be seen; mud houses, no windows, and a pavement so broken, as to impede all passengers, but ease none - yet here is a chateau, and inhabited; who is this Mons. de Chateaubriant, the owner, that has nerves strung for a residence amidst such filth and poverty? Below this hideous heap of wretchedness is a fine lake..." Chateaubriand was educated in Dol, Rennes and Dinan. For a time he could not make up his mind whether he wanted to be a naval officer or a priest, but at the age of seventeen, he decided on a military career and gained a commission as a second lieutenant in the French Army based at Navarre. Within two years, he had been promoted to the rank of captain. He visited Paris in 1788 where he made the acquaintance of Jean-François de La Harpe, André Chénier, Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes and other leading writers of the time. When the French Revolution broke out, Chateaubriand was initially sympathetic, but as events in Paris - and throughout the countryside (including, presumably, "wretched" "brutal" and "filthy" Combourg) - became more violent he wisely decided to journey to North America in 1791. He was given the idea to leave Europe by Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, who also encouraged him to do some botanical studies. Journey to America Young Chateaubriand, by Anne-Louis Girodet (c. 1790) In Voyage en Amérique, published in 1826, Chateaubriand writes that he arrived in Philadelphia on 10 July 1791. He visited New York, Boston and Lexington, before leaving by boat on the Hudson River to reach Albany. He then followed the Mohawk Trail up the Niagara Falls where he broke his arm and spent a month in recovery in the company of a Native American tribe. Chateaubriand then describes Native American tribes' customs, as well as zoological, political and economic consideration. He then says that a raid along the Ohio River, the Mississippi River, Louisiana and Florida took him back to Philadelphia, where he embarked on the Molly in November to go back to France. This experience provided the setting for his exotic novels Les Natchez (written between 1793 and 1799 but published only in 1826), Atala (1801) and René (1802). His vivid, captivating descriptions of nature in the sparsely settled American Deep South were written in a style that was very innovative for the time and spearheaded what later became the Romantic movement in France. As early as 1916, some scholars have cast doubt on Chateaubriand's claims that he was granted an interview with George Washington and that he actually lived for a time with the Native Americans he wrote about. Critics have questioned the veracity of entire sections of Chateaubriand's claimed travels, notably his passage through the Mississippi Valley, Louisiana and Florida. Return to France Chateaubriand returned to France in 1792 and subsequently joined the army of Royalist émigrés in Koblenz under the leadership of Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of Condé. Under strong pressure from his family, he married a young aristocratic woman, also from Saint-Malo, whom he had never previously met, Céleste Buisson de la Vigne (in later life, Chateaubriand was notoriously unfaithful to her, having a series of love affairs). His military career came to an end when he was wounded at the Siege of Thionville, a major clash between Royalist troops (of which Chateaubriand was a member) and the French Revolutionary Army. Half-dead, he was taken to Jersey and exiled to England, leaving his wife behind. Exile in London Chateaubriand spent most of his exile in extreme poverty in London, scraping a living offering French lessons and doing translation work, but a stay in (Bungay) Suffolk proved to be more idyllic. He stayed at The Music House, 34 Bridge Street, a fact recorded in a plaque on the property. Here Chateaubriand fell in love with a young English woman, Charlotte Ives, the daughter of his host, but the romance ended when he was forced to reveal he was already married. During his time in Britain, Chateaubriand also became familiar with English literature. This reading, particularly of John Milton's Paradise Lost (which he later translated into French prose), had a deep influence on his own literary work. His exile forced Chateaubriand to examine the causes of the French Revolution, which had cost the lives of many of his family and friends; these reflections inspired his first work, Essai sur les Révolutions (1797). An attempt in 18th-century style to explain the French Revolution, it predated his subsequent, romantic style of writing and was largely ignored. A major turning point in Chateaubriand's life was his conversion back to the Catholic faith of his childhood around 1798. Consulate and Empire Further information: French Consulate Further information: First French Empire Chateaubriand took advantage of the amnesty issued to émigrés to return to France in May 1800 (under the French Consulate); he edited the Mercure de France. In 1802, he won fame with Génie du christianisme ("The Genius of Christianity"), an apologia for the Catholic faith which contributed to the post-revolutionary religious revival in France. It also won him the favour of Napoleon Bonaparte, who was eager to win over the Catholic Church at the time. James McMillan argues that a Europe-wide Catholic Revival emerged from the change in the cultural climate from intellectually-oriented classicism to emotionally-based Romanticism. He concludes that Chateaubriand's book: did more than any other single work to restore the credibility and prestige of Christianity in intellectual circles and launched a fashionable rediscovery of the Middle Ages and their Christian civilisation. The revival was by no means confined to an intellectual elite, however, but was evident in the real, though uneven, rechristianisation of the French countryside. Appointed secretary of the legation to the Holy See by Napoleon, he accompanied Cardinal Fesch to Rome. But the two men soon quarrelled, and Chateaubriand was appointed minister to the Republic of Valais in November 1803. He resigned his post in disgust after Napoleon ordered the execution in 1804 of Louis XVI's cousin, Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, duc d'Enghien. Chateaubriand was, after his resignation, completely dependent on his literary efforts. However, and quite unexpectedly, he received a large sum of money from the Russian Tsarina Elizabeth Alexeievna. She had seen him as a defender of Christianity and thus worthy of her royal support. Chateaubriand used his new-found wealth in 1806 to visit Greece, Asia Minor, The Ottoman Empire, Egypt, Tunisia, and Spain. The notes he made on his travels later formed part of a prose epic, Les Martyrs, set during the Roman persecution of early Christianity. His notes also furnished a running account of the trip itself, published in 1811 as the Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem (Itinerary from Paris to Jerusalem). The Spanish stage of the journey inspired a third novella, Les aventures du dernier Abencérage (The Adventures of the Last Abencerrage), which appeared in 1826. On his return to France at the end of 1806, he published a severe criticism of Napoleon, comparing him to Nero and predicting the emergence of a new Tacitus. Napoleon famously threatened to have Chateaubriand sabred on the steps of the Tuileries Palace for it, but settled for merely banishing him from the city. Chateaubriand therefore retired, in 1807, to a modest estate he called Vallée-aux-Loups ("Wolf Valley"), in Châtenay-Malabry, 11 km (6.8 mi) south of central Paris, where he lived until 1817. Here he finished Les Martyrs, which appeared in 1809, and began the first drafts of his Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe. He was elected to the Académie française in 1811, but, given his plan to infuse his acceptance speech with criticism of the Revolution, he could not occupy his seat until after the Bourbon Restoration. His literary friends during this period included Madame de Staël, Joseph Joubert and Pierre-Simon Ballanche. Under the Restoration Further information: Bourbon Restoration in France Chateaubriand as a Peer of France (1828) Chateaubriand became a major figure in politics as well as literature. At first he was a strong Royalist in the period up to 1824. His liberal phase lasted from 1824 to 1830. After that he was much less active. After the fall of Napoleon, Chateaubriand rallied to the Bourbons. On 30 March 1814, he wrote a pamphlet against Napoleon, titled De Buonaparte et des Bourbons, of which thousands of copies were published. He then followed Louis XVIII into exile to Ghent during the Hundred Days (March–July 1815), and was nominated ambassador to Sweden. After Napoleon's final defeat in the Battle of Waterloo (of which he heard the distant cannon rumblings outside Ghent), Chateaubriand became peer of France and state minister (1815). In December 1815 he voted for Marshal Ney's execution. However, his criticism of King Louis XVIII in La Monarchie selon la Charte, after the Chambre introuvable was dissolved, resulted in his disgrace. He lost his function of state minister, and joined the opposition, siding with the Ultra-royalist group supporting the future Charles X, and becoming one of the main writers of its mouthpiece, Le Conservateur. Chateaubriand sided again with the Court after the murder of the Duc de Berry (1820), writing for the occasion the Mémoires sur la vie et la mort du duc. He then served as ambassador to Prussia (1821) and the United Kingdom (1822), and even rose to the office of Minister of Foreign Affairs (28 December 1822 – 4 August 1824). A plenipotentiary to the Congress of Verona (1822), he decided in favor of the Quintuple Alliance's intervention in Spain during the Trienio Liberal, despite opposition from the Duke of Wellington. Chateaubriand was soon relieved of his office by Prime Minister Joseph de Villèle on 5 June 1824, over his objections to a law the latter proposed that would have resulted in the widening of the electorate. Chateaubriand was subsequently appointed French ambassador to Genoa. Consequently, he moved towards the liberal opposition, both as a Peer and as a contributor to Journal des Débats (his articles there gave the signal of the paper's similar switch, which, however, was more moderate than Le National, directed by Adolphe Thiers and Armand Carrel). Opposing Villèle, he became highly popular as a defender of press freedom and the cause of Greek independence. After Villèle's downfall, Charles X appointed Chateaubriand ambassador to the Holy See in 1828, but he resigned upon the accession of the Prince de Polignac as premier (November 1829). In 1830, he donated a monument to the French painter Nicolas Poussin in the church of San Lorenzo in Lucina in Rome. July Monarchy Further information: July Monarchy His last home, 120 rue du Bac, where Chateaubriand had an apartment on the ground floor In 1830, after the July Revolution, his refusal to swear allegiance to the new House of Orléans king Louis-Philippe put an end to his political career. He withdrew from political life to write his Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe ("Memoirs from Beyond the Grave"), published posthumously in two volumes in 1849–1850. It reflects his growing pessimism regarding the future. Although his contemporaries celebrated the present and future as an extension of the past, Chateaubriand and the new Romanticists couldn't share their nostalgic outlook. Instead he foresaw chaos, discontinuity, and disaster. His diaries and letters often focused on the upheavals he could see every day — abuses of power, excesses of daily life, and disasters yet to come. His melancholy tone suggested astonishment, surrender, betrayal, and bitterness. His Études historiques was an introduction to a projected History of France. He became a harsh critic of the "bourgeois king" Louis-Philippe and the July Monarchy, and his planned volume on the arrest of Marie-Caroline, duchesse de Berry caused him to be (unsuccessfully) prosecuted. Chateaubriand, along with other Catholic traditionalists such as Ballanche or, on the other side of the political divide, the socialist and republican Pierre Leroux, was one of the few men of his time who attempted to conciliate the three terms of Liberté, égalité and fraternité, going beyond the antagonism between liberals and socialists as to what interpretation to give the seemingly contradictory terms. Chateaubriand thus gave a Christian interpretation of the revolutionary motto, stating in the 1841 conclusion to his Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe: Far from being at its term, the religion of the Liberator is now only just entering its third phase, the political period, liberty, equality, fraternity. In his final years, he lived as a recluse in an apartment at 120 rue du Bac, Paris, leaving his house only to pay visits to Juliette Récamier in Abbaye-aux-Bois. His final work, Vie de Rancé, was written at the suggestion of his confessor and published in 1844. It is a biography of Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, a worldly seventeenth-century French aristocrat who withdrew from society to become the founder of the Trappist order of monks. The parallels with Chateaubriand's own life are striking. As late as 1845–1847, he also kept revising Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe, particularly the earlier sections, as evidenced by the revision dates on the manuscript. Chateaubriand died in Paris on 4 July 1848, aged 79, in the midst of the Revolution of 1848, in the arms of his dear friend Juliette Récamier, and was buried, as he had requested, on the tidal island Grand Bé near Saint-Malo, accessible only when the tide is out. Influence His descriptions of Nature and his analysis of emotion made him the model for a generation of Romantic writers, not only in France but also abroad. For example, Lord Byron was deeply impressed by René. The young Victor Hugo scribbled in a notebook, "To be Chateaubriand or nothing." Even his enemies found it hard to avoid his influence. Stendhal, who despised him for political reasons, made use of his psychological analyses in his own book De l'amour. Chateaubriand was the first to define the vague des passions ("intimations of passion") that later became a commonplace of Romanticism: "One inhabits, with a full heart, an empty world" (Génie du Christianisme). His political thought and actions seem to offer numerous contradictions: he wanted to be the friend both of legitimist royalty and of republicans, alternately defending whichever of the two seemed more in danger: "I am a Bourbonist out of honour, a monarchist out of reason, and a republican out of taste and temperament". He was the first of a series of French men of letters (Lamartine, Victor Hugo, André Malraux, Paul Claudel) who tried to mix political and literary careers. "We are convinced that the great writers have told their own story in their works", wrote Chateaubriand in Génie du christianisme. "One only truly describes one's own heart by attributing it to another, and the greater part of genius is composed of memories". This is certainly true of Chateaubriand himself. All his works have strong autobiographical elements, overt or disguised. George Brandes, in 1901, compared the works of Chateaubriand to those of Rousseau and others: The year 1800 was the first to produce a book bearing the imprint of the new era, a work small in size, but great in significance and mighty in the impression it made. Atala took the French public by storm in a way which no book had done since the days of Paul and Virginia. It was a romance of the plains and mysterious forests of North America, with a strong, strange aroma of the untilled soil from which it sprang; it glowed with rich foreign colouring, and with the fiercer glow of consuming passion. Chateaubriand was a food enthusiast; Chateaubriand steak is most likely to have been named after him. Honors and memberships In 1806, Chateaubriand was invested as a Knight of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem during a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Chateaubriand was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1816. A French school in Rome (Italy) is named after him. The cut of meat, a Chateaubriand, is named after him. Works Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem et de Jérusalem à Paris, 1821 1797: Essai sur les révolutions. 1801: Atala, ou Les Amours de Deux Sauvages dans le Desert. 1802: René. 1802: Génie du christianisme. 1809: Les Martyrs. 1811: Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem. English translation by Frederic Shoberl, 1814. Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt, and Barbary, during the years 1806 and 1807. 1814: "On Buonaparte and the Bourbons", in Blum, Christopher Olaf, editor and translator, 2004. Critics of the Enlightenment. Wilmington, DE: ISI Books. 3–42. 1820: Mémoires sur la vie et la mort du duc de Berry. 1826: Les Natchez. 1826: Les Aventures du dernier Abencérage. 1827: Voyage en Amérique. 1831: Études historiques. 1833: Mémoires sur la captivité de Madame la duchesse de Berry. 1844: La Vie de Rancé. 1848–50: Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe. "Progress," in Menczer, Béla, 1962. Catholic Political Thought, 1789–1848, University of Notre Dame Press. Digitized works . 1. Génie du Cristianisme. . 2. Itinéraire de Paris a Jérusalem et de Jérusalem a Paris. Martyrs. Voyage en Amérique. Mélanges politiques. Polémique. Études historiques. Analyse raisonnée de l'histoire de la France. Paradise lost. Congrès de Verone. Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 1. Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 2. Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 3. Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 4. Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 5. Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 6. Dernières années de Chateaubriand. See also Biography portalConservatism portal Chateaubriand steak Viscountcy of Chateaubriand (cr. 1817) List of Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom Notes ^ English pronunciation: /ʃæˌtoʊbriːˈɑːn/; French pronunciation: . References Citations ^ "Chateaubriand". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. ^ Peter Gay, "The Complete Romantic," Horizon (1966) 8#2 pp 12-19. ^ Young, Arthur (1794). Travels During the Years 1787, 1788 & 1789; Undertaken More Particularly With a View of Ascertaining the Cultivation, Wealth, Resources and National Prosperity of the Kingdom of France (Second ed.). W. Richardson, Royal Exchange, London. p. 97. ^ Nitze, William A. "Chateaubriand in America", The Dial, Vol. LXV, June–December 1918. ^ Tapié, V.-L. (1965) Chateaubriand. Seuil. ^ a b Chateaubriand, F-R. (1826) Voyage en Amérique ^ Lebègue, R. (1965) Le problème du voyage de Chateaubriand en Amérique. Journal des Savants, 1,1 from http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jds_0021-8103_1965_num_1_1_1104 ^ "Bungay: a new book by local author Terry Reeve". iceni Post News from the North folk & South folk. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2020. ^ Secret Bungay ^ James McMillan, "Catholic Christianity in France from the Restoration to the separation of church and state, 1815-1905." in Sheridan Gilley and Brian Stanley, eds., The Cambridge history of Christianity (2014) 8 217-232 ^ Czouz-Tornare, Alain-Jacques. "Quand le Valais était français". Fondation Napoléon (in French). Retrieved 2 June 2021. ^ Douglas Hilt, "Chateaubriand and Napoleon" History Today (Dec 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 12, pp 831-838 ^ Goldman, Lawrence (2011), Stedman Jones, Gareth; Claeys, Gregory (eds.), "Conservative political thought from the revolutions of 1848 until the fin de siècle", The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought, The Cambridge History of Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 691–719, ISBN 978-0-521-43056-2, retrieved 2 May 2024 ^ Bernard, J.F. (1973). Talleyrand: A Biography. New York: Putnam. p. 503. ISBN 0-399-11022-4. ^ Peter Fritzsche, "Chateaubriand's Ruins: Loss and Memory after the French Revolution." History and Memory 10.2 (1998): 102-117. online ^ Peter Fritzsche, "Specters of history: On nostalgia, exile, and modernity." American Historical Review 106.5 (2001): 1587-1618. ^ a b Mona Ozouf, "Liberté, égalité, fraternité", in Lieux de Mémoire (dir. Pierre Nora), tome III, Quarto Gallimard, 1997, pp.4353–4389 (in French) (abridged translation, Realms of Memory, Columbia University Press, 1996–1998 (in English)) ^ French: "Loin d'être à son terme, la religion du Libérateur entre à peine dans sa troisième période, la période politique, liberté, égalité, fraternité. ^ Gribble, Francis Henry (1909). Chateaubriand and his court of women. The Centre for 19th Century French Studies - University of Toronto. London : Chapman and Hall, Ltd. ^ George Brandes, Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, 1:The Emigrant Literature p. 7 ^ see the Chateaubriand steak article for discussion ^ Siberry, Elizabeth (1995). "Chapter 14: Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. Oxford University Press. pp. 365–385. ISBN 978-0192854285. ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory Sources This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Chateaubriand, François René Auguste" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. Marc Fumaroli, Chateaubriand: poésie et terreur, Fallois, Paris: 2004. Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Chateaubriand, François Auguste" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "François-René de Chateaubriand" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chateaubriand, François René" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Further reading Baldick, Robert (trans.) The Memoirs of Chateaubriand (Hamish Hamilton, 1961) Boorsch, Jean. "Chateaubriand and Napoleon." Yale French Studies 26 (1960): 55–62 online. Bouvier, Luke. "Death and the Scene of Inception: Autobiographical Impropriety and the Birth of Romanticism in Chateaubriand's Mémoires d'outre-tombe." French Forum (1998), vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 23–46. online Byrnes, Joseph F. "Chateaubriand and Destutt de Tracy: Defining religious and secular polarities in France at the beginning of the nineteenth century." Church History 60.3 (1991): 316-330 online. Counter, Andrew J. "A Nation of Foreigners: Chateaubriand and Repatriation." Nineteenth-Century French Studies 46.3 (2018): 285–306. online Fritzsche, Peter. "Chateaubriand's Ruins: Loss and Memory after the French Revolution." History and Memory 10.2 (1998): 102–117 online. Huet, Marie-Hélène. "Chateaubriand and the Politics of (Im) mortality." Diacritics 30.3 (2000): 28-39 online. Painter, George D. Chateaubriand: A Biography: Volume I (1768–93) The Longed-For Tempests. (1997) online review Rosenthal, Léon, and Marc Sandoz. "Chateaubriand, Francois-Auguste-Rene, Vicomte De 1768–1848." Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850 (2013): 168. Scott, Malcolm. Chateaubriand: The Paradox of Change (Peter Lang, 2015). vi + 216 pp. online review Thompson, Christopher W. French Romantic Travel Writing: Chateaubriand to Nerval (Oxford University Press, 2012). In French Ghislain de Diesbach, Chateaubriand (Paris: Perrin, 1995). Jean-Claude Berchet, Chateaubriand (Paris: Gallimard, 2012). Primary sources de Chateaubriand, François-René. Chateaubriand's Travels in America. (University Press of Kentucky, 2015). Chateaubriand, François-René. The genius of Christianity (1884). online Chateaubriand, François-René. Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt and Barbary: during the years 1806 and 1807 (1814). online Chateaubriand's works were edited in 20 volumes by Sainte-Beuve, with an introductory study of his own (1859–60). External links François-René de Chateaubriand at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceResources from Wikiversity Works by François-René de Chateaubriand at Project Gutenberg Works by or about François-René de Chateaubriand at Internet Archive Works by François-René de Chateaubriand at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Maison de Chateaubriand à la Vallée-aux-Loups (in French) Atala, René, Le Dernier Abencerage at athena.unige.ch (in French) Works in digital reading (in English) Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe at Poetry in Translation: a complete English translation of the Memoirs by A. S. Kline, with a hyper-linked in-depth index and over 600 illustrations of the people, places and events of Chateaubriand's life. Retrieved 27 August 2015. (in French) Complete works François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand in Britannica Chateaubriand, the author who wanted to return France to its Christian roots vteFrançois-René de ChateaubriandFiction Atala (1801) René (1802) Les Natchez (1825–1826) Non-fiction The Genius of Christianity (1802) Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe (1849–1850) Miscellaneous Chateaubriand (dish) Conservatism Prix Combourg-Chateaubriand Links to related articles vteAcadémie française seat 19 François de Porchères d'Arbaud (1634) Olivier Patru (1640) Nicolas Potier de Novion (1681) Philippe Goibaut (1693) Charles Boileau (1694) Gaspard Abeille (1704) Nicolas-Hubert de Mongault (1718) Charles Pinot Duclos (1746) Nicolas Beauzée (1772) Jean-Jacques Barthélemy (1789) Marie-Joseph Chénier (1803) François-René de Chateaubriand (1811) Paul, 6th duc de Noailles (1849) Édouard Hervé (1886) Paul Deschanel (1899) Auguste Jonnart (1923) Maurice Paléologue (1928) Charles de Chambrun (1946) Fernand Gregh (1953) René Clair (1960) Pierre Moinot (1982) Jean-Loup Dabadie (2008) Sylviane Agacinski (2023) vteFrench Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Journals Museum Significant civil and political events by year1788 Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788) Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788) 1789 What Is the Third Estate? 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chateaubriand (dish)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateaubriand_(dish)"},{"link_name":"Chateaubriand (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateaubriand_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"French literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_literature"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist"},{"link_name":"Génie du christianisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Genius_of_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Catholic faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_faith"},{"link_name":"Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9moires_d%27Outre-Tombe"},{"link_name":"Peter Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Chateaubriand\" redirects here. For the steak dish, see Chateaubriand (dish). For other uses, see Chateaubriand (disambiguation).François-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand[a] (4 September 1768 – 4 July 1848) was a French writer, politician, diplomat and historian who influenced French literature of the nineteenth century. Descended from an old aristocratic family from Brittany, Chateaubriand was a royalist by political disposition. In an age when large numbers of intellectuals turned against the Church, he authored the Génie du christianisme in defense of the Catholic faith. His works include the autobiography Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe (\"Memoirs from Beyond the Grave\"), published posthumously in 1849–1850.Historian Peter Gay says that Chateaubriand saw himself as the greatest lover, the greatest writer, and the greatest philosopher of his age. Gay states that Chateaubriand \"dominated the literary scene in France in the first half of the nineteenth century\".[2]","title":"François-René de Chateaubriand"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Combourg.jpg"},{"link_name":"château de Combourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Combourg"},{"link_name":"Saint-Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Malo"},{"link_name":"château de Combourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Combourg"},{"link_name":"Combourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combourg"},{"link_name":"sea captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_captain"},{"link_name":"ship-owner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship-owner"},{"link_name":"slave trader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"Arthur Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Young_(agriculturist)"},{"link_name":"Hurons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurons"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dol-de-Bretagne"},{"link_name":"Rennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes"},{"link_name":"Dinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinan"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Land)"},{"link_name":"Jean-François de La Harpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Harpe"},{"link_name":"André Chénier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier"},{"link_name":"Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Marcelin_de_Fontanes"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Early years and exile","text":"The château de Combourg, where Chateaubriand spent his childhoodBorn in Saint-Malo on 4 September 1768, the last of ten children, Chateaubriand grew up at his family's castle (the château de Combourg) in Combourg, Brittany. His father, René de Chateaubriand, was a sea captain turned ship-owner and slave trader. His mother's maiden name was Apolline de Bedée. Chateaubriand's father was a morose, uncommunicative man, and the young Chateaubriand grew up in an atmosphere of gloomy solitude, only broken by long walks in the Breton countryside and an intense friendship with his sister Lucile. His youthful solitude and wild desire produced a suicide attempt with a hunting rifle, although the weapon failed to discharge.English agriculturist and pioneering travel writer Arthur Young visited Comburg in 1788 and he described the immediate environs of the \"romantic\" Chateau de Combourg thusly:\"SEPTEMBER 1st. To Combourg, the country has a savage aspect; husbandry not much further advanced, at least in skill, than among the Hurons, which appears incredible amidst inclosures; the people almost as wild as their country, and their town of Combourg one of the most brutal filthy places that can be seen; mud houses, no windows, and a pavement so broken, as to impede all passengers, but ease none - yet here is a chateau, and inhabited; who is this Mons. de Chateaubriant, the owner, that has nerves strung for a residence amidst such filth and poverty? Below this hideous heap of wretchedness is a fine lake...\"[3]Chateaubriand was educated in Dol, Rennes and Dinan. For a time he could not make up his mind whether he wanted to be a naval officer or a priest, but at the age of seventeen, he decided on a military career and gained a commission as a second lieutenant in the French Army based at Navarre. Within two years, he had been promoted to the rank of captain. He visited Paris in 1788 where he made the acquaintance of Jean-François de La Harpe, André Chénier, Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes and other leading writers of the time. When the French Revolution broke out, Chateaubriand was initially sympathetic, but as events in Paris - and throughout the countryside (including, presumably, \"wretched\" \"brutal\" and \"filthy\" Combourg) - became more violent he wisely decided to journey to North America in 1791.[4] He was given the idea to leave Europe by Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, who also encouraged him to do some botanical studies.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand_by_Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roucy_Trioson.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anne-Louis Girodet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chateaubriand_1826-7"},{"link_name":"Mohawk Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Trail"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chateaubriand_1826-7"},{"link_name":"Les Natchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Natchez"},{"link_name":"Atala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atala_(novella)"},{"link_name":"René","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_(novella)"},{"link_name":"Deep South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Valley"}],"sub_title":"Journey to America","text":"Young Chateaubriand, by Anne-Louis Girodet (c. 1790)In Voyage en Amérique, published in 1826, Chateaubriand writes that he arrived in Philadelphia on 10 July 1791. He visited New York, Boston and Lexington, before leaving by boat on the Hudson River to reach Albany.[6] He then followed the Mohawk Trail up the Niagara Falls where he broke his arm and spent a month in recovery in the company of a Native American tribe. Chateaubriand then describes Native American tribes' customs, as well as zoological, political and economic consideration. He then says that a raid along the Ohio River, the Mississippi River, Louisiana and Florida took him back to Philadelphia, where he embarked on the Molly in November to go back to France.[6]This experience provided the setting for his exotic novels Les Natchez (written between 1793 and 1799 but published only in 1826), Atala (1801) and René (1802). His vivid, captivating descriptions of nature in the sparsely settled American Deep South were written in a style that was very innovative for the time and spearheaded what later became the Romantic movement in France. As early as 1916,[7] some scholars have cast doubt on Chateaubriand's claims that he was granted an interview with George Washington and that he actually lived for a time with the Native Americans he wrote about. Critics have questioned the veracity of entire sections of Chateaubriand's claimed travels, notably his passage through the Mississippi Valley, Louisiana and Florida.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"émigrés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Koblenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koblenz"},{"link_name":"Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Siege of Thionville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)"},{"link_name":"French Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Return to France","text":"Chateaubriand returned to France in 1792 and subsequently joined the army of Royalist émigrés in Koblenz under the leadership of Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of Condé. Under strong pressure from his family, he married a young aristocratic woman, also from Saint-Malo, whom he had never previously met, Céleste Buisson de la Vigne (in later life, Chateaubriand was notoriously unfaithful to her, having a series of love affairs). His military career came to an end when he was wounded at the Siege of Thionville, a major clash between Royalist troops (of which Chateaubriand was a member) and the French Revolutionary Army. Half-dead, he was taken to Jersey and exiled to England, leaving his wife behind.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bungay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungay"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"John Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Lost"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"}],"sub_title":"Exile in London","text":"Chateaubriand spent most of his exile in extreme poverty in London, scraping a living offering French lessons and doing translation work, but a stay in (Bungay) Suffolk[8] proved to be more idyllic. He stayed at The Music House, 34 Bridge Street, a fact recorded in a plaque on the property.[9] Here Chateaubriand fell in love with a young English woman, Charlotte Ives, the daughter of his host, but the romance ended when he was forced to reveal he was already married. During his time in Britain, Chateaubriand also became familiar with English literature. This reading, particularly of John Milton's Paradise Lost (which he later translated into French prose), had a deep influence on his own literary work.His exile forced Chateaubriand to examine the causes of the French Revolution, which had cost the lives of many of his family and friends; these reflections inspired his first work, Essai sur les Révolutions (1797). An attempt in 18th-century style to explain the French Revolution, it predated his subsequent, romantic style of writing and was largely ignored. A major turning point in Chateaubriand's life was his conversion back to the Catholic faith of his childhood around 1798.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Consulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Consulate"},{"link_name":"First French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"French Consulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Consulate"},{"link_name":"Mercure de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercure_de_France"},{"link_name":"Génie du christianisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Genius_of_Christianity"},{"link_name":"apologia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologetics"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Fesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fesch"},{"link_name":"Republic of Valais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodanic_Republic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, duc d'Enghien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Antoine-Henri_de_Bourbon-Cond%C3%A9,_duc_d%27Enghien"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Alexeievna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Alexeievna_(Louise_of_Baden)"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"persecution of early Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Abencerrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abencerrages"},{"link_name":"Nero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"Tuileries Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuileries_Palace"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Châtenay-Malabry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tenay-Malabry"},{"link_name":"Académie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"},{"link_name":"Madame de Staël","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl"},{"link_name":"Joseph Joubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Joubert"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Simon Ballanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Ballanche"}],"sub_title":"Consulate and Empire","text":"Further information: French ConsulateFurther information: First French EmpireChateaubriand took advantage of the amnesty issued to émigrés to return to France in May 1800 (under the French Consulate); he edited the Mercure de France. In 1802, he won fame with Génie du christianisme (\"The Genius of Christianity\"), an apologia for the Catholic faith which contributed to the post-revolutionary religious revival in France. It also won him the favour of Napoleon Bonaparte, who was eager to win over the Catholic Church at the time.James McMillan argues that a Europe-wide Catholic Revival emerged from the change in the cultural climate from intellectually-oriented classicism to emotionally-based Romanticism. He concludes that Chateaubriand's book:did more than any other single work to restore the credibility and prestige of Christianity in intellectual circles and launched a fashionable rediscovery of the Middle Ages and their Christian civilisation. The revival was by no means confined to an intellectual elite, however, but was evident in the real, though uneven, rechristianisation of the French countryside.[10]Appointed secretary of the legation to the Holy See by Napoleon, he accompanied Cardinal Fesch to Rome. But the two men soon quarrelled, and Chateaubriand was appointed minister to the Republic of Valais in November 1803.[11] He resigned his post in disgust after Napoleon ordered the execution in 1804 of Louis XVI's cousin, Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, duc d'Enghien. Chateaubriand was, after his resignation, completely dependent on his literary efforts. However, and quite unexpectedly, he received a large sum of money from the Russian Tsarina Elizabeth Alexeievna. She had seen him as a defender of Christianity and thus worthy of her royal support.Chateaubriand used his new-found wealth in 1806 to visit Greece, Asia Minor, The Ottoman Empire, Egypt, Tunisia, and Spain. The notes he made on his travels later formed part of a prose epic, Les Martyrs, set during the Roman persecution of early Christianity. His notes also furnished a running account of the trip itself, published in 1811 as the Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem (Itinerary from Paris to Jerusalem). The Spanish stage of the journey inspired a third novella, Les aventures du dernier Abencérage (The Adventures of the Last Abencerrage), which appeared in 1826.On his return to France at the end of 1806, he published a severe criticism of Napoleon, comparing him to Nero and predicting the emergence of a new Tacitus. Napoleon famously threatened to have Chateaubriand sabred on the steps of the Tuileries Palace for it, but settled for merely banishing him from the city.[12] Chateaubriand therefore retired, in 1807, to a modest estate he called Vallée-aux-Loups (\"Wolf Valley\"), in Châtenay-Malabry, 11 km (6.8 mi) south of central Paris, where he lived until 1817. Here he finished Les Martyrs, which appeared in 1809, and began the first drafts of his Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe. He was elected to the Académie française in 1811, but, given his plan to infuse his acceptance speech with criticism of the Revolution, he could not occupy his seat until after the Bourbon Restoration. His literary friends during this period included Madame de Staël, Joseph Joubert and Pierre-Simon Ballanche.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bourbon Restoration in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Francois_Rene_Vicomte_de_Chateaubriand,_1828.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peer of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bourbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Louis XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Hundred Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days"},{"link_name":"Battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"peer of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_France"},{"link_name":"state minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_minister"},{"link_name":"Marshal Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ney"},{"link_name":"King Louis XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"La Monarchie selon la Charte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Monarchie_selon_la_Charte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chambre introuvable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_introuvable"},{"link_name":"Ultra-royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-royalist"},{"link_name":"Charles X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France"},{"link_name":"Le Conservateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Conservateur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Duc de Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_duc_de_Berry"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)"},{"link_name":"plenipotentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenipotentiary"},{"link_name":"Congress of Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Verona"},{"link_name":"Quintuple Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintuple_Alliance"},{"link_name":"intervention in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis"},{"link_name":"Trienio Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trienio_Liberal"},{"link_name":"Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Joseph de Villèle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Journal des Débats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_des_D%C3%A9bats"},{"link_name":"Le National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_National_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Thiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers"},{"link_name":"Armand Carrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Carrel"},{"link_name":"press freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press"},{"link_name":"cause of Greek independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Prince de Polignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules,_Prince_de_Polignac"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Poussin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo in Lucina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Lucina"}],"sub_title":"Under the Restoration","text":"Further information: Bourbon Restoration in FranceChateaubriand as a Peer of France (1828)Chateaubriand became a major figure in politics as well as literature. At first he was a strong Royalist in the period up to 1824. His liberal phase lasted from 1824 to 1830. After that he was much less active.\nAfter the fall of Napoleon, Chateaubriand rallied to the Bourbons. On 30 March 1814, he wrote a pamphlet against Napoleon, titled De Buonaparte et des Bourbons, of which thousands of copies were published. He then followed Louis XVIII into exile to Ghent during the Hundred Days (March–July 1815), and was nominated ambassador to Sweden.After Napoleon's final defeat in the Battle of Waterloo (of which he heard the distant cannon rumblings outside Ghent), Chateaubriand became peer of France and state minister (1815). In December 1815 he voted for Marshal Ney's execution. However, his criticism of King Louis XVIII in La Monarchie selon la Charte, after the Chambre introuvable was dissolved, resulted in his disgrace. He lost his function of state minister, and joined the opposition, siding with the Ultra-royalist group supporting the future Charles X, and becoming one of the main writers of its mouthpiece, Le Conservateur.[13]Chateaubriand sided again with the Court after the murder of the Duc de Berry (1820), writing for the occasion the Mémoires sur la vie et la mort du duc. He then served as ambassador to Prussia (1821) and the United Kingdom (1822), and even rose to the office of Minister of Foreign Affairs (28 December 1822 – 4 August 1824). A plenipotentiary to the Congress of Verona (1822), he decided in favor of the Quintuple Alliance's intervention in Spain during the Trienio Liberal, despite opposition from the Duke of Wellington. Chateaubriand was soon relieved of his office by Prime Minister Joseph de Villèle on 5 June 1824, over his objections to a law the latter proposed that would have resulted in the widening of the electorate. Chateaubriand was subsequently appointed French ambassador to Genoa.[14]Consequently, he moved towards the liberal opposition, both as a Peer and as a contributor to Journal des Débats (his articles there gave the signal of the paper's similar switch, which, however, was more moderate than Le National, directed by Adolphe Thiers and Armand Carrel). Opposing Villèle, he became highly popular as a defender of press freedom and the cause of Greek independence. After Villèle's downfall, Charles X appointed Chateaubriand ambassador to the Holy See in 1828, but he resigned upon the accession of the Prince de Polignac as premier (November 1829).In 1830, he donated a monument to the French painter Nicolas Poussin in the church of San Lorenzo in Lucina in Rome.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"July Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:House_of_Chateaubriand_120_rue_du_Bac.jpg"},{"link_name":"rue du Bac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_du_Bac"},{"link_name":"July Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Revolution"},{"link_name":"House of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Louis-Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France"},{"link_name":"Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9moires_d%27Outre-Tombe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"July Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy"},{"link_name":"Marie-Caroline, duchesse de Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Caroline_de_Bourbon-Sicile,_duchess_de_Berry"},{"link_name":"Ballanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Ballanche"},{"link_name":"Pierre Leroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Leroux"},{"link_name":"Liberté, égalité and fraternité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ozouf-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"rue du Bac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_du_Bac"},{"link_name":"Juliette Récamier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Fran%C3%A7oise_Julie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_R%C3%A9camier"},{"link_name":"Abbaye-aux-Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbaye-aux-Bois"},{"link_name":"Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Jean_le_Bouthillier_de_Ranc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Trappist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappist"},{"link_name":"Revolution of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolutions_of_1848_in_France"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Grand Bé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_B%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Saint-Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Malo"}],"sub_title":"July Monarchy","text":"Further information: July MonarchyHis last home, 120 rue du Bac, where Chateaubriand had an apartment on the ground floorIn 1830, after the July Revolution, his refusal to swear allegiance to the new House of Orléans king Louis-Philippe put an end to his political career. He withdrew from political life to write his Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe (\"Memoirs from Beyond the Grave\"), published posthumously in two volumes in 1849–1850. It reflects his growing pessimism regarding the future. Although his contemporaries celebrated the present and future as an extension of the past, Chateaubriand and the new Romanticists couldn't share their nostalgic outlook. Instead he foresaw chaos, discontinuity, and disaster. His diaries and letters often focused on the upheavals he could see every day — abuses of power, excesses of daily life, and disasters yet to come. His melancholy tone suggested astonishment, surrender, betrayal, and bitterness.[15][16]His Études historiques was an introduction to a projected History of France. He became a harsh critic of the \"bourgeois king\" Louis-Philippe and the July Monarchy, and his planned volume on the arrest of Marie-Caroline, duchesse de Berry caused him to be (unsuccessfully) prosecuted.Chateaubriand, along with other Catholic traditionalists such as Ballanche or, on the other side of the political divide, the socialist and republican Pierre Leroux, was one of the few men of his time who attempted to conciliate the three terms of Liberté, égalité and fraternité, going beyond the antagonism between liberals and socialists as to what interpretation to give the seemingly contradictory terms.[17] Chateaubriand thus gave a Christian interpretation of the revolutionary motto, stating in the 1841 conclusion to his Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe:Far from being at its term, the religion of the Liberator is now only just entering its third phase, the political period, liberty, equality, fraternity.[17][18]In his final years, he lived as a recluse in an apartment at 120 rue du Bac, Paris, leaving his house only to pay visits to Juliette Récamier in Abbaye-aux-Bois. His final work, Vie de Rancé, was written at the suggestion of his confessor and published in 1844. It is a biography of Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé, a worldly seventeenth-century French aristocrat who withdrew from society to become the founder of the Trappist order of monks. The parallels with Chateaubriand's own life are striking. As late as 1845–1847, he also kept revising Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe, particularly the earlier sections, as evidenced by the revision dates on the manuscript.Chateaubriand died in Paris on 4 July 1848, aged 79, in the midst of the Revolution of 1848, in the arms of his dear friend Juliette Récamier,[19] and was buried, as he had requested, on the tidal island Grand Bé near Saint-Malo, accessible only when the tide is out.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron"},{"link_name":"René","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_(novella)"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Stendhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal"},{"link_name":"Bourbonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Lamartine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"André Malraux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux"},{"link_name":"Paul Claudel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Claudel"},{"link_name":"Génie du christianisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Genius_of_Christianity"},{"link_name":"George Brandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brandes"},{"link_name":"Paul and Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_and_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Chateaubriand steak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateaubriand_steak"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"His descriptions of Nature and his analysis of emotion made him the model for a generation of Romantic writers, not only in France but also abroad. For example, Lord Byron was deeply impressed by René. The young Victor Hugo scribbled in a notebook, \"To be Chateaubriand or nothing.\" Even his enemies found it hard to avoid his influence. Stendhal, who despised him for political reasons, made use of his psychological analyses in his own book De l'amour.Chateaubriand was the first to define the vague des passions (\"intimations of passion\") that later became a commonplace of Romanticism: \"One inhabits, with a full heart, an empty world\" (Génie du Christianisme). His political thought and actions seem to offer numerous contradictions: he wanted to be the friend both of legitimist royalty and of republicans, alternately defending whichever of the two seemed more in danger: \"I am a Bourbonist out of honour, a monarchist out of reason, and a republican out of taste and temperament\". He was the first of a series of French men of letters (Lamartine, Victor Hugo, André Malraux, Paul Claudel) who tried to mix political and literary careers.\"We are convinced that the great writers have told their own story in their works\", wrote Chateaubriand in Génie du christianisme. \"One only truly describes one's own heart by attributing it to another, and the greater part of genius is composed of memories\". This is certainly true of Chateaubriand himself. All his works have strong autobiographical elements, overt or disguised.George Brandes, in 1901, compared the works of Chateaubriand to those of Rousseau and others:The year 1800 was the first to produce a book bearing the imprint of the new era, a work small in size, but great in significance and mighty in the impression it made. Atala took the French public by storm in a way which no book had done since the days of Paul and Virginia. It was a romance of the plains and mysterious forests of North America, with a strong, strange aroma of the untilled soil from which it sprang; it glowed with rich foreign colouring, and with the fiercer glow of consuming passion.[20]Chateaubriand was a food enthusiast; Chateaubriand steak is most likely to have been named after him.[21]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"American Antiquarian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In 1806, Chateaubriand was invested as a Knight of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem during a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.[22]Chateaubriand was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1816.[23]A French school in Rome (Italy) is named after him.The cut of meat, a Chateaubriand, is named after him.","title":"Honors and memberships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Itin%C3%A9raire_de_Paris_a_J%C3%A9rusalem_et_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_a_Paris.tif"},{"link_name":"Essai sur les révolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essai_sur_les_r%C3%A9volutions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atala, ou Les Amours de Deux Sauvages dans le Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atala_(novella)"},{"link_name":"René","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_(novella)"},{"link_name":"Génie du christianisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nie_du_christianisme"},{"link_name":"Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itin%C3%A9raire_de_Paris_%C3%A0_J%C3%A9rusalem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frederic Shoberl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Shoberl"},{"link_name":"Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt, and Barbary, during the years 1806 and 1807","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/travelsingreece00chatgoog"},{"link_name":"ISI Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.isibooks.org"},{"link_name":"Mémoires sur la vie et la mort du duc de Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9moires_sur_la_vie_et_la_mort_du_duc_de_Berry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Les Natchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Natchez"},{"link_name":"Les Aventures du dernier Abencérage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Aventures_du_dernier_Abenc%C3%A9rage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Voyage en Amérique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyage_en_Am%C3%A9rique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Études historiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tudes_historiques&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mémoires sur la captivité de Madame la duchesse de Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9moires_sur_la_captivit%C3%A9_de_Madame_la_duchesse_de_Berry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Vie de Rancé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Vie_de_Ranc%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9moires_d%27Outre-Tombe"},{"link_name":"\"Progress,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/catholicpolitica00menc#page/98/mode/2up"}],"text":"Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem et de Jérusalem à Paris, 18211797: Essai sur les révolutions.\n1801: Atala, ou Les Amours de Deux Sauvages dans le Desert.\n1802: René.\n1802: Génie du christianisme.\n1809: Les Martyrs.\n1811: Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem. English translation by Frederic Shoberl, 1814. Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt, and Barbary, during the years 1806 and 1807.\n1814: \"On Buonaparte and the Bourbons\", in Blum, Christopher Olaf, editor and translator, 2004. Critics of the Enlightenment. Wilmington, DE: ISI Books. 3–42.\n1820: Mémoires sur la vie et la mort du duc de Berry.\n1826: Les Natchez.\n1826: Les Aventures du dernier Abencérage.\n1827: Voyage en Amérique.\n1831: Études historiques.\n1833: Mémoires sur la captivité de Madame la duchesse de Berry.\n1844: La Vie de Rancé.\n1848–50: Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe.\n\"Progress,\" in Menczer, Béla, 1962. Catholic Political Thought, 1789–1848, University of Notre Dame Press.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[Opere]. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7806946&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL7&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Génie du Cristianisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7808959&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL7&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"[Opere]. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7811344&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL6&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Itinéraire de Paris a Jérusalem et de Jérusalem a Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7815412&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL7&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7813459&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL7&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Voyage en Amérique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7817233&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL7&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Mélanges politiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7819126&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL7&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Polémique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7821145&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL7&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Études historiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7823110&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL7&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Analyse raisonnée de l'histoire de la France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7825255&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL6&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Paradise lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7827130&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL7&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Congrès de Verone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7829629&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL6&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7831786&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7833541&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7835506&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7837381&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL7&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7839136&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7841287&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL&pds_handle="},{"link_name":"Dernières années de Chateaubriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7843330&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&search_terms=DTL&pds_handle="}],"sub_title":"Digitized works","text":"[Opere]. 1.\nGénie du Cristianisme.\n[Opere]. 2.\nItinéraire de Paris a Jérusalem et de Jérusalem a Paris.\nMartyrs.\nVoyage en Amérique.\nMélanges politiques.\nPolémique.\nÉtudes historiques.\nAnalyse raisonnée de l'histoire de la France.\nParadise lost.\nCongrès de Verone.\nMémoires d'outre-tombe. 1.\nMémoires d'outre-tombe. 2.\nMémoires d'outre-tombe. 3.\nMémoires d'outre-tombe. 4.\nMémoires d'outre-tombe. 5.\nMémoires d'outre-tombe. 6.\nDernières années de Chateaubriand.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"/ʃæˌtoʊbriːˈɑːn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[fʁɑ̃swa ʁəne də ʃɑtobʁijɑ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"}],"text":"^ English pronunciation: /ʃæˌtoʊbriːˈɑːn/;[1] French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃swa ʁəne də ʃɑtobʁijɑ̃].","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baldick, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baldick"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2929224"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40551991"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3167470"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//muse.jhu.edu/article/692199/summary"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25681029"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1566341"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nybooks.com/articles/1978/07/20/what-chateaubriand-saw/"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.h-france.net/vol16reviews/vol16no61counter.pdf"}],"text":"Baldick, Robert (trans.) The Memoirs of Chateaubriand (Hamish Hamilton, 1961)\nBoorsch, Jean. \"Chateaubriand and Napoleon.\" Yale French Studies 26 (1960): 55–62 online.\nBouvier, Luke. \"Death and the Scene of Inception: Autobiographical Impropriety and the Birth of Romanticism in Chateaubriand's Mémoires d'outre-tombe.\" French Forum (1998), vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 23–46. online\nByrnes, Joseph F. \"Chateaubriand and Destutt de Tracy: Defining religious and secular polarities in France at the beginning of the nineteenth century.\" Church History 60.3 (1991): 316-330 online.\nCounter, Andrew J. \"A Nation of Foreigners: Chateaubriand and Repatriation.\" Nineteenth-Century French Studies 46.3 (2018): 285–306. online\nFritzsche, Peter. \"Chateaubriand's Ruins: Loss and Memory after the French Revolution.\" History and Memory 10.2 (1998): 102–117 online.\nHuet, Marie-Hélène. \"Chateaubriand and the Politics of (Im) mortality.\" Diacritics 30.3 (2000): 28-39 online.\nPainter, George D. Chateaubriand: A Biography: Volume I (1768–93) The Longed-For Tempests. (1997) online review\nRosenthal, Léon, and Marc Sandoz. \"Chateaubriand, Francois-Auguste-Rene, Vicomte De 1768–1848.\" Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850 (2013): 168.\nScott, Malcolm. Chateaubriand: The Paradox of Change (Peter Lang, 2015). vi + 216 pp. online review\nThompson, Christopher W. French Romantic Travel Writing: Chateaubriand to Nerval (Oxford University Press, 2012).","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghislain de Diesbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghislain_de_Diesbach"}],"sub_title":"In French","text":"Ghislain de Diesbach, Chateaubriand (Paris: Perrin, 1995).\nJean-Claude Berchet, Chateaubriand (Paris: Gallimard, 2012).","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/TheGeniusOfChristianity15thEd"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en&id=-J42AAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Beuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"de Chateaubriand, François-René. Chateaubriand's Travels in America. (University Press of Kentucky, 2015).\nChateaubriand, François-René. The genius of Christianity (1884). online\nChateaubriand, François-René. Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt and Barbary: during the years 1806 and 1807 (1814). online\nChateaubriand's works were edited in 20 volumes by Sainte-Beuve, with an introductory study of his own (1859–60).","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The château de Combourg, where Chateaubriand spent his childhood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Combourg.jpg/220px-Combourg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Young Chateaubriand, by Anne-Louis Girodet (c. 1790)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand_by_Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roucy_Trioson.jpg/190px-Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand_by_Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roucy_Trioson.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chateaubriand as a Peer of France (1828)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Portrait_of_Francois_Rene_Vicomte_de_Chateaubriand%2C_1828.jpg/190px-Portrait_of_Francois_Rene_Vicomte_de_Chateaubriand%2C_1828.jpg"},{"image_text":"His last home, 120 rue du Bac, where Chateaubriand had an apartment on the ground floor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/House_of_Chateaubriand_120_rue_du_Bac.jpg/170px-House_of_Chateaubriand_120_rue_du_Bac.jpg"},{"image_text":"Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem et de Jérusalem à Paris, 1821","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Itin%C3%A9raire_de_Paris_a_J%C3%A9rusalem_et_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_a_Paris.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Itin%C3%A9raire_de_Paris_a_J%C3%A9rusalem_et_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_a_Paris.tif.jpg"}]
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Travels During the Years 1787, 1788 & 1789; Undertaken More Particularly With a View of Ascertaining the Cultivation, Wealth, Resources and National Prosperity of the Kingdom of France (Second ed.). W. Richardson, Royal Exchange, London. p. 97.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bungay: a new book by local author Terry Reeve\". iceni Post News from the North folk & South folk. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://icenipost.com/bungay-a-new-book-by-local-author-terry-reeve/","url_text":"\"Bungay: a new book by local author Terry Reeve\""}]},{"reference":"Czouz-Tornare, Alain-Jacques. \"Quand le Valais était français\". Fondation Napoléon (in French). Retrieved 2 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.napoleon.org/histoire-des-2-empires/articles/quand-le-valais-etait-francais/","url_text":"\"Quand le Valais était français\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondation_Napol%C3%A9on","url_text":"Fondation Napoléon"}]},{"reference":"Goldman, Lawrence (2011), Stedman Jones, Gareth; Claeys, Gregory (eds.), \"Conservative political thought from the revolutions of 1848 until the fin de siècle\", The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought, The Cambridge History of Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 691–719, ISBN 978-0-521-43056-2, retrieved 2 May 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-nineteenthcentury-political-thought/conservative-political-thought-from-the-revolutions-of-1848-until-the-fin-de-siecle/FA5FCFA3FCC597BCE799A33ADE196AF5","url_text":"\"Conservative political thought from the revolutions of 1848 until the fin de siècle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43056-2","url_text":"978-0-521-43056-2"}]},{"reference":"Bernard, J.F. (1973). Talleyrand: A Biography. New York: Putnam. p. 503. ISBN 0-399-11022-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/talleyrand00jack","url_text":"Talleyrand: A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-11022-4","url_text":"0-399-11022-4"}]},{"reference":"Gribble, Francis Henry (1909). Chateaubriand and his court of women. The Centre for 19th Century French Studies - University of Toronto. London : Chapman and Hall, Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/chateaubriandhis00grib","url_text":"Chateaubriand and his court of women"}]},{"reference":"Siberry, Elizabeth (1995). \"Chapter 14: Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries\". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. Oxford University Press. pp. 365–385. ISBN 978-0192854285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192854285","url_text":"978-0192854285"}]},{"reference":"Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). \"Chateaubriand, François René Auguste\" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman","url_text":"Gilman, D. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Chateaubriand,_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ren%C3%A9_Auguste","url_text":"\"Chateaubriand, François René Auguste\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). \"Chateaubriand, François Auguste\" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, J. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)","url_text":"Fiske, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Chateaubriand,_Fran%C3%A7ois_Auguste","url_text":"\"Chateaubriand, François Auguste\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"François-René de Chateaubriand\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand","url_text":"\"François-René de Chateaubriand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Chateaubriand, François René\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chateaubriand,_Fran%C3%A7ois_Ren%C3%A9","url_text":"\"Chateaubriand, François René\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickford_Junction_(MBTA_station)
Wickford Junction station
["1 History","1.1 Former station","1.2 Modern station","1.3 Ridership","1.4 Bus operations and consolidation","2 Rail operations","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°34′51″N 71°29′29″W / 41.5808°N 71.4914°W / 41.5808; -71.4914Railway station in North Kingstown, RI This article is about the commuter rail station in the United States. For the rail station in England, see Wickford railway station. Wickford JunctionPlatform at Wickford Junction in June 2012General informationLocation1011 Ten Rod RoadNorth Kingstown, Rhode IslandCoordinates41°34′51″N 71°29′29″W / 41.5808°N 71.4914°W / 41.5808; -71.4914Owned byRIDOTLine(s)Amtrak Northeast CorridorPlatforms1 side platformTracks3 (two main and one platform siding)Connections RIPTA: 14, 65x, 66ConstructionParking1,100 spaces (free)Bicycle facilities20 spots (free)AccessibleYesOther informationFare zone10HistoryOpenedFirst station: 1844Second station: April 23, 2012ClosedOctober 1, 1981 (former station)Rebuilt1871, 1887, c. 1890Previous namesWickford (1844–1871)Passengers2018235 (weekday average boardings) Services Preceding station MBTA Following station Terminus Providence/​Stoughton Line T. F. Green Airporttoward South Station Former services Preceding station Amtrak Following station Kingstontoward New Haven Beacon HillClosed 1981 East Greenwichtoward Boston South Preceding station New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Following station Kingstontoward New Haven Shore Line East Greenwichtoward Boston Location Wickford Junction station is a commuter rail station located in North Kingstown, Rhode Island, United States. It is the southern terminus of the MBTA Commuter Rail Providence/Stoughton Line and serves as a park and ride location for commuters to Providence and Boston. The station consists of a single high-level side platform on a stub-end siding next to the Northeast Corridor mainline. The first station at the site opened in 1844. In 1870, the Newport and Wickford Railroad and Steamboat Company was opened from the station to Wickford Landing, where it connected with steamships to Newport, Rhode Island. The station was rebuilt in 1871, expanded in 1887, and rebuilt again around 1890 after a fire. Branch service ended in 1925, but the station remained open until 1981. A new station and parking garage opened on the same site on April 23, 2012, as part of the South County Commuter Rail project, which also included the new T. F. Green Airport station. History 1871 station after 1887 addition Former station 1890-built station in 1914 In 1844, seven years after the Rhode Island section of the New York, Providence and Boston Railroad opened, a small station was placed at Wickford. The Newport and Wickford Railroad and Steamboat Company opened in 1870 as a branch from the mainline to Wickford Landing, where wealthy riders would board steamships to the resorts and summer homes of Newport, Rhode Island. A new station named Wickford Junction was built in 1871 at a cost of $8,000; a $3,500 addition was added sixteen years later. The station burned and was replaced by a smaller structure around 1890. Passenger service on the branch ended in 1925, though some mainline service continued to stop. The station building was torn down in 1969 as rail service declined, leaving just the stone foundation, which was later filled with gravel. The pedestrian overpass was moved in 1971 to Route 128 station, where it remained until Route 128 station was rebuilt in 2000. The station, by then just bare platforms, was served by a single New London-Providence round trip (cut to Westerly-Providence by Penn Central on November 22, 1971). The commuter train was discontinued on June 3, 1977. Amtrak's New Haven-Boston Beacon Hill began service on April 30, 1978, including a stop at Wickford Junction. The Beacon Hill was discontinued on October 1, 1981.: 65  The Wickford Landing branch's right-of-way is still extant, as are the remains of a turntable about 700 feet (200 m) north of Ten Rod Road. The state is considering building a bikeway along the right-of-way to connect the Wickford town center with the Wickford Junction development and station. Modern station The station under construction in January 2012 After Beacon Hill service ended in 1981, some residents proposed a new station and the restoration of service. Bob Coie, a local builder, had bought a strip of land along the tracks in 1959 and acquired a large parcel along their west side in 1982. In 1985, he convinced the town to upzone the land for commercial use with the intention of eventually building a "pre-planned business district" and commuter rail station there. A state study of rail corridors was completed in 1994 and the Northeast Corridor was designated as the highest-priority line for commuter service to Providence. An addendum in 1995, assuming a quick start to operations, projected that daily ridership from Wickford would be 2,869 in 2000 and 3,386 in 2020.: 4–25  An operations plan was released in 2001, and environmental assessment was completed in 2003. By November 2006, the station and associated track work was expected to cost $43.7 million, of which $24.99 million would be Federal Transit Administration New Starts funding. The station received a total of $59 million in federal funds, including the $24.99 million from New Starts and $4.35 million in stimulus funds. In late 2009, the State of Rhode Island spent $3.2 million to purchase 350,000 square feet (33,000 m2) of land for the station and parking garage, with hopes that it could be in service in 2011. Ground was broken for the new station on August 18, 2010. Primary construction work on the station platform and garage was completed on time and under budget in December 2011, and a test train was run to the station in March 2012. The station opened on April 23, 2012. A major part of the modern station is the four-story parking garage, which was modeled after the nearby Lafayette Mill. The garage includes an indoor waiting room—rare in the MBTA system—and a small coffee/snack shop. An 8-foot (2.4 m)-tall bronze sculpture celebrating the history of rail service at Wickford Junction was completed in October 2015. Ridership Ridership at Wickford Junction has been far below projections, some of which had assumed that transit-oriented development would be constructed at the station. Daily boardings were projected to reach 3,544 in 2025 according to the 1995 analysis.: 4–25  This was reduced to 1,669 by 2020 in the 2003 Environmental Assessment, but raised again to 3,386 by 2020 in a 2005 analysis.: 11  Initial ridership in May 2012 was 130 inbound riders per day, of whom 80 percent rode to Providence and 20 percent to Boston. Ridership increased to 150 riders per day by early June and to 175 daily by February 2014. Ridership averaged 292 daily boardings in the first quarter of 2017. For the second half of 2017, the state offered free intrastate rides in an attempt to promote the under-utilized T.F. Green Airport and Wickford Junction stations. The six-month promotion was expected to cost about $102,000. Ridership increased by 50% within the first month of the promotion. However, a 2018 count totalled only 235 daily boardings. As of 2017 the station only has weekday service, but planners hope to add weekend service eventually. Previous official discussions about adding weekend service to T. F. Green Airport and Wickford Junction took place in 2014. Bus operations and consolidation Garage and drop-off lane / busway Wickford Junction's drop-off lane also serves as a busway, which RIPTA bus route 66 URI/Galilee briefly served before it was rerouted to a park-and-ride closer to Route 2. In January 2013, RIDOT began planning to sell the park-and-ride property and reroute the 66 and the new 65X Wakefield Express to Wickford Junction on all trips; however, the plan was held up by concerns about eliminating free parking in the lot in favor of the paid garage. In July 2015, the agency renewed plans to sell the park-and-ride lot for an estimated $1.9 million and reroute the buses, but similar concerns were voiced at a public meeting. A judge blocked RIDOT's sale plan in July 2017 over concerns that the family of the original property owners (from whom it was taken by eminent domain in the 1930s) may have had the right to buy back the property. In August 2015, RIDOT announced that it would be taking over operations and maintenance at Wickford Junction from a private contractor. The savings from the change—estimated at $340,000 annually—were to be used to increase frequencies on the 65X route. At the same time, RIDOT began a two-week, $372,500 project to allow bus operations to be shifted to the station, which involved constructing a bus depot next to the garage and a new access driveway from Route 102. Only several days of "preliminary work" were completed by August 31 when Coie's company, owner of the adjacent shopping plaza, filed a lawsuit against RIDOT. The suit alleged that the changes would reduce traffic to the shopping center and cause a safety issue. RIDOT answered the claim, saying that the 2009 land deal gave the agency exclusive rights to the transit facility land. The state settled the lawsuit with the company in November 2015 by agreeing to pay $750,000 by July 2016. Effective December 7, 2015, all 65X and 66 trips were rerouted to Wickford Junction, with the garage now open 24/7. The restrooms and waiting room had full hours beginning in January 2016. Rail operations Siding and Stony interlocking construction in January 2012 The station opened on April 23, 2012, with ten trains in each direction on weekdays. Two off-peak trains ran only as far as Providence, while the other eight—including five rush hour trains—ran to Boston. Travel time is approximately 35 minutes to Providence and 100 minutes to Boston. The station is located on a 0.7-mile (1.1 km) siding which connects to the southbound mainline track of the Northeast Corridor at Stony interlocking, north of the station. The siding allows Amtrak trains to pass while a commuter train is stopped at the station and laying over.: 1–9  Wickford Junction station is located at milepost 165.8 on the Northeast Corridor, 16 miles (26 km) from Providence and 63 miles (101 km) from Boston.: 1–1  The 2014 State Rail Plan recommended the implementation of shuttle service between Wickford Junction and Providence via T.F. Green Airport with half-hour headways. The service, which could be operated with multiple units rather than conventional locomotive-hauled commuter trains, was expected to increase ridership at Wickford to as much as 3,400 riders per day. References ^ a b Central Transportation Planning Staff (2019). "2018 Commuter Rail Counts". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. ^ a b c d e Cranston, Timothy G. (June 7, 2001). "The Wickford Junction Train Station" (PDF). North East Independent. North Kingstown Free Library. pp. 6–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2012. ^ "History". Historic Wickford Village. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2012. ^ Humphrey, Thomas J. & Clark, Norton D. (1986). Boston's Commuter Rail: Second Section. Boston Street Railway Association. p. 54. ISBN 978-0938315025. ^ Haskel, Donald (September 1966). "NH 2059 New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad EMD FL9 at Kingston, Rhode Island". RailPictures.Net. Retrieved April 14, 2012. ^ Baer, Christopher T. (April 2015). "A GENERAL CHRONOLOGY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY ITS PREDECESSORS AND SUCCESSORS AND ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT: 1971" (PDF). Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society. p. 45. ^ Baer, Christopher T. (April 2015). "A General Chronology Of The Pennsylvania Railroad Company Its Predecessors And Successors And Its Historical Context: 1977" (PDF). Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society. p. 18. ^ Baer, Christopher T. (April 2015). "A General Chronology Of The Pennsylvania Railroad Company Its Predecessors And Successors And Its Historical Context: 1978" (PDF). Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society. p. 11. ^ "National Train Timetables". National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak). April 30, 1978. p. 18 – via The Museum of Railway Timetables. ^ Hebert, H. Josef (August 26, 1981). "New Amtrak Network Keeps Most of System Intact". Associated Press. ^ Baer, Christopher T. (April 2015). "A General Chronology Of The Pennsylvania Railroad Company Its Predecessors And Successors And Its Historical Context: 1980–1989" (PDF). Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society. ^ a b c "Rhode Island State Rail Plan 2014" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Administration. 2014. pp. 4.16, 6.5. ^ a b Eno, Paul F. (June 2012). "Never give up on your dream!: Bob Cioe's dream, recently opened Wickford Junction, dates back to 1959" (PDF). The Rhode Island Builder Report: 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2015. ^ "Rail Corridor Feasibility Study" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. November 1994. p. 187. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 24, 2013. ^ a b c Edwards and Kelcey, Inc (July 2001). "South County Commuter Rail Service Plan" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 16, 2009. ^ a b c d "South County Commuter Rail Environmental Assessment" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. February 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 24, 2012. ^ "Annual Report on Funding Recommendations: Proposed Allocations of Funds for Fiscal Year 2008: New Starts, Small Starts, Alternative Transportation in Parks and Public Lands" (PDF). Federal Transit Administration. 2007. p. A-181. ^ "TIMELINE: Reed Secures $32.9 million for Wickford Junction Commuter Rail" (PDF). Office of Senator Jack Reed. ^ a b "U.S. Transportation Secretary LaHood Attends Grand Opening of Wickford Junction Rail Station" (Press release). Federal Transit Administration. April 23, 2012. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. ^ "RI moves forward with commuter rail service plans". Worcester Telegram and Gazette. Associated Press. December 31, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2011. ^ "RI to break ground on commuter rail station". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. August 18, 2010. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. ^ Turner, Samantha (March 22, 2012). "All Aboard in April for Wickford Junction". North Kingstown Patch. AOL Inc. Retrieved March 23, 2012. ^ Belcher, Jonathan (December 31, 2017). "Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district 1964-2017" (PDF). NETransit. ^ "Wickford Junction Commuter Rail" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 28, 2014. ^ "Local artist completes large bronze sculpture installed in Rhode Island". County 10. October 13, 2015. Archived from the original on October 14, 2015. ^ a b "You can ride Rhode Island's commuter rail for free starting Monday". Boston Globe. July 2, 2017. ^ Davis, Katie (23 May 2012). "State waits for passengers to discover commuter rail". NBC 10 Providence. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012. ^ Turner, Samantha (12 June 2012). "Wickford Junction Averaging 150 Riders Per Day". North Kingstown Patch. Retrieved 13 June 2012. ^ Taricani, Jim (February 13, 2014). "I-Team: Ridership at Wickford train station slowly increasing". NBC 10. Retrieved February 24, 2018. ^ White, Tim (May 23, 2017). "Free rides offered at Wickford Junction train station as usage lags forecast". WPRI. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2017. ^ a b Anderson, Patrick (July 26, 2017). "Free train rides boost ridership between Wickford Junction, Providence by 50 percent". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on November 26, 2017. ^ Church, Chris (March 15, 2014). "Plans for weekend MBTA rail service in the works". The Independent. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ Brassard, Peter (18 January 2013). "Wickford Junction Station and the Route 2/102 Park and Ride". Greater City Providence. Retrieved 10 July 2015. ^ Nickerson, Jef (8 July 2015). "ProJo: DOT seeks permission to move RIPTA commuter lot in North Kingstown". Greater City Providence. Retrieved 10 July 2015. ^ Grimaldi, Paul (7 July 2015). "DOT seeks permission to move RIPTA commuter lot in North Kingstown". Providence Journal. Retrieved 11 July 2015. ^ Anderson, Patrick (July 26, 2017). "Judge blocks DOT plan to sell old commuter parking lot in N. Kingstown". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on November 26, 2017. ^ a b Anderson, Patrick (25 August 2015). "R.I. transportation officials say taking over Wickford rail station 'no-brainer'". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. ^ "Wickford Junction Transit Center Efficiency Initiative" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015. ^ Naylor, Donita (October 24, 2015). "Suit puts Wickford Junction bus depot on hold". Providence Journal projo breaks archive.org; use this archive if it goes dead. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015. ^ Anderson, Patrick (December 11, 2015). "R.I. to pay $750,000 to exit Wickford Junction train station maintenance deal". Providence Journal. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ "RIDOT and RIPTA Providing More Transit Choices from Wickford Junction Transit Center" (Press release). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. December 2, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015. ^ a b "RIDOT announces start of commuter rail service at Wickford Junction Train Station" (Press release). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. April 5, 2012. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wickford Junction station. MBTA - Wickford Junction Wickford Junction station from Route 102 on Google Maps Street View vteAmtrak stations in Rhode IslandActive stations Kingston Providence Westerly Former stations East Greenwich Providence (Union Station) Shannock Wickford Junction vteNorth Kingstown, Rhode IslandAreas Crowfield Historic District Davisville Davisville Historic District Hamilton Mill Village Historic District Lafayette Village Quonset Point Saunderstown (part) Wickford Landmarks Allen–Madison House David S. Baker Estate Camp Endicott (closed) Casey Farm Davisville Naval Construction Battalion Center (closed) George Douglas House George Fayerweather Blacksmith Shop Ezekial Gardner House Stephen Northup House Old Narragansett Cemetery Old Narragansett Church Palmer–Northrup House Joseph Pierce Farm Plum Beach Light Poplar Point Light Quonset Air Museum (closed) Quonset Point Air National Guard Station Rathbun House St. Paul's Church Esbon Sanford House Six Principle Baptist Church Joseph Slocum House Smith's Castle Spink Farm Gilbert Stuart Birthplace YWCA Site Transportation Wickford Junction station Education North Kingstown School Department North Kingstown High School This list is incomplete.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"Wickford railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"North Kingstown, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kingstown,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"MBTA Commuter Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_Commuter_Rail"},{"link_name":"Providence/Stoughton Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence/Stoughton_Line"},{"link_name":"park and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"side platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"},{"link_name":"Northeast Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Newport and Wickford Railroad and Steamboat Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_and_Wickford_Railroad_and_Steamboat_Company"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"T. F. Green Airport station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._F._Green_Airport_station"}],"text":"Railway station in North Kingstown, RIThis article is about the commuter rail station in the United States. For the rail station in England, see Wickford railway station.Wickford Junction station is a commuter rail station located in North Kingstown, Rhode Island, United States. It is the southern terminus of the MBTA Commuter Rail Providence/Stoughton Line and serves as a park and ride location for commuters to Providence and Boston. The station consists of a single high-level side platform on a stub-end siding next to the Northeast Corridor mainline.The first station at the site opened in 1844. In 1870, the Newport and Wickford Railroad and Steamboat Company was opened from the station to Wickford Landing, where it connected with steamships to Newport, Rhode Island. The station was rebuilt in 1871, expanded in 1887, and rebuilt again around 1890 after a fire. Branch service ended in 1925, but the station remained open until 1981. A new station and parking garage opened on the same site on April 23, 2012, as part of the South County Commuter Rail project, which also included the new T. F. Green Airport station.","title":"Wickford Junction station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickford_Junction_former_station.png"}],"text":"1871 station after 1887 addition","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickford_Junction_1914.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York, Providence and Boston Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_Providence_and_Boston_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nklibrary-2"},{"link_name":"Newport and Wickford Railroad and Steamboat Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_and_Wickford_Railroad_and_Steamboat_Company"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nklibrary-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nklibrary-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nklibrary-2"},{"link_name":"Route 128 station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_128_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London_Union_Station"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Providence)"},{"link_name":"Westerly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerly_station"},{"link_name":"Penn Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Central"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baer1971-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baer1977-7"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Beacon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill_(Amtrak)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baer1978-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baer1980-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nklibrary-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railplan-12"}],"sub_title":"Former station","text":"1890-built station in 1914In 1844, seven years after the Rhode Island section of the New York, Providence and Boston Railroad opened, a small station was placed at Wickford.[2] The Newport and Wickford Railroad and Steamboat Company opened in 1870 as a branch from the mainline to Wickford Landing, where wealthy riders would board steamships to the resorts and summer homes of Newport, Rhode Island.[3] A new station named Wickford Junction was built in 1871 at a cost of $8,000; a $3,500 addition was added sixteen years later. The station burned and was replaced by a smaller structure around 1890.[2] Passenger service on the branch ended in 1925, though some mainline service continued to stop.[2]The station building was torn down in 1969 as rail service declined, leaving just the stone foundation, which was later filled with gravel.[2] The pedestrian overpass was moved in 1971 to Route 128 station, where it remained until Route 128 station was rebuilt in 2000.[4][5] The station, by then just bare platforms, was served by a single New London-Providence round trip (cut to Westerly-Providence by Penn Central on November 22, 1971).[6] The commuter train was discontinued on June 3, 1977.[7] Amtrak's New Haven-Boston Beacon Hill began service on April 30, 1978, including a stop at Wickford Junction.[8][9] The Beacon Hill was discontinued on October 1, 1981.[10][11]: 65The Wickford Landing branch's right-of-way is still extant, as are the remains of a turntable about 700 feet (200 m) north of Ten Rod Road.[2] The state is considering building a bikeway along the right-of-way to connect the Wickford town center with the Wickford Junction development and station.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickford_Junction_construction_3.JPG"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cioe-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIDOT1994-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIDOT2001-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIDOT2001-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIDOT2003-16"},{"link_name":"Federal Transit Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"stimulus funds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grand-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-groundbreaking-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cioe-13"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allaboard-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netransit-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grand-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Modern station","text":"The station under construction in January 2012After Beacon Hill service ended in 1981, some residents proposed a new station and the restoration of service. Bob Coie, a local builder, had bought a strip of land along the tracks in 1959 and acquired a large parcel along their west side in 1982. In 1985, he convinced the town to upzone the land for commercial use with the intention of eventually building a \"pre-planned business district\" and commuter rail station there.[13] A state study of rail corridors was completed in 1994 and the Northeast Corridor was designated as the highest-priority line for commuter service to Providence.[14] An addendum in 1995, assuming a quick start to operations, projected that daily ridership from Wickford would be 2,869 in 2000 and 3,386 in 2020.[15]: 4–25  An operations plan was released in 2001, and environmental assessment was completed in 2003.[15][16]By November 2006, the station and associated track work was expected to cost $43.7 million, of which $24.99 million would be Federal Transit Administration New Starts funding.[17] The station received a total of $59 million in federal funds, including the $24.99 million from New Starts and $4.35 million in stimulus funds.[18][19] In late 2009, the State of Rhode Island spent $3.2 million to purchase 350,000 square feet (33,000 m2) of land for the station and parking garage, with hopes that it could be in service in 2011.[20]Ground was broken for the new station on August 18, 2010.[21] Primary construction work on the station platform and garage was completed on time and under budget in December 2011, and a test train was run to the station in March 2012.[13][22] The station opened on April 23, 2012.[23][19] A major part of the modern station is the four-story parking garage, which was modeled after the nearby Lafayette Mill. The garage includes an indoor waiting room—rare in the MBTA system—and a small coffee/snack shop.[24] An 8-foot (2.4 m)-tall bronze sculpture celebrating the history of rail service at Wickford Junction was completed in October 2015.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transit-oriented development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit-oriented_development"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freerides-26"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIDOT2001-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIDOT2003-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railplan-12"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150riders-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175riders-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292boardings-30"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freerides-26"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50percent-31"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRcounts-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wickford_Junction_station&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50percent-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Ridership","text":"Ridership at Wickford Junction has been far below projections, some of which had assumed that transit-oriented development would be constructed at the station.[26] Daily boardings were projected to reach 3,544 in 2025 according to the 1995 analysis.[15]: 4–25  This was reduced to 1,669 by 2020 in the 2003 Environmental Assessment, but raised again to 3,386 by 2020 in a 2005 analysis.[16]: 11 [12]Initial ridership in May 2012 was 130 inbound riders per day, of whom 80 percent rode to Providence and 20 percent to Boston.[27] Ridership increased to 150 riders per day by early June and to 175 daily by February 2014.[28][29]Ridership averaged 292 daily boardings in the first quarter of 2017.[30] For the second half of 2017, the state offered free intrastate rides in an attempt to promote the under-utilized T.F. Green Airport and Wickford Junction stations. The six-month promotion was expected to cost about $102,000.[26] Ridership increased by 50% within the first month of the promotion.[31] However, a 2018 count totalled only 235 daily boardings.[1]As of 2017[update] the station only has weekday service, but planners hope to add weekend service eventually.[31] Previous official discussions about adding weekend service to T. F. Green Airport and Wickford Junction took place in 2014.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickford_Junction_garage_and_drop-off_lane.jpg"},{"link_name":"RIPTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIPTA"},{"link_name":"66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66_(RIPTA)"},{"link_name":"65X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65X_(RIPTA)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nobrainer-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nobrainer-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"24/7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24/7"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Bus operations and consolidation","text":"Garage and drop-off lane / buswayWickford Junction's drop-off lane also serves as a busway, which RIPTA bus route 66 URI/Galilee briefly served before it was rerouted to a park-and-ride closer to Route 2. In January 2013, RIDOT began planning to sell the park-and-ride property and reroute the 66 and the new 65X Wakefield Express to Wickford Junction on all trips; however, the plan was held up by concerns about eliminating free parking in the lot in favor of the paid garage.[33] In July 2015, the agency renewed plans to sell the park-and-ride lot for an estimated $1.9 million and reroute the buses, but similar concerns were voiced at a public meeting.[34][35] A judge blocked RIDOT's sale plan in July 2017 over concerns that the family of the original property owners (from whom it was taken by eminent domain in the 1930s) may have had the right to buy back the property.[36]In August 2015, RIDOT announced that it would be taking over operations and maintenance at Wickford Junction from a private contractor. The savings from the change—estimated at $340,000 annually—were to be used to increase frequencies on the 65X route.[37][38] At the same time, RIDOT began a two-week, $372,500 project to allow bus operations to be shifted to the station, which involved constructing a bus depot next to the garage and a new access driveway from Route 102.[37]Only several days of \"preliminary work\" were completed by August 31 when Coie's company, owner of the adjacent shopping plaza, filed a lawsuit against RIDOT. The suit alleged that the changes would reduce traffic to the shopping center and cause a safety issue. RIDOT answered the claim, saying that the 2009 land deal gave the agency exclusive rights to the transit facility land.[39] The state settled the lawsuit with the company in November 2015 by agreeing to pay $750,000 by July 2016.[40] Effective December 7, 2015, all 65X and 66 trips were rerouted to Wickford Junction, with the garage now open 24/7. The restrooms and waiting room had full hours beginning in January 2016.[41]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wickford_Junction_siding.JPG"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIofficial-42"},{"link_name":"rush hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_hour"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIofficial-42"},{"link_name":"Northeast Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Corridor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIDOT2003-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIDOT2003-16"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_(MBTA_station)"},{"link_name":"T.F. Green Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.F._Green_Airport_(MBTA_station)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-railplan-12"}],"text":"Siding and Stony interlocking construction in January 2012The station opened on April 23, 2012, with ten trains in each direction on weekdays.[42] Two off-peak trains ran only as far as Providence, while the other eight—including five rush hour trains—ran to Boston. Travel time is approximately 35 minutes to Providence and 100 minutes to Boston.[42]The station is located on a 0.7-mile (1.1 km) siding which connects to the southbound mainline track of the Northeast Corridor at Stony interlocking, north of the station. The siding allows Amtrak trains to pass while a commuter train is stopped at the station and laying over.[16]: 1–9  Wickford Junction station is located at milepost 165.8 on the Northeast Corridor, 16 miles (26 km) from Providence and 63 miles (101 km) from Boston.[16]: 1–1The 2014 State Rail Plan recommended the implementation of shuttle service between Wickford Junction and Providence via T.F. Green Airport with half-hour headways. The service, which could be operated with multiple units rather than conventional locomotive-hauled commuter trains, was expected to increase ridership at Wickford to as much as 3,400 riders per day.[12]","title":"Rail operations"}]
[{"image_text":"1871 station after 1887 addition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wickford_Junction_former_station.png/220px-Wickford_Junction_former_station.png"},{"image_text":"1890-built station in 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wickford_Junction_1914.jpg/220px-Wickford_Junction_1914.jpg"},{"image_text":"The station under construction in January 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wickford_Junction_construction_3.JPG/220px-Wickford_Junction_construction_3.JPG"},{"image_text":"Garage and drop-off lane / busway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Wickford_Junction_garage_and_drop-off_lane.jpg/220px-Wickford_Junction_garage_and_drop-off_lane.jpg"},{"image_text":"Siding and Stony interlocking construction in January 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Wickford_Junction_siding.JPG/220px-Wickford_Junction_siding.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Central Transportation Planning Staff (2019). \"2018 Commuter Rail Counts\". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mass.gov/lists/2018-commuter-rail-counts","url_text":"\"2018 Commuter Rail Counts\""}]},{"reference":"Cranston, Timothy G. (June 7, 2001). \"The Wickford Junction Train Station\" (PDF). North East Independent. North Kingstown Free Library. pp. 6–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123537/http://www.nklibrary.org/sites/default/files/pdf/nklibrary/swamptown/VillagesBk2.pdf","url_text":"\"The Wickford Junction Train Station\""},{"url":"http://www.nklibrary.org/sites/default/files/pdf/nklibrary/swamptown/VillagesBk2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Historic Wickford Village. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. 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Office of Senator Jack Reed.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reed.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/TIMELINE.pdf","url_text":"\"TIMELINE: Reed Secures $32.9 million for Wickford Junction Commuter Rail\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Transportation Secretary LaHood Attends Grand Opening of Wickford Junction Rail Station\" (Press release). Federal Transit Administration. April 23, 2012. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161109072154/https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/news/us-transportation-secretary-lahood-attends-grand-opening-wickford-junction-rail-station","url_text":"\"U.S. Transportation Secretary LaHood Attends Grand Opening of Wickford Junction Rail Station\""},{"url":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/news/us-transportation-secretary-lahood-attends-grand-opening-wickford-junction-rail-station","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RI moves forward with commuter rail service plans\". Worcester Telegram and Gazette. 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1977\""},{"Link":"http://www.prrths.com/newprr_files/Hagley/PRR1978.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A General Chronology Of The Pennsylvania Railroad Company Its Predecessors And Successors And Its Historical Context: 1978\""},{"Link":"http://www.timetables.org/browse/?group=19780430&item=0019","external_links_name":"\"National Train Timetables\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19810827&id=FmJNAAAAIBAJ&pg=7019,3970357","external_links_name":"\"New Amtrak Network Keeps Most of System Intact\""},{"Link":"http://www.prrths.com/newprr_files/Hagley/PRR1980.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A General Chronology Of The Pennsylvania Railroad Company Its Predecessors And Successors And Its Historical Context: 1980–1989\""},{"Link":"http://www.planning.ri.gov/documents/trans/Rail_Plan_12_18_13.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rhode Island State Rail Plan 2014\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151002175205/https://ribuilders.org/files/0000/0628/2012_06_Builder.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Never give up on your dream!: Bob Cioe's dream, recently opened Wickford Junction, dates back to 1959\""},{"Link":"https://ribuilders.org/files/0000/0628/2012_06_Builder.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130424230300/http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/RIDOT_Rail_Feasibility_Study_1994.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rail Corridor Feasibility Study\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/RIDOT_Rail_Feasibility_Study_1994.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416051517/http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South County Commuter Rail Service Plan\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324095315/http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/socountyrail.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South County Commuter Rail Environmental Assessment\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/socountyrail.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/FY2008_Entire_NS_Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Annual Report on Funding Recommendations: Proposed Allocations of Funds for Fiscal Year 2008: New Starts, Small Starts, Alternative Transportation in Parks and Public Lands\""},{"Link":"https://www.reed.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/TIMELINE.pdf","external_links_name":"\"TIMELINE: Reed Secures $32.9 million for Wickford Junction Commuter Rail\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161109072154/https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/news/us-transportation-secretary-lahood-attends-grand-opening-wickford-junction-rail-station","external_links_name":"\"U.S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beny_Steinmetz
Beny Steinmetz
["1 Early life and family","2 Business career","3 Controversies and criminal trials","3.1 Guinea and the Simandou deposit","3.2 Switzerland","3.3 Romania","3.4 Panama Papers","4 Philanthropy","4.1 Agnes and Beny Steinmetz Foundation","5 References","6 External links"]
Israeli businessman and convicted criminal Beny SteinmetzBorn (1956-04-02) April 2, 1956 (age 68)Netanya, IsraelCitizenshipIsraeli, FrenchOccupationBusinessmanSpouseAgnesChildren4 Beny Steinmetz (Hebrew: בני שטיינמץ; born 2 April 1956) is an Israeli businessman and entrepreneur, with a focus in the mining, energy, real estate and diamond-mining industries. He has been convicted of corrupt and illegal business practices in multiple countries. Beny Steinmetz is the chairman and co-founder of the philanthropic trust, Agnes & Beny Steinmetz Foundation and is actively involved in the art world in Israel. Early life and family Beny Steinmetz was born in 1956 in Netanya, Israel and is the fourth child of Rubin Steinmetz, a pioneer of the diamond trade. At the age of 21, after serving three years in the IDF, Steinmetz emigrated from Israel to Belgium, to the famous diamond hub, Antwerp. Today Steinmetz lives in Israel with his wife Agnes and their four children. Steinmetz also holds French citizenship and describes himself as an "international Israeli." Business career In 1997, he decided to get away from Antwerp and diamonds and left Belgium to settle in Israel. In 1988 he bought his first and largest diamond factory in South Africa. In the coming years he expanded his activities to other African countries, such as Angola and Botswana. He also branched out into ventures such as mining, real estate and capital markets. The group operates in more than 25 countries. Steinmetz occupies an advisory role in the Beny Steinmetz Group Resources (BSGR) Board of Directors. BSGR is a natural resource company active in the fields of oil & gas, mining, metal and power headquartered in the island of Guernsey. Steinmetz and billionaire George Soros, once business partners, parted company in the 1990s over a Russian business deal gone sour. Koidu Holdings, which formerly operated as a joint venture, has been wholly owned by the BSGR company since 2007. In 1997, he founded STI Ventures NV, a venture capital firm that invests in start-up companies in Israel. In 1999, he was the owner of Tucows. In 2007, Steinmetz "was forced to abandon plans for a $580 million share sale in London for his Cunico Resources vehicle." A now-defunct company, of which he was a founder and shareholder, Nikanor plc, listed in London, was acquired by Katanga Mining in 2008. Through his company called Scorpio, he owns real estate in Kazakhstan, Russia, and Eastern Europe. In March 2014, the Swiss daily Le Temps reported that Beny Steinmetz had sold shares in the Steinmetz Diamond Group (SDG) to his brother Daniel. In March 2015, BSG Capital owned a 16% share of Gabriel Resources. As of March 2015 BSG Capital, a subsidiary of BSGR, held a 16% share in Gabriel Resources Ltd. In June 2016, it was reported that BSGR had divested itself of most of its holdings in Cunico Resources, in favor of International Mineral Resources, with which it had ownership of FENI Industries in a joint venture. As late as 2017, Steinmetz reportedly owned Cunico Resources which operates in North Macedonia and Kosovo, as well as Canada-based Gabriel Resources, a gold-mining company seeking (unsuccessfully thus far) to reopen a mine in Romania. In 2017 Cunico Resources, which was based on The Netherlands, requested arbitration with North Macedonia at the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes over its FENI Industries property in Kavadarci. The arbitration "Claims arising out of the alleged interference by the Government in the claimant’s planned sale of FENI Industries, which allegedly led to initiation of bankruptcy proceedings against FENI" was later discontinued, and FENI was sold to EuroNickel Industries. On 14 August 2017, Steinmetz was arrested as part of a joint investigation by Israeli and Swiss anti-corruption officials over allegations of fraud, breach of trust, bribery, obstruction of justice and false registration of corporate documents with the apparent purpose of money laundering. He was released to house arrest on 17 August 2017. In spring 2018, the BSGR went into voluntary receivership "in the face of bribery allegations". In June 2019, two months after losing in the London Court of International Arbitration a $2-billion arbitration against Vale, BSGR sought bankruptcy protection in the U.S. At that time, BSGR sued Soros, alleging a defamation campaign that cost the company its rights to Simandou and at least $10 billion." In November 2019 Forbes estimated his net worth at $1.1 billion. In January 2021, Beny Steinmetz was found guilty in a Swiss court of bribing senior foreign public officials and fraud and forgery of corporate documents. This pertained to the granting of rights to an iron ore mine in Guinea. He was sentenced to 5 years in prison and a fine of 50 million Swiss francs regarding the Simandu Case He lost his appeal over corruption charges in 2023. On 14 February 2022 the Brazilian mining company Vale SA dropped a $1.2 billion claim against individuals and entities linked to Beny Steinmetz. Controversies and criminal trials Guinea and the Simandou deposit In 2013 Steinmetz was falsely accused by French newspaper Le Canard Enchainé of hiring French, Israeli and South African mercenaries to topple the government of Guinea. Steinmetz sued the newspaper for libel. In September 2018, because the paper could not prove the authenticity of the sources, it claimed to cite (the CIA and its French equivalent), the French court of appeals ruled that the newspaper defamed Steinmetz and his company. The paper and the journalist behind the article had to pay a total of 50,000 euros and publish corrections in the Canard Enchainé as well as three other major newspapers. Beny Steinmetz had been involved in a long-running dispute with the government of the Republic of Guinea surrounding the development of Simandou Blocks 1 & 2, part of one of the world's largest iron-ore deposits. In December 2008, a three-year exploration permit to prospect for iron ore in Simandou, was awarded to BSGR Guinea, after the government of Guits to mine the northern half of Simandou to Steinmetz for $160 million. Steinmetz then soon sold a 51% share to Vale for $2.5 billion. The U.S. Justice Department and the FBI investigated BSGR's acquisition of the rights to extract half of the iron ore deposits at Simandou, due to illegitimate concerns. BSGR denied these allegations and in an interview to the New Yorker, Steinmetz said: “We are the victims. We have done only good things for Guinea, and what we’re getting is spit in the face." In April 2014 the Guinean government accused BSGR of obtaining the Simandou mining rights by paying bribes to the wife of then-president Lansana Conté in 2008, and that the rights would be stripped from BSGR and its partner Vale S.A. In September 2014 BSGR started an international arbitration proceeding against the Republic of Guinea in the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, challenging the government's decision to revoke its mining rights. In February 2019, BSGR together with Guinean President Alpha Condé agreed to drop the pending arbitration case and all allegations of wrongdoing. As part of the agreement, BSGR would relinquish its rights to Simandou and maintain an interest in the Zogota deposit that would be developed by head of Niron Metals, Mick Davis. Rio Tinto then filed suit against Steinmetz, BSGR and Vale alleging that they had devised a RICO scheme to steal "valuable mining rights" held by Rio Tinto. Steinmetz subsequently hired former FBI director Louis Freeh, defense attorney Alan Dershowitz, and law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, as part of his defense team. In November 2015, Rio Tinto's RICO lawsuit against BSGR was dismissed, with U.S. District Judge Richard Berman ruling that Rio exceeded the statute of limitations when filing their claim against BSGR in 2014 and that the company failed to identify a pattern of racketeering activity by the defendants. In mid-November 2016, Alan Davies, head of the Rio Tinto department responsible for Simandou, was suspended due to an investigation into the lawfulness of Rio Tinto's payment to Francois de Combert, former managing partner at Lazard and personal adviser to the president of Guinea. On 1 December 2016, France 24 aired recordings from 2012 that it claimed were conversations between Francois de Combret and unnamed people involved in negotiations over the future of Simandou. In December 2016, Steinmetz was arrested on suspicion of money laundering and bribery charges following an investigation carried out by Israeli, American, Swiss, and Guinean authorities in coordination with the OECD. He was placed under house arrest in Israel on 19 December 2016, due to accusations that he paid tens of millions of dollars to senior public officials in Guinea to advance his businesses, specifically in connection with BSGR's purchase of Simandou. Steinmetz was released without charge the following month. In April 2017, BSGR filed a suit against American billionaire George Soros in U.S. federal court in New York, claiming he had engaged in a lengthy effort to defame the company and sabotage its business in Simandou and around the world. In 2021, Steinmetz was convicted by a Geneva court of bribery and forging documents to gain mining rights in Guinea and was sentenced to five years in prison and a fine of $50 million. The conviction was upheld on appeal in a March 28, 2023 ruling. Switzerland On January 22, 2021, Steinmetz was found guilty in Geneva of corruption related to bribes paid in Guinea. He was sentenced to five years in prison, and ordered to pay a fine of 50 million Swiss francs. In 2023, a Swiss court upheld the bribery conviction. Romania On 10 March 2016, Steinmetz was indicted in absentia by the Romanian National Anticorruption Directorate, on charges of the unlawful recovery of Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern's inheritance. Two other Israelis and he were on trial "in several cases involving high-ranking dignitaries in Romania." In February 2018, a court in Romania dismissed the request for a warrant for his arrest. An Athens court rejected an extradition request by Romanian authorities in March 2022, ruling that Steinmetz's right to a fair trial in Romania was violated and that he is at real risk of inhuman and degrading treatment if extradited. The décision was confirmed on appeal Panama Papers Beny Steinmetz was named in 282 documents in the Panama Papers leak. This included revelations around corruption and improper business dealings in Sierra Leone, the Democratic Republic of Congo as well as further details on activities in Guinea. Philanthropy Beny Steinmetz, businessman and philanthropist, has accumulated a billionaire status through his work. With his wife, he oversees the Beny & Agnes Steinmetz Foundation, which donates to schools, hospitals, army units and the arts in Israel. The foundation was simply an extension of the work that they had already been doing for a number of other charitable causes. Agnes and Beny Steinmetz Foundation In 2006, Steinmetz and his wife Agnes started the Agnes and Beny Steinmetz Foundation in order to unify their multiple volunteer activities under the auspices of one philanthropic organization in Israel. The Foundation is primarily engaged in financing projects in the fields of education, healthcare, and culture for young children. The Agnes and Beny Steinmetz Foundation also supports programs that work with at-risk youth, runs after-school facilities for children from disadvantaged families, and offers scholarships to students from difficult socio-economic backgrounds. Every year, the Agnes & Beny Steinmetz Foundation donates 125 scholarships valued at 8,000 NIS each to Netanya Academic College students. 2006 Grants 50.000 Children 3.000 Parents 2.000 Faculty Members The Foundation also donates to several organizations and institutions, including the Tel Aviv Museum, the Association for the Wellbeing of Israel's Soldiers (mainly supporting the soldiers of the Tzabar Battalion Of the Givati Brigade), the Israel Cancer Association, and various hospitals. Beny has been one of the major donors to the Tel Aviv Museum of Art. The Steinmetz Foundation has sponsored the construction of an entire wing at the museum's newest building: the Agnes and Beny Steinmetz Wing for Architecture and Design. This facility includes two galleries, one of which is dedicated to the museum's design displays, and the other to architecture. Both Beny and Agnes Steinmetz hold honorary doctorate degrees from the Netanya Academic College as well as from the Tel-Aviv Museum of Art in recognition off their support for cultural initiatives. At the end of 2016, the Foundation held a festive event to celebrate a decade of giving. Attendants included representatives of the many organizations the Foundation had supported over the years by contributing a cumulative amount of tens of millions of shekels. References ^ Forbes 2010 ^ a b c d Farge, Emma; Denina, Clara. "Swiss court upholds corruption ruling against mining magnate Steinmetz". Reuters.com. Retrieved 1 September 2023. ^ a b "Swiss court hands diamond magnate five-year prison sentence". SWI swissinfo.ch. Reuters/Keystone-SDA. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-01-22. ^ a b "BSG Capital Gabriel Resources owner Steinmetz wanted in Romania". Mining See. 11 March 2016. ^ IEFIMERIDA.GR, NEWSROOM (2022-04-02). 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The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-12-08. ^ Cobain, Ian (1 May 2014). "Rio Tinto sues Israeli billionaire Beny Steinmetz". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2014. ^ Silverstein, Ken (2 January 2015). "Louis Freeh's Latest Investigation: Billionaire Businessman Accused of Bribing African Government". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. ^ Erik Larson; Bob Van Voris (20 November 2015). "Steinmetz, BSG Resources Win Dismissal of Rio Tinto Lawsuit". Bloomberg News. ^ "Billionaire Says Rio Probe Proves Elaborate Plot to Strip Prized Guinea Mine Rights". Bloomberg News. 11 November 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2018. ^ "Audio recordings drag Guinea president into mine bribery scandal". France 24. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016. ^ a b "Billionaire vs. billionaire: Israel's Steinmetz sues Soros". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 18 April 2017. ^ a b c "BSGR sues billionaire George Soros over the loss of Guinea iron project". 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Retrieved 2017-07-26. ^ "The Agnes & Beny Steinmetz Foundation". www.steinmetz-foundation.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-28. Retrieved 2017-07-26. ^ "Scholarships". www.netanya.ac.il (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2018. ^ "Academic Scholarships | Beny Steinmetz - Businessman and Philanthropist". www.beny-steinmetz.org. Retrieved 2022-02-22. ^ "Beny Steinmetz Scholarship: Suggested Addresses For Scholarship Details | Scholarshipy". www.scholarshipy.com. Archived from the original on 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2022-02-22. ^ "About". The Agnes & Beny Steinmetz Foundation. Retrieved 2022-05-09. ^ "חוגגים עשור לקרן אניאס ובני שטיינמץ | המגזין של פרויקט אמץ לוחם". ametz.awis.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 21 February 2018. ^ "קרן אניאס ובני שטיינמץ | עמוד הבית". www.steinmetzfoundationnews.com (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2018. ^ "Investing in Art | Beny Steinmetz - Businessman and Philanthropist". www.beny-steinmetz.org. Retrieved 2022-02-22. ^ IEFIMERIDA.GR, NEWSROOM (2022-04-02). "The amazing life and career of Beny Steinmetz". iefimerida.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 2022-04-06. ^ "אירוע חגיגת עשור לקרן אניאס ובני שטינמץ". steinmetzfoundationnews.com (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2018. External links www.beny-steinmetz.org The Official Website of Beny Steinmetz Authority control databases International VIAF National Poland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes2010-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swibs-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msee-4"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Beny Steinmetz (Hebrew: בני שטיינמץ; born 2 April 1956) is an Israeli businessman and entrepreneur, with a focus in the mining, energy, real estate and diamond-mining industries.[1] He has been convicted of corrupt and illegal business practices in multiple countries.[2][3][4] Beny Steinmetz is the chairman and co-founder of the philanthropic trust, Agnes & Beny Steinmetz Foundation and is actively involved in the art world in Israel.[5][6][7]","title":"Beny Steinmetz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netanya"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_01-8"},{"link_name":"IDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEFIMERIDA.GR-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beny_Steinmetz-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretzii-11"}],"text":"Beny Steinmetz was born in 1956 in Netanya, Israel and is the fourth child of Rubin Steinmetz, a pioneer of the diamond trade.[8] At the age of 21, after serving three years in the IDF, Steinmetz emigrated from Israel to Belgium, to the famous diamond hub, Antwerp.[9]Today Steinmetz lives in Israel with his wife Agnes and their four children.[10] Steinmetz also holds French citizenship and describes himself as an \"international Israeli.\"[11]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEFIMERIDA.GR-9"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEFIMERIDA.GR-9"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil"},{"link_name":"gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thejewishvoice.com-12"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-my08-13"},{"link_name":"George Soros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdc-14"},{"link_name":"Koidu Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koidu_Holdings"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-koiduholdings-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baxter-16"},{"link_name":"venture capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"start-up companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start-up_companies"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thejewishvoice.com-12"},{"link_name":"Tucows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucows"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isla-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbshm-18"},{"link_name":"Nikanor plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikanor_plc"},{"link_name":"Katanga Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katanga_Mining"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beny_Steinmetz-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Le Temps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Temps"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-letime-21"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Resources"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msee-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emo-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dfdia-23"},{"link_name":"International Mineral Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mineral_Resources"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gavc-24"},{"link_name":"Cunico Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cunico_Resources&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Resources"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amtbi-25"},{"link_name":"The Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes"},{"link_name":"Kavadarci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavadarci"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unctad-26"},{"link_name":"EuroNickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroNickel"},{"link_name":"money laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amtbi-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globes17-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ergr-29"},{"link_name":"London Court of International Arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Court_of_International_Arbitration"},{"link_name":"Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_S.A."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdc-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beny_Steinmetz-10"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsr-31"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swibs-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbshm-18"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfh-32"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In 1997, he decided to get away from Antwerp and diamonds and left Belgium to settle in Israel.[9]In 1988 he bought his first and largest diamond factory[clarification needed] in South Africa. In the coming years he expanded his activities to other African countries, such as Angola and Botswana. He also branched out into ventures such as mining, real estate and capital markets. The group operates in more than 25 countries.[9]Steinmetz occupies an advisory role in the Beny Steinmetz Group Resources (BSGR) Board of Directors. BSGR is a natural resource company active in the fields of oil & gas, mining, metal and power[12] headquartered in the island of Guernsey.[13]Steinmetz and billionaire George Soros, once business partners, parted company in the 1990s over a Russian business deal gone sour.[14]Koidu Holdings, which formerly operated as a joint venture, has been wholly owned by the BSGR company since 2007.[15][16] In 1997, he founded STI Ventures NV, a venture capital firm that invests in start-up companies in Israel.[12] In 1999, he was the owner of Tucows.[17]In 2007, Steinmetz \"was forced to abandon plans for a $580 million share sale in London for his Cunico Resources vehicle.\"[18]A now-defunct company, of which he was a founder and shareholder, Nikanor plc, listed in London, was acquired by Katanga Mining in 2008.[19] Through his company called Scorpio, he owns real estate in Kazakhstan, Russia, and Eastern Europe.[10][20]In March 2014, the Swiss daily Le Temps reported that Beny Steinmetz had sold shares in the Steinmetz Diamond Group (SDG) to his brother Daniel.[21]In March 2015, BSG Capital owned a 16% share of Gabriel Resources.[4] As of March 2015 BSG Capital, a subsidiary of BSGR, held a 16% share in Gabriel Resources Ltd.[22]In June 2016, it was reported that BSGR had divested itself of most of its holdings in Cunico Resources,[23] in favor of International Mineral Resources, with which it had ownership of FENI Industries in a joint venture.[24]As late as 2017, Steinmetz reportedly owned Cunico Resources which operates in North Macedonia and Kosovo, as well as Canada-based Gabriel Resources, a gold-mining company seeking (unsuccessfully thus far) to reopen a mine in Romania.[25]In 2017 Cunico Resources, which was based on The Netherlands, requested arbitration with North Macedonia at the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes over its FENI Industries property in Kavadarci. The arbitration \"Claims arising out of the alleged interference by the Government in the claimant’s planned sale of FENI Industries, which allegedly led to initiation of bankruptcy proceedings against FENI\" was later discontinued,[26] and FENI was sold to EuroNickel Industries.On 14 August 2017, Steinmetz was arrested as part of a joint investigation by Israeli and Swiss anti-corruption officials over allegations of fraud, breach of trust, bribery, obstruction of justice and false registration of corporate documents with the apparent purpose of money laundering.[25] He was released to house arrest on 17 August 2017.[27][28]In spring 2018, the BSGR went into voluntary receivership \"in the face of bribery allegations\".[29]In June 2019, two months after losing in the London Court of International Arbitration a $2-billion arbitration against Vale, BSGR sought bankruptcy protection in the U.S. At that time, BSGR sued Soros, alleging a defamation campaign that cost the company its rights to Simandou and at least $10 billion.\"[14]In November 2019 Forbes estimated his net worth at $1.1 billion.[10]In January 2021, Beny Steinmetz was found guilty in a Swiss court of bribing senior foreign public officials and fraud and forgery of corporate documents. This pertained to the granting of rights to an iron ore mine in Guinea.[30] He was sentenced to 5 years in prison and a fine of 50 million Swiss francs[31][3] regarding the Simandu Case[18][32] He lost his appeal over corruption charges in 2023.[2]On 14 February 2022 the Brazilian mining company Vale SA dropped a $1.2 billion claim against individuals and entities linked to Beny Steinmetz.[33]","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversies and criminal trials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Canard Enchainé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Canard_Enchain%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"French court of appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_appeal_(France)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Republic of Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Simandou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simandou_mine"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-his-35"},{"link_name":"Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_(mining_company)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ems-36"},{"link_name":"U.S. Justice Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Justice_Department"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"Simandou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simandou"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gfs-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyer2013-39"},{"link_name":"Lansana Conté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansana_Cont%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Vale S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_(mining_company)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbs-40"},{"link_name":"international arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_arbitration"},{"link_name":"International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbs-41"},{"link_name":"Alpha Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Niron Metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niron_Metals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mick Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Davis"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bds-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ggs-43"},{"link_name":"Rio Tinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group"},{"link_name":"RICO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICO"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GUA1may-44"},{"link_name":"Louis Freeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Freeh"},{"link_name":"Alan Dershowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz"},{"link_name":"Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skadden,_Arps,_Slate,_Meagher_%26_Flom"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Richard Berman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Berman_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"statute of limitations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_limitations"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Lazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazard"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"France 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24"},{"link_name":"Simandou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simandou_mine"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billionaire-49"},{"link_name":"house arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersSuit-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersSuit-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"George Soros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReutersSuit-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billionaire-49"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Guinea and the Simandou deposit","text":"In 2013 Steinmetz was falsely accused by French newspaper Le Canard Enchainé of hiring French, Israeli and South African mercenaries to topple the government of Guinea. Steinmetz sued the newspaper for libel. In September 2018, because the paper could not prove the authenticity of the sources, it claimed to cite (the CIA and its French equivalent), the French court of appeals ruled that the newspaper defamed Steinmetz and his company. The paper and the journalist behind the article had to pay a total of 50,000 euros and publish corrections in the Canard Enchainé as well as three other major newspapers.[34]Beny Steinmetz had been involved in a long-running dispute with the government of the Republic of Guinea surrounding the development of Simandou Blocks 1 & 2, part of one of the world's largest iron-ore deposits.[35] In December 2008, a three-year exploration permit to prospect for iron ore in Simandou, was awarded to BSGR Guinea, after the government of Guits to mine the northern half of Simandou to Steinmetz for $160 million. Steinmetz then soon sold a 51% share to Vale for $2.5 billion.[36]The U.S. Justice Department and the FBI investigated BSGR's acquisition of the rights to extract half of the iron ore deposits at Simandou, due to illegitimate concerns.[37][38] BSGR denied these allegations and in an interview to the New Yorker, Steinmetz said: “We are the victims. We have done only good things for Guinea, and what we’re getting is spit in the face.\"[39]In April 2014 the Guinean government accused BSGR of obtaining the Simandou mining rights by paying bribes to the wife of then-president Lansana Conté in 2008, and that the rights would be stripped from BSGR and its partner Vale S.A.[40]In September 2014 BSGR started an international arbitration proceeding against the Republic of Guinea in the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, challenging the government's decision to revoke its mining rights.[41] In February 2019, BSGR together with Guinean President Alpha Condé agreed to drop the pending arbitration case and all allegations of wrongdoing.[1] As part of the agreement, BSGR would relinquish its rights to Simandou and maintain an interest in the Zogota deposit that would be developed by head of Niron Metals, Mick Davis.[42][43]Rio Tinto then filed suit against Steinmetz, BSGR and Vale alleging that they had devised a RICO scheme to steal \"valuable mining rights\" held by Rio Tinto.[44]Steinmetz subsequently hired former FBI director Louis Freeh, defense attorney Alan Dershowitz, and law firm Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, as part of his defense team.[45]In November 2015, Rio Tinto's RICO lawsuit against BSGR was dismissed, with U.S. District Judge Richard Berman ruling that Rio exceeded the statute of limitations when filing their claim against BSGR in 2014 and that the company failed to identify a pattern of racketeering activity by the defendants.[46]In mid-November 2016, Alan Davies, head of the Rio Tinto department responsible for Simandou, was suspended due to an investigation into the lawfulness of Rio Tinto's payment to Francois de Combert, former managing partner at Lazard and personal adviser to the president of Guinea.[47]On 1 December 2016, France 24 aired recordings from 2012 that it claimed were conversations between Francois de Combret and unnamed people involved in negotiations over the future of Simandou.[48]In December 2016, Steinmetz was arrested on suspicion of money laundering and bribery charges following an investigation carried out by Israeli, American, Swiss, and Guinean authorities in coordination with the OECD.[49]He was placed under house arrest in Israel on 19 December 2016, due to accusations that he paid tens of millions of dollars to senior public officials in Guinea to advance his businesses, specifically in connection with BSGR's purchase of Simandou.[50] Steinmetz was released without charge the following month.[50][51]In April 2017, BSGR filed a suit against American billionaire George Soros in U.S. federal court in New York, claiming he had engaged in a lengthy effort to defame the company and sabotage its business in Simandou and around the world.[50][49][52]In 2021, Steinmetz was convicted by a Geneva court of bribery and forging documents to gain mining rights in Guinea and was sentenced to five years in prison and a fine of $50 million.[53] The conviction was upheld on appeal in a March 28, 2023 ruling.[2]","title":"Controversies and criminal trials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsr-31"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Switzerland","text":"On January 22, 2021, Steinmetz was found guilty in Geneva of corruption related to bribes paid in Guinea. He was sentenced to five years in prison, and ordered to pay a fine of 50 million Swiss francs.[31][54][55] In 2023, a Swiss court upheld the bribery conviction.[2]","title":"Controversies and criminal trials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"in absentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_in_absentia"},{"link_name":"National Anticorruption Directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anticorruption_Directorate"},{"link_name":"Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Philippe_Hohenzollern"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a3r-56"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amtbi-25"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globes18-57"},{"link_name":"right to a fair trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Romania","text":"On 10 March 2016, Steinmetz was indicted in absentia by the Romanian National Anticorruption Directorate, on charges of the unlawful recovery of Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern's inheritance.[56] Two other Israelis and he were on trial \"in several cases involving high-ranking dignitaries in Romania.\"[25]In February 2018, a court in Romania dismissed the request for a warrant for his arrest.[57]An Athens court rejected an extradition request by Romanian authorities in March 2022, ruling that Steinmetz's right to a fair trial in Romania was violated and that he is at real risk of inhuman and degrading treatment if extradited.[58] The décision was confirmed on appeal","title":"Controversies and criminal trials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panama Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Papers"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-59"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Papers_(Africa)#Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Papers_(Africa)#Dan_Gertler_and_Beny_Steinmetz"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-59"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Papers_(Africa)#Guinea"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Panama Papers","text":"Beny Steinmetz was named in 282 documents in the Panama Papers leak.[59] This included revelations around corruption and improper business dealings in Sierra Leone,[60] the Democratic Republic of Congo[59] as well as further details on activities in Guinea.[61]","title":"Controversies and criminal trials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thedailyjournalist.com-62"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beny_Steinmetz-10"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Beny Steinmetz, businessman and philanthropist, has accumulated a billionaire status through his work.[62] With his wife, he oversees the Beny & Agnes Steinmetz Foundation, which donates to schools, hospitals, army units and the arts in Israel.[10] The foundation was simply an extension of the work that they had already been doing for a number of other charitable causes.[63]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globesnd-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spsf-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nacil-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Museum"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ametz-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfnews-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sften-74"}],"sub_title":"Agnes and Beny Steinmetz Foundation","text":"In 2006, Steinmetz and his wife Agnes started the Agnes and Beny Steinmetz Foundation in order to unify their multiple volunteer activities under the auspices of one philanthropic organization in Israel. The Foundation is primarily engaged in financing projects in the fields of education, healthcare, and culture for young children.[64]The Agnes and Beny Steinmetz Foundation also supports programs that work with at-risk youth, runs after-school facilities for children from disadvantaged families,[65] and offers scholarships to students from difficult socio-economic backgrounds.[66]Every year, the Agnes & Beny Steinmetz Foundation donates 125 scholarships valued at 8,000 NIS each to Netanya Academic College students.[67][68]The Foundation also donates to several organizations and institutions, including the Tel Aviv Museum, the Association for the Wellbeing of Israel's Soldiers (mainly supporting the soldiers of the Tzabar Battalion Of the Givati Brigade),[70] the Israel Cancer Association, and various hospitals.[71]Beny has been one of the major donors to the Tel Aviv Museum of Art. The Steinmetz Foundation has sponsored the construction of an entire wing at the museum's newest building: the Agnes and Beny Steinmetz Wing for Architecture and Design. This facility includes two galleries, one of which is dedicated to the museum's design displays, and the other to architecture.[72]Both Beny and Agnes Steinmetz hold honorary doctorate degrees from the Netanya Academic College as well as from the Tel-Aviv Museum of Art in recognition off their support for cultural initiatives.[73]At the end of 2016, the Foundation held a festive event to celebrate a decade of giving. Attendants included representatives of the many organizations the Foundation had supported over the years by contributing a cumulative amount of tens of millions of shekels.[74]","title":"Philanthropy"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Farge, Emma; Denina, Clara. \"Swiss court upholds corruption ruling against mining magnate Steinmetz\". Reuters.com. Retrieved 1 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/business/swiss-court-upholds-corruption-ruling-against-mining-magnate-steinmetz-2023-04-04/","url_text":"\"Swiss court upholds corruption ruling against mining magnate Steinmetz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swiss court hands diamond magnate five-year prison sentence\". SWI swissinfo.ch. Reuters/Keystone-SDA. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-court-hands-diamond-magnate-five-year-prison-sentence-/46309514","url_text":"\"Swiss court hands diamond magnate five-year prison sentence\""}]},{"reference":"\"BSG Capital Gabriel Resources owner Steinmetz wanted in Romania\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Formula_One_season
1976 Formula One season
["1 Teams and drivers","1.1 Team and driver changes","1.1.1 Mid-season changes","2 Calendar","2.1 Calendar changes","3 Regulation changes","4 Season report","4.1 Race 1: Brazil","4.2 Race 2: South Africa","4.3 Race 3: United States GP West","4.4 Race 4: Spain","4.5 Race 5: Belgium","4.6 Race 6: Monaco","4.7 Race 7: Sweden","4.8 Race 8: France","4.9 Race 9: Great Britain","4.10 Race 10: West Germany","4.11 Race 11: Austria","4.12 Race 12: Netherlands","4.13 Race 13: Italy","4.14 Race 14: Canada","4.15 Race 15: United States","4.16 Race 16: Japan","5 Results and standings","5.1 Grands Prix","5.2 World Drivers' Championship standings","5.3 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers standings","5.4 Non-championship races","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"]
30th season of FIA Formula One motor racing 1976 Formula One season Drivers' Champion: James HuntConstructors' Champion: Ferrari Previous 1975 Next 1977 Races by countryRaces by venue Briton James Hunt won the World Championship of Drivers, driving for McLaren Niki Lauda (pictured in 1975) was runner up by one point, driving for Ferrari The 1976 Formula One season was the 30th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1976 World Championship of Drivers and the 1976 International Cup for Formula 1 Manufacturers. The two titles were contested over a sixteen race series which commenced on 25 January and ended on 24 October. Two non-championship races were also held during the 1976 season. In an extraordinarily political and dramatic season, the Drivers' Championship went to McLaren driver James Hunt by one point from Ferrari's defending champion Niki Lauda, although Ferrari took the Manufacturers' trophy. The controversy began in Spain where Hunt was initially disqualified from first place, handing the race win to Lauda, only for the decision to be overturned on appeal months later. Ferrari did not enter the Austrian Grand Prix out of protest. Hunt won in France and, it seemed, in Britain, but the race had been restarted after a first lap pile-up and Hunt drove on an access road returning to the pits, which was against the rules. He was eventually disqualified after an appeal from Ferrari. Lauda became the official race winner. Lauda had a massive crash in West Germany and appeared likely to die from his injuries, but managed to return after missing just two races. Going into the final race in Japan, Lauda led Hunt by three points. In the appalling weather conditions, Lauda withdrew from the race and Hunt finished third to take the championship trophy. This was the last championship for a British driver until Nigel Mansell in 1992. The 2013 film Rush is based on this season, focusing on the rivalry and friendship between Hunt and Lauda. Other noteworthy events include the introduction of the six-wheeled Tyrrell P34, the last race by Chris Amon, regarded as one of the best F1 drivers never to win a championship, and the British Grand Prix, for being the only championship race ever in which more than one female driver were entered (although both failed to qualify). Teams and drivers The following teams and drivers contested the 1976 World Championship of Drivers and the 1976 International Cup for Formula 1 Manufacturers. Entrant Constructor Chassis Engine Tyre No Driver Rounds Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari 312T312T2 Ferrari 015 3.0 F12 G 1 Niki Lauda 1–10, 13–16 2 Clay Regazzoni 1–10, 12–16 35 Carlos Reutemann 13 Elf Team Tyrrell Tyrrell-Ford 007P34 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 3 Jody Scheckter All 4 Patrick Depailler All John Player Team Lotus Lotus-Ford 77 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 5 Ronnie Peterson 1 Bob Evans 2–3 Mario Andretti 4–5, 7–16 6 1 Gunnar Nilsson 2–16 Martini Racing Brabham-Alfa Romeo BT45 Alfa Romeo 115-12 3.0 F12 G 7 Carlos Reutemann 1–12 Rolf Stommelen 13 Larry Perkins 14–16 8 Carlos Pace All 77 Rolf Stommelen 10 Beta Team March Lavazza March March Racing Theodore Racing Ovoro Team March March Racing with John Day Model Cars Jägermeister Team March First National City Bank Team March March-Ford 761 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 9 Vittorio Brambilla All 10 Lella Lombardi 1 Ronnie Peterson 2–16 34 Hans-Joachim Stuck All 35 Arturo Merzario 3–9 Marlboro Team McLaren McLaren-Ford M23M26 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 11 James Hunt All 12 Jochen Mass All ShellSport Whiting Surtees-Ford TS16 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 13 Divina Galica 9 Stanley-BRM BRM P201B BRM P200 3.0 V12 G 14 Ian Ashley 1 Lexington Racing Tyrrell-Ford 007 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 15 Ian Scheckter 2 Shadow Racing Team Lucky Strike Shadow Racing Tabatip Shadow Racing Benihana Shadow Racing Shadow-Ford DN5BDN8 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 16 Tom Pryce All 17 Jean-Pierre Jarier All Chesterfield Team Surtees Team Surtees Durex Team Surtees Durex Team Surtees / Theodore Racing Surtees-Ford TS19 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 18 Brett Lunger 2–5, 7–11, 13–15 Conny Andersson 12 Noritake Takahara 16 19 Alan Jones 3–16 Frank Williams Racing Cars Walter Wolf Racing Wolf-Williams-Ford FW04FW05 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 20 Jacky Ickx 1–6, 8–9 Arturo Merzario 10–16 21 Renzo Zorzi 1 Michel Leclère 2–8 Chris Amon 14 Warwick Brown 15 Hans Binder 16 Masami Kuwashima 16 Team Ensign Team Tissot Ensign Ensign-Ford N174N176 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 22 Chris Amon 2–7, 9–10 Patrick Nève 8 Hans Binder 11 Jacky Ickx 12–15 Hesketh Racing Penthouse Rizla+. Racing with Hesketh Hesketh-Ford 308D Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 24 Harald Ertl 2–16 25 Guy Edwards 5, 8–10, 13–14 Rolf Stommelen 12 Alex Ribeiro 15 Mapfre-Williams Williams-Ford FW04 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 25 Emilio Zapico 4 Ligier Gitanes Ligier-Matra JS5 Matra MS73 3.0 V12 G 26 Jacques Laffite All Vel's Parnelli Jones Racing Parnelli-Ford VPJ4B Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 27 Mario Andretti 2–3 Boro Racing Boro-Ford 001 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 27 Larry Perkins 12 37 4–7 40 13 First National City Bank Team Penske Penske-Ford PC3PC4 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 28 John Watson All Copersucar Fittipaldi Fittipaldi-Ford FD03FD04 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 30 Emerson Fittipaldi All 31 Ingo Hoffmann 1, 3–4, 8 RAM Racing RAM Racing with Lavazza Brabham-Ford BT44B Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 32 Loris Kessel 4–5, 7–8, 11 Bob Evans 9 33 Emilio de Villota 4 Patrick Nève 5 Jac Nellemann 7 Damien Magee 8 Lella Lombardi 9, 11 36 Rolf Stommelen 10 37 Lella Lombardi 10 Scuderia Gulf Rondini Tyrrell-Ford 007 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 37 Alessandro Pesenti-Rossi 13 39 11 40 10, 12 Team Norev Surtees-Ford TS19 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 38 Henri Pescarolo 6, 8–15 F&S Properties Penske-Ford PC3 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 39 Boy Hayje 12 ÖASC Racing Team Tyrrell-Ford 007 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 39 Otto Stuppacher 13–15 Team P R Reilly Shadow-Ford DN3B Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 G 40 Mike Wilds 9 Kojima Engineering Kojima-Ford KE007 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 D 51 Masahiro Hasemi 16 Heros Racing Tyrrell-Ford 007 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 B 52 Kazuyoshi Hoshino 16 Maki Engineering Maki-Ford F102A Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 D 54 Tony Trimmer 16 Team and driver changes After taking on Alfa Romeo engines, the Brabhams were painted rosso corsa red. Emerson Fittipaldi drove for his brother's team. The Ligier team with Matra engine and Jacques Laffite as driver would go on to become the first all-French F1 team to win a Grand Prix. Despite the success of Gordon Murray's Cosworth-powered cars, Bernie Ecclestone signed a deal with Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo to use their large and powerful flat-12 engine. The engines were supplied for free, but they rendered the new BT45s, now in red Martini Racing livery, unreliable and overweight. 1974 champion Emerson Fittipaldi moved to his brother Wilson's team Fittipaldi Automotive, with Wilson taking on the role of manager instead of driver. Emerson's seat at McLaren was given to James Hunt. The Shadow team which had entered into Formula One in the 1973 season under an American licence received a British licence, thus becoming the first team to officially change its nationality. Meanwhile, they had trialled a Matra V12 engine in 1975, but without much success. So Guy Ligier, owner of various sports car operations, decided to buy the French company's assets and start a Formula 1 team. They hired Jacques Laffite from Williams. After a dismal 1975 season with Lotus, Jacky Ickx moved to the newly formed Wolf-Williams Racing. Mario Andretti drove for Lotus in the opening race of the season and then acquired a permanent contract after his employer, the Parnelli team, folded. John Watson had moved from Surtees to Penske Racing at the end of 1975, and drove for them the whole 1976 season. BRM continued to decline, both in results and in operation size, only entering the first race of the 1976 season. Embassy Hill was scheduled to have entered a full season with Tony Brise but they pulled out following the Embassy Hill plane crash in November 1975 which killed all six members on the plane including Brise and team owner Graham Hill. Mid-season changes At the end of 1975, Ronnie Peterson was convinced by Colin Chapman to stay with Lotus, but after just one race into the 1976 season, the Swede joined March in favour of female driver Lella Lombardi. Fellow Swede Gunnar Nilsson, signed by March, was loaned to Lotus. Niki Lauda was seriously injured in a crash at the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring. His Ferrari burst into flames, nearly killing him after he inhaled hot toxic fumes and suffered severe burns. Carlos Reutemann negotiated a release from his Brabham contract to act as a replacement to Lauda. This would only lead to one drive, but the Argentinian was offered to a full-season drive in 1977. Reutemann's seat at Brabham was taken up by Rolf Stommelen and then Boro's Larry Perkins. After seeing Lauda's crash, Chris Amon promptly retired from Formula 1, until the Wolf-Williams team persuaded him to return. However, after a heavy collision with another car during qualifying for the Canadian Grand Prix, he was lucky to walk away unharmed and definitely hung up his helmet. Jacky Ickx finished the season with Amon's former employer Ensign, while Wolf-Williams hired Arturo Merzario from the March team. Calendar The Drivers and Manufacturers titles were contested over sixteen races. Round Grand Prix Circuit Date 1 Brazilian Grand Prix Autodromo de Interlagos, São Paulo 25 January 2 South African Grand Prix Kyalami Grand Prix Circuit, Midrand 6 March 3 United States Grand Prix West Long Beach Street Circuit, Los Angeles, California 28 March 4 Spanish Grand Prix Circuito Permanente Del Jarama, Madrid 2 May 5 Belgian Grand Prix Circuit Zolder, Heusden-Zolder 16 May 6 Monaco Grand Prix Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo 30 May 7 Swedish Grand Prix Scandinavian Raceway, Anderstorp 13 June 8 French Grand Prix Circuit Paul Ricard, Le Castellet 4 July 9 British Grand Prix Brands Hatch, Kent 18 July 10 German Grand Prix Nürburgring, Nürburg 1 August 11 Austrian Grand Prix Österreichring, Spielberg 15 August 12 Dutch Grand Prix Circuit Zandvoort, Zandvoort 29 August 13 Italian Grand Prix Autodromo Nazionale di Monza, Monza 12 September 14 Canadian Grand Prix Mosport Park, Bowmanville, Ontario 3 October 15 United States Grand Prix Watkins Glen Grand Prix Course, New York 10 October 16 Japanese Grand Prix Fuji Speedway, Oyama, Shizuoka 24 October Calendar changes The Argentine Grand Prix at Buenos Aires was originally scheduled as the first round of the season on 11 January, but was cancelled due to economic and political reasons; largely due to the installation of a military junta there. The United States Grand Prix West hosted its first Grand Prix. The race was held on a street circuit in Long Beach near Los Angeles on 28 March. The Spanish Grand Prix was moved permanently to Jarama near Madrid. This was done in reaction to the accident in the 1975 race in Montjuïc, in which five spectators were killed. The Belgian Grand Prix and Monaco Grand Prix swapped places on the calendar so that the Monaco came second this time. Nivelles-Baulers in Brussels was due to host the Belgian Grand Prix in rotation with Circuit Zolder, but the track surface at Nivelles had deteriorated and Zolder took over the slot. The British Grand Prix was moved from Silverstone to Brands Hatch, in keeping with the event-sharing arrangement between the two circuits. The Dutch Grand Prix was moved from mid June to late August. The Canadian Grand Prix returned to the calendar, after it was cancelled in 1975} due to a dispute between two rival breweries and event sponsors, Labatt and Molson. The Japanese Grand Prix hosted its first Grand Prix with a three-year contract. The race was held at Fuji Speedway on 24 October. Regulation changes Left: James Hunt driving the McLaren with the high air box, Right: Jochen Mass driving the McLaren with the adapted air box, conformed to the new regulations There had been no impactful regulation changes over the winter, but before the 1976 Spanish Grand Prix, a restriction was placed on the height of the air box to no more than 850 mm (33 in). This eliminated many eye-striking designs seen in the past years. It was also stipulated at that time, that an F1 car could not be wider than 215 cm (85 in). This caught out the McLaren team and James Hunt was disqualified, only for the decision to be overturned by the team's appeal. Season report Race 1: Brazil For the opening round of the season in Brazil at the 5-mile Interlagos circuit in São Paulo, James Hunt took pole position in his McLaren with reigning World Champion Niki Lauda alongside in his Ferrari (which set the tone for the season). Clay Regazzoni in the second Ferrari took the lead at the start. Regazzoni, Lauda, Hunt and Shadow's Jean-Pierre Jarier battled. Regazzoni and Jarier collided, and the former had to pit for repairs. Lauda now led from Hunt and Jarier, but Hunt crashed out due to a sticking throttle, and Jarier did the same a lap later after driving on some oil in the track. Lauda thus started his title defence with victory, with Patrick Depailler second in the Tyrrell, and Tom Pryce completing the podium in the other Shadow. Race 2: South Africa At the Kyalami circuit near Johannesburg, Hunt took pole position for the second time in two races, with Lauda alongside again. It was Lauda who led into the first corner, with Hunt dropping down to fourth behind McLaren teammate Jochen Mass and Vittorio Brambilla in his March. Hunt was waved through by Mass, and passed Brambilla to take second after five laps. Lauda led from start to finish to win again, with Hunt second and Mass third for McLaren. Race 3: United States GP West Well after the South African race, the drivers assembled at Long Beach in the US for the third round. Regazzoni took pole position with Depailler second, forcing Hunt and Lauda onto the second row. The top four maintained their positions at the start, and almost immediately Regazzoni began to pull away. Hunt now tried to pass Depailler for second; they collided; Hunt was out, Depailler went wide, and Lauda sailed through to second. Depailler kept third until a spin which dropped him well down the order, but he charged back up to fifth, and was back in third after Pryce's Shadow, and Jody Scheckter in the second Tyrrell retired after driveshaft and suspension failures respectively. Regazzoni went on to take a dominant victory, with Lauda completing the Ferrari 1–2, and Depailler third. Race 4: Spain As the European season began at the Jarama circuit near Madrid, there was a big talking point as the Tyrrell team entered a new P34 six-wheeler for Depailler. Depailler was on the pace and qualified third, behind Hunt and Lauda. Lauda once again beat Hunt off the line at the start and led for the first third of the race. Depailler, after a slow start, was running fourth behind Mass when he spun off and crashed with brake problems. Just before mid-race, the McLarens of Hunt and Mass found another gear and drove past Lauda, but towards the end of the race, Mass had to retire with an engine failure. Hunt took his first win of the season, with Lauda second and Gunnar Nilsson's Lotus third. After the race, Hunt was disqualified because his McLaren was found to be too wide. McLaren appealed, saying this was due to the expansion of the tyres during the race, and two months after the race, Hunt was reinstated. Race 5: Belgium The fifth round was at the Zolder circuit near the Dutch-Belgian border. Ferrari locked out the front row, with Lauda on pole from Regazzoni. Lauda motored away as the start, with Hunt up to second but, soon Regazzoni took the place back. The Ferraris raced away, and Hunt dropped to sixth, behind Jacques Laffite's Ligier and the two six-wheeled Tyrrells, before eventually retiring with a transmission failure. Depailler also retired when his engine blew up. Lauda won, and Regazzoni completed a dominant Ferrari 1–2, with Laffite taking his first podium. Race 6: Monaco Lauda took pole with Regazzoni alongside on the front row again. Lauda led into the first corner, and was never headed again. Ronnie Peterson's March got up to second, and allowed Lauda to pull away by holding up Regazzoni and the two Tyrrells. At one-third distance, Regazzoni went down an escape road because of oil on the track, and Peterson spun off and crashed on the next lap due to the same reason. This left Scheckter second and Depailler third but Regazzoni charged back and passed Depailler. He, however crashed out with 5 laps left while chasing Scheckter, thus ensuring that both the six-wheeled cars were on the podium behind Lauda. Lauda now had a massive 33-point lead in the championship over Regazzoni and Hunt. Race 7: Sweden Scheckter took pole in Sweden at Anderstorp, the first for the Tyrrell P34, with Mario Andretti's Lotus second and Chris Amon an amazing 3rd on the grid in the Ensign. Andretti took the lead at the start, but went off with engine failure at around two thirds distance. The six-wheelers went on to dominate (much to the chagrin of some of the other teams) and finished 1–2, with Scheckter winning. Amon was robbed of a possible podium by a suspension failure. As a result, third place went to the consistent Lauda. With Hunt finishing fifth Scheckter was now second in the points for the world championship. Race 8: France The French round took place at the Paul Ricard circuit in the south of France, and 'normal service' was resumed, with Hunt on pole and Lauda second, with Depailler third, continuing Tyrrell's strong form. Lauda beat Hunt off the line as usual, and led the early stages until his engine failed. Hunt now led with Regazzoni close behind, but Regazzoni's Ferrari engine also failed. With the Ferraris out, any challenge to Hunt evaporated, and Hunt went on to win with Depailler second. Scheckter ran third until he faded away with engine trouble, giving John Watson third and Penske its first podium. Race 9: Great Britain The British fans had found a new hero in Hunt, but it was Lauda who took pole at Brands Hatch, beating the home hero Hunt into second, and Andretti showing Lotus's pace with third. At the start, Regazzoni began like a rocket and was immediately up to second, and was challenging Lauda. The two touched, and Regazzoni spun. He was hit by Hunt and Jacques Laffite but the rest of the field were away safely. However, there was too much debris on track, and the race was to be restarted. In controversial circumstances McLaren, Ferrari and Ligier had Hunt, Regazzoni and Laffite all take part in the restarted race in spare cars. There was no trouble in the restart, as Lauda led from Hunt and Regazzoni into the first corner. The top three were unchanged till mid-race until Regazzoni retired with a gearbox problem, promoting Scheckter to third. Lauda led comfortably until he too suffered from gearbox troubles, and home hero Hunt took the lead with 15 minutes left, sending the home fans wild. Hunt went on to win, with Lauda hanging on to second and Scheckter third. After the race, Ferrari, Tyrrell and the Fittipaldi team appealed against Hunt being allowed to take part in the spare car. Ferrari took the matter to the FIA (which was hypocritical since their own driver, Regazzoni had started in a spare, although he retired), and two months later, Hunt was disqualified and Lauda was given the win. Scheckter was promoted to second, Watson had another podium, and Two-time champion Emerson Fittipaldi got sixth place and a point. Race 10: West Germany There were concerns by the drivers in the German GP held at the legendary Nordschleife about the safety of the track. The mountainous Nordschleife section of the Nürburgring was 14 miles (23 km) long – almost 3 times longer than Interlagos, the next longest circuit on the calendar and 7 times longer than the Monaco street circuit and its size meant it was nearly impossible to manage it safely to 1976 regulatory standards- the organizers were not willing or able to provide up to 5 times the marshals, medical services and firefighters needed at this circuit than at any other F1 circuit. Ultimately, all the drivers decided to race, and it was no surprise that Hunt and Lauda were on the front row, the British driver on pole, with Depailler heading the second row. At the start, on a damp but drying track, once again it was Regazzoni who started off best, whereas Lauda was slow and lost a lot of places. Regazzoni was leading from Hunt but he spun and dropped to fourth. At the end of the first lap, over eight minutes after the race started most of the drivers decided to pit for dry tyres. This left Mass's McLaren leading from Gunnar Nilsson. Regazzoni driving the Ferrari 312T2 at the Nürburgring in 1976. On the second lap, Lauda lost control at high speed due to a suspected rear suspension failure and crashed into the barriers before bouncing back on to the track, and the car caught fire. The car was then hit by Harald Ertl's Hesketh and Brett Lunger's Surtees. The two drivers immediately got out of their cars, and soon Arturo Merzario stopped his Wolf–Williams as well and also Guy Edwards helped. The four pulled Lauda out of the burning car, and the race was stopped. It took the one helicopter (which was parked at the pits on one extreme end of the circuit) at the track an excruciating 5 to 6 minutes to get to the accident site, and Lauda was sent to hospital with serious burns and was fighting for his life. Hans-Joachim Stuck driving for the March team in the German Grand Prix The race restarted, with the starting slots of Lauda, Ertl and Lunger left empty. Hunt led at the restarted race with Regazzoni up to second, but this did not last long as Regazzoni spun off and dropped back, and Depailler hit the barriers while trying to avoid him. This left Hunt with a big lead ahead of Carlos Pace in the Brabham, the Brabham team showing some speed. Soon, Scheckter was up to second, and Pace was passed by a recovering Regazzoni. Hunt eased to victory ahead of Scheckter, and Mass completed the podium by passing Pace after Regazzoni spun off (again). With Hunt's crucial victory at this longest of racing circuits, and after 49 years of Grand Prix racing, the 1976 German Grand Prix was the last Grand Prix at the old Nürburgring- one of the most iconic, historic and legendary circuits in Europe. The German Grand Prix moved further south to the Hockenheimring and Grand Prix racing did not return to the Nürburgring until 1984 on the newly constructed 2.8 mile Grand Prix circuit. Race 11: Austria The news before the Austrian GP at the Österreichring was that Lauda's condition was no longer life-threatening, but there was a low attendance with Lauda not racing; and Ferrari were so shaken by Lauda's crash that they did not compete at all. Hunt meanwhile took pole, ahead of countryman Watson and Ronnie Peterson. Watson took the lead at the start ahead of Peterson and Hunt, but soon Peterson was in the lead. Scheckter was on a charge from the mid-field, and he took the lead on the 10th lap, but then Watson was back in front. Scheckter battled until he crashed due to a suspension failure, and Peterson ultimately began to drop back. Watson thus won, the result being his and Penske's first win, and the podium was completed by Laffite and Nilsson. Race 12: Netherlands Lauda had begun his recovery, and was planning to race later in the season, and as a result, Ferrari were back in business in the Netherlands, but with only one car for Regazzoni. It was Peterson who took pole at Zandvoort, beating pole king Hunt and Tom Pryce's Shadow. Peterson led the early stages ahead of Watson, until Watson made a mistake which let Hunt through. Peterson then struggled and dropped behind Hunt, Watson and Regazzoni. Watson retired with a gearbox failure, promoting Regazzoni and Peterson, but the latter also retired when he lost oil pressure. Regazzoni now closed up on Hunt, bringing Mario Andretti with him, but Hunt held them off, with Regazzoni and Andretti within two seconds of him in second and third. Race 13: Italy After the Dutch GP, with Hunt only two points behind Lauda, the championship seemed to be a cakewalk for him. But then came the news that Lauda was going to make an astonishing return for the last four races of the season (it was so unexpected that Ferrari had to run three cars for Lauda, Regazzoni, and Lauda's supposed replacement Carlos Reutemann), just six weeks after his accident. As the event went on at the modified Monza circuit, Laffite took pole in qualifying, with Scheckter's six-wheeler alongside and Pace third. Lauda was fifth, and Hunt along with Watson and Mass were penalised and sent to the back because of supposed fuel irregularities. At the start, Scheckter led ahead of Laffite and Depailler with Lauda down in the midfield, but soon Peterson was on a charge and took the lead after 14 laps. Peterson's charge also brought Regazzoni with him, and soon the Swiss was up to third. Scheckter dropped off, and the top four of Peterson, Depailler, Regazzoni and Laffite ran closely. Hunt spun off while trying to charge up the field, and Depailler dropped back late on with engine trouble. Peterson took his first win in two years, with Regazzoni second, Laffite third, and Lauda an incredible fourth. Race 14: Canada The week-long North American tour started with the teams assembling at the scenic Mosport Park track near Toronto for the Canadian Grand Prix. Hunt's disqualification from the British GP came after the Italian race, and as a result Hunt had only 47 points to Lauda's 64 with three races left. The Englishman took pole, with Peterson also on the front row ahead of March teammate Vittorio Brambilla. As usual, Hunt did not start well, and Peterson took the lead. But it was not for long as Hunt retook the lead on lap 10, and soon both Marches dropped way back, and so Depailler was second and Andretti third. The top three of Hunt, Depailler and Andretti were unchanged for the rest of the race. Lauda was running fifth until handling issues dropped him out of the points, and Hunt had closed the gap to 8 points. Race 15: United States The penultimate round and the second leg of the North American tour was in the US at Watkins Glen, New York, a circuit similar (and close by) to Mosport Park in that it was fast and scenic with a number of long, sweeping corners. Hunt took his eighth pole of the season, with the six-wheeler of Scheckter alongside, and Peterson third. As expected, Scheckter took the lead at the start, with Hunt and Brambilla following. The front two pulled away and battled, with Hunt passing Scheckter mid-race and Scheckter returning the favour a few laps later. Hunt took the lead again with 14 laps left and went on to win, and Scheckter had to settle for second. The Marches were again unable to keep up the pace, and it was left to Lauda to take an astonishing podium, just beating Mass in the second McLaren. Race 16: Japan The championship was to be decided in Japan at the fast Fuji Speedway near Tokyo, and Lauda was leading Hunt by three points. In qualifying, Hunt took second, but Lauda was right behind in third as Andretti took pole for Lotus. On race day, it rained heavily, and the weather was dreadful with the track full of water and the rain pelting down. Hunt got a good start for once, and took the lead from Andretti. Some of the drivers protested, saying it was too dangerous to race. At the end of the second lap, Lauda came into the pits and withdrew, saying that the conditions were too dangerous. Emerson Fittipaldi and Carlos Pace also withdrew. At the front, Hunt was leading but was soon challenged by Brambilla until the Italian spun out of contention. By mid-race, Mass had jumped up to second behind his teammate and acted as a protective buffer, but then crashed out. Hunt led from Depailler and Andretti, but then began to suffer from tyre wear, and both drivers passed with 11 laps left. This was still fine as Hunt was third and needed only three points to become World Champion, because he had more wins than Lauda. This became second when Depailler's tyres gave out, and he suffered a puncture but soon Hunt himself also had the same fate and had to pit. Andretti now led, with Alan Jones's Surtees second, Regazzoni third, Depailler fourth and Hunt fifth. On old, worn-out tyres, Jones and Regazzoni were fighting just to save their tyres, and first Depailler, and then Hunt with just two laps left passed both of them. Andretti won, getting his first win in five years, with Depailler second, and Hunt's third place meant that he was the F1 World Champion of 1976. Results and standings Grands Prix The 1976 World Championship of Drivers and the International Cup for Formula 1 Manufacturers were contested concurrently over a sixteen race series. Round Grand Prix Pole position Fastest lap Winning driver Winning constructor Report 1 Brazilian Grand Prix James Hunt Jean-Pierre Jarier Niki Lauda Ferrari Report 2 South African Grand Prix James Hunt Niki Lauda Niki Lauda Ferrari Report 3 United States Grand Prix West Clay Regazzoni Clay Regazzoni Clay Regazzoni Ferrari Report 4 Spanish Grand Prix James Hunt Jochen Mass James Hunt McLaren-Ford Report 5 Belgian Grand Prix Niki Lauda Niki Lauda Niki Lauda Ferrari Report 6 Monaco Grand Prix Niki Lauda Clay Regazzoni Niki Lauda Ferrari Report 7 Swedish Grand Prix Jody Scheckter Mario Andretti Jody Scheckter Tyrrell-Ford Report 8 French Grand Prix James Hunt Niki Lauda James Hunt McLaren-Ford Report 9 British Grand Prix Niki Lauda Niki Lauda Niki Lauda Ferrari Report 10 German Grand Prix James Hunt Jody Scheckter James Hunt McLaren-Ford Report 11 Austrian Grand Prix James Hunt James Hunt John Watson Penske-Ford Report 12 Dutch Grand Prix Ronnie Peterson Clay Regazzoni James Hunt McLaren-Ford Report 13 Italian Grand Prix Jacques Laffite Ronnie Peterson Ronnie Peterson March-Ford Report 14 Canadian Grand Prix James Hunt Patrick Depailler James Hunt McLaren-Ford Report 15 United States Grand Prix James Hunt James Hunt James Hunt McLaren-Ford Report 16 Japanese Grand Prix Mario Andretti Jacques Laffite Mario Andretti Lotus-Ford Report World Drivers' Championship standings Further information: List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems Points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the top six finishers in each race. The best seven results from the first eight races and the best seven results from the remaining eight races could be retained. Pos Driver BRA RSA USW ESP BEL MON SWE FRA GBR GER AUT NED ITA CAN USA JPN Pts 1 James Hunt Ret 2 Ret 1 Ret Ret 5 1 DSQ 1 4 1 Ret 1 1 3 69 2 Niki Lauda 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 Ret 1 Ret 4 8 3 Ret 68 3 Jody Scheckter 5 4 Ret Ret 4 2 1 6 2 2 Ret 5 5 4 2 Ret 49 4 Patrick Depailler 2 9 3 Ret Ret 3 2 2 Ret Ret Ret 7 6 2 Ret 2 39 5 Clay Regazzoni 7 Ret 1 11 2 14 6 Ret DSQ 9 2 2 6 7 5 31 6 Mario Andretti Ret 6 Ret Ret Ret Ret 5 Ret 12 5 3 Ret 3 Ret 1 22 7 John Watson Ret 5 NC Ret 7 10 Ret 3 3 7 1 Ret 11 10 6 Ret 20 8 Jacques Laffite Ret Ret 4 12 3 12 4 14 DSQ Ret 2 Ret 3 Ret Ret 7 20 9 Jochen Mass 6 3 5 Ret 6 5 11 15 Ret 3 7 9 Ret 5 4 Ret 19 10 Gunnar Nilsson Ret Ret 3 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 5 3 Ret 13 12 Ret 6 11 11 Ronnie Peterson Ret Ret 10 Ret Ret Ret 7 19 Ret Ret 6 Ret 1 9 Ret Ret 10 12 Tom Pryce 3 7 Ret 8 10 7 9 8 4 8 Ret 4 8 11 Ret Ret 10 13 Hans-Joachim Stuck 4 12 Ret Ret Ret 4 Ret 7 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 5 Ret 8 14 Carlos Pace 10 Ret 9 6 Ret 9 8 4 8 4 Ret Ret Ret 7 Ret Ret 7 15 Alan Jones NC 9 5 Ret 13 Ret 5 10 Ret 8 12 16 8 4 7 16 Carlos Reutemann 12 Ret Ret 4 Ret Ret Ret 11 Ret Ret Ret Ret 9 3 17 Emerson Fittipaldi 13 17 6 Ret DNQ 6 Ret Ret 6 13 Ret Ret 15 Ret 9 Ret 3 18 Chris Amon 14 8 5 Ret 13 Ret Ret Ret DNS 2 19 Vittorio Brambilla Ret 8 Ret Ret Ret Ret 10 Ret Ret Ret Ret 6 7 14 Ret Ret 1 20 Rolf Stommelen 6 12 Ret 1 — Harald Ertl 15 DNQ DNQ Ret DNQ Ret Ret 7 Ret 8 Ret 16 DNS 13 8 0 — Jean-Pierre Jarier Ret Ret 7 Ret 9 8 12 12 9 11 Ret 10 19 18 10 10 0 — Jacky Ickx 8 16 DNQ 7 DNQ DNQ 10 DNQ Ret 10 13 Ret 0 — Larry Perkins 13 8 DNQ Ret Ret Ret 17 Ret Ret 0 — Henri Pescarolo DNQ Ret Ret DNQ 9 11 17 19 NC 0 — Arturo Merzario DNQ Ret Ret DNQ 14 9 Ret Ret Ret Ret DNS Ret Ret Ret 0 — Renzo Zorzi 9 0 — Noritake Takahara 9 0 — Michel Leclère 13 DNQ 10 11 11 Ret 13 0 — Brett Lunger 11 DNQ DNQ Ret 15 16 Ret Ret 10 14 15 11 0 — Bob Evans 10 DNQ Ret 0 — Alessandro Pesenti-Rossi 14 11 DNQ 18 0 — Ingo Hoffmann 11 DNQ DNQ DNQ 0 — Masahiro Hasemi 11 0 — Loris Kessel DNQ 12 Ret DNQ NC 0 — Lella Lombardi 14 DNQ DNQ 12 0 — Alex Ribeiro 12 0 — Warwick Brown 14 0 — Guy Edwards DNQ 17 Ret 15 DNS 20 0 — Patrick Nève Ret 18 0 — Hans Binder Ret Ret 0 — Ian Ashley Ret 0 — Ian Scheckter Ret 0 — Boy Hayje Ret 0 — Conny Andersson Ret 0 — Kazuyoshi Hoshino Ret 0 — Otto Stuppacher DNS DNQ DNQ 0 — Masami Kuwashima DNS 0 — Emilio de Villota DNQ 0 — Emilio Zapico DNQ 0 — Jac Nellemann DNQ 0 — Damien Magee DNQ 0 — Mike Wilds DNQ 0 — Divina Galica DNQ 0 — Tony Trimmer DNQ 0 Pos Driver BRA RSA USW ESP BEL MON SWE FRA GBR GER AUT NED ITA CAN USA JPN Pts Key Colour Result Gold Winner Silver Second place Bronze Third place Green Other points position Blue Other classified position Not classified, finished (NC) Purple Not classified, retired (Ret) Red Did not qualify (DNQ) Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ) Black Disqualified (DSQ) White Did not start (DNS) Race cancelled (C) Blank Did not practice (DNP) Excluded (EX) Did not arrive (DNA) Withdrawn (WD) Did not enter (cell empty) Text formatting Meaning Bold Pole position Italics Fastest lap International Cup for F1 Manufacturers standings Ferrari won the International Cup for Formula 1 Manufacturers McLaren placed second Tyrrell placed thirdPoints were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the top six finishers in each race, but only to the first car to finish for each manufacturer. The best seven results from the first eight races and the best seven results from the remaining eight races were retained. Pos Constructor BRA RSA USW ESP BEL MON SWE FRA GBR GER AUT NED ITA CAN USA JPN Pts 1 Ferrari 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 Ret 1 9 WD 2 2 6 3 5 83 2 McLaren-Ford 6 2 5 1 6 5 5 1 Ret 1 4 1 Ret 1 1 3 74 (75) 3 Tyrrell-Ford 2 4 3 Ret 4 2 1 2 2 2 11 5 5 2 2 2 71 4 Lotus-Ford Ret 10 Ret 3 Ret Ret Ret 5 Ret 5 3 3 13 3 Ret 1 29 5 Penske-Ford Ret 5 NC Ret 7 10 Ret 3 3 7 1 Ret 11 10 6 Ret 20 6 Ligier-Matra Ret Ret 4 12 3 12 4 14 DSQ Ret 2 Ret 3 Ret Ret 7 20 7 March-Ford 4 8 10 Ret Ret 4 7 7 Ret Ret 6 6 1 9 5 Ret 19 8 Shadow-Ford 3 7 7 8 9 7 9 8 4 8 Ret 4 8 11 10 10 10 9 Brabham-Alfa Romeo 10 Ret 9 4 Ret 9 8 4 8 4 Ret Ret Ret 7 Ret Ret 9 10 Surtees-Ford 11 NC 9 5 Ret 13 16 5 10 9 8 12 15 8 4 7 11 Fittipaldi-Ford 11 17 6 Ret DNQ 6 Ret Ret 6 13 Ret Ret 15 Ret 9 Ret 3 12 Ensign-Ford 14 8 5 Ret 13 Ret 18 Ret Ret Ret Ret 10 13 Ret WD 2 13 Parnelli-Ford 6 Ret 1 — Hesketh-Ford 15 DNQ DNQ Ret DNQ Ret 17 7 15 8 12 16 20 12 8 0 — Wolf-Williams-Ford 8 13 DNQ 7 11 11 Ret 10 DNQ Ret Ret Ret DNQ Ret 14 Ret 0 — Boro-Ford 13 8 DNQ Ret WD Ret Ret 0 — Kojima-Ford 11 0 — Brabham-Ford DNQ 12 Ret DNQ Ret DNS 12 WD WD 0 — BRM Ret WD 0 — Williams-Ford DNQ 0 — Maki-Ford DNQ 0 Pos Constructor BRA RSA USW ESP BEL MON SWE FRA GBR GER AUT NED ITA CAN USA JPN Pts Bold results counted to championship. Non-championship races Two non-championship races for Formula One cars were also held in 1976. Race Name Circuit Date Winning driver Constructor Report XI Race of Champions Brands Hatch 14 March James Hunt McLaren-Cosworth Report XXVIII BRDC International Trophy Silverstone 11 April James Hunt McLaren-Cosworth Report See also Hunt–Lauda rivalry Notes ^ Stommelen was originally entered in a RAM Racing Brabham BT44B but after the team's cars were impounded by the police, he was transferred into the spare factory Brabham BT45. References ^ World Championship of Drivers, FIA Yearbook of Automobile Sport 1976, Orange section, pages 17 to 21 ^ International Cup for Formula 1 Manufacturers, FIA Yearbook of Automobile Sport 1976, Orange section, page 21 ^ "1976 RACE RESULTS". www.formula1.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020. ^ Hope-Frost, Henry. "Top 12: Ferrari‑free Grands Prix". www.goodwood.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2023. ^ "Grand Prix Results: German GP, 1976". grandprix.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2017. ^ "GP Germany 1976". racingsportscars.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017. ^ "The German Grand Prix". motorsportmagazine.com. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017. ^ Henry (1985) pp. 159–161 ^ "1973 United States Grand Prix Entry list". Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2023. ^ "1976 Austrian Grand Prix Entry list". Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2018. ^ "1976 Italian Grand Prix Entry list". Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2018. ^ Daily Express pp. 1, 8 & 16 Battle for Lauda's Life Monday 2 August 1976 "Heroes pull world champion from race wreck." ^ Steven de Groote (1 January 2009). "F1 rules and stats 1970-1979". F1Technical.net. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ "Five Moments When F1 Changed the Rules in the Middle of the Season". AutoEvolution=author=Silvian Irimia. 24 July 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ Bas Naafs (3 February 2016). "History: The 1976 season: Ferrari versus McLaren". GPToday.net. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ Giorgio Piola (2 May 2020). "How McLaren and Ferrari went to war with the rules in '76". Motorsport.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ "1976 Fastest Laps". www.formula1.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2016. ^ It was initially announced that Masahiro Hasemi set the fastest lap at the 1976 Japanese Grand Prix, but it was a measurement mistake, and, several days later, the circuit issued a press release to correct the fastest lap holder of the race to Jacques Laffite. ^ Peter Higham, The Guinness Guide to International Motor Racing, 1995, page 6 ^ Mike Kettlewell, The Champion Book of World Championship Facts & Figures, 1982, page 33 ^ Mike Kettlewell, The Champion Book of World Championship Facts & Figures, 1982, page 40 ^ Peter Higham, The Guinness Guide to International Motor Racing, 1995, page 83 ^ Only the best 7 results from the first 8 races and the best 7 results from the last 8 races counted towards the championship. Numbers without parentheses are championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored. vteFormula One seasons 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Drivers' Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Drivers%27_Champions"},{"link_name":"James Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Constructors' Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Constructors%27_Champions"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Races by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_Grands_Prix#By_host_nation"},{"link_name":"Races by venue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_Grands_Prix#By_venue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Hunt_-_Dutch_GP_1976_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hunt"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niki_Lauda,_1975_British_Grand_Prix.jpg"},{"link_name":"Niki Lauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_Lauda"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"FIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"World Championship of Drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Drivers%27_Champions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"International Cup for Formula 1 Manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Constructors%27_Champions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"James Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Niki Lauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_Lauda"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Austrian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Japanese_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"British driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_drivers_from_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Nigel Mansell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Mansell"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Tyrrell P34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrell_P34"},{"link_name":"Chris Amon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Amon"},{"link_name":"British Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_British_Grand_Prix"}],"text":"1976 Formula One season\nDrivers' Champion: James HuntConstructors' Champion: Ferrari\n\nPrevious\n1975\nNext\n1977\nRaces by countryRaces by venueBriton James Hunt won the World Championship of Drivers, driving for McLarenNiki Lauda (pictured in 1975) was runner up by one point, driving for FerrariThe 1976 Formula One season was the 30th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1976 World Championship of Drivers[1] and the 1976 International Cup for Formula 1 Manufacturers.[2] The two titles were contested over a sixteen race series which commenced on 25 January and ended on 24 October.[3] Two non-championship races were also held during the 1976 season. In an extraordinarily political and dramatic season, the Drivers' Championship went to McLaren driver James Hunt by one point from Ferrari's defending champion Niki Lauda, although Ferrari took the Manufacturers' trophy.The controversy began in Spain where Hunt was initially disqualified from first place, handing the race win to Lauda, only for the decision to be overturned on appeal months later. Ferrari did not enter the Austrian Grand Prix out of protest.[4] Hunt won in France and, it seemed, in Britain, but the race had been restarted after a first lap pile-up and Hunt drove on an access road returning to the pits, which was against the rules. He was eventually disqualified after an appeal from Ferrari. Lauda became the official race winner. Lauda had a massive crash in West Germany and appeared likely to die from his injuries, but managed to return after missing just two races. Going into the final race in Japan, Lauda led Hunt by three points. In the appalling weather conditions, Lauda withdrew from the race and Hunt finished third to take the championship trophy. This was the last championship for a British driver until Nigel Mansell in 1992. The 2013 film Rush is based on this season, focusing on the rivalry and friendship between Hunt and Lauda.Other noteworthy events include the introduction of the six-wheeled Tyrrell P34, the last race by Chris Amon, regarded as one of the best F1 drivers never to win a championship, and the British Grand Prix, for being the only championship race ever in which more than one female driver were entered (although both failed to qualify).","title":"1976 Formula One season"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following teams and drivers contested the 1976 World Championship of Drivers and the 1976 International Cup for Formula 1 Manufacturers.","title":"Teams and drivers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stommelen_auf_Brabham_1976.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Brabhams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabham"},{"link_name":"rosso corsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosso_corsa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emerson_Fittipaldi_BH76_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques_Laffite_GP_Italia_1976.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ligier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipe_Ligier"},{"link_name":"Matra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipe_Matra_Sports"},{"link_name":"Jacques Laffite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Laffite"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Gordon Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Murray"},{"link_name":"Cosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosworth"},{"link_name":"Bernie Ecclestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Ecclestone"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"flat-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-12"},{"link_name":"BT45s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabham_BT45"},{"link_name":"Martini Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martini_Racing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Fittipaldi Automotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fittipaldi_Automotive"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"James Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Racing_Cars"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"American licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_constructors#Team's_nationality"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Matra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipe_Matra_Sports"},{"link_name":"V12 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V12_engine"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Guy Ligier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Ligier"},{"link_name":"sports car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_car_racing"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Jacques Laffite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Laffite"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Lotus"},{"link_name":"Jacky Ickx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Ickx"},{"link_name":"Wolf-Williams Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf-Williams_Racing"},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Parnelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnelli"},{"link_name":"John Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watson_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Surtees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtees_Racing_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Penske Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Racing"},{"link_name":"BRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Racing_Motors"},{"link_name":"Embassy Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_Hill"},{"link_name":"Tony Brise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Brise"},{"link_name":"Embassy Hill plane crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hill_plane_crash"},{"link_name":"Graham Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hill"}],"sub_title":"Team and driver changes","text":"After taking on Alfa Romeo engines, the Brabhams were painted rosso corsa red.Emerson Fittipaldi drove for his brother's team.The Ligier team with Matra engine and Jacques Laffite as driver would go on to become the first all-French F1 team to win a Grand Prix.Despite the success of Gordon Murray's Cosworth-powered cars, Bernie Ecclestone signed a deal with Italian motor manufacturer Alfa Romeo to use their large and powerful flat-12 engine. The engines were supplied for free, but they rendered the new BT45s, now in red Martini Racing livery, unreliable and overweight.[8]\n1974 champion Emerson Fittipaldi moved to his brother Wilson's team Fittipaldi Automotive, with Wilson taking on the role of manager instead of driver. Emerson's seat at McLaren was given to James Hunt.\nThe Shadow team which had entered into Formula One in the 1973 season under an American licence[9] received a British licence, thus becoming the first team to officially change its nationality.[10][11] Meanwhile, they had trialled a Matra V12 engine in 1975, but without much success. So Guy Ligier, owner of various sports car operations, decided to buy the French company's assets and start a Formula 1 team. They hired Jacques Laffite from Williams.\nAfter a dismal 1975 season with Lotus, Jacky Ickx moved to the newly formed Wolf-Williams Racing. Mario Andretti drove for Lotus in the opening race of the season and then acquired a permanent contract after his employer, the Parnelli team, folded.\nJohn Watson had moved from Surtees to Penske Racing at the end of 1975, and drove for them the whole 1976 season.\nBRM continued to decline, both in results and in operation size, only entering the first race of the 1976 season.\nEmbassy Hill was scheduled to have entered a full season with Tony Brise but they pulled out following the Embassy Hill plane crash in November 1975 which killed all six members on the plane including Brise and team owner Graham Hill.","title":"Teams and drivers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Peterson"},{"link_name":"Colin Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Lotus"},{"link_name":"Swede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Lella Lombardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lella_Lombardi"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"Niki Lauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_Lauda"},{"link_name":"German Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Nürburgring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring_Nordschleife"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Carlos Reutemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Reutemann"},{"link_name":"Brabham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabham"},{"link_name":"Argentinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinia"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Brabham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabham"},{"link_name":"Rolf Stommelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Stommelen"},{"link_name":"Boro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro_(Formula_One)"},{"link_name":"Larry Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Chris Amon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Amon"},{"link_name":"Wolf-Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf-Williams_Racing"},{"link_name":"qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_racing#Qualifying"},{"link_name":"Canadian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Jacky Ickx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Ickx"},{"link_name":"Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(racing_team)"},{"link_name":"Arturo Merzario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Merzario"}],"sub_title":"Team and driver changes - Mid-season changes","text":"At the end of 1975, Ronnie Peterson was convinced by Colin Chapman to stay with Lotus, but after just one race into the 1976 season, the Swede joined March in favour of female driver Lella Lombardi. Fellow Swede Gunnar Nilsson, signed by March, was loaned to Lotus.\nNiki Lauda was seriously injured in a crash at the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring. His Ferrari burst into flames, nearly killing him after he inhaled hot toxic fumes and suffered severe burns.[12] Carlos Reutemann negotiated a release from his Brabham contract to act as a replacement to Lauda. This would only lead to one drive, but the Argentinian was offered to a full-season drive in 1977. Reutemann's seat at Brabham was taken up by Rolf Stommelen and then Boro's Larry Perkins.\nAfter seeing Lauda's crash, Chris Amon promptly retired from Formula 1, until the Wolf-Williams team persuaded him to return. However, after a heavy collision with another car during qualifying for the Canadian Grand Prix, he was lucky to walk away unharmed and definitely hung up his helmet. Jacky Ickx finished the season with Amon's former employer Ensign, while Wolf-Williams hired Arturo Merzario from the March team.","title":"Teams and drivers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Drivers and Manufacturers titles were contested over sixteen races.","title":"Calendar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentine Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodromo_Juan_y_Oscar_Galvez"},{"link_name":"junta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_(governing_body)"},{"link_name":"United States Grand Prix West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Grand_Prix_West"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Long_Beach"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Spanish Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Jarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_Permanente_Del_Jarama"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"1975 race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Montjuïc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc_circuit"},{"link_name":"Belgian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Monaco Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Nivelles-Baulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivelles-Baulers"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Circuit Zolder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Zolder"},{"link_name":"British Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Silverstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Brands Hatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brands_Hatch"},{"link_name":"Dutch Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Canadian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"breweries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery"},{"link_name":"Labatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labatt_Brewing_Company"},{"link_name":"Molson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molson"},{"link_name":"Japanese Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Fuji Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_Speedway"}],"sub_title":"Calendar changes","text":"The Argentine Grand Prix at Buenos Aires was originally scheduled as the first round of the season on 11 January, but was cancelled due to economic and political reasons; largely due to the installation of a military junta there.\nThe United States Grand Prix West hosted its first Grand Prix. The race was held on a street circuit in Long Beach near Los Angeles on 28 March.\nThe Spanish Grand Prix was moved permanently to Jarama near Madrid. This was done in reaction to the accident in the 1975 race in Montjuïc, in which five spectators were killed.\nThe Belgian Grand Prix and Monaco Grand Prix swapped places on the calendar so that the Monaco came second this time. Nivelles-Baulers in Brussels was due to host the Belgian Grand Prix in rotation with Circuit Zolder, but the track surface at Nivelles had deteriorated and Zolder took over the slot.\nThe British Grand Prix was moved from Silverstone to Brands Hatch, in keeping with the event-sharing arrangement between the two circuits.\nThe Dutch Grand Prix was moved from mid June to late August.\nThe Canadian Grand Prix returned to the calendar, after it was cancelled in 1975} due to a dispute between two rival breweries and event sponsors, Labatt and Molson.\nThe Japanese Grand Prix hosted its first Grand Prix with a three-year contract. The race was held at Fuji Speedway on 24 October.","title":"Calendar"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1976_BRDC_International_Trophy,_James_Hunt.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mass_McLaren_10.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hunt"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"air box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_car#Air_box"},{"link_name":"Jochen Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Mass"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"1976 Spanish Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"air box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_car#Air_box"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"James Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hunt"}],"text":"Left: James Hunt driving the McLaren with the high air box, Right: Jochen Mass driving the McLaren with the adapted air box, conformed to the new regulationsThere had been no impactful regulation changes over the winter,[13] but before the 1976 Spanish Grand Prix, a restriction was placed on the height of the air box to no more than 850 mm (33 in). This eliminated many eye-striking designs seen in the past years.[14][15] It was also stipulated at that time, that an F1 car could not be wider than 215 cm (85 in).[16] This caught out the McLaren team and James Hunt was disqualified, only for the decision to be overturned by the team's appeal.","title":"Regulation changes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"James Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hunt"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_McLaren"},{"link_name":"Niki Lauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_Lauda"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Clay Regazzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Regazzoni"},{"link_name":"Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Racing_Cars"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Jarier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Jarier"},{"link_name":"Patrick Depailler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Depailler"},{"link_name":"Tyrrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrell_Racing"},{"link_name":"Tom Pryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce"}],"sub_title":"Race 1: Brazil","text":"For the opening round of the season in Brazil at the 5-mile Interlagos circuit in São Paulo, James Hunt took pole position in his McLaren with reigning World Champion Niki Lauda alongside in his Ferrari (which set the tone for the season). Clay Regazzoni in the second Ferrari took the lead at the start. Regazzoni, Lauda, Hunt and Shadow's Jean-Pierre Jarier battled. Regazzoni and Jarier collided, and the former had to pit for repairs. Lauda now led from Hunt and Jarier, but Hunt crashed out due to a sticking throttle, and Jarier did the same a lap later after driving on some oil in the track. Lauda thus started his title defence with victory, with Patrick Depailler second in the Tyrrell, and Tom Pryce completing the podium in the other Shadow.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyalami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyalami"},{"link_name":"Jochen Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Mass"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Brambilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Brambilla"},{"link_name":"March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Engineering"}],"sub_title":"Race 2: South Africa","text":"At the Kyalami circuit near Johannesburg, Hunt took pole position for the second time in two races, with Lauda alongside again. It was Lauda who led into the first corner, with Hunt dropping down to fourth behind McLaren teammate Jochen Mass and Vittorio Brambilla in his March. Hunt was waved through by Mass, and passed Brambilla to take second after five laps. Lauda led from start to finish to win again, with Hunt second and Mass third for McLaren.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_Grand_Prix_West"},{"link_name":"Jody Scheckter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Scheckter"}],"sub_title":"Race 3: United States GP West","text":"Well after the South African race, the drivers assembled at Long Beach in the US for the third round. Regazzoni took pole position with Depailler second, forcing Hunt and Lauda onto the second row. The top four maintained their positions at the start, and almost immediately Regazzoni began to pull away. Hunt now tried to pass Depailler for second; they collided; Hunt was out, Depailler went wide, and Lauda sailed through to second. Depailler kept third until a spin which dropped him well down the order, but he charged back up to fifth, and was back in third after Pryce's Shadow, and Jody Scheckter in the second Tyrrell retired after driveshaft and suspension failures respectively. Regazzoni went on to take a dominant victory, with Lauda completing the Ferrari 1–2, and Depailler third.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gunnar Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Lotus"}],"sub_title":"Race 4: Spain","text":"As the European season began at the Jarama circuit near Madrid, there was a big talking point as the Tyrrell team entered a new P34 six-wheeler for Depailler. Depailler was on the pace and qualified third, behind Hunt and Lauda. Lauda once again beat Hunt off the line at the start and led for the first third of the race. Depailler, after a slow start, was running fourth behind Mass when he spun off and crashed with brake problems. Just before mid-race, the McLarens of Hunt and Mass found another gear and drove past Lauda, but towards the end of the race, Mass had to retire with an engine failure. Hunt took his first win of the season, with Lauda second and Gunnar Nilsson's Lotus third.After the race, Hunt was disqualified because his McLaren was found to be too wide. McLaren appealed, saying this was due to the expansion of the tyres during the race, and two months after the race, Hunt was reinstated.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques Laffite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Laffite"},{"link_name":"Ligier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipe_Ligier"}],"sub_title":"Race 5: Belgium","text":"The fifth round was at the Zolder circuit near the Dutch-Belgian border. Ferrari locked out the front row, with Lauda on pole from Regazzoni. Lauda motored away as the start, with Hunt up to second but, soon Regazzoni took the place back. The Ferraris raced away, and Hunt dropped to sixth, behind Jacques Laffite's Ligier and the two six-wheeled Tyrrells, before eventually retiring with a transmission failure. Depailler also retired when his engine blew up. Lauda won, and Regazzoni completed a dominant Ferrari 1–2, with Laffite taking his first podium.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronnie Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Peterson"},{"link_name":"March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Engineering"}],"sub_title":"Race 6: Monaco","text":"Lauda took pole with Regazzoni alongside on the front row again. Lauda led into the first corner, and was never headed again. Ronnie Peterson's March got up to second, and allowed Lauda to pull away by holding up Regazzoni and the two Tyrrells. At one-third distance, Regazzoni went down an escape road because of oil on the track, and Peterson spun off and crashed on the next lap due to the same reason. This left Scheckter second and Depailler third but Regazzoni charged back and passed Depailler. He, however crashed out with 5 laps left while chasing Scheckter, thus ensuring that both the six-wheeled cars were on the podium behind Lauda.Lauda now had a massive 33-point lead in the championship over Regazzoni and Hunt.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Lotus"},{"link_name":"Chris Amon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Amon"},{"link_name":"Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(racing_team)"}],"sub_title":"Race 7: Sweden","text":"Scheckter took pole in Sweden at Anderstorp, the first for the Tyrrell P34, with Mario Andretti's Lotus second and Chris Amon an amazing 3rd on the grid in the Ensign. Andretti took the lead at the start, but went off with engine failure at around two thirds distance. The six-wheelers went on to dominate (much to the chagrin of some of the other teams) and finished 1–2, with Scheckter winning. Amon was robbed of a possible podium by a suspension failure. As a result, third place went to the consistent Lauda. With Hunt finishing fifth Scheckter was now second in the points for the world championship.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"John Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watson_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Penske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Racing"}],"sub_title":"Race 8: France","text":"The French round took place at the Paul Ricard circuit in the south of France, and 'normal service' was resumed, with Hunt on pole and Lauda second, with Depailler third, continuing Tyrrell's strong form. Lauda beat Hunt off the line as usual, and led the early stages until his engine failed. Hunt now led with Regazzoni close behind, but Regazzoni's Ferrari engine also failed. With the Ferraris out, any challenge to Hunt evaporated, and Hunt went on to win with Depailler second. Scheckter ran third until he faded away with engine trouble, giving John Watson third and Penske its first podium.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brands Hatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Jacques Laffite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Laffite"},{"link_name":"Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fittipaldi_Automotive"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"}],"sub_title":"Race 9: Great Britain","text":"The British fans had found a new hero in Hunt, but it was Lauda who took pole at Brands Hatch, beating the home hero Hunt into second, and Andretti showing Lotus's pace with third. At the start, Regazzoni began like a rocket and was immediately up to second, and was challenging Lauda. The two touched, and Regazzoni spun. He was hit by Hunt and Jacques Laffite but the rest of the field were away safely. However, there was too much debris on track, and the race was to be restarted. In controversial circumstances McLaren, Ferrari and Ligier had Hunt, Regazzoni and Laffite all take part in the restarted race in spare cars.There was no trouble in the restart, as Lauda led from Hunt and Regazzoni into the first corner. The top three were unchanged till mid-race until Regazzoni retired with a gearbox problem, promoting Scheckter to third. Lauda led comfortably until he too suffered from gearbox troubles, and home hero Hunt took the lead with 15 minutes left, sending the home fans wild. Hunt went on to win, with Lauda hanging on to second and Scheckter third.After the race, Ferrari, Tyrrell and the Fittipaldi team appealed against Hunt being allowed to take part in the spare car. Ferrari took the matter to the FIA (which was hypocritical since their own driver, Regazzoni had started in a spare, although he retired), and two months later, Hunt was disqualified and Lauda was given the win. Scheckter was promoted to second, Watson had another podium, and Two-time champion Emerson Fittipaldi got sixth place and a point.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Nilsson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regazzoni,_Clay_am_31.07.1976_-_Ferrari_312T.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferrari 312T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_312T"},{"link_name":"Nürburgring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring"},{"link_name":"Harald Ertl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Ertl"},{"link_name":"Hesketh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesketh_Racing"},{"link_name":"Brett Lunger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Lunger"},{"link_name":"Surtees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtees_Racing_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Arturo Merzario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Merzario"},{"link_name":"Wolf–Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Williams_Racing"},{"link_name":"Guy Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Edwards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StuckHansJ1976-07-31.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hans-Joachim Stuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Stuck"},{"link_name":"Carlos Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Pace"},{"link_name":"Brabham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabham"}],"sub_title":"Race 10: West Germany","text":"There were concerns by the drivers in the German GP held at the legendary Nordschleife about the safety of the track. The mountainous Nordschleife section of the Nürburgring was 14 miles (23 km) long – almost 3 times longer than Interlagos, the next longest circuit on the calendar and 7 times longer than the Monaco street circuit and its size meant it was nearly impossible to manage it safely to 1976 regulatory standards- the organizers were not willing or able to provide up to 5 times the marshals, medical services and firefighters needed at this circuit than at any other F1 circuit. Ultimately, all the drivers decided to race, and it was no surprise that Hunt and Lauda were on the front row, the British driver on pole, with Depailler heading the second row. At the start, on a damp but drying track, once again it was Regazzoni who started off best, whereas Lauda was slow and lost a lot of places. Regazzoni was leading from Hunt but he spun and dropped to fourth. At the end of the first lap, over eight minutes after the race started most of the drivers decided to pit for dry tyres. This left Mass's McLaren leading from Gunnar Nilsson.Regazzoni driving the Ferrari 312T2 at the Nürburgring in 1976.On the second lap, Lauda lost control at high speed due to a suspected rear suspension failure and crashed into the barriers before bouncing back on to the track, and the car caught fire. The car was then hit by Harald Ertl's Hesketh and Brett Lunger's Surtees. The two drivers immediately got out of their cars, and soon Arturo Merzario stopped his Wolf–Williams as well and also Guy Edwards helped. The four pulled Lauda out of the burning car, and the race was stopped. It took the one helicopter (which was parked at the pits on one extreme end of the circuit) at the track an excruciating 5 to 6 minutes to get to the accident site, and Lauda was sent to hospital with serious burns and was fighting for his life.Hans-Joachim Stuck driving for the March team in the German Grand PrixThe race restarted, with the starting slots of Lauda, Ertl and Lunger left empty. Hunt led at the restarted race with Regazzoni up to second, but this did not last long as Regazzoni spun off and dropped back, and Depailler hit the barriers while trying to avoid him. This left Hunt with a big lead ahead of Carlos Pace in the Brabham, the Brabham team showing some speed. Soon, Scheckter was up to second, and Pace was passed by a recovering Regazzoni. Hunt eased to victory ahead of Scheckter, and Mass completed the podium by passing Pace after Regazzoni spun off (again).With Hunt's crucial victory at this longest of racing circuits, and after 49 years of Grand Prix racing, the 1976 German Grand Prix was the last Grand Prix at the old Nürburgring- one of the most iconic, historic and legendary circuits in Europe. The German Grand Prix moved further south to the Hockenheimring and Grand Prix racing did not return to the Nürburgring until 1984 on the newly constructed 2.8 mile Grand Prix circuit.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Peterson"}],"sub_title":"Race 11: Austria","text":"The news before the Austrian GP at the Österreichring was that Lauda's condition was no longer life-threatening, but there was a low attendance with Lauda not racing; and Ferrari were so shaken by Lauda's crash that they did not compete at all. Hunt meanwhile took pole, ahead of countryman Watson and Ronnie Peterson. Watson took the lead at the start ahead of Peterson and Hunt, but soon Peterson was in the lead. Scheckter was on a charge from the mid-field, and he took the lead on the 10th lap, but then Watson was back in front. Scheckter battled until he crashed due to a suspension failure, and Peterson ultimately began to drop back. Watson thus won, the result being his and Penske's first win, and the podium was completed by Laffite and Nilsson.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Tom Pryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce"},{"link_name":"Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Racing_Cars"},{"link_name":"Mario Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Andretti"}],"sub_title":"Race 12: Netherlands","text":"Lauda had begun his recovery, and was planning to race later in the season, and as a result, Ferrari were back in business in the Netherlands, but with only one car for Regazzoni. It was Peterson who took pole at Zandvoort, beating pole king Hunt and Tom Pryce's Shadow. Peterson led the early stages ahead of Watson, until Watson made a mistake which let Hunt through. Peterson then struggled and dropped behind Hunt, Watson and Regazzoni. Watson retired with a gearbox failure, promoting Regazzoni and Peterson, but the latter also retired when he lost oil pressure. Regazzoni now closed up on Hunt, bringing Mario Andretti with him, but Hunt held them off, with Regazzoni and Andretti within two seconds of him in second and third.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Reutemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Reutemann"},{"link_name":"Monza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Italian_Grand_Prix"}],"sub_title":"Race 13: Italy","text":"After the Dutch GP, with Hunt only two points behind Lauda, the championship seemed to be a cakewalk for him. But then came the news that Lauda was going to make an astonishing return for the last four races of the season (it was so unexpected that Ferrari had to run three cars for Lauda, Regazzoni, and Lauda's supposed replacement Carlos Reutemann), just six weeks after his accident.As the event went on at the modified Monza circuit, Laffite took pole in qualifying, with Scheckter's six-wheeler alongside and Pace third. Lauda was fifth, and Hunt along with Watson and Mass were penalised and sent to the back because of supposed fuel irregularities. At the start, Scheckter led ahead of Laffite and Depailler with Lauda down in the midfield, but soon Peterson was on a charge and took the lead after 14 laps. Peterson's charge also brought Regazzoni with him, and soon the Swiss was up to third. Scheckter dropped off, and the top four of Peterson, Depailler, Regazzoni and Laffite ran closely. Hunt spun off while trying to charge up the field, and Depailler dropped back late on with engine trouble. Peterson took his first win in two years, with Regazzoni second, Laffite third, and Lauda an incredible fourth.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Brambilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Brambilla"}],"sub_title":"Race 14: Canada","text":"The week-long North American tour started with the teams assembling at the scenic Mosport Park track near Toronto for the Canadian Grand Prix. Hunt's disqualification from the British GP came after the Italian race, and as a result Hunt had only 47 points to Lauda's 64 with three races left. The Englishman took pole, with Peterson also on the front row ahead of March teammate Vittorio Brambilla. As usual, Hunt did not start well, and Peterson took the lead. But it was not for long as Hunt retook the lead on lap 10, and soon both Marches dropped way back, and so Depailler was second and Andretti third. The top three of Hunt, Depailler and Andretti were unchanged for the rest of the race. Lauda was running fifth until handling issues dropped him out of the points, and Hunt had closed the gap to 8 points.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"penultimate round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_Grand_Prix"}],"sub_title":"Race 15: United States","text":"The penultimate round and the second leg of the North American tour was in the US at Watkins Glen, New York, a circuit similar (and close by) to Mosport Park in that it was fast and scenic with a number of long, sweeping corners. Hunt took his eighth pole of the season, with the six-wheeler of Scheckter alongside, and Peterson third. As expected, Scheckter took the lead at the start, with Hunt and Brambilla following. The front two pulled away and battled, with Hunt passing Scheckter mid-race and Scheckter returning the favour a few laps later. Hunt took the lead again with 14 laps left and went on to win, and Scheckter had to settle for second. The Marches were again unable to keep up the pace, and it was left to Lauda to take an astonishing podium, just beating Mass in the second McLaren.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Japanese_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Carlos Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Pace"},{"link_name":"Alan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jones_(racing_driver)"}],"sub_title":"Race 16: Japan","text":"The championship was to be decided in Japan at the fast Fuji Speedway near Tokyo, and Lauda was leading Hunt by three points. In qualifying, Hunt took second, but Lauda was right behind in third as Andretti took pole for Lotus. On race day, it rained heavily, and the weather was dreadful with the track full of water and the rain pelting down. Hunt got a good start for once, and took the lead from Andretti. Some of the drivers protested, saying it was too dangerous to race. At the end of the second lap, Lauda came into the pits and withdrew, saying that the conditions were too dangerous. Emerson Fittipaldi and Carlos Pace also withdrew. At the front, Hunt was leading but was soon challenged by Brambilla until the Italian spun out of contention. By mid-race, Mass had jumped up to second behind his teammate and acted as a protective buffer, but then crashed out. Hunt led from Depailler and Andretti, but then began to suffer from tyre wear, and both drivers passed with 11 laps left. This was still fine as Hunt was third and needed only three points to become World Champion, because he had more wins than Lauda. This became second when Depailler's tyres gave out, and he suffered a puncture but soon Hunt himself also had the same fate and had to pit. Andretti now led, with Alan Jones's Surtees second, Regazzoni third, Depailler fourth and Hunt fifth. On old, worn-out tyres, Jones and Regazzoni were fighting just to save their tyres, and first Depailler, and then Hunt with just two laps left passed both of them. Andretti won, getting his first win in five years, with Depailler second, and Hunt's third place meant that he was the F1 World Champion of 1976.","title":"Season report"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results and standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Grands Prix","text":"The 1976 World Championship of Drivers and the International Cup for Formula 1 Manufacturers were contested concurrently over a sixteen race series.","title":"Results and standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Championship_points_scoring_systems"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"World Drivers' Championship standings","text":"Further information: List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systemsPoints were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the top six finishers in each race.[19] The best seven results from the first eight races and the best seven results from the remaining eight races could be retained.[20]","title":"Results and standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LaudaNiki19760731Ferrari312T2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mass_McLaren_10.jpg"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ScheckterJody1976-07-31Tyrrell-FordP34.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tyrrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrell_Racing"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Higham_P83-23"}],"sub_title":"International Cup for F1 Manufacturers standings","text":"Ferrari won the International Cup for Formula 1 ManufacturersMcLaren placed secondTyrrell placed thirdPoints were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the top six finishers in each race,[21] but only to the first car to finish for each manufacturer. The best seven results from the first eight races and the best seven results from the remaining eight races were retained.[22]Bold results counted to championship.","title":"Results and standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Non-championship races","text":"Two non-championship races for Formula One cars were also held in 1976.","title":"Results and standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ Stommelen was originally entered in a RAM Racing Brabham BT44B but after the team's cars were impounded by the police, he was transferred into the spare factory Brabham BT45.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Briton James Hunt won the World Championship of Drivers, driving for McLaren","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/James_Hunt_-_Dutch_GP_1976_crop.jpg/220px-James_Hunt_-_Dutch_GP_1976_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Niki Lauda (pictured in 1975) was runner up by one point, driving for Ferrari","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Niki_Lauda%2C_1975_British_Grand_Prix.jpg/220px-Niki_Lauda%2C_1975_British_Grand_Prix.jpg"},{"image_text":"After taking on Alfa Romeo engines, the Brabhams were painted rosso corsa red.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Stommelen_auf_Brabham_1976.jpg/225px-Stommelen_auf_Brabham_1976.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emerson Fittipaldi drove for his brother's team.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emerson_Fittipaldi_BH76_02.jpg/225px-Emerson_Fittipaldi_BH76_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ligier team with Matra engine and Jacques Laffite as driver would go on to become the first all-French F1 team to win a Grand Prix.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jacques_Laffite_GP_Italia_1976.jpg/225px-Jacques_Laffite_GP_Italia_1976.jpg"},{"image_text":"Regazzoni driving the Ferrari 312T2 at the Nürburgring in 1976.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Regazzoni%2C_Clay_am_31.07.1976_-_Ferrari_312T.jpg/250px-Regazzoni%2C_Clay_am_31.07.1976_-_Ferrari_312T.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hans-Joachim Stuck driving for the March team in the German Grand Prix","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/StuckHansJ1976-07-31.jpg/220px-StuckHansJ1976-07-31.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ferrari won the International Cup for Formula 1 Manufacturers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/LaudaNiki19760731Ferrari312T2.jpg/220px-LaudaNiki19760731Ferrari312T2.jpg"},{"image_text":"McLaren placed second","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mass_McLaren_10.jpg/220px-Mass_McLaren_10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tyrrell placed third","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ScheckterJody1976-07-31Tyrrell-FordP34.jpg/220px-ScheckterJody1976-07-31Tyrrell-FordP34.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Hunt–Lauda rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt%E2%80%93Lauda_rivalry"}]
[{"reference":"\"1976 RACE RESULTS\". www.formula1.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1976/races.html","url_text":"\"1976 RACE RESULTS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201117064817/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1976/races.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hope-Frost, Henry. \"Top 12: Ferrari‑free Grands Prix\". www.goodwood.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodwood.com/grr/f1/exceptional-11-ferrari-free-grands-prix/","url_text":"\"Top 12: Ferrari‑free Grands Prix\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240207112817/https://www.goodwood.com/grr/f1/exceptional-11-ferrari-free-grands-prix/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Prix Results: German GP, 1976\". grandprix.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr274.html","url_text":"\"Grand Prix Results: German GP, 1976\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200811185142/https://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr274.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GP Germany 1976\". racingsportscars.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.racingsportscars.com/f1/photo/Nurburgring-1976-08-01.html","url_text":"\"GP Germany 1976\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171114040454/http://www.racingsportscars.com/f1/photo/Nurburgring-1976-08-01.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The German Grand Prix\". motorsportmagazine.com. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/september-1976/34/german-grand-prix","url_text":"\"The German Grand Prix\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170701221658/http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/september-1976/34/german-grand-prix","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1973 United States Grand Prix Entry list\". Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.racingsportscars.com/covers/_Watkins_Glen-1973-10-07e.jpg","url_text":"\"1973 United States Grand Prix Entry list\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201107072149/https://www.racingsportscars.com/covers/_Watkins_Glen-1973-10-07e.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1976 Austrian Grand Prix Entry list\". Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.racingsportscars.com/covers/_Zeltweg-1976-08-15e.jpg","url_text":"\"1976 Austrian Grand Prix Entry list\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201105091437/https://www.racingsportscars.com/covers/_Zeltweg-1976-08-15e.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1976 Italian Grand Prix Entry list\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.racingsportscars.com/covers/_Monza-1976-09-12e.jpg","url_text":"\"1976 Italian Grand Prix Entry list\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221221125404/https://www.racingsportscars.com/covers/_Monza-1976-09-12e.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steven de Groote (1 January 2009). \"F1 rules and stats 1970-1979\". F1Technical.net. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.f1technical.net/articles/25","url_text":"\"F1 rules and stats 1970-1979\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240207112818/https://www.f1technical.net/articles/25","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Five Moments When F1 Changed the Rules in the Middle of the Season\". AutoEvolution=author=Silvian Irimia. 24 July 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autoevolution.com/news/five-moments-when-f1-changed-the-rules-in-the-middle-of-the-season-194303.html","url_text":"\"Five Moments When F1 Changed the Rules in the Middle of the Season\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240207112818/https://www.autoevolution.com/news/five-moments-when-f1-changed-the-rules-in-the-middle-of-the-season-194303.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bas Naafs (3 February 2016). \"History: The 1976 season: Ferrari versus McLaren\". GPToday.net. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gptoday.net/en/news/f1/208569/history-the-1976-season-ferrari-versus-mclaren","url_text":"\"History: The 1976 season: Ferrari versus McLaren\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240207112818/https://www.gptoday.net/en/news/f1/208569/history-the-1976-season-ferrari-versus-mclaren","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Giorgio Piola (2 May 2020). \"How McLaren and Ferrari went to war with the rules in '76\". Motorsport.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren-spanish-gp-1976-controversy/4787390/","url_text":"\"How McLaren and Ferrari went to war with the rules in '76\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240207112817/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren-spanish-gp-1976-controversy/4787390/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1976 Fastest Laps\". www.formula1.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1976/fastest-laps.html","url_text":"\"1976 Fastest Laps\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230607193517/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1976/fastest-laps.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_in_Databases
Data mining
["1 Etymology","2 Background","3 Process","3.1 Pre-processing","3.2 Data mining","3.3 Results validation","4 Research","5 Standards","6 Notable uses","7 Privacy concerns and ethics","7.1 Situation in Europe","7.2 Situation in the United States","8 Copyright law","8.1 Situation in Europe","8.2 Situation in the United States","9 Software","9.1 Free open-source data mining software and applications","9.2 Proprietary data-mining software and applications","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
Process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets "Web mining" redirects here. For web browser-based cryptocurrency mining, see cryptocurrency. Part of a series onMachine learningand data mining Paradigms Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Online learning Batch learning Meta-learning Semi-supervised learning Self-supervised learning Reinforcement learning Curriculum learning Rule-based learning Quantum machine learning Problems Classification Generative modeling Regression Clustering Dimensionality reduction Density estimation Anomaly detection Data cleaning AutoML Association rules Semantic analysis Structured prediction Feature engineering Feature learning Learning to rank Grammar induction Ontology learning Multimodal learning Supervised learning(classification • regression) Apprenticeship learning Decision trees Ensembles Bagging Boosting Random forest k-NN Linear regression Naive Bayes Artificial neural networks Logistic regression Perceptron Relevance vector machine (RVM) Support vector machine (SVM) Clustering BIRCH CURE Hierarchical k-means Fuzzy Expectation–maximization (EM) DBSCAN OPTICS Mean shift Dimensionality reduction Factor analysis CCA ICA LDA NMF PCA PGD t-SNE SDL Structured prediction Graphical models Bayes net Conditional random field Hidden Markov Anomaly detection RANSAC k-NN Local outlier factor Isolation forest Artificial neural network Autoencoder Cognitive computing Deep learning DeepDream Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Restricted Boltzmann machine GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional neural network U-Net Transformer Vision Mamba Spiking neural network Memtransistor Electrochemical RAM (ECRAM) Reinforcement learning Q-learning SARSA Temporal difference (TD) Multi-agent Self-play Learning with humans Active learning Crowdsourcing Human-in-the-loop RLHF Model diagnostics Coefficient of determination Confusion matrix Learning curve ROC curve Mathematical foundations Kernel machines Bias–variance tradeoff Computational learning theory Empirical risk minimization Occam learning PAC learning Statistical learning VC theory Machine-learning venues ECML PKDD NeurIPS ICML ICLR IJCAI ML JMLR Related articles Glossary of artificial intelligence List of datasets for machine-learning research List of datasets in computer vision and image processing Outline of machine learning vte Data mining is the process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems. Data mining is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science and statistics with an overall goal of extracting information (with intelligent methods) from a data set and transforming the information into a comprehensible structure for further use. Data mining is the analysis step of the "knowledge discovery in databases" process, or KDD. Aside from the raw analysis step, it also involves database and data management aspects, data pre-processing, model and inference considerations, interestingness metrics, complexity considerations, post-processing of discovered structures, visualization, and online updating. The term "data mining" is a misnomer because the goal is the extraction of patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data, not the extraction (mining) of data itself. It also is a buzzword and is frequently applied to any form of large-scale data or information processing (collection, extraction, warehousing, analysis, and statistics) as well as any application of computer decision support system, including artificial intelligence (e.g., machine learning) and business intelligence. Often the more general terms (large scale) data analysis and analytics—or, when referring to actual methods, artificial intelligence and machine learning—are more appropriate. The actual data mining task is the semi-automatic or automatic analysis of large quantities of data to extract previously unknown, interesting patterns such as groups of data records (cluster analysis), unusual records (anomaly detection), and dependencies (association rule mining, sequential pattern mining). This usually involves using database techniques such as spatial indices. These patterns can then be seen as a kind of summary of the input data, and may be used in further analysis or, for example, in machine learning and predictive analytics. For example, the data mining step might identify multiple groups in the data, which can then be used to obtain more accurate prediction results by a decision support system. Neither the data collection, data preparation, nor result interpretation and reporting is part of the data mining step, although they do belong to the overall KDD process as additional steps. The difference between data analysis and data mining is that data analysis is used to test models and hypotheses on the dataset, e.g., analyzing the effectiveness of a marketing campaign, regardless of the amount of data. In contrast, data mining uses machine learning and statistical models to uncover clandestine or hidden patterns in a large volume of data. The related terms data dredging, data fishing, and data snooping refer to the use of data mining methods to sample parts of a larger population data set that are (or may be) too small for reliable statistical inferences to be made about the validity of any patterns discovered. These methods can, however, be used in creating new hypotheses to test against the larger data populations. Etymology In the 1960s, statisticians and economists used terms like data fishing or data dredging to refer to what they considered the bad practice of analyzing data without an a-priori hypothesis. The term "data mining" was used in a similarly critical way by economist Michael Lovell in an article published in the Review of Economic Studies in 1983. Lovell indicates that the practice "masquerades under a variety of aliases, ranging from "experimentation" (positive) to "fishing" or "snooping" (negative). The term data mining appeared around 1990 in the database community, with generally positive connotations. For a short time in 1980s, the phrase "database mining"™, was used, but since it was trademarked by HNC, a San Diego-based company, to pitch their Database Mining Workstation; researchers consequently turned to data mining. Other terms used include data archaeology, information harvesting, information discovery, knowledge extraction, etc. Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro coined the term "knowledge discovery in databases" for the first workshop on the same topic (KDD-1989) and this term became more popular in the AI and machine learning communities. However, the term data mining became more popular in the business and press communities. Currently, the terms data mining and knowledge discovery are used interchangeably. Background The manual extraction of patterns from data has occurred for centuries. Early methods of identifying patterns in data include Bayes' theorem (1700s) and regression analysis (1800s). The proliferation, ubiquity and increasing power of computer technology have dramatically increased data collection, storage, and manipulation ability. As data sets have grown in size and complexity, direct "hands-on" data analysis has increasingly been augmented with indirect, automated data processing, aided by other discoveries in computer science, specially in the field of machine learning, such as neural networks, cluster analysis, genetic algorithms (1950s), decision trees and decision rules (1960s), and support vector machines (1990s). Data mining is the process of applying these methods with the intention of uncovering hidden patterns. in large data sets. It bridges the gap from applied statistics and artificial intelligence (which usually provide the mathematical background) to database management by exploiting the way data is stored and indexed in databases to execute the actual learning and discovery algorithms more efficiently, allowing such methods to be applied to ever-larger data sets. Process The knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) process is commonly defined with the stages: Selection Pre-processing Transformation Data mining Interpretation/evaluation. It exists, however, in many variations on this theme, such as the Cross-industry standard process for data mining (CRISP-DM) which defines six phases: Business understanding Data understanding Data preparation Modeling Evaluation Deployment or a simplified process such as (1) Pre-processing, (2) Data Mining, and (3) Results Validation. Polls conducted in 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2014 show that the CRISP-DM methodology is the leading methodology used by data miners. The only other data mining standard named in these polls was SEMMA. However, 3–4 times as many people reported using CRISP-DM. Several teams of researchers have published reviews of data mining process models, and Azevedo and Santos conducted a comparison of CRISP-DM and SEMMA in 2008. Pre-processing Before data mining algorithms can be used, a target data set must be assembled. As data mining can only uncover patterns actually present in the data, the target data set must be large enough to contain these patterns while remaining concise enough to be mined within an acceptable time limit. A common source for data is a data mart or data warehouse. Pre-processing is essential to analyze the multivariate data sets before data mining. The target set is then cleaned. Data cleaning removes the observations containing noise and those with missing data. Data mining Data mining involves six common classes of tasks: Anomaly detection (outlier/change/deviation detection) – The identification of unusual data records, that might be interesting or data errors that require further investigation due to being out of standard range. Association rule learning (dependency modeling) – Searches for relationships between variables. For example, a supermarket might gather data on customer purchasing habits. Using association rule learning, the supermarket can determine which products are frequently bought together and use this information for marketing purposes. This is sometimes referred to as market basket analysis. Clustering – is the task of discovering groups and structures in the data that are in some way or another "similar", without using known structures in the data. Classification – is the task of generalizing known structure to apply to new data. For example, an e-mail program might attempt to classify an e-mail as "legitimate" or as "spam". Regression – attempts to find a function that models the data with the least error that is, for estimating the relationships among data or datasets. Summarization – providing a more compact representation of the data set, including visualization and report generation. Results validation An example of data produced by data dredging through a bot operated by statistician Tyler Vigen, apparently showing a close link between the best word winning a spelling bee competition and the number of people in the United States killed by venomous spidersData mining can unintentionally be misused, producing results that appear to be significant but which do not actually predict future behavior and cannot be reproduced on a new sample of data, therefore bearing little use. This is sometimes caused by investigating too many hypotheses and not performing proper statistical hypothesis testing. A simple version of this problem in machine learning is known as overfitting, but the same problem can arise at different phases of the process and thus a train/test split—when applicable at all—may not be sufficient to prevent this from happening. The final step of knowledge discovery from data is to verify that the patterns produced by the data mining algorithms occur in the wider data set. Not all patterns found by the algorithms are necessarily valid. It is common for data mining algorithms to find patterns in the training set which are not present in the general data set. This is called overfitting. To overcome this, the evaluation uses a test set of data on which the data mining algorithm was not trained. The learned patterns are applied to this test set, and the resulting output is compared to the desired output. For example, a data mining algorithm trying to distinguish "spam" from "legitimate" e-mails would be trained on a training set of sample e-mails. Once trained, the learned patterns would be applied to the test set of e-mails on which it had not been trained. The accuracy of the patterns can then be measured from how many e-mails they correctly classify. Several statistical methods may be used to evaluate the algorithm, such as ROC curves. If the learned patterns do not meet the desired standards, it is necessary to re-evaluate and change the pre-processing and data mining steps. If the learned patterns do meet the desired standards, then the final step is to interpret the learned patterns and turn them into knowledge. Research The premier professional body in the field is the Association for Computing Machinery's (ACM) Special Interest Group (SIG) on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (SIGKDD). Since 1989, this ACM SIG has hosted an annual international conference and published its proceedings, and since 1999 it has published a biannual academic journal titled "SIGKDD Explorations". Computer science conferences on data mining include: CIKM Conference – ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases KDD Conference – ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Data mining topics are also present in many data management/database conferences such as the ICDE Conference, SIGMOD Conference and International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. Standards There have been some efforts to define standards for the data mining process, for example, the 1999 European Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM 1.0) and the 2004 Java Data Mining standard (JDM 1.0). Development on successors to these processes (CRISP-DM 2.0 and JDM 2.0) was active in 2006 but has stalled since. JDM 2.0 was withdrawn without reaching a final draft. For exchanging the extracted models—in particular for use in predictive analytics—the key standard is the Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML), which is an XML-based language developed by the Data Mining Group (DMG) and supported as exchange format by many data mining applications. As the name suggests, it only covers prediction models, a particular data mining task of high importance to business applications. However, extensions to cover (for example) subspace clustering have been proposed independently of the DMG. Notable uses Main article: Examples of data mining See also: Category:Applied data mining Data mining is used wherever there is digital data available. Notable examples of data mining can be found throughout business, medicine, science, finance, construction, and surveillance. Privacy concerns and ethics While the term "data mining" itself may have no ethical implications, it is often associated with the mining of information in relation to user behavior (ethical and otherwise). The ways in which data mining can be used can in some cases and contexts raise questions regarding privacy, legality, and ethics. In particular, data mining government or commercial data sets for national security or law enforcement purposes, such as in the Total Information Awareness Program or in ADVISE, has raised privacy concerns. Data mining requires data preparation which uncovers information or patterns which compromise confidentiality and privacy obligations. A common way for this to occur is through data aggregation. Data aggregation involves combining data together (possibly from various sources) in a way that facilitates analysis (but that also might make identification of private, individual-level data deducible or otherwise apparent). This is not data mining per se, but a result of the preparation of data before—and for the purposes of—the analysis. The threat to an individual's privacy comes into play when the data, once compiled, cause the data miner, or anyone who has access to the newly compiled data set, to be able to identify specific individuals, especially when the data were originally anonymous. It is recommended to be aware of the following before data are collected: The purpose of the data collection and any (known) data mining projects. How the data will be used. Who will be able to mine the data and use the data and their derivatives. The status of security surrounding access to the data. How collected data can be updated. Data may also be modified so as to become anonymous, so that individuals may not readily be identified. However, even "anonymized" data sets can potentially contain enough information to allow identification of individuals, as occurred when journalists were able to find several individuals based on a set of search histories that were inadvertently released by AOL. The inadvertent revelation of personally identifiable information leading to the provider violates Fair Information Practices. This indiscretion can cause financial, emotional, or bodily harm to the indicated individual. In one instance of privacy violation, the patrons of Walgreens filed a lawsuit against the company in 2011 for selling prescription information to data mining companies who in turn provided the data to pharmaceutical companies. Situation in Europe Europe has rather strong privacy laws, and efforts are underway to further strengthen the rights of the consumers. However, the U.S.–E.U. Safe Harbor Principles, developed between 1998 and 2000, currently effectively expose European users to privacy exploitation by U.S. companies. As a consequence of Edward Snowden's global surveillance disclosure, there has been increased discussion to revoke this agreement, as in particular the data will be fully exposed to the National Security Agency, and attempts to reach an agreement with the United States have failed. In the United Kingdom in particular there have been cases of corporations using data mining as a way to target certain groups of customers forcing them to pay unfairly high prices. These groups tend to be people of lower socio-economic status who are not savvy to the ways they can be exploited in digital market places. Situation in the United States In the United States, privacy concerns have been addressed by the US Congress via the passage of regulatory controls such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The HIPAA requires individuals to give their "informed consent" regarding information they provide and its intended present and future uses. According to an article in Biotech Business Week, "'n practice, HIPAA may not offer any greater protection than the longstanding regulations in the research arena,' says the AAHC. More importantly, the rule's goal of protection through informed consent is approach a level of incomprehensibility to average individuals." This underscores the necessity for data anonymity in data aggregation and mining practices. U.S. information privacy legislation such as HIPAA and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) applies only to the specific areas that each such law addresses. The use of data mining by the majority of businesses in the U.S. is not controlled by any legislation. Copyright law Situation in Europe Under European copyright database laws, the mining of in-copyright works (such as by web mining) without the permission of the copyright owner is not legal. Where a database is pure data in Europe, it may be that there is no copyright—but database rights may exist, so data mining becomes subject to intellectual property owners' rights that are protected by the Database Directive. On the recommendation of the Hargreaves review, this led to the UK government to amend its copyright law in 2014 to allow content mining as a limitation and exception. The UK was the second country in the world to do so after Japan, which introduced an exception in 2009 for data mining. However, due to the restriction of the Information Society Directive (2001), the UK exception only allows content mining for non-commercial purposes. UK copyright law also does not allow this provision to be overridden by contractual terms and conditions. Since 2020 also Switzerland has been regulating data mining by allowing it in the research field under certain conditions laid down by art. 24d of the Swiss Copyright Act. This new article entered into force on 1 April 2020. The European Commission facilitated stakeholder discussion on text and data mining in 2013, under the title of Licences for Europe. The focus on the solution to this legal issue, such as licensing rather than limitations and exceptions, led to representatives of universities, researchers, libraries, civil society groups and open access publishers to leave the stakeholder dialogue in May 2013. Situation in the United States US copyright law, and in particular its provision for fair use, upholds the legality of content mining in America, and other fair use countries such as Israel, Taiwan and South Korea. As content mining is transformative, that is it does not supplant the original work, it is viewed as being lawful under fair use. For example, as part of the Google Book settlement the presiding judge on the case ruled that Google's digitization project of in-copyright books was lawful, in part because of the transformative uses that the digitization project displayed—one being text and data mining. Software See also: Category:Data mining and machine learning software Free open-source data mining software and applications The following applications are available under free/open-source licenses. Public access to application source code is also available. Carrot2: Text and search results clustering framework. Chemicalize.org: A chemical structure miner and web search engine. ELKI: A university research project with advanced cluster analysis and outlier detection methods written in the Java language. GATE: a natural language processing and language engineering tool. KNIME: The Konstanz Information Miner, a user-friendly and comprehensive data analytics framework. Massive Online Analysis (MOA): a real-time big data stream mining with concept drift tool in the Java programming language. MEPX: cross-platform tool for regression and classification problems based on a Genetic Programming variant. mlpack: a collection of ready-to-use machine learning algorithms written in the C++ language. NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit): A suite of libraries and programs for symbolic and statistical natural language processing (NLP) for the Python language. OpenNN: Open neural networks library. Orange: A component-based data mining and machine learning software suite written in the Python language. PSPP: Data mining and statistics software under the GNU Project similar to SPSS R: A programming language and software environment for statistical computing, data mining, and graphics. It is part of the GNU Project. scikit-learn: An open-source machine learning library for the Python programming language; Torch: An open-source deep learning library for the Lua programming language and scientific computing framework with wide support for machine learning algorithms. UIMA: The UIMA (Unstructured Information Management Architecture) is a component framework for analyzing unstructured content such as text, audio and video – originally developed by IBM. Weka: A suite of machine learning software applications written in the Java programming language. Proprietary data-mining software and applications The following applications are available under proprietary licenses. Angoss KnowledgeSTUDIO: data mining tool LIONsolver: an integrated software application for data mining, business intelligence, and modeling that implements the Learning and Intelligent OptimizatioN (LION) approach. PolyAnalyst: data and text mining software by Megaputer Intelligence. Microsoft Analysis Services: data mining software provided by Microsoft. NetOwl: suite of multilingual text and entity analytics products that enable data mining. Oracle Data Mining: data mining software by Oracle Corporation. PSeven: platform for automation of engineering simulation and analysis, multidisciplinary optimization and data mining provided by DATADVANCE. Qlucore Omics Explorer: data mining software. RapidMiner: An environment for machine learning and data mining experiments. SAS Enterprise Miner: data mining software provided by the SAS Institute. SPSS Modeler: data mining software provided by IBM. STATISTICA Data Miner: data mining software provided by StatSoft. Tanagra: Visualisation-oriented data mining software, also for teaching. Vertica: data mining software provided by Hewlett-Packard. Google Cloud Platform: automated custom ML models managed by Google. Amazon SageMaker: managed service provided by Amazon for creating & productionising custom ML models. See also Methods Agent mining Anomaly/outlier/change detection Association rule learning Bayesian networks Classification Cluster analysis Decision trees Ensemble learning Factor analysis Genetic algorithms Intention mining Learning classifier system Multilinear subspace learning Neural networks Regression analysis Sequence mining Structured data analysis Support vector machines Text mining Time series analysis Application domains Analytics Behavior informatics Big data Bioinformatics Business intelligence Data analysis Data warehouse Decision support system Domain driven data mining Drug discovery Exploratory data analysis Predictive analytics Real-time data Web mining Application examples Main article: Examples of data mining See also: Category:Applied data mining Automatic number plate recognition in the United Kingdom Customer analytics Educational data mining National Security Agency Quantitative structure–activity relationship Surveillance / Mass surveillance (e.g., Stellar Wind) Related topics For more information about extracting information out of data (as opposed to analyzing data), see: Data integration Data transformation Electronic discovery Information extraction Information integration Named-entity recognition Profiling (information science) Psychometrics Social media mining Surveillance capitalism Web scraping Other resources International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining References ^ a b c "Data Mining Curriculum". 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"Data Mining and Domestic Security: Connecting the Dots to Make Sense of Data". Columbia Science and Technology Law Review. 5 (2). OCLC 45263753. SSRN 546782. Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2004. ^ Resig, John. "A Framework for Mining Instant Messaging Services" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 16 March 2018. ^ a b c Think Before You Dig: Privacy Implications of Data Mining & Aggregation Archived 2008-12-17 at the Wayback Machine, NASCIO Research Brief, September 2004 ^ Ohm, Paul. "Don't Build a Database of Ruin". Harvard Business Review. ^ AOL search data identified individuals Archived 2010-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, SecurityFocus, August 2006 ^ Kshetri, Nir (2014). "Big data's impact on privacy, security and consumer welfare" (PDF). Telecommunications Policy. 38 (11): 1134–1145. doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2014.10.002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-04-20. ^ Weiss, Martin A.; Archick, Kristin (19 May 2016). "U.S.–E.U. Data Privacy: From Safe Harbor to Privacy Shield". Washington, D.C. Congressional Research Service. p. 6. R44257. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020. On October 6, 2015, the CJEU ... issued a decision that invalidated Safe Harbor (effective immediately), as currently implemented. ^ Parker, George (2018-09-30). "UK companies targeted for using big data to exploit customers". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2022-12-04. ^ Biotech Business Week Editors (June 30, 2008); BIOMEDICINE; HIPAA Privacy Rule Impedes Biomedical Research, Biotech Business Week, retrieved 17 November 2009 from LexisNexis Academic ^ UK Researchers Given Data Mining Right Under New UK Copyright Laws. Archived June 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Out-Law.com. Retrieved 14 November 2014 ^ "Fedlex". Archived from the original on 2021-12-16. Retrieved 2021-12-16. ^ "Licences for Europe – Structured Stakeholder Dialogue 2013". European Commission. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2014. ^ "Text and Data Mining:Its importance and the need for change in Europe". Association of European Research Libraries. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014. ^ "Judge grants summary judgment in favor of Google Books – a fair use victory". Lexology.com. Antonelli Law Ltd. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014. Further reading Cabena, Peter; Hadjnian, Pablo; Stadler, Rolf; Verhees, Jaap; Zanasi, Alessandro (1997); Discovering Data Mining: From Concept to Implementation, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-743980-6 M.S. Chen, J. Han, P.S. Yu (1996) "Data mining: an overview from a database perspective Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine". Knowledge and data Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 8 (6), 866–883 Feldman, Ronen; Sanger, James (2007); The Text Mining Handbook, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-83657-9 Guo, Yike; and Grossman, Robert (editors) (1999); High Performance Data Mining: Scaling Algorithms, Applications and Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers Han, Jiawei, Micheline Kamber, and Jian Pei. Data mining: concepts and techniques. Morgan kaufmann, 2006. Hastie, Trevor, Tibshirani, Robert and Friedman, Jerome (2001); The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Springer, ISBN 0-387-95284-5 Liu, Bing (2007, 2011); Web Data Mining: Exploring Hyperlinks, Contents and Usage Data, Springer, ISBN 3-540-37881-2 Murphy, Chris (16 May 2011). "Is Data Mining Free Speech?". InformationWeek: 12. Nisbet, Robert; Elder, John; Miner, Gary (2009); Handbook of Statistical Analysis & Data Mining Applications, Academic Press/Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-12-374765-5 Poncelet, Pascal; Masseglia, Florent; and Teisseire, Maguelonne (editors) (October 2007); "Data Mining Patterns: New Methods and Applications", Information Science Reference, ISBN 978-1-59904-162-9 Tan, Pang-Ning; Steinbach, Michael; and Kumar, Vipin (2005); Introduction to Data Mining, ISBN 0-321-32136-7 Theodoridis, Sergios; and Koutroumbas, Konstantinos (2009); Pattern Recognition, 4th Edition, Academic Press, ISBN 978-1-59749-272-0 Weiss, Sholom M.; and Indurkhya, Nitin (1998); Predictive Data Mining, Morgan Kaufmann Witten, Ian H.; Frank, Eibe; Hall, Mark A. (30 January 2011). Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (3 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-374856-0. (See also Free Weka software) Ye, Nong (2003); The Handbook of Data Mining, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Data mining. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cryptocurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency"},{"link_name":"data sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_set"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"database systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acm-1"},{"link_name":"interdisciplinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinary"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acm-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brittanica-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elements-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"knowledge discovery in databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_discovery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fayyad-5"},{"link_name":"data management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_management"},{"link_name":"data pre-processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_pre-processing"},{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_model"},{"link_name":"inference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference"},{"link_name":"complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory"},{"link_name":"visualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_and_information_visualization"},{"link_name":"online updating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_algorithm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acm-1"},{"link_name":"misnomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misnomer"},{"link_name":"patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern"},{"link_name":"extraction (mining) of data itself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_scraping"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-han-kamber-6"},{"link_name":"buzzword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzword"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"information processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processing"},{"link_name":"collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collection"},{"link_name":"extraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_extraction"},{"link_name":"warehousing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehouse"},{"link_name":"computer decision support system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_system"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"business intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_intelligence"},{"link_name":"data analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis"},{"link_name":"analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytics"},{"link_name":"automatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/automatic"},{"link_name":"cluster analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis"},{"link_name":"anomaly detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaly_detection"},{"link_name":"dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"association rule mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_rule_mining"},{"link_name":"sequential pattern mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_pattern_mining"},{"link_name":"spatial indices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_index"},{"link_name":"predictive analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_analytics"},{"link_name":"decision support system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_system"},{"link_name":"data analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis"},{"link_name":"marketing campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_campaign"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"data dredging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dredging"},{"link_name":"data snooping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_snooping"}],"text":"\"Web mining\" redirects here. For web browser-based cryptocurrency mining, see cryptocurrency.Data mining is the process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems.[1] Data mining is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science and statistics with an overall goal of extracting information (with intelligent methods) from a data set and transforming the information into a comprehensible structure for further use.[1][2][3][4] Data mining is the analysis step of the \"knowledge discovery in databases\" process, or KDD.[5] Aside from the raw analysis step, it also involves database and data management aspects, data pre-processing, model and inference considerations, interestingness metrics, complexity considerations, post-processing of discovered structures, visualization, and online updating.[1]The term \"data mining\" is a misnomer because the goal is the extraction of patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data, not the extraction (mining) of data itself.[6] It also is a buzzword[7] and is frequently applied to any form of large-scale data or information processing (collection, extraction, warehousing, analysis, and statistics) as well as any application of computer decision support system, including artificial intelligence (e.g., machine learning) and business intelligence. Often the more general terms (large scale) data analysis and analytics—or, when referring to actual methods, artificial intelligence and machine learning—are more appropriate.The actual data mining task is the semi-automatic or automatic analysis of large quantities of data to extract previously unknown, interesting patterns such as groups of data records (cluster analysis), unusual records (anomaly detection), and dependencies (association rule mining, sequential pattern mining). This usually involves using database techniques such as spatial indices. These patterns can then be seen as a kind of summary of the input data, and may be used in further analysis or, for example, in machine learning and predictive analytics. For example, the data mining step might identify multiple groups in the data, which can then be used to obtain more accurate prediction results by a decision support system. Neither the data collection, data preparation, nor result interpretation and reporting is part of the data mining step, although they do belong to the overall KDD process as additional steps.The difference between data analysis and data mining is that data analysis is used to test models and hypotheses on the dataset, e.g., analyzing the effectiveness of a marketing campaign, regardless of the amount of data. In contrast, data mining uses machine learning and statistical models to uncover clandestine or hidden patterns in a large volume of data.[8]The related terms data dredging, data fishing, and data snooping refer to the use of data mining methods to sample parts of a larger population data set that are (or may be) too small for reliable statistical inferences to be made about the validity of any patterns discovered. These methods can, however, be used in creating new hypotheses to test against the larger data populations.","title":"Data mining"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a-priori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_probability"},{"link_name":"Michael Lovell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lovell"},{"link_name":"Review of Economic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_of_Economic_Studies"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mena-11"},{"link_name":"knowledge extraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_extraction"},{"link_name":"Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_I._Piatetsky-Shapiro"},{"link_name":"(KDD-1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kdnuggets.com/meetings/kdd89/"},{"link_name":"AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In the 1960s, statisticians and economists used terms like data fishing or data dredging to refer to what they considered the bad practice of analyzing data without an a-priori hypothesis. The term \"data mining\" was used in a similarly critical way by economist Michael Lovell in an article published in the Review of Economic Studies in 1983.[9][10] Lovell indicates that the practice \"masquerades under a variety of aliases, ranging from \"experimentation\" (positive) to \"fishing\" or \"snooping\" (negative).The term data mining appeared around 1990 in the database community, with generally positive connotations. For a short time in 1980s, the phrase \"database mining\"™, was used, but since it was trademarked by HNC, a San Diego-based company, to pitch their Database Mining Workstation;[11] researchers consequently turned to data mining. Other terms used include data archaeology, information harvesting, information discovery, knowledge extraction, etc. Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro coined the term \"knowledge discovery in databases\" for the first workshop on the same topic (KDD-1989) and this term became more popular in the AI and machine learning communities. However, the term data mining became more popular in the business and press communities.[12] Currently, the terms data mining and knowledge discovery are used interchangeably.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"},{"link_name":"Bayes' theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem"},{"link_name":"regression analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"data sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_set"},{"link_name":"neural networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network"},{"link_name":"cluster analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis"},{"link_name":"genetic algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithms"},{"link_name":"decision trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree_learning"},{"link_name":"decision rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_rules"},{"link_name":"support vector machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_vector_machines"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kantardzic-14"},{"link_name":"applied statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_statistics"},{"link_name":"database management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management"}],"text":"The manual extraction of patterns from data has occurred for centuries. Early methods of identifying patterns in data include Bayes' theorem (1700s) and regression analysis (1800s).[13] The proliferation, ubiquity and increasing power of computer technology have dramatically increased data collection, storage, and manipulation ability. As data sets have grown in size and complexity, direct \"hands-on\" data analysis has increasingly been augmented with indirect, automated data processing, aided by other discoveries in computer science, specially in the field of machine learning, such as neural networks, cluster analysis, genetic algorithms (1950s), decision trees and decision rules (1960s), and support vector machines (1990s). Data mining is the process of applying these methods with the intention of uncovering hidden patterns.[14] in large data sets. It bridges the gap from applied statistics and artificial intelligence (which usually provide the mathematical background) to database management by exploiting the way data is stored and indexed in databases to execute the actual learning and discovery algorithms more efficiently, allowing such methods to be applied to ever-larger data sets.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fayyad-5"},{"link_name":"Cross-industry standard process for data mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-industry_standard_process_for_data_mining"},{"link_name":"Deployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_deployment"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDN_1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDN_2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDN_3-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDN_4-18"},{"link_name":"SEMMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEMMA"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kurgan-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AzevedoSantos-20"}],"text":"The knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) process is commonly defined with the stages:Selection\nPre-processing\nTransformation\nData mining\nInterpretation/evaluation.[5]It exists, however, in many variations on this theme, such as the Cross-industry standard process for data mining (CRISP-DM) which defines six phases:Business understanding\nData understanding\nData preparation\nModeling\nEvaluation\nDeploymentor a simplified process such as (1) Pre-processing, (2) Data Mining, and (3) Results Validation.Polls conducted in 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2014 show that the CRISP-DM methodology is the leading methodology used by data miners.[15][16][17][18]The only other data mining standard named in these polls was SEMMA. However, 3–4 times as many people reported using CRISP-DM. Several teams of researchers have published reviews of data mining process models,[19] and Azevedo and Santos conducted a comparison of CRISP-DM and SEMMA in 2008.[20]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"data mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mart"},{"link_name":"data warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehouse"},{"link_name":"multivariate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_statistics"},{"link_name":"noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_noise"},{"link_name":"missing data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_data"}],"sub_title":"Pre-processing","text":"Before data mining algorithms can be used, a target data set must be assembled. As data mining can only uncover patterns actually present in the data, the target data set must be large enough to contain these patterns while remaining concise enough to be mined within an acceptable time limit. A common source for data is a data mart or data warehouse. Pre-processing is essential to analyze the multivariate data sets before data mining. The target set is then cleaned. Data cleaning removes the observations containing noise and those with missing data.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fayyad-5"},{"link_name":"Anomaly detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaly_detection"},{"link_name":"Association rule learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_rule_learning"},{"link_name":"Clustering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis"},{"link_name":"Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_classification"},{"link_name":"Regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis"},{"link_name":"Summarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_summarization"}],"sub_title":"Data mining","text":"Data mining involves six common classes of tasks:[5]Anomaly detection (outlier/change/deviation detection) – The identification of unusual data records, that might be interesting or data errors that require further investigation due to being out of standard range.\nAssociation rule learning (dependency modeling) – Searches for relationships between variables. For example, a supermarket might gather data on customer purchasing habits. Using association rule learning, the supermarket can determine which products are frequently bought together and use this information for marketing purposes. This is sometimes referred to as market basket analysis.\nClustering – is the task of discovering groups and structures in the data that are in some way or another \"similar\", without using known structures in the data.\nClassification – is the task of generalizing known structure to apply to new data. For example, an e-mail program might attempt to classify an e-mail as \"legitimate\" or as \"spam\".\nRegression – attempts to find a function that models the data with the least error that is, for estimating the relationships among data or datasets.\nSummarization – providing a more compact representation of the data set, including visualization and report generation.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spurious_correlations_-_spelling_bee_spiders.svg"},{"link_name":"data dredging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dredging"},{"link_name":"reproduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducibility"},{"link_name":"statistical hypothesis testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"overfitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfitting"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hawkins-21"},{"link_name":"overfitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfitting"},{"link_name":"test set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_set"},{"link_name":"training set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_set"},{"link_name":"ROC curves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_operating_characteristic"}],"sub_title":"Results validation","text":"An example of data produced by data dredging through a bot operated by statistician Tyler Vigen, apparently showing a close link between the best word winning a spelling bee competition and the number of people in the United States killed by venomous spidersData mining can unintentionally be misused, producing results that appear to be significant but which do not actually predict future behavior and cannot be reproduced on a new sample of data, therefore bearing little use. This is sometimes caused by investigating too many hypotheses and not performing proper statistical hypothesis testing. A simple version of this problem in machine learning is known as overfitting, but the same problem can arise at different phases of the process and thus a train/test split—when applicable at all—may not be sufficient to prevent this from happening.[21]The final step of knowledge discovery from data is to verify that the patterns produced by the data mining algorithms occur in the wider data set. Not all patterns found by the algorithms are necessarily valid. It is common for data mining algorithms to find patterns in the training set which are not present in the general data set. This is called overfitting. To overcome this, the evaluation uses a test set of data on which the data mining algorithm was not trained. The learned patterns are applied to this test set, and the resulting output is compared to the desired output. For example, a data mining algorithm trying to distinguish \"spam\" from \"legitimate\" e-mails would be trained on a training set of sample e-mails. Once trained, the learned patterns would be applied to the test set of e-mails on which it had not been trained. The accuracy of the patterns can then be measured from how many e-mails they correctly classify. Several statistical methods may be used to evaluate the algorithm, such as ROC curves.If the learned patterns do not meet the desired standards, it is necessary to re-evaluate and change the pre-processing and data mining steps. If the learned patterns do meet the desired standards, then the final step is to interpret the learned patterns and turn them into knowledge.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery"},{"link_name":"SIGKDD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGKDD"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"academic journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"CIKM Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIKM_Conference"},{"link_name":"Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_on_Information_and_Knowledge_Management"},{"link_name":"European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Conference_on_Machine_Learning_and_Principles_and_Practice_of_Knowledge_Discovery_in_Databases"},{"link_name":"KDD Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDD_Conference"},{"link_name":"Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_on_Knowledge_Discovery_and_Data_Mining"},{"link_name":"data management/database conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_conferences#Data_Management"},{"link_name":"SIGMOD Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGMOD"},{"link_name":"International Conference on Very Large Data Bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Very_Large_Data_Bases"}],"text":"The premier professional body in the field is the Association for Computing Machinery's (ACM) Special Interest Group (SIG) on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (SIGKDD).[22][23] Since 1989, this ACM SIG has hosted an annual international conference and published its proceedings,[24] and since 1999 it has published a biannual academic journal titled \"SIGKDD Explorations\".[25]Computer science conferences on data mining include:CIKM Conference – ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management\nEuropean Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases\nKDD Conference – ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data MiningData mining topics are also present in many data management/database conferences such as the ICDE Conference, SIGMOD Conference and International Conference on Very Large Data Bases.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Industry_Standard_Process_for_Data_Mining"},{"link_name":"Java Data Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Data_Mining"},{"link_name":"predictive analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_analytics"},{"link_name":"Predictive Model Markup Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_Model_Markup_Language"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"subspace clustering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspace_clustering"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"There have been some efforts to define standards for the data mining process, for example, the 1999 European Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM 1.0) and the 2004 Java Data Mining standard (JDM 1.0). Development on successors to these processes (CRISP-DM 2.0 and JDM 2.0) was active in 2006 but has stalled since. JDM 2.0 was withdrawn without reaching a final draft.For exchanging the extracted models—in particular for use in predictive analytics—the key standard is the Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML), which is an XML-based language developed by the Data Mining Group (DMG) and supported as exchange format by many data mining applications. As the name suggests, it only covers prediction models, a particular data mining task of high importance to business applications. However, extensions to cover (for example) subspace clustering have been proposed independently of the DMG.[26]","title":"Standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Applied data mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Applied_data_mining"},{"link_name":"examples of data mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examples_of_data_mining"}],"text":"See also: Category:Applied data miningData mining is used wherever there is digital data available. Notable examples of data mining can be found throughout business, medicine, science, finance, construction, and surveillance.","title":"Notable uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"user behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_behavior_analytics"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy"},{"link_name":"ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security"},{"link_name":"law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement"},{"link_name":"Total Information Awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Information_Awareness"},{"link_name":"ADVISE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADVISE"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"confidentiality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentiality"},{"link_name":"privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_privacy"},{"link_name":"data aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_function"},{"link_name":"Data aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_aggregation"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCIO-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCIO-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASCIO-31"},{"link_name":"anonymized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_anonymization"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"personally identifiable information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information"},{"link_name":"privacy violation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_violation"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"While the term \"data mining\" itself may have no ethical implications, it is often associated with the mining of information in relation to user behavior (ethical and otherwise).[27]The ways in which data mining can be used can in some cases and contexts raise questions regarding privacy, legality, and ethics.[28] In particular, data mining government or commercial data sets for national security or law enforcement purposes, such as in the Total Information Awareness Program or in ADVISE, has raised privacy concerns.[29][30]Data mining requires data preparation which uncovers information or patterns which compromise confidentiality and privacy obligations. A common way for this to occur is through data aggregation. Data aggregation involves combining data together (possibly from various sources) in a way that facilitates analysis (but that also might make identification of private, individual-level data deducible or otherwise apparent).[31] This is not data mining per se, but a result of the preparation of data before—and for the purposes of—the analysis. The threat to an individual's privacy comes into play when the data, once compiled, cause the data miner, or anyone who has access to the newly compiled data set, to be able to identify specific individuals, especially when the data were originally anonymous.[32]It is recommended[according to whom?] to be aware of the following before data are collected:[31]The purpose of the data collection and any (known) data mining projects.\nHow the data will be used.\nWho will be able to mine the data and use the data and their derivatives.\nThe status of security surrounding access to the data.\nHow collected data can be updated.Data may also be modified so as to become anonymous, so that individuals may not readily be identified.[31] However, even \"anonymized\" data sets can potentially contain enough information to allow identification of individuals, as occurred when journalists were able to find several individuals based on a set of search histories that were inadvertently released by AOL.[33]The inadvertent revelation of personally identifiable information leading to the provider violates Fair Information Practices. This indiscretion can cause financial,\nemotional, or bodily harm to the indicated individual. In one instance of privacy violation, the patrons of Walgreens filed a lawsuit against the company in 2011 for selling\nprescription information to data mining companies who in turn provided the data\nto pharmaceutical companies.[34]","title":"Privacy concerns and ethics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"U.S.–E.U. Safe Harbor Principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Safe_Harbor_Privacy_Principles"},{"link_name":"Edward Snowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden"},{"link_name":"global surveillance disclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosure"},{"link_name":"National Security Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Situation in Europe","text":"Europe has rather strong privacy laws, and efforts are underway to further strengthen the rights of the consumers. However, the U.S.–E.U. Safe Harbor Principles, developed between 1998 and 2000, currently effectively expose European users to privacy exploitation by U.S. companies. As a consequence of Edward Snowden's global surveillance disclosure, there has been increased discussion to revoke this agreement, as in particular the data will be fully exposed to the National Security Agency, and attempts to reach an agreement with the United States have failed.[35]In the United Kingdom in particular there have been cases of corporations using data mining as a way to target certain groups of customers forcing them to pay unfairly high prices. These groups tend to be people of lower socio-economic status who are not savvy to the ways they can be exploited in digital market places.[36]","title":"Privacy concerns and ethics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Congress"},{"link_name":"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act"}],"sub_title":"Situation in the United States","text":"In the United States, privacy concerns have been addressed by the US Congress via the passage of regulatory controls such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The HIPAA requires individuals to give their \"informed consent\" regarding information they provide and its intended present and future uses. According to an article in Biotech Business Week, \"'[i]n practice, HIPAA may not offer any greater protection than the longstanding regulations in the research arena,' says the AAHC. More importantly, the rule's goal of protection through informed consent is approach a level of incomprehensibility to average individuals.\"[37] This underscores the necessity for data anonymity in data aggregation and mining practices.U.S. information privacy legislation such as HIPAA and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) applies only to the specific areas that each such law addresses. The use of data mining by the majority of businesses in the U.S. is not controlled by any legislation.","title":"Privacy concerns and ethics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Copyright law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"database laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_Directive"},{"link_name":"web mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_mining"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"Database Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_Directive"},{"link_name":"Hargreaves review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hargreaves_review&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"limitation and exception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Information Society Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Society_Directive"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"open access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Situation in Europe","text":"Under European copyright database laws, the mining of in-copyright works (such as by web mining) without the permission of the copyright owner is not legal. Where a database is pure data in Europe, it may be that there is no copyright—but database rights may exist, so data mining becomes subject to intellectual property owners' rights that are protected by the Database Directive. On the recommendation of the Hargreaves review, this led to the UK government to amend its copyright law in 2014 to allow content mining as a limitation and exception.[38] The UK was the second country in the world to do so after Japan, which introduced an exception in 2009 for data mining. However, due to the restriction of the Information Society Directive (2001), the UK exception only allows content mining for non-commercial purposes. UK copyright law also does not allow this provision to be overridden by contractual terms and conditions.\nSince 2020 also Switzerland has been regulating data mining by allowing it in the research field under certain conditions laid down by art. 24d of the Swiss Copyright Act. This new article entered into force on 1 April 2020.[39]The European Commission facilitated stakeholder discussion on text and data mining in 2013, under the title of Licences for Europe.[40] The focus on the solution to this legal issue, such as licensing rather than limitations and exceptions, led to representatives of universities, researchers, libraries, civil society groups and open access publishers to leave the stakeholder dialogue in May 2013.[41]","title":"Copyright law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US copyright law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"fair use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use"},{"link_name":"Google Book settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Book_Search_Settlement_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Situation in the United States","text":"US copyright law, and in particular its provision for fair use, upholds the legality of content mining in America, and other fair use countries such as Israel, Taiwan and South Korea. As content mining is transformative, that is it does not supplant the original work, it is viewed as being lawful under fair use. For example, as part of the Google Book settlement the presiding judge on the case ruled that Google's digitization project of in-copyright books was lawful, in part because of the transformative uses that the digitization project displayed—one being text and data mining.[42]","title":"Copyright law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Data mining and machine learning software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Data_mining_and_machine_learning_software"}],"text":"See also: Category:Data mining and machine learning software","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carrot2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot2"},{"link_name":"Chemicalize.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalize.org"},{"link_name":"ELKI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELKI"},{"link_name":"cluster analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis"},{"link_name":"outlier detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaly_detection"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"GATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Architecture_for_Text_Engineering"},{"link_name":"natural language processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing"},{"link_name":"KNIME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNIME"},{"link_name":"Massive Online Analysis (MOA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOA_(Massive_Online_Analysis)"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"MEPX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi_expression_programming"},{"link_name":"mlpack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlpack"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"NLTK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLTK"},{"link_name":"Natural Language Toolkit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Language_Toolkit"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"OpenNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenNN"},{"link_name":"neural networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(software)"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"PSPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSPP"},{"link_name":"SPSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPSS"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"statistical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"GNU Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project"},{"link_name":"scikit-learn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scikit-learn"},{"link_name":"Torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torch_(machine_learning)"},{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_model"},{"link_name":"deep learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning"},{"link_name":"Lua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"scientific computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_computing"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"UIMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UIMA"},{"link_name":"Weka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weka_(machine_learning)"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"}],"sub_title":"Free open-source data mining software and applications","text":"The following applications are available under free/open-source licenses. Public access to application source code is also available.Carrot2: Text and search results clustering framework.\nChemicalize.org: A chemical structure miner and web search engine.\nELKI: A university research project with advanced cluster analysis and outlier detection methods written in the Java language.\nGATE: a natural language processing and language engineering tool.\nKNIME: The Konstanz Information Miner, a user-friendly and comprehensive data analytics framework.\nMassive Online Analysis (MOA): a real-time big data stream mining with concept drift tool in the Java programming language.\nMEPX: cross-platform tool for regression and classification problems based on a Genetic Programming variant.\nmlpack: a collection of ready-to-use machine learning algorithms written in the C++ language.\nNLTK (Natural Language Toolkit): A suite of libraries and programs for symbolic and statistical natural language processing (NLP) for the Python language.\nOpenNN: Open neural networks library.\nOrange: A component-based data mining and machine learning software suite written in the Python language.\nPSPP: Data mining and statistics software under the GNU Project similar to SPSS\nR: A programming language and software environment for statistical computing, data mining, and graphics. It is part of the GNU Project.\nscikit-learn: An open-source machine learning library for the Python programming language;\nTorch: An open-source deep learning library for the Lua programming language and scientific computing framework with wide support for machine learning algorithms.\nUIMA: The UIMA (Unstructured Information Management Architecture) is a component framework for analyzing unstructured content such as text, audio and video – originally developed by IBM.\nWeka: A suite of machine learning software applications written in the Java programming language.","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoss"},{"link_name":"LIONsolver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIONsolver"},{"link_name":"PolyAnalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolyAnalyst"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Analysis Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Analysis_Services"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"NetOwl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetOwl"},{"link_name":"Oracle Data Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Data_Mining"},{"link_name":"Oracle Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation"},{"link_name":"PSeven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSeven"},{"link_name":"DATADVANCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DATADVANCE"},{"link_name":"Qlucore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qlucore"},{"link_name":"RapidMiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RapidMiner"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"SAS Enterprise Miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_(software)#Components"},{"link_name":"SAS Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_Institute"},{"link_name":"SPSS Modeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPSS_Modeler"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"STATISTICA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STATISTICA"},{"link_name":"StatSoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StatSoft"},{"link_name":"Tanagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanagra_(machine_learning)"},{"link_name":"Vertica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertica"},{"link_name":"Hewlett-Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"Google Cloud Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Amazon SageMaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_SageMaker"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"}],"sub_title":"Proprietary data-mining software and applications","text":"The following applications are available under proprietary licenses.Angoss KnowledgeSTUDIO: data mining tool\nLIONsolver: an integrated software application for data mining, business intelligence, and modeling that implements the Learning and Intelligent OptimizatioN (LION) approach.\nPolyAnalyst: data and text mining software by Megaputer Intelligence.\nMicrosoft Analysis Services: data mining software provided by Microsoft.\nNetOwl: suite of multilingual text and entity analytics products that enable data mining.\nOracle Data Mining: data mining software by Oracle Corporation.\nPSeven: platform for automation of engineering simulation and analysis, multidisciplinary optimization and data mining provided by DATADVANCE.\nQlucore Omics Explorer: data mining software.\nRapidMiner: An environment for machine learning and data mining experiments.\nSAS Enterprise Miner: data mining software provided by the SAS Institute.\nSPSS Modeler: data mining software provided by IBM.\nSTATISTICA Data Miner: data mining software provided by StatSoft.\nTanagra: Visualisation-oriented data mining software, also for teaching.\nVertica: data mining software provided by Hewlett-Packard.\nGoogle Cloud Platform: automated custom ML models managed by Google.\nAmazon SageMaker: managed service provided by Amazon for creating & productionising custom ML models.","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prentice Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-13-743980-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-743980-6"},{"link_name":"P.S. Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_S._Yu"},{"link_name":"Data mining: an overview from a database perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cs.nju.edu.cn/zhouzh/zhouzh.files/course/dm/reading/reading01/chen_tkde96.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160303221052/http://cs.nju.edu.cn/zhouzh/zhouzh.files/course/dm/reading/reading01/chen_tkde96.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-83657-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83657-9"},{"link_name":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluwer_Academic_Publishers"},{"link_name":"Han, Jiawei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiawei_Han"},{"link_name":"Hastie, Trevor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Hastie"},{"link_name":"Tibshirani, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Tibshirani"},{"link_name":"Friedman, Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_H._Friedman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-387-95284-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95284-5"},{"link_name":"Liu, Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Liu_(computer_scientist)"},{"link_name":"Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Verlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-540-37881-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-37881-2"},{"link_name":"InformationWeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek"},{"link_name":"Academic Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-12-374765-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374765-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59904-162-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59904-162-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-321-32136-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-32136-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59749-272-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59749-272-0"},{"link_name":"Morgan Kaufmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann"},{"link_name":"Witten, Ian H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_H._Witten"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-12-374856-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374856-0"},{"link_name":"Free Weka software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weka_(machine_learning)"}],"text":"Cabena, Peter; Hadjnian, Pablo; Stadler, Rolf; Verhees, Jaap; Zanasi, Alessandro (1997); Discovering Data Mining: From Concept to Implementation, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-743980-6\nM.S. Chen, J. Han, P.S. Yu (1996) \"Data mining: an overview from a database perspective Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine\". Knowledge and data Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 8 (6), 866–883\nFeldman, Ronen; Sanger, James (2007); The Text Mining Handbook, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-83657-9\nGuo, Yike; and Grossman, Robert (editors) (1999); High Performance Data Mining: Scaling Algorithms, Applications and Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers\nHan, Jiawei, Micheline Kamber, and Jian Pei. Data mining: concepts and techniques. Morgan kaufmann, 2006.\nHastie, Trevor, Tibshirani, Robert and Friedman, Jerome (2001); The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Springer, ISBN 0-387-95284-5\nLiu, Bing (2007, 2011); Web Data Mining: Exploring Hyperlinks, Contents and Usage Data, Springer, ISBN 3-540-37881-2\nMurphy, Chris (16 May 2011). \"Is Data Mining Free Speech?\". InformationWeek: 12.\nNisbet, Robert; Elder, John; Miner, Gary (2009); Handbook of Statistical Analysis & Data Mining Applications, Academic Press/Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-12-374765-5\nPoncelet, Pascal; Masseglia, Florent; and Teisseire, Maguelonne (editors) (October 2007); \"Data Mining Patterns: New Methods and Applications\", Information Science Reference, ISBN 978-1-59904-162-9\nTan, Pang-Ning; Steinbach, Michael; and Kumar, Vipin (2005); Introduction to Data Mining, ISBN 0-321-32136-7\nTheodoridis, Sergios; and Koutroumbas, Konstantinos (2009); Pattern Recognition, 4th Edition, Academic Press, ISBN 978-1-59749-272-0\nWeiss, Sholom M.; and Indurkhya, Nitin (1998); Predictive Data Mining, Morgan Kaufmann\nWitten, Ian H.; Frank, Eibe; Hall, Mark A. (30 January 2011). Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques (3 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-374856-0. (See also Free Weka software)\nYe, Nong (2003); The Handbook of Data Mining, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"An example of data produced by data dredging through a bot operated by statistician Tyler Vigen, apparently showing a close link between the best word winning a spelling bee competition and the number of people in the United States killed by venomous spiders","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Spurious_correlations_-_spelling_bee_spiders.svg/390px-Spurious_correlations_-_spelling_bee_spiders.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Agent mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_mining"},{"title":"Anomaly/outlier/change detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaly_detection"},{"title":"Association rule learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_rule_learning"},{"title":"Bayesian networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_network"},{"title":"Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_classification"},{"title":"Cluster analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis"},{"title":"Decision trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree"},{"title":"Ensemble learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning"},{"title":"Factor analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_analysis"},{"title":"Genetic algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithms"},{"title":"Intention mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_mining"},{"title":"Learning classifier system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_classifier_system"},{"title":"Multilinear subspace learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilinear_subspace_learning"},{"title":"Neural networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network"},{"title":"Regression analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis"},{"title":"Sequence mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_mining"},{"title":"Structured data analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_data_analysis_(statistics)"},{"title":"Support vector machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_vector_machines"},{"title":"Text mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_mining"},{"title":"Time series analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series"},{"title":"Analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytics"},{"title":"Behavior informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_informatics"},{"title":"Big data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Data"},{"title":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics"},{"title":"Business intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_intelligence"},{"title":"Data analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis"},{"title":"Data warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehouse"},{"title":"Decision support system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_system"},{"title":"Domain driven data mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_driven_data_mining"},{"title":"Drug discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery"},{"title":"Exploratory data analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis"},{"title":"Predictive analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_analytics"},{"title":"Real-time data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_data"},{"title":"Web mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_mining"},{"title":"Category:Applied data mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Applied_data_mining"},{"title":"Automatic number plate recognition in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition_in_the_United_Kingdom#Data_mining"},{"title":"Customer analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_analytics#Data_mining"},{"title":"Educational data mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_data_mining"},{"title":"National Security Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency#Data_mining"},{"title":"Quantitative structure–activity relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_structure%E2%80%93activity_relationship#Data_mining_approach"},{"title":"Surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance#Data_mining_and_profiling"},{"title":"Mass surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance#Data_mining"},{"title":"Stellar Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_Wind_(code_name)"},{"title":"Data integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integration"},{"title":"Data transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transformation"},{"title":"Electronic discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_discovery"},{"title":"Information extraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_extraction"},{"title":"Information integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_integration"},{"title":"Named-entity recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named-entity_recognition"},{"title":"Profiling (information science)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profiling_(information_science)"},{"title":"Psychometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrics"},{"title":"Social media mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_mining"},{"title":"Surveillance capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism"},{"title":"Web scraping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_scraping"},{"title":"International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Data_Warehousing_and_Mining"}]
[{"reference":"\"Data Mining Curriculum\". ACM SIGKDD. 2006-04-30. Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2014-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kdd.org/curriculum/index.html","url_text":"\"Data Mining Curriculum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery","url_text":"ACM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGKDD","url_text":"SIGKDD"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131014213033/http://www.kdd.org/curriculum/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clifton, Christopher (2010). \"Encyclopædia Britannica: Definition of Data Mining\". Archived from the original on 2011-02-05. Retrieved 2010-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1056150/data-mining","url_text":"\"Encyclopædia Britannica: Definition of Data Mining\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110205121520/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1056150/data-mining","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hastie, Trevor; Tibshirani, Robert; Friedman, Jerome (2009). \"The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction\". Archived from the original on 2009-11-10. 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