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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codrington_Library

All Souls College Library

["1 Renaming","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°45′14″N 1°15′12″W / 51.7538°N 1.2533°W / 51.7538; -1.2533University library in Oxford, England All Souls College LibraryThe library as viewed from All Souls' North QuadThe interior of the library with statue of Christopher CodringtonLocationAll Souls College, Oxford, United KingdomTypeAcademic libraryEstablished1751CollectionItems collectedBooks, journals, newspapers, magazines, maps, drawings, manuscriptsSize185,000 itemsAccess and useAccess requirementsOpen to members of Oxford University and to external scholars by application.Other informationDirectorProfessor Peregrine Horden (Fellow Librarian)Gaye Morgan (Librarian in Charge & Conservator)WebsiteOfficial website All Souls College Library, known until 2020 as the Codrington Library, is an academic library in the city of Oxford, England. It is the library of All Souls College, a graduate constituent college of the University of Oxford. The library in its current form was endowed by Christopher Codrington (1668–1710), a fellow of the college who amassed his fortune through his sugar plantations in Barbados, an island in the British West Indies. These were worked by enslaved people of African descent. Codrington bequeathed books worth £6,000, in addition to £10,000 in currency (the equivalent of approximately £1.2 million in modern terms). The library, designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor, begun in 1716, was completed in 1751 and has been in continuous use by scholars since then. It is Grade I listed on the National Heritage List for England. The modern collection comprises some 185,000 items, about a third of which were produced before 1800. The library's collections are particularly strong in Law, European History, Ecclesiastical History, Military History, and Classics. There is an expanding collection devoted to sociological topics and the History of Science. Unusually for an Oxford college library, access to the Codrington is open to all members of the university (subject to registration). The library contains a significant collection of manuscripts and early printed books, and attracts scholars from around the world. The first woman to be admitted as a reader to the library was Cornelia Sorabji from Somerville College, at the invitation of Sir William Anson, 3rd Baronet in 1890. Renaming Plaque erected by the entrance to the All Souls College Library to the enslaved people who worked on the Codrington Plantations In November 2020, the college took the decision to stop referring to the library as the Codrington Library, as part of a set of "steps to address the problematic nature of the Codrington legacy", which derives from exploitation of slave plantations. While the library has since been renamed, a statue of Christopher Codrington remains in the center of the reading room. References ^ Simmons, John S. (1982). "A note on the Codrington Library, All Souls College, Oxford". Oxford: All Souls College. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. ^ Walvin, James (17 February 2011). "Slavery and the Building of Britain". BBC. Retrieved 14 February 2014. ^ "National Archives Currency Converter". The National Archives. Retrieved 16 September 2014. ^ Historic England. "All Souls College, Codrington Library (1046762)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 November 2016. ^ a b "The Codrington Library". Oxford: All Souls College. Retrieved 12 November 2016. ^ "The Codrington Library Applications". Oxford: All Souls College. Retrieved 12 November 2016. ^ Pauline Adams (1996). Somerville for women: an Oxford college, 1879–1993. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 019920179X. ^ "All Souls College and the Codrington Legacy". Retrieved 16 November 2020. External links University of Oxford portal Official website The Unseen University: The Codrington Library(short film) Archived 16 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine vteLibraries of the University of OxfordBodleian LibrariesBodleian Library Old library Duke Humfrey's Radcliffe Camera New library Weston Gladstone Link Other librariesin the group Alexander Library of Ornithology Bodleian Law Bodleian Social Science Nizami Ganjavi Library Radcliffe Science Rewley House Continuing Education Art, Archaeology and Ancient World Sainsbury Library at the Saïd Business School Taylor Institution Vere Harmsworth Rothermere American Institute College libraries All Souls Balliol Brasenose Campion Hall Christ Church Corpus Christi Exeter Green Templeton Greyfriars Oxford Centre for Franciscan Studies Harris Manchester Hertford Jesus College Keble Kellogg Lady Margaret Hall Linacre Lincoln Magdalen Mansfield Merton New College Nuffield Oriel Pembroke Queen's College Regent's Park Russian and Eurasian Studies Centre Somerville St Anne's St Antony's St Benet's Hall St Catherine's St Cross St Edmund Hall St Hilda's St Hugh's St John's St Peter's Trinity University Wadham Wolfson Worcester See also Angus Library and Archive Clarendon Building (library administration) Indian Institute Oxford Libraries Information System Rhodes House Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany 2 Israel United States 51°45′14″N 1°15′12″W / 51.7538°N 1.2533°W / 51.7538; -1.2533

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless_Night_(1972_film)

Endless Night (1972 film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Filming","3.3 Musical score","4 Reception","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]

1972 British film by Sidney Gilliat Endless NightTheatrical release posterDirected bySidney GilliatScreenplay bySidney GilliatBased onEndless Nightby Agatha ChristieProduced byLeslie GilliatStarring Hayley Mills Hywel Bennett Britt Ekland George Sanders Per Oscarsson CinematographyHarry WaxmanEdited byThelma ConnellMusic byBernard HerrmannProductioncompanies British Lion Films EMI Films National Film Trustee Company Distributed byBritish Lion Films (British Isles)EMI Films (worldwide)Release date 5 October 1972 (1972-10-05) (UK) Running time95 min.CountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishBudget£250,197Box office£345,269 Endless Night is a 1972 British horror-mystery film directed by Sidney Gilliat and starring Hayley Mills, Britt Ekland, Per Oscarsson, Hywel Bennett, and George Sanders. Based on the 1967 novel Endless Night by Agatha Christie, the plot follows a newlywed couple who feel threatened after building their dream home on cursed land. This was the last project on which Sidney Gilliat and Frank Launder worked together for British Lion Films, their home since The Happiest Days of Your Life (1950). Plot Michael Rogers is a wistful and aimless young aspiring photographer working as a chauffeur and living with his mother in London. From a working class background, Michael aspires to a life of luxury and is obsessed with the fine arts. Through his travels as a chauffeur, he discovers a spot along the Devon coast known as Gypsy's Acre, where a dilapidated Victorian mansion sits. Michael fantasizes about one day building a new home on the plot of land and aims to one day have Santonix, a famed Italian architect whom he met through a client, design the home. While photographing Gypsy's Acre, Michael meets Ellie Thomsen, a young American visiting England, who is quickly taken by Michael's fantastical nature. While exploring the property, the two encounter Miss Townsend, a mysterious old woman who tells Michael that Gypsy's Acre is for sale, but that it is a cursed land. Ellie leaves England and embarks on the remainder of her trip through Switzerland and Italy with Greta, her German language tutor who has taken on the role of a personal assistant. In Ellie's absence, Michael learns that she is in fact one of the richest young women in the world. He confronts her about this when she returns to England, but she explains she did not want to tell him as she thought it would dissuade him from pursuing her. She also reveals that, while visiting Italy, she was able to arrange a meeting with Santonix about building Michael's dream home. Furthermore, she reveals she has purchased Gypsy's Acre. Though initially angered by her deceit, Michael eventually relents, and he and Ellie marry in Wales. Ellie attempts to keep the marriage secret, as she fears her stepmother, Cora, and other family members may attempt to bribe Michael to divorce her based on his lower social class, but the union quickly makes international headlines. The family's attorney, whom Ellie lovingly refers to as "Uncle" Andrew swiftly attempts to buy Michael off, but he declines, insisting he and Ellie are in love. The couple subsequently purchases a local antique shop to operate. As construction of the home begins, Greta arrives, announcing she has taken a secretarial job in London and begins to slowly infiltrate the couple's new life together. Ellie welcomes of her presence, but Michael dislikes her. Frank and the other family members approach Greta with similar scepticism, and wish to distance her from Ellie. At the house, Ellie becomes unnerved when she notices Miss Townsend staring at the home from the fields below for hours at a time. While Michael attends an auction in the city, Ellie goes missing while out riding her horse. Her body is subsequently found in the woods on Gypsy's Acre. An autopsy suggests she died of unexpected cardiac arrest, but Michael contests this during the inquest, believing there may have been foul play. The police attempt to trace Miss Townsend but are unable to locate her. After the inquest, Andrew notifies Michael that Ellie made him the sole beneficiary of her estate, and urges Michael to travel to the United States to tend to Ellie's business dealings there. Santonix, meanwhile, dies after a protracted battle with cancer. Upon returning to Gypsy's Acre from the United States, Michael witnesses an apparition of Ellie as he approaches the house. Upon entering, he and Greta embrace romantically, and begin to have sex—it is revealed the two lovers had conspired all along, preying on Ellie to take her estate: Greta killed her by lacing her allergy medicine with cyanide and bee venom, which stopped her heart. Michael and Greta's plans of a lavish life together are swiftly interrupted, however, when they receive an envelope postmarked from New York City—sent by Andrew—containing date-stamped photographs of them together long before Michael had met Ellie, serving as evidence of their conspiracy. Michael violently lashes out against Greta, blaming her for their predicament, and murders her in the swimming pool. This triggers a memory from Michael's childhood, in which he killed his schoolmate by pushing him into a frozen pond and stealing his watch as a memento. Michael is interviewed by police and Dr. Philpott, a local psychologist, and admits to helping murder Ellie. Philpott questions him about Miss Townsend, whom he presumes was paid to frighten Ellie, and then killed by Michael afterwards to prevent her from exposing the plot; Michael, however, insists Miss Townsend never existed. As they question him further, Michael suffers a nervous breakdown, haunted by images related to those he has killed. Cast Hayley Mills as Fenella 'Ellie' Thomsen Hywel Bennett as Michael Rogers Britt Ekland as Greta Per Oscarsson as Santonix George Sanders as Andrew Lippincott David Bauer as Uncle Frank Peter Bowles as Reuben Brown Patience Collier as Miss Townsend Windsor Davies as Sergeant Reene Mischa de la Motte as Maynard Helen Horton as Aunt Beth Lois Maxwell as Cora Walker-Brown Aubrey Richards as Dr. Philpott Ann Way as Mrs. Philpott Paul Boross as Young Michael Leo Genn as Psychiatrist Production Development The novel was published in 1967. Christie later said she normally wrote her books in three to four months but Endless Night was done in six weeks. Launder and Gilliat had spent two years working on a comedy about British divorce, Sex and the British. However, they had to shelve it when a change in British law meant the plot became obsolete. Instead, they decided to adapt the Agatha Christie novel, with Gilliat to direct and Launder to produce. Their aim was to write a cinematic script with a minimum of dialogue and a deliberate ambiguity of style "in the sense you're never really sure what is being said is what is really meant or really being said." The film was eventually produced by Gilliat's brother Leslie. The film was partly financed by money from the National Film Trustee Company. Filming Grim's Dyke Entrance of Il San Pietro di Positano Filming took place in June 1971. Shooting locations included Christie's Auction House in London, as well as the West Country and Il San Pietro di Positano, Positano, Italy. The estate of Mike and Ellie's neighbours, the Philpotts, was filmed at Grim's Dyke. Gilliat later said, "I felt very rusty getting back on the set and I had a perfectly horrible time- funnily enough back at my very first studio." Musical score The score was composed by American composer Bernard Herrmann. Commenting on the experience, Herrmann recounted: "I like to work on a film from the very beginning, but very few producers or directors think of that. They bring you in when the picture is near its final cut and they want you to do it within a very short time—always the least amount of time in which you can possibly do it. Endless Night is an exception...  Sidney Gilliat is a very experienced director who understands the problems, and he asked me to talk with him and consider what we should do musically at a very early stage." Herrmann initially intended to implement a theremin in the score, but instead opted for a Moog synthesizer. Ellie's singing in the film was dubbed by Shirley Jones. Reception The film received mixed reviews. Although reasonably faithful to the novel, it is "An example of the sort of thing Christie was writing in her later years: moody psychological studies very different from, and not so much fun as, her early thrillers." Contemporary critics have noted "Nice performances all around, with special admiration for Oscarsson's role as the dying architect." Another review said "It's not a bad movie, with a decent story and cast, but lacks flair; Gilliat – who has a fine CV – had not directed for ten years and you can tell." Christie was initially pleased with the involvement of Gilliat and the casting of the film. However, upon seeing the film, she "was very disappointed... It got flatter and less interesting every minute." Furthermore, she disliked the (admittedly brief) erotic nudity by Ekland in the film's final sequences. The initial release in Britain was unsuccessful, and United Artists decided against releasing the film in the United States. However, the film was released in both Denmark and Finland in 1973. See also Grim's Dyke References ^ "Endless Night (1972)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. ^ a b Chapman, J. (2022). The Money Behind the Screen: A History of British Film Finance, 1945-1985. Edinburgh University Press p 357. Income is distributor's receipts, combined domestic and international, as at 31 Dec 1978. ^ Crime Story Queen By Muriel Bowen. The Washington Post and Times-Herald 15 Sep 1970: B4. ^ Richmond, Theo (28 September 1970). "British Lion keepers". The Guardian. p. 8. ^ In the Picture Sight and Sound; London Vol. 40, Iss. 4, (Fall 1971): 187. ^ Weiler, A. H. (13 June 1971). "Belt It Out, Bobby!: Bobby Burns Will Belt It Out". The New York Times. p. D15. ^ Boorman & Donohue 1993, p. 146. ^ a b c Smith 2002, p. 312. ^ "Endless Night". Time Out London. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. ^ halfcolombian (5 October 1972). "Endless Night (1972)". IMDb. ^ Vagg, Stephen (19 March 2022). "Movie Star Cold Streaks: Hayley Mills". Filmink. ^ Dame Agatha Tells Whodunit--She Did: Grande Dame of Whodunit Los Angeles Times 15 December 1974: 11. ^ Haining 1990, p. 50. ^ Haining Sources Boorman, John; Donohue, Walter (1993). Projections: A Forum for Film-makers. New York City, New York: Faber and Faber. Haining, Peter (1990). Agatha Christie: Murder in Four Acts. London, England: Virgin Books. ISBN 1-85227-273-2. Smith, Steven C. (2002). A Heart at Fire's Center: The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92723-0. External links Endless Night at IMDb Endless Night at AllMovie Endless Night at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms of Frank Launder and Sidney GilliatGilliat onlyWriter only Red Pearls (1930) You'd Be Surprised! (1930) Lord Richard in the Pantry (1930) Bed and Breakfast (1930) Third Time Lucky (1931) The Ringer (1931) The Ghost Train (1931) The Happy Ending (1931) A Gentleman of Paris (1931) Rome Express (1932) Falling for You (1933) Orders Is Orders (1933) Friday the Thirteenth (1933) Jack Ahoy (1934) Chu Chin Chow (1934) My Heart is Calling (1935) Bulldog Jack (1935) King of the Damned (1936) Where There's a Will (1936) The Man Who Changed His Mind (1936) Strangers on Honeymoon (1936) Take My Tip (1937) A Yank at Oxford (1938) Strange Boarders (1938) The Gaunt Stranger (1938) Ask a Policeman (1938) Jamaica Inn (1939) The Girl in the News (1940) Mr. Proudfoot Shows a Light (1941) Kipps (1941) Director Waterloo Road (1945) Launder onlyWriter only Under the Greenwood Tree (1929) Children of Chance (1930) The W Plan (1930) The Middle Watch (1930) How He Lied to Her Husband (1931 short) Hobson's Choice (1931) Keepers of Youth (1931) The Woman Between (1931) Children of Fortune (1931) After Office Hours (1932) Josser in the Army (1932) Old Spanish Customers (1933) You Made Me Love You (1933) For the Love of Mike (1932) Hawley's of High Street (1933) A Southern Maid (1933) Those Were the Days (1933) Happy (1933) Get Off My Foot (1935) Rolling Home (1935) The Black Mask (1935) Emil and the Detectives (1935) So You Won't Talk (1935) Mr. What's-His-Name? (1935) I Give My Heart (1935) Educated Evans (1936) Where's Sally? (1936) Don't Get Me Wrong (1937) Oh, Mr Porter! (1937) A Girl Must Live (1939) Inspector Hornleigh Goes To It (1941) We Dive at Dawn (1943) Ring of Spies (1964) Director The Last Coupon (1932) Two Thousand Women (1944) The Wildcats of St Trinian's (1980) TogetherWriters only Facing the Music (1933) Twelve Good Men (1936) Seven Sinners (1936) The Lady Vanishes (1938) Inspector Hornleigh on Holiday (1939) They Came by Night (1940) Night Train to Munich (1940) The Young Mr. Pitt (1942) The Green Man (1956) Directed together Partners in Crime (1942 short) Millions Like Us (1943) The Great St. Trinian's Train Robbery (1966) Directed by Gilliat The Rake's Progress (1945) Green for Danger (1946) London Belongs to Me (1948) State Secret (1950) The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan (1953) The Constant Husband (1955) Fortune Is a Woman (1956) Left Right and Centre (1959) Only Two Can Play (1962) Endless Night (1972) Directed by Launder I See a Dark Stranger (1946) Captain Boycott (1947) The Blue Lagoon (1949) The Happiest Days of Your Life (1950) Lady Godiva Rides Again (1951) Folly to Be Wise (1952) The Belles of St. Trinian's (1954) Geordie (1955) Blue Murder at St Trinian's (1957) The Bridal Path (1959) The Pure Hell of St Trinian's (1960) Joey Boy (1965) Producers only The Smallest Show on Earth (1957) Ooh… You Are Awful (1972)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"mystery film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_film"},{"link_name":"Sidney Gilliat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gilliat"},{"link_name":"Hayley Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Mills"},{"link_name":"Britt Ekland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britt_Ekland"},{"link_name":"Per Oscarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Oscarsson"},{"link_name":"Hywel Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_Bennett"},{"link_name":"George Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Endless Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless_Night_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Frank Launder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Launder"},{"link_name":"British Lion Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Lion_Films"},{"link_name":"The Happiest Days of Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happiest_Days_of_Your_Life_(film)"}],"text":"Endless Night is a 1972 British horror-mystery film directed by Sidney Gilliat and starring Hayley Mills, Britt Ekland, Per Oscarsson, Hywel Bennett, and George Sanders. Based on the 1967 novel Endless Night by Agatha Christie, the plot follows a newlywed couple who feel threatened after building their dream home on cursed land.This was the last project on which Sidney Gilliat and Frank Launder worked together for British Lion Films, their home since The Happiest Days of Your Life (1950).","title":"Endless Night (1972 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"personal assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_assistant"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"bribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribery"},{"link_name":"social class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"cardiac arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"inquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquest"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"apparition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparitional_experience"},{"link_name":"cyanide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide"},{"link_name":"bee venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apitoxin"}],"text":"Michael Rogers is a wistful and aimless young aspiring photographer working as a chauffeur and living with his mother in London. From a working class background, Michael aspires to a life of luxury and is obsessed with the fine arts. Through his travels as a chauffeur, he discovers a spot along the Devon coast known as Gypsy's Acre, where a dilapidated Victorian mansion sits. Michael fantasizes about one day building a new home on the plot of land and aims to one day have Santonix, a famed Italian architect whom he met through a client, design the home.While photographing Gypsy's Acre, Michael meets Ellie Thomsen, a young American visiting England, who is quickly taken by Michael's fantastical nature. While exploring the property, the two encounter Miss Townsend, a mysterious old woman who tells Michael that Gypsy's Acre is for sale, but that it is a cursed land. Ellie leaves England and embarks on the remainder of her trip through Switzerland and Italy with Greta, her German language tutor who has taken on the role of a personal assistant. In Ellie's absence, Michael learns that she is in fact one of the richest young women in the world. He confronts her about this when she returns to England, but she explains she did not want to tell him as she thought it would dissuade him from pursuing her. She also reveals that, while visiting Italy, she was able to arrange a meeting with Santonix about building Michael's dream home. Furthermore, she reveals she has purchased Gypsy's Acre.Though initially angered by her deceit, Michael eventually relents, and he and Ellie marry in Wales. Ellie attempts to keep the marriage secret, as she fears her stepmother, Cora, and other family members may attempt to bribe Michael to divorce her based on his lower social class, but the union quickly makes international headlines. The family's attorney, whom Ellie lovingly refers to as \"Uncle\" Andrew swiftly attempts to buy Michael off, but he declines, insisting he and Ellie are in love. The couple subsequently purchases a local antique shop to operate.As construction of the home begins, Greta arrives, announcing she has taken a secretarial job in London and begins to slowly infiltrate the couple's new life together. Ellie welcomes of her presence, but Michael dislikes her. Frank and the other family members approach Greta with similar scepticism, and wish to distance her from Ellie. At the house, Ellie becomes unnerved when she notices Miss Townsend staring at the home from the fields below for hours at a time. While Michael attends an auction in the city, Ellie goes missing while out riding her horse. Her body is subsequently found in the woods on Gypsy's Acre. An autopsy suggests she died of unexpected cardiac arrest, but Michael contests this during the inquest, believing there may have been foul play. The police attempt to trace Miss Townsend but are unable to locate her. After the inquest, Andrew notifies Michael that Ellie made him the sole beneficiary of her estate, and urges Michael to travel to the United States to tend to Ellie's business dealings there. Santonix, meanwhile, dies after a protracted battle with cancer.Upon returning to Gypsy's Acre from the United States, Michael witnesses an apparition of Ellie as he approaches the house. Upon entering, he and Greta embrace romantically, and begin to have sex—it is revealed the two lovers had conspired all along, preying on Ellie to take her estate: Greta killed her by lacing her allergy medicine with cyanide and bee venom, which stopped her heart. Michael and Greta's plans of a lavish life together are swiftly interrupted, however, when they receive an envelope postmarked from New York City—sent by Andrew—containing date-stamped photographs of them together long before Michael had met Ellie, serving as evidence of their conspiracy. Michael violently lashes out against Greta, blaming her for their predicament, and murders her in the swimming pool. This triggers a memory from Michael's childhood, in which he killed his schoolmate by pushing him into a frozen pond and stealing his watch as a memento.Michael is interviewed by police and Dr. Philpott, a local psychologist, and admits to helping murder Ellie. Philpott questions him about Miss Townsend, whom he presumes was paid to frighten Ellie, and then killed by Michael afterwards to prevent her from exposing the plot; Michael, however, insists Miss Townsend never existed. As they question him further, Michael suffers a nervous breakdown, haunted by images related to those he has killed.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hayley Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Mills"},{"link_name":"Hywel Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Britt Ekland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britt_Ekland"},{"link_name":"Per Oscarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Oscarsson"},{"link_name":"George Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sanders"},{"link_name":"David Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bauer_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Peter Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bowles"},{"link_name":"Patience Collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patience_Collier"},{"link_name":"Windsor Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Davies"},{"link_name":"Helen Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Horton"},{"link_name":"Lois Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_Richards"},{"link_name":"Ann Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Way"},{"link_name":"Leo Genn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Genn"}],"text":"Hayley Mills as Fenella 'Ellie' Thomsen\nHywel Bennett as Michael Rogers\nBritt Ekland as Greta\nPer Oscarsson as Santonix\nGeorge Sanders as Andrew Lippincott\nDavid Bauer as Uncle Frank\nPeter Bowles as Reuben Brown\nPatience Collier as Miss Townsend\nWindsor Davies as Sergeant Reene\nMischa de la Motte as Maynard\nHelen Horton as Aunt Beth\nLois Maxwell as Cora Walker-Brown\nAubrey Richards as Dr. Philpott\nAnn Way as Mrs. Philpott\nPaul Boross as Young Michael\nLeo Genn as Psychiatrist","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lion-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The novel was published in 1967. Christie later said she normally wrote her books in three to four months but Endless Night was done in six weeks.[3]Launder and Gilliat had spent two years working on a comedy about British divorce, Sex and the British. However, they had to shelve it when a change in British law meant the plot became obsolete. Instead, they decided to adapt the Agatha Christie novel, with Gilliat to direct and Launder to produce. Their aim was to write a cinematic script with a minimum of dialogue and a deliberate ambiguity of style \"in the sense you're never really sure what is being said is what is really meant or really being said.\"[4] The film was eventually produced by Gilliat's brother Leslie.The film was partly financed by money from the National Film Trustee Company.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grims-dyke-view.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Il_San_Pietro_di_Positano_(37421628245).jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Christie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"West Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country"},{"link_name":"Il San Pietro di Positano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_San_Pietro_di_Positano"},{"link_name":"Positano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positano"},{"link_name":"Grim's Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grim%27s_Dyke"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoormanDonohue1993146-7"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Grim's DykeEntrance of Il San Pietro di PositanoFilming took place in June 1971.[6] Shooting locations included Christie's Auction House in London, as well as the West Country and Il San Pietro di Positano, Positano, Italy. The estate of Mike and Ellie's neighbours, the Philpotts, was filmed at Grim's Dyke.Gilliat later said, \"I felt very rusty getting back on the set and I had a perfectly horrible time- funnily enough back at my very first studio.\"[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernard Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Herrmann"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002312-8"},{"link_name":"final cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_cut_privilege"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002312-8"},{"link_name":"theremin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin"},{"link_name":"Moog synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2002312-8"},{"link_name":"Shirley Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Jones"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Musical score","text":"The score was composed by American composer Bernard Herrmann.[8] Commenting on the experience, Herrmann recounted: \"I like to work on a film from the very beginning, but very few producers or directors think of that. They bring you in when the picture is near its final cut and they want you to do it within a very short time—always the least amount of time in which you can possibly do it. Endless Night is an exception...  Sidney Gilliat is a very experienced director who understands the problems, and he asked me to talk with him and consider what we should do musically at a very early stage.\"[8] Herrmann initially intended to implement a theremin in the score, but instead opted for a Moog synthesizer.[8] Ellie's singing in the film was dubbed by Shirley Jones.[citation needed]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaining199050-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The film received mixed reviews. Although reasonably faithful to the novel, it is \"An example of the sort of thing Christie was writing in her later years: moody psychological studies very different from, and not so much fun as, her early thrillers.\"[9] Contemporary critics have noted \"Nice performances all around, with special admiration for Oscarsson's role as the dying architect.\"[10] Another review said \"It's not a bad movie, with a decent story and cast, but lacks flair; Gilliat – who has a fine CV – had not directed for ten years and you can tell.\"[11]Christie was initially pleased with the involvement of Gilliat and the casting of the film. However, upon seeing the film, she \"was very disappointed... It got flatter and less interesting every minute.\"[12] Furthermore, she disliked the (admittedly brief) erotic nudity by Ekland in the film's final sequences.[13]The initial release in Britain was unsuccessful, and United Artists decided against releasing the film in the United States. However, the film was released in both Denmark and Finland in 1973.[14]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boorman, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boorman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85227-273-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-273-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-92723-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92723-0"}],"text":"Boorman, John; Donohue, Walter (1993). Projections: A Forum for Film-makers. New York City, New York: Faber and Faber.\nHaining, Peter (1990). Agatha Christie: Murder in Four Acts. London, England: Virgin Books. ISBN 1-85227-273-2.\nSmith, Steven C. (2002). A Heart at Fire's Center: The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92723-0.","title":"Sources"}]

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[{"title":"Grim's Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grim%27s_Dyke#Film_location"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linoleic_acid

Linoleic acid

["1 History","2 In physiology","2.1 Metabolism and eicosanoids","3 Uses and reactions","4 Dietary sources","4.1 Other occurrences","5 Health effects","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]

Polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid Not to be confused with linolenic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, lipoic acid, or linolelaidic acid. Linoleic acid Names Preferred IUPAC name (9Z,12Z)-Octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid Other names cis,cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic acidC18:2 (Lipid numbers) Identifiers CAS Number 60-33-3 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image 3DMet B00328 Beilstein Reference 1727101 ChEBI CHEBI:17351 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL267476 Y ChemSpider 4444105 Y DrugBank DB14104 ECHA InfoCard 100.000.428 EC Number 200-470-9 Gmelin Reference 57557 IUPHAR/BPS 1052 KEGG C01595 Y PubChem CID 5280450 UNII 9KJL21T0QJ Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID2025505 InChI InChI=1S/C18H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20/h6-7,9-10H,2-5,8,11-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20)/b7-6-,10-9- YKey: OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N YInChI=1/C18H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20/h6-7,9-10H,2-5,8,11-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20)/b7-6-,10-9-Key: OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNBX SMILES CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)O Properties Chemical formula C18H32O2 Molar mass 280.452 g·mol−1 Appearance Colorless oil Density 0.9 g/cm3 Melting point −12 °C (10 °F)−6.9 °C (19.6 °F)−5 °C (23 °F) Boiling point 229 °C (444 °F) at 16 mmHg230 °C (446 °F) at 21 mbar230 °C (446 °F) at 16 mmHg Solubility in water 0.139 mg/L Vapor pressure 16 Torr at 229 °C Acidity (pKa) 4.77 at 25°C Hazards NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 2 1 0 Flash point 112 °C (234 °F) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Linoleic acid (LA) is an organic compound with the formula HOOC(CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)4CH3. Both alkene groups (−CH=CH−) are cis. It is a fatty acid sometimes denoted 18:2 (n-6) or 18:2 cis-9,12. A linoleate is a salt or ester of this acid. Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated, omega-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid that is virtually insoluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents. It typically occurs in nature as a triglyceride (ester of glycerin) rather than as a free fatty acid. It is one of two essential fatty acids for humans, who must obtain it through their diet, and the most essential, because the body uses it as a base to make the others. The word "linoleic" derives from Latin linum 'flax', and oleum 'oil', reflecting the fact that it was first isolated from linseed oil. History In 1844, F. Sacc, working at the laboratory of Justus von Liebig, isolated linoleic acid from linseed oil. In 1886, K. Peters determined the existence of two double bonds. Its essential role in human diet was discovered by G. O. Burr and others in 1930. Its chemical structure was determined by T.P. Hilditch and others in 1939, and it was synthesized by R. A. Raphael and F. Sondheimer in 1950. In physiology Main articles: Fatty acid desaturase and Fatty acid synthesis The consumption of linoleic acid is vital to proper health, as it is an essential fatty acid. Metabolism and eicosanoids Linoleic acid (LA: C18H32O2; 18:2, ω-6) is a precursor to arachidonic acid (AA: C20H32O2; 20:4, ω-6) with elongation and unsaturation. AA is the precursor to some prostaglandins, leukotrienes (LTA, LTB, LTC), thromboxane (TXA) and the N-acylethanolamine (NAE) arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA: C22H37NO2; 20:4, ω-6), and other endocannabinoids and eicosanoids. The metabolism of LA to AA begins with the conversion of LA into gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), effected by Δ6-desaturase. GLA is converted to dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), the immediate precursor to AA. LA is also converted by various lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, cytochrome P450 enzymes (the CYP monooxygenases), and non-enzymatic autoxidation mechanisms to mono-hydroxyl products viz., 13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, and 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid; these two hydroxy metabolites are enzymatically oxidized to their keto metabolites, 13-oxo-octadecadienoic acid and 9-oxo-octadecdienoic acid. Certain cytochrome P450 enzymes, the CYP epoxygenases, catalyze oxidation of LA to epoxide products viz., its 12,13-epoxide, vernolic acid, and its 9,10-epoxide, coronaric acid. These linoleic acid products are implicated in human physiology and pathology. Hydroperoxides derived from the metabolism of anandamide (AEA: C22H37NO2; 20:4,n-6), or its linoleoyl analogues, are by a lipoxygenase action found to be competitive inhibitors of brain and immune cell FAAH, the enzyme that breaks down AEA and other endocannabinoids, and the compound linoleoyl-ethanol-amide (C20H37NO2; 18:2,n-6), an N-acylethanolamine, - the ethanolamide of linoleic acid (LA: C18H32O2; 18:2, n-6) and its metabolized incorporated ethanolamine (MEA: C2H7NO), is the first natural inhibitor of FAAH, discovered. Uses and reactions Linoleic acid is a component of quick-drying oils, which are useful in oil paints and varnishes. These applications exploit the lability of the doubly allylic C−H groups (−CH=CH−CH2−CH=CH−) toward oxygen in air (autoxidation). Addition of oxygen leads to crosslinking and formation of a stable film. Reduction of the carboxylic acid group of linoleic acid yields linoleyl alcohol. Linoleic acid is a surfactant with a critical micelle concentration of 1.5 x 10−4 M @ pH 7.5. Linoleic acid has become increasingly popular in the beauty products industry because of its beneficial properties on the skin. Research points to linoleic acid's anti-inflammatory, acne reductive, skin-lightening and moisture retentive properties when applied topically on the skin. Linoleic acid is also used in some bar of soap products. Dietary sources See also: Vegetable oil § Composition of fats It is abundant in safflower, and corn oil, and comprises over half their composition by weight. It is present in medium quantities in soybean oils, sesame, and almonds. Name % LA† ref. Salicornia oil 75% Safflower oil 72-78% Evening Primrose oil 65-80% Melon seed oil 70% Poppyseed oil 70% Grape seed oil 69.6% Prickly Pear seed oil 63% Artichoke oil 60% Hemp oil 54.3% Wheat germ oil 55% Cottonseed oil 54% Corn oil 51.9% Walnut oil 51% Soybean oil 50.9% Sesame oil 45% Pumpkin seed oil 42-59% Rice bran oil 39% Argan oil 37% Pistachio oil 32.7% Peach oil 29% Almonds 24% Canola oil 17.8% Sunflower oil 20.5% Chicken fat 18-23% Peanut oil 19.6% Egg yolk 16% Linseed oil (flax), cold pressed 14.2% Lard 10% Palm oil 10% Olive oil 8.4% Cocoa butter 3% Macadamia oil 2% Butter 2% Coconut oil 2%   †average val Other occurrences Cockroaches release oleic and linoleic acid upon death, which discourages other roaches from entering the area. This is similar to the mechanism found in ants and bees, which release oleic acid upon death. Health effects Consumption of linoleic acid has been associated with lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and premature death. There is high-quality evidence that increased intake of linoleic acid decreases total blood cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. The American Heart Association advises people to replace saturated fat with linoleic acid to reduce CVD risk. See also Conjugated linoleic acid Essential fatty acid interactions Essential nutrients Linolein References ^ a b c The Merck Index, 11th Edition, 5382 ^ a b c William M. Haynes (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 3–338. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3. ^ a b c d Record of CAS RN 60-33-3 in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information (2024). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5280450, Linoleic Acid. Retrieved January 20, 2024 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Linoleic-Acid. ^ "Fatty Acids". Cyber Lipid. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2017. ^ Mattes, Richard D. (2009). 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External links Linoleic acid MS Spectrum Fatty Acids: Methylene-Interrupted Double Bonds, AOCS Lipid Library vteLipids: fatty acidsSaturated Propionic (C3) Butyric (C4) Valeric (C5) Caproic (C6) Enanthic (C7) Caprylic (C8) Pelargonic (C9) Capric (C10) Undecylic (C11) Lauric (C12) Tridecylic (C13) Myristic (C14) Pentadecylic (C15) Palmitic (C16) Margaric (C17) Stearic (C18) Nonadecylic (C19) Arachidic (C20) Heneicosylic (C21) Behenic (C22) Tricosylic (C23) Lignoceric (C24) Pentacosylic (C25) Cerotic (C26) Carboceric (C27) Montanic (C28) Nonacosylic (C29) Melissic (C30) Hentriacontylic (C31) Lacceroic (C32) Psyllic (C33) Geddic (C34) Ceroplastic (C35) Hexatriacontylic (C36) Heptatriacontanoic (C37) Octatriacontanoic (C38) Nonatriacontanoic (C39) Tetracontanoic (C40) ω−3 Unsaturated Octenoic (8:1) Decenoic (10:1) Decadienoic (10:2) Lauroleic (12:1) Laurolinoleic (12:2) Myristovaccenic (14:1) Myristolinoleic (14:2) Myristolinolenic (14:3) Palmitolinolenic (16:3) Palmitidonic (16:4) α-Linolenic (18:3) Stearidonic (18:4) α-Parinaric (18:4) Dihomo-α-linolenic (20:3) Eicosatetraenoic (20:4) Eicosapentaenoic (20:5) Clupanodonic (22:5) Docosahexaenoic (22:6) 9,12,15,18,21-Tetracosapentaenoic (24:5) 6,9,12,15,18,21-Tetracosahexaenoic (24:6) ω−5 Unsaturated Myristoleic (14:1) Palmitovaccenic (16:1) α-Eleostearic (18:3) β-Eleostearic (trans-18:3) Punicic (18:3) 7,10,13-Octadecatrienoic (18:3) 9,12,15-Eicosatrienoic (20:3) β-Eicosatetraenoic (20:4) ω−6 Unsaturated 8-Tetradecenoic (14:1) 12-Octadecenoic (18:1) Linoleic (18:2) Linolelaidic (trans-18:2) γ-Linolenic (18:3) Calendic (18:3) Pinolenic (18:3) Dihomo-linoleic (20:2) Dihomo-γ-linolenic (20:3) Sciadonic (20:3) Arachidonic (20:4) Adrenic (22:4) Osbond (22:5) ω−7 Unsaturated Palmitoleic (16:1) Vaccenic (18:1) Rumenic (18:2) Paullinic (20:1) 7,10,13-Eicosatrienoic (20:3) ω−9 Unsaturated Oleic (18:1) Elaidic (trans-18:1) Gondoic (20:1) Erucic (22:1) Nervonic (24:1) 8,11-Eicosadienoic (20:2) Mead (20:3) ω−10 Unsaturated Sapienic (16:1) ω−11 Unsaturated Gadoleic (20:1) ω−12 Unsaturated 4-Hexadecenoic (16:1) Petroselinic (18:1) 8-Eicosenoic (20:1) vtePalm oilOil palms Attalea A. maripa A. speciosa Elaeis E. guineesis E. oleifera Diseases andpests Bagworm moth Basal stem rot (Ganoderma orbiforme) Cadang-cadang disease Little leaf syndrome Oryctes rhinoceros Rhynchophorus palmarum Oil palm bunch moth Tirathaba mundella Tirathaba rufivena Red ring disease (Bursaphelenchus cocophilus) Components Mesocarp Palm kernel lauric acid oil Palm oil linoleic acid myristic acid oleic acid palmitic acid stearic acid stearin Processes Biodiesel production Fat hydrogenation Fractionation Hydrolysis Milling Saponification Transesterification Products Biodiesel by region Neste Bioplastics Cellulosic ethanol Girl Scout Cookies Oleochemicals Vegetable oil cooking fuel OrganisationsProducers Bumitama Agri Cargill Carson Cumberbatch Equatorial Palm Oil Feronia Inc. FGV Holdings IOI Group Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad Sime Darby TH Plantations Wilmar International Buyers / processors AAK GreenPalm Neste Unilever Governmental /non-governmental FELCRA Berhad Federal Land Development Authority Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange Malaysia Derivatives Exchange Malaysian Palm Oil Board Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil Policies, impactsand debates Biofuel policy of Malaysia Certified sustainable palm oil Deforestation by continent Southeast Asian haze Environmental impact of biodiesel Food vs. fuel Issues relating to biofuels Social and environmental impact of palm oil Vegetable oils as alternative energy By country Colombia Indonesia Malaysia Category by country vteProstanoid signaling modulatorsReceptor(ligands)DP (D2)Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptorDP1Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 Agonists: Prostaglandin D2 Treprostinil Antagonists: Asapiprant Laropiprant Vidupiprant DP2Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 Agonists: Indometacin Prostaglandin D2 Antagonists: ADC-3680 AZD-1981 Bay U3405 Fevipiprant MK-1029 MK-7246 QAV-680 Ramatroban Setipiprant Timapiprant TM30089 Vidupiprant EP (E2)Tooltip Prostaglandin E2 receptorEP1Tooltip Prostaglandin EP1 receptor Agonists: Beraprost Enprostil Iloprost (ciloprost) Latanoprost Lubiprostone Misoprostol Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil) Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone) Sulprostone Antagonists: AH-6809 ONO-8130 SC-19220 SC-51089 SC-51322 EP2Tooltip Prostaglandin EP2 receptor Agonists: Butaprost Misoprostol Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil) Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone) Treprostinil Antagonists: AH-6809 PF-04418948 TG 4-155 EP3Tooltip Prostaglandin EP3 receptor Agonists: Beraprost Carbacyclin Cicaprost Enprostil Iloprost (ciloprost) Isocarbacyclin Latanoprost Misoprostol Prostaglandin D2 Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil) Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone) Remiprostol Ricinoleic acid Sulprostone Antagonists: L-798106 EP4Tooltip Prostaglandin EP4 receptor Agonists: Lubiprostone Misoprostol Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil) Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone) TCS-2510 Antagonists: Grapiprant GW-627368 L-161982 ONO-AE3-208 Unsorted Agonists: 16,16-Dimethyl Prostaglandin E2 Aganepag Carboprost Evatanepag Gemeprost Nocloprost Omidenepag Prostaglandin F2α (dinoprost) Simenepag Taprenepag FP (F2α)Tooltip Prostaglandin F receptor Agonists: Alfaprostol Bimatoprost Carboprost Cloprostenol Enprostil Fluprostenol Latanoprost Prostaglandin D2 Prostaglandin F2α (dinoprost) Sulotroban Tafluprost Travoprost Unoprostone IP (I2)Tooltip Prostacyclin receptor Agonists: ACT-333679 AFP-07 Beraprost BMY-45778 Carbacyclin Cicaprost Iloprost (ciloprost) Isocarbacyclin MRE-269 NS-304 Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, epoprostenol) Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil) Ralinepag Selexipag Taprostene TRA-418 Treprostinil Antagonists: RO1138452 TP (TXA2)Tooltip Thromboxane receptor Agonists: Carbocyclic thromboxane A2 I-BOP Thromboxane A2 U-46619 Vapiprost Antagonists: 12-HETE 13-APA AA-2414 Argatroban Bay U3405 BMS-180,291 Daltroban Domitroban EP-045 GR-32191 ICI-185282 ICI-192605 Ifetroban Imitrodast L-655240 L-670596 Linotroban Mipitroban ONO-3708 ONO-11120 Picotamide Pinane thromboxane A2 Ramatroban Ridogrel S-145 Samixogrel Seratrodast SQ-28,668 SQ-29,548 Sulotroban Terbogrel Terutroban TRA-418 Unsorted Arbaprostil Ataprost Ciprostene Clinprost Cobiprostone Delprostenate Deprostil Dimoxaprost Doxaprost Ecraprost Eganoprost Enisoprost Eptaloprost Esuberaprost Etiproston Fenprostalene Flunoprost Froxiprost Lanproston Limaprost Luprostiol Meteneprost Mexiprostil Naxaprostene Nileprost Nocloprost Ornoprostil Oxoprostol Penprostene Pimilprost Piriprost Posaraprost Prostalene Rioprostil Rivenprost Rosaprostol Spiriprostil Tiaprost Tilsuprost Tiprostanide Trimoprostil Viprostol Enzyme(inhibitors)COX(PTGS) Salicylic acids: Aloxiprin Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) Benorilate (benorylate) Carbasalate calcium Diflunisal Dipyrocetyl Ethenzamide Guacetisal Magnesium salicylate Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) Methyl salicylate Salacetamide Salicin Salicylamide Salicylate (salicylic acid) Salsalate Sodium salicylate Triflusal; Acetic acids: Aceclofenac Acemetacin Aclofenac Amfenac Alclofenac Bendazac Bromfenac Bufexamac Bumadizone Cinmetacin Clometacin Diclofenac Difenpiramide Etodolac Felbinac Fenclofenac Fentiazac Glucametacin Indometacin (indomethacin) Indometacin farnesil Ketorolac Lonazolac Mofezolac Nabumetone Oxametacin Oxindanac Proglumetacin Sulindac Sulindac sulfide Tolmetin Zidometacin Zomepirac; Propionic acids: Alminoprofen Benoxaprofen Bucloxic acid (blucloxate) Butibufen Carprofen Dexibuprofen Dexindoprofen Dexketoprofen Fenbufen Fenoprofen Flunoxaprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen Ibuproxam Indoprofen Ketoprofen Loxoprofen Miroprofen Naproxen Naproxcinod Oxaprozin Pirprofen Pranoprofen Suprofen Tarenflurbil Tepoxalin Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate) Vedaprofen; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): Etofenamic acid (etofenamate) Floctafenic acid (floctafenate) Flufenamic acid (flufenamate) Meclofenamic acid (meclofenamate) Mefenamic acid (mefenamate) Morniflumic acid (morniflumate) Niflumic acid (niflumate) Talinflumic acid (talinflumate) Tolfenamic acid (tolfenamate); Pyrazolones: Azapropazone Dipyrone Isopyrin Oxyphenbutazone Phenylbutazone; Enolic acids (oxicams): Ampiroxicam Droxicam Enolicam Isoxicam Lornoxicam Meloxicam Piroxicam Tenoxicam; 4-Aminoquinolines: Antrafenine Floctafenine Glafenine; Quinazolines: Fluproquazone Proquazone; Aminonicotinic acids: Clonixeril Clonixin Flunixin; Sulfonanilides: Flosulide Nimesulide; Aminophenols (anilines): Acetanilide AM-404 (N-arachidonoylaminophenol) Bucetin Paracetamol (acetaminophen) Parapropamol Phenacetin Propacetamol; Selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs): Apricoxib Celecoxib Cimicoxib Deracoxib Etoricoxib Firocoxib Lumiracoxib Mavacoxib Parecoxib Polmacoxib Robenacoxib Rofecoxib Tilmacoxib Valdecoxib; Others/unsorted: Anitrazafen Clobuzarit Curcumin DuP-697 FK-3311 Flumizole FR-122047 Glimepiride Hyperforin Itazigrel L-655240 L-670596 Licofelone Menatetrenone (vitamin K2) NCX-466 NCX-4040 NS-398 Pamicogrel Resveratrol Romazarit Rosmarinic acid Rutecarpine Satigrel SC-236 SC-560 SC-58125 Tenidap Tiflamizole Timegadine Trifenagrel Tropesin PGD2STooltip Prostaglandin D synthase Retinoids Selenium (selenium tetrachloride, sodium selenite, selenium disulfide) PGESTooltip Prostaglandin E synthaseHQL-79PGFSTooltip Prostaglandin F synthaseBimatoprostPGI2STooltip Prostacyclin synthaseTranylcypromineTXASTooltip Thromboxane A synthase Camonagrel Dazmegrel Dazoxiben Furegrelate Isbogrel Midazogrel Nafagrel Nicogrelate Ozagrel Picotamide Pirmagrel Ridogrel Rolafagrel Samixogrel Terbogrel U63557A Others Precursors: Linoleic acid γ-Linolenic acid (gamolenic acid) Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid Diacylglycerol Arachidonic acid Prostaglandin G2 Prostaglandin H2 See also Receptor/signaling modulators Leukotriene signaling modulators vteLeukotriene signaling modulatorsReceptor(ligands)BLTTooltip Leukotriene B4 receptorBLT1Tooltip Leukotriene B4 receptor 1 Agonists: 12-HETE 20-Hydroxy-LTB4 Leukotriene B4 LY-255283 Antagonists: 20-Carboxy-LTB4 Amelubant CGS-23131 (LY-223982) CGS-25019C CP-105696 CP-195543 Etalocib LY-293111 Moxilubant ONO-4057 RG-14893 RP-69698 SB-209247 SC-53228 Ticolubant U-75302 ZK-158252 BLT2Tooltip Leukotriene B4 receptor 2 Agonists: 12-HETE 12-HHT 12-HpETE 15-HETE 15-HpETE 20-Hydroxy-LTB4 Leukotriene B4 Antagonists: CP-195543 LY-255283 ZK-158252 CysLTTooltip Cysteinyl leukotriene receptorCysLT1Tooltip Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 Agonists: Leukotriene C4 Leukotriene D4 Leukotriene E4 Antagonists: Ablukast BAYu9773 BAYu9916 BAYx7195 Cinalukast FPL-55712 ICI-198615 Iralukast LY-170680 Masilukast MK-571 Montelukast ONO-1078 Pobilukast Pranlukast Ritolukast SKF-104353 SR-2640 Sulukast Tipelukast Tomelukast Verlukast Zafirlukast ZD-3523 CysLT2Tooltip Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 Agonists: Leukotriene C4 Leukotriene D4 Leukotriene E4 Antagonists: BAYu9773 BAYu9916 CysLTETooltip Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor E Agonists: Leukotriene E4 Enzyme(inhibitors)5-LOXTooltip Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase 2-TEDC Baicalein BW-A4C BW-B70C Caffeic acid CDC CJ-13610 Curcumin Fenleuton Hyperforin Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) Meclofenamic acid (meclofenamate) Minocycline N-Stearoyldopamine Timegadine Zileuton FLAPTooltip Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitors: AM-103 AM-679 BAYx1005 MK-591 MK-886 12-LOXTooltip Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase 2-TEDC 3-Methoxytropolone Baicalein CDC 15-LOXTooltip Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase 2-TEDC CDC Luteolin PD-146176 LTA4HTooltip Leukotriene A4 hydrolase Acebilustat Captopril DG-051 Fosinoprilat JNJ-26993135 SA-6541 SC-57461A Ubenimex (bestatin) LTB4HTooltip Leukotriene B4 ω-hydroxylase 17-Octadecynoic acid LTC4STooltip Leukotriene C4 synthase Azelastine MK-886 LTC4HTooltip Leukotriene C4 hydrolase Acivicin Serine-borate complex LTD4Tooltip Leukotriene D4 hydrolase Cilastatin Ubenimex (bestatin) Others Precursors: Linoleic acid γ-Linolenic acid (gamolenic acid) Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid Diacylglycerol Arachidonic acid 5-HPETE (arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide) Leukotriene A4 See also Receptor/signaling modulators Prostanoid signaling modulators Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linolenic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linolenic_acid"},{"link_name":"alpha-linolenic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid"},{"link_name":"lipoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoic_acid"},{"link_name":"linolelaidic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linolelaidic_acid"},{"link_name":"organic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"alkene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkene"},{"link_name":"cis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-trans_isomerism"},{"link_name":"fatty acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"ester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"polyunsaturated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"omega-6 fatty acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"insoluble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insoluble"},{"link_name":"organic solvents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solvent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crc97-2"},{"link_name":"triglyceride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride"},{"link_name":"glycerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol"},{"link_name":"free fatty acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Is_there_a_fatty_acid_taste-6"},{"link_name":"essential fatty acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"flax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax"},{"link_name":"linseed oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseed_oil"}],"text":"Not to be confused with linolenic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, lipoic acid, or linolelaidic acid.Chemical compoundLinoleic acid (LA) is an organic compound with the formula HOOC(CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)4CH3. Both alkene groups (−CH=CH−) are cis. It is a fatty acid sometimes denoted 18:2 (n-6) or 18:2 cis-9,12. A linoleate is a salt or ester of this acid.[5]Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated, omega-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid that is virtually insoluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents.[2] It typically occurs in nature as a triglyceride (ester of glycerin) rather than as a free fatty acid.[6] It is one of two essential fatty acids for humans, who must obtain it through their diet,[7] and the most essential, because the body uses it as a base to make the others.The word \"linoleic\" derives from Latin linum 'flax', and oleum 'oil', reflecting the fact that it was first isolated from linseed oil.","title":"Linoleic acid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F. Sacc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._Sacc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Justus von Liebig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sacc1844-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sacc1845-9"},{"link_name":"K. Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Peters&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mona1887-10"},{"link_name":"G. O. Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._O._Burr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burr1930-11"},{"link_name":"T.P. Hilditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.P._Hilditch"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raph1950-12"}],"text":"In 1844, F. Sacc, working at the laboratory of Justus von Liebig, isolated linoleic acid from linseed oil.[8][9] In 1886, K. Peters determined the existence of two double bonds.[10] Its essential role in human diet was discovered by G. O. Burr and others in 1930.[11] Its chemical structure was determined by T.P. Hilditch and others in 1939, and it was synthesized by R. A. Raphael and F. Sondheimer in 1950.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whelan_&_Fritsche-13"}],"text":"The consumption of linoleic acid is vital to proper health, as it is an essential fatty acid.[13]","title":"In physiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bond"},{"link_name":"ω-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"arachidonic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonic_acid"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bond"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whelan_&_Fritsche-13"},{"link_name":"prostaglandins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"leukotrienes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukotriene"},{"link_name":"thromboxane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxane"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"N-acylethanolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acylethanolamine"},{"link_name":"arachidonoylethanolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide"},{"link_name":"NO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_functions_of_nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"ω-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"endocannabinoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system"},{"link_name":"eicosanoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosanoid"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"gamma-linolenic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Linolenic_acid"},{"link_name":"Δ6-desaturase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_desaturase"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-David_F._Horrobin_1993-18"},{"link_name":"dihomo-γ-linolenic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihomo-%CE%B3-linolenic_acid"},{"link_name":"lipoxygenases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoxygenase"},{"link_name":"cyclooxygenases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclooxygenase"},{"link_name":"cytochrome P450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450"},{"link_name":"monooxygenases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"autoxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoxidation"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxy_group"},{"link_name":"13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid"},{"link_name":"9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid"},{"link_name":"epoxygenases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxygenase"},{"link_name":"vernolic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernolic_acid"},{"link_name":"coronaric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronaric_acid"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hydroperoxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroperoxide"},{"link_name":"anandamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide"},{"link_name":"NO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_functions_of_nitric_oxide"},{"link_name":"linoleoyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linoleyl_alcohol"},{"link_name":"lipoxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoxygenase"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"immune cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell"},{"link_name":"FAAH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_amide_hydrolase"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"N-acylethanolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Acylethanolamine"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"ethanolamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolamide"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bond"},{"link_name":"n-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"ethanolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolamine"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Metabolism and eicosanoids","text":"Linoleic acid (LA: C18H32O2; 18:2, ω-6) is a precursor to arachidonic acid (AA: C20H32O2; 20:4, ω-6) with elongation and unsaturation.[13] AA is the precursor to some prostaglandins,[14] leukotrienes (LTA, LTB, LTC), thromboxane (TXA)[15] and the N-acylethanolamine (NAE) arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA: C22H37NO2; 20:4, ω-6),[16] and other endocannabinoids and eicosanoids.[17]The metabolism of LA to AA begins with the conversion of LA into gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), effected by Δ6-desaturase.[18] GLA is converted to dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA), the immediate precursor to AA.LA is also converted by various lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, cytochrome P450 enzymes (the CYP monooxygenases), and non-enzymatic autoxidation mechanisms to mono-hydroxyl products viz., 13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, and 9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid; these two hydroxy metabolites are enzymatically oxidized to their keto metabolites, 13-oxo-octadecadienoic acid and 9-oxo-octadecdienoic acid. Certain cytochrome P450 enzymes, the CYP epoxygenases, catalyze oxidation of LA to epoxide products viz., its 12,13-epoxide, vernolic acid, and its 9,10-epoxide, coronaric acid. These linoleic acid products are implicated in human physiology and pathology.[19]Hydroperoxides derived from the metabolism of anandamide (AEA: C22H37NO2; 20:4,n-6), or its linoleoyl analogues, are by a lipoxygenase action found to be competitive inhibitors of brain and immune cell FAAH, the enzyme that breaks down AEA and other endocannabinoids, and the compound linoleoyl-ethanol-amide (C20H37NO2; 18:2,n-6), an N-acylethanolamine,[clarification needed] - the ethanolamide of linoleic acid (LA: C18H32O2; 18:2, n-6) and its metabolized incorporated ethanolamine (MEA: C2H7NO),[20] is the first natural inhibitor of FAAH, discovered.[21][22]","title":"In physiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drying oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drying_oil"},{"link_name":"oil paints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint"},{"link_name":"varnishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish"},{"link_name":"allylic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylic"},{"link_name":"autoxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoxidation"},{"link_name":"crosslinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-link"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"linoleyl alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linoleyl_alcohol"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"surfactant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"bar of soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap"}],"text":"Linoleic acid is a component of quick-drying oils, which are useful in oil paints and varnishes. These applications exploit the lability of the doubly allylic C−H groups (−CH=CH−CH2−CH=CH−) toward oxygen in air (autoxidation). Addition of oxygen leads to crosslinking and formation of a stable film.[23]Reduction of the carboxylic acid group of linoleic acid yields linoleyl alcohol.[24]Linoleic acid is a surfactant with a critical micelle concentration of 1.5 x 10−4 M @ pH 7.5.[citation needed]Linoleic acid has become increasingly popular in the beauty products industry because of its beneficial properties on the skin. Research points to linoleic acid's anti-inflammatory, acne reductive, skin-lightening and moisture retentive properties when applied topically on the skin.[25][26][27][28]Linoleic acid is also used in some bar of soap products.","title":"Uses and reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vegetable oil § Composition of fats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil#Composition_of_fats"},{"link_name":"safflower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safflower"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_oil"},{"link_name":"soybean oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean_oil"},{"link_name":"sesame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame"},{"link_name":"almonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almonds"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDA-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"See also: Vegetable oil § Composition of fatsIt is abundant in safflower, and corn oil, and comprises over half their composition by weight. It is present in medium quantities in soybean oils, sesame, and almonds.[29][30]","title":"Dietary sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cockroaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockroach"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-44"}],"sub_title":"Other occurrences","text":"Cockroaches release oleic and linoleic acid upon death, which discourages other roaches from entering the area. This is similar to the mechanism found in ants and bees, which release oleic acid upon death.[44]","title":"Dietary sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardiovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"low-density lipoprotein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"American Heart Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Association"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Consumption of linoleic acid has been associated with lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and premature death.[45][46][47] There is high-quality evidence that increased intake of linoleic acid decreases total blood cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein.[48]The American Heart Association advises people to replace saturated fat with linoleic acid to reduce CVD risk.[49]","title":"Health effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Compound Summary: Linoleic acid\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/linoleic_acid"}],"text":"\"Compound Summary: Linoleic acid\". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Conjugated linoleic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_linoleic_acid"},{"title":"Essential fatty acid interactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid_interactions"},{"title":"Essential nutrients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_nutrient"},{"title":"Linolein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linolein"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Austin

University of Austin

["1 History","2 Mission","3 Academics","4 Reception","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 30°17′06″N 97°44′43″W / 30.2850°N 97.7453°W / 30.2850; -97.7453Private liberal arts university in Austin, Texas For the public university, see University of Texas at Austin. University of AustinMottoDare to ThinkTypePrivate liberal arts collegeEstablishedNovember 8, 2021; 2 years ago (2021-11-08)FoundersJoe Lonsdale Pano KanelosNiall FergusonReligious affiliationNonsectarianEndowment$200 million (2023)PresidentPano KanelosProvostJacob HowlandAcademic staff23Students0LocationAustin, Texas, 78701, U.S.30°17′06″N 97°44′43″W / 30.2850°N 97.7453°W / 30.2850; -97.7453Websiteuaustin.org The Scarborough Building in Austin, the current home of UATX The University of Austin (UATX) is a private nonsectarian liberal arts university located in Austin, Texas. In October 2023, the university received a two-year certification to operate as a degree-granting institution from the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. The university has established a campus in downtown Austin's Scarbrough Building, and is scheduled to enroll its first undergraduate cohort in the fall of 2024. The University of Austin plans to be accredited between 2028 and 2031. Students are not eligible for federal financial aid. The initial faculty and students are expected to be mostly those holding conservative and libertarian views. History The proposal for a University of Austin was first publicized on November 8, 2021 in an article by founding president Pano Kanelos, formerly the president of St. John's College, in journalist Bari Weiss's Substack newsletter Common Sense (now The Free Press). Founding faculty fellows included Peter Boghossian, Ayaan Hirsi Ali (Hoover Institution), and Kathleen Stock. Other founders include former Harvard President Lawrence Summers, former ACLU President Nadine Strossen, and former president of the American Enterprise Institute Arthur Brooks. UATX reported that they were seeking accreditation through the Higher Learning Commission, an accreditor recognized by the United States Department of Education and authorized by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. In November 2021, the university's website listed Robert Zimmer, Larry Summers, John Nunes, Gordon Gee, Steven Pinker, Deirdre McCloskey, Leon Kass, Jonathan Haidt, Glenn Loury, Joshua Katz, Vickie Sullivan, Geoffrey Stone, Bill McClay, and Tyler Cowen as being affiliated with the university. Writing in The Week that month, Samuel Goldman observed that no prominent members of the board of advisors had yet resigned their academic appointments to join the University of Austin faculty, suggesting that their "lack of personal commitment casts doubt on the value of their support." Kathleen Stock clarified that her role was not full-time, and that she would not move to Austin. Harvard University professor Steven Pinker said that although he was part of the advisory board, he had no plans to teach there; he later resigned from the board. West Virginia University president Gordon Gee said "Serving in an advisory capacity does not mean I believe or agree with everything that other advisers may share. I do not agree other universities are no longer seeking the truth nor do I feel that higher education is irreparably broken." On November 11, 2021, Robert Zimmer announced his resignation from the university board, saying that UATX had made statements about higher education that "diverged very significantly from my own views". UATX put out a statement on Steven Pinker's resignation from the board, and apologized for creating "unnecessary complications" for Pinker and Zimmer due to UATX not initially clarifying what their advisory roles entailed on the venture's website. On June 9, 2022, the University of Austin was taking applications for its "Forbidden Courses" program with two-week-long sessions in the old (pre-1954) Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Texas. Despite the name of the university, UATX first offered classes in Dallas, Texas and not Austin. Conservative philanthropist Harlan Crow provided office space in Dallas for UATX. Crow is a major donor to the university. On July 6, 2022, the school announced that Richard Dawkins had joined its advisory board. In December 2022, board member Heather Heying resigned stating that the school was not adequately invested in scientific inquiry and "does not represent my scientific and pedagogical values." In October 2023, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board gave the university certification to award degrees. The school lacked accreditation at that time. The two-year certification to grant degrees can be extended for up to eight years, by which time it must achieve accreditation to continue. In November 2023, the university began accepting applications for its first four-year undergraduate cohort enrolling in Fall 2024, and established a campus in Austin's Scarbrough Building. The entire class of 100 students would receive full four-year scholarships, paid from private donations the university had raised. As of November 2023, the university had raised $200 million from 2,600 donors. As of November 2023, UATX said it had received over 6,000 inquiries from potential faculty. In June 2024, the University of Austin announced a $5 million bitcoin endowment with cryptocurrency platform Unchained. Mission The proposal for a University of Austin was described by Gabriella Swerling in The Daily Telegraph as "anti-cancel culture" and by Alex Shephard in The New Republic as "anti-woke". Academics UATX plans to be a selective institution and use standardized testing. It will not to use race, gender, or class in their admissions decisions, stating this is because the school "stands firmly against that sort of discrimination".The school does not plan on establishing traditional majors. According to President Kanelos, the undergraduate program at will start with two years of general education requirements that include classes in philosophy, history and literature and students will take courses in the same sequence. Students will become fellows in particular areas of study during their third and fourth year. Jacob Howling is the Provost. Reception The initial announcement of the project received some positive reception, including praise from Law & Liberty for ushering in "a new era in educational reform," and applause from The New Criterion for its efforts to "keep that old flame of free inquiry alive." New York Times opinion columnist Ross Douthat saw the launch of a new university as a positive development, pointing out how few major universities have been established since the nineteenth century, but acknowledged how expensive doing so would be. He also saw conflicting forces in the project, including the "tension between the desire to promote great academic seriousness and the culture-war flag-waving that might be necessary to rally donor support". The project also garnered criticism. Initial responses to the project included criticism of the lack of a plan to achieve the project's goals. The New York Times journalist Anemona Hartocollis questioned whether the founders would be able to "translate a provocative idea into a viable institution" while The New Republic's Alex Shephard described the plan as "largely half baked". Jennifer Wunder, a professor at Georgia Gwinnett College who participated in the process of obtaining her institution's initial accreditation, considered the proposed timeline to establish accredited graduate and undergraduate programs to be nearly impossible to meet. On Twitter, Weiss's former colleague Nikole Hannah-Jones, along with others, drew comparisons with Trump University. Writing in The Washington Post, political scientist and journalist Daniel W. Drezner called comparisons between UATX and Trump University "unkind and untrue". John Warner at Inside Higher Ed said "I think it is unfair to call it a scam or grift, because I have high confidence that the intentions behind the project are sincere." In February 2024, in New Republic article titled, "Austin’s Anti-Woke University Is Living in Dreamland," Morgan O'Hanlon, voiced skepticism about the UATX, which would be competing with more established schools promoting an anti-woke agenda, including the University of Texas and its Civitas Institute. References ^ a b c d e f g McGee, Kate (November 8, 2023). "With $200 million and state approval, University of Austin is ready to start accepting applicants". The Texas Tribune. ^ McGee, Kate (November 9, 2021). "The new University of Austin hopes to counter what its founders say is a culture of censorship at most colleges". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. ^ a b c d Reimann, Nicholas (November 8, 2021). "Here's What We Know About The University of Austin - The Self-Proclaimed Anti-Censorship Institution". Forbes. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. ^ "UATX | FAQs". www.uaustin.org. Retrieved June 9, 2024. ^ "College Navigator". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved February 19, 2024. ^ "Scholarhips and Tuition: Need-Based Financial Aid". University of Austin. Retrieved February 19, 2024. ^ "Austin's Anti-Woke University Is Living in Dreamland". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved June 9, 2024. ^ a b McHale, Patrick (November 8, 2021). "Higher-Education Critics Launch University of Austin". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. ^ a b c Menchaca, Megan (November 8, 2021). "Coming soon: The University of Austin, focused on 'the intrepid pursuit of truth'". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. ^ a b c Kelleher, Patrick (November 8, 2021). "Kathleen Stock helps launch new so-called university with 'forbidden courses' but no actual degrees". Pink News. ^ a b Swerling, Gabriella (November 8, 2021). "Kathleen Stock takes job at anti-cancel culture university that welcomes 'thought criminals'". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. ^ Jones, Sarah (November 8, 2021). "Who's Afraid of Higher Education?". Intelligencer. New York Magazine. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. ^ Olivares, Valeria (November 9, 2021). "University of Austin launched by college critics in response to a culture of 'censorship'". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ Wong, Julia Carrie (November 17, 2021). "The new anti-woke academics say the universities are 'broken'. But they aren't giving up their tenured day jobs". The Guardian. ^ a b Goldman, Samuel (November 9, 2021). "The University of Austin has a good hook. Now for the hard part". The Week. Retrieved November 9, 2021. ^ a b Hartocollis, Anemona (November 9, 2021). "They Say Colleges Are Censorious. So They Are Starting a New One". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ a b c Drezner, Daniel W. (November 10, 2021). "Perspective | What is the University of Austin's purpose?". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ "Statement from Chancellor Robert J. Zimmer on his role for the University of Austin". University of Chicago News. November 15, 2021. ^ "UATX Statement about Robert Zimmer and Steven Pinker". November 15, 2021. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2021. ^ "Fledgling University of Austin to start 'Forbidden Courses' this month". June 9, 2022. ^ Rawlings, Noah (February 19, 2024). "An American Education: Notes from UATX". The New Inquiry. Retrieved May 4, 2024. ^ "Renowned evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins joins UATX — UATX". July 6, 2022. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2023. ^ Heying, Heather (December 6, 2022). "On resigning from the Board of the University of Austin". Natural Selections. Heather Heying. Retrieved June 11, 2024. ^ "Quarterly Board Agenda". Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. October 2023. p. 120. Retrieved May 14, 2024. ^ Hagan, Shelly (June 3, 2024). "Bari Weiss' University Is Creating a Bitcoin Fund for Endowment". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved June 9, 2024. ^ a b Shephard, Alex (November 8, 2021). "Do We Really Need an Anti-Woke University?". The New Republic. Retrieved November 9, 2021. ^ McGee, By Kate (November 8, 2023). "With $200 million and state approval, University of Austin is ready to start accepting applicants". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved June 10, 2024. ^ Vedder, Richard K. (May 19, 2023). "A Collegiate Renaissance?". James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal. Retrieved January 27, 2024. ^ Mendenhall, Allen (November 12, 2021). "Time for a New University?". Law&Liberty. Retrieved November 8, 2023. ^ n.a. (December 2021). "The new order: On the University of Austin". The New Criterion. 42 (3). ^ Douthat, Ross (November 10, 2021). "Opinion | Why We Need New Colleges". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ a b Warner, John (November 9, 2021). "What the University of Austin Gets Right | Inside Higher Ed". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ Ellefson, Lindsey (November 8, 2021). "Bari Weiss and Andrew Sullivan's New University of Austin Is Already Getting Trump University Comparisons". TheWrap. Retrieved November 9, 2021. ^ Griffing, Alex (November 8, 2021). "Bari Weiss Announces University Dedicated Pursuing 'Truth'". Mediaite. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ Friel, Katie (November 8, 2021). "Brand-new 'University of Austin' launches, immediately mocked on Twitter". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved November 11, 2021. ^ O'Hanlon, Morgan (February 16, 2024). "Austin's Anti-Woke University Is Living in Dreamland". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved June 9, 2024.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Further reading Kanelos, Pano (November 8, 2021). "We Can't Wait for Universities to Fix Themselves. So We're Starting a New One". Common Sense with Bari Weiss. Niall Ferguson: "I’m Helping to Start a New College Because Higher Ed Is Broken", The Washington Post, Nov. 8, 2021 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to University of Austin. Official website The Constitution of the University of Austin ^ Ferguson, Niall. "The Constitution of Academic Liberty". National Affairs. American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved June 16, 2024. ^ "The Constitution of the University of Austin" (PDF). Retrieved June 12, 2024.

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[7]","title":"University of Austin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. John's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)"},{"link_name":"Bari Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari_Weiss"},{"link_name":"Substack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substack"},{"link_name":"newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsletter"},{"link_name":"Common Sense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Press_(media_company)"},{"link_name":"The Free Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Press_(media_company)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mchaleBloomberg-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statesman-9"},{"link_name":"fellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"Peter Boghossian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Boghossian"},{"link_name":"Ayaan Hirsi 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Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarbrough_Building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXTrib-2023-11-08-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Austin&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXTrib-2023-11-08-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Austin&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXTrib-2023-11-08-1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The proposal for a University of Austin was first publicized on November 8, 2021 in an article by founding president Pano Kanelos, formerly the president of St. John's College, in journalist Bari Weiss's Substack newsletter Common Sense (now The Free Press).[8][9]Founding faculty fellows included Peter Boghossian, Ayaan Hirsi Ali (Hoover Institution), and Kathleen Stock.[10] Other founders include former Harvard President Lawrence Summers, former ACLU President Nadine Strossen, and former president of the American Enterprise Institute Arthur Brooks.[9] UATX reported that they were seeking accreditation[3][8][10][11][12] through the Higher Learning Commission, an accreditor recognized by the United States Department of Education and authorized by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board.[13]In November 2021, the university's website listed Robert Zimmer, Larry Summers, John Nunes, Gordon Gee, Steven Pinker, Deirdre McCloskey, Leon Kass, Jonathan Haidt, Glenn Loury, Joshua Katz, Vickie Sullivan, Geoffrey Stone, Bill McClay, and Tyler Cowen as being affiliated with the university.[14] Writing in The Week that month, Samuel Goldman observed that no prominent members of the board of advisors had yet resigned their academic appointments to join the University of Austin faculty, suggesting that their \"lack of personal commitment casts doubt on the value of their support.\"[15] Kathleen Stock clarified that her role was not full-time, and that she would not move to Austin.[10] Harvard University professor Steven Pinker said that although he was part of the advisory board, he had no plans to teach there; he later resigned from the board.[16] West Virginia University president Gordon Gee said \"Serving in an advisory capacity does not mean I believe or agree with everything that other advisers may share. I do not agree other universities are no longer seeking the truth nor do I feel that higher education is irreparably broken.\"[17]On November 11, 2021, Robert Zimmer announced his resignation from the university board, saying that UATX had made statements about higher education that \"diverged very significantly from my own views\".[18] UATX put out a statement on Steven Pinker's resignation from the board, and apologized for creating \"unnecessary complications\" for Pinker and Zimmer due to UATX not initially clarifying what their advisory roles entailed on the venture's website.[19]On June 9, 2022, the University of Austin was taking applications for its \"Forbidden Courses\" program with two-week-long sessions in the old (pre-1954) Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Texas.[20] Despite the name of the university, UATX first offered classes in Dallas, Texas and not Austin. Conservative philanthropist Harlan Crow provided office space in Dallas for UATX. Crow is a major donor to the university.[21]On July 6, 2022, the school announced that Richard Dawkins had joined its advisory board.[22]In December 2022, board member Heather Heying resigned stating that the school was not adequately invested in scientific inquiry and \"does not represent my scientific and pedagogical values.\"[23]In October 2023, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board gave the university certification to award degrees. The school lacked accreditation at that time. The two-year certification to grant degrees can be extended for up to eight years, by which time it must achieve accreditation to continue.[1][24]In November 2023, the university began accepting applications for its first four-year undergraduate cohort enrolling in Fall 2024, and established a campus in Austin's Scarbrough Building. The entire class of 100 students would receive full four-year scholarships, paid from private donations the university had raised.[1] As of November 2023[update], the university had raised $200 million from 2,600 donors.[1]As of November 2023[update], UATX said it had received over 6,000 inquiries from potential faculty.[1]In June 2024, the University of Austin announced a $5 million bitcoin endowment with cryptocurrency platform Unchained. [25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swerling-11"},{"link_name":"cancel culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancel_culture"},{"link_name":"The New Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"},{"link_name":"anti-woke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-woke"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shephard-26"}],"text":"The proposal for a University of Austin was described by Gabriella Swerling in The Daily Telegraph[11] as \"anti-cancel culture\" and by Alex Shephard in The New Republic as \"anti-woke\".[26]","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statesman-9"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Jacob Howling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Howling&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"UATX plans to be a selective institution and use standardized testing. It will not to use race, gender, or class in their admissions decisions, stating this is because the school \"stands firmly against that sort of discrimination\".[9]The school does not plan on establishing traditional majors. According to President Kanelos, the undergraduate program at will start with two years of general education requirements that include classes in philosophy, history and literature and students will take courses in the same sequence. Students will become fellows in particular areas of study during their third and fourth year. [27] Jacob Howling is the Provost.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Law & Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Liberty"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The New Criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Criterion"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Ross Douthat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Douthat"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbesNovember2021-3"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Anemona Hartocollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemona_Hartocollis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartocollis-16"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shephard-26"},{"link_name":"Georgia Gwinnett College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Gwinnett_College"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warner-32"},{"link_name":"Nikole Hannah-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikole_Hannah-Jones"},{"link_name":"Trump University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbesNovember2021-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drezner-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldman-15"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Daniel W. Drezner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_W._Drezner"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drezner-17"},{"link_name":"Inside Higher Ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warner-32"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"The initial announcement of the project received some positive reception,[28] including praise from Law & Liberty for ushering in \"a new era in educational reform,\"[29] and applause from The New Criterion for its efforts to \"keep that old flame of free inquiry alive.\"[30] New York Times opinion columnist Ross Douthat saw the launch of a new university as a positive development, pointing out how few major universities have been established since the nineteenth century, but acknowledged how expensive doing so would be. He also saw conflicting forces in the project, including the \"tension between the desire to promote great academic seriousness and the culture-war flag-waving that might be necessary to rally donor support\".[31]The project also garnered criticism. Initial responses to the project included criticism of the lack of a plan to achieve the project's goals.[3] The New York Times journalist Anemona Hartocollis questioned whether the founders would be able to \"translate a provocative idea into a viable institution\" while The New Republic's Alex Shephard described the plan as \"largely half baked\".[16][26] Jennifer Wunder, a professor at Georgia Gwinnett College who participated in the process of obtaining her institution's initial accreditation, considered the proposed timeline to establish accredited graduate and undergraduate programs to be nearly impossible to meet.[32]On Twitter, Weiss's former colleague Nikole Hannah-Jones, along with others, drew comparisons with Trump University.[3][17][15][33][34][35] Writing in The Washington Post, political scientist and journalist Daniel W. Drezner called comparisons between UATX and Trump University \"unkind and untrue\".[17] John Warner at Inside Higher Ed said \"I think it is unfair to call it a scam or grift, because I have high confidence that the intentions behind the project are sincere.\"[32]In February 2024, in New Republic article titled, \"Austin’s Anti-Woke University Is Living in Dreamland,\" Morgan O'Hanlon, voiced skepticism about the UATX, which would be competing with more established schools promoting an anti-woke agenda, including the University of Texas and its Civitas Institute. [36]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"We Can't Wait for Universities to Fix Themselves. So We're Starting a New One\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bariweiss.substack.com/p/we-cant-wait-for-universities-to"},{"link_name":"Niall Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"\"I’m Helping to Start a New College Because Higher Ed Is Broken\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/business/im-helping-to-start-a-new-college-because-higher-ed-is-broken/2021/11/08/55171c54-40b3-11ec-9404-50a28a88b9cd_story.html"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Kanelos, Pano (November 8, 2021). \"We Can't Wait for Universities to Fix Themselves. So We're Starting a New One\". Common Sense with Bari Weiss.\nNiall Ferguson: \"I’m Helping to Start a New College Because Higher Ed Is Broken\", The Washington Post, Nov. 8, 2021[1]","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"The Scarborough Building in Austin, the current home of UATX","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ScarboroughBldg-2010-08-a.JPG/220px-ScarboroughBldg-2010-08-a.JPG"}]

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Retrieved June 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://newrepublic.com/article/178672/university-austin-free-speech-campus","url_text":"\"Austin's Anti-Woke University Is Living in Dreamland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583","url_text":"0028-6583"}]},{"reference":"Kanelos, Pano (November 8, 2021). \"We Can't Wait for Universities to Fix Themselves. So We're Starting a New One\". Common Sense with Bari Weiss.","urls":[{"url":"https://bariweiss.substack.com/p/we-cant-wait-for-universities-to","url_text":"\"We Can't Wait for Universities to Fix Themselves. So We're Starting a New One\""}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, Niall. \"The Constitution of Academic Liberty\". National Affairs. American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved June 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/the-constitution-of-academic-liberty?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR2Ezxck5gl4XJnGSi2QVYgTPfF4EUdEe_ABCBMzhuWLJKzf4FhMYQ4C8CU_aem_ZmFrZWR1bW15MTZieXRlcw","url_text":"\"The Constitution of Academic Liberty\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Constitution of the University of Austin\" (PDF). Retrieved June 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets-global.website-files.com/6461fa4f26938889af71afc5/654b620a4225389fde6e4a7f_Constitution%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Austin.pdf","url_text":"\"The Constitution of the University of Austin\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_Care_Society

Intensive Care Society

["1 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°31′10″N 0°07′11″W / 51.5194°N 0.1196°W / 51.5194; -0.1196The Intensive Care Society is the representative body in the United Kingdom for intensive care professionals and patients and the oldest society for critical care medicine in the world. The Society is dedicated to the delivery of the highest quality of critical care to patients in the United Kingdom. It performs many functions for the intensive care community in the United Kingdom such as the production of guidelines and standards, staging national meetings, training courses and focus groups. It represents Intensive Care in wide-ranging organisations from the Royal Colleges to the Department of Health and other organisations and societies with a stake or interest in intensive care. It was previously an organisation responsible for promoting and maintaining intensive care and critical care medicine in the United Kingdom. It was represented on the Intercollegiate Board for Training in Intensive Care until responsibility for design and accreditation of training in Intensive Care Medicine passed to the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine in 2011. The society is based at Breams Buildings in London, previously at the Royal College of Anaesthetists, The College of Emergency Medicine & the British Association for Emergency Medicine and the British Pain Society. The Society's patron is The Princess Royal. External links Official website 51°31′10″N 0°07′11″W / 51.5194°N 0.1196°W / 51.5194; -0.1196 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkpop_Festival

Pinkpop Festival

["1 Name and logo","2 Editions","2.1 2007","2.2 2008","2.3 2009","2.4 2010","2.5 2011","2.6 2012","2.7 2013","2.8 2014","2.9 2015","2.10 2016","2.11 2017","2.12 2018","2.13 2019","2.14 2020","2.15 2021","2.16 2022","2.17 2023","2.18 2024","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 50°52′50″N 6°1′23″E / 50.88056°N 6.02306°E / 50.88056; 6.02306Dutch music festival Pinkpop FestivalGenreRock, hip hop, electronic, heavy metal, garage rock, alternative rock, indie rockDatesPentecost weekendLocation(s)Landgraaf, NetherlandsYears active1970–2019, 2022–presentFounded byJan Smeets Attendance108,250Capacity70,000Websitewww.pinkpop.nl Pinkpop is an annual music festival held at Landgraaf, Netherlands. It is usually held on the Pentecost weekend (Pinksteren in Dutch, hence the name). If Pentecost falls on an early date in May, the festival is held later in June. Starting in 1970, at Burgemeester Damen Sportpark in the city of Geleen, Pinkpop is the oldest and longest running annual dedicated pop and rock music festival in the world. Pinkpop is a three-day festival, from Saturday through Monday when on Pentecost weekend, or Friday through Sunday otherwise, with a 60,000 people per day capacity, and with performances on four separate stages. From 2006 through 2011, Pinkpop sold out six years in a row. During 44 editions, more than two million people have attended Pinkpop. Some 700 music acts have played at the festival. In 1994 (the 25th edition), it was decided to sell only 60,000 tickets, to prevent overcrowding due to the popularity of the festival. In 1995, it was made into a two-day festival. Two years later this was further expanded to three days. 2007 saw a spin-off, later in the year, on 11 August, called Pinkpop Classic, for an older rock audience, with bands that had previously performed at the festival in past decades. This spin-off was held again in following years, with the exception of 2011, when the organisation was not able to book enough artists. In 2008, Pinkpop was not held on Pentecost weekend for the first time. Pentecost occurred too early that year for the convenience of fans and performers alike. This was decided following the 2005 edition, in which the Pentecost weekend also fell early and therefore Pinkpop could not convince many great performers to come play at the festival. Sales were disappointing in 2005, so by shifting the 2008 festival, the organisation hoped to solve these problems. Pinkpop 2008 turned out to have had the largest concert attendance to date. The dates for the 2010, 2013, 2015 and 2016 edition have been shifted as well, for similar reasons. The 2020 and 2021 Pinkpop festivals were not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Name and logo External image Pinkpop Logo picture on the German Wikipedia article on Pinkpop. The name consists of two parts. 'Pink' comes from the Dutch word for Pentecost (Pinksteren) and 'pop' comes from pop music (or 'popular music'). But a later creative interpretation for the name combines the English word pink and the Dutch word pop, which means doll, thus forming the origin for the logo, a doll in a pink dress. The precursor to Pinkpop was held on Pentecost Monday in 1969. It was completely free, and called Pinknick because people were supposed to bring their own food. Only a free pig roast and free apples were provided by the organizers. Inspired by the Monterey festival from 1967, a number of hip local bands were persuaded to come and play unpaid. Almost 10,000 visitors were attracted, ranging from pop music lovers to grandparents and their grandchildren. And families with empty shopping bags, loading up on apples. Editions 2007 Pinkpop 2007 was held May 26–28. It was the 20th time the event was held at the Megaland Park. On February 28, most of the line-up was revealed. Pearl Jam was announced to make their 3rd appearance on the Pinkpop stage, but they cancelled, for two of their members would become fathers in the Pentecost weekend. Mainstage 3FM Stage BUMA/John Peel Stage Saturday, May 26 - Goose- Juliette and the Licks- Within Temptation- Marilyn Manson - Noisettes- Wir sind Helden- Good Charlotte - Viberider- Stevie Ann- C-mon & Kypski Sunday, May 27 - Gabriel Ríos- Razorlight- Iggy & The Stooges- Snow Patrol- Muse - Ozark Henry- Gogol Bordello- Ilse DeLange- Lostprophets - The Nightwatchman- Paolo Nutini- Maxïmo Park- Krezip Monday, May 28 - The Fratellis- Wolfmother- Scissor Sisters- Arctic Monkeys- Linkin Park- The Smashing Pumpkins - Thirty Seconds to Mars- Stone Sour- Dave Matthews Band- KoЯn- Evanescence - Five O'Clock Heroes- Maria Mena- Macy Gray- The Magic Numbers- The Kooks A Krezip replaced Amy Winehouse, because she had to cancel due to illness. Krezip started their gig playing Amy Winehouse's "Rehab". 2008 Pinkpop 2008 was held May 30 – June 1 in the Landgraaf Megaland Park. Pinkpop 2008 had the largest audience of concert attendees to date, with an average of just over 60,000 people arriving each of the three days, prompting the festival organizers to announce that 180,000 people had visited the festival. Because the 42,500 available three-day passes sold out completely, the actual number of unique visitors is 94,000. Mainstage 3FM Stage GM Next (tent) Stage Friday, May 30 - Flogging Molly- Incubus- Metallica - Sat2D- Animal Alpha - Alter Bridge - From First to Last- Jonathan Davis- Porcupine Tree Saturday, May 31 - Moke- KT Tunstall- Editors- Kaiser Chiefs- Foo Fighters - Air Traffic- Bad Religion- Eagles of Death Metal - Stereophonics- The Verve - Blood Red Shoes- Voicst- Amy MacDonald- Justice- Groove Armada Sunday, June 1 - Fiction Plane- Gavin DeGraw- Racoon- Alanis Morissette- Queens of the Stone Age- Rage Against the Machine - The Wombats- Cavalera Conspiracy- The Hives- Serj Tankian- Counting Crows - Patrick Watson- Kate Nash- Pete Murray- Saybia- Róisín Murphy B Animal Alpha replaced Novastar, because they experienced delays in recording their new album. C Eagles of Death Metal replaced Chris Cornell, because he had obligations in the studio. 2009 Pinkpop 2009Pinkpop 2009 was held May 30 – June 1. On March 4, 2009, the Pinkpop Board gave a press conference in Paradiso in Amsterdam, to answer questions from the press and announce which artists will be performing on Pinkpop 2009 will be announced. Mainstage 3FM Stage Tent Stage Saturday, May 30 - Chris Cornell- The Killers- Bruce Springsteen & the E-Street Band - Kings of the Day- Me First and the Gimme Gimmes- Elbow - Noisettes- Just Jack- Dr. Lektroluv Sunday, May 31 - Milow- Volbeat- Madness- Krezip - Placebo - De Staat- Rowwen Hèze- Maria Mena- James Morrison- Keane - You Me At Six- Kyteman's Hiphop Orchestra- The Rifles- White Lies- Pendulum Monday, June 1 - The Gaslight Anthem- Novastar- Amy Macdonald- Franz Ferdinand- Anouk- Snow Patrol - Shinedown- Mando Diao- Billy Talent- De Jeugd van Tegenwoordig- The Kooks - The All-American Rejects- Hollywood Undead- The Script- Katy Perry- The Ting Tings D Krezip replaced Depeche Mode, because lead singer Dave Gahan had to undergo a procedure after a tumor was spotted in his bladder two weeks before Pinkpop. Placebo replaced Depeche Mode as headliner. 2010 Pinkpop 2010 was held May 28–30. Mainstage 3FM Stage Converse Stage Friday, May 28 - Epica- Kasabian- Motörhead- Rammstein - The Opposites- The Temper Trap- Paolo Nutini - Sungrazer- The Black Box Revelation- Gossip Saturday, May 29 - Moke & The Metropole Orchestra- C-mon & Kypski- Mando Diao- Editors- Green Day - Ryan Shaw - Destine- Biffy Clyro- John Mayer - Everything Everything- Kitty, Daisy & Lewis- Caro Emerald- 2manydjs Sunday, May 30 - The Maccabees- Danko Jones- Skunk Anansie- Triggerfinger- Pixies- The Prodigy - Jon Allen- Kate Nash- Slash- Mika- Pink - DeWolff- General Fiasco- Yeasayer- Florence + The Machine- Gogol Bordello E Ryan Shaw replaced Wolfmother, because lead singer Andrew Stockdale was too sick to go on tour. Wolfmother was first planned on Sunday, but Triggerfinger covered their spot, so Ryan Shaw could play on Saturday. 2011 Pinkpop 2011 was held June 11–13. Lineup Mainstage 3FM Stage Converse Stage Saturday, June 11 - De Staat- Lifehouse- Elbow- Coldplay - Manic Street Preachers- Simple Plan- Alter Bridge - Madi- Ash- Selah Sue Sunday, June 12 - Hurts- Tim Knol-Wolfmother- White Lies- Kings of Leon -VersaEmerge- Justin Nozuka- Graffiti6- Avenged Sevenfold - The Garden of Love- Hanson- Cage the Elephant- Laura Jansen- The Bloody Beetroots - Death Crew 77 Monday, June 13 - Scouting for Girls- Two Door Cinema Club- Go Back to the Zoo- Volbeat- Kaiser Chiefs- Foo Fighters - Plain White T's- Beatsteaks- The Gaslight Anthem- The Script- Thirty Seconds to Mars - Dazzled Kid- Eliza Doolittle- All Time Low- Band of Horses- deadmau5 Pinkpop 2011, June 12 Converse-stage and Mainstage (2011) Converse-stage (2011) Backstage (2011) Entrance Mainstage (2011) 2012 Pinkpop 2012 was held May 26–28. Lineup Mainstage 3FM Stage Converse Stage Saturday, May 26 - Moss- Kyuss Lives! - Anouk- The Cure - Major Tom- The Asteroids Galaxy Tour- The Ting Tings - Will and The People- The Afghan Whigs- Ben Howard Sunday, May 27 - Babylon Circus- Racoon- The Kyteman Orchestra- Soundgarden- Linkin Park - The Bosshoss- Mastodon- The Wombats- Keane - Hungry Kids of Hungary- Bombay Bicycle Club- Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings- Chase & Status Monday, May 28 - Gers Pardoel- Seasick Steve- The Specials- Mumford and Sons- Bruce Springsteen & The E-Street Band - Rival Sons- Blood Red Shoes- Herbert Grönemeyer- The Hives- James Morrison - Serena Pryne & The Mandeviles- Jonathan Jeremiah- Miike Snow- Chef’Special- Paul Kalkbrenner F At first Kasabian would perform as well, but they had to cancel due to private matters. Kyuss Lives! replaced Kasabian's spot, Moss covered Kyuss Lives!'s spot. 2013 Pinkpop 2013 was held June 14–16; the third time that it was not held in the weekend of Pentecost. Lineup Mainstage 3FM Stage Brand Bier Stage Friday, June 14 - Handsome Poets- Paramore- The Script- The Killers - Masters of Reality- Jimmy Eat World- Queens of the Stone Age - Christopher Green- Kodaline- Andy Burrows- Netsky Live Saturday, June 15 - La Pegatina- Passenger- The Opposites- Thirty Seconds to Mars- Kings of Leon - Douwe Bob- Fun.- The Gaslight Anthem- Phoenix - Palma Violets- Graveyard- Miles Kane- Ellie Goulding- C2C Sunday, June 16 - Kensington- Will and the People- The Vaccines- Ben Howard- Green Day - Tom Odell- Trixie Whitley- Blaudzun- Stereophonics- Triggerfinger - Puggy- Bastille- Lianne La Havas- Die Antwoord- Alt-J 2014 Pinkpop 2014 was held June 7–9. Lineup Mainstage 3FM Stage Brand Bier Stage Stage 4 Saturday, June 7 - Ed Kowalczyk- Flogging Molly- John Mayer- The Rolling Stones - Haim- Joe Bonamassa- Bastille - Les Djinns- Thé Lau/The Scene- White Lies- Epica - Paceshifters- Afterpartees- Gecko Sunday, June 8 - Chef'Special- The Kooks- Ed Sheeran- Editors- Arctic Monkeys - North Mississippi Allstars- Limp Bizkit- Rudimental- Paolo Nutini- Robert Plant and the Sensational Spaceshifters - Taymir - Portugal. The Man- Twenty One Pilots- The Boxer Rebellion- John Newman - Nina Nesbitt- Intergalactic Lovers- Brother & Bones Monday, June 9 - Mastodon- Rob Zombie- Biffy Clyro- Avenged Sevenfold- Metallica - Jett Rebel- Kodaline- Stromae- Jake Bugg- Arcade Fire - Clean Bandit- Ghost- Young the Giant- Bombay Bicycle Club- Gogol Bordello - Birth of Joy- Powerman 5000- Kraantje Pappie 2015 Pinkpop 2015 was held June 12–14; the fourth time that it will not be held in the weekend of Pentecost. Lineup Mainstage 3FM Stage Brand Bier Stage Stage 4 Garden of Love Friday, June 12 - Body Count- George Ezra- Elbow- Muse - Shaka Ponk- Faith No More- Slash feat. Myles Kennedy & The Conspirators - Jick Munro & The Amazing Laserbeams- Gavin James- Paloma Faith- Above & Beyond - Coasts- Aurora- Pop Evil- DJs Waxfiend & Prime + Jebroer & Adje - Anna Rune Saturday, June 13 - The Wombats- Dotan- Anouk- The Script- Robbie Williams - The Last Internationale- Jonathan Jeremiah- Selah Sue- Kensington- Avicii - Gaz Coombes- Magic!- John Coffey- Sheppard- Eagles of Death Metal - Causes- Twin Atlantic- East Cameron Folklore- Lonely the Brave- Joost van Bellen - Judy Blank Sunday, June 14 - Frank Turner & The Sleeping Souls- Triggerfinger- OneRepublic- De Jeugd van Tegenwoordig- Pharrell Williams - Kitty, Daisy & Lewis- Typhoon- Rise Against- Counting Crows- Placebo - Urbanus & De Fanfaar- Nick Mulvey- Oscar and the Wolf- Kovacs- Fiddler's Green - Pierce Brothers- The Deaf- Peace- Ewert and The Two Dragons- Willie Wartaal & Doppelgang - Polly Anna G At first Sam Smith would perform as well, but they had to cancel due to voice problems. Placebo replaced Sam Smith's spot. H Originally the Foo Fighters would serve as the festival's headliner but had to cancel their performance due to a broken leg by frontman Dave Grohl two days earlier. Pharrell Williams became headliner instead and the Flemish trio Triggerfinger was added as a last-minute addition to the line-up. Pinkpop 2015 2016 Pinkpop 2016Pinkpop 2016 Pinkpop 2016 was held June 10–12. Lineup Mainstage 3FM Stage Brand Bier Stage Stage 4 Garden of Love Friday, June 10 - The Common Linnets - Bastille - James Bay - Red Hot Chili Peppers - Gary Clark Jr. - Years & Years - Major Lazer - Storsky - Lukas Graham - Bear's Den - De Staat - The Struts - Sara Hartman - One Ok Rock - Skip&Die (dj-set) & Friends - Clean Pete Saturday, June 11 - Walk Off The Earth - James Morrison - Lianne La Havas - Doe Maar - Rammstein - Imelda May - Halestorm - Skillet - De Staat - Puscifer - Miamigo - Lucas Hamming - Matt Simons - Nothing But Thieves - Robin Schulz - The Sore Losers - Parquet Courts - Lucky Fonz III - Bazart - Noisia - Madi Hermens Sunday, June 12 - Douwe Bob - John Newman - Kygo - Lionel Richie - Paul McCartney - Jungle By Night - Vintage Trouble - All Time Low - Bring Me the Horizon - Skunk Anansie - Harts - St. Paul & The Broken Bones - Jamie Lawson - Tom Odell - Balthazar - Walking on Cars - Slaves - The London Souls - Graveyard - Sevn Alias/Broederliefde - Midas 2017 Pinkpop 2017 was held June 3–5. Lineup Mainstage 3FM Stage Brightlands Stage Stage 4 Garden of Love Saturday, June 3 - James TW - Chef'Special - Kensington - Justin Bieber - Martin Garrix - White Lies - Kaiser Chiefs - Five Finger Death Punch - The Ten Bells - Pierce Brothers - Crystal Fighters - Richard Ashcroft - Alma - Declan McKenna - Ronnie Flex & Deuxperience Band - Lotte Walda Sunday, June 4 - Gavin James - Kodaline - Broederliefde - Imagine Dragons - Green Day - Anne-Marie - James Arthur - Clean Bandit - Biffy Clyro - Sean Paul - Jack Savoretti - My Baby - The Charm The Fury - Birdy - Rancid - Undeclinable Ambuscade - Busty And The Bass - Amber Run - Bomba Estéreo - Charl Delemarre Monday, June 5 - Seasick Steve - Guus Meeuwis - Passenger - Live - Kings Of Leon - Machine Gun Kelly - Rag'n'Bone Man - Sum 41 - Prophets of Rage - System Of A Down - Gutter-Dämmerung - Oh Wonder - Liam Gallagher - Fat Freddy's Drop - MØ - Midas - Don Broco - Chris Ayer - JP Cooper - Gerson Main 2018 A Perfect Circle at Pinkpop 2018Pinkpop 2018 was held June 15–17. A fatal traffic accident involving festival-goers took place in the early morning of June 18. After the festival, at around 04:00, a group of persons sat on the road near Campsite B, which was not closed to vehicular traffic. A van travelling along this road could not avoid the group and ran into the group, killing one and severely injuring three more. The driver reported himself to the police several hours later in Amsterdam. During the performance of the Foo Fighters on June 16, the disintegration of a large meteor was observed in the sky right behind the main stage and caught on video. The fireball and its disintegration was widely observed also elsewhere in the Benelux countries, Germany and France. An analysis of over 200 eyewitness reports suggests that the disintegration took place at 23:11 local time near the Belgian city of Liège. Lineup Mainstage North Stage Brightlands Tent Stage 4 Garden of Love Saturday, June 15 - Lil' Kleine - BLØF - Snow Patrol - Pearl Jam - Jess Glynne - Oh Wonder - The Offspring - Walden - The Last Internationale - Blaudzun - Oliver Heldens - Slydigs - The Academic - Donnie - Aïcha Cherif Sunday, June 16 - Walking On Cars - Miss Montreal - Nothing But Thieves - The Script - Foo Fighters - JP Cooper - Parov Stelar - A Perfect Circle - Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds - Marmozets - Aurora - Sevn Alias - Alan Walker - Theo Lawrence & The Hearts - Gang Of Youths - Youngr - De Likt - Riley Pierce Monday, June 17 - Ronnie Flex & Deuxperience - Jessie J - DI-RECT - Editors - DJ Rashida - Bruno Mars - Michelle David & The Gospel Sessions - Milky Chance - Years & Years - Triggerfinger - Oscar & The Wolf - Cloves - Maan - Brian Fallon & The Howling Weather - Don Diablo - Greta Van Fleet - Tom Walker - The Overslept - Scarlet Pleasure - Sigrid - Blackbird 2019 Pinkpop 2019 was held June 8–10. This marked Pinkpop's 50th anniversary. Lineup Mainstage IBA Parkstad Stage Brightlands Stage Stage 4 Garden of Love Saturday, June 8 - Bazart  - George Ezra - Anouk - Jamiroquai - Mumford & Sons - SYML - Golden Earring - Cage the Elephant - Jacob Banks - Elbow - Mt. Atlas - Yungblud - Davina Michelle - Halestorm - San Holo - Grace Carter - Badflower - Hippo Campus - Jacin Trill & Leafs - Soham De Sunday, June 9 - Kraantje Pappie - The Kooks - Krezip - Lenny Kravitz - The Cure - Armin Van Buuren - White Lies - Rowwen Hèze - J Balvin - Die Antwoord - Blood Red Shoes - Jack Savoretti - Miles Kane - Mark Ronson - Au/Ra - Confidence Man - Barns Courtney - Boef - Silent Disco - Nana Adjoa Monday, June 10 - Jett Rebel - The 1975 - Slash ft. Myles Kennedy & The Conspirators - Bastille - Fleetwood Mac - The Bosshoss - Bring Me the Horizon - Tenacious D - Dropkick Murphys - Major Lazer - Indian Askin - Kovacs - The Pretenders - Duncan Laurence - Michael Kiwanuka - Coldrain - Coely - Palaye Royale - DeWolff - David Keenan 2020 Pinkpop 2020 was planned for 19–21 June but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Acts scheduled to appear included, in order of billing: Guns N' Roses Post Malone Red Hot Chili Peppers Deftones Disturbed Keane Marshmello Twenty One Pilots Volbeat Zara Larsson Anderson .Paak & The Free Nationals Ares Balthazar Bishop Briggs Chef'special Crowded House Danny Vera Dermot Kennedy Ellie Goulding Five Seconds of Summer Floor Jansen Frank Carter & The Rattlesnakes Frenna Deluxe Gojira Inhaler James Arthur JC Stewart Joost Kensington Liam Payne Lost Frequencies Mabel Maisie Peters Nona Nothing But Thieves Of Monsters and Men Querbeat Rag'n'Bone Man Saint Phnx Sea Girls Supergrass Ten Times a Million The Big Moon The Kik The Last Internationale The Marcus King Band The Pretty Reckless Velvet Volume 2021 Pinkpop 2021 was planned for 18–20 June but, like in the previous year, was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Acts scheduled to appear included: Deftones Frenna Kensington Pearl Jam Red Hot Chili Peppers Twenty One Pilots Ares Danny Vera Elle Hollis JC Stewart Joost Nona Ten Times A Million 2022 Pinkpop 2022 took place from 17 to 19 June. Acts that appeared: Twenty One Pilots Metallica Pearl Jam Nile Rodgers & Chic Imagine Dragons Nightwish Mother Mother Greta Van Fleet 2023 Pinkpop 2023 took place from 16 to 18 June. Acts that appeared: Lumineers P!nk Robbie Williams Red Hot Chili Peppers Editors Queens of the Stone Age Go_A OneRepublic Ellie Goulding Electric Callboy 2024 See also List of historic rock festivals References ^ a b Smits, Fauve (2023-05-14). "Pinkpop overweegt vierde dag en groei naar 80.000 bezoekers" (in Dutch). VRTNWS. Retrieved 2023-07-06. ^ a b Gammon, John (17 June 2011). "Six In A Row For Pinkpop". London, U.K.: Pollstar. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ "Pinkpop is langstlopende popfestival ter wereld" . geschiedenis.vpro.nl/ (in Dutch). VPRO independent Dutch public broadcaster. 18 May 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ "Pinkpop ABC - Pinkpop History". pinkpop.nl. Retrieved 27 June 2017. ^ "Pinkpop 2015". Retrieved 27 June 2017. ^ a b "De beginjaren van Pinkpop" . geschiedenis24.nl (in Dutch). Geschiedenis 24 (defunct history channel). 31 May 2001. Retrieved 16 August 2014. ^ "2011 - Pinkpop History". pinkpop.nl. Retrieved 27 June 2017. ^ "2012 - Pinkpop History". pinkpop.nl. Retrieved 27 June 2017. ^ "2013 - Pinkpop History". pinkpop.nl. Retrieved 27 June 2017. ^ "Programma Pinkpop 2014 | Pinkpop 2014 – 45ste editie – 7,8 & 9 juni 2014". Archived from the original on 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2014-03-19. ^ "Programma | Pinkpop 2015". Archived from the original on 2015-12-10. Retrieved 2015-12-05. ^ "Programma - Pinkpop 2016: 10-11-12 juni 2016". pinkpop.nl. Archived from the original on 2017-06-14. Retrieved 27 June 2017. ^ "Programma - Pinkpop 2017 – 3, 4 en 5 juni 2017". pinkpop.nl. Archived from the original on 2017-06-29. Retrieved 27 June 2017. ^ "Bestuurder busje dodelijke aanrijding Pinkpop is man uit Heerlen". nos.nl (in Dutch). 18 June 2018. Retrieved 2019-05-11. ^ "Falling star during Foo Fighters Concert - Pinkpop 2018". youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 26 June 2018. ^ "Fireball event 2018: 2065-2018". akm.imo.net. Retrieved 26 June 2018. ^ Festime.net. "Pinkpop Festival 2021 Lineup". Festime. Retrieved 2021-06-23. ^ "Pinkpop Festival - 17 - 18 - 19 june 2022 - Megaland Landgraaf". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pinkpop. Official site (English); and facts and figures page Myspace page for Pinkpop - Myspace site (Dutch) 3Voor12 Articles, Audio, Video and more about Pinkpop 2007 vteHistoric rock and pop festivalsitalics = festival ongoingList offestivals1950s–1960s1950–1966 Big Sur Folk Festival Sanremo Music Festival Festival di Napoli Newport Jazz Festival Beaulieu Jazz Festival Nationaal Songfestival Eurovision Song Contest Melodifestivalen Benidorm International Song Festival Thessaloniki Song Festival Viña del Mar International Song Festival Melodi Grand Prix Sopot International Song Festival Reading and Leeds Festivals National Jazz and Blues Festival Festival Omladina National Festival of Polish Song in Opole Festivali i Këngës Festival da Canção Un disco per l'estate Parada ritma / Vatromet ritma Jazz Bilzen Gitarijada (Belgrade) Golden Orpheus Gitarijada (Zaječar) 1967–1968 Mantra-Rock Dance Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival Barbeque 67 Monterey Pop Festival Schaefer Music Festival Miami Pop Festival I Northern California Folk Rock Festival I Summerfest Quebec City Summer Festival Newport Pop Festival Festival de Ancón (Perú) Isle of Wight Festival Sky River Rock Festival Internationale Essener Songtage San Francisco Pop Festival Los Angeles Pop Festival Miami Pop Festival II 1969 Big Rock Pow-Wow Northern California Folk-Rock Festival II Newport 69 Pop Festival Denver Pop Festival Bath Festival of Blues Mississippi River Festival Atlanta International Pop Festival I The Stones in the Park Harlem Cultural Festival Laurel Pop Festival Midwest Rock Festival Seattle Pop Festival Atlantic City Pop Festival Woodstock Gold Rush Vancouver Pop Festival Texas International Pop Festival New Orleans Pop Festival Toronto Rock and Roll Revival Altamont Free Concert 1970s1970 Redwood 70 Festival of Political Songs Hollywood Music Festival The Kickapoo Creek Rock Festival World Popular Song Festival Atlanta International Pop Festival II Super Concert '70 Aachen Open Air Pop Festival Piedra Roja Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music Phun City Kralingen Music Festival Strawberry Fields Ruisrock Pinkpop Festival Powder Ridge Rock Festival Goose Lake International Music Festival Man-Pop Festival Glastonbury Festival Vortex I 1971–1973 Festival de Ancon Roskilde Festival Pesnya goda Vilar de Mouros Festival Myponga Pop Festival Bumbershoot Ilosaarirock Tokyo Music Festival Weeley Festival Northern Lights Festival Boréal Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro Sunbury Pop Festival Erie Canal Soda Pop Festival Bickershaw Festival Concert 10 Mar y Sol Pop Festival Windsor Free Festival BOOM Festival Great Ngaruawahia Music Festival Aquarius Festival Day on the Green Summer Jam at Watkins Glen Hurricane Festival 1974–1979 Stonehenge Free Festival Volunteer Jam Ashton Court Festival Knebworth Festival Village Fair Zaire 74 August Jam Ozark Music Festival Rock Werchter California Jam Hollywood Rock Watchfield Free Festival Michigan Womyn's Music Festival Midtfyns Festival Stemweder Open Air Cropredy Convention 100 Club Punk Special Paléo Festival Nambassa Deeply Vale Festivals Texxas Jam Havana Jam Gurtenfestival Waikino Music Festival California Jam II Canada Jam Bele Chere Keypeople Chet Helms Tom Rounds Mel Lawrence Lou Adler John Phillips Hilly Kristal Michael Lang Bill Graham Wally Hope Ubi Dwyer Sid Rawle Bill Hanley Wavy Gravy Freddy Bannister Barry Fey Merry Pranksters Alex Cooley Graeme Dunstan Mick Farren Russ Gibb Shelly Finkel Jim Koplik Stewart Levine Hugh Masekela Leonard Stogel Robert Raymond Bruce Lundvall Jerry Masucci Michael Eavis Emily Eavis Related Counterculture of the 1960s Summer of Love UK underground hippies la Onda deadheads rock concert crowd surfing audience wave music festival folk festival pop festival rock festival free festival vteRock festivalsSubtypes List of folk festivals List of gothic festivals List of heavy metal festivals List of industrial music festivals List of jam band music festivals List of punk rock festivals Traveling(italics = ongoing) Anger Management Tour Area Festival Big Day Out California Jam California Jam II Crüe Fest Deconstruction Tour Doomination Family Values Tour Festival Express Fuji Rock Festival G3 Gigantour Good Things Hard Electric Tour H.O.R.D.E. Ilosaarirock Knotfest Kuopiorock Lilith Fair Mayhem Festival Magic Circle Festival Monsters of Rock Montebello Rock Nintendo Fusion Tour Provinssirock Qstock Rock am Ring and Rock im Park Rock in Rio Rock in Roma Rock Boat Ruido Fest Ruisrock Ozzfest Projekt Revolution Rock Never Stops Tour Sauna Open Air Metal Festival Sonisphere Festival Soundwave Summer Sanitarium Tour Taste of Chaos Tuska Open Air Metal Festival The Unholy Alliance Tour Uproar Festival Vive Latino Wacken Open Air Warped Tour Culture Deadheads Heavy metal Hippies La Onda Moshing Pogo (dance) Punk rock Headbanging Stage diving Crowd surfing Sign of the horns Summer of Love Rivethead Related events Rock concert Concert tour Authority control databases MusicBrainz series 50°52′50″N 6°1′23″E / 50.88056°N 6.02306°E / 50.88056; 6.02306

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_festival"},{"link_name":"Landgraaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgraaf"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Pentecost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost"},{"link_name":"Burgemeester Damen Sportpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgemeester_Damen_Sportpark"},{"link_name":"Geleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geleen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollstar-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VPRO_1-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollstar-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"text":"Dutch music festivalPinkpop is an annual music festival held at Landgraaf, Netherlands. It is usually held on the Pentecost weekend (Pinksteren in Dutch, hence the name). If Pentecost falls on an early date in May, the festival is held later in June. Starting in 1970, at Burgemeester Damen Sportpark in the city of Geleen, Pinkpop is the oldest and longest running annual dedicated pop and rock music festival in the world.[2][3]Pinkpop is a three-day festival, from Saturday through Monday when on Pentecost weekend, or Friday through Sunday otherwise, with a 60,000 people per day capacity, and with performances on four separate stages. From 2006 through 2011, Pinkpop sold out six years in a row.[2] During 44 editions, more than two million people have attended Pinkpop. Some 700 music acts have played at the festival.[4]In 1994 (the 25th edition), it was decided to sell only 60,000 tickets, to prevent overcrowding due to the popularity of the festival. In 1995, it was made into a two-day festival. Two years later this was further expanded to three days.2007 saw a spin-off, later in the year, on 11 August, called Pinkpop Classic, for an older rock audience, with bands that had previously performed at the festival in past decades. This spin-off was held again in following years, with the exception of 2011, when the organisation was not able to book enough artists.In 2008, Pinkpop was not held on Pentecost weekend for the first time. Pentecost occurred too early that year for the convenience of fans and performers alike. This was decided following the 2005 edition, in which the Pentecost weekend also fell early and therefore Pinkpop could not convince many great performers to come play at the festival. Sales were disappointing in 2005, so by shifting the 2008 festival, the organisation hoped to solve these problems. Pinkpop 2008 turned out to have had the largest concert attendance to date. The dates for the 2010, 2013, 2015 and 2016 edition have been shifted as well, for similar reasons.[5] The 2020 and 2021 Pinkpop festivals were not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"Pinkpop Festival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink"},{"link_name":"doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll"},{"link_name":"logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo"},{"link_name":"Pentecost Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost_Monday"},{"link_name":"pig roast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_roast"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VPRO_2-6"},{"link_name":"Monterey festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Pop_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VPRO_2-6"}],"text":"The name consists of two parts. 'Pink' comes from the Dutch word for Pentecost (Pinksteren) and 'pop' comes from pop music (or 'popular music'). But a later creative interpretation for the name combines the English word pink and the Dutch word pop, which means doll, thus forming the origin for the logo, a doll in a pink dress.The precursor to Pinkpop was held on Pentecost Monday in 1969. It was completely free, and called Pinknick because people were supposed to bring their own food. Only a free pig roast and free apples were provided by the organizers.[6] Inspired by the Monterey festival from 1967, a number of hip local bands were persuaded to come and play unpaid. Almost 10,000 visitors were attracted, ranging from pop music lovers to grandparents and their grandchildren. And families with empty shopping bags, loading up on apples.[6]","title":"Name and logo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_AA"},{"link_name":"Amy Winehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Winehouse"},{"link_name":"Rehab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehab_(Amy_Winehouse_song)"}],"sub_title":"2007","text":"Pinkpop 2007 was held May 26–28.It was the 20th time the event was held at the Megaland Park.On February 28, most of the line-up was revealed. Pearl Jam was announced to make their 3rd appearance on the Pinkpop stage, but they cancelled, for two of their members would become fathers in the Pentecost weekend.A Krezip replaced Amy Winehouse, because she had to cancel due to illness. Krezip started their gig playing Amy Winehouse's \"Rehab\".","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Landgraaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgraaf"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_BB"},{"link_name":"Novastar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novastar"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_CC"},{"link_name":"Chris Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cornell"}],"sub_title":"2008","text":"Pinkpop 2008 was held May 30 – June 1 in the Landgraaf Megaland Park.Pinkpop 2008 had the largest audience of concert attendees to date, with an average of just over 60,000 people arriving each of the three days, prompting the festival organizers to announce that 180,000 people had visited the festival. Because the 42,500 available three-day passes sold out completely, the actual number of unique visitors is 94,000.B Animal Alpha replaced Novastar, because they experienced delays in recording their new album.\nC Eagles of Death Metal replaced Chris Cornell, because he had obligations in the studio.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinkpop.JPG"},{"link_name":"press conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_conference"},{"link_name":"Paradiso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiso_(Amsterdam)"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_DD"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"Dave Gahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Gahan"}],"sub_title":"2009","text":"Pinkpop 2009Pinkpop 2009 was held May 30 – June 1.On March 4, 2009, the Pinkpop Board gave a press conference in Paradiso in Amsterdam, to answer questions from the press and announce which artists will be performing on Pinkpop 2009 will be announced.D Krezip replaced Depeche Mode, because lead singer Dave Gahan had to undergo a procedure after a tumor was spotted in his bladder two weeks before Pinkpop. Placebo replaced Depeche Mode as headliner.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_EE"},{"link_name":"Wolfmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfmother"},{"link_name":"Andrew Stockdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Stockdale"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"Pinkpop 2010 was held May 28–30.E Ryan Shaw replaced Wolfmother, because lead singer Andrew Stockdale was too sick to go on tour. Wolfmother was first planned on Sunday, but Triggerfinger covered their spot, so Ryan Shaw could play on Saturday.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinkpop_2011_-_Maurice_van_Bruggen_5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinkpop_2011_-_Maurice_van_Bruggen_4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinkpop_2011_-_Maurice_van_Bruggen_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinkpop_2011_-_Maurice_van_Bruggen_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinkpop_2011_-_Maurice_van_Bruggen_3.jpg"}],"sub_title":"2011","text":"Pinkpop 2011 was held June 11–13.Pinkpop 2011, June 12\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConverse-stage and Mainstage (2011)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConverse-stage (2011)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBackstage (2011)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance Mainstage (2011)","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_FF"},{"link_name":"Kasabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasabian"}],"sub_title":"2012","text":"Pinkpop 2012 was held May 26–28.F At first Kasabian would perform as well, but they had to cancel due to private matters. Kyuss Lives! replaced Kasabian's spot, Moss covered Kyuss Lives!'s spot.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2013","text":"Pinkpop 2013 was held June 14–16; the third time that it was not held in the weekend of Pentecost.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2014","text":"Pinkpop 2014 was held June 7–9.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_GG"},{"link_name":"Sam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Smith_(singer)"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_HH"},{"link_name":"Pharrell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"},{"link_name":"Triggerfinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triggerfinger_(band)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:June_15th_2015_Mainstage_Pinkpop_-_Andre_Vehring.jpg"}],"sub_title":"2015","text":"Pinkpop 2015 was held June 12–14; the fourth time that it will not be held in the weekend of Pentecost.G At first Sam Smith would perform as well, but they had to cancel due to voice problems. Placebo replaced Sam Smith's spot.\nH Originally the Foo Fighters would serve as the festival's headliner but had to cancel their performance due to a broken leg by frontman Dave Grohl two days earlier. Pharrell Williams became headliner instead and the Flemish trio Triggerfinger was added as a last-minute addition to the line-up.\nPinkpop 2015","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:June_11th_2016_Mainstage_Pinkpop_-_Andre_Vehring.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinkpop_2016_view_to_Mainstage_-_Andre_Vehring.jpg"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"Pinkpop 2016Pinkpop 2016Pinkpop 2016 was held June 10–12.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017","text":"Pinkpop 2017 was held June 3–5.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Perfect_Circle_at_Pinkpop_festival_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"sat on the road near Campsite B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ad.nl/dossier-drama-pinkpop/pinkpop-slachtoffers-zaten-in-een-kring-op-de-weg~aed0a0fe/"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Benelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"A Perfect Circle at Pinkpop 2018Pinkpop 2018 was held June 15–17.A fatal traffic accident involving festival-goers took place in the early morning of June 18. After the festival, at around 04:00, a group of persons sat on the road near Campsite B, which was not closed to vehicular traffic. A van travelling along this road could not avoid the group and ran into the group, killing one and severely injuring three more. The driver reported himself to the police several hours later in Amsterdam.[14]During the performance of the Foo Fighters on June 16, the disintegration of a large meteor was observed in the sky right behind the main stage and caught on video.[15] The fireball and its disintegration was widely observed also elsewhere in the Benelux countries, Germany and France. An analysis of over 200 eyewitness reports suggests that the disintegration took place at 23:11 local time near the Belgian city of Liège.[16]","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2019","text":"Pinkpop 2019 was held June 8–10.This marked Pinkpop's 50th anniversary.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Guns N' Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses"},{"link_name":"Post Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Malone"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Chili Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Deftones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deftones"},{"link_name":"Disturbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbed_(band)"},{"link_name":"Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keane_(band)"},{"link_name":"Marshmello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshmello"},{"link_name":"Twenty One Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_One_Pilots"},{"link_name":"Volbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volbeat"},{"link_name":"Zara Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Larsson"},{"link_name":"Anderson .Paak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Paak"},{"link_name":"The Free Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Nationals"},{"link_name":"Ares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Balthazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthazar_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bishop Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Briggs"},{"link_name":"Chef'special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef%27Special"},{"link_name":"Crowded House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowded_House"},{"link_name":"Danny Vera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Vera_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Dermot Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Ellie Goulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Goulding"},{"link_name":"Five Seconds of Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Seconds_of_Summer"},{"link_name":"Floor Jansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_Jansen"},{"link_name":"Frank Carter & The Rattlesnakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Carter_%26_The_Rattlesnakes"},{"link_name":"Frenna Deluxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frenna_Deluxe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gojira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojira_(band)"},{"link_name":"Inhaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhaler_(band)"},{"link_name":"James Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arthur"},{"link_name":"JC Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Joost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joost_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_(band)"},{"link_name":"Liam Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Payne"},{"link_name":"Lost Frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Frequencies"},{"link_name":"Mabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel"},{"link_name":"Maisie Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisie_Peters"},{"link_name":"Nona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noxa_(band)"},{"link_name":"Nothing But Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_But_Thieves"},{"link_name":"Of Monsters and Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Monsters_and_Men"},{"link_name":"Querbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querbeat"},{"link_name":"Rag'n'Bone Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rag%27n%27Bone_Man"},{"link_name":"Saint Phnx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Phnx"},{"link_name":"Sea Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Girls"},{"link_name":"Supergrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass"},{"link_name":"Ten Times a Million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ten_Times_a_Million&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Big Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Moon"},{"link_name":"The Kik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kik"},{"link_name":"The Last Internationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Internationale"},{"link_name":"The Marcus King Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marcus_King_Band"},{"link_name":"The Pretty Reckless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pretty_Reckless"},{"link_name":"Velvet Volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velvet_Volume&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"Pinkpop 2020 was planned for 19–21 June but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Acts scheduled to appear included, in order of billing:Guns N' Roses\nPost Malone\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\nDeftones\nDisturbed\nKeane\nMarshmello\nTwenty One Pilots\nVolbeat\nZara Larsson\nAnderson .Paak & The Free Nationals\nAres\nBalthazar\nBishop Briggs\nChef'special\nCrowded House\nDanny Vera\nDermot Kennedy\nEllie Goulding\nFive Seconds of Summer\nFloor Jansen\nFrank Carter & The Rattlesnakes\nFrenna Deluxe\nGojira\nInhaler\nJames Arthur\nJC Stewart\nJoost\nKensington\nLiam Payne\nLost Frequencies\nMabel\nMaisie Peters\nNona\nNothing But Thieves\nOf Monsters and Men\nQuerbeat\nRag'n'Bone Man\nSaint Phnx\nSea Girls\nSupergrass\nTen Times a Million\nThe Big Moon\nThe Kik\nThe Last Internationale\nThe Marcus King Band\nThe Pretty Reckless\nVelvet Volume","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Deftones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deftones"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_(band)"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Chili Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Twenty One Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_One_Pilots"},{"link_name":"Danny Vera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Vera_(singer)"},{"link_name":"JC Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Joost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_Klein"}],"sub_title":"2021","text":"Pinkpop 2021 was planned for 18–20 June but, like in the previous year, was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[17]Acts scheduled to appear included:Deftones\nFrenna\nKensington\nPearl Jam\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\nTwenty One Pilots\nAres\nDanny Vera\nElle Hollis\nJC Stewart\nJoost\nNona\nTen Times A Million","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Twenty One Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_One_Pilots"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"Nile Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Chic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chic_(band)"},{"link_name":"Imagine Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Dragons"},{"link_name":"Nightwish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightwish"},{"link_name":"Mother Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Mother"},{"link_name":"Greta Van Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greta_Van_Fleet"}],"sub_title":"2022","text":"Pinkpop 2022 took place from 17 to 19 June.[18]Acts that appeared:Twenty One Pilots\nMetallica\nPearl Jam\nNile Rodgers & Chic\nImagine Dragons\nNightwish\nMother Mother\nGreta Van Fleet","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lumineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumineers"},{"link_name":"P!nk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P!nk"},{"link_name":"Robbie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Williams"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Chili Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editors_(band)"},{"link_name":"Queens of the Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_of_the_Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"Go_A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_A"},{"link_name":"OneRepublic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneRepublic"},{"link_name":"Ellie Goulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Goulding"},{"link_name":"Electric Callboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Callboy"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"Pinkpop 2023 took place from 16 to 18 June.Acts that appeared:Lumineers\nP!nk\nRobbie Williams\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\nEditors\nQueens of the Stone Age\nGo_A\nOneRepublic\nEllie Goulding\nElectric Callboy","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2024","title":"Editions"}]

[{"image_text":"Pinkpop 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pinkpop.JPG/300px-Pinkpop.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pinkpop 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/June_15th_2015_Mainstage_Pinkpop_-_Andre_Vehring.jpg/600px-June_15th_2015_Mainstage_Pinkpop_-_Andre_Vehring.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pinkpop 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/June_11th_2016_Mainstage_Pinkpop_-_Andre_Vehring.jpg/300px-June_11th_2016_Mainstage_Pinkpop_-_Andre_Vehring.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pinkpop 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pinkpop_2016_view_to_Mainstage_-_Andre_Vehring.jpg/300px-Pinkpop_2016_view_to_Mainstage_-_Andre_Vehring.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Perfect Circle at Pinkpop 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/A_Perfect_Circle_at_Pinkpop_festival_2018.jpg/300px-A_Perfect_Circle_at_Pinkpop_festival_2018.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of historic rock festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_rock_festivals"}]

[{"reference":"Smits, Fauve (2023-05-14). \"Pinkpop overweegt vierde dag en groei naar 80.000 bezoekers\" (in Dutch). VRTNWS. Retrieved 2023-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://festileaks.com/2023/05/pinkpop-overweegt-vierde-dag-en-groei-naar-80-000-bezoekers","url_text":"\"Pinkpop overweegt vierde dag en groei naar 80.000 bezoekers\""}]},{"reference":"Gammon, John (17 June 2011). \"Six In A Row For Pinkpop\". London, U.K.: Pollstar. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140813184357/http://www.pollstar.com/news_article.aspx?ID=771453","url_text":"\"Six In A Row For Pinkpop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollstar","url_text":"Pollstar"},{"url":"http://www.pollstar.com/news_article.aspx?ID=771453","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pinkpop is langstlopende popfestival ter wereld\" [Pinkpop is longest running pop festival in the world]. geschiedenis.vpro.nl/ (in Dutch). VPRO independent Dutch public broadcaster. 18 May 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geschiedenis24.nl/nieuws/2010/mei/Pinkpop-is-langstlopende-popfestival-ter-wereld.html","url_text":"\"Pinkpop is langstlopende popfestival ter wereld\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPRO","url_text":"VPRO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Public_Broadcasting","url_text":"public broadcaster"}]},{"reference":"\"Pinkpop ABC - Pinkpop History\". pinkpop.nl. Retrieved 27 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinkpop.nl/history/pinkpop-abc/","url_text":"\"Pinkpop ABC - Pinkpop History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pinkpop 2015\". Retrieved 27 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinkpop.nl/2014/pinkpop-2015-12-13-14-juni/","url_text":"\"Pinkpop 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"De beginjaren van Pinkpop\" [The early years of Pinkpop]. geschiedenis24.nl (in Dutch). Geschiedenis 24 (defunct history channel). 31 May 2001. Retrieved 16 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geschiedenis24.nl/andere-tijden/afleveringen/2000-2001/De-beginjaren-van-Pinkpop.html","url_text":"\"De beginjaren van Pinkpop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland_24#Geschiedenis_24","url_text":"Geschiedenis 24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_channel","url_text":"history channel"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 - Pinkpop History\". pinkpop.nl. Retrieved 27 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinkpop.nl/history/pinkpop2011/","url_text":"\"2011 - Pinkpop History\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 - Pinkpop History\". pinkpop.nl. Retrieved 27 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinkpop.nl/history/pinkpop2012/","url_text":"\"2012 - Pinkpop History\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 - Pinkpop History\". pinkpop.nl. Retrieved 27 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinkpop.nl/history/pinkpop2013/","url_text":"\"2013 - Pinkpop History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Programma Pinkpop 2014 | Pinkpop 2014 – 45ste editie – 7,8 & 9 juni 2014\". Archived from the original on 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2014-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140319015123/http://www.pinkpop.nl/2014/programma-pinkpop-2014/","url_text":"\"Programma Pinkpop 2014 | Pinkpop 2014 – 45ste editie – 7,8 & 9 juni 2014\""},{"url":"https://www.pinkpop.nl/2014/programma-pinkpop-2014/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Programma | Pinkpop 2015\". Archived from the original on 2015-12-10. Retrieved 2015-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151210182824/http://www.pinkpop.nl/2015/programma/","url_text":"\"Programma | Pinkpop 2015\""},{"url":"https://www.pinkpop.nl/2015/programma/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Programma - Pinkpop 2016: 10-11-12 juni 2016\". pinkpop.nl. Archived from the original on 2017-06-14. Retrieved 27 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170614081416/http://www.pinkpop.nl/2016/nl/programma","url_text":"\"Programma - Pinkpop 2016: 10-11-12 juni 2016\""},{"url":"https://www.pinkpop.nl/2016/nl/programma/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Programma - Pinkpop 2017 – 3, 4 en 5 juni 2017\". pinkpop.nl. Archived from the original on 2017-06-29. Retrieved 27 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170629145030/http://www.pinkpop.nl/2017/nl/programma/","url_text":"\"Programma - Pinkpop 2017 – 3, 4 en 5 juni 2017\""},{"url":"https://www.pinkpop.nl/2017/nl/programma/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bestuurder busje dodelijke aanrijding Pinkpop is man uit Heerlen\". nos.nl (in Dutch). 18 June 2018. Retrieved 2019-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://nos.nl/l/2237087","url_text":"\"Bestuurder busje dodelijke aanrijding Pinkpop is man uit Heerlen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Falling star during Foo Fighters Concert - Pinkpop 2018\". youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 26 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6xvEN4I-iY","url_text":"\"Falling star during Foo Fighters Concert - Pinkpop 2018\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/U6xvEN4I-iY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fireball event 2018: 2065-2018\". akm.imo.net. Retrieved 26 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://akm.imo.net/imo_view/event/2018/2065#","url_text":"\"Fireball event 2018: 2065-2018\""}]},{"reference":"Festime.net. \"Pinkpop Festival 2021 Lineup\". Festime. Retrieved 2021-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://festime.net/pinkpop-festival-2020/lineup","url_text":"\"Pinkpop Festival 2021 Lineup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pinkpop Festival - 17 - 18 - 19 june 2022 - Megaland Landgraaf\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinkpop.nl/2022/en/","url_text":"\"Pinkpop Festival - 17 - 18 - 19 june 2022 - Megaland Landgraaf\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYP_(disambiguation)

SYP (disambiguation)

["1 Organizations","2 Places and facilities","3 Other uses","4 See also"]

Look up syp, Syp, or SYP in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. SYP is the ISO code for the Syrian Pound. SYP or Syp may also refer to: Organizations Saskatchewan Youth Parliament Scottish Youth Parliament Socialist Unity Party (Finland) (1946–1955) Society of Young Publishers, in Britain South Yorkshire Police Places and facilities Syp, a river in Perm Krai, Russia SYP, IATA code for Ruben Cantu Airport in Panama Sai Ying Pun station, a railway station in Hong Kong Other uses Southern Yellow pine, several related species of tree found in the southern United States SYP, GHNC symbol for Synaptophysin, a human protein See also All pages with titles containing Syp Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title SYP.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_24613

Lexical Markup Framework

["1 Objectives","2 History","3 Current stage","4 As one of the members of the ISO/TC 37 family of standards","5 Key standards","6 Model structure","7 Example","8 Selected publications about LMF","9 Dedicated book","9.1 Related scientific communications","10 See also","11 References","11.1 External links"]

ISO standard Language resource management – Lexical markup framework (LMF; ISO 24613), produced by ISO/TC 37, is the ISO standard for natural language processing (NLP) and machine-readable dictionary (MRD) lexicons. The scope is standardization of principles and methods relating to language resources in the contexts of multilingual communication. Objectives The goals of LMF are to provide a common model for the creation and use of lexical resources, to manage the exchange of data between and among these resources, and to enable the merging of large number of individual electronic resources to form extensive global electronic resources. Types of individual instantiations of LMF can include monolingual, bilingual or multilingual lexical resources. The same specifications are to be used for both small and large lexicons, for both simple and complex lexicons, for both written and spoken lexical representations. The descriptions range from morphology, syntax, computational semantics to computer-assisted translation. The covered languages are not restricted to European languages but cover all natural languages. The range of targeted NLP applications is not restricted. LMF is able to represent most lexicons, including WordNet, EDR and PAROLE lexicons. History In the past, lexicon standardization has been studied and developed by a series of projects like GENELEX, EDR, EAGLES, MULTEXT, PAROLE, SIMPLE and ISLE. Then, the ISO/TC 37 National delegations decided to address standards dedicated to NLP and lexicon representation. The work on LMF started in Summer 2003 by a new work item proposal issued by the US delegation. In Fall 2003, the French delegation issued a technical proposition for a data model dedicated to NLP lexicons. In early 2004, the ISO/TC 37 committee decided to form a common ISO project with Nicoletta Calzolari (CNR-ILC Italy) as convenor and Gil Francopoulo (Tagmatica France) and Monte George (ANSI, United States) as editors. The first step in developing LMF was to design an overall framework based on the general features of existing lexicons and to develop a consistent terminology to describe the components of those lexicons. The next step was the actual design of a comprehensive model that best represented all of the lexicons in detail. A large panel of 60 experts contributed a wide range of requirements for LMF that covered many types of NLP lexicons. The editors of LMF worked closely with the panel of experts to identify the best solutions and reach a consensus on the design of LMF. Special attention was paid to the morphology in order to provide powerful mechanisms for handling problems in several languages that were known as difficult to handle. 13 versions have been written, dispatched (to the National nominated experts), commented and discussed during various ISO technical meetings. After five years of work, including numerous face-to-face meetings and e-mail exchanges, the editors arrived at a coherent UML model. In conclusion, LMF should be considered a synthesis of the state of the art in NLP lexicon field. Current stage The ISO number is 24613. The LMF specification has been published officially as an International Standard on 17 November 2008. As one of the members of the ISO/TC 37 family of standards The ISO/TC 37 standards are currently elaborated as high level specifications and deal with word segmentation (ISO 24614), annotations (ISO 24611 a.k.a. MAF, ISO 24612 a.k.a. LAF, ISO 24615 a.k.a. SynAF, and ISO 24617-1 a.k.a. SemAF/Time), feature structures (ISO 24610), multimedia containers (ISO 24616 a.k.a. MLIF), and lexicons (ISO 24613). These standards are based on low level specifications dedicated to constants, namely data categories (revision of ISO 12620), language codes (ISO 639), scripts codes (ISO 15924), country codes (ISO 3166) and Unicode (ISO 10646). The two level organization forms a coherent family of standards with the following common and simple rules: the high level specification provides structural elements that are adorned by the standardized constants; the low level specifications provide standardized constants as metadata. Key standards The linguistics constants like /feminine/ or /transitive/ are not defined within LMF but are recorded in the Data Category Registry (DCR) that is maintained as a global resource by ISO/TC 37 in compliance with ISO/IEC 11179-3:2003. And these constants are used to adorn the high level structural elements. The LMF specification complies with the modeling principles of Unified Modeling Language (UML) as defined by Object Management Group (OMG). The structure is specified by means of UML class diagrams. The examples are presented by means of UML instance (or object) diagrams. An XML DTD is given in an annex of the LMF document. Model structure LMF is composed of the following components: The core package that is the structural skeleton which describes the basic hierarchy of information in a lexical entry. Extensions of the core package which are expressed in a framework that describes the reuse of the core components in conjunction with the additional components required for a specific lexical resource. The extensions are specifically dedicated to morphology, MRD, NLP syntax, NLP semantics, NLP multilingual notations, NLP morphological patterns, multiword expression patterns, and constraint expression patterns. Example In the following example, the lexical entry is associated with a lemma clergyman and two inflected forms clergyman and clergymen. The language coding is set for the whole lexical resource. The language value is set for the whole lexicon as shown in the following UML instance diagram. The elements Lexical Resource, Global Information, Lexicon, Lexical Entry, Lemma, and Word Form define the structure of the lexicon. They are specified within the LMF document. On the contrary, languageCoding, language, partOfSpeech, commonNoun, writtenForm, grammaticalNumber, singular, plural are data categories that are taken from the Data Category Registry. These marks adorn the structure. The values ISO 639-3, clergyman, clergymen are plain character strings. The value eng is taken from the list of languages as defined by ISO 639-3. With some additional information like dtdVersion and feat, the same data can be expressed by the following XML fragment: <LexicalResource dtdVersion="15"> <GlobalInformation> <feat att="languageCoding" val="ISO 639-3"/> </GlobalInformation> <Lexicon> <feat att="language" val="eng"/> <LexicalEntry> <feat att="partOfSpeech" val="commonNoun"/> <Lemma> <feat att="writtenForm" val="clergyman"/> </Lemma> <WordForm> <feat att="writtenForm" val="clergyman"/> <feat att="grammaticalNumber" val="singular"/> </WordForm> <WordForm> <feat att="writtenForm" val="clergymen"/> <feat att="grammaticalNumber" val="plural"/> </WordForm> </LexicalEntry> </Lexicon> </LexicalResource> This example is rather simple, while LMF can represent much more complex linguistic descriptions the XML tagging is correspondingly complex. Selected publications about LMF The first publication about the LMF specification as it has been ratified by ISO (this paper became (in 2015) the 9th most cited paper within the Language Resources and Evaluation conferences from LREC papers): Language Resources and Evaluation LREC-2006/Genoa: Gil Francopoulo, Monte George, Nicoletta Calzolari, Monica Monachini, Nuria Bel, Mandy Pet, Claudia Soria: Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) About semantic representation: Gesellschaft für linguistische Datenverarbeitung GLDV-2007/Tübingen: Gil Francopoulo, Nuria Bel, Monte George Nicoletta Calzolari, Monica Monachini, Mandy Pet, Claudia Soria: Lexical Markup Framework ISO standard for semantic information in NLP lexicons About African languages: Traitement Automatique des langues naturelles, Marseille, 2014: Mouhamadou Khoule, Mouhamad Ndiankho Thiam, El Hadj Mamadou Nguer: Toward the establishment of a LMF-based Wolof language lexicon (Vers la mise en place d'un lexique basé sur LMF pour la langue wolof) About Asian languages: Lexicography, Journal of ASIALEX, Springer 2014: Lexical Markup Framework: Gil Francopoulo, Chu-Ren Huang: An ISO Standard for Electronic Lexicons and its Implications for Asian Languages DOI 10.1007/s40607-014-0006-z About European languages: COLING 2010: Verena Henrich, Erhard Hinrichs: Standardizing Wordnets in the ISO Standard LMF: Wordnet-LMF for GermaNet EACL 2012: Judith Eckle-Kohler, Iryna Gurevych: Subcat-LMF: Fleshing out a standardized format for subcategorization frame interoperability EACL 2012: Iryna Gurevych, Judith Eckle-Kohler, Silvana Hartmann, Michael Matuschek, Christian M Meyer, Christian Wirth: UBY - A Large-Scale Unified Lexical-Semantic Resource Based on LMF. About Semitic languages: Journal of Natural Language Engineering, Cambridge University Press (to appear in Spring 2015): Aida Khemakhem, Bilel Gargouri, Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou, Gil Francopoulo: ISO Standard Modeling of a large Arabic Dictionary. Proceedings of the seventh Global Wordnet Conference 2014: Nadia B M Karmani, Hsan Soussou, Adel M Alimi: Building a standardized Wordnet in the ISO LMF for aeb language. Proceedings of the workshop: HLT & NLP within Arabic world, LREC 2008: Noureddine Loukil, Kais Haddar, Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou: Towards a syntactic lexicon of Arabic Verbs. Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles, Toulouse (in French) 2007: Khemakhem A, Gargouri B, Abdelwahed A, Francopoulo G: Modélisation des paradigmes de flexion des verbes arabes selon la norme LMF-ISO 24613. Dedicated book There is a book published in 2013: LMF Lexical Markup Framework which is entirely dedicated to LMF. The first chapter deals with the history of lexicon models, the second chapter is a formal presentation of the data model and the third one deals with the relation with the data categories of the ISO-DCR. The other 14 chapters deal with a lexicon or a system, either in the civil or military domain, either within scientific research labs or for industrial applications. These are Wordnet-LMF, Prolmf, DUELME, UBY-LMF, LG-LMF, RELISH, GlobalAtlas (or Global Atlas) and Wordscape. Related scientific communications Language Resources and Evaluation LREC-2006/Genoa: The relevance of standards for research infrastructures See also Computational lexicology Lexical semantics Morphology (linguistics) for explanations concerning paradigms and morphosyntax Machine translation for a presentation of the different types of multilingual notations (see section Approaches) Morphological pattern for the difference between a paradigm and a paradigm pattern WordNet for a presentation of the most famous semantic lexicon for the English language Universal Terminology eXchange (UTX) for a user-oriented, alternative format for machine-readable dictionaries Universal Networking Language UBY-LMF for an application of LMF OntoLex-Lemon for an LMF-based model for publishing dictionaries as knowledge graphs, in RDF and/or as Linguistic Linked Open Data References ^ "ISO 24613-1:2024 – Language resource management – Lexical markup framework (LMF) – Part 1: Core model". ISO. Retrieved 2024-01-31. ^ a b "The relevance of standards for research infrastructures" (PDF). Hal.inria.fr. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ "Lexical Markup Framework (LMF)" (PDF). Hal.inria.fr. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ "Lexical markup framework (LMF) for NLP multilingual resources" (PDF). Hal.inria.fr. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ "Vers la mise en place d'un lexique basé sur LMF pour la langue Wolof" (PDF). Aclweb.org. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ "Standardizing Wordnets in the ISO Standard LMF: Wordnet-LMF for GermaNet" (PDF). Aclweb.org. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ "Subcat-LMF: Fleshing out a standardized format for subcategorization frame interoperability" (PDF). Aclweb.org: 550–560. April 2012. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ "UBY – A Large-Scale Unified Lexical-Semantic Resource Based on LMF" (PDF). Aclweb.org. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ "Building a standardized Wordnet in the ISO LMF for aeb language" (PDF). Aclweb.org. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ "LREC 2008 Proceedings". Lrec-conf.org. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ "Modélisation des paradigmes de flexion des verbes arabes selon la norme LMF - ISO 24613" (PDF). Aclweb.org. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ Gil Francopoulo (edited by) LMF Lexical Markup Framework, ISTE / Wiley 2013 (ISBN 978-1-84821-430-9) External links LMF web site LIRICS web site vteISO standards by standard numberList of ISO standards – ISO romanizations – IEC standards1–9999 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 16 17 31 -0 -1 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 68-1 128 216 217 226 228 233 259 261 262 302 306 361 500 518 519 639 -1 -2 -3 -5 -6 646 657 668 690 704 732 764 838 843 860 898 965 999 1000 1004 1007 1073-1 1073-2 1155 1413 1538 1629 1745 1989 2014 2015 2022 2033 2047 2108 2145 2146 2240 2281 2533 2709 2711 2720 2788 2848 2852 2921 3029 3103 3166 -1 -2 -3 3297 3307 3601 3602 3864 3901 3950 3977 4031 4157 4165 4217 4909 5218 5426 5427 5428 5725 5775 5776 5800 5807 5964 6166 6344 6346 6373 6385 6425 6429 6438 6523 6709 6943 7001 7002 7010 7027 7064 7098 7185 7200 7498 -1 7637 7736 7810 7811 7812 7813 7816 7942 8000 8093 8178 8217 8373 8501-1 8571 8583 8601 8613 8632 8651 8652 8691 8805/8806 8807 8820-5 8859 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -8-I -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 8879 9000/9001 9036 9075 9126 9141 9227 9241 9293 9314 9362 9407 9496 9506 9529 9564 9592/9593 9594 9660 9797-1 9897 9899 9945 9984 9985 9995 10000–19999 10006 10007 10116 10118-3 10160 10161 10165 10179 10206 10218 10279 10303 -11 -21 -22 -28 -238 10383 10585 10589 10628 10646 10664 10746 10861 10957 10962 10967 11073 11170 11172 11179 11404 11544 11783 11784 11785 11801 11889 11898 11940 (-2) 11941 11941 (TR) 11992 12006 12052 12182 12207 12234-2 12620 13211 -1 -2 13216 13250 13399 13406-2 13450 13485 13490 13567 13568 13584 13616 13816 13818 14000 14031 14224 14289 14396 14443 14496 -2 -3 -6 -10 -11 -12 -14 -17 -20 14617 14644 14649 14651 14698 14764 14882 14971 15022 15189 15288 15291 15292 15398 15408 15444 -3 -9 15445 15438 15504 15511 15686 15693 15706 -2 15707 15897 15919 15924 15926 15926 WIP 15930 15938 16023 16262 16355-1 16485 16612-2 16750 16949 (TS) 17024 17025 17100 17203 17369 17442 17506 17799 18004 18014 18181 18245 18629 18916 19005 19011 19092 -1 -2 19114 19115 19125 19136 19407 19439 19500 19501 19502 19503 19505 19506 19507 19508 19509 19510 19600 19752 19757 19770 19775-1 19794-5 19831 20000–29999 20000 20022 20121 20400 20802 20830 21000 21001 21047 21122 21500 21827 22000 22275 22300 22301 22395 22537 23000 23003 23008 23009 23090-3 23092 23094-1 23094-2 23270 23271 23360 23941 24517 24613 24617 24707 24728 25178 25964 26000 26262 26300 26324 27000 series 27000 27001 27002 27005 27006 27729 28000 29110 29148 29199-2 29500 30000+ 30170 31000 32000 37001 38500 39075 40500 42010 45001 50001 55000 56000 80000 Category

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The same specifications are to be used for both small and large lexicons, for both simple and complex lexicons, for both written and spoken lexical representations. The descriptions range from morphology, syntax, computational semantics to computer-assisted translation. The covered languages are not restricted to European languages but cover all natural languages. The range of targeted NLP applications is not restricted. LMF is able to represent most lexicons, including WordNet, EDR and PAROLE lexicons.","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO/TC 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/TC_37"},{"link_name":"data model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"CNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerche"},{"link_name":"Gil Francopoulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gil_Francopoulo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ANSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute"}],"text":"In the past, lexicon standardization has been studied and developed by a series of projects like GENELEX, EDR, EAGLES, MULTEXT, PAROLE, SIMPLE and ISLE. Then, the ISO/TC 37 National delegations decided to address standards dedicated to NLP and lexicon representation. The work on LMF started in Summer 2003 by a new work item proposal issued by the US delegation. In Fall 2003, the French delegation issued a technical proposition for a data model dedicated to NLP lexicons. In early 2004, the ISO/TC 37 committee decided to form a common ISO project with Nicoletta Calzolari (CNR-ILC Italy) as convenor and Gil Francopoulo (Tagmatica France) and Monte George (ANSI, United States) as editors.\nThe first step in developing LMF was to design an overall framework based on the general features of existing lexicons and to develop a consistent terminology to describe the components of those lexicons. The next step was the actual design of a comprehensive model that best represented all of the lexicons in detail. A large panel of 60 experts contributed a wide range of requirements for LMF that covered many types of NLP lexicons. The editors of LMF worked closely with the panel of experts to identify the best solutions and reach a consensus on the design of LMF. Special attention was paid to the morphology in order to provide powerful mechanisms for handling problems in several languages that were known as difficult to handle. 13 versions have been written, dispatched (to the National nominated experts), commented and discussed during various ISO technical meetings. After five years of work, including numerous face-to-face meetings and e-mail exchanges, the editors arrived at a coherent UML model. In conclusion, LMF should be considered a synthesis of the state of the art in NLP lexicon field.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The ISO number is 24613. The LMF specification has been published officially as an International Standard on 17 November 2008.","title":"Current stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"specifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifications"},{"link_name":"word segmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_segmentation"},{"link_name":"annotations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annotations"},{"link_name":"feature structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_structure"},{"link_name":"lexicons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_markup_framework"},{"link_name":"language codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_code"},{"link_name":"ISO 639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639"},{"link_name":"scripts codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system"},{"link_name":"ISO 15924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_15924"},{"link_name":"country codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"ISO 10646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_10646"}],"text":"The ISO/TC 37 standards are currently elaborated as high level specifications and deal with word segmentation (ISO 24614), annotations (ISO 24611 a.k.a. MAF, ISO 24612 a.k.a. LAF, ISO 24615 a.k.a. SynAF, and ISO 24617-1 a.k.a. SemAF/Time), feature structures (ISO 24610), multimedia containers (ISO 24616 a.k.a. MLIF), and lexicons (ISO 24613). These standards are based on low level specifications dedicated to constants, namely data categories (revision of ISO 12620), language codes (ISO 639), scripts codes (ISO 15924), country codes (ISO 3166) and Unicode (ISO 10646).The two level organization forms a coherent family of standards with the following common and simple rules:the high level specification provides structural elements that are adorned by the standardized constants;\nthe low level specifications provide standardized constants as metadata.","title":"As one of the members of the ISO/TC 37 family of standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inria1-2"},{"link_name":"Unified Modeling Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language"},{"link_name":"Object Management Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Management_Group"},{"link_name":"diagrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram"},{"link_name":"DTD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Type_Definition"}],"text":"The linguistics constants like /feminine/ or /transitive/ are not defined within LMF but are recorded in the Data Category Registry (DCR) that is maintained as a global resource by ISO/TC 37 in compliance with ISO/IEC 11179-3:2003.[2] And these constants are used to adorn the high level structural elements.The LMF specification complies with the modeling principles of Unified Modeling Language (UML) as defined by Object Management Group (OMG). The structure is specified by means of UML class diagrams. The examples are presented by means of UML instance (or object) diagrams.An XML DTD is given in an annex of the LMF document.","title":"Key standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"MRD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary"},{"link_name":"NLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Language_Processing"},{"link_name":"syntax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax"},{"link_name":"NLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Language_Processing"},{"link_name":"semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_semantics"},{"link_name":"NLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Language_Processing"},{"link_name":"multilingual notations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingual_notation"},{"link_name":"NLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Language_Processing"},{"link_name":"morphological patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_pattern"},{"link_name":"multiword expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiword_expression"},{"link_name":"patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern"},{"link_name":"patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern"}],"text":"LMF is composed of the following components:The core package that is the structural skeleton which describes the basic hierarchy of information in a lexical entry.\nExtensions of the core package which are expressed in a framework that describes the reuse of the core components in conjunction with the additional components required for a specific lexical resource.The extensions are specifically dedicated to morphology, MRD, NLP syntax, NLP semantics, NLP multilingual notations, NLP morphological patterns, multiword expression patterns, and constraint expression patterns.","title":"Model structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language"},{"link_name":"instance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instantiation_(computer_science)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LMFMorphoClergymanInflected.svg"},{"link_name":"Lexical Resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_resource"},{"link_name":"Lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)"},{"link_name":"partOfSpeech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_category"},{"link_name":"grammaticalNumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number"},{"link_name":"ISO 639-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"}],"text":"In the following example, the lexical entry is associated with a lemma clergyman and two inflected forms clergyman and clergymen. The language coding is set for the whole lexical resource. The language value is set for the whole lexicon as shown in the following UML instance diagram.The elements Lexical Resource, Global Information, Lexicon, Lexical Entry, Lemma, and Word Form define the structure of the lexicon. They are specified within the LMF document.\nOn the contrary, languageCoding, language, partOfSpeech, commonNoun, writtenForm, grammaticalNumber, singular, plural are data categories that are taken from the Data Category Registry. These marks adorn the structure. The values ISO 639-3, clergyman, clergymen are plain character strings. The value eng is taken from the list of languages as defined by ISO 639-3.With some additional information like dtdVersion and feat, the same data can be expressed by the following XML fragment:<LexicalResource dtdVersion=\"15\">\n <GlobalInformation>\n <feat att=\"languageCoding\" val=\"ISO 639-3\"/>\n </GlobalInformation>\n <Lexicon>\n <feat att=\"language\" val=\"eng\"/>\n <LexicalEntry>\n <feat att=\"partOfSpeech\" val=\"commonNoun\"/>\n <Lemma>\n <feat att=\"writtenForm\" val=\"clergyman\"/>\n </Lemma>\n <WordForm>\n <feat att=\"writtenForm\" val=\"clergyman\"/>\n <feat att=\"grammaticalNumber\" val=\"singular\"/>\n </WordForm>\n <WordForm>\n <feat att=\"writtenForm\" val=\"clergymen\"/>\n <feat att=\"grammaticalNumber\" val=\"plural\"/>\n </WordForm>\n </LexicalEntry>\n </Lexicon>\n</LexicalResource>This example is rather simple, while LMF can represent much more complex linguistic descriptions the XML tagging is correspondingly complex.","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LREC"},{"link_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LREC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Journal of Natural Language Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Language_Engineering_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The first publication about the LMF specification as it has been ratified by ISO (this paper became (in 2015) the 9th most cited paper within the Language Resources and Evaluation conferences from LREC papers):Language Resources and Evaluation LREC-2006/Genoa: Gil Francopoulo, Monte George, Nicoletta Calzolari, Monica Monachini, Nuria Bel, Mandy Pet, Claudia Soria: Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) [3]About semantic representation:Gesellschaft für linguistische Datenverarbeitung GLDV-2007/Tübingen: Gil Francopoulo, Nuria Bel, Monte George Nicoletta Calzolari, Monica Monachini, Mandy Pet, Claudia Soria: Lexical Markup Framework ISO standard for semantic information in NLP lexicons [4]About African languages:Traitement Automatique des langues naturelles, Marseille, 2014: Mouhamadou Khoule, Mouhamad Ndiankho Thiam, El Hadj Mamadou Nguer: Toward the establishment of a LMF-based Wolof language lexicon (Vers la mise en place d'un lexique basé sur LMF pour la langue wolof) [in French][5]About Asian languages:Lexicography, Journal of ASIALEX, Springer 2014: Lexical Markup Framework: Gil Francopoulo, Chu-Ren Huang: An ISO Standard for Electronic Lexicons and its Implications for Asian Languages DOI 10.1007/s40607-014-0006-zAbout European languages:COLING 2010: Verena Henrich, Erhard Hinrichs: Standardizing Wordnets in the ISO Standard LMF: Wordnet-LMF for GermaNet [6]\nEACL 2012: Judith Eckle-Kohler, Iryna Gurevych: Subcat-LMF: Fleshing out a standardized format for subcategorization frame interoperability [7]\nEACL 2012: Iryna Gurevych, Judith Eckle-Kohler, Silvana Hartmann, Michael Matuschek, Christian M Meyer, Christian Wirth: UBY - A Large-Scale Unified Lexical-Semantic Resource Based on LMF.[8]About Semitic languages:Journal of Natural Language Engineering, Cambridge University Press (to appear in Spring 2015): Aida Khemakhem, Bilel Gargouri, Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou, Gil Francopoulo: ISO Standard Modeling of a large Arabic Dictionary.\nProceedings of the seventh Global Wordnet Conference 2014: Nadia B M Karmani, Hsan Soussou, Adel M Alimi: Building a standardized Wordnet in the ISO LMF for aeb language.[9]\nProceedings of the workshop: HLT & NLP within Arabic world, LREC 2008: Noureddine Loukil, Kais Haddar, Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou: Towards a syntactic lexicon of Arabic Verbs.[10]\nTraitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles, Toulouse (in French) 2007: Khemakhem A, Gargouri B, Abdelwahed A, Francopoulo G: Modélisation des paradigmes de flexion des verbes arabes selon la norme LMF-ISO 24613.[11]","title":"Selected publications about LMF"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"UBY-LMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBY-LMF"}],"text":"There is a book published in 2013: LMF Lexical Markup Framework[12] which is entirely dedicated to LMF. The first chapter deals with the history of lexicon models, the second chapter is a formal presentation of the data model and the third one deals with the relation with the data categories of the ISO-DCR. The other 14 chapters deal with a lexicon or a system, either in the civil or military domain, either within scientific research labs or for industrial applications. These are Wordnet-LMF, Prolmf, DUELME, UBY-LMF, LG-LMF, RELISH, GlobalAtlas (or Global Atlas) and Wordscape.","title":"Dedicated book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Language Resources and Evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LREC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inria1-2"}],"sub_title":"Related scientific communications","text":"Language Resources and Evaluation LREC-2006/Genoa: The relevance of standards for research infrastructures [2]","title":"Dedicated book"}]

[]

[{"title":"Computational lexicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_lexicology"},{"title":"Lexical semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_semantics"},{"title":"Morphology (linguistics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)"},{"title":"Machine translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation"},{"title":"Morphological pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_pattern"},{"title":"WordNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet"},{"title":"semantic lexicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_lexicon"},{"title":"Universal Terminology eXchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Terminology_eXchange"},{"title":"Universal Networking Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Networking_Language"},{"title":"UBY-LMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBY-LMF"},{"title":"OntoLex-Lemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OntoLex"},{"title":"knowledge graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_graph"},{"title":"RDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework"},{"title":"Linguistic Linked Open Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobri_Hristov

Dobri Hristov

["1 Works","2 External links","3 Sources"]

Bulgarian composer (1875–1941) Dobri HristovДобри ХристовBornDecember 14th, 1875NationalityBulgarianOccupationComposer Dobri Hristov (Bulgarian: Добри Христов; 14 December 1875 – 23 January 1941) was one of the major Bulgarian composers of the 20th century. He wrote mainly choral music, as well as some church music and music for the orchestra. Hristov was born in Varna, then in the Ottoman Empire. He graduated from the Prague Conservatory in 1903 (under the directorship of the famous Czech composer Antonín Dvořák). He returned to Bulgaria and helped with the development of Bulgarian music culture, using many Bulgarian folklore elements in his compositions. He was conductor of "The Seven Saints" ensemble and choir in the church of the same name in Sofia, Bulgaria between 1911 and 1928. He died in Sofia in 1941 at age 65. Works Blagoslovi, soul moia, Gospoda Heruvimskaya pesn' No. 4 Nyne otpushchayeshi Sviatii Bozhe No. 4 You Poem External links Hristov depicted on the 500 leva banknote Sources ^ "Dobri Hristov - ChoralWiki". www.cpdl.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16. ^ "Blagoslovi, dushe moia, Gospoda (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki". www.cpdl.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16. ^ "Heruvimskaya pesn' No. 4 (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki". www.cpdl.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16. ^ "Nyne otpushchayeshi (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki". www.cpdl.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16. ^ "Sviatii Bozhe No. 4 (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki". www.cpdl.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16. ^ "Tebe Poem (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki". www.cpdl.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16. This article about a Bulgarian composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteAuthority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Finland United States Latvia Czech Republic Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"choral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"church music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_music"},{"link_name":"orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Prague Conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Conservatory"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_people"},{"link_name":"Antonín Dvořák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"\"The Seven Saints\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thesevensaints.com"},{"link_name":"ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"}],"text":"Dobri Hristov (Bulgarian: Добри Христов; 14 December 1875 – 23 January 1941)[1] was one of the major Bulgarian composers of the 20th century. He wrote mainly choral music, as well as some church music and music for the orchestra.Hristov was born in Varna, then in the Ottoman Empire. He graduated from the Prague Conservatory in 1903 (under the directorship of the famous Czech composer Antonín Dvořák). He returned to Bulgaria and helped with the development of Bulgarian music culture, using many Bulgarian folklore elements in his compositions. He was conductor of \"The Seven Saints\" ensemble and choir in the church of the same name in Sofia, Bulgaria between 1911 and 1928. He died in Sofia in 1941 at age 65.","title":"Dobri Hristov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Blagoslovi, soul moia, Gospoda[2]\nHeruvimskaya pesn' No. 4[3]\nNyne otpushchayeshi[4]\nSviatii Bozhe No. 4[5]\nYou Poem[6]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Dobri Hristov - ChoralWiki\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Dobri_Hristov"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Blagoslovi, dushe moia, Gospoda (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Blagoslovi,_dushe_moia,_Gospoda_(Dobri_Hristov)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Heruvimskaya pesn' No. 4 (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Heruvimskaya_pesn%27_No._4_(Dobri_Hristov)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Nyne otpushchayeshi (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Nyne_otpushchayeshi_(Dobri_Hristov)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Sviatii Bozhe No. 4 (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Sviatii_Bozhe_No._4_(Dobri_Hristov)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Tebe Poem (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Tebe_Poem_(Dobri_Hristov)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noteicon3.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dobri_Hristov&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bulgaria-composer-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bulgaria-composer-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bulgaria-composer-stub"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1233402#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/173699/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000119321419"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/74037045"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGXFyJQGh8vd49g4bPQq"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3063777"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13892498z"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13892498z"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/122851013"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV040404"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007524562205171"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000209581"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n86821137"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000304899&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20090521005&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000220387&local_base=nsk10"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p32618760X"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810541083205606"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16990364?l=en"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/artist/2ba4d2ab-c0f5-4356-9d86-4caff2bb7b79"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/114256098"}],"text":"^ \"Dobri Hristov - ChoralWiki\". www.cpdl.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16.\n\n^ \"Blagoslovi, dushe moia, Gospoda (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki\". www.cpdl.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16.\n\n^ \"Heruvimskaya pesn' No. 4 (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki\". www.cpdl.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16.\n\n^ \"Nyne otpushchayeshi (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki\". www.cpdl.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16.\n\n^ \"Sviatii Bozhe No. 4 (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki\". www.cpdl.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16.\n\n^ \"Tebe Poem (Dobri Hristov) - ChoralWiki\". www.cpdl.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16.This article about a Bulgarian composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nFinland\nUnited States\nLatvia\nCzech Republic\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_Television

Practical Television

["1 Publication history","2 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Practical Television" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Practical TelevisionEditorF.J. CammCategoriesTelevisionFrequencyMonthlyPublisherGeorge Newnes LtdFounded1933First issueSeptember 1934Final issueNumberMay 2008At least 660CountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Practical Television, later known as Television and subsequently Television & Consumer Electronics, was a UK magazine for the electronics/TV servicing trade, enthusiasts, and the general public. The chief editor was F.J. Camm and it was published by George Newnes Ltd. Initially founded as a supplement to another publication in 1933, it was published as a monthly magazine from 1934 to 1938, and from 1950 to June 2008. Publication history Practical Television first appeared in September 1933, initially as a four-page monthly supplement to Practical Wireless (launched 1932); it became a weekly supplement starting in January 1934. Practical Television debuted as a separate, monthly publication in September 1934. In November 1938 it was merged back into Practical Wireless as a supplement, and in 1940 it disappeared from that publication as well. After a nine-year hiatus, in March 1949, Practical Television restarted as a supplement in Practical Wireless. The magazine reappeared as a separate publication in April 1950, starting with a new issue No. 1. With the October 1970 issue, the title was shortened to Television with the subtitle "Servicing, Construction, Colour Developments." By mid-2004 the magazine was called Television & Consumer Electronics. After changes of ownership, the magazine was finally withdrawn from publication in June 2008; its final issue was June 2008. References ^ a b c d e f g h i "Practical Television". American radio History. Retrieved 22 October 2016. This trade magazine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This British business magazine or journal-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curse_of_Capistrano

The Curse of Capistrano

["1 Publication history","2 Setting","3 References","4 External links"]

1919 novel by Johnston McCulley The Curse of Capistrano AuthorJohnston McCulleyLanguageEnglishSeriesWeekly: August 9-September 6, 1919GenreAdventurePublisherAll-Story WeeklyGrosset & DunlapPublication date1924Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Serial, Hardback & Paperback)Pages300OCLC1729949 The Curse of Capistrano is a 1919 novel by Johnston McCulley and the first work to feature the Californio character Diego Vega, the masked hero also called Zorro (zorro is the Spanish word for fox). It first appeared as a five-part magazine serial. The story was adapted into the silent film The Mark of Zorro in 1920. It appeared in book form in 1924, also using the title The Mark of Zorro. Publication history Before being published in book form, The Curse of Capistrano appeared as five serialized installments in the pulp magazine All-Story Weekly. In 1920, the story was adapted as the silent film The Mark of Zorro starring Douglas Fairbanks as the hero Don Diego Vega. The title was a reference to the hero's habit of marking enemies or surfaces with three sword cuts, forming a letter "Z." The film met with enormous success, leading to public demand for more Zorro stories. In 1922, McCulley began a new series of over 60 serialized stories in Argosy All-Story Weekly. Many of these stories were later collected and published as The Further Adventures of Zorro, Zorro Rides Again, and The Sign of Zorro. Taking advantage of the character's rising popularity in film and prose, and not wishing to confuse interested buyers by using the original title, the five-part prose story was then republished as a novel entitled The Mark of Zorro by Grosset & Dunlap in 1924. Since then, each new edition of the book has been published under the same title. Twenty years after the first film adaptation and sixteen years after the book's publication, 20th Century Fox released a new "talkie" version of The Mark of Zorro in 1940 starring Tyrone Power as Don Diego Vega. The film met with high popularity and critical success and was named to the National Film Registry in 2009 by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant," and to be preserved for all time. The 1940 film has been referenced in numerous Batman comics as the film that hero Bruce Wayne sees on the night his parents are murdered. Setting The book tells of the story of Californio Don Diego Vega, alias 'Señor Zorro', in the company of his deaf and mute servant Bernardo and his lover Lolita Pulido, as they oppose the villainous Captain Ramon and Sgt. Gonzales in early 19th-century California during the era of Mexican rule, before it became a U.S. state (see Alta California). It is set amongst the historic Spanish missions in California, pueblos (towns) such as San Juan Capistrano, California, and the rural California countryside (see also ranchos of California). References ^ a b Beale, Lewis (June 28, 2005). "Zorro still makes his mark". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 15, 2015. ^ All-Story Weekly vol. 100 #2 (August 9, 1919) - vol. 101 #2 (September 6, 1919) ^ "2009 Selections to the National Film Registry Announced". News Releases. The Library of Congress. 2009-12-30. Retrieved 2015-04-27. ^ The Dark Knight Returns (1986) External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Curse of Capistrano The Mark of Zorro at Standard Ebooks The Mark of Zorro at Project Gutenberg Short radio episode Clash of Blades from The Mark of Zorro, 1924, by California Legacy Project. The Curse of Capistrano at the FictionMags Index The Curse of Capistrano public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Mark of Zorro public domain audiobook at LibriVox vteJohnston McCulley's ZorroBooks The Curse of Capistrano (1919) Zorro (2005) Tales of Zorro (2008) FilmsAmerican films The Mark of Zorro (1920) Don Q, Son of Zorro (1925) The Bold Caballero (1936) Zorro Rides Again (1937) Zorro's Fighting Legion (1939) The Mark of Zorro (1940) Zorro's Black Whip (1944) Son of Zorro (1947) Ghost of Zorro (1949) Zorro the Avenger (1962) The Erotic Adventures of Zorro (1972) The Mark of Zorro (1974) Zorro, The Gay Blade (1981) The Mask of Zorro (1998) The Legend of Zorro (2005) Non-English language The Dream of Zorro (1952) The Shadow of Zorro (1962) Duel at the Rio Grande (1963) Zorro and the Three Musketeers (1963) Samson and the Slave Queen (1963) Behind the Mask of Zorro (1965) The Nephews of Zorro (1968) Zorro in the Court of England (1969) The Avenger, Zorro (1972) Man with the Golden Winchester (1973) Mark of Zorro (1975) Zorro (1975) The Great Adventure of Zorro (1976) Televisionseries Zorro (1957, episodes) The New Adventures of Zorro (1981) Zorro and Son (1983) Zorro (1990, episodes) Kaiketsu Zorro (1996) The New Adventures of Zorro (1997) Zorro: Generation Z (2006) El Zorro, la espada y la rosa (2007) Zorro (2009) Op zoek naar Zorro (2010) Zorro (2024) Plays Zorro in Hell (2006) Zorro (2008) Video games Zorro (1985) Zorro (1995) The Mask of Zorro (1998) The Shadow of Zorro (2001) The Destiny of Zorro (2008) Characters Zorro Tornado (horse) Related Johnston McCulley bibliography

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The title was a reference to the hero's habit of marking enemies or surfaces with three sword cuts, forming a letter \"Z.\"The film met with enormous success, leading to public demand for more Zorro stories. In 1922, McCulley began a new series of over 60 serialized stories in Argosy All-Story Weekly. Many of these stories were later collected and published as The Further Adventures of Zorro, Zorro Rides Again, and The Sign of Zorro.Taking advantage of the character's rising popularity in film and prose, and not wishing to confuse interested buyers by using the original title, the five-part prose story was then republished as a novel entitled The Mark of Zorro by Grosset & Dunlap in 1924. Since then, each new edition of the book has been published under the same title.[1] Twenty years after the first film adaptation and sixteen years after the book's publication, 20th Century Fox released a new \"talkie\" version of The Mark of Zorro in 1940 starring Tyrone Power as Don Diego Vega. The film met with high popularity and critical success and was named to the National Film Registry in 2009 by the Library of Congress for being \"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant,\" and to be preserved for all time.[3] The 1940 film has been referenced in numerous Batman comics as the film that hero Bruce Wayne sees on the night his parents are murdered.[4]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Californio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Mexican rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_California_before_1900#California_under_Mexican_rule_(1821%E2%80%931846)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"Spanish missions in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California"},{"link_name":"San Juan Capistrano, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Capistrano,_California"},{"link_name":"ranchos of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchos_of_California"}],"text":"The book tells of the story of Californio Don Diego Vega, alias 'Señor Zorro', in the company of his deaf and mute servant Bernardo and his lover Lolita Pulido, as they oppose the villainous Captain Ramon and Sgt. Gonzales in early 19th-century California during the era of Mexican rule, before it became a U.S. state (see Alta California). It is set amongst the historic Spanish missions in California, pueblos (towns) such as San Juan Capistrano, California, and the rural California countryside (see also ranchos of California).","title":"Setting"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia

Sia

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 1997–2006: Zero 7, Healing Is Difficult and Colour the Small One","2.2 2007–2010: Some People Have Real Problems and We Are Born","2.3 2010–2013: Songwriting career and mainstream recognition","2.4 2013–2014: Breakthrough with 1000 Forms of Fear","2.5 2015–2017: This Is Acting","2.6 2017–present: Everyday Is Christmas, LSD, Music, and Reasonable Woman","3 Artistry and musical style","4 Accolades and recognition","5 Other ventures","5.1 Philanthropy","5.2 Animal activism","6 Personal life","6.1 Relationships and family","6.2 Sexuality","6.3 Health","7 Discography","8 Tours","9 Filmography","9.1 Film roles","9.2 Television roles","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]

Australian singer and songwriter (born 1975) This article is about the musician. For other uses, see Sia (disambiguation). SiaSia in 2006BornSia Kate Isobelle Furler (1975-12-18) 18 December 1975 (age 48)Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaOccupationsSingersongwriterdirectorSpouses Erik Anders Lang ​ ​(m. 2014; div. 2016)​ Dan Bernad ​(m. 2023)​ Children2AwardsFull listMusical careerGenresPopelectronicaLabelsDance PoolGo! BeatInertiaRCAMonkey PuzzleAtlanticWebsitesiamusic.net Musical artistSignature Sia Kate Isobelle Furler (/ˈsiːə/ SEE-ə; born 18 December 1975) is an Australian singer and songwriter. Born and raised in Adelaide, she started her career as a singer in the acid jazz band Crisp in the mid-1990s. When Crisp disbanded in 1997, she released her debut studio album, OnlySee, in Australia. Sia moved to London and provided vocals for the British duo Zero 7. She released her second studio album, Healing Is Difficult, in 2001 and her third, Colour the Small One, in 2004. Sia moved to New York City in 2005 and toured the United States. Her fourth and fifth studio albums, Some People Have Real Problems and We Are Born, were released in 2008 and 2010 respectively, and both were certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association and attracted wider notice than her earlier albums. Uncomfortable with her growing fame, she took a hiatus from performing and focused on songwriting for other artists, producing successful collaborations "Titanium" (with David Guetta), "Diamonds" (with Rihanna) and "Wild Ones" (with Flo Rida). In 2014, Sia broke through as a solo recording artist when her sixth studio album, 1000 Forms of Fear, debuted at No. 1 in the U.S. Billboard 200 and generated the top-ten single "Chandelier", and a trilogy of music videos she co-directed, starring child dancer Maddie Ziegler. Since then, she has usually worn a wig that obscures her face to protect her privacy. Sia's seventh studio album, This Is Acting (2016), spawned her first Billboard Hot 100 number one single, "Cheap Thrills". That year she also began her Nostalgic for the Present Tour, which incorporated dancing by Ziegler and others, and other performance art elements. Sia's eighth studio album, Everyday Is Christmas, was released in 2017 and reissued in 2018 with three bonus tracks. In 2018, she formed a supergroup with Labrinth and Diplo, LSD. They released their self-titled debut album in April 2019. Sia has written many songs for films. Her feature film directorial debut, Music, released in early 2021 to generally negative reviews, alongside an album, Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture. Her tenth album, Reasonable Woman, was released in May 2024. Sia is an advocate for animal rights. Among her accolades are nearly a dozen ARIA Awards, nine Grammy Award nominations and an MTV Video Music Award. Early life and education Sia Kate Isobelle Furler was born on 18 December 1975 in Adelaide, South Australia. Her father, Phil Colson, is a musician, and her mother, Loene Furler, is an art lecturer. She is the niece of actor Kevin Colson. Sia has stated that as a child she imitated the performing style of Aretha Franklin, Stevie Wonder and Sting, whom she has cited as early influences. She attended Adelaide High School. Career In the mid-1990s, Sia started a career as a singer in the local acid jazz band Crisp. Sia collaborated with the band and contributed vocals to their album Word and the Deal (1996) and EP Delirium (1997). In 1997 Crisp disbanded, and Sia released her debut studio album, OnlySee, on Flavoured Records, in Australia, on 23 December. The album sold about 1,200 copies. Unlike her later albums, OnlySee was marketed under her full name, "Sia Furler". It was produced by Jesse Flavell. 1997–2006: Zero 7, Healing Is Difficult and Colour the Small One Sia in concert in 2006 After Crisp disbanded in 1997, Sia moved to London, where she performed as a background vocalist for British band Jamiroquai. She also provided vocals for English downtempo group Zero 7 on their first three studio albums and toured with the group. On Zero 7's 2001 album Simple Things, Sia contributed vocals to two tracks including the single "Destiny", which peaked at No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2004, she provided vocals for Zero 7 on "Somersault" and "Speed Dial No. 2" (from the album When It Falls). In 2006, Sia collaborated with Zero 7 for their third album, The Garden. In 2000, Sia signed a recording contract with Sony Music's sub-label Dance Pool and released a single, "Taken for Granted", which peaked at No. 10 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2001, she released her second solo album, Healing Is Difficult, which blends retro jazz and soul music and lyrically discusses Sia's dealing with the death of her first love affair. Displeased with the promotion of the album, Sia fired her manager, left Sony Music and signed with Go! Beat, a subsidiary of Universal Music Group (UMG). At the APRA Awards of 2002, Sia won the Breakthrough Songwriter category alongside Brisbane pop duo Aneiki's Jennifer Waite and Grant Wallis. In 2004, Sia released her third studio album, Colour the Small One. The album employs a mixture of acoustic instruments and electronic backing to her material. The album spawned four singles, including "Don't Bring Me Down" and "Breathe Me", the latter of which charted in the United Kingdom, Denmark and France. Dissatisfied with Colour the Small One's poor marketing and the album's struggle to connect with a mainstream audience, Sia relocated to New York City in 2005. During that time, "Breathe Me" appeared in the final scene of the U.S. HBO television series Six Feet Under, which helped increase Sia's fame in the United States. Consequently, Sia's manager, David Enthoven, set up a tour across the country to maintain her career. 2007–2010: Some People Have Real Problems and We Are Born Sia performing at South by Southwest in 2008 In 2007, Sia released a live album, Lady Croissant, which included eight live songs from her April 2006 performance at the Bowery Ballroom in New York and one new studio recording—"Pictures". A year later, she left Zero 7 on friendly terms, replaced by Eska Mtungwazi as the band's frontwoman. Sia released her fourth studio album, Some People Have Real Problems on 8 January 2008. The album peaked at No. 41 in Australia and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association. It charted at No. 26 on the US Billboard 200, becoming Sia's first to chart in the United States. Some People Have Real Problems yielded four singles, including "The Girl You Lost to Cocaine". It peaked at No. 11 in the Netherlands and No. 12 in Spain; it additionally reached No. 8 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs. Another single from the album was "Soon We'll Be Found". In May 2009, Sia released TV Is My Parent on DVD, which includes a live concert at New York's Hiro Ballroom, four music videos and behind-the-scene footage. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2009, Sia won the Best Music DVD category for TV Is My Parent. She also received a nomination for Best Breakthrough Artist Album for Some People Have Real Problems. In 2009, American singer Christina Aguilera approached Sia about writing ballads for Aguilera's sixth studio album. The final product, Bionic, includes four songs co-written by Sia. Later in 2010, Sia also co-wrote "Bound to You" for the soundtrack of the film Burlesque, which starred Aguilera and Cher. The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 68th Golden Globe Awards. In May 2011, Sia appeared on the inaugural season of the U.S. version of The Voice as an adviser for Aguilera, who served as a vocal coach and judge. In June 2010, Sia released her fifth studio album, We Are Born. The release peaked at No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The release of the album was preceded by three singles: the lead single, "You've Changed", was released in December 2009 and charted at No. 31 in Australia. The follow-up single, "Clap Your Hands", peaked at No. 17 in Australia, No. 10 in the Netherlands and No. 27 in Switzerland. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2010, We Are Born earned Sia two categories won: Best Independent Release and Best Pop Release. Meanwhile, at the 2011 APRA Music Awards, Sia received a nomination for Song of the Year for "Clap Your Hands". To promote We Are Born, Sia gave the We Meaning You Tour, which visited North America and Europe in April–May 2010. She followed this with the We Are Born Tour, which visited Australia in February 2011 and North America in July–August 2011. 2010–2013: Songwriting career and mainstream recognition Sia performing in 2011 Following the success of We Are Born, Sia became uncomfortable with her growing fame. She later told The New York Times: "I just wanted to have a private life. Once, as my friend was telling me they had cancer, someone came up and asked, in the middle of the conversation, if they could take a photograph with me. You get me? That's enough, right?" She refused to do promos for her tours, began to wear a mask on stage and became increasingly dependent on drugs and alcohol on the road; she considered suicide. Sia fired Enthoven and hired Jonathan Daniel, who suggested that she write songs for other artists. Sia retired as a recording artist and began a career as a songwriter. She soon penned "Titanium" for American singer Alicia Keys, but it was later sent to David Guetta, who included Sia's original demo vocals on the song and released it as a single in 2011. "Titanium" peaked within the top ten of record charts in the United States, Australia and numerous European regions. However, Sia recalled: "I never even knew it was gonna happen, and I was really upset. Because I had just retired, I was trying to be a pop songwriter, not an artist." From 2011 to 2013, Sia also co-wrote songs for many recording artists, including Beyoncé, Kylie Minogue, Flo Rida and Rihanna. Her collaboration with Flo Rida, "Wild Ones", peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was the tenth best-selling song of 2012 globally. In March 2012, Sia released a greatest hits album, Best Of..., in Australia. 2013–2014: Breakthrough with 1000 Forms of Fear In October 2013, Sia released "Elastic Heart" featuring the Weeknd and Diplo for the soundtrack of the American film The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013). Sia executive-produced Brooke Candy's debut EP, Opulence, released in May 2014, and co-wrote 3 songs on the EP. In July 2014, Sia released her own sixth studio album, 1000 Forms of Fear. She again collaborated with Greg Kurstin. The album debuted at No. 1 in the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 52,000 copies. By October 2015, it was certified gold by the RIAA denoting 500,000 equivalent-album units sold in the United States. The record peaked at No. 1 in Australia and reached the top ten of charts in numerous European regions. It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry and gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association. By early 2016, the album had sold 1 million copies worldwide. 1000 Forms of Fear's lead single, "Chandelier" was released in March 2014. The song peaked at No. 8 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Sia's first entry on that chart as a lead artist. Elsewhere, the song experienced similar commercial success, ranking in the top ten of the record charts in Australia and numerous European regions. As of January 2015, the single had sold 2 million copies in the United States. "Eye of the Needle" and "Big Girls Cry" were released as the second and third singles from the album, respectively, in June 2014. In January 2015, Sia released a solo version of "Elastic Heart" as the fourth single from 1000 Forms of Fear; it eventually reached the top 20 on the Hot 100. At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards (2015), Sia received four nominations for "Chandelier": Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance and Best Music Video. For performances of songs from 1000 Forms of Fear, Sia chose not to show her face, either facing away from audiences or hiding it behind oversized platinum blonde wigs. In videos for the singles "Chandelier", "Elastic Heart" and "Big Girls Cry", choreographed by Ryan Heffington and co-directed by Sia and Daniel Askill, and in many of the promotional live performances, child dancer Maddie Ziegler performed as a proxy for Sia in bobbed blonde wigs similar to Sia's familiar hairstyle. The three videos have received a total of more than 4 billion views on Vevo. Sia explained to Kristen Wiig in an interview in Interview magazine that she decided to conceal her face to avoid a celebrity lifestyle and maintain some privacy: "I'm trying to have some control over my image. And I'm allowed to maintain some modicum of privacy. But also I would like not to be picked apart or for people to observe when I put on ten pounds or take off ten pounds or I have a hair extension out of place or my fake tan is botched. Most people don't have to be under that pressure, and I'd like to be one of them." The video for Elastic Heart "courted controversy and plaudits in equal measure", with some commentators perceiving it to have paedophilic undertones due to the relative ages of the dancers. Sia explained that the two dancers represented "warring 'Sia' self states", but she nevertheless apologised on Twitter to anyone who was "triggered". Gia Kourlas wrote in The New York Times in 2016 that Sia's collaborations with Heffington have "done more to raise the standards of dance in pop music than nearly any current artist integrating the forms". The "Chandelier" video was ranked as the 10th "greatest music video" of the 2010s by Billboard. In 2014, Sia contributed to the soundtrack to the 2014 film adaptation of the Broadway musical Annie. Sia, along with producer Greg Kurstin, wrote three new songs for the film as well as re-working songs from the musical. Sia, Kurstin and the film's director Will Gluck were nominated for Best Original Song at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards for "Opportunity". 2015–2017: This Is Acting In an interview with NME in February 2015, Sia revealed that she had completed the follow-up to 1000 Forms of Fear, entitled This Is Acting. The album was another collaboration with producer and co-writer Greg Kurstin. Furler said that she released 1000 Forms of Fear to free herself from her record deal and had planned simply to write for other artists, but the album's success spurred her to continue writing her own music. The same month, alongside the digital deluxe release of 1000 Forms of Fear, she released a mobile game, Bob Job. "Alive" from This Is Acting was co-written by Adele and had originally been intended for her third album, 25. Sia performing in 2016 In November, Sia collaborated with composer J. Ralph on the soundtrack of the environmental documentary Racing Extinction, co-writing and singing the song "One Candle". She also released two more songs from the album, "Bird Set Free" and "One Million Bullets". "Cheap Thrills" and "Reaper" were subsequently released as promotional singles for the album. Eventually, the single "Cheap Thrills", featuring Sean Paul, reached No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Sia released two videos for the song. One features Ziegler and two male dancers, while the other, featuring Sean Paul, shows a 1950s style teen dance party; it has accumulated more than 1.7 billion views. In April 2016, Sia gave a widely acclaimed performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival that went viral online. Her performance received an effusively positive critical reception as "one of the greatest moments in Coachella's 17-year history", and it was consistently called one of the best performances of the 2016 festival. The performance was her first full concert since 2011. Sia is an avid fan of the television reality series Survivor; in 2016, she made a surprise appearance on the live reunion of Survivor: Kaôh Rōng, where she donated $50,000 to contestant Tai Trang and another $50,000 to an animal charity of his choice, noting that the two share a mutual love of animals. Since then, she has regularly awarded prizes to her favourite contestants from subsequent seasons of Survivor. In June 2016, Sia gave a concert at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado, featuring Ziegler. From May to August, Sia performed in nearly a dozen festivals and other concerts in America and European and Middle Eastern countries, including Portugal, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Hungary, Romania, Poland, the United Kingdom, Russia, Lebanon and Israel. In September 2016, she released a single, "The Greatest", with vocals from American hip hop recording artist Kendrick Lamar. A video was released the same day featuring Ziegler – the dancer's fifth video collaboration with Sia and Heffington. The two performed the song with several other dancers, and also performed "Chandelier" live the next day at the Apple annual fall event, drawing media attention. The videos that Sia has posted to her YouTube channel have accumulated a total of more than 12 billion views, and the channel has more than 22 million subscribers. Sia gave her Nostalgic for the Present Tour in North America from September to November 2016, featuring Ziegler. As at Coachella and subsequent live performances, Sia appeared at the back of the stage with her familiar wig covering her face, while her dancers performed Heffington's choreography synchronised with pre-recorded videos played on big screens. The tour received a warm reaction: "She let her dancers own center stage, carrying out one skit/performance after another as Sia delivered the soundtrack. ... It defied all the regular rules of pop concerts, which are usually designed to focus every ounce of the audience's attention on the star of the show. Yet, Sia's bold gamble paid off, resulting in one of the most daringly original and wholly satisfying shows of 2016." Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic described the show as "part performance art, part interpretive dance. ... sounded amazing. ... There's so much raw emotion in her songs. And you can definitely hear that in her voice, but it becomes more visceral when you can also read it in the faces of her dancers, especially Ziegler. ... The entire performance was brilliantly staged, with one song flowing seamlessly into another". Sia released the deluxe edition of This Is Acting in October 2016, which includes three new tracks, a remix version of "Move Your Body" and a solo version of "The Greatest". She was nominated for three 2017 Grammy Awards. Sia co-wrote and performed on a platinum-selling single, "Dusk Till Dawn", by Zayn. Sia performed in concert at the close of the Dubai World Cup in March 2017, together with her dancers, led by Ziegler. They gave a second leg of the Nostalgic for the Present Tour, her first stadium tour in Australasia, in late 2017. 2017–present: Everyday Is Christmas, LSD, Music, and Reasonable Woman In 2017, Sia moved from RCA to Atlantic Records. She released the album Everyday Is Christmas on Atlantic and Monkey Puzzle in November 2017. The album features original songs co-written and co-produced with Kurstin. She promoted it by releasing the singles "Santa's Coming for Us" and "Snowman", the latter of which she performed during the finale of the 13th season of The Voice and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show with Maddie Ziegler. "Snowman" has also since become a modern-day Christmas classic, and is one of the most-streamed Christmas songs of all time. In November 2018, Sia released the deluxe edition of the album, containing three bonus tracks, as a Target exclusive. In 2018, Sia collaborated with English musician Labrinth and American DJ/record producer Diplo to form the supergroup LSD. They released five singles: "Genius", "Audio", "Thunderclouds", "Mountains", and "No New Friends", before releasing their debut album, Labrinth, Sia & Diplo Present... LSD, in April 2019. Also in 2018, Sia was one of the narrators of Australian animal rights documentary, Dominion, and shared in a 2018 Award of Excellence from the Hollywood International Independent Documentary Awards. Sia's ninth album, Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture, was released in February 2021 in connection with the release of her film, Music. She executive produced Paris Hilton's second studio album, which is expected to be released in 2024. In 2023, Sia released "Gimme Love", the lead single from her tenth studio album, Reasonable Woman. This was followed by "Dance Alone", a collaboration with Kylie Minogue, released in 2024. The album was released on 3 May 2024. Mark Kennedy wrote, for the Associated Press, "Sia hasn't lost a step ability to switch from hurt and broken ("I Forgive You") to ecstatic lover ("Towards the Sun") to vengeful, hell-releasing angel, like on "I Had a Heart". ... But on this outing, the ... forever catchy Sia is most interesting with others. In addition to the Khan duet, the best songs are "Dance Alone" with Kylie Minogue, "Incredible" with Labrinth and "Fame Won't Love You" with Paris Hilton" although he says that Sia "rarely shift out of third gear" on the album. Artistry and musical style At the start of her career, with the band Crisp, Sia performed acid jazz in Australia and later in London. With her first solo single, "Taken for Granted", she experimented with trip hop. When she joined Zero 7, she sang downtempo numbers. With Colour the Small One (2004) and Some People Have Real Problems (2007) she moved into jazz and folktronica, although the album's biggest hit, "Breathe Me", is described as alternative rock and a power ballad. Some People Have Real Problems expanded her connection with indie pop. Sia stated, "Colour the Small One ... couldn't be more derivative of Kings of Convenience and James Taylor and the things that Zero 7 were playing on the bus. I'm very easily influenced." In 2009, after leaving Zero 7, Sia dedicated herself entirely to her solo career. We Are Born (2010), incorporated various pop styles, including synthpop and R&B, with introspective themes accompanied by more insistent and livelier rhythms. 1000 Forms of Fear (2014) consolidated her connection with pop (with traces of electropop, reggae and hip-hop), while This Is Acting (2016) is mostly composed of songs written by Sia with other female pop artists in mind, but the artists did not include the songs on their albums. Sia described songwriting for others as "play-acting". The Guardian's Kitty Empire commented that the latter album "provides an obvious counterpoint to Sia's more personal album of 2014, 1000 Forms of Fear, whose stonking single, "Chandelier", tackled her intoxicated past. This Is Acting makes plain the fact of manufacture – a process akin to bespoke tailoring." The record also alternates reggae and electropop with more introspective themes. Sia's voice has been described as "deep, playful, and powerful". In her 2016 live performances, Sia's music was part of performance-art-like shows that involved dance and theatrical effects. An MTV News writer opined that "Sia's throaty, slurred vocals are her norm", while a contributor to The Fader noted that "in the Billboard Hot 100 landscape, Sia's songwriting voice, which deals with depression and addiction, is singular—her actual voice even more so." Everyday Is Christmas (2017), Sia's first release of Christmas music, is a pop album that gives old-fashioned holiday music "some 21st century pop gloss" and is made for those who grow tired of the classics. Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture (2021) further developed Sia's pop music catalogue, with the album incorporating more electropop and reggae, alongside R&B and EDM. National Public Radio called Sia "the 21st century's most resilient songwriter". Accolades and recognition Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Sia Sia has received an array of accolades, including ARIA Awards, an MTV Video Music Award and nine nominations for Grammy Awards. In March 2021, a laneway in Adelaide city centre was renamed Sia Furler Lane, and a mural titled She Imagined Buttons was painted on a wall nearby to commemorate Sia's 2011 performance in Adelaide. As of October 2022, Sia has 15 entries on the APRA billion streams list, the most of any artist. Other ventures In the 2014 South Park episode "The Cissy", Sia provided the vocals for the fictional Lorde track "Push (Feeling Good on a Wednesday)". In 2016 Sia covered "Blackbird" by The Beatles for the Netflix original series Beat Bugs. She appeared in the 2017 animated film My Little Pony: The Movie as the voice of pop star Songbird Serenade. She also contributed an original song, "Rainbow", to the film's soundtrack. Sia wrote the songs for the soundtrack to the 2018 musical film Vox Lux, with a score by Scott Walker. She wrote a screenplay, based on a story that she had written in 2007, for the 2021 musical film, Music, which starred Ziegler, Kate Hudson and Leslie Odom Jr. Sia also directed the film and wrote its soundtrack. The film was released in Australia in January 2021 and in select IMAX theatres in the US for one night on 10 February 2021, followed by an on-demand release. It received negative reviews from critics and generated controversy for its depiction of autism. It was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy at the 78th Golden Globe Awards. As director of Music, Sia later won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director. Philanthropy Sia has been noted for her philanthropic gestures over the years. Prior to Thanksgiving in 2019, at a local Walmart and TJ Maxx, Sia paid for peoples' groceries and shopping in disguise. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Sia pledged to donate $1 million to CORE Response; she also donated the proceeds from her single "Saved My Life" to CORE Response's and AmeriCares' relief efforts. The same year she donated $100,000 to Australians in need in collaboration with Nova FM DJs Fitzy & Wippa and another $100,000 to community bail funds in support of the Black Lives Matter movement. Since 2016, Sia has given money to her favourite contestants in the reality television series Survivor; the tradition has been billed the "Sia Award". At the end of the 45th season, she had given a total of $1 million to contestants over the years. Animal activism Sia is a vegetarian and an "animal lover". She has been an advocate for animals throughout her career. In 2010, she participated in a PETA campaign to tackle animal overpopulation and encourage people to spay or neuter their pets. She performed her song "I'm in Here" at the Beagle Freedom Project Gala in 2013, and, in 2015, "Free the Animal" was used for PETA public service announcements supporting cruelty-free fashion. During her Nostalgic for the Present Tour in 2016, Sia partnered with various animal rescue organisations to set up dog adoption fairs at each of the shows. In 2017, she released another public service announcement, in collaboration with the ASPCA, using her song "Puppies Are Forever", to encourage pet adoption. Sia co-narrated the 2018 animal rights documentary Dominion. Personal life Relationships and family Following the disbandment of Crisp in 1997, Sia moved to London to follow her relationship with boyfriend Dan Pontifex. Several weeks later, while on a stopover in Thailand, she received the news that Pontifex had died after being in a car accident in London. She returned to Australia, but received a call from one of Pontifex's former housemates, who invited her to stay in London. Her 2001 album Healing Is Difficult lyrically deals with Pontifex's death: "I was pretty fucked up after Dan died. I couldn't really feel anything." Sia recalled the effect of his death in a 2007 interview for The Sunday Times: "We were all devastated, so we got shit-faced on drugs and Special Brew. Unfortunately, that bender lasted six years for me." Sia married documentary filmmaker Erik Anders Lang at her home in Palm Springs, California, in August 2014. The couple divorced in 2016. During a 2014 appearance on The Howard Stern Show, Sia was asked if she was religious, to which she responded, "I believe in a higher power and it's called 'Whatever Dude' and he's a queer, surfing Santa that's a bit like my grandpa, so yes." In the same interview, she stated that she is a feminist and that Whatever Dude divinely inspired the lyrics she wrote for Rihanna's song "Diamonds". One of Sia's tattoos on her hand reads "Whatever Dude". Sia is a cousin of Australian Christian rock musician Peter Furler. In 2019, Sia adopted two boys who were ageing out of the foster care system. In 2020, Sia announced that she had become a grandmother when one of her two 19-year-old sons had fathered twins. In 2023, Sia married Dan Bernad in Portofino, Italy. Sexuality In 2008, Sia discussed her sexual orientation in interviews and revealed her relationship with JD Samson; they broke up in 2011. When asked about her sexuality in 2009, she said, "I've always dated boys and girls and anything in between. I don't care what gender you are, it's about people. ... I've always been... well, flexible is the word I would use." Sia identified as queer on Twitter in 2013. Health Sia has experienced depression and addictions to painkillers and alcohol. In 2010, she wrote a suicide note, planning to overdose; a friend phoned her and, unintentionally, saved her life. Following this, Sia joined Alcoholics Anonymous. Sia cancelled various promotional events and shows due to her poor health in 2010. She cited extreme lethargy and panic attacks, and she considered retiring permanently from performing and touring. She stated that she had been diagnosed with Graves' disease. Later that year, Sia said her health was improving after rest and thyroid suppression therapy. In 2019, Sia stated that she has Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. She has also stated that she was diagnosed with complex post-traumatic stress disorder, stemming from childhood traumas including being sexually abused at the age of nine. In 2023, she revealed that she was diagnosed with autism. Sia said that following the backlash she received regarding her film Music, she relapsed, became suicidal again and returned to rehabilitation. Discography Main articles: Sia discography and List of songs recorded by Sia See also: LSD (group) § Discography OnlySee (1997) Healing Is Difficult (2001) Colour the Small One (2004) Some People Have Real Problems (2008) We Are Born (2010) 1000 Forms of Fear (2014) This Is Acting (2016) Everyday Is Christmas (2017) Music (2021) Reasonable Woman (2024) Tours We Meaning You Tour (2010–2011) We Are Born Tour (2011) Nostalgic for the Present Tour (2016–2017) Filmography Further information: Sia discography § Songwriting and other appearances Sia wrote and/or performed songs on the following film soundtracks: The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010) Burlesque (2010 and its 2024 stage adaptation) The Great Gatsby (2013) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013) Annie (2014) Transparent (2015) Racing Extinction (2015) Fifty Shades of Grey (2015) Pitch Perfect 2 (2015) San Andreas (2015) Beat Bugs (2016) The Eagle Huntress (2016) Zootopia (2016) Finding Dory (2016) The Neon Demon (2016) Star Trek Beyond (2016) Lion (2016) Fifty Shades Darker (2017) Wonder Woman (2017) My Little Pony: The Movie (2017) Fifty Shades Freed (2018) A Wrinkle in Time (2018) Charming (2018) Dumplin' (2018) Vox Lux (2018) Seven Worlds, One Planet (2019) Dolittle (2020) Music (2021) Kangaroo Valley (2022) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2004 Piccadilly Jim New York Bar Singer Cameo 2014 Annie Animal Care & Control Volunteer Cameo 2017 My Little Pony: The Movie Songbird Serenade Voice 2018 Peter Rabbit Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle Voice Dominion Narrator Documentary Charming Half-Oracle Voice 2021 Music Popstar Without Borders Writer, director, producer Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle Voice Television roles Year Title Role Notes 1997 Home and Away Herself Cameo 2014 South Park Lorde (singing voice) Season 18; Episode 3: "The Cissy" 2015 Transparent Puppet Season 2; Episode 9: "Man on the Land" 2018 Nobodies Herself Season 2; Episode 9: "Rob in the Hood" 2019 Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? 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"Chandelier singer Sia Furler was a Home and Away wedding singer" Archived 17 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, News.com, accessed 17 June 2018 External links Sia at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata Official website Sia at Amazon Music Sia at IMDb Preceded byOne Direction Saturday Night Live musical guest 17 January 2015 Succeeded byBlake Shelton vteSia Awards and nominations Discography Songs recorded Studio albums Healing Is Difficult Colour the Small One Some People Have Real Problems We Are Born 1000 Forms of Fear This Is Acting Everyday Is Christmas Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture Reasonable Woman Live albums Lady Croissant Compilation albums Best Of... Videography TV Is My Parent Concert tours We Meaning You Tour We Are Born Tour Nostalgic for the Present Tour Related topics LSD Music Zero 7 Maddie Ziegler vteSia singles Awards and nominations Discography Songs Healing Is Difficult "Taken for Granted" "Little Man" "Drink to Get Drunk" Colour the Small One "Don't Bring Me Down" "Breathe Me" "Where I Belong" Some People HaveReal Problems "The Girl You Lost to Cocaine" "Soon We'll Be Found" "Buttons" We Are Born "You've Changed" "Clap Your Hands" "Bring Night" 1000 Forms of Fear "Chandelier" "Big Girls Cry" "Elastic Heart" "Fire Meet Gasoline" This Is Acting "Alive" "Cheap Thrills" "The Greatest" "Move Your Body" "Reaper" "Unstoppable" Everyday Is Christmas "Santa's Coming for Us" "Snowman" Music "Saved My Life" "Together" "Courage to Change" "Hey Boy" "Floating Through Space" Reasonable Woman "Gimme Love" "Dance Alone" "Incredible" Soundtrack singles "You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile" "California Dreamin'" "Never Give Up" "Angel by the Wings" "Helium" "To Be Human" "Rainbow" "Original" Other singles "Under the Milky Way" "Free Me" "Flames" "I'm Still Here" "Del Mar" "Let's Love" "Hass Hass" Promotional singles "Eye of the Needle" "Bird Set Free" Featured singles "Destiny" "Somersault" "I Love It" "Titanium" "Wild Ones" "She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)" "Battle Cry" "Guts Over Fear" "Déjà Vu" "Golden" "Bang My Head" "Je te pardonne" "Living Out Loud" "Waterfall" "Dusk Till Dawn" "That's Life" "On" "Dynamite" "Manchild" Other songs "I Go to Sleep" "Beautiful Pain" "The Whisperer" "Like a River Runs" "Start a War" "Wolves" "Satisfied" Awards for Sia vteARIA Award for Album of the Year Whispering Jack by John Farnham (1987) Man of Colours by Icehouse (1988) Temple of Low Men by Crowded House (1989) Matchbook by Ian Moss (1990) Blue Sky Mining by Midnight Oil (1991) Baby Animals by Baby Animals (1992) Hepfidelity by Diesel (1993) The Honeymoon Is Over by The Cruel Sea (1994) Don't Ask by Tina Arena (1995) Hourly, Daily by You Am I (1996) Savage Garden by Savage Garden (1997) Unit by Regurgitator (1998) Internationalist by Powderfinger (1999) Reflector by Killing Heidi (2000) Odyssey Number Five by Powderfinger (2001) Barricades & Brickwalls by Kasey Chambers (2002) Vulture Street by Powderfinger (2003) Get Born by Jet (2004) The Sound of White by Missy Higgins (2005) Tea & Sympathy by Bernard Fanning (2006) Young Modern by Silverchair (2007) Apocalypso by The Presets (2008) Walking on a Dream by Empire of the Sun (2009) Down the Way by Angus & Julia Stone (2010) Moonfire by Boy & Bear (2011) Making Mirrors by Gotye (2012) Lonerism by Tame Impala (2013) 1000 Forms of Fear by Sia (2014) Currents by Tame Impala (2015) Skin by Flume (2016) Go Farther in Lightness by Gang of Youths (2017) Love Monster by Amy Shark (2018) A Place We Knew by Dean Lewis (2019) The Slow Rush by Tame Impala (2020) Smiling with No Teeth by Genesis Owusu (2021) Gela by Baker Boy (2022) Struggler by Genesis Owusu (2023) vteARIA Award for Best Female Artist Jenny Morris (1987) Jenny Morris (1988) Kate Ceberano (1989) Kate Ceberano (1990) Wendy Matthews (1991) Deborah Conway (1992) Wendy Matthews (1993) Wendy Matthews (1994) Tina Arena (1995) Christine Anu (1996) Monique Brumby (1997) Natalie Imbruglia (1998) Natalie Imbruglia (1999) Kasey Chambers (2000) Kylie Minogue (2001) Kasey Chambers (2002) Delta Goodrem (2003) Kasey Chambers (2004) Missy Higgins (2005) Clare Bowditch (2006) Missy Higgins (2007) Gabriella Cilmi (2008) Sarah Blasko (2009) Washington (2010) Kimbra (2011) Kimbra (2012) Jessica Mauboy (2013) Sia (2014) Courtney Barnett (2015) Sia (2016) Sia (2017) Amy Shark (2018) Tones and I (2019) Sampa the Great (2020) vteGolden Raspberry Award for Worst Director1980s Robert Greenwald – Xanadu (1980) Michael Cimino – Heaven's Gate (1981) Ken Annakin – The Pirate Movie / Terence Young – Inchon (1982) Peter Sasdy – The Lonely Lady (1983) John Derek – Bolero (1984) Sylvester Stallone – Rocky IV (1985) Prince – Under the Cherry Moon (1986) Norman Mailer – Tough Guys Don't Dance / Elaine May – Ishtar (1987) Blake Edwards – Sunset / Stewart Raffill – Mac and Me (1988) William Shatner – Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989) 1990s John Derek – Ghosts Can't Do It (1990) Michael Lehmann – Hudson Hawk (1991) David Seltzer – Shining Through (1992) Jennifer Lynch – Boxing Helena (1993) Steven Seagal – On Deadly Ground (1994) Paul Verhoeven – Showgirls (1995) Andrew Bergman – Striptease (1996) Kevin Costner – The Postman (1997) Gus Van Sant – Psycho (1998) Barry Sonnenfeld – Wild Wild West (1999) 2000s Roger Christian – Battlefield Earth (2000) Tom Green – Freddy Got Fingered (2001) Guy Ritchie – Swept Away (2002) Martin Brest – Gigli (2003) Pitof – Catwoman (2004) John Asher – Dirty Love (2005) M. Night Shyamalan – Lady in the Water (2006) Chris Sivertson – I Know Who Killed Me (2007) Uwe Boll – In the Name of the King, Postal, and Tunnel Rats (2008) Michael Bay – Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) 2010s M. Night Shyamalan – The Last Airbender (2010) Dennis Dugan – Jack and Jill and Just Go with It (2011) Bill Condon – The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (2012) Elizabeth Banks, Steven Brill, Steve Carr, Rusty Cundieff, James Duffy, Griffin Dunne, Peter Farrelly, Patrik Forsberg, Will Graham, James Gunn, Bob Odenkirk, Brett Ratner, and Jonathan van Tulleken – Movie 43 (2013) Michael Bay – Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) Josh Trank – Fantastic Four (2015) Dinesh D'Souza and Bruce Schooley – Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party (2016) Tony Leondis – The Emoji Movie (2017) Etan Cohen – Holmes & Watson (2018) Tom Hooper – Cats (2019) 2020s Sia – Music (2020/21) Christopher Ashley – Diana the Musical (2021) Colson Baker and Mod Sun – Good Mourning (2022) Rhys Frake-Waterfield – Winnie-the-Pooh: Blood and Honey (2023) vteZero 7 Henry Binns Sam Hardaker Albums Simple Things When It Falls The Garden Yeah Ghost Remixes, compilations Simple Things Remixes Another Late Night: Zero 7 Record EPs EP 1 EP 2 Singles "Destiny" "Somersault" Related Discography Mozez Sia Tina Dico Sophie Barker José González Martha Tilston vteLSD Labrinth Sia Diplo Studio albums LSD Singles "Genius" "Audio" "Thunderclouds" "Mountains" "No New Friends" Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈsiːə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"SEE-ə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"acid jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_jazz"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Zero 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_7"},{"link_name":"Healing Is Difficult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing_Is_Difficult"},{"link_name":"Colour the Small One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_the_Small_One"},{"link_name":"Some People Have Real Problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_People_Have_Real_Problems"},{"link_name":"We Are Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Born"},{"link_name":"Australian Recording Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"Titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_(song)"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamonds_(Rihanna_song)"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Wild Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Ones_(Flo_Rida_song)"},{"link_name":"Flo Rida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flo_Rida"},{"link_name":"1000 Forms of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_Forms_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Chandelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandelier_(song)"},{"link_name":"Maddie Ziegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddie_Ziegler"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Age-2"},{"link_name":"This Is Acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Acting"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Cheap Thrills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap_Thrills_(song)"},{"link_name":"Nostalgic for the Present Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgic_for_the_Present_Tour"},{"link_name":"Everyday Is Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_Is_Christmas_(album)"},{"link_name":"Labrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrinth"},{"link_name":"Diplo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplo"},{"link_name":"LSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD_(group)"},{"link_name":"their self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD_(LSD_album)"},{"link_name":"feature film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_film"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%E2%80%93_Songs_from_and_Inspired_by_the_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"Reasonable Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_Woman_(album)"},{"link_name":"animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"accolades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Sia"},{"link_name":"ARIA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Awards"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"}],"text":"Australian singer and songwriter (born 1975)This article is about the musician. For other uses, see Sia (disambiguation).Sia Kate Isobelle Furler (/ˈsiːə/ SEE-ə; born 18 December 1975) is an Australian singer and songwriter. Born and raised in Adelaide, she started her career as a singer in the acid jazz band Crisp in the mid-1990s. When Crisp disbanded in 1997, she released her debut studio album, OnlySee, in Australia. Sia moved to London and provided vocals for the British duo Zero 7. She released her second studio album, Healing Is Difficult, in 2001 and her third, Colour the Small One, in 2004.Sia moved to New York City in 2005 and toured the United States. Her fourth and fifth studio albums, Some People Have Real Problems and We Are Born, were released in 2008 and 2010 respectively, and both were certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association and attracted wider notice than her earlier albums. Uncomfortable with her growing fame, she took a hiatus from performing and focused on songwriting for other artists, producing successful collaborations \"Titanium\" (with David Guetta), \"Diamonds\" (with Rihanna) and \"Wild Ones\" (with Flo Rida).In 2014, Sia broke through as a solo recording artist when her sixth studio album, 1000 Forms of Fear, debuted at No. 1 in the U.S. Billboard 200 and generated the top-ten single \"Chandelier\", and a trilogy of music videos she co-directed, starring child dancer Maddie Ziegler. Since then, she has usually worn a wig that obscures her face to protect her privacy.[2] Sia's seventh studio album, This Is Acting (2016), spawned her first Billboard Hot 100 number one single, \"Cheap Thrills\". That year she also began her Nostalgic for the Present Tour, which incorporated dancing by Ziegler and others, and other performance art elements. Sia's eighth studio album, Everyday Is Christmas, was released in 2017 and reissued in 2018 with three bonus tracks. In 2018, she formed a supergroup with Labrinth and Diplo, LSD. They released their self-titled debut album in April 2019. Sia has written many songs for films. Her feature film directorial debut, Music, released in early 2021 to generally negative reviews, alongside an album, Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture. Her tenth album, Reasonable Woman, was released in May 2024.Sia is an advocate for animal rights. Among her accolades are nearly a dozen ARIA Awards, nine Grammy Award nominations and an MTV Video Music Award.","title":"Sia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMHSia-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harry-5"},{"link_name":"Kevin Colson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Colson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-7"},{"link_name":"Adelaide High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_High_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harry-5"}],"text":"Sia Kate Isobelle Furler was born on 18 December 1975[3] in Adelaide, South Australia.[4] Her father, Phil Colson, is a musician, and her mother, Loene Furler, is an art lecturer.[5] She is the niece of actor Kevin Colson.[6] Sia has stated that as a child she imitated the performing style of Aretha Franklin, Stevie Wonder and Sting, whom she has cited as early influences.[7] She attended Adelaide High School.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acid jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_jazz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harry-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMHSia-4"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nloa-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savedherself-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In the mid-1990s, Sia started a career as a singer in the local acid jazz band Crisp.[5] Sia collaborated with the band and contributed vocals to their album Word and the Deal (1996) and EP Delirium (1997).[8]\nIn 1997 Crisp disbanded,[4] and Sia released her debut studio album, OnlySee, on Flavoured Records, in Australia, on 23 December.[9] The album sold about 1,200 copies.[10] Unlike her later albums, OnlySee was marketed under her full name, \"Sia Furler\". It was produced by Jesse Flavell.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sia_Furler_in_concert.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMHSia-4"},{"link_name":"Jamiroquai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamiroquai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-1"},{"link_name":"Zero 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verrico-12"},{"link_name":"Simple Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Things_(Zero_7_album)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicsimple-13"},{"link_name":"Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(Zero_7_song)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SiaUK-14"},{"link_name":"Somersault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersault_(song)"},{"link_name":"When It Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_It_Falls"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicwhen-15"},{"link_name":"The Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_(Zero_7_album)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicgarden-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB09-17"},{"link_name":"Sony Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"Taken for Granted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taken_for_Granted"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-1"},{"link_name":"Healing Is Difficult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing_Is_Difficult"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"soul music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMHSia-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Go! Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go!_Beat_Records"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verrico-12"},{"link_name":"APRA Awards of 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_Awards_of_2002"},{"link_name":"Aneiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneiki"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRAWin2002-19"},{"link_name":"Colour the Small One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_the_Small_One"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ott-20"},{"link_name":"acoustic instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_music"},{"link_name":"electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ott-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Don't Bring Me Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Bring_Me_Down_(Sia_song)"},{"link_name":"Breathe Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathe_Me"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SiaUK-14"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMHSia-4"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knopper-23"}],"sub_title":"1997–2006: Zero 7, Healing Is Difficult and Colour the Small One","text":"Sia in concert in 2006After Crisp disbanded in 1997, Sia moved to London,[4] where she performed as a background vocalist for British band Jamiroquai.[1] She also provided vocals for English downtempo group Zero 7 on their first three studio albums and toured with the group.[12] On Zero 7's 2001 album Simple Things, Sia contributed vocals to two tracks[13] including the single \"Destiny\", which peaked at No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart.[14] In 2004, she provided vocals for Zero 7 on \"Somersault\" and \"Speed Dial No. 2\" (from the album When It Falls).[15] In 2006, Sia collaborated with Zero 7 for their third album, The Garden.[16][17]In 2000, Sia signed a recording contract with Sony Music's sub-label Dance Pool and released a single, \"Taken for Granted\", which peaked at No. 10 on the UK Singles Chart.[1] In 2001, she released her second solo album, Healing Is Difficult, which blends retro jazz and soul music and lyrically discusses Sia's dealing with the death of her first love affair.[4][18] Displeased with the promotion of the album, Sia fired her manager, left Sony Music and signed with Go! Beat, a subsidiary of Universal Music Group (UMG).[12] At the APRA Awards of 2002, Sia won the Breakthrough Songwriter category alongside Brisbane pop duo Aneiki's Jennifer Waite and Grant Wallis.[19]In 2004, Sia released her third studio album, Colour the Small One.[20] The album employs a mixture of acoustic instruments and electronic backing to her material.[20][21] The album spawned four singles, including \"Don't Bring Me Down\" and \"Breathe Me\", the latter of which charted in the United Kingdom,[14] Denmark and France.[22]Dissatisfied with Colour the Small One's poor marketing and the album's struggle to connect with a mainstream audience, Sia relocated to New York City in 2005.[4] During that time, \"Breathe Me\" appeared in the final scene of the U.S. HBO television series Six Feet Under, which helped increase Sia's fame in the United States. Consequently, Sia's manager, David Enthoven, set up a tour across the country to maintain her career.[23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sia_performing_photograph_by_Kris_Krug.jpg"},{"link_name":"South by Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_by_Southwest"},{"link_name":"live album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_album"},{"link_name":"Lady Croissant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Croissant"},{"link_name":"Bowery Ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowery_Ballroom"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-24"},{"link_name":"Eska Mtungwazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESKA"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB09-17"},{"link_name":"Some People Have Real Problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_People_Have_Real_Problems"},{"link_name":"certified gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications"},{"link_name":"Australian Recording Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australia-25"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB200-26"},{"link_name":"The Girl You Lost to Cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_You_Lost_to_Cocaine"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DanceClubSongs-29"},{"link_name":"Soon We'll Be Found","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soon_We%27ll_Be_Found"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"TV Is My Parent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Is_My_Parent"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicNews-31"},{"link_name":"ARIA Music Awards of 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_2009"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARIAAward2009-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Bionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_(Christina_Aguilera_album)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"the soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque:_Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Burlesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque_(2010_American_film)"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"68th Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"inaugural season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(American_season_1)"},{"link_name":"The Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"We Are Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Born"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SiaWeAreBorn-39"},{"link_name":"ARIA Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australia-25"},{"link_name":"You've Changed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27ve_Changed_(Sia_song)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Clap Your Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clap_Your_Hands_(Sia_song)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"ARIA Music Awards of 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_2010"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"APRA Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_Awards_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins-44"},{"link_name":"We Meaning You Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Meaning_You_Tour"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"We Are Born Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Born_Tour"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"2007–2010: Some People Have Real Problems and We Are Born","text":"Sia performing at South by Southwest in 2008In 2007, Sia released a live album, Lady Croissant, which included eight live songs from her April 2006 performance at the Bowery Ballroom in New York and one new studio recording—\"Pictures\".[24] A year later, she left Zero 7 on friendly terms, replaced by Eska Mtungwazi as the band's frontwoman.[17] Sia released her fourth studio album, Some People Have Real Problems on 8 January 2008. The album peaked at No. 41 in Australia and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association.[25]\nIt charted at No. 26 on the US Billboard 200, becoming Sia's first to chart in the United States.[26] Some People Have Real Problems yielded four singles, including \"The Girl You Lost to Cocaine\".[27] It peaked at No. 11 in the Netherlands and No. 12 in Spain;[28] it additionally reached No. 8 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs.[29] Another single from the album was \"Soon We'll Be Found\".[30]In May 2009, Sia released TV Is My Parent on DVD, which includes a live concert at New York's Hiro Ballroom, four music videos and behind-the-scene footage.[31] At the ARIA Music Awards of 2009, Sia won the Best Music DVD category for TV Is My Parent.[32] She also received a nomination for Best Breakthrough Artist Album for Some People Have Real Problems.[33]In 2009, American singer Christina Aguilera approached Sia about writing ballads for Aguilera's sixth studio album.[34] The final product, Bionic, includes four songs co-written by Sia.[35] Later in 2010, Sia also co-wrote \"Bound to You\" for the soundtrack of the film Burlesque, which starred Aguilera and Cher.[36] The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 68th Golden Globe Awards.[37] In May 2011, Sia appeared on the inaugural season of the U.S. version of The Voice as an adviser for Aguilera, who served as a vocal coach and judge.[38]In June 2010, Sia released her fifth studio album, We Are Born.[39] The release peaked at No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association.[25] The release of the album was preceded by three singles: the lead single, \"You've Changed\", was released in December 2009 and charted at No. 31 in Australia.[40] The follow-up single, \"Clap Your Hands\", peaked at No. 17 in Australia, No. 10 in the Netherlands and No. 27 in Switzerland.[41][42] At the ARIA Music Awards of 2010, We Are Born earned Sia two categories won: Best Independent Release and Best Pop Release.[43] Meanwhile, at the 2011 APRA Music Awards, Sia received a nomination for Song of the Year for \"Clap Your Hands\".[44] To promote We Are Born, Sia gave the We Meaning You Tour, which visited North America and Europe in April–May 2010.[45] She followed this with the We Are Born Tour, which visited Australia in February 2011 and North America in July–August 2011.[46]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sia_(5423995397)_(Cropped).png"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knopper-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knopper-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knopper-23"},{"link_name":"Titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_(song)"},{"link_name":"Alicia Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"demo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo_(music)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPRMusic-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPRMusic-47"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Kylie Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Minogue"},{"link_name":"Flo Rida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flo_Rida"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Wild Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Ones_(Flo_Rida_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"greatest hits album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_hits_album"},{"link_name":"Best Of...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Of..._(Sia_album)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"2010–2013: Songwriting career and mainstream recognition","text":"Sia performing in 2011Following the success of We Are Born, Sia became uncomfortable with her growing fame. She later told The New York Times: \"I just wanted to have a private life. Once, as my friend was telling me they had cancer, someone came up and asked, in the middle of the conversation, if they could take a photograph with me. You get me? That's enough, right?\"[23] She refused to do promos for her tours, began to wear a mask on stage and became increasingly dependent on drugs and alcohol on the road; she considered suicide.[23] Sia fired Enthoven and hired Jonathan Daniel, who suggested that she write songs for other artists.[23]Sia retired as a recording artist and began a career as a songwriter. She soon penned \"Titanium\" for American singer Alicia Keys, but it was later sent to David Guetta, who included Sia's original demo vocals on the song and released it as a single in 2011.[47] \"Titanium\" peaked within the top ten of record charts in the United States, Australia and numerous European regions.[48] However, Sia recalled: \"I never even knew it was gonna happen, and I was really upset. Because I had just retired, I was trying to be a pop songwriter, not an artist.\"[47]From 2011 to 2013, Sia also co-wrote songs for many recording artists, including Beyoncé, Kylie Minogue, Flo Rida and Rihanna.[49] Her collaboration with Flo Rida, \"Wild Ones\", peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was the tenth best-selling song of 2012 globally.[50] In March 2012, Sia released a greatest hits album, Best Of..., in Australia.[51]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elastic Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_Heart"},{"link_name":"the Weeknd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weeknd"},{"link_name":"Diplo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplo"},{"link_name":"the soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunger_Games:_Catching_Fire_%E2%80%93_Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"The Hunger Games: Catching Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunger_Games:_Catching_Fire"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Brooke Candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Candy"},{"link_name":"Opulence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opulence_(EP)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"1000 Forms of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_Forms_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Greg Kurstin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kurstin"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KurstinCollab1-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KurstinCollab2-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"British Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Chandelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandelier_(song)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboardhot100-62"},{"link_name":"record charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Eye of the Needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_the_Needle_(song)"},{"link_name":"Big Girls Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Girls_Cry"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Elastic Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_Heart#Sia_solo_version"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ElasticHeart-67"},{"link_name":"57th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Record of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Solo Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Solo_Performance"},{"link_name":"Best Music Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Music_Video"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrammyNoms2015-68"},{"link_name":"Ryan Heffington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Heffington"},{"link_name":"Daniel Askill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Askill"},{"link_name":"Maddie Ziegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddie_Ziegler"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Vevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Kristen Wiig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Wiig"},{"link_name":"Interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"paedophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"triggered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_trigger"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ElasticCont-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_(2014_film_soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"2014 film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Annie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Will Gluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Gluck"},{"link_name":"Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"72nd Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72nd_Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"2013–2014: Breakthrough with 1000 Forms of Fear","text":"In October 2013, Sia released \"Elastic Heart\" featuring the Weeknd and Diplo for the soundtrack of the American film The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013).[52] Sia executive-produced Brooke Candy's debut EP, Opulence, released in May 2014, and co-wrote 3 songs on the EP.[53] In July 2014, Sia released her own sixth studio album, 1000 Forms of Fear.[54] She again collaborated with Greg Kurstin.[55][56] The album debuted at No. 1 in the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 52,000 copies.[57] By October 2015, it was certified gold by the RIAA denoting 500,000 equivalent-album units sold in the United States.[58] The record peaked at No. 1 in Australia and reached the top ten of charts in numerous European regions.[59] It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry and gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association.[60]\nBy early 2016, the album had sold 1 million copies worldwide.[61]1000 Forms of Fear's lead single, \"Chandelier\" was released in March 2014. The song peaked at No. 8 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Sia's first entry on that chart as a lead artist.[62] Elsewhere, the song experienced similar commercial success, ranking in the top ten of the record charts in Australia and numerous European regions.[63] As of January 2015, the single had sold 2 million copies in the United States.[64] \"Eye of the Needle\" and \"Big Girls Cry\" were released as the second and third singles from the album, respectively, in June 2014.[65][66]\nIn January 2015, Sia released a solo version of \"Elastic Heart\" as the fourth single from 1000 Forms of Fear; it eventually reached the top 20 on the Hot 100.[67] At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards (2015), Sia received four nominations for \"Chandelier\": Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance and Best Music Video.[68]For performances of songs from 1000 Forms of Fear, Sia chose not to show her face, either facing away from audiences or hiding it behind oversized platinum blonde wigs. In videos for the singles \"Chandelier\", \"Elastic Heart\" and \"Big Girls Cry\", choreographed by Ryan Heffington and co-directed by Sia and Daniel Askill, and in many of the promotional live performances, child dancer Maddie Ziegler performed as a proxy for Sia in bobbed blonde wigs similar to Sia's familiar hairstyle.[69][70][71][72] The three videos have received a total of more than 4 billion views on Vevo.[73] Sia explained to Kristen Wiig in an interview in Interview magazine that she decided to conceal her face to avoid a celebrity lifestyle and maintain some privacy: \"I'm trying to have some control over my image. And I'm allowed to maintain some modicum of privacy. But also I would like not to be picked apart or for people to observe when I put on ten pounds or take off ten pounds or I have a hair extension out of place or my fake tan is botched. Most people don't have to be under that pressure, and I'd like to be one of them.\"[74] The video for Elastic Heart \"courted controversy and plaudits in equal measure\", with some commentators perceiving it to have paedophilic undertones due to the relative ages of the dancers.[75][76] Sia explained that the two dancers represented \"warring 'Sia' self states\", but she nevertheless apologised on Twitter to anyone who was \"triggered\".[77][78] Gia Kourlas wrote in The New York Times in 2016 that Sia's collaborations with Heffington have \"done more to raise the standards of dance in pop music than nearly any current artist integrating the forms\".[79] The \"Chandelier\" video was ranked as the 10th \"greatest music video\" of the 2010s by Billboard.[80]In 2014, Sia contributed to the soundtrack to the 2014 film adaptation of the Broadway musical Annie. Sia, along with producer Greg Kurstin, wrote three new songs for the film as well as re-working songs from the musical.[81] Sia, Kurstin and the film's director Will Gluck were nominated for Best Original Song at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards for \"Opportunity\".[82]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"This Is Acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Acting"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KurstinCollab1-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KurstinCollab2-56"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alive_(Sia_song)"},{"link_name":"Adele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_(Adele_album)"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SIaFurler_Boston2016live.jpg"},{"link_name":"J. Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Ralph"},{"link_name":"Racing Extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Extinction"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Bird Set Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_Set_Free"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Cheap Thrills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap_Thrills_(song)"},{"link_name":"Reaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sean Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Paul"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"viral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_video"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_Are_Still_Obsessed-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-incredible_Coachella_set-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sia_legendary-95"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-incredible_Coachella_set-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sia_legendary-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_Are_Still_Obsessed-92"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Survivor: Kaôh Rōng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor:_Ka%C3%B4h_R%C5%8Dng"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Red Rocks Amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rocks_Amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"The Greatest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatest_(Sia_song)"},{"link_name":"Kendrick Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GreatestGlicksman-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc"},{"link_name":"fall event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_media_events"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Nostalgic for the Present Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgic_for_the_Present_Tour"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrington,_Jim-112"},{"link_name":"The Arizona Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrammyNoms2017-115"},{"link_name":"Dusk Till Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusk_Till_Dawn_(Zayn_song)"},{"link_name":"Zayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayn_Malik"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Dubai World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"sub_title":"2015–2017: This Is Acting","text":"In an interview with NME in February 2015, Sia revealed that she had completed the follow-up to 1000 Forms of Fear, entitled This Is Acting. The album was another collaboration with producer and co-writer Greg Kurstin.[55][56] Furler said that she released 1000 Forms of Fear to free herself from her record deal and had planned simply to write for other artists, but the album's success spurred her to continue writing her own music.[83] The same month, alongside the digital deluxe release of 1000 Forms of Fear, she released a mobile game, Bob Job.[84] \"Alive\" from This Is Acting was co-written by Adele and had originally been intended for her third album, 25.[85]Sia performing in 2016In November, Sia collaborated with composer J. Ralph on the soundtrack of the environmental documentary Racing Extinction, co-writing and singing the song \"One Candle\".[86] She also released two more songs from the album, \"Bird Set Free\"[87] and \"One Million Bullets\".[88] \"Cheap Thrills\" and \"Reaper\" were subsequently released as promotional singles for the album. Eventually, the single \"Cheap Thrills\", featuring Sean Paul, reached No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[89] Sia released two videos for the song. One features Ziegler and two male dancers,[90] while the other, featuring Sean Paul, shows a 1950s style teen dance party; it has accumulated more than 1.7 billion views.[91]In April 2016, Sia gave a widely acclaimed performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival that went viral online.[92][93][94][95] Her performance received an effusively positive critical reception[94][95] as \"one of the greatest moments in Coachella's 17-year history\",[96] and it was consistently called one of the best performances of the 2016 festival.[97] The performance was her first full concert since 2011.[92] Sia is an avid fan of the television reality series Survivor; in 2016, she made a surprise appearance on the live reunion of Survivor: Kaôh Rōng, where she donated $50,000 to contestant Tai Trang and another $50,000 to an animal charity of his choice, noting that the two share a mutual love of animals.[98] Since then, she has regularly awarded prizes to her favourite contestants from subsequent seasons of Survivor.[99]In June 2016, Sia gave a concert at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado, featuring Ziegler.[100] From May to August, Sia performed in nearly a dozen festivals and other concerts in America and European and Middle Eastern countries, including Portugal, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Hungary, Romania, Poland, the United Kingdom, Russia, Lebanon and Israel.[101][102][103] In September 2016, she released a single, \"The Greatest\", with vocals from American hip hop recording artist Kendrick Lamar. A video was released the same day featuring Ziegler – the dancer's fifth video collaboration with Sia and Heffington.[104][105] The two performed the song with several other dancers, and also performed \"Chandelier\" live the next day at the Apple annual fall event, drawing media attention.[106][107] The videos that Sia has posted to her YouTube channel have accumulated a total of more than 12 billion views,[108] and the channel has more than 22 million subscribers.[109]Sia gave her Nostalgic for the Present Tour in North America from September to November 2016, featuring Ziegler.[110] As at Coachella and subsequent live performances, Sia appeared at the back of the stage with her familiar wig covering her face, while her dancers performed Heffington's choreography synchronised with pre-recorded videos played on big screens.[111] The tour received a warm reaction: \"She let her dancers own center stage, carrying out one skit/performance after another as Sia delivered the soundtrack. ... It defied all the regular rules of pop concerts, which are usually designed to focus every ounce of the audience's attention on the star of the show. Yet, Sia's bold gamble paid off, resulting in one of the most daringly original and wholly satisfying shows of 2016.\"[112] Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic described the show as \"part performance art, part interpretive dance. ... [Sia] sounded amazing. ... There's so much raw emotion in her songs. And you can definitely hear that in her voice, but it becomes more visceral when you can also read it in the faces of her dancers, especially Ziegler. ... The entire performance was brilliantly staged, with one song flowing seamlessly into another\".[113] Sia released the deluxe edition of This Is Acting in October 2016, which includes three new tracks, a remix version of \"Move Your Body\" and a solo version of \"The Greatest\".[114] She was nominated for three 2017 Grammy Awards.[115] Sia co-wrote and performed on a platinum-selling single, \"Dusk Till Dawn\", by Zayn.[116][117]Sia performed in concert at the close of the Dubai World Cup in March 2017, together with her dancers, led by Ziegler.[118] They gave a second leg of the Nostalgic for the Present Tour, her first stadium tour in Australasia, in late 2017.[119][120]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Everyday Is Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_Is_Christmas_(album)"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Santa's Coming for Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%27s_Coming_for_Us"},{"link_name":"Snowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowman_(Sia_song)"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"13th season of The Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(American_season_13)"},{"link_name":"The Ellen DeGeneres Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ellen_DeGeneres_Show"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_(music)"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Labrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrinth"},{"link_name":"Diplo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplo"},{"link_name":"LSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD_(group)"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genius-131"},{"link_name":"Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(LSD_song)"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genius-131"},{"link_name":"Audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_(song)"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eede-132"},{"link_name":"Thunderclouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderclouds_(song)"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_(LSD_song)"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"No New Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_New_Friends_(LSD_song)"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Labrinth, Sia & Diplo Present... LSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD_(LSD_album)"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eede-132"},{"link_name":"Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%E2%80%93_Songs_from_and_Inspired_by_the_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Paris Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Hilton"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Gimme Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimme_Love_(Sia_song)"},{"link_name":"Reasonable Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_Woman_(album)"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCC-140"},{"link_name":"Dance Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Alone_(Sia_and_Kylie_Minogue_song)"},{"link_name":"Kylie Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Minogue"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaka_Khan"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"}],"sub_title":"2017–present: Everyday Is Christmas, LSD, Music, and Reasonable Woman","text":"In 2017, Sia moved from RCA to Atlantic Records.[121] She released the album Everyday Is Christmas on Atlantic and Monkey Puzzle in November 2017. The album features original songs co-written and co-produced with Kurstin.[122][123] She promoted it by releasing the singles \"Santa's Coming for Us\" and \"Snowman\",[124][125] the latter of which she performed during the finale of the 13th season of The Voice and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show with Maddie Ziegler.[126][127] \"Snowman\" has also since become a modern-day Christmas classic,[128] and is one of the most-streamed Christmas songs of all time.[129] In November 2018, Sia released the deluxe edition of the album, containing three bonus tracks, as a Target exclusive.[130]In 2018, Sia collaborated with English musician Labrinth and American DJ/record producer Diplo to form the supergroup LSD.[131] They released five singles: \"Genius\",[131] \"Audio\",[132] \"Thunderclouds\",[133] \"Mountains\",[134] and \"No New Friends\",[135] before releasing their debut album, Labrinth, Sia & Diplo Present... LSD, in April 2019.[132] Also in 2018, Sia was one of the narrators of Australian animal rights documentary, Dominion,[136] and shared in a 2018 Award of Excellence from the Hollywood International Independent Documentary Awards.[137]Sia's ninth album, Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture, was released in February 2021 in connection with the release of her film, Music.[138] She executive produced Paris Hilton's second studio album, which is expected to be released in 2024.[139] In 2023, Sia released \"Gimme Love\", the lead single from her tenth studio album, Reasonable Woman.[140] This was followed by \"Dance Alone\", a collaboration with Kylie Minogue, released in 2024.[141] The album was released on 3 May 2024.[142] Mark Kennedy wrote, for the Associated Press, \"Sia hasn't lost a step [in her] ability to switch from hurt and broken (\"I Forgive You\") to ecstatic lover (\"Towards the Sun\") to vengeful, hell-releasing angel, like on \"I Had a Heart\". ... But on this outing, the ... forever catchy Sia is most interesting with others. In addition to the Khan duet, the best songs are \"Dance Alone\" with Kylie Minogue, \"Incredible\" with Labrinth and \"Fame Won't Love You\" with Paris Hilton\" although he says that Sia \"rarely shift[s] out of third gear\" on the album.[143]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllmusicHealing-144"},{"link_name":"acid jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_jazz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harry-5"},{"link_name":"trip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_hop"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllmusicHealing-144"},{"link_name":"downtempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtempo"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Colour the Small One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_the_Small_One"},{"link_name":"Some People Have Real Problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_People_Have_Real_Problems"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"folktronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folktronica"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Breathe Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathe_Me"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"power ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ballad"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"indie pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Kings of Convenience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Convenience"},{"link_name":"James Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"We Are Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Born"},{"link_name":"synthpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthpop"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"electropop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropop"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-156"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-151"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrington,_Jim-112"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seattle_times-160"},{"link_name":"MTV News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"The Fader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fader"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Christmas music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_music"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"National Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"}],"text":"At the start of her career, with the band Crisp,[144] Sia performed acid jazz in Australia and later in London.[5] With her first solo single, \"Taken for Granted\", she experimented with trip hop.[144] When she joined Zero 7, she sang downtempo numbers.[145]With Colour the Small One (2004) and Some People Have Real Problems (2007) she moved into jazz[146] and folktronica,[147] although the album's biggest hit, \"Breathe Me\", is described as alternative rock and a power ballad.[148] Some People Have Real Problems expanded her connection with indie pop.[149][150] Sia stated, \"Colour the Small One ... couldn't be more derivative of Kings of Convenience and James Taylor and the things that Zero 7 were playing on the [tour] bus. I'm very easily influenced.\"[151]In 2009, after leaving Zero 7, Sia dedicated herself entirely to her solo career.[152] We Are Born (2010), incorporated various pop styles, including synthpop and R&B, with introspective themes accompanied by more insistent and livelier rhythms.[153] 1000 Forms of Fear (2014) consolidated her connection with pop (with traces of electropop, reggae and hip-hop),[154][155] while This Is Acting (2016) is mostly composed of songs written by Sia with other female pop artists in mind, but the artists did not include the songs on their albums.[156] Sia described songwriting for others as \"play-acting\".[151] The Guardian's Kitty Empire commented that the latter album \"provides an obvious counterpoint to Sia's more personal album of 2014, 1000 Forms of Fear, whose stonking single, \"Chandelier\", tackled her intoxicated past. This Is Acting makes plain the fact of manufacture – a process akin to bespoke tailoring.\"[156] The record also alternates reggae and electropop with more introspective themes.[157][158]Sia's voice has been described as \"deep, playful, and powerful\".[159] In her 2016 live performances, Sia's music was part of performance-art-like shows that involved dance and theatrical effects.[112][160] An MTV News writer opined that \"Sia's throaty, slurred vocals are her norm\",[161] while a contributor to The Fader noted that \"in the Billboard Hot 100 landscape, Sia's songwriting voice, which deals with depression and addiction, is singular—her actual voice even more so.\"[162] Everyday Is Christmas (2017), Sia's first release of Christmas music, is a pop album that gives old-fashioned holiday music \"some 21st century pop gloss\"[163] and is made for those who grow tired of the classics.[164] Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture (2021) further developed Sia's pop music catalogue, with the album incorporating more electropop and reggae, alongside R&B and EDM.[165] National Public Radio called Sia \"the 21st century's most resilient songwriter\".[166]","title":"Artistry and musical style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARIA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Awards"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrammyNoms2015-68"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrammyNoms2017-115"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"laneway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley"},{"link_name":"Adelaide city centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"APRA billion streams list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_billion_streams_list"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"}],"text":"Sia has received an array of accolades, including ARIA Awards, an MTV Video Music Award and nine nominations for Grammy Awards.[68][115][167][168]In March 2021, a laneway in Adelaide city centre was renamed Sia Furler Lane, and a mural titled She Imagined Buttons was painted on a wall nearby to commemorate Sia's 2011 performance in Adelaide.[169][170] As of October 2022, Sia has 15 entries on the APRA billion streams list, the most of any artist.[171]","title":"Accolades and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park"},{"link_name":"The Cissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cissy"},{"link_name":"Lorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorde"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Blackbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbird_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Beat Bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Bugs"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackbirdsia-173"},{"link_name":"My Little Pony: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_The_Movie_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_(Sia_song)"},{"link_name":"the film's soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_The_Movie_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Lux_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Vox Lux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Lux"},{"link_name":"Scott Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Walker_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barfield-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"Kate Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Leslie Odom Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Odom_Jr."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savedherself-10"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"IMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT-179"},{"link_name":"autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSautism-180"},{"link_name":"Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Motion_Picture_%E2%80%93_Musical_or_Comedy"},{"link_name":"78th Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78th_Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award_for_Worst_Director"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"}],"text":"In the 2014 South Park episode \"The Cissy\", Sia provided the vocals for the fictional Lorde track \"Push (Feeling Good on a Wednesday)\".[172] In 2016 Sia covered \"Blackbird\" by The Beatles for the Netflix original series Beat Bugs.[173] She appeared in the 2017 animated film My Little Pony: The Movie as the voice of pop star Songbird Serenade. She also contributed an original song, \"Rainbow\", to the film's soundtrack.[174] Sia wrote the songs for the soundtrack to the 2018 musical film Vox Lux, with a score by Scott Walker.[175]She wrote a screenplay, based on a story that she had written in 2007,[176] for the 2021 musical film, Music, which starred Ziegler, Kate Hudson and Leslie Odom Jr.[10] Sia also directed the film and wrote its soundtrack.[177] The film was released in Australia in January 2021 and in select IMAX theatres in the US for one night on 10 February 2021, followed by an on-demand release. It received negative reviews from critics[178][179] and generated controversy for its depiction of autism.[180] It was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy at the 78th Golden Globe Awards.[181][182] As director of Music, Sia later won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director.[183]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VogueAU-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"TJ Maxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TJ_Maxx"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"CORE Response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Organized_Relief_Effort"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Saved My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saved_My_Life_(Sia_song)"},{"link_name":"AmeriCares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmeriCares"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Nova FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(radio_network)"},{"link_name":"Fitzy & Wippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzy_%26_Wippa"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"bail funds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail_fund"},{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VogueAU-184"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"45th season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_45"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"}],"sub_title":"Philanthropy","text":"Sia has been noted for her philanthropic gestures over the years.[184][185] Prior to Thanksgiving in 2019, at a local Walmart and TJ Maxx, Sia paid for peoples' groceries and shopping in disguise.[186][187] During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Sia pledged to donate $1 million to CORE Response;[188] she also donated the proceeds from her single \"Saved My Life\" to CORE Response's and AmeriCares' relief efforts.[189] The same year she donated $100,000 to Australians in need in collaboration with Nova FM DJs Fitzy & Wippa[190] and another $100,000 to community bail funds in support of the Black Lives Matter movement.[184]Since 2016, Sia has given money to her favourite contestants in the reality television series Survivor; the tradition has been billed the \"Sia Award\".[191][192] At the end of the 45th season, she had given a total of $1 million to contestants over the years.[193]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vegetarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fortune-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fortune-194"},{"link_name":"PETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals"},{"link_name":"overpopulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpopulation"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"public service announcements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcement"},{"link_name":"cruelty-free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty-free"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"Nostalgic for the Present Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgic_for_the_Present_Tour"},{"link_name":"animal rescue organisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rescue_group"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"ASPCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASPCA"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fortune-194"}],"sub_title":"Animal activism","text":"Sia is a vegetarian and an \"animal lover\".[194] She has been an advocate for animals throughout her career.[195][194] In 2010, she participated in a PETA campaign to tackle animal overpopulation and encourage people to spay or neuter their pets.[196][197] She performed her song \"I'm in Here\" at the Beagle Freedom Project Gala in 2013,[198][199] and, in 2015, \"Free the Animal\" was used for PETA public service announcements supporting cruelty-free fashion.[200] During her Nostalgic for the Present Tour in 2016, Sia partnered with various animal rescue organisations to set up dog adoption fairs at each of the shows.[201] In 2017, she released another public service announcement, in collaboration with the ASPCA, using her song \"Puppies Are Forever\", to encourage pet adoption.[202][203] Sia co-narrated the 2018 animal rights documentary Dominion.[194]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT06072014-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verrico-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMHSia-4"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"Special Brew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Brew"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Age-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verrico-12"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"The Howard Stern Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show"},{"link_name":"Santa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10_Things-209"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamonds_(Rihanna_song)"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10_Things-209"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"Christian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_rock"},{"link_name":"Peter Furler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Furler"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"foster care system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_care_system"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Portofino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portofino"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"}],"sub_title":"Relationships and family","text":"Following the disbandment of Crisp in 1997, Sia moved to London to follow her relationship with boyfriend Dan Pontifex.[204] Several weeks later, while on a stopover in Thailand, she received the news that Pontifex had died after being in a car accident in London.[205][12] She returned to Australia, but received a call from one of Pontifex's former housemates, who invited her to stay in London.[4] Her 2001 album Healing Is Difficult lyrically deals with Pontifex's death: \"I was pretty fucked up after Dan died. I couldn't really feel anything.\" Sia recalled the effect of his death in a 2007 interview for The Sunday Times: \"We were all devastated, so we got shit-faced on drugs and Special Brew. Unfortunately, that bender lasted six years for me.\"[2][12]Sia married documentary filmmaker Erik Anders Lang at her home in Palm Springs, California, in August 2014.[206] The couple divorced in 2016.[207][208] During a 2014 appearance on The Howard Stern Show, Sia was asked if she was religious, to which she responded, \"I believe in a higher power and it's called 'Whatever Dude' and he's a queer, surfing Santa that's a bit like my grandpa, so yes.\"[209] In the same interview, she stated that she is a feminist and that Whatever Dude divinely inspired the lyrics she wrote for Rihanna's song \"Diamonds\".[209] One of Sia's tattoos on her hand reads \"Whatever Dude\".[210] Sia is a cousin of Australian Christian rock musician Peter Furler.[211]In 2019, Sia adopted two boys who were ageing out of the foster care system.[212][213] In 2020, Sia announced that she had become a grandmother when one of her two 19-year-old sons had fathered twins.[214][215] In 2023, Sia married Dan Bernad in Portofino, Italy.[216][217]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"JD Samson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Samson"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"}],"sub_title":"Sexuality","text":"In 2008, Sia discussed her sexual orientation in interviews[218] and revealed her relationship with JD Samson;[219] they broke up in 2011.[220][221] When asked about her sexuality in 2009, she said, \"I've always dated boys and girls and anything in between. I don't care what gender you are, it's about people. ... I've always been... well, flexible is the word I would use.\"[222] Sia identified as queer on Twitter in 2013.[223]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_depression"},{"link_name":"painkillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painkillers"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"overdose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_overdose"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knopper-23"},{"link_name":"Alcoholics Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SiaStop-225"},{"link_name":"panic attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack"},{"link_name":"Graves' disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graves%27_disease"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJJInterview-227"},{"link_name":"Ehlers–Danlos syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"complex post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSautism-180"},{"link_name":"the backlash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_(2021_film)#Criticism_from_the_autistic_community"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"}],"sub_title":"Health","text":"Sia has experienced depression and addictions to painkillers and alcohol. In 2010, she wrote a suicide note, planning to overdose; a friend phoned her and, unintentionally, saved her life.[23] Following this, Sia joined Alcoholics Anonymous.[224] Sia cancelled various promotional events and shows due to her poor health in 2010.[225] She cited extreme lethargy and panic attacks, and she considered retiring permanently from performing and touring. She stated that she had been diagnosed with Graves' disease.[226] Later that year, Sia said her health was improving after rest and thyroid suppression therapy.[227]In 2019, Sia stated that she has Ehlers–Danlos syndrome.[228] She has also stated that she was diagnosed with complex post-traumatic stress disorder, stemming from childhood traumas including being sexually abused at the age of nine.[229][230] In 2023, she revealed that she was diagnosed with autism.[180] Sia said that following the backlash she received regarding her film Music, she relapsed, became suicidal again and returned to rehabilitation.[231]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LSD (group) § Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD_(group)#Discography"},{"link_name":"Healing Is Difficult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing_Is_Difficult"},{"link_name":"Colour the Small One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_the_Small_One"},{"link_name":"Some People Have Real Problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_People_Have_Real_Problems"},{"link_name":"We Are Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Born"},{"link_name":"1000 Forms of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_Forms_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"This Is Acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Acting"},{"link_name":"Everyday Is Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_Is_Christmas_(album)"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%E2%80%93_Songs_from_and_Inspired_by_the_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"Reasonable Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_Woman_(album)"}],"text":"See also: LSD (group) § DiscographyOnlySee (1997)\nHealing Is Difficult (2001)\nColour the Small One (2004)\nSome People Have Real Problems (2008)\nWe Are Born (2010)\n1000 Forms of Fear (2014)\nThis Is Acting (2016)\nEveryday Is Christmas (2017)\nMusic (2021)\nReasonable Woman (2024)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"We Meaning You Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Meaning_You_Tour"},{"link_name":"We Are Born Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Born_Tour"},{"link_name":"Nostalgic for the Present Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgic_for_the_Present_Tour"}],"text":"We Meaning You Tour (2010–2011)\nWe Are Born Tour (2011)\nNostalgic for the Present Tour (2016–2017)","title":"Tours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sia discography § Songwriting and other appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia_discography#Songwriting_and_other_appearances"},{"link_name":"The Twilight Saga: Eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Saga:_Eclipse"},{"link_name":"Burlesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque_(2010_American_film)"},{"link_name":"stage adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlesque_(2024_musical)"},{"link_name":"The Great Gatsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"The Hunger Games: Catching Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunger_Games:_Catching_Fire"},{"link_name":"Annie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Transparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparent_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Racing Extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Extinction"},{"link_name":"Fifty Shades of Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty_Shades_of_Grey_(film)"},{"link_name":"Pitch Perfect 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_Perfect_2"},{"link_name":"San Andreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andreas_(film)"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"Beat Bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Bugs"},{"link_name":"The Eagle Huntress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagle_Huntress"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Zootopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zootopia"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"Finding Dory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Dory"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"The Neon Demon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Neon_Demon"},{"link_name":"Star Trek Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_Beyond"},{"link_name":"Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spanos2-237"},{"link_name":"Fifty Shades Darker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty_Shades_Darker_(film)"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spanos2-237"},{"link_name":"My Little Pony: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_The_Movie_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"Fifty Shades Freed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty_Shades_Freed_(film)"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"A Wrinkle in Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Wrinkle_in_Time_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"Charming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charming_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dumplin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumplin%27_(film)"},{"link_name":"Vox Lux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Lux"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barfield-175"},{"link_name":"Seven Worlds, One Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Worlds,_One_Planet"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"Dolittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolittle_(film)"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Valley_(film)"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"}],"text":"Further information: Sia discography § Songwriting and other appearancesSia wrote and/or performed songs on the following film soundtracks:The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010)\nBurlesque (2010 and its 2024 stage adaptation)\nThe Great Gatsby (2013)\nThe Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013)\nAnnie (2014)\nTransparent (2015)\nRacing Extinction (2015)\nFifty Shades of Grey (2015)\nPitch Perfect 2 (2015)\nSan Andreas (2015)[232]\nBeat Bugs (2016)\nThe Eagle Huntress (2016)[233][234]\nZootopia (2016)[235]\nFinding Dory (2016)[236]\nThe Neon Demon (2016)\nStar Trek Beyond (2016)\nLion (2016)[237]\nFifty Shades Darker (2017)\nWonder Woman (2017)[237]\nMy Little Pony: The Movie (2017)\nFifty Shades Freed (2018)[238]\nA Wrinkle in Time (2018)[239]\nCharming (2018)\nDumplin' (2018)\nVox Lux (2018)[175]\nSeven Worlds, One Planet (2019)[240]\nDolittle (2020)\nMusic (2021)\nKangaroo Valley (2022)[241]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film roles","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television roles","title":"Filmography"}]

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[{"title":"List of artists who reached number one in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_in_the_United_States"}]

[{"reference":"Leahey, Andrew. \"Sia Biography\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150211225955/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/sia-mn0000753742/biography","url_text":"\"Sia Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sia-mn0000753742/biography","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sia reveals reason she wears wigs in James Corden's Carpool Karaoke\". The Age. 18 February 2016. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/sia-reveals-hearbreaking-reason-she-wears-wigs-in-james-cordens-carpool-karaoke-20160218-gmxa3r.html","url_text":"\"Sia reveals reason she wears wigs in James Corden's Carpool Karaoke\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161231161605/http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/sia-reveals-hearbreaking-reason-she-wears-wigs-in-james-cordens-carpool-karaoke-20160218-gmxa3r.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrity birthdays for the week of Dec. 16–22\". Associated Press. 11 December 2018. Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/f6bdd47d3f724e9b85693ca3e918d6a1","url_text":"\"Celebrity birthdays for the week of Dec. 16–22\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221108081327/https://apnews.com/article/f6bdd47d3f724e9b85693ca3e918d6a1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murfett, Andrew (18 June 2010). \"Sia Furler: Fame does not become her\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/sia-furler-fame-does-not-become-her-20100617-yjdr.html","url_text":"\"Sia Furler: Fame does not become her\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150212030150/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/sia-furler-fame-does-not-become-her-20100617-yjdr.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harry, Michael. \"Sia Sensation\" (PDF). The Adelaide Advertiser: 24–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101105010101/http://www.mjmharry.com/docs/Sia-Furler.pdf","url_text":"\"Sia Sensation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Adelaide Advertiser"},{"url":"http://www.mjmharry.com/docs/Sia-Furler.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Craven, Peter (26 September 2014). \"Kevin Colson confesses all of his career in starry firmament\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/theatre/kevin-colson-confesses-all-of-his-career-in-starry-firmament-20140926-10meub.html","url_text":"\"Kevin Colson confesses all of his career in starry firmament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162821/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/theatre/kevin-colson-confesses-all-of-his-career-in-starry-firmament-20140926-10meub.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sia Learns to Sound Like Herself\". NPR. 15 February 2008. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=19075503","url_text":"\"Sia Learns to Sound Like Herself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100728/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=19075503","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Word and the deal / Crisp. [sound recording]\". National Library of Australia. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150114223832/http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/15875159?selectedversion=NBD12798813","url_text":"\"Word and the deal / Crisp. [sound recording]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia","url_text":"National Library of Australia"},{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/15875159?selectedversion=NBD12798813","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Delirium / Crisp. [sound recording]\". National Library of Australia. 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Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171023132932/https://www.billboard.com/photos/6465902/musicians-posing-for-peta-ads","url_text":"\"Musicians Who've Posed for PETA (and Sometimes Stripped Down): Pink, Sia and More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/photos/6465902/musicians-posing-for-peta-ads","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sia Takes a Bite out of Animal Overpopulation\". PETA. 24 May 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. 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Samson Confirm Split\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)","url_text":"The Advocate"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150104030344/http://www.advocate.com/news/daily-news/2011/06/13/sia-jd-samson-split","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sia Furler: The Same Same 25, the 25 Most Influential Gay and Lesbian Australians\". samesame.com.au. 2009. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170224055513/http://www.samesame.com.au/25/2009/SiaFurler","url_text":"\"Sia Furler: The Same Same 25, the 25 Most Influential Gay and Lesbian Australians\""},{"url":"http://www.samesame.com.au/25/2009/SiaFurler","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Portwood, Jerry; Exposito, Suzy; Sheffield, Rob (1 June 2019). \"25 Essential LGBTQ Pride Songs\". RollingStone.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. 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Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3xRp7dXFv3YMQjB4YylgsvW/sia-nine-things-we-learned-when-she-spoke-to-louis-theroux","url_text":"\"Sia: Nine things we learned when she spoke to Louis Theroux\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4","url_text":"BBC Radio 4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201212102740/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3xRp7dXFv3YMQjB4YylgsvW/sia-nine-things-we-learned-when-she-spoke-to-louis-theroux","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Atad, Corey (1 July 2020). \"Sia Opens Up About Dealing With PTSD And Suicidal Thoughts\". ET Canada. Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. 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Retrieved 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7378273/sia-finding-dory-unforgettable-ellen-nat-king-cole","url_text":"\"Watch Sia Cover Nat King Cole's 'Unforgettable' for 'Finding Dory' on 'Ellen'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160910060231/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7378273/sia-finding-dory-unforgettable-ellen-nat-king-cole","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Spanos, Brittany (25 May 2017). \"Hear Sia's Sweeping New Anthem 'To Be Human' from 'Wonder Woman' Soundtrack\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. 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Pre-order the album this Friday. – Team Siapic.twitter.com/enXPnFLNR4\""}]},{"reference":"Snetiker, Marc (20 February 2018). \"A Wrinkle in Time soundtrack taps Sade, Sia, Game of Thrones composer\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/movies/2018/02/20/a-wrinkle-in-time-soundtrack-sade-game-of-thrones-composer/","url_text":"\"A Wrinkle in Time soundtrack taps Sade, Sia, Game of Thrones composer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220220436/http://ew.com/movies/2018/02/20/a-wrinkle-in-time-soundtrack-sade-game-of-thrones-composer/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crowe, Alex (27 December 2022). \"Kangaroo Valley to showcase Namadgi National Park to the world\". The Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8031904/you-cannot-underestimate-the-power-of-film-netflix-shows-namadgi-to-the-world","url_text":"\"Kangaroo Valley to showcase Namadgi National Park to the world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230102172933/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8031904/you-cannot-underestimate-the-power-of-film-netflix-shows-namadgi-to-the-world","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sia Furler's film debut Music stuns with complex portrait of ...\" theaustralian.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fsia-furlers-film-debut-music-stuns-with-complex-portrait-of-autism%2Fnews-story%2Fa59b06845897fa350c108da60671ddb6&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=e3688f51a4ea68b9cac9be1691efdcf1-1610884106","url_text":"\"Sia Furler's film debut Music stuns with complex portrait of ...\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122092820/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/music/sia-furlers-film-debut-music-stuns-with-complex-portrait-of-autism/news-story/a59b06845897fa350c108da60671ddb6&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=e3688f51a4ea68b9cac9be1691efdcf1-1610884106","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_de_la_victoria

Convoy de la Victoria

["1 Background","1.1 Airlift of troops","2 Convoy","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 Bibliography"]

Coordinates: 36°04′41″N 5°23′57″W / 36.07806°N 5.39917°W / 36.07806; -5.39917Spanish naval battle during the Spanish Civil War Convoy de la VictoriaPart of the Spanish Civil WarAlcalá Galiano during sea trialsDate5 August 1936 (1936-08-05)LocationMediterranean Sea, near Punta CarneroResult Nationalist victoryBelligerents  Republican Navy Nationalist NavyStrength 1 destroyer 1 gunboat1 torpedo boat1 coastguard shipCasualties and losses None NonevteSpanish Civil War Background List of battles July 1936 uprising Melilla Seville 1st Barcelona Cuartel de la Montaña Gijón Oviedo Cuartel de Loyola 1936 German intervention Guadarrama Andalusia Alcázar Extremadura Convoy de la Victoria Almendralejo Sigüenza 1st Mérida Badajoz Majorca Sierra Guadalupe Córdoba Gipuzkoa Irún Monte Pelado Talavera Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza Guinea Cerro Muriano Cape Spartel Seseña Madrid Ciudad Universitaria 1st Corunna Road Villarreal Ursula Aceituna Lopera 2nd Corunna Road 1937 3rd Corunna Road Málaga Jarama Cape Machichaco Guadalajara Pozoblanco War in the North Cantabrian Sea Biscay Durango Guernica Bilbao Santander Asturias El Mazuco Jaén 2nd Barcelona Deutschland Almería Segovia Huesca Albarracín Brunete Zaragoza 1st Belchite Cape Cherchell Sabiñánigo 1st Lérida Teruel 1938 Valladolid Alfambra Cape Palos Aragon 2nd Belchite 3rd Barcelona Caspe 2nd Lérida 1st Gandesa Segre Levante Balaguer Los Blázquez Alicante Granollers Bielsa 2nd Mérida Ebro 2nd Gandesa Cantabria Cabra Sant Vicenç de Calders 1939 Catalonia Valsequillo Xàtiva La Garriga Minorca Cartagena Final offensive The Convoy de la Victoria ("Convoy of Victory") was a Spanish naval battle on 5 August 1936 in the Strait of Gibraltar during the Spanish Civil War, between the escort of a Nationalist convoy and the Republican Navy destroyer Alcalá Galiano. Background At the end of July 1936, the Spanish rebel forces were in dire straits. The Republic held two-thirds of the country, the capital city, the gold reserves, the major urban centers and most of the industries. The main shock force of the rebels, the Spanish Army of Africa, was isolated in Spanish Morocco, the Republic held most of the Navy, and from 19 July, Spanish Republican Navy warships were patrolling the waters between Morocco and the mainland. With the assistance of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, the Nationalists managed to airlift their troops from Africa to Andalusia. Airlift of troops The Nationalists requested and received transport aircraft from Germany and Italy in order to transport their troops, establishing the first airlift of troops in history. Germany sent 20 Ju 52s and, between 29 July and 5 August, the Nationalists carried 1,500 men of the Spanish Army of Africa across the Strait by air, and another 15,000 between 5 and 15 August. Historian Hugh Thomas estimates 12,000 men were flown between August and September. Hitler stated: "Franco ought to erect a monument to the glory of the Junkers-52". This success was a major psychological blow (the news of the arrival of the Moors spread terror among the Republicans), but the Republican Navy still controlled the Straits and the Republican battleship Jaime I threatened the transport aircraft with her heavy anti-aircraft fire. Convoy On 5 August, Franco decided to break the Republican naval blockade, with a convoy of merchant ships, carrying 2,500 to 3,000 soldiers, equipment and heavy weapons. The convoy departed from Ceuta and was made up of four transports escorted by the gunboat Dato, the coastguard ship Uad Kert and the old T-1 class torpedo boat T-19. The convoy was covered by five Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 bombers, three F.VIIs, one DC-2, two NiD.52 fighters, two Do Js, and a squadron of Breguet 19s. Three Republican destroyers were keeping a close watch on Spanish Morocco ports, but in the morning of 5 August the Nationalist aircraft launched air attacks against the Republican vessels in the Strait and the Republican destroyer Lepanto was forced to leave Gibraltar by the British authorities. Because of this, only Alcalá Galiano engaged the Nationalist ships. The convoy, bound for Algeciras, reached its destination on the evening after a brief exchange of fire. While mooring in Algeciras, the gunboat Dato straddled the British destroyer HMS Basilisk after misidentifying her as Republican. While steaming back to Málaga, Alcalá Galiano was attacked and hit by Nationalist aircraft. Francoist sources claim that she suffered 18 seamen killed and 28 wounded. Aftermath From 6 August, transport ships crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, with the cover of Italian bombers. On 7 August, the battleship Jaime I and the cruiser Libertad shelled Algeciras and severely damaged Dato and Uad Kert. However, in the first week of August, a German Junkers Ju 52 struck the Republican Jaime I and Italian bombers started to harass the Republican fleet so that they could no longer prevent the passage of transport ships. Furthermore, the Republican warships were inefficiently handled by their crews and two German cruisers, Deutschland and Admiral Scheer patrolled the Strait. In addition, the British authorities in Gibraltar and Tangier were hostile to the Republic. The British oil companies in Gibraltar refused to sell fuel to the Republican navy. The Tangier International Commission denied the use of the harbor to the Republican Navy, because this was contrary to the city's neutrality, but nevertheless authorized the passage of food, goods and gasoline for the German transport planes to Spanish Morocco. By the end of September, the Republic had lost control of the waters between Morocco and the mainland after the battle of Cape Espartel. See also Spanish Civil War Republican ship classes List of classes of Spanish Nationalist ships of the Spanish Civil War Footnotes ^ Graham, Helen. (2005). The Spanish Civil War. A very short introduction,. Oxford University Press. p.24 ^ a b Preston 2006, p. 119. ^ a b Thomas 2001, p. 357. ^ Jackson 1967, p. 249. ^ Beevor 2006, p. 73. ^ Preston, Paul. Franco. Harper Collins. London. 1994. p. 162. ^ Thomas 2001, pp. 357–358. ^ Preston, Paul. Franco. Harper Collins. London. 1994. p. 161. ^ Moreno de Alborán y de Reyna, Fernando (1998) La guerra silenciosa y silenciada: Historia de la campaña naval durante la guerra de 1936–39. Gráficas Lormo, p. 700. ISBN 84-923691-1-6 (in Spanish) ^ Alpert, Michael (2008). La guerra civil española en el mar. pp. 99–100. ISBN 84-8432-975-5 (in Spanish) ^ Balfour, Sebastian; Preston, Paul (1999). Spain and the great powers in the twentieth century. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 9780415180788. Retrieved 25 July 2011. ^ Jackson, Gabriel (2012). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 253–254. ISBN 978-1-4008-2018-4. OCLC 794663577.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ Jackson 1967, pp. 249–250. ^ KBismarck.org: "The Turning point at sea, 29 November 1936". From "Canarias, Adiós", by Willard C. Frank, Jr. Bibliography Beevor, A. (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780143037651. Graham, H. (2005). The Spanish Civil War: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192803771. Jackson, G. (1967). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691007571. Preston, P. (2006). The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution, and Revenge. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 9780007232079. Thomas, H. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780141011615. 36°04′41″N 5°23′57″W / 36.07806°N 5.39917°W / 36.07806; -5.39917

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Machichaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Machichaco"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Pozoblanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pozoblanco"},{"link_name":"War in the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_the_North"},{"link_name":"Cantabrian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantabrian_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscay_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Durango"},{"link_name":"Guernica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica"},{"link_name":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Santander"},{"link_name":"Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturias_Offensive"},{"link_name":"El Mazuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_El_Mazuco"},{"link_name":"Jaén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Ja%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"2nd Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Days"},{"link_name":"Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland_incident_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Almería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Almer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Segovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segovia_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Huesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huesca_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Albarracín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albarrac%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Brunete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brunete"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza_Offensive"},{"link_name":"1st Belchite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belchite_(1937)"},{"link_name":"Cape Cherchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Cherchell"},{"link_name":"Sabiñánigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sabi%C3%B1%C3%A1nigo"},{"link_name":"1st Lérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_L%C3%A9rida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Teruel"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Valladolid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alfambra"},{"link_name":"Cape Palos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1938)"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon_Offensive"},{"link_name":"2nd Belchite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Belchite_(1938)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3rd Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Caspe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caspe"},{"link_name":"2nd Lérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%A9rida_(1938)"},{"link_name":"1st Gandesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gandesa_(1938)"},{"link_name":"Segre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Segre"},{"link_name":"Levante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Balaguer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaguer_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Los Blázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Bl%C3%A1zquez_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Alicante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Alicante"},{"link_name":"Granollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Granollers"},{"link_name":"Bielsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bielsa_pocket"},{"link_name":"2nd Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Merida_pocket"},{"link_name":"Ebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro"},{"link_name":"2nd Gandesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Gandesa_(1938)"},{"link_name":"Cantabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Cantabria_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Cabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Cabra"},{"link_name":"Sant Vicenç de Calders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Sant_Vicen%C3%A7_de_Calders"},{"link_name":"1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Valsequillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valsequillo"},{"link_name":"Xàtiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_X%C3%A0tiva"},{"link_name":"La Garriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_La_Garriga"},{"link_name":"Minorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Minorca_(1939)"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena_uprising"},{"link_name":"Final offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Strait of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoist_Spain"},{"link_name":"Republican Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Navy"},{"link_name":"Alcalá Galiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churruca-class_destroyer"}],"text":"Spanish naval battle during the Spanish Civil WarConvoy de la VictoriaPart of the Spanish Civil WarAlcalá Galiano during sea trialsDate5 August 1936 (1936-08-05)LocationMediterranean Sea, near Punta CarneroResult\nNationalist victoryBelligerents\n Republican Navy\n Nationalist NavyStrength\n1 destroyer\n1 gunboat1 torpedo boat1 coastguard shipCasualties and losses\nNone\nNonevteSpanish Civil War\nBackground\nList of battles\nJuly 1936 uprising\nMelilla\nSeville\n1st Barcelona\nCuartel de la Montaña\nGijón\nOviedo\nCuartel de Loyola\n1936\nGerman intervention\nGuadarrama\nAndalusia\nAlcázar\nExtremadura\nConvoy de la Victoria\nAlmendralejo\nSigüenza\n1st Mérida\nBadajoz\nMajorca\nSierra Guadalupe\nCórdoba\nGipuzkoa\nIrún\nMonte Pelado\nTalavera\nSantuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza\nGuinea\nCerro Muriano\nCape Spartel\nSeseña\nMadrid\nCiudad Universitaria\n1st Corunna Road\nVillarreal\nUrsula\nAceituna\nLopera\n2nd Corunna Road\n1937\n3rd Corunna Road\nMálaga\nJarama\nCape Machichaco\nGuadalajara\nPozoblanco\nWar in the North\nCantabrian Sea\nBiscay\nDurango\nGuernica\nBilbao\nSantander\nAsturias\nEl Mazuco\nJaén\n2nd Barcelona\nDeutschland\nAlmería\nSegovia\nHuesca\nAlbarracín\nBrunete\nZaragoza\n1st Belchite\nCape Cherchell\nSabiñánigo\n1st Lérida\nTeruel\n1938\nValladolid\nAlfambra\nCape Palos\nAragon\n2nd Belchite\n3rd Barcelona\nCaspe\n2nd Lérida\n1st Gandesa\nSegre\nLevante\nBalaguer\nLos Blázquez\nAlicante\nGranollers\nBielsa\n2nd Mérida\nEbro\n2nd Gandesa\nCantabria\nCabra\nSant Vicenç de Calders\n1939\nCatalonia\nValsequillo\nXàtiva\nLa Garriga\nMinorca\nCartagena\nFinal offensiveThe Convoy de la Victoria (\"Convoy of Victory\") was a Spanish naval battle on 5 August 1936 in the Strait of Gibraltar during the Spanish Civil War, between the escort of a Nationalist convoy and the Republican Navy destroyer Alcalá Galiano.","title":"Convoy de la Victoria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish Army of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Army_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Spanish Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Spanish Republican Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Navy"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Fascist Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"At the end of July 1936, the Spanish rebel forces were in dire straits. The Republic held two-thirds of the country, the capital city, the gold reserves, the major urban centers and most of the industries. The main shock force of the rebels, the Spanish Army of Africa, was isolated in Spanish Morocco, the Republic held most of the Navy, and from 19 July, Spanish Republican Navy warships were patrolling the waters between Morocco and the mainland.With the assistance of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, the Nationalists managed to airlift their troops from Africa to Andalusia.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ju 52s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52"},{"link_name":"Spanish Army of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Army_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006119-2"},{"link_name":"Hugh Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001357-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001357-3"},{"link_name":"Jaime I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_battleship_Jaime_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1967249-4"}],"sub_title":"Airlift of troops","text":"The Nationalists requested and received transport aircraft from Germany and Italy in order to transport their troops, establishing the first airlift of troops in history. Germany sent 20 Ju 52s and, between 29 July and 5 August, the Nationalists carried 1,500 men of the Spanish Army of Africa across the Strait by air, and another 15,000 between 5 and 15 August.[2] Historian Hugh Thomas estimates 12,000 men were flown between August and September.Hitler stated: \"Franco ought to erect a monument to the glory of the Junkers-52\".[3] This success was a major psychological blow (the news of the arrival of the Moors spread terror among the Republicans),[3] but the Republican Navy still controlled the Straits and the Republican battleship Jaime I threatened the transport aircraft with her heavy anti-aircraft fire.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200673-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta"},{"link_name":"Savoia-Marchetti SM.81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81"},{"link_name":"F.VIIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F.VII"},{"link_name":"DC-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-2"},{"link_name":"NiD.52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport-Delage_NiD_52"},{"link_name":"Do Js","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornier_Do_J"},{"link_name":"Breguet 19s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breguet_19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001357%E2%80%93358-7"},{"link_name":"Spanish Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Lepanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_destroyer_Lepanto"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Algeciras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeciras"},{"link_name":"HMS Basilisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Basilisk_(H11)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BalfourPreston1999-11"}],"text":"On 5 August, Franco decided to break the Republican naval blockade, with a convoy of merchant ships, carrying 2,500[5] to 3,000 soldiers,[6] equipment and heavy weapons. The convoy departed from Ceuta and was made up of four transports escorted by the gunboat Dato, the coastguard ship Uad Kert and the old T-1 class torpedo boat T-19. The convoy was covered by five Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 bombers, three F.VIIs, one DC-2, two NiD.52 fighters, two Do Js, and a squadron of Breguet 19s.[7]Three Republican destroyers were keeping a close watch on Spanish Morocco ports, but in the morning of 5 August the Nationalist aircraft launched air attacks against the Republican vessels in the Strait and the Republican destroyer Lepanto was forced to leave Gibraltar by the British authorities.[8] Because of this, only Alcalá Galiano engaged the Nationalist ships. The convoy, bound for Algeciras, reached its destination on the evening after a brief exchange of fire.While mooring in Algeciras, the gunboat Dato straddled the British destroyer HMS Basilisk after misidentifying her as Republican.[9] While steaming back to Málaga, Alcalá Galiano was attacked and hit by Nationalist aircraft. Francoist sources claim that she suffered 18 seamen killed and 28 wounded.[10][11]","title":"Convoy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2006119-2"},{"link_name":"Libertad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almirante_Cervera-class_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cruiser_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"Admiral Scheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Scheer"},{"link_name":"Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tangier International Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1967249%E2%80%93250-13"},{"link_name":"battle of Cape Espartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Espartel"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"From 6 August, transport ships crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, with the cover of Italian bombers.[2] On 7 August, the battleship Jaime I and the cruiser Libertad shelled Algeciras and severely damaged Dato and Uad Kert. However, in the first week of August, a German Junkers Ju 52 struck the Republican Jaime I and Italian bombers started to harass the Republican fleet so that they could no longer prevent the passage of transport ships. Furthermore, the Republican warships were inefficiently handled by their crews and two German cruisers, Deutschland and Admiral Scheer patrolled the Strait.In addition, the British authorities in Gibraltar and Tangier were hostile to the Republic.[12] The British oil companies in Gibraltar refused to sell fuel to the Republican navy. The Tangier International Commission denied the use of the harbor to the Republican Navy, because this was contrary to the city's neutrality, but nevertheless authorized the passage of food, goods and gasoline for the German transport planes to Spanish Morocco.[13] By the end of September, the Republic had lost control of the waters between Morocco and the mainland after the battle of Cape Espartel.[14]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006119_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2006119_2-1"},{"link_name":"Preston 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPreston2006"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001357_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001357_3-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomas2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1967249_4-0"},{"link_name":"Jackson 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJackson1967"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200673_5-0"},{"link_name":"Beevor 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBeevor2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001357%E2%80%93358_7-0"},{"link_name":"Thomas 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThomas2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-923691-1-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-923691-1-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84-8432-975-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8432-975-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BalfourPreston1999_11-0"},{"link_name":"Spain and the great powers in the twentieth century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WcpDYhAteAgC&pg=RA1-PA171"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780415180788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415180788"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/794663577"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4008-2018-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2018-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"794663577","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/794663577"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1967249%E2%80%93250_13-0"},{"link_name":"Jackson 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJackson1967"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"KBismarck.org: \"The Turning point at sea, 29 November 1936\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kbismarck.org/canarias2.html"}],"text":"^ Graham, Helen. (2005). The Spanish Civil War. A very short introduction,. Oxford University Press. p.24\n\n^ a b Preston 2006, p. 119.\n\n^ a b Thomas 2001, p. 357.\n\n^ Jackson 1967, p. 249.\n\n^ Beevor 2006, p. 73.\n\n^ Preston, Paul. Franco. Harper Collins. London. 1994. p. 162.\n\n^ Thomas 2001, pp. 357–358.\n\n^ Preston, Paul. Franco. Harper Collins. London. 1994. p. 161.\n\n^ Moreno de Alborán y de Reyna, Fernando (1998) La guerra silenciosa y silenciada: Historia de la campaña naval durante la guerra de 1936–39. Gráficas Lormo, p. 700. ISBN 84-923691-1-6 (in Spanish)\n\n^ Alpert, Michael (2008). La guerra civil española en el mar. pp. 99–100. ISBN 84-8432-975-5 (in Spanish)\n\n^ Balfour, Sebastian; Preston, Paul (1999). Spain and the great powers in the twentieth century. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 9780415180788. Retrieved 25 July 2011.\n\n^ Jackson, Gabriel (2012). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 253–254. ISBN 978-1-4008-2018-4. OCLC 794663577.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)\n\n^ Jackson 1967, pp. 249–250.\n\n^ KBismarck.org: \"The Turning point at sea, 29 November 1936\". From \"Canarias, Adiós\", by Willard C. Frank, Jr.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beevor, A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Beevor"},{"link_name":"The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/battleforspainsp00anto"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780143037651","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143037651"},{"link_name":"The Spanish Civil War: A Very Short Introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/spanishcivilwarv00grah_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780192803771","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192803771"},{"link_name":"Jackson, G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Jackson_(hispanist)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780691007571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691007571"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780007232079","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007232079"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780141011615","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141011615"},{"link_name":"36°04′41″N 5°23′57″W / 36.07806°N 5.39917°W / 36.07806; -5.39917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Convoy_de_la_Victoria&params=36_04_41_N_5_23_57_W_"}],"text":"Beevor, A. (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780143037651.\nGraham, H. (2005). The Spanish Civil War: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192803771.\nJackson, G. (1967). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691007571.\nPreston, P. (2006). The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution, and Revenge. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 9780007232079.\nThomas, H. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780141011615.36°04′41″N 5°23′57″W / 36.07806°N 5.39917°W / 36.07806; -5.39917","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willesden_Junction_station

Willesden Junction station

["1 History","2 Accidents and incidents","3 The station today","3.1 Motive power depot","4 Services","5 Bus connections","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°31′58″N 0°14′44″W / 51.53266°N 0.24547°W / 51.53266; -0.24547London Underground and London Overground station Willesden Junction Willesden JunctionLocation of Willesden Junction in Greater LondonLocationHarlesdenLocal authorityLondon Borough of BrentManaged byLondon OvergroundOwnerNetwork RailStation codeWIJDfT categoryC2Number of platforms5AccessibleYesFare zone2 and 3London Underground annual entry and exit2018 5.16 million2019 5.13 million2020 3.99 million2021 2.63 million2022 4.41 millionNational Rail annual entry and exit2017–18 6.070 million– interchange  2.340 million2018–19 5.944 million– interchange  2.093 million2019–20 6.019 million– interchange  2.268 million2020–21 2.756 million– interchange  0.855 million2021–22 5.358 million– interchange  1.583 millionRailway companiesOriginal companyLondon & North Western RailwayPost-groupingLondon Midland & Scottish RailwayKey dates1837Tracks laid1 September 1866Opened10 May 1915Watford DC line & BS&WR commencedOther informationExternal links TfL station info page Departures Layout Facilities Buses Coordinates51°31′58″N 0°14′44″W / 51.53266°N 0.24547°W / 51.53266; -0.24547 London transport portal Willesden Junction is an interchange station located in Harlesden, north-west London, for London Underground and London Overground services. The station also borders the London Borough of Ealing, near the Old Oak Lane conservation area in the East Acton ward. History Willesden Junction in 1903. The pre-1866 'Willesden' station (near the site of Harlesden station) was on the red line to the west, just beyond the green Midland Railway Dudding Hill Line Willesden Junction mainline station - end of platform view in 1962 looking towards Euston The station developed on three contiguous sites: the West Coast Main Line (WCML) station was opened by the London & North Western Railway on 1 September 1866 to replace the London and Birmingham Railway's Willesden station of 1841 which was 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to the northwest. Passenger services ended in 1962 when the platforms were removed during the electrification of the WCML to allow the curvature of the tracks to be eased. Later the bridges for the North London Line (NLL) were rebuilt. The High-Level station on the NLL was opened by the North London Railway in 1869 for two Richmond tracks and later for two Shepherds Bush tracks, both crossing the WCML roughly at right angles. In 1894 a new, combined High-Level station was built, with an island platform plus a third shorter platform for Earls Court trains (which was later removed) together with a new station entrance building which still survives. By 1897 199 passengers and 47 goods trains passed through the High-Level station each day. The 'Willesden New Station' or Low-Level station on the Watford DC Line was opened in 1910 to the north of the main line with two outer through platforms and two inner bay platforms at the London end. The bay platforms were originally long enough for four-coach Bakerloo trains when such trains ran outside peak times, but were shortened in the 1960s when a new toilet block was installed; in more recent times the platform buildings have been reconstructed and the bay length increased due to the addition of a fourth and then a fifth coach to class 378 trains. In 1896 staff totalled 271, including 79 porters, 58 signalmen (in 14 signal boxes) and 58 shunters and yard foremen. They issued 1,006,886 tickets to passengers in 1896, up from 530,300 in 1886. Many of them were housed in what is now the Old Oak Lane conservation area, built by the LNWR in 1889 and which included an Institute, reading room and church. The main-line platforms were numbered from the south side (including one or two on the Kensington route) followed by the high level platforms and then the DC line platforms which thus had the highest numbers. Later the surviving platforms were renumbered. A freight liner terminal was opened in August 1967. It was built on an 18-acre site of the steam locomotive depot alongside the main electrified rail-link. It was opened by John Morris, Parliamentary Secretary for the Ministry of Transport. The terminal had the capacity to handle 2,000 containers a week. In the late nineteenth century, it was nicknamed "Bewildering Junction" or "The Wilderness" because it contained such a maze of entrances, passages and platforms. Accidents and incidents In July 1858, a train driver - William Pine - was killed when two trains collided at the station. The London to Rugby train was diverted onto the Kew line and struck the train that William Pine was driving. A point man employed at the station - Henry Lamb - subsequently absconded. He was captured by the police a month later in Hereford and charged with manslaughter. Lamb was tried at the Central Criminal Court in October 1858 and he was found not guilty. On 31 May 1873, a mutilated body of a man was found on the railway track near the station. The victim had been hit by the Irish Mail train as it traveled from London to Rugby. A fire broke out in the Kew and Richmond line ticket office during the morning of Saturday 4 April 1874. The fire gutted booking office and the adjoining rooms, and at one point threatened to engulf the entire station. Rail traffic was delayed by two hours. On 11 November 1879, a passenger train collided with a goods train. Nobody was hurt. A later investigation established that the accident was caused by a signaling error. In September 1880, a young child was killed when he tried to step onto a moving wagon, but fell onto the track and was crushed. In the evening of 6 April 1892, the body of a woman was discovered in the ladies bathroom. Station porters were closing up the station when the body was found in a locked closet. The victim died from razor wounds to the neck. An inquest later established that she had committed suicide. On 22 June 1895, the axle of the London to Scotland express broke as it was leaving the station, blocking the line. No one was injured in the incident. In July 1903, a laborer - John Pearson - attempted to commit suicide at the station by throwing himself under an approaching locomotive, He fell between the rails and the engine passed over him, causing only minor bruising. He was later charged at West London Police-court with attempted suicide. A doctor certified him to be insane and the magistrate ordered his detention at a local workhouse Infirmary. In August 1903, a Congregational minister – the Rev. W. Horn – died in the station waiting room. He collapsed after running to catch a train. On 11 November 1907, the London and North Western train from Mansion House ran into a stationary North London engine. Four railway men were injured. In March 1908, a young ticket collector working at the station stumbled while crossing the rail track. His leg was caught under a passing train and subsequently amputated. On 5 December 1910, a passenger train was in a rear-end collision with another at the station. Five people were killed and more than 40 were injured. The accident was due to a signaling error. An elderly woman suffering from dementia and memory loss was discovered on an empty train carriage. The train had arrived from Liverpool on midnight, 6 August 1913. The woman gave a false address, did not have money and was not in possession of a ticket. The woman was transferred to Willesden Workhouse Infirmary. While in the Infirmary, the woman had difficulty communicating. In January 1916 Alfred Charles Norgrove, aged 21, was killed when he was accidentally struck by the footplate of a moving train. He was employed as a fireman by the L. & N. W Railway Company at Willesden Junction. He was in the Territorial Army but had been temporarily discharged through having a bad cold, and was waiting to be called up again. On 20 March 1920, the Manchester express was forced to stop at the station when a young man was found to be lying on the buffer of the last carriage. The man was later identified as a soldier - Henry Marshall, age 16 - who was absent without leave. Marshall was later handed over to a military escort. In August 1923, a vehicle carrying 50 children overturned as it approached the station. The children were about to board a train for a trip to the country. Seven children and their teacher was subsequently admitted to Park Royal Hospital. A young man - William Webb - was found guilty of loitering at the station in December 1928. When arrested he was in possession of 29 betting slips. and 41 football betting coupons. He was previously observed by railway staff taking bets at the railway station. In June 1936, one first-class passenger was killed and four other passengers were injured on the main line track just north of the station. An LMS passenger train heading to Watford was struck by a piece of equipment sticking out of the milk train heading to Euston. On 16 March 1940, passengers were forced to walk 150 yards to the station, when their LMS line train from Clapham Junction derailed near the station. Two shunters working at Willesden Junction were fined in April 1941 for stealing goods while in transit on the railway. On 22 April 1949 two thieves attempted to rob the wages of the station railway workers. The thieves, who were armed with cudgels, attacked railway cashier Nigel Woolsley and John White, a labourer who accompanied him, as they walked along the lines. The thieves hit Woolsley and grabbed the wage bag containing £1,250. Woolsley tackled one bandit and got the bag back while White fought off the other man. Both thieves fled. Then, when Woolsley had been given first aid, he paid out the wages. Over six hundred passengers were trapped on a Bakerloo line train held at a cutting near the station. On the evening of 6 August 1952, a violent storm created a flood that prevented the train from moving. Passengers were trapped for four hours and were eventually rescued by the local fire brigade. In August 1956, Willesden Junction was one of seven stations where British Rail banned the activities of trainspotters. British Rail expressed concern about the unruly behavior of trainspotters and the disruption they caused to regular passengers. The ban proved to be extremely unpopular and it was quickly lifted. On 11 December 1967 a major security alert was launched at the station. Two wagons containing £20 million in cash became detached from its engine, leaving the cash stranded at the station. Police and railway officials put a cordon around the wagons for two hours while a new engine arrived to transport the cash northwards. In July 1969, an empty train, travelling to Euston to be cleaned, ran into the back of the Bletchley train. It brought down an electricity pylon near the station. Trains between London and the midlands were severely delayed. No passengers were hurt but the two driver and a guard were slightly injured and taken to hospital. Three carriages of the Bletchley train were derailed. In March 1971, a petrol tanker containing 75 tons of paraffin derailed just outside the station. It jumped the track as it crossed the bridge on the high level part of the station. The derailment caused long delays on the Broad Street to Richmond line. On 6 October 1986 at 17:00 a class 313 train collided with the rear of a stationary Bakerloo line train on the up line to the east of the station between the Scrubbs Lane overbridge and Kensal Green tunnel (the location was officially described as "Kensal Green"). 23 of 25 passengers were injured, all but one were discharged from hospital during the same evening. On 14 September 1990, a North London Line commuter train from Richmond was accidentally sent on to a dedicated freight line to Willesden Junction. A signal man had pulled the wrong lever sending the train onto the wrong line. The freight line was not electrified and the passenger train stopped almost immediately. No one was injured. The station today There are no platforms on the West Coast Main Line, which is separated from the low-level station by the approach road to Willesden Depot which lies immediately south-east of the station. The high-level (HL) station consists of an island platform rebuilt in 1956, with faces as platforms 4 and 5, which are roughly at the level of Old Oak Lane to the west of the station, serving the NLL and the West London Line; some trains on the latter reverse in a central turnback siding on the NLL to the east of the station, this opened in 2011. Both platforms have been extended across the DC line to accommodate 4-coach class 378 trains. The HL station previously had a third platform on the eastern side which was used by services to/from Earls Court. There is another turnback siding further east which was previously used; it was laid in the late 1990s to allow Royal Mail trains to reach the Royal Mail depot at Stonebridge Park. The low-level station, at the level of the area to the south, is an Edwardian island platform, with outer faces as platforms 1 and 3 and northern bay platform bay as platform 2, the southern bay now has no track. In October 2014 the DC line was closed temporarily between Wembley Central and Queens Park reportedly by Network Rail (London Overground) to allow platform 2 to be extended further west as a through platform. Most of the original and later platform buildings were demolished when platform 2 was extended in preparation for longer Class 378 trains and provision of a new footbridge and lift in 1999. Platforms 1 and 3 are used by the Bakerloo line services, which began on 10 May 1915, and London Overground services between Euston and Watford Junction. Until May 2008 north-bound Bakerloo line trains which were to reverse at Stonebridge Park depot (two stations further north) ran empty from Willesden Junction although the southbound service began at Stonebridge Park. This imbalance arose as there were no London Underground staff beyond Willesden Junction to oversee passenger detrainment, but this changed after London Underground took over the staffing of stations on the line, including Stonebridge Park, from Silverlink in November 2007, and trains bound for Stonebridge Park depot now terminate at Stonebridge Park station. Normally only the first and last NLL trains of the day, which start or terminate here, use the bay platform, though it is used for empty stock transfers between the depot and the North London and Gospel Oak to Barking lines. The station signs on the platforms say, below the Overground roundel, "Alight for Harlesden town centre". Motive power depot The original motive power depot in 1962 Willesden Traction Maintenance Depot. The LNWR opened a large locomotive depot on a site on the south side of the main line to the west of the station, in 1873. This was enlarged in 1898. The London Midland and Scottish Railway opened an additional roundhouse on the site in 1929. Both buildings were demolished when the depot was closed in 1965 by British Railways and replaced by a Freightliner depot. (The servicing of locomotives and multiple units was then undertaken by the present Willesden TMD on the other side of the line.) The steam depot had the shed code 1A and was a major depot for predominantly freight locomotives used on the West Coast Main Line and for suburban passenger services from Euston. Services vteLondon Overground Cheshunt Theobalds Grove Enfield TownTurkey StreetRomford Bush Hill ParkSouthburyEmerson Park Upminster Edmonton Green Silver StreetChingford White Hart LaneHighams Park Watford Junction Bruce GroveWood Street WatfordSeven Sisters Walthamstow Central High StreetHarringayBlackhorse Road Walthamstow Queen's Road Bushey Green Lanes Carpenders ParkCrouch HillSouth TottenhamSt. JamesLeyton Midland Road Hatch EndUpper ()Stamford HillStreetLeytonstone Headstone LaneHollowayStoke NewingtonClaptonHigh Road Harrow & Kentish Town WestRectory RoadWanstead Park () WealdstoneGospel OakCamden Road ()Hackney Woodgrange Park Kenton ()Caledonian RoadCanonburyDownsBarking South Kenton& BarnsburyBarking Riverside () North Highbury & IslingtonDalston KingslandHackneyCentral WembleyHampstead HeathDalston Wembley Finchley Road & Frognal ()JunctionLondon Fields CentralWest Hampstead ( )HaggerstonCambridgeHomerton StonebridgeBrondesburyHoxtonHeathHackney Wick ParkBrondesbury ParkShoreditch High StreetBethnal GreenStratford HarlesdenKensal Rise Kensal Green LiverpoolWhitechapel Willesden Queen's Park StreetShadwell () JunctionKilburn High RoadWapping South HampsteadRotherhithe Shepherd's Bush ()Euston ()Canada Water Kensington (Olympia) Surrey Quays West Brompton Battersea Park Imperial Wharf ()(limited service)New Cross Clapham Queens Road PeckhamNew Cross Gate Junction Peckham RyeBrockley Acton CentralWandsworth Road Denmark HillHonor Oak Park South Acton() ClaphamForest Hill Gunnersbury High StreetSydenham Kew Gardens Richmond Crystal PalacePenge West Anerley Norwood Junction West Croydon () Legend StationNational RailLiberty line Accessible stationThameslinkLioness line Interchange stationElizabeth lineMildmay line Accessible interchangeDocklands Light RailwaySuffragette line London UndergroundWeaver line Internal interchangeLondon TramsWindrush line Out-of-station interchangeLondon River Services The new London Overground line names and colours are to be introduced across the London rail network in autumn 2024 A London Overground Watford DC Line service departs Willesden for Watford Junction. There are three trains per hour in each direction on this line, operated using Class 710 electric multiple units since 2019 London Overground operate services from the high-level station on the North London Line using Class 378 EMUs. The weekday off-peak service is: 8 tph to Stratford 4 tph to Richmond 4 tph to Clapham Junction London Overground also operate services from the low-level station on the Watford DC line using Class 710 and Class 378 EMUs. The weekday off-peak service is: 4 tph to London Euston 4 tph to Watford Junction London Underground also operates Bakerloo line trains on the Watford DC line using 1972 Stock. The weekday off-peak service is: 8 tph to Elephant & Castle 4 tph to Stonebridge Park 4 tph to Harrow & Wealdstone Historical Railways Preceding station London Underground Following station Harlesdentowards Harrow & Wealdstone Bakerloo line Kensal Greentowards Elephant & Castle Preceding station London Overground Following station Acton Centraltowards Richmond North London line Kensal Risetowards Stratford Shepherd's Bushtowards Clapham Junction West London line Harlesdentowards Watford Junction Watford DC line Kensal Greentowards Euston Historical railways Wembley CentralLondon and North Western RailwayWest Coast Main LineQueens Park (London) BrentfordAnglia RailwaysLondon CrosslinkWest Hampstead Bus connections The station area is served by London Buses routes 18, 220, 228, 266, 487 and night route N18. References ^ "Step free Tube Guide" (PDF). Transport for London. April 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2021. ^ "Station Usage Data" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Estimates of station usage". Rail statistics. Office of Rail Regulation. Please note: Some methodology may vary year on year. ^ a b c Whitechurch, V L (September 1897). "Twenty-four hours at a railway junction". Railway Magazine. pp. 263–271. Retrieved 15 December 2016. ^ "Old Oak Lane Conservation Area Character Appraisal". ealing.cmis.uk.com. Ealing Council. 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2016. ^ "New Liner Terminal Opened". Birmingham Daily Post -. 5 August 1967. ^ Catford, Nick (July 2009). "Willesden Junction". disused-stations.org.uk. Retrieved 30 November 2022. ^ "BEWILDERING BY WILLESDEN JUNCTION POETS". metrolandcultures.com. 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2022. ^ "The Collision at the Willesden Junction". London Daily News. 4 August 1858. ^ "The Late Fatal Collision at Willesden Junction". Western Daily Press. 4 August 1858. ^ "Epitome of News". Illustrated London News. 4 September 1858. ^ "Central Criminal Court". London Evening Standard. 28 October 1858. ^ "Shocking death". Downpatrick Recorder. 31 May 1873. ^ "Fire at Willesden Junction". Belfast Newsletter. 6 April 1874. ^ "Accident at Willesden Junction". Hull Packet. 24 December 1879. ^ "Inquests". London Evening Standard. 10 September 1880. ^ "Shocking discovery at Willesden Junction". Buckingham advertiser and free press. 16 April 1892. ^ "Failed to kill himself". Weekly Mail. 11 July 1903. p. 2. Retrieved 19 June 2022. ^ "Accident to the Scotch Express". Dundee Courier. 23 June 1893. ^ "Failed to kill himself". Weekly Mail. 11 July 2022. p. 2. Retrieved 18 June 2022. ^ "Fatal Haste To Catch a Train". Luton Times and Advertiser. 28 August 1903. ^ "Collision at Willesden Junction - Four railway men injured". The Scotsman. 12 November 1907. ^ "Accident at Willesden Junction". Willesden Chronicle. 6 March 1908. ^ Earnshaw, Alan (1991). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 7. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 13. ISBN 0-906899-50-8. ^ "Willesden Junction Collision". The Scotsman. 20 December 1910. ^ "OLD WOMAN'S LOST MEMORY MYSTERIOUS INMATE OF EMPTY RAILWAY CARRIAGE". Daily Citizen (Manchester). 9 August 1913. ^ "Abergavanny Man Killed at Willesden junction". Abergavanny Chronicle. 7 January 1916. Retrieved 18 June 2022. ^ "SOLDIER ON EXPRESS BUFFERS". Lancashire Evening Post. 31 March 1920. ^ "Accidents to pleasure parties". Coventry evening Telegraph. 7 August 1923. ^ "Street Betting". Daily Herald. 24 December 1928. ^ "Fatal accident at Willesden Junction". Kensington Post. 5 June 1936. ^ "They had to walk". Manchester Evening News -. 16 March 1940. ^ "Railway shunters fined". Marylebone Mercury. 5 April 1941. ^ "Grabs cashback from bandits". Daily mirror. 22 April 1949. ^ "Floods trap 600 on tube train". Belfast Telegraph. 7 August 1952. ^ "TRAIN SPOTTING BAN LIFTED". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 24 August 1956. ^ "Wagon goes adrift with £20 million". Birmingham Post. 12 December 1967. ^ "Rail crash delays trains". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 5 July 1969. ^ "Three hurt after derailment". Birmingham Post. 5 July 1969. ^ "Passengers pack the platform as tanker truck blocks line". Acton Gazette. 25 March 1971. ^ Report on the Collision that occurred on 16 October 1986 at Kensal Green in the London Midland Region British Railways, at The Railways Archive (pub. Department of Transport 1988) ^ "Trains within seconds of head on crash". Aberdeen Press and Journal. 15 September 1990. ^ Disused Stations - Willesden Junction ^ London Overground Capacity Improvement ^ "Bakerloo Line, Dates". Clive's Underground Line Guides. Retrieved 22 July 2008. ^ "Safety boost as London Underground takes full control of 14 Silverlink stations". Transport for London. 22 November 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2013. ^ "Bakerloo line changes benefit over 7,000 passengers". Transport for London. 18 July 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2013. ^ Griffiths, Roger; Smith, Paul (1999). The directory of British engine Sheds and Principal Locomotive Servicing Points: 1. Oxford: Oxford Publishing Co. p. 93. ISBN 0-86093-542-6. ^ "London Overground timetable". ^ "Bakerloo line timetable". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willesden Junction station. Train times and station information for Willesden Junction station from National Rail London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Bakerloo line train at Willesden Junction station, 1917 Willesden Junction station entrance, 1928 Willesden Junction, SubBrit stations project Winchester, Clarence, ed. (18 October 1935), "Willesden Junction", Railway Wonders of the World, pp. 1192–1194, description of the station in the 1930s vteTransport in LondonCompanies andorganisationsTransport forLondon (TfL)London Underground Night Tube Bakerloo Central Circle District Hammersmith & City Jubilee Metropolitan Northern Piccadilly Victoria Waterloo & City London Rail Docklands Light Railway Elizabeth line Tramlink London Overground North London East London South London West London Gospel Oak to Barking Lea Valley Romford–Upminster Watford DC London Buses East London Transit Superloop Night buses Other Coach station Cycle hire Dial-a-Ride IFS Cloud Cable Car London River Services London Streets Source London Taxi and Private Hire office Bus operators Arriva Herts & Essex Arriva London Arriva Southern Counties Go-Ahead London Blue Triangle Docklands Buses London Central London General Metrobus Metroline RATP Dev Transit London London Sovereign London Transit London United Stagecoach London East 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interchange station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange_station"},{"link_name":"Harlesden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlesden"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"London Overground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Ealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Ealing"},{"link_name":"conservation area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_area"},{"link_name":"East Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Acton"}],"text":"London Underground and London Overground stationWillesden Junction is an interchange station located in Harlesden, north-west London, for London Underground and London Overground services. The station also borders the London Borough of Ealing, near the Old Oak Lane conservation area in the East Acton ward.","title":"Willesden Junction station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willesden_%26_Acton_Wells_RJD_78.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harlesden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlesden_station"},{"link_name":"Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Dudding Hill Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudding_Hill_Line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willesden_Junction_4_Station_2047872.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Coast Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"London & North Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_%26_North_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"London and Birmingham Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_Birmingham_Railway"},{"link_name":"Willesden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willesden_railway_station"},{"link_name":"North London Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London_Line"},{"link_name":"North London Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London_Railway"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Watford DC Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_DC_Line"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"John Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morris,_Baron_Morris_of_Aberavon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Willesden Junction in 1903. The pre-1866 'Willesden' station (near the site of Harlesden station) was on the red line to the west, just beyond the green Midland Railway Dudding Hill LineWillesden Junction mainline station - end of platform view in 1962 looking towards EustonThe station developed on three contiguous sites: the West Coast Main Line (WCML) station was opened by the London & North Western Railway on 1 September 1866 to replace the London and Birmingham Railway's Willesden station of 1841 which was 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to the northwest. Passenger services ended in 1962 when the platforms were removed during the electrification of the WCML to allow the curvature of the tracks to be eased. Later the bridges for the North London Line (NLL) were rebuilt.The High-Level station on the NLL was opened by the North London Railway in 1869 for two Richmond tracks and later for two Shepherds Bush tracks, both crossing the WCML roughly at right angles. In 1894 a new, combined High-Level station was built, with an island platform plus a third shorter platform for Earls Court trains (which was later removed) together with a new station entrance building which still survives. By 1897 199 passengers and 47 goods trains passed through the High-Level station each day.[8] The 'Willesden New Station' or Low-Level station on the Watford DC Line was opened in 1910 to the north of the main line with two outer through platforms and two inner bay platforms at the London end. The bay platforms were originally long enough for four-coach Bakerloo trains when such trains ran outside peak times, but were shortened in the 1960s when a new toilet block was installed; in more recent times the platform buildings have been reconstructed and the bay length increased due to the addition of a fourth and then a fifth coach to class 378 trains.In 1896 staff totalled 271, including 79 porters, 58 signalmen (in 14 signal boxes) and 58 shunters and yard foremen. They issued 1,006,886 tickets to passengers in 1896, up from 530,300 in 1886.[8] Many of them were housed in what is now the Old Oak Lane conservation area, built by the LNWR in 1889[9] and which included an Institute, reading room and church.[8]The main-line platforms were numbered from the south side (including one or two on the Kensington route) followed by the high level platforms and then the DC line platforms which thus had the highest numbers. Later the surviving platforms were renumbered.A freight liner terminal was opened in August 1967. It was built on an 18-acre site of the steam locomotive depot alongside the main electrified rail-link. It was opened by John Morris, Parliamentary Secretary for the Ministry of Transport. The terminal had the capacity to handle 2,000 containers a week.[10]In the late nineteenth century, it was nicknamed \"Bewildering Junction\" or \"The Wilderness\" because it contained such a maze of entrances, passages and platforms.[11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Earnshaw7-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Euston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Bakerloo line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakerloo_line"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"trainspotters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainspotters_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Euston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"In July 1858, a train driver - William Pine - was killed when two trains collided at the station. The London to Rugby train was diverted onto the Kew line and struck the train that William Pine was driving. A point man employed at the station - Henry Lamb - subsequently absconded.[13][14] He was captured by the police a month later in Hereford and charged with manslaughter.[15] Lamb was tried at the Central Criminal Court in October 1858 and he was found not guilty.[16]\nOn 31 May 1873, a mutilated body of a man was found on the railway track near the station. The victim had been hit by the Irish Mail train as it traveled from London to Rugby.[17]\nA fire broke out in the Kew and Richmond line ticket office during the morning of Saturday 4 April 1874. The fire gutted booking office and the adjoining rooms, and at one point threatened to engulf the entire station. Rail traffic was delayed by two hours.[18]\nOn 11 November 1879, a passenger train collided with a goods train. Nobody was hurt. A later investigation established that the accident was caused by a signaling error.[19]\nIn September 1880, a young child was killed when he tried to step onto a moving wagon, but fell onto the track and was crushed.[20]\nIn the evening of 6 April 1892, the body of a woman was discovered in the ladies bathroom. Station porters were closing up the station when the body was found in a locked closet. The victim died from razor wounds to the neck.[21] An inquest later established that she had committed suicide.[22]\nOn 22 June 1895, the axle of the London to Scotland express broke as it was leaving the station, blocking the line. No one was injured in the incident.[23]\nIn July 1903, a laborer - John Pearson - attempted to commit suicide at the station by throwing himself under an approaching locomotive, He fell between the rails and the engine passed over him, causing only minor bruising. He was later charged at West London Police-court with attempted suicide. A doctor certified him to be insane and the magistrate ordered his detention at a local workhouse Infirmary.[24]\nIn August 1903, a Congregational minister – the Rev. W. Horn – died in the station waiting room. He collapsed after running to catch a train.[25]\nOn 11 November 1907, the London and North Western train from Mansion House ran into a stationary North London engine. Four railway men were injured.[26]\nIn March 1908, a young ticket collector working at the station stumbled while crossing the rail track. His leg was caught under a passing train and subsequently amputated.[27]\nOn 5 December 1910, a passenger train was in a rear-end collision with another at the station. Five people were killed and more than 40 were injured.[28] The accident was due to a signaling error.[29]\nAn elderly woman suffering from dementia and memory loss was discovered on an empty train carriage. The train had arrived from Liverpool on midnight, 6 August 1913. The woman gave a false address, did not have money and was not in possession of a ticket. The woman was transferred to Willesden Workhouse Infirmary. While in the Infirmary, the woman had difficulty communicating.[30]\nIn January 1916 Alfred Charles Norgrove, aged 21, was killed when he was accidentally struck by the footplate of a moving train. He was employed as a fireman by the L. & N. W Railway Company at Willesden Junction. He was in the Territorial Army but had been temporarily discharged through having a bad cold, and was waiting to be called up again.[31]\nOn 20 March 1920, the Manchester express was forced to stop at the station when a young man was found to be lying on the buffer of the last carriage. The man was later identified as a soldier - Henry Marshall, age 16 - who was absent without leave. Marshall was later handed over to a military escort.[32]\nIn August 1923, a vehicle carrying 50 children overturned as it approached the station. The children were about to board a train for a trip to the country. Seven children and their teacher was subsequently admitted to Park Royal Hospital.[33]\nA young man - William Webb - was found guilty of loitering at the station in December 1928. When arrested he was in possession of 29 betting slips. and 41 football betting coupons. He was previously observed by railway staff taking bets at the railway station.[34]\nIn June 1936, one first-class passenger was killed and four other passengers were injured on the main line track just north of the station. An LMS passenger train heading to Watford was struck by a piece of equipment sticking out of the milk train heading to Euston.[35]\nOn 16 March 1940, passengers were forced to walk 150 yards to the station, when their LMS line train from Clapham Junction derailed near the station.[36]\nTwo shunters working at Willesden Junction were fined in April 1941 for stealing goods while in transit on the railway.[37]\nOn 22 April 1949 two thieves attempted to rob the wages of the station railway workers. The thieves, who were armed with cudgels, attacked railway cashier Nigel Woolsley and John White, a labourer who accompanied him, as they walked along the lines. The thieves hit Woolsley and grabbed the wage bag containing £1,250. Woolsley tackled one bandit and got the bag back while White fought off the other man. Both thieves fled. Then, when Woolsley had been given first aid, he paid out the wages.[38]\nOver six hundred passengers were trapped on a Bakerloo line train held at a cutting near the station. On the evening of 6 August 1952, a violent storm created a flood that prevented the train from moving. Passengers were trapped for four hours and were eventually rescued by the local fire brigade.[39]\nIn August 1956, Willesden Junction was one of seven stations where British Rail banned the activities of trainspotters. British Rail expressed concern about the unruly behavior of trainspotters and the disruption they caused to regular passengers. The ban proved to be extremely unpopular and it was quickly lifted.[40]\nOn 11 December 1967 a major security alert was launched at the station. Two wagons containing £20 million in cash became detached from its engine, leaving the cash stranded at the station. Police and railway officials put a cordon around the wagons for two hours while a new engine arrived to transport the cash northwards.[41]\nIn July 1969, an empty train, travelling to Euston to be cleaned, ran into the back of the Bletchley train. It brought down an electricity pylon near the station. Trains between London and the midlands were severely delayed.[42] No passengers were hurt but the two driver and a guard were slightly injured and taken to hospital. Three carriages of the Bletchley train were derailed.[43]\nIn March 1971, a petrol tanker containing 75 tons of paraffin derailed just outside the station. It jumped the track as it crossed the bridge on the high level part of the station. The derailment caused long delays on the Broad Street to Richmond line.[44]\nOn 6 October 1986 at 17:00 a class 313 train collided with the rear of a stationary Bakerloo line train on the up line to the east of the station between the Scrubbs Lane overbridge and Kensal Green tunnel (the location was officially described as \"Kensal Green\"). 23 of 25 passengers were injured, all but one were discharged from hospital during the same evening.[45]\nOn 14 September 1990, a North London Line commuter train from Richmond was accidentally sent on to a dedicated freight line to Willesden Junction. A signal man had pulled the wrong lever sending the train onto the wrong line. The freight line was not electrified and the passenger train stopped almost immediately. No one was injured.[46]","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willesden Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willesden_TMD"},{"link_name":"West London Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_London_Line"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Royal Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mail"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Class 378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_378"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CULG-49"},{"link_name":"Euston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Watford Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Stonebridge Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonebridge_Park_station"},{"link_name":"Silverlink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverlink"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFL1107-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFLNEWS0808-51"},{"link_name":"Gospel Oak to Barking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Oak_to_Barking_line"}],"text":"There are no platforms on the West Coast Main Line, which is separated from the low-level station by the approach road to Willesden Depot which lies immediately south-east of the station.The high-level (HL) station consists of an island platform rebuilt in 1956, with faces as platforms 4 and 5, which are roughly at the level of Old Oak Lane to the west of the station, serving the NLL and the West London Line; some trains on the latter reverse in a central turnback siding on the NLL to the east of the station, this opened in 2011. Both platforms have been extended across the DC line to accommodate 4-coach class 378 trains. The HL station previously had a third platform on the eastern side which was used by services to/from Earls Court.[47]\nThere is another turnback siding further east which was previously used; it was laid in the late 1990s to allow Royal Mail trains to reach the Royal Mail depot at Stonebridge Park.The low-level station, at the level of the area to the south, is an Edwardian island platform, with outer faces as platforms 1 and 3 and northern bay platform bay as platform 2, the southern bay now has no track. In October 2014 the DC line was closed temporarily between Wembley Central and Queens Park reportedly by Network Rail (London Overground) to allow platform 2 to be extended further west as a through platform.[48] Most of the original and later platform buildings were demolished when platform 2 was extended in preparation for longer Class 378 trains and provision of a new footbridge and lift in 1999.Platforms 1 and 3 are used by the Bakerloo line services, which began on 10 May 1915,[49] and London Overground services between Euston and Watford Junction. Until May 2008 north-bound Bakerloo line trains which were to reverse at Stonebridge Park depot (two stations further north) ran empty from Willesden Junction although the southbound service began at Stonebridge Park. This imbalance arose as there were no London Underground staff beyond Willesden Junction to oversee passenger detrainment, but this changed after London Underground took over the staffing of stations on the line, including Stonebridge Park, from Silverlink in November 2007,[50] and trains bound for Stonebridge Park depot now terminate at Stonebridge Park station.[51] Normally only the first and last NLL trains of the day, which start or terminate here, use the bay platform, though it is used for empty stock transfers between the depot and the North London and Gospel Oak to Barking lines.The station signs on the platforms say, below the Overground roundel, \"Alight for Harlesden town centre\".","title":"The station today"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willesden_Locomotive_Depot_geograph-2090458.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willesden_TMD.JPG"},{"link_name":"Willesden Traction Maintenance Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willesden_Traction_Maintenance_Depot"},{"link_name":"locomotive depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motive_power_depot"},{"link_name":"London Midland and Scottish Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway"},{"link_name":"roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_roundhouse"},{"link_name":"British Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways"},{"link_name":"Freightliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freightliner_Group"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Willesden TMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willesden_TMD"},{"link_name":"shed code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_Railways_shed_codes"},{"link_name":"West Coast Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Euston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Motive power depot","text":"The original motive power depot in 1962Willesden Traction Maintenance Depot.The LNWR opened a large locomotive depot on a site on the south side of the main line to the west of the station, in 1873. This was enlarged in 1898. The London Midland and Scottish Railway opened an additional roundhouse on the site in 1929. Both buildings were demolished when the depot was closed in 1965 by British Railways and replaced by a Freightliner depot.[52] (The servicing of locomotives and multiple units was then undertaken by the present Willesden TMD on the other side of the line.)The steam depot had the shed code 1A and was a major depot for predominantly freight locomotives used on the West Coast Main Line and for suburban passenger services from Euston.","title":"The station today"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willesden_Junction_station_MMB_28_378228.jpg"},{"link_name":"London Overground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Watford DC Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_DC_Line"},{"link_name":"Watford Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Class 710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_710"},{"link_name":"London Overground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"North London Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London_line"},{"link_name":"Class 378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_378"},{"link_name":"EMUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_station"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_station_(London)"},{"link_name":"Clapham Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Watford DC line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_DC_line"},{"link_name":"Class 710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_710"},{"link_name":"London Euston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Watford Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Bakerloo line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakerloo_line"},{"link_name":"1972 Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_1972_Stock"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Elephant & Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_%26_Castle_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Stonebridge Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonebridge_Park_station"},{"link_name":"Harrow & Wealdstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_%26_Wealdstone_station"}],"text":"A London Overground Watford DC Line service departs Willesden for Watford Junction. There are three trains per hour in each direction on this line, operated using Class 710 electric multiple units since 2019London Overground operate services from the high-level station on the North London Line using Class 378 EMUs. The weekday off-peak service is:[53]8 tph to Stratford\n4 tph to Richmond\n4 tph to Clapham JunctionLondon Overground also operate services from the low-level station on the Watford DC line using Class 710 and Class 378 EMUs. The weekday off-peak service is:4 tph to London Euston\n4 tph to Watford JunctionLondon Underground also operates Bakerloo line trains on the Watford DC line using 1972 Stock. The weekday off-peak service is:[54]8 tph to Elephant & Castle\n4 tph to Stonebridge Park\n4 tph to Harrow & Wealdstone","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_18"},{"link_name":"220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_220"},{"link_name":"228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_228"},{"link_name":"266","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_266"},{"link_name":"487","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_487"},{"link_name":"N18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_N18"}],"text":"The station area is served by London Buses routes 18, 220, 228, 266, 487 and night route N18.","title":"Bus connections"}]

[{"image_text":"Willesden Junction in 1903. The pre-1866 'Willesden' station (near the site of Harlesden station) was on the red line to the west, just beyond the green Midland Railway Dudding Hill Line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Willesden_%26_Acton_Wells_RJD_78.jpg/305px-Willesden_%26_Acton_Wells_RJD_78.jpg"},{"image_text":"Willesden Junction mainline station - end of platform view in 1962 looking towards Euston","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Willesden_Junction_4_Station_2047872.jpg/220px-Willesden_Junction_4_Station_2047872.jpg"},{"image_text":"The original motive power depot in 1962","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Willesden_Locomotive_Depot_geograph-2090458.jpg/220px-Willesden_Locomotive_Depot_geograph-2090458.jpg"},{"image_text":"Willesden Traction Maintenance Depot.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Willesden_TMD.JPG/220px-Willesden_TMD.JPG"},{"image_text":"A London Overground Watford DC Line service departs Willesden for Watford Junction. There are three trains per hour in each direction on this line, operated using Class 710 electric multiple units since 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Willesden_Junction_station_MMB_28_378228.jpg/220px-Willesden_Junction_station_MMB_28_378228.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Step free Tube Guide\" (PDF). Transport for London. April 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.tfl.gov.uk/step-free-tube-guide-map.pdf","url_text":"\"Step free Tube Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210515082605/https://content.tfl.gov.uk/step-free-tube-guide-map.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114012549/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109221122/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2020/AC2020_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2021/AC2021_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2022/AC2022_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Estimates of station usage\". Rail statistics. Office of Rail Regulation.","urls":[{"url":"https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/statistics/usage/estimates-of-station-usage","url_text":"\"Estimates of station usage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Rail_Regulation","url_text":"Office of Rail Regulation"}]},{"reference":"Whitechurch, V L (September 1897). \"Twenty-four hours at a railway junction\". Railway Magazine. pp. 263–271. Retrieved 15 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk//html5/reader/production/default.aspx?&edid=7b86f0f7-498d-4a9a-aa51-b450bfa24a8f","url_text":"\"Twenty-four hours at a railway junction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Old Oak Lane Conservation Area Character Appraisal\". ealing.cmis.uk.com. Ealing Council. 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ealing.cmis.uk.com/Ealing/Document.ashx?czJKcaeAi5tUFL1DTL2UE4zNRBcoShgo=YtpH9O67q9ubgB6Cm6zqmAsuagET25CgjFZZ4VhOJieWsTm8o1q+PA==&rUzwRPf+Z3zd4E7Ikn8Lyw===pwRE6AGJFLDNlh225F5QMaQWCtPHwdhUfCZ/LUQzgA2uL5jNRG4jdQ==&mCTIbCubSFfXsDGW9IXnlg===hFflUdN3100=&kCx1AnS9/pWZQ40DXFvdEw===hFflUdN3100=&uJovDxwdjMPoYv+AJvYtyA===ctNJFf55vVA=&FgPlIEJYlotS+YGoBi5olA===NHdURQburHA=&d9Qjj0ag1Pd993jsyOJqFvmyB7X0CSQK=ctNJFf55vVA=&WGewmoAfeNR9xqBux0r1Q8Za60lavYmz=ctNJFf55vVA=&WGewmoAfeNQ16B2MHuCpMRKZMwaG1PaO=ctNJFf55vVA=","url_text":"\"Old Oak Lane Conservation Area Character Appraisal\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Liner Terminal Opened\". Birmingham Daily Post -. 5 August 1967.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Catford, Nick (July 2009). \"Willesden Junction\". disused-stations.org.uk. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/w/willesden_junction_high_level/","url_text":"\"Willesden Junction\""}]},{"reference":"\"BEWILDERING BY WILLESDEN JUNCTION POETS\". metrolandcultures.com. 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://metrolandcultures.com/brent-2020/culture-fund/bewildering-by-willesden-junction-poets/","url_text":"\"BEWILDERING BY WILLESDEN JUNCTION POETS\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Collision at the Willesden Junction\". London Daily News. 4 August 1858.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Late Fatal Collision at Willesden Junction\". Western Daily Press. 4 August 1858.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Epitome of News\". Illustrated London News. 4 September 1858.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Central Criminal Court\". London Evening Standard. 28 October 1858.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Shocking death\". Downpatrick Recorder. 31 May 1873.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fire at Willesden Junction\". Belfast Newsletter. 6 April 1874.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Accident at Willesden Junction\". Hull Packet. 24 December 1879.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Inquests\". London Evening Standard. 10 September 1880.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Shocking discovery at Willesden Junction\". Buckingham advertiser and free press. 16 April 1892.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Failed to kill himself\". Weekly Mail. 11 July 1903. p. 2. Retrieved 19 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3376266/3376268/46/","url_text":"\"Failed to kill himself\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accident to the Scotch Express\". Dundee Courier. 23 June 1893.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Failed to kill himself\". Weekly Mail. 11 July 2022. p. 2. Retrieved 18 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3376266/3376268/46/","url_text":"\"Failed to kill himself\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fatal Haste To Catch a Train\". Luton Times and Advertiser. 28 August 1903.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Collision at Willesden Junction - Four railway men injured\". The Scotsman. 12 November 1907.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Accident at Willesden Junction\". Willesden Chronicle. 6 March 1908.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Earnshaw, Alan (1991). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 7. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 13. ISBN 0-906899-50-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906899-50-8","url_text":"0-906899-50-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Willesden Junction Collision\". The Scotsman. 20 December 1910.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"OLD WOMAN'S LOST MEMORY MYSTERIOUS INMATE OF EMPTY RAILWAY CARRIAGE\". Daily Citizen (Manchester). 9 August 1913.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Abergavanny Man Killed at Willesden junction\". Abergavanny Chronicle. 7 January 1916. Retrieved 18 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.library.wales/view/4121578/4121586/108/Willesden%20junction","url_text":"\"Abergavanny Man Killed at Willesden junction\""}]},{"reference":"\"SOLDIER ON EXPRESS BUFFERS\". Lancashire Evening Post. 31 March 1920.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Accidents to pleasure parties\". Coventry evening Telegraph. 7 August 1923.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Street Betting\". Daily Herald. 24 December 1928.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fatal accident at Willesden Junction\". Kensington Post. 5 June 1936.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"They had to walk\". Manchester Evening News -. 16 March 1940.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Railway shunters fined\". Marylebone Mercury. 5 April 1941.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Grabs cashback from bandits\". Daily mirror. 22 April 1949.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Floods trap 600 on tube train\". Belfast Telegraph. 7 August 1952.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"TRAIN SPOTTING BAN LIFTED\". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 24 August 1956.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wagon goes adrift with £20 million\". Birmingham Post. 12 December 1967.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rail crash delays trains\". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 5 July 1969.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Three hurt after derailment\". Birmingham Post. 5 July 1969.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Passengers pack the platform as tanker truck blocks line\". Acton Gazette. 25 March 1971.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Trains within seconds of head on crash\". Aberdeen Press and Journal. 15 September 1990.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Bakerloo Line, Dates\". Clive's Underground Line Guides. Retrieved 22 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.davros.org/rail/culg/bakerloo.html#dates","url_text":"\"Bakerloo Line, Dates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Safety boost as London Underground takes full control of 14 Silverlink stations\". Transport for London. 22 November 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/6542.html","url_text":"\"Safety boost as London Underground takes full control of 14 Silverlink stations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bakerloo line changes benefit over 7,000 passengers\". Transport for London. 18 July 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/8842.html","url_text":"\"Bakerloo line changes benefit over 7,000 passengers\""}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, Roger; Smith, Paul (1999). The directory of British engine Sheds and Principal Locomotive Servicing Points: 1. Oxford: Oxford Publishing Co. p. 93. ISBN 0-86093-542-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86093-542-6","url_text":"0-86093-542-6"}]},{"reference":"\"London Overground timetable\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tfl.gov.uk/modes/london-overground/london-overground-timetables","url_text":"\"London Overground timetable\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bakerloo line timetable\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tfl.gov.uk/tube/timetable/bakerloo/","url_text":"\"Bakerloo line timetable\""}]},{"reference":"Winchester, Clarence, ed. (18 October 1935), \"Willesden Junction\", Railway Wonders of the World, pp. 1192–1194","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaywondersoftheworld.com/willesden.html","url_text":"\"Willesden Junction\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Releasing_agent

Monoamine releasing agent

["1 Types of MRAs","2 Mechanism of action","3 Effects","4 Selectivity","5 Activity profiles","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Class of compounds "Releasing agent" redirects here. For mold release agents, see Release agent. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Monoamine releasing agent" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Amphetamine, the prototypical monoamine releasing agent, which acts on norepinephrine and dopamine. A monoamine releasing agent (MRA), or simply monoamine releaser, is a drug that induces the release of a monoamine neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitter. Many drugs induce their effects in the body and/or brain via the release of monoamine neurotransmitters, e.g., trace amines, many substituted amphetamines, and related compounds. Types of MRAs MRAS can be classified by the monoamines they mainly release, although these drugs lie on a spectrum. Selective for one neurotransmitter Serotonin releasing agent (SRA) Norepinephrine releasing agent (NRA) Dopamine releasing agent (DRA) Non-selective, releasing two or more neurotransmitters Norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA) Serotonin–norepinephrine releasing agent (SNRA) Serotonin–dopamine releasing agent (SDRA) Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) Mechanism of action Main article: Amphetamine § Pharmacodynamics MRAs cause the release of monoamine neurotransmitters by various complex mechanism of actions. They may enter the presynaptic neuron primarily via plasma membrane transporters, such as the dopamine transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and serotonin transporter (SERT). Some, such as exogenous phenethylamine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine, can also diffuse directly across the cell membrane to varying degrees. Once inside the presynaptic neuron, they may inhibit the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters through vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and release the neurotransmitters stores of synaptic vesicles into the cytoplasm by inducing reverse transport at VMAT2. MRAs can also bind to the intracellular receptor TAAR1 as agonists, which triggers a phosphorylation cascade via protein kinases that results in the phosphorylation of monoamine transporters located at the plasma membrane (i.e., the dopamine transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and serotonin transporter); upon phosphorylation, these transporters transport monoamines in reverse (i.e., they move monoamines from the neuronal cytoplasm into the synaptic cleft). The combined effects of MRAs at VMAT2 and TAAR1 result in the release of neurotransmitters out of synaptic vesicles and the cell cytoplasm into the synaptic cleft where they bind to their associated presynaptic autoreceptors and postsynaptic receptors. Certain MRAs interact with other presynaptic intracellular receptors which promote monoamine neurotransmission as well (e.g., methamphetamine is also an agonist at σ1 receptor). Effects Monoamine releasing agents can have a wide variety of effects depending upon their selectivity for monoamines. Selective serotonin releasing agents such as fenfluramine and related compounds are described as dysphoric and lethargic in lower doses, and in higher doses some hallucinogenic effects have been reported. Less selective serotonergic agents that stimulate an efflux in dopamine, such as MDMA are described as more pleasant, increasing energy, sociability and elevating mood. Dopamine releasing agents, usually selective for both norepinephrine and dopamine have psychostimulant effect, causing an increase in energy, and elevated mood. Other variables can significantly affect the subjective effects, such as infusion rate(increasing positive effects of cocaine), and expectancy. Selectively noradrenergic drugs are minimally psychoactive, but as demonstrated by ephedrine may be distinguished from placebo, and trends towards liking. They may also be ergogenic, in contrast to reboxetine which is solely a reuptake inhibitor. Selectivity MRAs act to varying extents on serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Some induce the release of all three neurotransmitters to a similar degree, like MDMA, while others are more selective. As examples, amphetamine and methamphetamine are NDRAs but only very weak releasers of serotonin (~60- and 30-fold less than dopamine, respectively) and MBDB is a fairly balanced SNRA but a weak releaser of dopamine (~6- and 10-fold lower for dopamine than norepinephrine or serotonin, respectively). Even more selective include agents like fenfluramine, a selective SRA, and ephedrine, a selective NRA. The differences in selectivity of these agents is the result of different affinities as substrates for the monoamine transporters, and thus differing ability to gain access into monoaminergic neurons and induce monoamine neurotransmitter release via the TAAR1 and VMAT2 proteins. As of present, no selective DRAs are known. This is because it has proven extremely difficult to separate DAT affinity from NET affinity and retain releasing efficacy at the same time. Several selective SDRAs are known however, though these compounds also act as non-selective serotonin receptor agonists. Activity profiles See also: Monoamine reuptake inhibitor § Binding profiles Activity profiles of MRAs (EC50, nM) Compound 5-HTTooltip Serotonin NETooltip Norepinephrine DATooltip Dopamine Type Class Ref 2C-E >100000 >100000 >100000 IA Phenethylamine 2C-I >100000 >100000 >100000 IA Phenethylamine 3-Chloromethcathinone ND ND 46.8 ND Cathinone 3-Fluoroamphetamine 1937 16.1 24.2 NDRA Amphetamine 3-Methylamphetamine 218 18.3 33.3 NDRA Amphetamine 4-Fluoroamphetamine 730–939 28.0–37 51.5–200 NDRA Amphetamine cis-4-Methylaminorex 53.2 4.8 1.7 NDRA Aminorex 4-Methylamphetamine 53.4 22.2 44.1 SNDRA Amphetamine 4-Methylphenethylamine ND ND 271 ND Phenethylamine 4-Methylthiomethamphetamine 21 ND ND ND Amphetamine 4,4'-Dimethylaminorex ND ND ND SNDRA Aminorex ND   ''cis''-4,4'-Dimethylaminorex 17.7–18.5 11.8–26.9 8.6–10.9 SNDRA Aminorex   ''trans''-4,4'-Dimethylaminorex 59.9 31.6 24.4 SNDRA Aminorex 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole 28–104.8 13.3–79 12.9–173 SNDRA Amphetamine   (''R'')-5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole 177 81 1062 SNRA Amphetamine   (''S'')-5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole ND ND ND SNDRA Amphetamine ND 5-Chloro-αMT 16 3434 54 SDRA Tryptamine 5-Fluoro-αMT 19 126 32 SNDRA Tryptamine 5-MeO-αMT 460 8900 1500 SNDRA Tryptamine 5-MeO-DMT >100000 >100000 >100000 IA Tryptamine 6-(2-Aminopropyl)indole 19.9 25.6 164.0 SNDRA Amphetamine Adderall ND ND ND NDRA Amphetamine ND α-Methyltryptamine 68 79 180 SNDRA Tryptamine Amfepramone (diethylpropion) >10000 >10000 >10000 PD Cathinone Aminorex 193–414 15.1–26.4 9.1–49.4 SNDRA Aminorex Amphetamine ND ND ND NDRA Amphetamine ND   D-Amphetamine 698–1765 6.6–7.2 5.8–24.8 NDRA Amphetamine   L-Amphetamine ND ND ND NRA Amphetamine ND β-Ketophenethylamine ND ND 208 ND Phenethylamine BDB 180 540 2,300 NDRA Amphetamine Benzylpiperazine ≥6050 62–68 175–600 NDRA Arylpiperazine Butylamphetamine ND ND IA ND Amphetamine Cathinone ND ND ND NDRA Cathinone ND   D-Cathinone ND ND ND NRA Cathinone ND   L-Cathinone 2366 12.4 18.5 NDRA Cathinone Chlorphentermine 30.9 >10000 2650 SRA Amphetamine DMPP 26 56 1207 SNRA Arylpiperazine Dopamine >10000 66.2 86.9 NDRA Phenethylamine DPT >100000 >100000 >100000 IA Tryptamine Ephedrine ND ND ND NDRA Cathinol ND   D-Ephedrine >10000 43.1–72.4 236–1350 NDRA Cathinol   L-Ephedrine >10000 218 2104 NRA Cathinol Epinephrine ND ND ND NDRA Phenethylamine ND Ethcathinone 2118 99.3 >1000 NRA Cathinone Ethylamphetamine ND ND 296 ND Amphetamine Fenfluramine 79.3–108 739 >10000 SRA Amphetamine   D-Fenfluramine 51.7 302 >10000 SNRA Amphetamine   L-Fenfluramine 147 >10000 >10000 SRA Amphetamine MBDB 540 3300 >100,000 SNRA Amphetamine mCPP 28–38.1 ≥1400 63000 SRA Arylpiperazine MDA 160 108 190 SNDRA Amphetamine   (''R'')-MDA 310 290 900 SNDRA Amphetamine   (''S'')-MDA 100 50 98 SNDRA Amphetamine MDEA 47 2608 622 SNDRA Amphetamine   (''R'')-MDEA 52 651 507 SNDRA Amphetamine   (''S'')-MDEA 465 RI RI SRA Amphetamine MDMA 49.6–72 54.1–110 51.2–278 SNDRA Amphetamine   (''R'')-MDMA 340 560 3700 SNDRA Amphetamine   (''S'')-MDMA 74 136 142 SNDRA Amphetamine MDMAR ND ND ND SNDRA Aminorex ND   ''cis''-MDMAR 43.9 14.8 10.2 SNDRA Aminorex   ''trans''-MDMAR 73.4 38.9 36.2 SNDRA Aminorex Mephedrone 118.3–122 58–62.7 49.1–51 SNDRA Cathinone Methamnetamine 13 34 10 SNDRA Amphetamine Methamphetamine ND ND ND NDRA Amphetamine ND   D-Methamphetamine 736–1291.7 12.3–13.8 8.5–24.5 NDRA Amphetamine   L-Methamphetamine 4640 28.5 416 NRA Amphetamine Methcathinone ND ND ND NDRA Cathinone ND   D-Methcathinone ND ND ND NRA Cathinone ND   L-Methcathinone 1772 13.1 14.8 NDRA Cathinone Methylone 234–242.1 140–152.3 117–133.0 SNDRA Cathinone Naphthylisopropylamine 3.4 11.1 12.6 SNDRA Amphetamine Norephedrine ND ND ND NDRA Cathinol ND   D-Norephedrine >10000 42.1 302 NDRA Cathinol   L-Norephedrine (phenylpropanolamine) >10000 137 1371 NRA Cathinol Norepinephrine >10000 164 869 NDRA Phenethylamine Norfenfluramine 104 168–170 1900–1925 SNRA Amphetamine Norpropylhexedrine ND ND ND NDRA Cyclohexethylamine ND   D-Norpropylhexedrine ND ND ND NRA Cyclohexethylamine ND   L-Norpropylhexedrine ND ND ND NDRA Cyclohexethylamine ND Norpseudoephedrine ND ND ND NDRA Cathinol ND   D-Norpseudoephedrine (cathine) >10000 15.0 68.3 NDRA Cathinol   L-Norpseudoephedrine >10000 30.1 294 NDRA Cathinol oMPP 175 39.1 296–542 SNDRA Arylpiperazine PAL-738 23 65 58 SNDRA Phenylmorpholine Phenethylamine ND ND 39.5 NDRA Phenethylamine Phendimetrazine >100000 >10000 >10000 PD Phenylmorpholine Phenmetrazine 7765 50.4 131 NDRA Phenylmorpholine Phentermine 3511 39.4 262 NDRA Amphetamine Phenylalaninol ND ND ND ND Amphetamine ND   D-Phenylalaninol >10000 106 1355 NRA Amphetamine   L-Phenylalaninol ND ND ND ND Amphetamine ND Phenylisobutylamine ND ND 225 ND Amphetamine pMPP 3200 1500 11000 SNRA Arylpiperazine pNPP 43 >10000 >10000 SRA Arylpiperazine Propylamphetamine ND ND RI (1013) ND Amphetamine Propylhexedrine ND ND ND NDRA Cyclohexethylamine ND   D-Propylhexedrine ND ND ND NRA Cyclohexethylamine ND   L-Propylhexedrine ND ND ND NDRA Cyclohexethylamine ND Pseudoephedrine ND ND ND NDRA Cathinol ND   D-Pseudoephedrine >10000 4092 9125 NDRA Cathinol   L-Pseudoephedrine >10000 224 1988 NRA Cathinol Pseudophenmetrazine >10000 514 RI NRA Phenylmorpholine Psilocin 561 >10000 >10000 SRA Tryptamine Serotonin 44.4 >10000 >10000 SRA Tryptamine TFMPP 121 ND >10000 SRA Arylpiperazine TFMCPP 33 >10000 >10000 SRA Arylpiperazine Trimethoxyamphetamine 16000 >100000 >100000 IA Amphetamine Tyramine 2775 40.6 119 NDRA Phenethylamine The smaller the value, the more strongly the substance activates or releases the neurotransmitter. 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External links Media related to Monoamine releasing agents at Wikimedia Commons vteMonoamine releasing agentsDRAsTooltip Dopamine releasing agents Morpholines: Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Morazone Morforex Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine Oxazolines: 4-MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone Phenethylamines: 2-OH-PEA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-MA 4-MMA Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil β-Me-PEA BDB BOH Benzphetamine Buphedrone Butylone Cathine Cathinone Clobenzorex Clortermine D-Deprenyl DMA DMMA Dimethylamphetamine Ephedrine Ethcathinone EBDB Ethylone Etilamfetamine Famprofazone Fenethylline Fenproporex Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex Hordenine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine (123I) Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine Mefenorex Mephedrone Metamfepramone Methamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine Methcathinone Methedrone MMDA MMDMA MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDEA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Methylone Morforex Ortetamine pBA pCA pIA Pholedrine Phenethylamine Pholedrine Phenpromethamine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Tiflorex Tyramine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP BZP MBZP MDBZP MeOPP oMPP Others: 2-ADN 2-AI 2-AT 4-BP 5-APDI 5-IAI Amineptine Clofenciclan Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Feprosidnine Gilutensin Heptaminol Hexacyclonate Indanorex Isometheptene Methylhexanamine Naphthylaminopropane Octodrine Phthalimidopropiophenone Phenylbiguanide Propylhexedrine Levopropylhexedrine NRAsTooltip Norepinephrine releasing agents Morpholines: Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Morazone Morforex Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine Oxazolines: 4-MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone Phenethylamines: 2-OH-PEA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-MA 4-MMA Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine Dextroamphetamine Levoamphetamine Amphetaminil β-Me-PEA BDB Benzphetamine BOH Buphedrone Butylone Cathine Cathinone Clobenzorex Clortermine Dimethylamphetamine DMA DMMA EBDB Ephedrine Ethcathinone Ethylone Etilamfetamine Famprofazone Fenethylline Fenproporex Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex Hordenine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 5-APDI (IAP) Iofetamine (123I) Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDEA MDMA (midomafetamine) Metamfepramone MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Mefenorex Mephedrone Mephentermine Methamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine Methcathinone Methedrone Methylone Morforex Naphthylaminopropane Ortetamine pBA pCA Pentorex Phenethylamine Pholedrine Phenpromethamine Phentermine Phenylpropanolamine pIA Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Selegiline (also D-Deprenyl) Tiflorex Tyramine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP BZP MBZP mCPP MDBZP MeOPP oMPP pFPP Others: 2-ADN 2-AI 2-AT 2-BP 4-BP 5-IAI Clofenciclan Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Feprosidnine Gilutensin Heptaminol Hexacyclonate Indanorex Isometheptene Methylhexanamine Octodrine Phthalimidopropiophenone Propylhexedrine (Levopropylhexedrine) Tuaminoheptane SRAsTooltip Serotonin releasing agents Aminoindanes: 5-IAI AMMI ETAI MDAI MDMAI MMAI TAI Aminotetralins: 6-CAT 8-OH-DPAT MDAT MDMAT Oxazolines: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Fluminorex Phenethylamines: 2-Methyl-MDA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-HA 4-MTA 5-APDB 5-Methyl-MDA 6-APDB 6-Methyl-MDA AEMMA Amiflamine BDB BOH Brephedrone Butylone Chlorphentermine Cloforex Amfepramone Metamfepramone DCA Dexfenfluramine DFMDA DMA DMMA EBDB EDMA Ethylone Etolorex Fenfluramine Flephedrone Flucetorex IAP Iofetamine Levofenfluramine Lophophine MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDEA MDHMA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Mephedrone Methedrone Methylone MMA MMDA MMDMA MMMA NAP Norfenfluramine 4-TFMA pBA pCA pIA PMA PMEA PMMA TAP Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP 3-MeOPP BZP DCPP MBZP mCPP MDBZP MeOPP Mepiprazole oMPP pCPP pFPP pTFMPP TFMPP Tryptamines: 4-Methyl-αET 4-Methyl-αMT 5-CT 5-MeO-αET 5-MeO-αMT 5-MT αET αMT DMT Tryptamine Others: Indeloxazine Viqualine Others Monoamine activity enhancers: BPAP PPAP DAT modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804 SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041 Adrenergic release blockers: Bethanidine Bretylium Guanadrel Guanazodine Guanethidine Guanoxan See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Monoamine reuptake inhibitors • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine metabolism modulators • Monoamine neurotoxins vteHuman trace amine-associated receptor ligandsTAAR1AgonistsEndogenous† Classical monoamine neurotransmitters Dopamine Histamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Trace amines 3-Iodothyronamine 3-Methoxytyramine N-Methylphenethylamine N-Methyltyramine m-Octopamine p-Octopamine Phenethylamine Phenylethanolamine Synephrine Tryptamine m-Tyramine p-Tyramine Synthetic‡ Amphetamine DOB DOET 4-Hydroxyamphetamine Isoprenaline MDA (tenamfetamine) MDMA (midomafetamine) 2-Methylphenethylamine 3-Methylphenethylamine 4-Methylphenethylamine β-Methylphenethylamine Methamphetamine 3-MMA Norfenfluramine Phentermine o-PIT Propylhexedrine Ralmitaront (RG-7906, RO-6889450) RO5166017 N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine Ulotaront (SEP-363856) Neutral antagonists   Inverse agonists EPPTB (RO5212773) TAAR2Agonists‡ Neutral antagonists   TAAR5Agonists‡ N,N-Dimethylethylamine Trimethylamine Neutral antagonists   Inverse agonists‡ 3-Iodothyronamine † References for all endogenous human TAAR1 ligands are provided at List of trace amines ‡ References for synthetic TAAR1 agonists can be found at TAAR1 or in the associated compound articles. For TAAR2 and TAAR5 agonists and inverse agonists, see TAAR for references. See also: Receptor/signaling modulators

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Release agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_agent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Racemic_amphetamine_2.svg"},{"link_name":"Amphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine"},{"link_name":"drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug"},{"link_name":"release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse"},{"link_name":"monoamine neurotransmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"presynaptic neuron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse"},{"link_name":"synapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse"},{"link_name":"extracellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular"},{"link_name":"concentrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration"},{"link_name":"neurotransmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"trace amines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_amines"},{"link_name":"substituted amphetamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine"}],"text":"\"Releasing agent\" redirects here. For mold release agents, see Release agent.Amphetamine, the prototypical monoamine releasing agent, which acts on norepinephrine and dopamine.A monoamine releasing agent (MRA), or simply monoamine releaser, is a drug that induces the release of a monoamine neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitter. Many drugs induce their effects in the body and/or brain via the release of monoamine neurotransmitters, e.g., trace amines, many substituted amphetamines, and related compounds.","title":"Monoamine releasing agent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serotonin releasing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_releasing_agent"},{"link_name":"Norepinephrine releasing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_releasing_agent"},{"link_name":"Dopamine releasing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_releasing_agent"},{"link_name":"Norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine%E2%80%93dopamine_releasing_agent"},{"link_name":"Serotonin–norepinephrine releasing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_releasing_agent"},{"link_name":"Serotonin–dopamine releasing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93dopamine_releasing_agent"},{"link_name":"Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine%E2%80%93dopamine_releasing_agent"}],"text":"MRAS can be classified by the monoamines they mainly release, although these drugs lie on a spectrum.Selective for one neurotransmitter\nSerotonin releasing agent (SRA)\nNorepinephrine releasing agent (NRA)\nDopamine releasing agent (DRA)\nNon-selective, releasing two or more neurotransmitters\nNorepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA)\nSerotonin–norepinephrine releasing agent (SNRA)\nSerotonin–dopamine releasing agent (SDRA)\nSerotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA)","title":"Types of MRAs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse"},{"link_name":"monoamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine"},{"link_name":"neurotransmitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"presynaptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse"},{"link_name":"neuron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"plasma membrane transporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein"},{"link_name":"dopamine transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter"},{"link_name":"norepinephrine transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter"},{"link_name":"serotonin transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_transporter"},{"link_name":"phenethylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenethylamine"},{"link_name":"amphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine"},{"link_name":"methamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"diffuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_transport"},{"link_name":"cell membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane"},{"link_name":"inhibit the reuptake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuptake_inhibition"},{"link_name":"vesicular monoamine transporter 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporter_2"},{"link_name":"synaptic vesicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle"},{"link_name":"cytoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"},{"link_name":"reverse transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transport"},{"link_name":"TAAR1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAAR1"},{"link_name":"protein kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase"},{"link_name":"monoamine transporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_transporter"},{"link_name":"dopamine transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter"},{"link_name":"norepinephrine transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter"},{"link_name":"serotonin transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_transporter"},{"link_name":"transport monoamines in reverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"synaptic cleft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_cleft"},{"link_name":"presynaptic autoreceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoreceptor"},{"link_name":"postsynaptic receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postsynaptic_receptor"},{"link_name":"σ1 receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor"}],"text":"MRAs cause the release of monoamine neurotransmitters by various complex mechanism of actions. They may enter the presynaptic neuron primarily via plasma membrane transporters, such as the dopamine transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and serotonin transporter (SERT). Some, such as exogenous phenethylamine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine, can also diffuse directly across the cell membrane to varying degrees. Once inside the presynaptic neuron, they may inhibit the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters through vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and release the neurotransmitters stores of synaptic vesicles into the cytoplasm by inducing reverse transport at VMAT2. MRAs can also bind to the intracellular receptor TAAR1 as agonists, which triggers a phosphorylation cascade via protein kinases that results in the phosphorylation of monoamine transporters located at the plasma membrane (i.e., the dopamine transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and serotonin transporter); upon phosphorylation, these transporters transport monoamines in reverse (i.e., they move monoamines from the neuronal cytoplasm into the synaptic cleft).[1] The combined effects of MRAs at VMAT2 and TAAR1 result in the release of neurotransmitters out of synaptic vesicles and the cell cytoplasm into the synaptic cleft where they bind to their associated presynaptic autoreceptors and postsynaptic receptors. Certain MRAs interact with other presynaptic intracellular receptors which promote monoamine neurotransmission as well (e.g., methamphetamine is also an agonist at σ1 receptor).","title":"Mechanism of action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brust2004-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Activities1976-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson_RA_2005-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Monoamine releasing agents can have a wide variety of effects depending upon their selectivity for monoamines. Selective serotonin releasing agents such as fenfluramine and related compounds are described as dysphoric and lethargic in lower doses, and in higher doses some hallucinogenic effects have been reported.[2][3] Less selective serotonergic agents that stimulate an efflux in dopamine, such as MDMA are described as more pleasant, increasing energy, sociability and elevating mood.[4] Dopamine releasing agents, usually selective for both norepinephrine and dopamine have psychostimulant effect, causing an increase in energy, and elevated mood.[5] Other variables can significantly affect the subjective effects, such as infusion rate(increasing positive effects of cocaine), and expectancy.[6] Selectively noradrenergic drugs are minimally psychoactive, but as demonstrated by ephedrine may be distinguished from placebo, and trends towards liking.[7] They may also be ergogenic,[8] in contrast to reboxetine which is solely a reuptake inhibitor.[9][10]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine"},{"link_name":"selective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_selectivity"},{"link_name":"amphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine"},{"link_name":"methamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"MBDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,3-benzodioxolyl-N-methylbutanamine"},{"link_name":"fenfluramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenfluramine"},{"link_name":"ephedrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedrine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17408232-11"},{"link_name":"serotonin receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_receptor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24796848-12"}],"text":"MRAs act to varying extents on serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Some induce the release of all three neurotransmitters to a similar degree, like MDMA, while others are more selective. As examples, amphetamine and methamphetamine are NDRAs but only very weak releasers of serotonin (~60- and 30-fold less than dopamine, respectively) and MBDB is a fairly balanced SNRA but a weak releaser of dopamine (~6- and 10-fold lower for dopamine than norepinephrine or serotonin, respectively). Even more selective include agents like fenfluramine, a selective SRA, and ephedrine, a selective NRA. The differences in selectivity of these agents is the result of different affinities as substrates for the monoamine transporters, and thus differing ability to gain access into monoaminergic neurons and induce monoamine neurotransmitter release via the TAAR1 and VMAT2 proteins.As of present, no selective DRAs are known. This is because it has proven extremely difficult to separate DAT affinity from NET affinity and retain releasing efficacy at the same time.[11] Several selective SDRAs are known however, though these compounds also act as non-selective serotonin receptor agonists.[12]","title":"Selectivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monoamine reuptake inhibitor § Binding profiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitor#Binding_profiles"}],"text":"See also: Monoamine reuptake inhibitor § Binding profiles","title":"Activity profiles"}]

[{"image_text":"Amphetamine, the prototypical monoamine releasing agent, which acts on norepinephrine and dopamine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Racemic_amphetamine_2.svg/200px-Racemic_amphetamine_2.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Monoamine reuptake inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitor"},{"title":"Release modulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_modulator"}]

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Neuropsychopharmacology. 30 (3): 550–60. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300585. PMID 15496938.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300585","url_text":"\"N-substituted piperazines abused by humans mimic the molecular mechanism of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or 'Ecstasy')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300585","url_text":"10.1038/sj.npp.1300585"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15496938","url_text":"15496938"}]},{"reference":"Rothman RB, Vu N, Partilla JS, Roth BL, Hufeisen SJ, Compton-Toth BA, Birkes J, Young R, Glennon RA (2003). \"In vitro characterization of ephedrine-related stereoisomers at biogenic amine transporters and the receptorome reveals selective actions as norepinephrine transporter substrates\". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 307 (1): 138–45. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.053975. PMID 12954796. S2CID 19015584.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.103.053975","url_text":"10.1124/jpet.103.053975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12954796","url_text":"12954796"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19015584","url_text":"19015584"}]},{"reference":"Rothman RB, Clark RD, Partilla JS, Baumann MH (2003). \"(+)-Fenfluramine and its major metabolite, (+)-norfenfluramine, are potent substrates for norepinephrine transporters\". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 305 (3): 1191–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.049684. PMID 12649307. 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PMID 12163129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0163-7258%2802%2900234-6","url_text":"10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00234-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12163129","url_text":"12163129"}]},{"reference":"Rothman RB, Baumann MH (2002). \"Serotonin releasing agents. Neurochemical, therapeutic and adverse effects\". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 71 (4): 825–36. doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00669-4. PMID 11888573. S2CID 24296122.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1259765","url_text":"\"Serotonin releasing agents. 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The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 313 (3): 1361–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.104.082503. PMID 15761112. S2CID 19802702.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.104.082503","url_text":"10.1124/jpet.104.082503"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15761112","url_text":"15761112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19802702","url_text":"19802702"}]},{"reference":"Kohut SJ, Jacobs DS, Rothman RB, Partilla JS, Bergman J, Blough BE (2017). \"Cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects of \"norepinephrine-preferring\" monoamine releasers: time course and interaction studies in rhesus monkeys\". Psychopharmacology. 234 (23–24): 3455–3465. doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4731-5. PMC 5747253. PMID 28889212.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5747253","url_text":"\"Cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects of \"norepinephrine-preferring\" monoamine releasers: time course and interaction studies in rhesus monkeys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00213-017-4731-5","url_text":"10.1007/s00213-017-4731-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5747253","url_text":"5747253"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28889212","url_text":"28889212"}]},{"reference":"Rothman RB, Katsnelson M, Vu N, Partilla JS, Dersch CM, Blough BE, Baumann MH (2002). \"Interaction of the anorectic medication, phendimetrazine, and its metabolites with monoamine transporters in rat brain\". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 447 (1): 51–7. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01830-7. PMID 12106802.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1259577","url_text":"\"Interaction of the anorectic medication, phendimetrazine, and its metabolites with monoamine transporters in rat brain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0014-2999%2802%2901830-7","url_text":"10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01830-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12106802","url_text":"12106802"}]},{"reference":"Baumann MH, Mario AA, Partilla JS, Sink JR, Shulgin AT, Daley PF, Brandt SD, Rothman RB, Ruoho AE, Cozzi NV (2012). \"The Designer Methcathinone Analogs, Mephedrone and Methylone, are Substrates for Monoamine Transporters in Brain Tissue\". Neuropsychopharmacology. 37 (5): 1192–203. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.304. PMC 3306880. PMID 22169943.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3306880","url_text":"\"The Designer Methcathinone Analogs, Mephedrone and Methylone, are Substrates for Monoamine Transporters in Brain Tissue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnpp.2011.304","url_text":"10.1038/npp.2011.304"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3306880","url_text":"3306880"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22169943","url_text":"22169943"}]},{"reference":"Iversen L, Gibbons S, Treble R, Setola V, Huang XP, Roth BL (January 2013). \"Neurochemical profiles of some novel psychoactive substances\". European Journal of Pharmacology. 700 (1–3): 147–51. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.12.006. PMC 3582025. PMID 23261499.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Roth","url_text":"Roth BL"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582025","url_text":"\"Neurochemical profiles of some novel psychoactive substances\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejphar.2012.12.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.12.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3582025","url_text":"3582025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23261499","url_text":"23261499"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHRNE

CHRNE

["1 Role in health and disease","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]

Protein-coding gene CHRNEAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes2DF9IdentifiersAliasesCHRNE, ACHRE, CMS1D, CMS1E, CMS2A, FCCMS, SCCMS, CMS4A, CMS4B, CMS4C, cholinergic receptor nicotinic epsilon subunitExternal IDsOMIM: 100725; MGI: 87894; HomoloGene: 60; GeneCards: CHRNE; OMA:CHRNE - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 17 (human)Band17p13.2Start4,897,771 bpEnd4,934,438 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 11 (mouse)Band11 B3|11 43.14 cMStart70,505,709 bpEnd70,510,042 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inright auricleanterior pituitarycardiac muscle tissue of right atriumgranulocytetesticleright lobe of liverskin of legbody of pancreasstromal cell of endometriumbloodTop expressed inspermatidspermatocyteextraocular muscleseminiferous tubulemuscle of thighankleembryoquadriceps femoris musclelipmuscle of legMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function acetylcholine binding cation transmembrane transporter activity acetylcholine receptor activity ion channel activity extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity ligand-gated ion channel activity acetylcholine-gated cation-selective channel activity transmembrane signaling receptor activity transmitter-gated ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential Cellular component integral component of membrane postsynaptic membrane membrane plasma membrane synapse integral component of plasma membrane cell junction acetylcholine-gated channel complex neuromuscular junction integral component of postsynaptic specialization membrane neuron projection Biological process muscle contraction regulation of membrane potential response to nicotine synaptic transmission, cholinergic ion transport cation transmembrane transport neuromuscular synaptic transmission signal transduction ion transmembrane transport regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential excitatory postsynaptic potential chemical synaptic transmission nervous system process Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez114511448EnsemblENSG00000108556ENSMUSG00000014609UniProtQ04844P20782RefSeq (mRNA)NM_000080NM_009603RefSeq (protein)NP_000071NP_033733Location (UCSC)Chr 17: 4.9 – 4.93 MbChr 11: 70.51 – 70.51 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Acetylcholine receptor subunit epsilon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNE gene. Acetylcholine receptors at mature mammalian neuromuscular junctions are pentameric protein complexes composed of four subunits in the ratio of two alpha subunits to one beta, one epsilon, and one delta subunit. The acetylcholine receptor changes subunit composition shortly after birth when the epsilon subunit replaces the gamma subunit seen in embryonic receptors. Mutations in the epsilon subunit are associated with congenital myasthenic syndrome. Role in health and disease Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is associated with genetic defects that affect proteins of the neuromuscular junction. Postsynaptic defects are the most frequent cause of CMS and often result in abnormalities in the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The majority of mutations causing CMS are found in the AChR subunits genes. Out of all mutations associated with CMS, more than half are mutations in one of the four genes encoding the adult AChR subunits. Mutations of the AChR often result in endplate deficiency. The most common AChR gene mutation that underlies CMS is the mutation of the CHRNE gene. The CHRNE gene codes for the epsilon subunit of the AChR. Most mutations are autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations and as a result there is endplate AChR deficiency. CHRNE is associated with changing the kinetic properties of the AChR. One type of mutation of the epsilon subunit of the AChR introduces an arginine (Arg) into the binding site at the α/ε subunit interface of the receptor. The addition of a cationic Arg into the anionic environment of the AChR binding site greatly reduces the kinetic properties of the receptor. The result of the newly introduced ARG is a 30-fold reduction of agonist affinity, 75-fold reduction of gating efficiency, and an extremely weakened channel opening probability. This type of mutation results in an extremely fatal form of CMS. See also Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000108556 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000014609 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Beeson D, Brydson M, Betty M, Jeremiah S, Povey S, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J (Sep 1993). "Primary structure of the human muscle acetylcholine receptor. cDNA cloning of the gamma and epsilon subunits". Eur J Biochem. 215 (2): 229–38. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18027.x. PMID 7688301. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: CHRNE cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, epsilon". ^ Cossins J, Burke G, Maxwell S, Spearman H, Man S, Kuks J, Vincent A, Palace J, Fuhrer C, Beeson D (2006). "Diverse molecular mechanisms involved in AChR deficiency due to rapsyn mutations" (PDF). Brain. 129 (10): 2773–2783. doi:10.1093/brain/awl219. PMID 16945936. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2019-04-11. ^ Abicht A, Dusl M, Gallenmüller C, Guergueltcheva V, Schara U, Della Marina A, Wibbeler E, Almaras S, Mihaylova V, Von Der Hagen M, Huebner A, Chaouch A, Müller JS, Lochmüller H (2012). "Congenital myasthenic syndromes: Achievements and limitations of phenotype-guided gene-after-gene sequencing in diagnostic practice: A study of 680 patients". Human Mutation. 33 (10): 1474–1484. doi:10.1002/humu.22130. PMID 22678886. S2CID 30868022. ^ Shen XM, Brengman JM, Edvardson S, Sine SM, Engel AG (2012). "Highly fatal fast-channel syndrome caused by AChR subunit mutation at the agonist binding site". Neurology. 79 (5): 449–454. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825b5bda. PMC 3405251. PMID 22592360. Further reading Hantaï D, Richard P, Koenig J, Eymard B (2005). "Congenital myasthenic syndromes". Curr. Opin. Neurol. 17 (5): 539–51. doi:10.1097/00019052-200410000-00004. PMID 15367858. S2CID 45357882. Yu XM, Hall ZW (1991). "Extracellular domains mediating epsilon subunit interactions of muscle acetylcholine receptor". Nature. 352 (6330): 64–7. Bibcode:1991Natur.352...64Y. doi:10.1038/352064a0. PMID 1712080. S2CID 4245374. Ohno K, Hutchinson DO, Milone M, et al. (1995). "Congenital myasthenic syndrome caused by prolonged acetylcholine receptor channel openings due to a mutation in the M2 domain of the epsilon subunit". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (3): 758–62. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.3.758. PMC 42699. PMID 7531341. Gomez CM, Gammack JT (1995). "A leucine-to-phenylalanine substitution in the acetylcholine receptor ion channel in a family with the slow-channel syndrome". Neurology. 45 (5): 982–5. doi:10.1212/wnl.45.5.982. PMID 7538206. S2CID 35877992. Lobos EA (1993). "Five subunit genes of the human muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are mapped to two linkage groups on chromosomes 2 and 17". Genomics. 17 (3): 642–50. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1384. PMID 7902325. Brenner HR, Rotzler S, Kues WA, et al. (1994). "Nerve-dependent induction of AChR epsilon-subunit gene expression in muscle is independent of state of differentiation". Dev. Biol. 165 (2): 527–36. doi:10.1006/dbio.1994.1272. PMID 7958418. Uchitel O, Engel AG, Walls TJ, et al. (1993). "Congenital myasthenic syndromes: II. Syndrome attributed to abnormal interaction of acetylcholine with its receptor". Muscle Nerve. 16 (12): 1293–301. doi:10.1002/mus.880161205. PMID 8232384. S2CID 26474245. Ohno K, Wang HL, Milone M, et al. (1996). "Congenital myasthenic syndrome caused by decreased agonist binding affinity due to a mutation in the acetylcholine receptor epsilon subunit". Neuron. 17 (1): 157–70. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80289-5. PMID 8755487. S2CID 17773515. Engel AG, Ohno K, Milone M, et al. (1997). "New mutations in acetylcholine receptor subunit genes reveal heterogeneity in the slow-channel congenital myasthenic syndrome". Hum. Mol. Genet. 5 (9): 1217–27. doi:10.1093/hmg/5.9.1217. PMID 8872460.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Engel AG, Ohno K, Bouzat C, et al. (1997). "End-plate acetylcholine receptor deficiency due to nonsense mutations in the epsilon subunit". Ann. Neurol. 40 (5): 810–7. doi:10.1002/ana.410400521. PMID 8957026. S2CID 83884178. Ohno K, Quiram PA, Milone M, et al. (1997). "Congenital myasthenic syndromes due to heteroallelic nonsense/missense mutations in the acetylcholine receptor epsilon subunit gene: identification and functional characterization of six new mutations". Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 (5): 753–66. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.5.753. PMID 9158150.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Nichols P, Croxen R, Vincent A, et al. (1999). "Mutation of the acetylcholine receptor epsilon-subunit promoter in congenital myasthenic syndrome". Ann. Neurol. 45 (4): 439–43. doi:10.1002/1531-8249(199904)45:4<439::AID-ANA4>3.0.CO;2-W. PMID 10211467. S2CID 83632162. Croxen R, Newland C, Betty M, et al. (1999). "Novel functional epsilon-subunit polypeptide generated by a single nucleotide deletion in acetylcholine receptor deficiency congenital myasthenic syndrome". Ann. Neurol. 46 (4): 639–47. doi:10.1002/1531-8249(199910)46:4<639::AID-ANA13>3.0.CO;2-1. PMID 10514102. S2CID 85150509. Abicht A, Stucka R, Karcagi V, et al. (1999). "A common mutation (epsilon1267delG) in congenital myasthenic patients of Gypsy ethnic origin". Neurology. 53 (7): 1564–9. doi:10.1212/wnl.53.7.1564. PMID 10534268. Kindler CH, Verotta D, Gray AT, et al. (2000). "Additive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by corticosteroids and the neuromuscular blocking drug vecuronium". Anesthesiology. 92 (3): 821–32. doi:10.1097/00000542-200003000-00026. PMID 10719961. S2CID 27038179. Wang HL, Ohno K, Milone M, et al. (2000). "Fundamental gating mechanism of nicotinic receptor channel revealed by mutation causing a congenital myasthenic syndrome". J. Gen. Physiol. 116 (3): 449–62. doi:10.1085/jgp.116.3.449. PMC 2233692. PMID 10962020. Sieb JP, Kraner S, Rauch M, Steinlein OK (2000). "Immature end-plates and utrophin deficiency in congenital myasthenic syndrome caused by epsilon-AChR subunit truncating mutations". Hum. Genet. 107 (2): 160–4. doi:10.1007/s004390000359. PMID 11030414. S2CID 22171041. Dan I, Watanabe NM, Kajikawa E, et al. (2002). "Overlapping of MINK and CHRNE gene loci in the course of mammalian evolution". Nucleic Acids Res. 30 (13): 2906–10. doi:10.1093/nar/gkf407. PMC 117062. PMID 12087176. External links CHRNE+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human CHRNE genome location and CHRNE gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. vteIon channel, cell surface receptor: ligand-gated ion channelsCys-loop receptors5-HT/serotonin 5-HT3 A B C D E GABA GABAA α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6 β1 β2 β3 γ1 γ2 γ3 δ ε π θ GABAA-ρ ρ1 ρ2 ρ3 Glycine α1 α2 α3 α4 β Nicotinic acetylcholine monomers: α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6 α7 α9 α10 β1 β2 β3 β4 δ ε pentamers: (α3)2(β4)3 (α4)2(β2)3 (α7)5 (α1)2(β4)3 - Ganglion type (α1)2β1δε - Muscle type Zinc Zinc-activated Ionotropic glutamatesLigand-gated only AMPA (1 2 3 4) Kainate 1 2 3 4 5 Voltage- and ligand-gated NMDA 1 2A 2B 2C 2D 3A 3B L1A L1B ‘Orphan’ GluD δ1 δ2 ATP-gated channelsPurinergic receptors P2X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7688301-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"},{"link_name":"pentameric protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentameric_protein"},{"link_name":"congenital myasthenic syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_myasthenic_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-6"}],"text":"Acetylcholine receptor subunit epsilon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRNE gene.[5][6]Acetylcholine receptors at mature mammalian neuromuscular junctions are pentameric protein complexes composed of four subunits in the ratio of two alpha subunits to one beta, one epsilon, and one delta subunit. The acetylcholine receptor changes subunit composition shortly after birth when the epsilon subunit replaces the gamma subunit seen in embryonic receptors. Mutations in the epsilon subunit are associated with congenital myasthenic syndrome.[6]","title":"CHRNE"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congenital myasthenic syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_myasthenic_syndrome"},{"link_name":"neuromuscular junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction"},{"link_name":"acetylcholine receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cossins-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"arginine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is associated with genetic defects that affect proteins of the neuromuscular junction. Postsynaptic defects are the most frequent cause of CMS and often result in abnormalities in the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The majority of mutations causing CMS are found in the AChR subunits genes.[7]Out of all mutations associated with CMS, more than half are mutations in one of the four genes encoding the adult AChR subunits. Mutations of the AChR often result in endplate deficiency. The most common AChR gene mutation that underlies CMS is the mutation of the CHRNE gene. The CHRNE gene codes for the epsilon subunit of the AChR. Most mutations are autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations and as a result there is endplate AChR deficiency. CHRNE is associated with changing the kinetic properties of the AChR.[8] One type of mutation of the epsilon subunit of the AChR introduces an arginine (Arg) into the binding site at the α/ε subunit interface of the receptor. The addition of a cationic Arg into the anionic environment of the AChR binding site greatly reduces the kinetic properties of the receptor. The result of the newly introduced ARG is a 30-fold reduction of agonist affinity, 75-fold reduction of gating efficiency, and an extremely weakened channel opening probability. This type of mutation results in an extremely fatal form of CMS.[9]","title":"Role in health and disease"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1097/00019052-200410000-00004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1097%2F00019052-200410000-00004"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15367858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15367858"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"45357882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45357882"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1991Natur.352...64Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.352...64Y"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/352064a0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F352064a0"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1712080","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1712080"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4245374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4245374"},{"link_name":"\"Congenital 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inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by corticosteroids and the neuromuscular blocking drug vecuronium\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1097%2F00000542-200003000-00026"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1097/00000542-200003000-00026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1097%2F00000542-200003000-00026"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10719961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10719961"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27038179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27038179"},{"link_name":"\"Fundamental gating mechanism of nicotinic receptor channel revealed by mutation causing a congenital myasthenic syndrome\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2233692"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1085/jgp.116.3.449","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1085%2Fjgp.116.3.449"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2233692","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2233692"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10962020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10962020"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s004390000359","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004390000359"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11030414","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11030414"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22171041","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22171041"},{"link_name":"\"Overlapping of MINK and CHRNE gene loci in the course of mammalian evolution\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117062"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/nar/gkf407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkf407"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"117062","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117062"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12087176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12087176"}],"text":"Hantaï D, Richard P, Koenig J, Eymard B (2005). \"Congenital myasthenic syndromes\". Curr. Opin. Neurol. 17 (5): 539–51. doi:10.1097/00019052-200410000-00004. PMID 15367858. S2CID 45357882.\nYu XM, Hall ZW (1991). \"Extracellular domains mediating epsilon subunit interactions of muscle acetylcholine receptor\". Nature. 352 (6330): 64–7. Bibcode:1991Natur.352...64Y. doi:10.1038/352064a0. PMID 1712080. S2CID 4245374.\nOhno K, Hutchinson DO, Milone M, et al. (1995). \"Congenital myasthenic syndrome caused by prolonged acetylcholine receptor channel openings due to a mutation in the M2 domain of the epsilon subunit\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (3): 758–62. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.3.758. PMC 42699. PMID 7531341.\nGomez CM, Gammack JT (1995). \"A leucine-to-phenylalanine substitution in the acetylcholine receptor ion channel in a family with the slow-channel syndrome\". Neurology. 45 (5): 982–5. doi:10.1212/wnl.45.5.982. PMID 7538206. S2CID 35877992.\nLobos EA (1993). \"Five subunit genes of the human muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are mapped to two linkage groups on chromosomes 2 and 17\". Genomics. 17 (3): 642–50. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1384. PMID 7902325.\nBrenner HR, Rotzler S, Kues WA, et al. (1994). \"Nerve-dependent induction of AChR epsilon-subunit gene expression in muscle is independent of state of differentiation\". Dev. Biol. 165 (2): 527–36. doi:10.1006/dbio.1994.1272. PMID 7958418.\nUchitel O, Engel AG, Walls TJ, et al. (1993). \"Congenital myasthenic syndromes: II. Syndrome attributed to abnormal interaction of acetylcholine with its receptor\". Muscle Nerve. 16 (12): 1293–301. doi:10.1002/mus.880161205. PMID 8232384. S2CID 26474245.\nOhno K, Wang HL, Milone M, et al. (1996). \"Congenital myasthenic syndrome caused by decreased agonist binding affinity due to a mutation in the acetylcholine receptor epsilon subunit\". Neuron. 17 (1): 157–70. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80289-5. PMID 8755487. S2CID 17773515.\nEngel AG, Ohno K, Milone M, et al. (1997). \"New mutations in acetylcholine receptor subunit genes reveal heterogeneity in the slow-channel congenital myasthenic syndrome\". Hum. Mol. Genet. 5 (9): 1217–27. doi:10.1093/hmg/5.9.1217. PMID 8872460.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\nEngel AG, Ohno K, Bouzat C, et al. (1997). \"End-plate acetylcholine receptor deficiency due to nonsense mutations in the epsilon subunit\". Ann. Neurol. 40 (5): 810–7. doi:10.1002/ana.410400521. PMID 8957026. S2CID 83884178.\nOhno K, Quiram PA, Milone M, et al. (1997). \"Congenital myasthenic syndromes due to heteroallelic nonsense/missense mutations in the acetylcholine receptor epsilon subunit gene: identification and functional characterization of six new mutations\". Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 (5): 753–66. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.5.753. PMID 9158150.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\nNichols P, Croxen R, Vincent A, et al. (1999). \"Mutation of the acetylcholine receptor epsilon-subunit promoter in congenital myasthenic syndrome\". Ann. Neurol. 45 (4): 439–43. doi:10.1002/1531-8249(199904)45:4<439::AID-ANA4>3.0.CO;2-W. PMID 10211467. S2CID 83632162.\nCroxen R, Newland C, Betty M, et al. (1999). \"Novel functional epsilon-subunit polypeptide generated by a single nucleotide deletion in acetylcholine receptor deficiency congenital myasthenic syndrome\". Ann. Neurol. 46 (4): 639–47. doi:10.1002/1531-8249(199910)46:4<639::AID-ANA13>3.0.CO;2-1. PMID 10514102. S2CID 85150509.\nAbicht A, Stucka R, Karcagi V, et al. (1999). \"A common mutation (epsilon1267delG) in congenital myasthenic patients of Gypsy ethnic origin\". Neurology. 53 (7): 1564–9. doi:10.1212/wnl.53.7.1564. PMID 10534268.\nKindler CH, Verotta D, Gray AT, et al. (2000). \"Additive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by corticosteroids and the neuromuscular blocking drug vecuronium\". Anesthesiology. 92 (3): 821–32. doi:10.1097/00000542-200003000-00026. PMID 10719961. S2CID 27038179.\nWang HL, Ohno K, Milone M, et al. (2000). \"Fundamental gating mechanism of nicotinic receptor channel revealed by mutation causing a congenital myasthenic syndrome\". J. Gen. Physiol. 116 (3): 449–62. doi:10.1085/jgp.116.3.449. PMC 2233692. PMID 10962020.\nSieb JP, Kraner S, Rauch M, Steinlein OK (2000). \"Immature end-plates and utrophin deficiency in congenital myasthenic syndrome caused by epsilon-AChR subunit truncating mutations\". Hum. Genet. 107 (2): 160–4. doi:10.1007/s004390000359. PMID 11030414. S2CID 22171041.\nDan I, Watanabe NM, Kajikawa E, et al. (2002). \"Overlapping of MINK and CHRNE gene loci in the course of mammalian evolution\". Nucleic Acids Res. 30 (13): 2906–10. doi:10.1093/nar/gkf407. PMC 117062. PMID 12087176.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_wine

Slovenian wine

["1 History","2 Climate and geography","3 Wine-growing regions","3.1 Littoral Region","3.2 Lower Sava Region","3.3 Drava Region","4 Viticulture and winemaking","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Wine making in Slovenia Vineyards in the Brda region A traditional vineyard cottage in the Ptuj region Slovenia has more than 28,000 wineries making between 80 and 90 million litres annually from the country's 22,300 ha of vineyards. About 75% of the country's production is white wine. Almost all of the wine is consumed domestically with only 6.1 million L a year being exported—mostly to the United States, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and lately the Czech Republic. Most of the country's wine production falls under the classification of premium (vrhunsko) wine with less than 30% classified as basic table wine (namizno vino). Slovenia has three principal wine regions: the Drava Wine-Growing Region, the Lower Sava Wine-Growing Region, and the Littoral Wine-Growing Region. Viticulture and winemaking has existed in this region since the time of the Celts and Illyrians tribes, long before the Romans would introduce winemaking to the lands of France, Spain and Germany. In 2016, a research study based on DNA profiling and historical ampelographic sources showed that two international varieties of red grape, the Blaufränkisch and the Blauer Portugieser, likely originate from the Styria region of modern Slovenia. History See also: History of Slovenia Unlike many of the major European wine regions, Slovenia's viticultural history predates Roman influences and can be traced back to the early Celtic and Illyrian tribes who began cultivating vines for wine production sometime between the 5th and 4th centuries BC. By the Middle Ages, the Christian Church controlled most of the region's wine production through the monasteries. Under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, privately owned wineries had some presence in the region but steadily declined following the empire's fall and the beginning of Yugoslavia. By the end of the Second World War, co-operatives controlled nearly all of the region's wine production and quality was very low as the emphasis was on the bulk wine production. The exception was the few small private wineries in the Drava Valley region that were able to continue operation. In 1967, the government established the PSVVS (Business Association for Viticulture and Wine Production) which established testing practices for quality assurance and issued seals of approval for wines that met the organization's standards. In 1991, Slovenia was the first Yugoslav republic to declare independence. While the wine industry, as did other sectors of the Slovenian economy, experienced some decline following the turmoil of the Yugoslav wars, the region's strong ties to the West allowed the industry to quickly rebound. Today the Slovenian wine industry the most advanced and well developed of the former Yugoslav republics and is starting to gain interest in the world's wine market. Slovenia's major wine regions Climate and geography See also: Geography of Slovenia Slovenia has a diverse geography which provides a wide variety of microclimates. It is bordered to the north by Austria, separated by the Alps. To the west is Italy and the Adriatic Sea, Hungary to the east and Croatia forms the southern border. The region has a continental climate with cold, dry winters and hot summer. The far western regions of the Littoral have some Mediterranean influence. Some common viticultural hazards in the region include spring frost, drought during the growing season and summertime hail. Many of Slovenia's vineyards are located in the foothills of the Julian Alps and Karawanks and the Pannonian Plain. The Drava and Sava Rivers are major influences in the Drava Valley and Lower Sava Valley, respectively. Wine-growing regions Slovenia has three main wine-growing regions (Slovene: vinorodne dežele) : the Littoral Region, encompassing the area of the traditional region of Slovene Littoral, the Lower Sava Region, which includes the Lower Sava Valley, the White Carniola, and the Lower Carniola, and the Drava Region, which includes the Drava Valley. The Littoral Region is Slovenia's most internationally known region. Though predominately a white wine producer, it is responsible for most of Slovenia's red wine production. Littoral Region The Littoral Wine-Growing Region (Primorska vinorodna dežela) has two of Slovenia's most widely known and prominent wine districts, the Gorizia Hills (Goriška brda) and Koper districts. It is subdivided into four districts. The Brda district borders the Italian wine region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia with the Gorizia Hills Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC). This region was one of the first in Slovenia to make a concentrated attempt at establishing an international reputation for quality. The area is planted with international varieties of Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Pinot gris (Sivi Pinot), and Pinot noir (Modri Pinot) as well as Ribolla Gialla (Rebula), Refosco (Refošk) and Friulano. Brda is best known for its Rebula white wine and Merlot-Cabernet blends. The Koper district on the Istrian peninsula along the Adriatic coast is the warmest wine region in Slovenia. The Refosco and Malvazija grapes are the most widely planted in Koper. The Karst plateau district, located near the Italian city of Trieste, is known for the wine style Teran which is a very dark, highly acidic red wine made from Refosco planted in the region's red iron-rich soil. Other varieties grown in the region include Piccola nera. The Vipava Valley district specializes in light, crisp white wines made from the local Pinela and Zelen grapes. Other grapes found throughout the Littoral region include Barbera, Beli Pinot (Beli Burgundec), Cabernet Franc, Cipro, Glera, Klarnica, Laški Rizling, Maločrn, Rumeni Muškat, Syrah, and Vitovska Grganja. Lower Sava Region Wine of the Gorjanci region at Žumberak Mountains The Lower Sava Wine-Growing Region (Posavska vinorodna dežela) is the only Slovenian wine region that produces more red wine than white, though not by a large margin. The area is subdivided into three districts. The Bizeljsko-Brežice district is known for its sparkling wine production and acidic white wines made from the Rumeni Plavec grape. The Lower Carniola district is known for its production of Cviček made from a blend of white and red wine grapes, most commonly Kraljevina and Žametovka. The White Carniola district is known for its red wine made from Modra Frankinja and Rumeni Muškat. Other grapes found planted throughout The Lower Sava Valley include Beli Pinot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Gamay, Modri Pinot, Neuburger, Ranina, Rdeča Zlahtnina, Renski Rizling, Šentlovrenka, Šipon, Sivi Pinot, Traminec, and Zweigelt. Currently the Lower Sava Valley region is dominated more by bulk wine, rather than premium wine, production. Drava Region The Drava Wine-Growing Region (Podravska vinorodna dežela) is the largest wine region in Slovenia and is subdivided into 7 districts. The Radgona-Kapela district was the first Slovenia wine region to produce sparkling (penina) wine using the méthode champenoise in 1852. The Ljutomer-Ormož district includes the village of Jeruzalem which is known for white wine made from Dišeči Traminec and Ranina. Along with Radgona-Kapela and the Maribor district, Ljutomer-Ormož produces some of the best examples of Drava Valley wine. While the Haloze district is improving in quality, that district along with the Prekmurje, Central Slovene Hills, and Šmarje-Virštanj districts have small production that is consumed locally. Nearly 97% of the wine made in the Drava Valley region is white wine. Other grape varieties found in the Drava Valley include Chasselas, Gamay, Kerner, Kraljevina, Muškat Otonel, Portugalka, Ranfol, Rizvanec, Rumeni Muškat, Zeleni Silvanec, Zlahtnina, and Zweigelt. Viticulture and winemaking A sparkling wine from Brda In Slovenia, many vineyards are located along slopes or hillsides in terraced rows. Historically vines were trained in a pergola style that optimizes fruit yields. However the emphasis on higher quality wine production has encouraged more vineyards to switch to a Guyot style of vine training. The steep terrain of most vineyards encourages the using of manual harvesting over mechanical. Wines in Slovenia have traditionally followed the Austrian preference of single varietal over blended wines but the production of blended wines are on the rise. While wines were historically aged in large Slovenian or Slavonian wooden cask, the trend has been to use small and varying sizes of French and Slovenian oak barrels. In the Littoral both red and white wines often go through Malolactic fermentation with the Drava Valley and the Sava Valley typically using that technique only for red wine production. In the Littoral, dessert wines are made in a passito style with the Brda region specialize in wines made from Verduc and Pikolit. In the Drava Valley region, botrytized wines are produced from Laški Rizling, Renski Rizling and Šipon and classified in a system similar to the German wine classification based on sweetness-ranging from pozna trgatev (Spätlese), izbor (Auslese), jagodni izbor (Beerenauslese), ledeno vino (Eiswein) and suhi jagodni izbor (Trockenbeerenauslese). Slovenian wine acts stipulate that all wines must be submitted to chemical analysis and tastings prior to being released on the market. After testing the wines are assigned a quality level according to a system similar to the European Union's QWPSR system-Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions. The quality categories are the following: Table wine (namizno vino) Country wine with a certified geographic emblem (deželno vino s priznano geografsko označbo, deželno vino PGO) Quality wine with protected geographic origin (kakovostno vino z zaščitenim geografskim poreklom, kakovostno vino ZGP) Premium quality wine with protected geographic origin (vrhunsko vino z zaščitenim geografskim poreklom, vrhunsko vino ZGP) Slovenia wine labels include the sweetness level of the wines ranging from suho (dry), polsuho (medium-dry), polsladko (medium-sweet) and sladko (sweet). The special traditional name (posebno tradicionalno poimenovanje; PTP) designation is applied to a traditional Slovenia wine from a specific region. As of 2009, the PTP wines in Slovenia are the Karst wine Teran from the Slovenian Littoral, the Lower Carniolan wine Cviček, the White Carniolan wines Belokranjec and Metliška Črnina, and both the red and the white Bizeljčan from Bizeljsko-Sremič. See also Winemaking Agriculture in Slovenia References ^ "Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano". Opis stanja v panogi. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pp. 632–633 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6 ^ Mauel, E.; Röckel, F; Töpfer, R. (2016). "The "missing link" 'Blaue Zimmettraube' reveals that 'Blauer Portugieser' and 'Blaufränkisch' originated in Lower Styria". Vitis. 55: 135–143. doi:10.5073/vitis.2016.55.135-143. Archived from the original on 2017-02-07. Retrieved 2016-11-25. ^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 253 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1-84000-332-4 ^ J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours p. 797 Allen Lane 2012 ISBN 978-1-846-14446-2 ^ Vino Slovenija External links Media related to Wines of Slovenia at Wikimedia Commons Slovenian Wine Portal The story of viticulture in Slovenia Portals: Wine SloveniaWines and winemaking vteWineViticulture Annual growth cycle of grapevines Oenology Species Terroir Veraison Vineyard History Ancient Phoenicians Ancient Greece Ancient Rome China Noah's wine France Great French Wine Blight Georgia New World Judgment of Paris Styles Red White Sparkling Rosé Orange Dessert Fortified Ice Aromatized Fruit Noble rot Straw Other Table Natural Biodynamic Organic Kosher Top grape varietiesby acreageWhite Airén Aligoté Catarratto Cayetana blanca Chardonnay Chenin blanc Colombard Glera Grüner Veltliner Macabeo Müller-Thurgau Muscat blanc Muscat of Alexandria Palomino Riesling Rkatsiteli Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Trebbiano Welschriesling Red Alicante Bouschet Barbera Bobal Cabernet Franc Cabernet Sauvignon Carignan Cinsaut Douce noir Gamay Grenache Isabella Malbec Merlot Montepulciano Mourvèdre Pinot noir Sangiovese Syrah Tempranillo Zinfandel Major regions Old World New World Packaging, accessories,and storage Alternative wine closure Box wine Corkscrew Decanter Jug wine Kvevri Muselet Port tongs Screw cap Wine bottle Wine cave Wine cellar Wine cork Wine dispenser Wine glass Wine label Wine rack Wine chemistry Aroma of wine Acids in wine Phenolic content in wine Proteins in wine Sugars in wine Industry Classification Oenophilia Sommelier Wine and food pairing Wine fault Wine fraud Winemaker Wine personalities Wine tasting Wine tasting descriptors Wine portal Outline Glossary vteWinemakingHarvest Late harvest wine Noble rot Vintage Pressing Deacidification Destemming Chaptalization Wine press Maceration Carbonic maceration Fermentation Malolactic fermentation Sparkling wine production Sugars in wine Süssreserve Traditional method Yeast assimilable nitrogen Yeast in winemaking Aging Oak Solera Wine cellar Other steps Clarification and stabilization of wine Related Winery Wine bottle Glossary of viticulture terms Glossary of winemaking terms Wine tasting descriptors History of the wine press History of wine Terroir Wine portalvteWine by countryAfrica Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Morocco Namibia South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Asia Abkhazia Armenia Azerbaijan Bhutan China India Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Lebanon Nepal Palestine Philippines Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro North Macedonia Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Paraguay Peru Uruguay vteSlovenia articlesHistory Timeline Noricum / Pannonia Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps Samo's Realm Carantania March of Carniola Windic March Illyrian Provinces Kingdom of Illyria Duchy of Carniola Drava Banovina Socialist Republic Geography Adriatic Sea Cities and towns Conservation Islands Lakes Mountains Municipalities Rivers World Heritage Sites Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Judiciary LGBT rights Military Parliament Police Political parties President Statistical regions Economy Central bank Energy Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Driving Highways Rail transport Society Demographics Slovenes Education Healthcare Languages Squatting Culture Architecture, visual arts, and design Cinema Cuisine Wine Literature Media Music Nationalism Public holidays Religion Sports Symbols anthem coat of arms flag Outline Category Portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GoriskaBrda1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brda_(Slovenia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vineyard_Cottage_Jursinci_Slovenia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"litres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litres"},{"link_name":"ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectares"},{"link_name":"domestically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_market"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"table wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_wine"},{"link_name":"Drava Wine-Growing Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drava_Wine-Growing_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lower Sava Wine-Growing Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Sava_Wine-Growing_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Littoral Wine-Growing Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littoral_Wine-Growing_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Viticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture"},{"link_name":"winemaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemaking"},{"link_name":"Celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt"},{"link_name":"Illyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_wines"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_wine"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_632-633-2"},{"link_name":"DNA profiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling"},{"link_name":"ampelographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampelography"},{"link_name":"international varieties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_variety"},{"link_name":"red grape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_grape"},{"link_name":"Blaufränkisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaufr%C3%A4nkisch"},{"link_name":"Blauer Portugieser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blauer_Portugieser"},{"link_name":"Styria region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria_(Slovenia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Vineyards in the Brda regionA traditional vineyard cottage in the Ptuj regionSlovenia has more than 28,000 wineries making between 80 and 90 million litres annually from the country's 22,300 ha of vineyards. About 75% of the country's production is white wine. Almost all of the wine is consumed domestically with only 6.1 million L a year being exported—mostly to the United States, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and lately the Czech Republic. Most of the country's wine production falls under the classification of premium (vrhunsko) wine with less than 30% classified as basic table wine (namizno vino). Slovenia has three principal wine regions: the Drava Wine-Growing Region, the Lower Sava Wine-Growing Region, and the Littoral Wine-Growing Region.[1]Viticulture and winemaking has existed in this region since the time of the Celts and Illyrians tribes, long before the Romans would introduce winemaking to the lands of France, Spain and Germany.[2] In 2016, a research study based on DNA profiling and historical ampelographic sources showed that two international varieties of red grape, the Blaufränkisch and the Blauer Portugieser, likely originate from the Styria region of modern Slovenia.[3]","title":"Slovenian wine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Christian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Church"},{"link_name":"monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteries"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"co-operatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operatives"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_632-633-2"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Slovenian economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_wars"},{"link_name":"the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_632-633-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slovenia_wine_regions.JPG"}],"text":"See also: History of SloveniaUnlike many of the major European wine regions, Slovenia's viticultural history predates Roman influences and can be traced back to the early Celtic and Illyrian tribes who began cultivating vines for wine production sometime between the 5th and 4th centuries BC. By the Middle Ages, the Christian Church controlled most of the region's wine production through the monasteries. Under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, privately owned wineries had some presence in the region but steadily declined following the empire's fall and the beginning of Yugoslavia. By the end of the Second World War, co-operatives controlled nearly all of the region's wine production and quality was very low as the emphasis was on the bulk wine production. The exception was the few small private wineries in the Drava Valley region that were able to continue operation.[2]In 1967, the government established the PSVVS (Business Association for Viticulture and Wine Production) which established testing practices for quality assurance and issued seals of approval for wines that met the organization's standards. In 1991, Slovenia was the first Yugoslav republic to declare independence. While the wine industry, as did other sectors of the Slovenian economy, experienced some decline following the turmoil of the Yugoslav wars, the region's strong ties to the West allowed the industry to quickly rebound. Today the Slovenian wine industry the most advanced and well developed of the former Yugoslav republics and is starting to gain interest in the world's wine market.[2]Slovenia's major wine regions","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geography of Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"microclimates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclimate_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_influence_(wine)"},{"link_name":"frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost"},{"link_name":"drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought"},{"link_name":"hail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_632-633-2"},{"link_name":"foothills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothills"},{"link_name":"Julian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Alps"},{"link_name":"Karawanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karawanks"},{"link_name":"Pannonian Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Plain"},{"link_name":"Drava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drava"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson_atlas_pg_253-4"}],"text":"See also: Geography of SloveniaSlovenia has a diverse geography which provides a wide variety of microclimates. It is bordered to the north by Austria, separated by the Alps. To the west is Italy and the Adriatic Sea, Hungary to the east and Croatia forms the southern border. The region has a continental climate with cold, dry winters and hot summer. The far western regions of the Littoral have some Mediterranean influence. Some common viticultural hazards in the region include spring frost, drought during the growing season and summertime hail.[2] Many of Slovenia's vineyards are located in the foothills of the Julian Alps and Karawanks and the Pannonian Plain. The Drava and Sava Rivers are major influences in the Drava Valley and Lower Sava Valley, respectively.[4]","title":"Climate and geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Slovene Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Littoral"},{"link_name":"Lower Sava Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Sava_Valley"},{"link_name":"White Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Lower Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Drava Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drava_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Slovenia has three main wine-growing regions (Slovene: vinorodne dežele) : the Littoral Region, encompassing the area of the traditional region of Slovene Littoral, the Lower Sava Region, which includes the Lower Sava Valley, the White Carniola, and the Lower Carniola, and the Drava Region, which includes the Drava Valley. The Littoral Region is Slovenia's most internationally known region. Though predominately a white wine producer, it is responsible for most of Slovenia's red wine production.","title":"Wine-growing regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Littoral Wine-Growing Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littoral_Wine-Growing_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brda_(Slovenia)"},{"link_name":"Italian wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_wine"},{"link_name":"Friuli-Venezia Giulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Gorizia Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorizia_Hills"},{"link_name":"Denominazione di origine controllata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata"},{"link_name":"Merlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlot"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Sauvignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon"},{"link_name":"Chardonnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay"},{"link_name":"Sauvignon blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc"},{"link_name":"Pinot gris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_gris"},{"link_name":"Pinot noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_noir"},{"link_name":"Ribolla Gialla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribolla_Gialla"},{"link_name":"Refosco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refosco"},{"link_name":"Friulano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friulano_(grape)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_632-633-2"},{"link_name":"Koper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper"},{"link_name":"Istrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istrian"},{"link_name":"Malvazija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvazija"},{"link_name":"Karst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"Teran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teran_(grape)"},{"link_name":"acidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidic_(wine)"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_632-633-2"},{"link_name":"Piccola nera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccola_nera"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wine_Grapes-5"},{"link_name":"Vipava Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipava_Valley"},{"link_name":"Pinela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinela_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zelen_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbera"},{"link_name":"Beli Pinot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beli_Pinot"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc"},{"link_name":"Cipro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cipro_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glera_(grape)"},{"link_name":"Klarnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klarnica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laški Rizling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C5%A1ki_Rizling"},{"link_name":"Maločrn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malo%C4%8Drn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rumeni Muškat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeni_Mu%C5%A1kat"},{"link_name":"Syrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrah"},{"link_name":"Vitovska Grganja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitovska_Grganja"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_632-633-2"}],"sub_title":"Littoral Region","text":"The Littoral Wine-Growing Region (Primorska vinorodna dežela) has two of Slovenia's most widely known and prominent wine districts, the Gorizia Hills (Goriška brda) and Koper districts. It is subdivided into four districts. The Brda district borders the Italian wine region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia with the Gorizia Hills Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC). This region was one of the first in Slovenia to make a concentrated attempt at establishing an international reputation for quality. The area is planted with international varieties of Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Pinot gris (Sivi Pinot), and Pinot noir (Modri Pinot) as well as Ribolla Gialla (Rebula), Refosco (Refošk) and Friulano. Brda is best known for its Rebula white wine and Merlot-Cabernet blends.[2]The Koper district on the Istrian peninsula along the Adriatic coast is the warmest wine region in Slovenia. The Refosco and Malvazija grapes are the most widely planted in Koper. The Karst plateau district, located near the Italian city of Trieste, is known for the wine style Teran which is a very dark, highly acidic red wine made from Refosco planted in the region's red iron-rich soil.[2] Other varieties grown in the region include Piccola nera.[5]The Vipava Valley district specializes in light, crisp white wines made from the local Pinela and Zelen grapes. Other grapes found throughout the Littoral region include Barbera, Beli Pinot (Beli Burgundec), Cabernet Franc, Cipro, Glera, Klarnica, Laški Rizling, Maločrn, Rumeni Muškat, Syrah, and Vitovska Grganja.[2]","title":"Wine-growing regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cvi%C4%8Dek_-_Gospodi%C4%8Dna_Trdinov_vrh_-_Dolenjska.jpg"},{"link_name":"Žumberak Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDumberak_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Lower Sava Wine-Growing Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Sava_Wine-Growing_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bizeljsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizeljsko"},{"link_name":"Brežice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bre%C5%BEice"},{"link_name":"sparkling wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkling_wine"},{"link_name":"Rumeni Plavec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeni_Plavec"},{"link_name":"Lower Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Cviček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvi%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Kraljevina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kraljevina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Žametovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDametovka"},{"link_name":"White Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Modra Frankinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modra_Frankinja"},{"link_name":"Rumeni Muškat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeni_Mu%C5%A1kat"},{"link_name":"Gamay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamay"},{"link_name":"Neuburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuburger"},{"link_name":"Ranina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvier_(grape)"},{"link_name":"Rdeča Zlahtnina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rde%C4%8Da_Zlahtnina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Renski Rizling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renski_Rizling"},{"link_name":"Šentlovrenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0entlovrenka"},{"link_name":"Šipon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ipon"},{"link_name":"Traminec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traminec"},{"link_name":"Zweigelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweigelt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_632-633-2"}],"sub_title":"Lower Sava Region","text":"Wine of the Gorjanci region at Žumberak MountainsThe Lower Sava Wine-Growing Region (Posavska vinorodna dežela) is the only Slovenian wine region that produces more red wine than white, though not by a large margin. The area is subdivided into three districts. The Bizeljsko-Brežice district is known for its sparkling wine production and acidic white wines made from the Rumeni Plavec grape. The Lower Carniola district is known for its production of Cviček made from a blend of white and red wine grapes, most commonly Kraljevina and Žametovka. The White Carniola district is known for its red wine made from Modra Frankinja and Rumeni Muškat. Other grapes found planted throughout The Lower Sava Valley include Beli Pinot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Gamay, Modri Pinot, Neuburger, Ranina, Rdeča Zlahtnina, Renski Rizling, Šentlovrenka, Šipon, Sivi Pinot, Traminec, and Zweigelt. Currently the Lower Sava Valley region is dominated more by bulk wine, rather than premium wine, production.[2]","title":"Wine-growing regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drava Wine-Growing Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drava_Wine-Growing_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radgona-Kapela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radgona-Kapela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"méthode champenoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_champenoise"},{"link_name":"Ljutomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljutomer"},{"link_name":"Ormož","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormo%C5%BE"},{"link_name":"Jeruzalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeruzalem_(Slovenia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dišeči Traminec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C5%A1e%C4%8Di_Traminec"},{"link_name":"Maribor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribor"},{"link_name":"Haloze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloze"},{"link_name":"Prekmurje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekmurje"},{"link_name":"Central Slovene Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Slovene_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Šmarje-Virštanj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0marje-Vir%C5%A1tanj&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chasselas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasselas"},{"link_name":"Kerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerner_(grape)"},{"link_name":"Muškat Otonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%A1kat_Otonel"},{"link_name":"Portugalka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalka"},{"link_name":"Ranfol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranfol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rizvanec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizvanec"},{"link_name":"Zeleni Silvanec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeleni_Silvanec"},{"link_name":"Zlahtnina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlahtnina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_632-633-2"}],"sub_title":"Drava Region","text":"The Drava Wine-Growing Region (Podravska vinorodna dežela) is the largest wine region in Slovenia and is subdivided into 7 districts. The Radgona-Kapela district was the first Slovenia wine region to produce sparkling (penina) wine using the méthode champenoise in 1852. The Ljutomer-Ormož district includes the village of Jeruzalem which is known for white wine made from Dišeči Traminec and Ranina. Along with Radgona-Kapela and the Maribor district, Ljutomer-Ormož produces some of the best examples of Drava Valley wine. While the Haloze district is improving in quality, that district along with the Prekmurje, Central Slovene Hills, and Šmarje-Virštanj districts have small production that is consumed locally. Nearly 97% of the wine made in the Drava Valley region is white wine. Other grape varieties found in the Drava Valley include Chasselas, Gamay, Kerner, Kraljevina, Muškat Otonel, Portugalka, Ranfol, Rizvanec, Rumeni Muškat, Zeleni Silvanec, Zlahtnina, and Zweigelt.[2]","title":"Wine-growing regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slovenia_sparkling_wine_from_Goriska_Brda.jpg"},{"link_name":"terraced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)"},{"link_name":"pergola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergola"},{"link_name":"yields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Guyot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyot_(vine)"},{"link_name":"vine training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_training"},{"link_name":"harvesting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_632-633-2"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_wine"},{"link_name":"varietal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietal"},{"link_name":"Slavonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavonia"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_(wine)"},{"link_name":"barrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_barrel"},{"link_name":"Malolactic fermentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation"},{"link_name":"dessert wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert_wine"},{"link_name":"passito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passito"},{"link_name":"Verduc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verduc"},{"link_name":"Pikolit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikolit"},{"link_name":"botrytized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botrytized"},{"link_name":"German wine classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine_classification"},{"link_name":"sweetness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine"},{"link_name":"Spätlese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tlese"},{"link_name":"Auslese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auslese"},{"link_name":"Beerenauslese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerenauslese"},{"link_name":"Eiswein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiswein"},{"link_name":"Trockenbeerenauslese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trockenbeerenauslese"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_632-633-2"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_Wines_Produced_in_Specified_Regions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_632-633-2"},{"link_name":"Country wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_pays"},{"link_name":"wine labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_label"},{"link_name":"Karst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_Plateau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford_pg_632-633-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A sparkling wine from BrdaIn Slovenia, many vineyards are located along slopes or hillsides in terraced rows. Historically vines were trained in a pergola style that optimizes fruit yields. However the emphasis on higher quality wine production has encouraged more vineyards to switch to a Guyot style of vine training. The steep terrain of most vineyards encourages the using of manual harvesting over mechanical.[2]Wines in Slovenia have traditionally followed the Austrian preference of single varietal over blended wines but the production of blended wines are on the rise. While wines were historically aged in large Slovenian or Slavonian wooden cask, the trend has been to use small and varying sizes of French and Slovenian oak barrels. In the Littoral both red and white wines often go through Malolactic fermentation with the Drava Valley and the Sava Valley typically using that technique only for red wine production. In the Littoral, dessert wines are made in a passito style with the Brda region specialize in wines made from Verduc and Pikolit. In the Drava Valley region, botrytized wines are produced from Laški Rizling, Renski Rizling and Šipon and classified in a system similar to the German wine classification based on sweetness-ranging from pozna trgatev (Spätlese), izbor (Auslese), jagodni izbor (Beerenauslese), ledeno vino (Eiswein) and suhi jagodni izbor (Trockenbeerenauslese).[2]Slovenian wine acts stipulate that all wines must be submitted to chemical analysis and tastings prior to being released on the market. After testing the wines are assigned a quality level according to a system similar to the European Union's QWPSR system-Quality Wines Produced in Specified Regions. The quality categories are the following:[2]Table wine (namizno vino)\nCountry wine with a certified geographic emblem (deželno vino s priznano geografsko označbo, deželno vino PGO)\nQuality wine with protected geographic origin (kakovostno vino z zaščitenim geografskim poreklom, kakovostno vino ZGP)\nPremium quality wine with protected geographic origin (vrhunsko vino z zaščitenim geografskim poreklom, vrhunsko vino ZGP)Slovenia wine labels include the sweetness level of the wines ranging from suho (dry), polsuho (medium-dry), polsladko (medium-sweet) and sladko (sweet). The special traditional name (posebno tradicionalno poimenovanje; PTP) designation is applied to a traditional Slovenia wine from a specific region. As of 2009, the PTP wines in Slovenia are the Karst wine Teran from the Slovenian Littoral, the Lower Carniolan wine Cviček, the White Carniolan wines Belokranjec and Metliška Črnina, and both the red and the white Bizeljčan from Bizeljsko-Sremič.[2][6]","title":"Viticulture and winemaking"}]

[{"image_text":"Vineyards in the Brda region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GoriskaBrda1.jpg/350px-GoriskaBrda1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A traditional vineyard cottage in the Ptuj region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vineyard_Cottage_Jursinci_Slovenia.jpg/350px-Vineyard_Cottage_Jursinci_Slovenia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Slovenia's major wine regions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Slovenia_wine_regions.JPG/220px-Slovenia_wine_regions.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wine of the Gorjanci region at Žumberak Mountains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cvi%C4%8Dek_-_Gospodi%C4%8Dna_Trdinov_vrh_-_Dolenjska.jpg/220px-Cvi%C4%8Dek_-_Gospodi%C4%8Dna_Trdinov_vrh_-_Dolenjska.jpg"},{"image_text":"A sparkling wine from Brda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slovenia_sparkling_wine_from_Goriska_Brda.jpg/220px-Slovenia_sparkling_wine_from_Goriska_Brda.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Winemaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemaking"},{"title":"Agriculture in Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Slovenia"}]

[{"reference":"\"Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano\". Opis stanja v panogi. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005152208/http://www.mkgp.gov.si/si/o_ministrstvu/direktorati/direktorat_za_kmetijstvo/starasektor_za_kmetijske_trge/vino/","url_text":"\"Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano\""},{"url":"http://www.mkgp.gov.si/si/o_ministrstvu/direktorati/direktorat_za_kmetijstvo/starasektor_za_kmetijske_trge/vino/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mauel, E.; Röckel, F; Töpfer, R. (2016). \"The \"missing link\" 'Blaue Zimmettraube' reveals that 'Blauer Portugieser' and 'Blaufränkisch' originated in Lower Styria\". Vitis. 55: 135–143. doi:10.5073/vitis.2016.55.135-143. Archived from the original on 2017-02-07. Retrieved 2016-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170207212750/http://pub.jki.bund.de/index.php/VITIS/article/viewFile/6490/6307","url_text":"\"The \"missing link\" 'Blaue Zimmettraube' reveals that 'Blauer Portugieser' and 'Blaufränkisch' originated in Lower Styria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5073%2Fvitis.2016.55.135-143","url_text":"10.5073/vitis.2016.55.135-143"},{"url":"http://pub.jki.bund.de/index.php/VITIS/article/viewFile/6490/6307","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vino Slovenija","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vinoslovenija.si/","url_text":"Vino Slovenija"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005152208/http://www.mkgp.gov.si/si/o_ministrstvu/direktorati/direktorat_za_kmetijstvo/starasektor_za_kmetijske_trge/vino/","external_links_name":"\"Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano\""},{"Link":"http://www.mkgp.gov.si/si/o_ministrstvu/direktorati/direktorat_za_kmetijstvo/starasektor_za_kmetijske_trge/vino/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170207212750/http://pub.jki.bund.de/index.php/VITIS/article/viewFile/6490/6307","external_links_name":"\"The \"missing link\" 'Blaue Zimmettraube' reveals that 'Blauer Portugieser' and 'Blaufränkisch' originated in Lower Styria\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5073%2Fvitis.2016.55.135-143","external_links_name":"10.5073/vitis.2016.55.135-143"},{"Link":"http://pub.jki.bund.de/index.php/VITIS/article/viewFile/6490/6307","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vinoslovenija.si/","external_links_name":"Vino Slovenija"},{"Link":"http://www.sloveniavino.com/","external_links_name":"Slovenian Wine Portal"},{"Link":"http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?cid=331","external_links_name":"The story of viticulture in Slovenia"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_One_(software)

Studio One (software)

["1 History","1.1 Early development and release (2004–2011)","1.2 Versions 2 & 3 (2011–2018)","1.3 Versions 4 & 5 (2018–2022)","1.4 Version 6 (2022–present)","2 Features","2.1 Standard DAW features","2.2 Editions","2.3 Other features","2.4 Add-ons","2.5 Studio One Remote","2.6 Studio One Exchange","3 Reception","4 Release history","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

Digital audio workstation Studio OneStudio One version 4 editor and mixing consoleOriginal author(s)Matthias Juwan, Wolfgang KundrusDeveloper(s)PreSonusInitial release27 September 2009; 14 years ago (2009-09-27)Stable release6.6.1 / 8 May 2024; 38 days ago (2024-05-08) Operating systemMicrosoft Windows, macOS, Linux (beta)Available in8 languagesList of languagesEnglish, German, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Japanese, ChineseTypeDigital audio workstationLicenseCommercial proprietary softwareWebsitewww.presonus.com/products/studio-one Studio One is a digital audio workstation (DAW) application, used to create, record, mix and master music and other audio, with functionality also available for video. Initially developed as a successor to the KRISTAL Audio Engine, it was acquired by PreSonus and first released in 2009 for macOS and Microsoft Windows. PreSonus and Studio One were then acquired by Fender in 2021. Aside from the commercial editions of the software (known as Studio One Artist and Studio One Professional), PreSonus also distributes a free edition, with reduced functionality (known as Studio One Prime). The Professional edition is also available as part of the Studio One+ monthly subscription program. History Early development and release (2004–2011) Studio One originally began development under the name K2, as a follow-up to the KRISTAL Audio Engine. Although development for this follow-up began in 2004, it transitioned in 2006 to a cooperation between PreSonus and KristalLabs Software Ltd., a start-up founded by former Steinberg employees Wolfgang Kundrus and Matthias Juwan. Kundrus was one of the developers for initial versions of Cubase, and established concepts for the first version of Nuendo. Juwan was the author of the original KRISTAL Audio Engine, wrote the specification for version 3 of the VST plug-in standard, and had also worked on multiple Steinberg products, including Cubase, Nuendo, and HALion. KristalLabs then became part of PreSonus in 2009, and the former KristalLabs logo was used as the basis for the logo of Studio One. The first version of Studio One was announced on 1 April 2009 at Musikmesse, and released on 27 September 2009. The final update for Studio One version 1 (v1.6.5) was released in July 2011. Versions 2 & 3 (2011–2018) Version 2 of Studio One was announced on 17 October 2011, and released on 31 October 2011 (alongside the 2.0.2 update). This release of the software introduced multiple enhancements, including integration with Celemony Melodyne, transient detection & quantization, groove extraction, multi-track comping, folder tracks, multi-track MIDI editing, an updated browser, and new plug-ins. The integration of Studio One version 2 with Melodyne was achieved via the creation of a new plug-in extension, known as Audio Random Access (ARA). This extension, developed jointly by PreSonus and Celemony, allows an audio plug-in to appear as an integrated part of the application. Version 3 of Studio One was released on 20 May 2015. The new features included an arranger track, scratchpads for idea experimentation, the ability to chain together different effects and instruments, MIDI note effects, new plug-ins, and the ability to use curves in automation. Versions 4 & 5 (2018–2022) Following teaser images on social media websites in the preceding weeks, version 4 of Studio One was announced via a YouTube live stream event on 22 May 2018, and released simultaneously. New features in version 4 included a chord track (with chord detection, transposition and chord substitution options), a dedicated drum editing interface, expanded drum machine & sampler plug-ins, AAF-format import/export functionality (to exchange data with other DAW applications), and support for version 2 of the ARA plug-in extension. Almost exactly a year later, on 21 May 2019, this functionality was expanded further with the live stream announcement and simultaneous release of version 4.5. New functionality introduced with version 4.5 included input channel gain staging and phase/polarity options, a built-in plug-in manager, M4A (AAC/ALAC) support, video export options, new grouping options, RMS metering, pre-fader metering, CPU multi-core optimization, and expanded macro features, alongside a new add-on for batch audio conversion & processing. The release of version 4.6 was preceded by a launch party event, hosted by PreSonus at the Red Bull Studios building in London. Its release on 10 December 2019 included a re-designed and expanded version of the 'Ampire' guitar amplifier and effects plugin (including new effects pedal options), a re-designed content browser, and new templates & macros for podcast production. Version 5 of Studio One, described as "ten years in the making", was announced via live-stream video on 7 July 2020. Features added in this new version included a full score editor (with features similar to that of PreSonus' notation software, Notion), a 'Show’ interface focused on supporting live performances, MIDI support enhancements (such as polyphonic expression, custom ROLI device support, and the ability to use MTC & MMC to synchronize Studio One with external clocks). Version 5 also added support for recording in 64-bit floating-point WAV format, bringing the maximum precision for recording & processing to 64-bit/384 kHz and thereby making Studio One one of the highest-resolution audio production and mastering applications available. Version 5.4 of the software, released in September 2021, added native support for Apple computers with Apple silicon chips, thereby providing improved performance on such machines (which would previously have run the application via 'Rosetta 2' emulation). Version 6 (2022–present) Version 6 of the software (the first following PreSonus' acquisition by Fender in 2021) was both announced and released on 29 September 2022. The new release included enhancements focused on making the application "simpler more intuitive" (as previously alluded to by Fender CEO, Andy Mooney), such as "smart" templates, additional UI customization, song lyric support, and cloud-based collaboration (via their PreSonus Sphere subscription service). Following the launch, Evan Jones, Fender CMO, stated that the company was "fully invested in supporting the continued expansion and adoption of Studio One as the total solution for professional and committed at-home creators." In addition, version 6 introduced a video track with basic editing tools. Subsequently, version 6.5, released on 26 September 2023, introduced support for spatial audio mixing and Dolby Atmos, as well as import and export support for the new open-source DAWproject (.dawproject) file format which, at time of release, was also supported by Bitwig Studio. Features Standard DAW features Main article: Digital audio workstation In addition to its other functionality, Studio One includes fundamental features which are common across most digital audio workstation software, such as the functionality found in multi-track recorders and audio mixing consoles, plus additional functions not possible with analog recording (such as undoing previous actions, editing without loss of information, use of virtual instruments, etc.). Editions Studio One is available in 3 editions, each with a different license cost (if any) and set of features. The Professional edition is also available as part of the Studio One+ monthly subscription program (previously known as PreSonus Sphere), which also includes other PreSonus software, such as Notion, and all of its available plug-ins. Studio One Prime Studio One Artist Studio One Professional Pricing Free One-Time Purchase / Free with PreSonus Hardware One-Time Purchase or Studio One+ Audio Processing 32-Bit 32-Bit 64-Bit Native Plug-Ins 10 (approx.) 35 (approx.) 45 (approx.) Input / Output Support 2 In / 2 Out Unlimited Unlimited Maximum Track/Bus Count Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited WAV/AIFF Export Yes Yes Yes M4A (AAC/ALAC) Support Yes Yes Yes Audio Transient Detection No Yes Yes Custom Macro Support No Yes Yes Side-by-Side Notion Support No Yes Yes VST/VST2/VST3 Plug-In Support No Yes (Version 5 and Above) Yes ReWire Plug-In Support No Yes (Version 5 and Above) Yes Studio One Remote Support No Yes (Version 5 and Above) Yes Integrated Celemony Melodyne No Trial Version Yes FLAC/MP3 Export No Add-On Available Yes Audio Unit Plug-In Support No Add-On Available Yes Video Track Support No No Yes Video Export No No Yes Batch Audio Processing Add-On Available Add-On Available Add-On Available Other features The other core features of Studio One include the following: A multi-touch interface with drag-and-drop functionality and support for multiple screens, including HDPI displays. A separate Project-level interface, which contains tools for mastering, managing the metadata of, and exporting one or more songs simultaneously, including options for creating Red Book Standard CDs or disk images (Professional Edition only). A separate Show-level interface, designed for use in coordinating the entirety of live performances from a single location. Real-time audio time-stretching features. Integrated music score editor. Multiple automation patterns for tracks and plug-ins, including straight lines, exponential/parabolic curves, square waves, triangle waves, sine waves, etc. Support for the ARA/ARA2 extension for audio plug-ins, allowing them to closely integrate as part of the application. Support for the importing & exporting of open-source DAWproject files, to exchange project information with other DAW applications. Support for spatial audio mixing (including Apple Spatial Audio) and Dolby Atmos, up to 9.1.6 channels. A chord track, with automatic chord detection from audio or MIDI tracks, and options for chord transposition and substitution (Professional Edition only). An arranger track, for navigating song sections and re-arranging them via drag-and-drop. A lyrics track, for attaching song lyrics to notese, either word by word or syllable by syllable (Professional Edition only). Scratch pads, for users to experiment with different song layouts without impacting the original version (Professional Edition only). Undo functionality across the mixing process, including for plug-ins, virtual instruments, routing, effects chains, and others. The ability to create chains of virtual instruments and/or effects (Professional Edition only). Support for MIDI Polyphonic Expression / Poly Pressure. Support for MTC and MMC, to synchronize Studio One with external clocks. MIDI note-level effects, such as an arpeggiator and a chord generator. A dedicated interface for editing programmed drums, including configurable kit piece names for each note pitch. Mix Engine effects: plug-ins that can be used to modify/bypass/replace the standard mixing processes for a specific bus/channel (Professional Edition only). Support for users to switch to the keyboard shortcuts from other DAW software, such as Pro Tools, Logic Pro, Cubase, and Sonar. Compatibility with the Mackie Control Universal communications protocol (which combines functionality from Mackie Control, Logic Control and HUI), for interfacing with audio control surfaces. Compatibility with Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol MkII series keyboards. Ability to directly upload mastered songs to SoundCloud and TuneCore. Add-ons Introduced with version 2.6.2 in January 2014, add-ons are optional items, developed either by PreSonus, or by third-parties, which can be acquired separately from the PreSonus store to expand the capabilities of Studio One. This can include new functionality (often known as 'extensions'), plug-ins, virtual instrument presets, loops, and other assets. Example add-on functionality includes the Audio Batch Converter (released alongside version 4.5), which allows for the offline conversion and processing of multiple audio files simultaneously, including the use of both native and third-party plug-ins. Add-ons are also available to expand Studio One Artist to include other functionality from the Professional edition, including VST/AU/ReWire plug-in support, MP3 support, and Studio One Remote support. Studio One Remote A mix window in Studio One Remote; running on iPad. Introduced alongside Studio One version 3 in 2015, Studio One Remote is an app for wirelessly controlling Studio One via a tablet device connected to the same network. Whilst originally released for the Apple iPad, Remote was subsequently released for Microsoft Windows & Surface tablets (February 2016), and for Android tablets (June 2017). It uses PreSonus' own UCNET protocol, which is used for network connectivity and remote control across multiple PreSonus products. Aspects of Studio One functionality which can be controlled via Remote include: The mixing console, including inserts, sends, inputs, outputs, and cue mixes. The transport bar and timeline ruler, including markers and arranger sections. Track macro controls. Plug-in parameters. Studio One Exchange Studio One Exchange (previously known as PreSonus Exchange when it was first released in January 2012, alongside version 2.0.4) is a service which allows registered Studio One users to exchange plug-in presets, MIDI files and other resources from directly within the application. The Studio One Browser allows users to explore, preview, download, and review items uploaded to this service by other users, as well as upload their own. A re-designed version of Exchange, referred to as 'Exchange 2.0' was released as part of Studio One v4.6 on 10 December 2019. Reception Studio One has received mostly positive reviews since its initial release. Common areas of praise include rapid workflow, cost-effectiveness, and usability. Studio One won the Japanese V.G.P. (Visual Grand Prix) 'Gold' award for three consecutive years, in 2011, 2012, and 2013. In 2012, readers of Resolution Magazine named Studio One (version 2) as the Resolution Award winner in the 'DAW' category. In 2013, Studio One (version 2.5) won a M.I.P.A. (Musikmesse International Press Awards) award in the 'Best Recording Software' category. Other awards received in 2013 included the Visual Grand Prix Audio Excellence award (in the 'DAW' category), the ProSoundWeb & Live Sound International, Readers’ Choice Award, and Audio Media's 'Gear of the Year' award, and the C.I.F. (Customers in Focus) award from the music studio website DAWfreak.se. In 2016, Studio One (version 3) won Music and Sound Retailer's award for 'Best Multitrack Recorder/Recording & Mixing Software of 2015' at NAMM. Release history Year Date Version Key features 2009 Version 1 27 September 1.0.0 Initial version. 15 October 1.0.1 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 2 December 1.0.2 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 2010 28 April 1.5.0 QuickTime video support, enhanced drag & drop functionality, REX2 file support, SoundCloud integration, enhanced automation, dynamic timestretching, MIDI improvements. 23 June 1.5.1 MIDI recording offset. 2 August 1.5.2 Bug fixes. 28 September 1.6.0 Infinite nested buses, Mackie HUI support, VST 3.1 support. 18 November 1.6.1 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 2011 3 January 1.6.2 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 30 January 1.6.3 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 9 March 1.6.4 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 26 July 1.6.5 Usability improvements & bug fixes. Version 2 31 October 2.0.0 ARA support, Melodyne integration, transient detection & quantization, groove extraction, multi-track comping, folder tracks, multi-track MIDI editing, new plug-ins, updated browser. 31 October 2.0.2 Bug fixes. 13 December 2.0.3 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 2012 18 January 2.0.4 PreSonus Exchange integration. 11 April 2.0.5 Ability to assign MIDI CC messages to any command, updated Ampire XT plug-in, playback stop marker, macro toolbar. 12 June 2.0.6 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 12 September 2.0.7 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 2 December 2.5.0 Comping improvements, folder track editing, enhanced track transform, updated Ampire XT plug-in, enhanced automation, updated audio export, ability to re-record from buses. 2013 25 February 2.5.1 Ability to enable muted tracks in stem export, loop mode for Sample One plug-in. 23 May 2.5.2 Bug fixes. 29 August 2.6.0 Integration with StudioLive AI-series mixing consoles, integration with Nimbit, updated start page, Fat Channel plug-in, updated MIDI engine, displays for CD time and relative song position on the Project page. 30 October 2.6.1 Bug fixes. 2014 23 January 2.6.2 Add-on support. 15 July 2.6.3 Ability to drag & drop audio to third-party plug-ins, CAF file support, ability to drag & drop slices to the quantize grid. 5 November 2.6.4 Increased recording buffer, 64-bit processing by default for Mac, stereo mode in Fat Channel plug-in. 8 December 2.6.5 Support for new SoundCloud API. 2015 Version 3 20 May 3.0.0 Arranger track, scratchpads, updated browser, chains for effects & virtual instruments, note-level MIDI effects, macro controls, new plug-ins, automation curves, Studio One Remote. 26 June 3.0.1 Updated manual, enhanced multi-touch. 5 August 3.0.2 Studio One Prime edition. 6 October 3.1.0 Integration with Studio 192 interfaces, option to colorize track controls. 16 December 3.1.1 Plug-in search context menu, ability to filter hidden plug-ins from search, enlarged instrument channel output list. 2016 25 February 3.2.0 Mix engine effects, VCA faders. 30 March 3.2.1 Pass-through mode for mix engine effects, mix engine effects for downstream buses, show/hide VCA targets. 19 May 3.2.2 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 9 June 3.2.3 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 25 August 3.3.0 Ability to disable tracks / instruments / plug-ins, enhanced multi-track drum editing, MIDI editing improvements, single-click options for global effects on/off, Notion 6 integration, new video engine. 6 September 3.3.1 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 29 November 3.3.2 FaderPort 8 integration, ability to copy automation via copy/paste of events, ability to access QWERTY keyboard software device via Caps Lock key. 19 December 3.3.3 Bug fixes. 2017 21 February 3.3.4 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 23 May 3.5.0 Full mixer & plug-in undo, native low-latency software monitoring, updated CPU multi-processing, Fat Channel XT plug-in, file-independent track markers on the Project page, Project-level loudness metering. 27 June 3.5.1 Reduced virtual instrument latency, updated CPU balancing, updated quick-zoom, updated mixer undo. 26 September 3.5.2 Arranger track for Prime & Artist editions, updated song information window, blacklist for incompatible VST3 plug-ins. 28 November 3.5.3 FaderPort 16 support. 4 December 3.5.4 Bug fixes. 2018 30 January 3.5.5 Cakewalk Sonar shortcut setting. 28 March 3.5.6 PreSonus Studio 1810 & 1824 support, PreSonus StudioLive III DAW remote support, macro option for channel renaming. Version 4 22 May 4.0.0 Chord track, chord detection/transposition/substitution, drum & pattern editors, expanded drum machine (Impact XT) & sampler (SampleOne XT) plug-ins, AAF-format import/export, import from existing songs, ARA version 2 support, new GUI customization options. 10 July 4.0.1 Usability improvements & bug fixes, Studio One Prime version 4. 13 September 4.1.0 Support for PreSonus ATOM Pad Controller, new Pipeline XT routing plug-in, tempo automation, new 'Time Scale' tool for manual tempo mapping, expanded note repeat feature, expanded AAF export options. 30 October 4.1.1 Usability improvements (including new features for the ATOM controller) & bug fixes. 2019 15 January 4.1.2 New incremental version save option, support for volume/gain automation in AAF export, bug fixes. 22 January 4.1.3 Support for PreSonus' USB-C audio interfaces, bug fixes. 26 March 4.1.4 Support for PreSonus' StudioLive S-Series mixing consoles, bug fixes. 21 May 4.5.0 Input channel gain staging & polarity, plug-in manager, M4A (AAC/ALAC) support, video export, RMS metering, pre-fader metering, CPU multi-core optimization, macro expansions, batch audio conversion/processing add-on. 29 May 4.5.1 Bug fixes. 11 July 4.5.2 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 3 September 4.5.3 Support for Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol MkII keyboards. Usability improvements & bug fixes. 17 September 4.5.4 Bug fixes. 19 November 4.5.5 Expanded FaderPort 8/16 support & bug fixes. 10 December 4.6.0 Re-designed & 'Ampire' guitar amplifier and effects plugin, new effects pedal plugin, re-designed content browser, new templates & macros for podcast production. 2020 21 January 4.6.1 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 3 June 4.6.2 Expanded ARA functionality for chords (increasing compatibility with version 5 of Melodyne) and bug fixes. Version 5 7 July 5.0.0 Score editor, 'Show Page' for live performances, polyphonic expression support, custom ROLI device support, support for recording in 64-bit floating-point WAV. 11 August 5.0.1 Bug fixes. 1 September 5.0.2 Bug fixes. 20 October 5.1.0 Retrospective recording. Usability improvements & bug fixes. 17 November 5.1.1 Support for PreSonus Revelator microphone. Usability improvements & bug fixes. 2021 19 January 5.1.2 Improved ARA integration for VocAlign, bug fixes. 9 March 5.2.0 "Sound Variations" articulation management. "Sound Variation API" for communication between 3rd-party instruments and Studio One (in cooperation with Vienna Symphonic Library). Revised score view with drum notation and tabulature. New Studio One Remote features. Usability improvements. 27 April 5.2.1 Bug fixes. 29 June 5.3.0 Sound variations system enhancements. Conversion from chord track to note events. 14 September 5.4.0 Native Apple silicon support. Performance optimizations for plug-ins & mix FX. autosave improvements. Usability improvements & bug fixes. 14 October 5.4.1 Bug fixes. 2022 11 January 5.5.0 Automation, gain envelopes, and listening bus for mastering projects. Target peak and loudness settings. Chord extraction from MIDI data. Bulk export for digital formats. MIDI strum patterns. 22 February 5.5.1 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 5 April 5.5.2 Usability improvements & bug fixes. Version 6 29 September 6.0.0 "Smart" templates, UI customization, video track, lyrics track, cloud-based collaboration (via PreSonus Sphere), new plugins including de-esser and vocoder. 9 November 6.0.1 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 13 December 6.0.2 Bug fixes. 2023 22 March 6.1.0 Mastering project templates. Usability improvements & bug fixes. 30 March 6.1.1 Bug fixes. 25 May 6.1.2 Bug fixes. 18 July 6.2.0 Rebranding of PreSonus Sphere as Studio One+. Usability improvements & bug fixes. 1 August 6.2.1 Bug fixes. 26 September 6.5.0 Spatial audio mixing and Dolby Atmos support. Import & export support for DAWproject files. 1 November 6.5.1 Bug fixes. 2024 16 January 6.5.2 Bug fixes. 2 April 6.6.0 Support for Apple Spatial Audio, direct integration with TuneCore, new synth instrument 'Lead Architect'. 8 May 6.6.1 Usability improvements & bug fixes. 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Retrieved 22 May 2019. ^ "PreSonus Studio One 3.5.3 Update Released". Pro Tools Expert. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2018. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (4 December 2017). "Studio One 3.5.4 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 19 March 2018. ^ "PreSonus Release Studio One Version 3.5.5". Pro Tools Expert. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (30 January 2018). "Studio One 3.5.5 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 22 May 2019. ^ "Studio One Version 3.5.6 Released - New Features And Bug Fixes". Production Expert. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (28 March 2018). "Studio One 3.5.6 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 28 March 2018. ^ "Studio One Version 4.0.1 Released - First Free Update For PreSonus Studio One 4". Production Expert. 10 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018. ^ "PreSonus Studio One 4.1 Free Update Announced - New Pipeline XT Plug-in, Improved Tempo Options, Better AAF Support And Cue Mix Solos Fixed". Production Expert. Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ Studio One Expert (13 September 2018), PreSonus Studio One 4 1 - Everything You Need To Know About It, retrieved 14 September 2018 ^ "Studio One Version 4.1.1 Released With Minor Updates For ATOM, Tempo Track And Bug Fixes". Production Expert. 3 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (30 October 2018). "Studio One 4.1.1 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 31 October 2018. ^ Huyskens, Marcus (15 January 2019). "PreSonus Studio One 4.1.2 - Everything You Need To Know". YouTube. Retrieved 15 January 2019. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (15 January 2019). "Studio One 4.1.2 is online!". PreSonus. Retrieved 15 January 2019. ^ "Studio One 4.1.3 Released - Audio Bend Bug Fixed, Support for Studio USB-C Series Audio Interfaces And More". Production Expert. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019. ^ Roullard, Ryan (22 January 2019). "Studio One 4.1.3 is here!". PreSonus Blog. Retrieved 22 May 2019. ^ "StudioLive Flex DSP Coming To StudioLive Mixers Next Week With Studio One 4.1.4 And Capture 3.0". Production Expert. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2019. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (26 March 2019). "Studio One 4.1.4 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 22 May 2019. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (29 May 2019). "Studio One 4.5.1 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 29 May 2019. ^ "PreSonus Announce Studio One 4.5.2 Update". Production Expert. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (11 July 2019). "Studio One 4.5.2 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 16 July 2019. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (17 September 2019). "Studio One 4.5.4 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 18 September 2019. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (19 November 2019). "Studio One 4.5.5 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 19 November 2019. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (21 January 2020). "Studio One 4.6.1 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 21 January 2020. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (3 June 2020). "Studio One 4.6.2 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 4 June 2020. ^ Ruschitzka, Lukas (9 March 2021). "Arrange Live on the Studio One Show Page". YouTube. ^ "Studio One 5.0.1 Released - New Features And Bug Fixes". Production Expert. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (11 August 2020). "PreSonus Forums | Studio One 5.0.1 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 14 August 2020. ^ "Studio One 5.0.2 Released - New Features And Bug Fixes". Production Expert. 1 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020. ^ "Studio One 5.1 Announced - New Features And More - All The Details". Production Expert. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (17 November 2020). "Studio One 5.1.1 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 17 November 2020. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (19 January 2021). "Studio One 5.1.2 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ "Studio One 5.2 released". Sound on Sound. 10 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021. ^ "PreSonus Studio One 5.2 - Everything You Need To Know". Production Expert. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021. ^ Swaffer, Chris; Ruschitzka, Lukas (9 March 2021). "Studio One 5.2: Sound Variations". YouTube. ^ Ruschitzka, Lukas (9 March 2021). "Studio One 5.2 - Sound Variations with Vienna Symphonic Library". YouTube. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (27 April 2021). "PreSonus Forums | Studio One 5.2.1 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 20 August 2021. ^ "PreSonus Studio One 5.3 Announced - All The Details". Production Expert. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021. ^ Dobrev, Lyubomir (30 June 2021). "PreSonus updates Studio One to version 5.3 with scoring and workflow improvements". Gear News. Retrieved 20 August 2021. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (14 October 2021). "Studio One 5.4.1 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 11 January 2022. ^ "PreSonus Launches Studio One 5.5". Music Connection Magazine. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022. ^ "PreSonus Studio One 5.5 Released - All The Details". Production Expert. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (22 February 2022). "PreSonus Forums | Studio One 5.5.1 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 25 February 2022. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (5 April 2022). "Studio One 5.5.2 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 7 April 2022. ^ "PreSonus updates Studio One to v6.0.1". KVR Audio. 9 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (13 December 2022). "Studio One 6.0.2 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 24 December 2022. ^ "PreSonus Studio One 6.1 arrives". Sound on Sound. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (30 March 2023). "Studio One 6.1.1 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (25 May 2023). "Studio One 6.1.2 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (18 July 2023). "Studio One 6.2 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ^ Scheutzlich, Tom (1 August 2023). "Studio One 6.2.1 is online". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 27 September 2023. ^ "Studio One 6.5.1 is online!". PreSonus Forums. 1 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023. ^ Ahrendt, Ari (16 January 2024). "Studio One 6.5.2 is online!". PreSonus Forums. Retrieved 2 April 2024. ^ "Studio One 6.6.1 is online!". PreSonus Forums. 8 May 2024. Further reading Studio References (2016-10-25). The Unofficial Studio One User's Manual. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781537713045. PreSonus (2016-06-04). Studio One 3 - Reference Manual. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781533604514. Edstrom Jr., William (2013). Studio One for Engineers and Producers. Hal Leonard Books. ISBN 9781476806020. The O, Larry (2012). Power Tools for Studio One 2: Master PreSonus' Complete Creation and Production Software, Volume 1. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 9781458402264. Terry, David (2012). Alfred's Teach Yourself Studio One: Version 2.0. Alfred Publishing Company. ISBN 9780739085004. External links Official website vteAudio editing softwareFree and open-source Ardour Audacity Ecasound Gnome Wave Cleaner Jokosher LMMS MusE Qtractor Rosegarden SoX Sweep Traverso WaveSurfer Proprietary Ableton Live Acid Pro Acoustica Adobe Audition Anvil Studio AudioDesk Bitwig Studio Cakewalk by BandLab DC-Art Digital Performer FL Studio FL Studio Mobile GarageBand GoldWave Harrison Mixbus KRISTAL Audio Engine Logic Pro Magix Samplitude Making Waves Mixcraft MuLab MultitrackStudio n-Track Studio Pro Tools REAPER Reason ReCycle Renoise SAWStudio Sound Forge SpectraLayers Steinberg Cubase Steinberg Nuendo Steinberg WaveLab Studio One Synapse Orion Total Recorder Tracktion Waveform Vegas Pro WavePad Z-Maestro Zynewave Podium Defunct Adobe Soundbooth BIAS Peak Ensoniq Paris Logic Express Logic Studio Record SoundDroid SoundEdit Soundscape Digital Technology Soundscape R.Ed Soundtrack Pro TC Works Spark See also Comparison of digital audio editors Comparison of free software for audio List of music software List of Linux audio software Comparison of MIDI editors and sequencers Comparison Category vteDigital audio workstationsFree and Open-Source Ardour BespokeSynth LMMS MusE Qtractor Rosegarden Traverso Proprietary Ableton Live ACID Pro Adobe Audition Anvil Studio Bitwig Studio Cakewalk by BandLab Digital Performer FL Studio FL Studio Mobile GarageBand Harrison Mixbus Logic Pro MAGIX Samplitude MAGIX Sequoia Making Waves Mixcraft MuLab MultitrackStudio n-Track Studio Pro Tools REAPER Reason Renoise SAWStudio Steinberg Cubase Steinberg Nuendo Steinberg WaveLab Studio One Tracktion Z-Maestro Zynewave Podium

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital audio workstation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation"},{"link_name":"record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_recording"},{"link_name":"mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"KRISTAL Audio Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRISTAL_Audio_Engine"},{"link_name":"PreSonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PreSonus"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"}],"text":"Studio One is a digital audio workstation (DAW) application, used to create, record, mix and master music and other audio, with functionality also available for video. Initially developed as a successor to the KRISTAL Audio Engine, it was acquired by PreSonus and first released in 2009 for macOS and Microsoft Windows. PreSonus and Studio One were then acquired by Fender in 2021.Aside from the commercial editions of the software (known as Studio One Artist and Studio One Professional), PreSonus also distributes a free edition, with reduced functionality (known as Studio One Prime). The Professional edition is also available as part of the Studio One+ monthly subscription program.","title":"Studio One (software)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KRISTAL Audio Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRISTAL_Audio_Engine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"PreSonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PreSonus"},{"link_name":"Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-3"},{"link_name":"Cubase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubase"},{"link_name":"Nuendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuendo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"KRISTAL Audio Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRISTAL_Audio_Engine"},{"link_name":"VST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Studio_Technology"},{"link_name":"plug-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg"},{"link_name":"Cubase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg_Cubase"},{"link_name":"Nuendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg_Nuendo"},{"link_name":"HALion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HALion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-5"},{"link_name":"PreSonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PreSonus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Musikmesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikmesse_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-12"}],"sub_title":"Early development and release (2004–2011)","text":"Studio One originally began development under the name K2, as a follow-up to the KRISTAL Audio Engine.[1] Although development for this follow-up began in 2004,[2] it transitioned in 2006 to a cooperation between PreSonus and KristalLabs Software Ltd., a start-up founded by former Steinberg employees Wolfgang Kundrus and Matthias Juwan.[3] Kundrus was one of the developers for initial versions of Cubase, and established concepts for the first version of Nuendo.[4] Juwan was the author of the original KRISTAL Audio Engine, wrote the specification for version 3 of the VST plug-in standard, and had also worked on multiple Steinberg products, including Cubase, Nuendo, and HALion.[5]KristalLabs then became part of PreSonus in 2009,[3] and the former KristalLabs logo was used as the basis for the logo of Studio One.[6]The first version of Studio One was announced on 1 April 2009 at Musikmesse,[7][8] and released on 27 September 2009.[9][10] The final update for Studio One version 1 (v1.6.5) was released in July 2011.[11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-15"},{"link_name":"Celemony Melodyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celemony_Software#Melodyne"},{"link_name":"transient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_(acoustics)"},{"link_name":"quantization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(music)"},{"link_name":"comping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comping_(post-production)"},{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"},{"link_name":"plug-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-16"},{"link_name":"Melodyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celemony_Software#Melodyne"},{"link_name":"plug-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"Audio Random Access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Random_Access"},{"link_name":"PreSonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PreSonus"},{"link_name":"Celemony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celemony_Software"},{"link_name":"plug-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-18"},{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"},{"link_name":"plug-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix_automation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"}],"sub_title":"Versions 2 & 3 (2011–2018)","text":"Version 2 of Studio One was announced on 17 October 2011,[13][14] and released on 31 October 2011 (alongside the 2.0.2 update).[15] This release of the software introduced multiple enhancements, including integration with Celemony Melodyne, transient detection & quantization, groove extraction, multi-track comping, folder tracks, multi-track MIDI editing, an updated browser, and new plug-ins.[16]The integration of Studio One version 2 with Melodyne was achieved via the creation of a new plug-in extension, known as Audio Random Access (ARA). This extension, developed jointly by PreSonus and Celemony, allows an audio plug-in to appear as an integrated part of the application.[17]Version 3 of Studio One was released on 20 May 2015.[18] The new features included an arranger track, scratchpads for idea experimentation, the ability to chain together different effects and instruments, MIDI note effects, new plug-ins, and the ability to use curves in automation.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"live stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_streaming"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-22"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"},{"link_name":"transposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_(music)"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"},{"link_name":"drum machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine"},{"link_name":"sampler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_sampler"},{"link_name":"plug-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"AAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Authoring_Format"},{"link_name":"ARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Random_Access"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-23"},{"link_name":"gain staging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gain_stage"},{"link_name":"phase/polarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(waves)"},{"link_name":"M4A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14"},{"link_name":"AAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding"},{"link_name":"ALAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lossless"},{"link_name":"RMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_power#Continuous_power_and_.22RMS_power.22"},{"link_name":"macro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"add-on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_One_(audio_software)#Add-Ons"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-25"},{"link_name":"Red Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"guitar amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_amplifier"},{"link_name":"effects pedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_unit"},{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-28"},{"link_name":"live-stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_streaming"},{"link_name":"Notion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notion_(music_software)"},{"link_name":"polyphonic expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"},{"link_name":"ROLI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROLI"},{"link_name":"MTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI_timecode"},{"link_name":"MMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI_Machine_Control"},{"link_name":"64-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bit_computing"},{"link_name":"floating-point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-31"},{"link_name":"Apple silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_silicon"},{"link_name":"Rosetta 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_(software)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:36-32"}],"sub_title":"Versions 4 & 5 (2018–2022)","text":"Following teaser images on social media websites in the preceding weeks,[20] version 4 of Studio One was announced via a YouTube live stream event on 22 May 2018, and released simultaneously.[21][22] New features in version 4 included a chord track (with chord detection, transposition and chord substitution options), a dedicated drum editing interface, expanded drum machine & sampler plug-ins, AAF-format import/export functionality (to exchange data with other DAW applications), and support for version 2 of the ARA plug-in extension.[22]Almost exactly a year later, on 21 May 2019, this functionality was expanded further with the live stream announcement and simultaneous release of version 4.5.[23] New functionality introduced with version 4.5 included input channel gain staging and phase/polarity options, a built-in plug-in manager, M4A (AAC/ALAC) support, video export options, new grouping options, RMS metering, pre-fader metering, CPU multi-core optimization, and expanded macro features, alongside a new add-on for batch audio conversion & processing.[24][25]The release of version 4.6 was preceded by a launch party event, hosted by PreSonus at the Red Bull Studios building in London.[26] Its release on 10 December 2019 included a re-designed and expanded version of the 'Ampire' guitar amplifier and effects plugin (including new effects pedal options), a re-designed content browser, and new templates & macros for podcast production.[27][28]Version 5 of Studio One, described as \"ten years in the making\", was announced via live-stream video on 7 July 2020. Features added in this new version included a full score editor (with features similar to that of PreSonus' notation software, Notion), a 'Show’ interface focused on supporting live performances, MIDI support enhancements (such as polyphonic expression, custom ROLI device support, and the ability to use MTC & MMC to synchronize Studio One with external clocks). Version 5 also added support for recording in 64-bit floating-point WAV format, bringing the maximum precision for recording & processing to 64-bit/384 kHz and thereby making Studio One one of the highest-resolution audio production and mastering applications available.[29][30][31] Version 5.4 of the software, released in September 2021, added native support for Apple computers with Apple silicon chips, thereby providing improved performance on such machines (which would previously have run the application via 'Rosetta 2' emulation).[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_(company)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:37-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:37-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:37-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:37-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"spatial audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound"},{"link_name":"Dolby Atmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Atmos"},{"link_name":"Bitwig Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwig_Studio"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:39-35"}],"sub_title":"Version 6 (2022–present)","text":"Version 6 of the software (the first following PreSonus' acquisition by Fender in 2021) was both announced and released on 29 September 2022.[33] The new release included enhancements focused on making the application \"simpler [and] more intuitive\" (as previously alluded to by Fender CEO, Andy Mooney),[33] such as \"smart\" templates, additional UI customization, song lyric support, and cloud-based collaboration (via their PreSonus Sphere subscription service).[33] Following the launch, Evan Jones, Fender CMO, stated that the company was \"fully invested in supporting the continued expansion and adoption of Studio One as the total solution for professional and committed at-home creators.\"[33] In addition, version 6 introduced a video track with basic editing tools.[34]Subsequently, version 6.5, released on 26 September 2023, introduced support for spatial audio mixing and Dolby Atmos, as well as import and export support for the new open-source DAWproject (.dawproject) file format which, at time of release, was also supported by Bitwig Studio.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multi-track recorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitrack_recording"},{"link_name":"audio mixing consoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_console"},{"link_name":"analog recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_recording"},{"link_name":"undoing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undo"},{"link_name":"virtual instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_synthesizer#Software_instrument"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-36"}],"sub_title":"Standard DAW features","text":"In addition to its other functionality, Studio One includes fundamental features which are common across most digital audio workstation software, such as the functionality found in multi-track recorders and audio mixing consoles, plus additional functions not possible with analog recording (such as undoing previous actions, editing without loss of information, use of virtual instruments, etc.).[36]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:38-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-38"}],"sub_title":"Editions","text":"Studio One is available in 3 editions, each with a different license cost (if any) and set of features.The Professional edition is also available as part of the Studio One+ monthly subscription program (previously known as PreSonus Sphere),[37] which also includes other PreSonus software, such as Notion, and all of its available plug-ins.[38]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multi-touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-touch"},{"link_name":"HDPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_density#Named_pixel_densities"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"metadata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata"},{"link_name":"Red Book Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio#Standard"},{"link_name":"CDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"disk images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_image"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"audio time-stretching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_time_stretching_and_pitch_scaling"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"music score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_music"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-29"},{"link_name":"automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix_automation"},{"link_name":"plug-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug"},{"link_name":"exponential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth"},{"link_name":"parabolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_arch"},{"link_name":"square waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_wave"},{"link_name":"triangle waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_wave"},{"link_name":"sine waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wave"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"ARA/ARA2 extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Random_Access"},{"link_name":"audio plug-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-17"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:39-35"},{"link_name":"spatial audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound"},{"link_name":"Dolby Atmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Atmos"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:39-35"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:40-55"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"},{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"},{"link_name":"transposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_(music)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:37-33"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"Undo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undo"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing"},{"link_name":"plug-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"virtual instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_synthesizer#Software_instrument"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-56"},{"link_name":"virtual instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_synthesizer#Software_instrument"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-29"},{"link_name":"MTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI_timecode"},{"link_name":"MMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI_Machine_Control"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:35-31"},{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"},{"link_name":"arpeggiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer#Arpeggiators"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-22"},{"link_name":"plug-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing"},{"link_name":"bus/channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_console#Subgroup_and_mix_routing"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-57"},{"link_name":"keyboard shortcuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_shortcut"},{"link_name":"Pro Tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Tools"},{"link_name":"Logic Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_Pro"},{"link_name":"Cubase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg_Cubase"},{"link_name":"Sonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakewalk_Sonar"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"communications protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol"},{"link_name":"Logic Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_Control"},{"link_name":"HUI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUI_MIDI_mapping_protocol"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"audio control surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_control_surface"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-62"},{"link_name":"Native Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Instruments"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-63"},{"link_name":"SoundCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud"},{"link_name":"TuneCore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TuneCore"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:40-55"}],"sub_title":"Other features","text":"The other core features of Studio One include the following:A multi-touch interface with drag-and-drop functionality and support for multiple screens, including HDPI displays.[19]\nA separate Project-level interface, which contains tools for mastering, managing the metadata of, and exporting one or more songs simultaneously, including options for creating Red Book Standard CDs or disk images (Professional Edition only).[51]\nA separate Show-level interface, designed for use in coordinating the entirety of live performances from a single location.[52]\nReal-time audio time-stretching features.[53]\nIntegrated music score editor.[29]\nMultiple automation patterns for tracks and plug-ins, including straight lines, exponential/parabolic curves, square waves, triangle waves, sine waves, etc.[54]\nSupport for the ARA/ARA2 extension for audio plug-ins, allowing them to closely integrate as part of the application.[17]\nSupport for the importing & exporting of open-source DAWproject files, to exchange project information with other DAW applications.[35]\nSupport for spatial audio mixing (including Apple Spatial Audio) and Dolby Atmos, up to 9.1.6 channels.[35][55]\nA chord track, with automatic chord detection from audio or MIDI tracks, and options for chord transposition and substitution (Professional Edition only).[22]\nAn arranger track, for navigating song sections and re-arranging them via drag-and-drop.[19]\nA lyrics track, for attaching song lyrics to notese, either word by word or syllable by syllable (Professional Edition only).[33]\nScratch pads, for users to experiment with different song layouts without impacting the original version (Professional Edition only).[19]\nUndo functionality across the mixing process, including for plug-ins, virtual instruments, routing, effects chains, and others.[56]\nThe ability to create chains of virtual instruments and/or effects (Professional Edition only).[19]\nSupport for MIDI Polyphonic Expression / Poly Pressure.[29]\nSupport for MTC and MMC, to synchronize Studio One with external clocks.[31]\nMIDI note-level effects, such as an arpeggiator and a chord generator.[19]\nA dedicated interface for editing programmed drums, including configurable kit piece names for each note pitch.[22]\nMix Engine effects: plug-ins that can be used to modify/bypass/replace the standard mixing processes for a specific bus/channel (Professional Edition only).[57]\nSupport for users to switch to the keyboard shortcuts from other DAW software, such as Pro Tools, Logic Pro, Cubase, and Sonar.[58][59]\nCompatibility with the Mackie Control Universal communications protocol (which combines functionality from Mackie Control, Logic Control and HUI[60]), for interfacing with audio control surfaces.[61][62]\nCompatibility with Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol MkII series keyboards.[63]\nAbility to directly upload mastered songs to SoundCloud and TuneCore.[64][55]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plug-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"virtual instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_synthesizer#Software_instrument"},{"link_name":"loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(music)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-50"},{"link_name":"VST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Studio_Technology"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Units"},{"link_name":"ReWire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReWire_(software_protocol)"},{"link_name":"plug-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"MP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3"},{"link_name":"Studio One Remote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_One_(audio_software)#Studio_One_Remote"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-49"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-41"}],"sub_title":"Add-ons","text":"Introduced with version 2.6.2 in January 2014, add-ons are optional items, developed either by PreSonus, or by third-parties, which can be acquired separately from the PreSonus store to expand the capabilities of Studio One. This can include new functionality (often known as 'extensions'), plug-ins, virtual instrument presets, loops, and other assets.[49] Example add-on functionality includes the Audio Batch Converter (released alongside version 4.5), which allows for the offline conversion and processing of multiple audio files simultaneously, including the use of both native and third-party plug-ins.[50]Add-ons are also available to expand Studio One Artist to include other functionality from the Professional edition, including VST/AU/ReWire plug-in support, MP3 support, and Studio One Remote support.[49][41]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Studio_One_Remote_Mixing_Screenshot_iPad.png"},{"link_name":"app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"link_name":"tablet device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-47"},{"link_name":"Apple iPad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad"},{"link_name":"Surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Surface"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"PreSonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PreSonus"},{"link_name":"PreSonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PreSonus"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-47"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing"},{"link_name":"macro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"Plug-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"parameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter#Computing"}],"sub_title":"Studio One Remote","text":"A mix window in Studio One Remote; running on iPad.Introduced alongside Studio One version 3 in 2015, Studio One Remote is an app for wirelessly controlling Studio One via a tablet device connected to the same network.[47] Whilst originally released for the Apple iPad, Remote was subsequently released for Microsoft Windows & Surface tablets (February 2016),[65] and for Android tablets (June 2017).[66] It uses PreSonus' own UCNET protocol, which is used for network connectivity and remote control across multiple PreSonus products.[47]Aspects of Studio One functionality which can be controlled via Remote include:[47]The mixing console, including inserts, sends, inputs, outputs, and cue mixes.\nThe transport bar and timeline ruler, including markers and arranger sections.\nTrack macro controls.\nPlug-in parameters.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-68"},{"link_name":"plug-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_plug-in"},{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-27"}],"sub_title":"Studio One Exchange","text":"Studio One Exchange (previously known as PreSonus Exchange when it was first released in January 2012, alongside version 2.0.4[67][68]) is a service which allows registered Studio One users to exchange plug-in presets, MIDI files and other resources from directly within the application.[69] The Studio One Browser allows users to explore, preview, download, and review items uploaded to this service by other users, as well as upload their own.[70]A re-designed version of Exchange, referred to as 'Exchange 2.0' was released as part of Studio One v4.6 on 10 December 2019.[27]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Musikmesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikmesse_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"NAMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAMM_Show"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"Studio One has received mostly positive reviews since its initial release. Common areas of praise include rapid workflow, cost-effectiveness, and usability.[19][71][72][73][74][75]Studio One won the Japanese V.G.P. (Visual Grand Prix) 'Gold' award for three consecutive years, in 2011, 2012, and 2013.[76]In 2012, readers of Resolution Magazine named Studio One (version 2) as the Resolution Award winner in the 'DAW' category.[77][78]In 2013, Studio One (version 2.5) won a M.I.P.A. (Musikmesse International Press Awards) award in the 'Best Recording Software' category.[79][80] Other awards received in 2013 included the Visual Grand Prix Audio Excellence award (in the 'DAW' category), the ProSoundWeb & Live Sound International, Readers’ Choice Award, and Audio Media's 'Gear of the Year' award, and the C.I.F. (Customers in Focus) award from the music studio website DAWfreak.se.[81][82][83][84][85][86]In 2016, Studio One (version 3) won Music and Sound Retailer's award for 'Best Multitrack Recorder/Recording & Mixing Software of 2015' at NAMM.[87][88]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Unofficial Studio One User's Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PxUpvgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CreateSpace"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781537713045","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781537713045"},{"link_name":"Studio One 3 - Reference Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xBmkDAEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CreateSpace"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781533604514","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781533604514"},{"link_name":"Studio One for Engineers and Producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=AihjmQEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Hal Leonard Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Leonard_LLC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781476806020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476806020"},{"link_name":"Power Tools for Studio One 2: Master PreSonus' Complete Creation and Production Software, Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YSSpl0oOrq8C"},{"link_name":"Hal Leonard Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Leonard_LLC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781458402264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781458402264"},{"link_name":"Alfred's Teach Yourself Studio One: Version 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VSijpwAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Alfred Publishing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Music"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780739085004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739085004"}],"text":"Studio References (2016-10-25). The Unofficial Studio One User's Manual. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781537713045.\nPreSonus (2016-06-04). Studio One 3 - Reference Manual. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781533604514.\nEdstrom Jr., William (2013). Studio One for Engineers and Producers. Hal Leonard Books. ISBN 9781476806020.\nThe O, Larry (2012). Power Tools for Studio One 2: Master PreSonus' Complete Creation and Production Software, Volume 1. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 9781458402264.\nTerry, David (2012). Alfred's Teach Yourself Studio One: Version 2.0. Alfred Publishing Company. ISBN 9780739085004.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"A mix window in Studio One Remote; running on iPad.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Studio_One_Remote_Mixing_Screenshot_iPad.png/220px-Studio_One_Remote_Mixing_Screenshot_iPad.png"}]

[{"title":"Comparison of digital audio editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_audio_editors"},{"title":"List of music software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_software"}]

[{"reference":"Juwan, Matthias (1 April 2009). \"PreSonus/KristalLabs unveiled Studio One!\". Kreatives. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kreatives.org/kristal/index.php?section=news","url_text":"\"PreSonus/KristalLabs unveiled Studio One!\""}]},{"reference":"\"KRISTAL 2 – The Future\". KRISTAL User Community. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kristalusers.net/viewthread.php?tid=480#pid1633","url_text":"\"KRISTAL 2 – The Future\""}]},{"reference":"Teignos, Los (2 January 2013). \"AudioFanzine met Studio One's technical director\". Audiofanzine. Retrieved 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.audiofanzine.com/general-sequencer/presonus/studio-one-2-professional/editorial/articles/interview-with-the-father-of-studio-one.html","url_text":"\"AudioFanzine met Studio One's technical director\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kundrus is Senior Developer for Software Architect\". Music Connection Magazine. 26 May 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicconnection.com/assignments-wolfgang-kundrus-senior-developer-software-architect/","url_text":"\"Kundrus is Senior Developer for Software Architect\""}]},{"reference":"Randall, Brent (29 April 2009). \"Interview with Jim Odom and Jim Mack- President Of Presonus\". ProRec. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100213000528/http://www.prorec.com/Articles/tabid/109/EntryId/338/Interview-with-Jim-Odom-President-Of-Presonus.aspx","url_text":"\"Interview with Jim Odom and Jim Mack- President Of Presonus\""},{"url":"http://www.prorec.com/Articles/tabid/109/EntryId/338/Interview-with-Jim-Odom-President-Of-Presonus.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Where Did The PreSonus Studio One Logo Come From?\". Pro Tools Expert. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-tools-expert.com/studio-one//where-did-the-presonus-studio-one-logo-come-from","url_text":"\"Where Did The PreSonus Studio One Logo Come From?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing Studio One\". PreSonus. 1 April 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.presonus.com/press/press-releases/Introducing-Studio-One","url_text":"\"Introducing Studio One\""}]},{"reference":"\"Musikmesse 2009: PreSonus announces Studio One\". KVR Audio. 2 May 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kvraudio.com/news/presonus_announces_studio_one_11305","url_text":"\"Musikmesse 2009: PreSonus announces Studio One\""}]},{"reference":"\"PreSonus Ships Studio One Pro™ and Studio One Artist™!\". PreSonus. 27 September 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygames

Cygames

["1 History","2 Games developed","2.1 Mobile/web browser games","2.2 Console/PC games","3 References","4 External links"]

Japanese video game developer Cygames, Inc.Cygames shares its headquarters building (in Shibuya) with its parent company CyberAgent.Native name株式会社Cygames（サイゲームス）Romanized nameKabushiki gaisha SaigēmusuCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryVideo gamesMangaAnimeFoundedMay 9, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-05-09)HeadquartersShibuya, Tokyo, JapanNumber of locations14Key peopleKoichi Watanabe (President)Yuito Kimura (Executive director)Kenichiro Takaki (General Manager, console division)OwnerCyberAgent (69%)DeNA (24%)Nintendo (5%)Number of employees3,354 (2023)ParentCyberAgentDivisionsOsaka CygamesCygames Saga Debug CenterCygames Saga StudioCygames KoreaCygames TaiwanCygames AmericaCygames EuropeSubsidiariesCyDesignation, Inc.BlazeGames, Inc.WithEntertainment, IncCitail, IncCygamesPicturesKusanagi, IncLogicLinks, Inc.Cymusic, Inc.Cysharp, Inc.Scoop Music CorporationCyFoods, Inc.CySphere, Inc.flaggs, Inc.Cygames Capital, Inc.Websitecygames.co.jp Cygames, Inc. is a Japanese video game development studio established in 2011 by CyberAgent. Mobile and e-commerce company DeNA acquired a 24% stake in the studio in 2012, and Nintendo acquired another 5% stake in 2018, leaving CyberAgent with 69% of the shares and as such, they are the parent company of Cygames. From its formation, the company produced mobile games, initially on the Mobage platform, and from 2013 on Android and iOS. The company headquarters is located in Tokyo while other divisions are located in Osaka and Saga in Japan and Seoul, South Korea. Key IPs include Uma Musume Pretty Derby (2021), Princess Connect! Re:Dive (2018), Shadowverse (2016), Granblue Fantasy (2014), The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls (2011, with Bandai Namco Entertainment), and Rage of Bahamut (2011). The company began development of console games in 2015. In 2016 Cygames announced the establishment of an anime studio CygamesPictures. The company also began funding anime for its mobile property and for new projects and adaptations for anime. The company also entered the manga, music and design market in the time period. History Cygames, Inc. was established in 2011 by CyberAgent, a Japanese web services company. In 2012, DeNA purchased a 24% stake in Cygames. Shortly thereafter, the studio was chosen by Gamasutra as one of the top 10 game developers of the year. In June 2012, Cygames founded CyDesignation, a company specialized in Design, Illustration, Game planning and Game development. In March 2016, Cygames announced the establishment of its own anime production division and anime studio as a subsidiary known as CygamesPictures to do planning, production and animation both for Cygames own IPs and original anime projects as well. In June 2016, Cygames announced the acquisition of the gaming and anime background studio Kusanagi. In 2016, Cygames announced that it was developing Project Awakening, its first large-format title for consoles as well as the establishment of their Osaka studio focused on console games. In May 2017, Cygames and Kodansha announced that they formed a partnership to launch a new label called Cycomi to release volumes in print distributed by Kodansha for manga already published online by Cygames on its digital manga website called Cycomics. However, in April 2019, Cygames formed a new partnership with Shogakukan. On June 8, 2017, Cygames and its parent company CyberAgent announced that they jointly established CA-Cygames Anime Fund", a fund for investing in anime IP which will inject funds to the anime production committee to obtain the rights to stream anime videos on the Internet and produce games with a total amount of funds to be 3 billion yen. In 2017, Cygames founded its esports team, Cygames Beast, with Street Fighter players Daigo Umehara, Snake Eyez, and PR Balrog. Since July 2017, Cygames is an official sponsor of Juventus Football Club. In April 2018, a partnership with Nintendo was announced to develop the game Dragalia Lost, for the purpose of facilitating the partnership Nintendo will obtain approximately 5 percent of Cygames's issued stocks. In May 2018, Cygames announced the establishment of a subsidiary for music production and artist management called Cymusic. In April 2021, Cygames announced the establishment of a subsidiary called CyberSphere which is focused on 3DCG production for anime and games. In April 2023, Cygames opened two more international offices focused in marketing for its regions; one in Los Angeles called Cygames America and one in London called Cygames Europe. Since January 2024, Cygames is an official sponsor of Sagan Tosu. Games developed Mobile/web browser games Title Original release date Publisher(s) Platforms JP WW Notes / Remarks Rage of Bahamut JP: September 1, 2011 WW: DeNA mobage Yes Terminated The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls JP: November 28, 2011 JP: Bandai Namco Entertainment mobage, Android, iOS, AndApp Terminated No Servers were closed on March 30, 2023 Saint Seiya Galaxy Card Battle(Co-developed with DeNA) JP: April 12, 2012 JP: DeNA mobage Terminated No Disney Fantasy Quest JP: April 2012 JP: DeNA mobage Terminated No Super Sentai Heroes JP: April 26, 2012 JP: Bandai Namco Entertainment mobage Terminated No Battle Spirits: Hasha no Houkou JP: April 2012 JP: Bandai Namco Entertainment mobage Terminated No Sakatsuku S World Stars JP: June 2012 JP: SEGA mobage Terminated No Rekka no Honoo BURNING EVOLUTION(Co-developed with Shogakukan) JP: July 19, 2012 JP: Cygames mobage Terminated No TIGER & BUNNY Lord of Hero JP: July 27, 2012 JP: Bandai Namco Entertainment mobage Terminated No Sangokushi Puzzle Taisen JP: August 2013 JP: Cygames Android, iOS Terminated No Knights of Glory JP: November 2013 JP: Cygames mobage Terminated No La Rudiaia Chronicle JP: November 2013 JP: Cygames mobage Terminated No Dragon Quest Monsters: Super Light JP: January 23, 2014 JP: Square Enix Android, iOS Terminated No Servers were closed on January 31, 2024 Granblue Fantasy JP: March 10, 2014 JP: Cygames mobage, AndApp, GREE, DMM Games,Yahoo! Games, Android, iOS Yes No Battle Champs (JP: Little Noah, Developed by Blaze Games) WW: February 12, 2015 WW: Cygames Android, iOS Terminated Terminated Princess Connect!(Co-developed with CyberAgent) JP: February 18, 2015 JP: Cygames / CyberAgent Ameba Terminated No LINE Paper Dash World JP: March 2015 JP: Line Corporation LINE GAME Terminated No The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls: Starlight Stage JP: September 3, 2015 JP: Bandai Namco Entertainment Android, iOS Yes No Rabitobi(Developed by Citail) JP: September 2015 JP: Cygames Android, iOS Terminated No Kindai Mahjong All Stars Touhaiden(Co-developed with Takeshobo) JP: September 2015 JP: Cygames Android, iOS Terminated No Shadowverse WW: June 17, 2016 WW: Cygames Android, iOS, DMM Games, Microsoft Windows (through Steam) Yes Yes Lost Order(Co-developed with CyDesignation, PlatinumGames, Noisycroak) JP: Unreleased JP: Cygames Android, iOS Unreleased No Closed Beta Test was held in August, 2017 Sevens Story(Co-developed with WithEntertainment Inc.) JP: August 18, 2017 JP: Cygames Android, iOS Terminated No Closed on December 27, 2022 Odin Crown(Co-developed with GameJeans, CyDesignation) JP: February 8, 2018 JP: Cygames Android, iOS Terminated No Princess Connect! Re:Dive JPN: February 15, 2018WW: January 19, 2021 JPN: CygamesCHN: BilibiliWW: Crunchyroll Games Android, iOS Yes Terminated English servers were closed April 30, 2023 Dragalia Lost WW: September 27, 2018 WW: Nintendo Android, iOS Terminated Terminated Servers were closed November 30, 2022 World Flipper(Co-developed with Citail) JP: November 27, 2019WW: 2021 JP: CygamesWW: Kakao Games Android, iOS Terminated Yes JP server were closed February 20, 2024. WW version is set to shutdown on July 25, 2024. Uma Musume Pretty Derby JP: February 24, 2021 JP: CygamesKR: Kakao GamesTW: Komoe GameCN: bilibili Android, iOS, DMM Games Yes No Current Active Servers: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China Mainland (4 in total) Eiyuu Gakuen Hero-ka JP: TBA JP: Cygames TBA Yes No ^ Japanese: 株式会社Cygames（サイゲームス）, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Saigēmusu ^ Granblue Fantasy is not formally available on app stores outside of Japan; however, the game client is fully localized into English with new updates on pace with Japanese content releases, there is no region locking and, so long as a user can navigate account creation in Japanese, the game can be freely accessed outside of Japan, and in-app purchases in currencies other than JPY are supported via PayPal or Google Play, meaning that the game and all features (save promotional events that require living in Japan) are available to English speakers. Console/PC games Title Original release date Publisher(s) Platforms Wondership Q(JP: Airship Q, Co-developed with Miracle Positive) JP: November 19, 2015 WW: Cygames PlayStation Vita WW: July 18, 2016 Windows The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls: Viewing Revolution JP: March 13, 2016SEA: April 21, 2017WW: July 18, 2017 WW: Bandai Namco Entertainment PlayStation VR Anubis: Zone of the Enders -- M∀RS WW: September 4, 2018 WW: Konami PlayStation 4, Windows Granblue Fantasy Versus(Developed by Arc System Works) AS: February 10, 2020WW: March 6, 2020 JP: CygamesAS: SegaNA: Xseed GamesEU: Marvelous PlayStation 4, Windows Shadowverse: Champion's Battle JP: November 5, 2020WW: August 13, 2021 JP: CygamesNA: Xseed GamesEU: Marvelous Nintendo Switch Little Noah: Scion of Paradise(Co-developed with Grounding) WW: June 28, 2022 WW: Cygames Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows WW: November 2, 2023 Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S Granblue Fantasy Versus: Rising(Developed by Arc System Works) WW: December 14, 2023 PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows Granblue Fantasy: Relink(Developed by Osaka Cygames) WW: February 1, 2024 PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows Umamusume: Pretty Derby – Party Dash WW: 2024 Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows Project Awakening(Developed by Osaka Cygames) JP: TBA JP: Cygames PlayStation 4 Garnet Arena: Mages of Magicary JP: TBA Console (TBA) Untitled Metal Max project JP: TBA Console (TBA) References ^ "Cygames – Press". Cygames. ^ "DeNA to buy into Cygames - Mobile World Live". 7 November 2012. ^ staff, Gamasutra, GD mag. "The top 10 game developers of 2012".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "株式会社CyDesignation". www.cydesignation.co.jp. ^ "Cygames – Corporate". ^ "Rage of Bahamut Developer Cygames Establishes Anime Company". ^ "Company - CygamesPictures". cygamespictures.co.jp. ^ "Cygames Makes Anime Background Studio Kusanagi Its Subsidiary". ^ "Cygames Announces "Project Awakening" for Current-Gen Home Consoles". 21 August 2016. ^ "Cygames opens PS4-focused Osaka studio - Gematsu". 19 May 2015. ^ "Granblue Fantasy's Cygames, Kodansha Launch Manga Label". Anime News Network. 28 May 2017. ^ 株式会社Cygames、株式会社小学館とWebコミック事業における業務提携を発表 新コミックスレーベル「サイコミ×裏サンデー」を創設. cygames.co.jp. Cygames. Retrieved December 5, 2022. ^ "格闘ゲームプレイヤー・梅原大吾、 スネーク・アイズ、PRバルログとのスポンサー契約締結、 ならびに、「Cygames Beast」発足に関するお知らせ - 株式会社Cygames". ^ "Cygames Jumps Into eSports By Signing Daigo Umehara, PR Balrog, And Snake Eyez". 2 March 2017. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.nintendo.co.jp. ^ "株式会社Cygames、音楽制作子会社を立ち上げ 株式会社Cymusic設立のお知らせ - 株式会社Cygames". ^ "Cygames Creates 3DCG Studio Subsidiary CySphere". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2023-04-28. ^ Romano, Sal (April 27, 2023). "Cygames establishes Cygames America, Cygames Europe". Gematsu. Retrieved April 28, 2023. ^ https://www.cygames.co.jp/en/csr/sports/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Steparu. "Knights of Glory Released | Steparu.com". steparu.com. Retrieved 2018-03-07. ^ "Odin Crown – Japanese studio announces new mobile MOBA | MMO Culture". mmoculture.com. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 2018-03-07. ^ "The Future Service Plans of World Flipper Global". worldflipper.playkakaogames.com. Retrieved 2023-11-06. ^ a b The Idolmaster: Cinderella Girls Viewing Revolution coming west on July 18, Gematsu, July 17, 2017 ^ "Shadowverse: Champion's Battle launches November 5 in Japan, debut trailer and details". Gematsu. 29 May 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020. External links Official website Andriessen, CJ (12 Jul 2018), "Cygames has conquered mobile: Now it's coming for consoles", Destructoid vteCygamesGames Dragalia Lost Granblue Fantasy Versus Rising Relink Princess Connect! Re:Dive Rage of Bahamut Shadowverse The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls Starlight Stage Uma Musume Pretty Derby Little Noah: Scion of Paradise Subsidiaries CygamesPictures Related CyberAgent DeNA Nintendo vteCygamesPicturesTV series Mysteria Friends (2019) Princess Connect! Re:Dive (2020–2022) The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls U149 (2023) Brave Bang Bravern! (2024) OVAs/ONAs Blade Runner Black Out 2022 (2017) Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Road to the Top (2023) Films Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Beginning of a New Era (2024) Related Cygames vteCyberAgentProducts and services Ameba Bonjour Sweet Love Patisserie Girl Friend Beta Wrestle Universe Subsidiaries Abema JV Cygames JV CygamesPictures Kusanagi FC Machida Zelvia CyberFight Pro Wrestling Noah DDT Pro-Wrestling Tokyo Joshi Pro Wrestling CAM Entertainment Defunct, sold, or separated Ganbare☆Pro-Wrestling Poupéegirl Tokyo Verdy vteNintendo development teamsNintendoDivisions Entertainment Planning & Development (EPD) Platform Technology Development (PTD) Former Research & Development 1 Research & Development 2 Integrated Research & Development (IRD) Research & Engineering (RED) Entertainment Analysis & Development (EAD) Software Planning & Development (SPD) System Development (NSD) Subsidiaries 1-Up Studio iQue Monolith Soft NDcube Next Level Games Nintendo European Research & Development (NERD) Nintendo Pictures Nintendo Software Technology (NST) Retro Studios Shiver Entertainment Former Nintendo Network Service Database Major affiliates Bandai Namco Studios Camelot Software Planning Creatures Inc. Cygames DeNA Game Freak Genius Sonority Good-Feel Grezzo HAL Laboratory indieszero Intelligent Systems Koei Tecmo Omega Force Team Ninja PlatinumGames The Pokémon Company Former AlphaDream Artoon Angel Studios Argonaut Games A/N Software Inc. Cing DMA Design Factor 5 Hudson Soft Left Field Productions Marigul Management Ambrella Noise Param Monster Games Rare Silicon Knights Skip Ltd. syn Sophia Vanpool vteJapanese animation studiosActiveIndependent A.C.G.T AIC Ajia-do Animation Works Arvo Animation Asahi Production Ashi Productions Asread AXsiZ Bibury Animation Studios Bones Brain's Base Bridge C-Station C2C Cloud Hearts CoMix Wave Films Creators in Pack Diomedéa Doga Kobo Drive E&H Production Egg Firm Ekachi Epilka Emon EMT Squared Encourage Films Ezo'la Felix Film Frontier Works Gallop Genco Gathering G&G Direction GoHands Grizzly Hoods Entertainment Imagin J.C.Staff Khara Kinema Citrus Kyoto Animation Lapin Track Lay-duce Lesprit Magic Bus Maho Film MAPPA Marvelous Movic Millepensee NAZ Nexus Nippon Animation Nomad NUT Odessa Entertainment Oh! Production Okuruto Noboru Orange P.A. Works Passione Pierrot Studio Signpost Pine Jam Platinum Vision Polygon Pictures Project No.9 Satelight Science Saru Seven Shaft Shirogumi Shuka Sola Digital Arts Studio 4°C Studio A-Cat Studio Blanc Studio Chizu Studio Comet Studio Deen Studio Flad Studio Gokumi Studio Nue Studio Palette Studio Ponoc Studio Puyukai Studio VOLN Tezuka Productions TNK Troyca Typhoon Graphics Ufotable White Fox Wolfsbane Yokohama Animation Laboratory Non-independent ABC Holdings DLE Silver Link Connect Asatsu-DK Eiken Gonzo NAS Studio Kai Bandai Namco Filmworks Actas Sunrise Pictures Eight Bit Studio Mother Happinet CyberAgent Cygames CygamesPictures Digital Frontier GEMBA Fanworks Feel Fuji TV Blue Lynx David Production Gaina Geek Pictures Geek Toys Graphinica Yumeta Company IG Port Production I.G Signal.MD Wit Studio Imagica OLM Robot Communications Kadokawa Corporation Dwango ENGI Nintendo Nintendo Pictures Nippon TV Madhouse Studio Ghibli Tatsunoko Production Sega Sammy Group TMS Entertainment Telecom Animation Film Marza Animation Planet Sony Music Entertainment Japan Aniplex A-1 Pictures CloverWorks Square Enix Square Enix Image Studio Division Studio Bind Studio Hibari Larx Entertainment Tokyo Broadcasting System Seven Arcs Toei Company Toei Animation TV Asahi Shin-Ei Animation SynergySP Twin Engine Geno Studio Revoroot Studio Colorido Ultra Super Pictures Liden Films Sanzigen Trigger Zero-G Zexcs Inactive Artland Bee Train Production Chaos Project Daume Knack Productions Mook Animation Mushi Production Ordet Remic Zuiyo Defunct 3Hz A.P.P.P. Arms Artmic Bandai Visual Gainax Group TAC Hal Film Maker J2 Communications Kitayama Eiga Seisakujo Kitty Films (Mitaka Studio) Kokusai Eiga-sha Manglobe Palm Studio Production IMS Radix Ace Entertainment Spectrum Animation Studio Fantasia Tear Studio Topcraft Triangle Staff Tsuchida Production Walt Disney Animation Japan Xebec Yaoyorozu Portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan

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Mobile and e-commerce company DeNA acquired a 24% stake in the studio in 2012, and Nintendo acquired another 5% stake in 2018, leaving CyberAgent with 69% of the shares and as such, they are the parent company of Cygames. From its formation, the company produced mobile games, initially on the Mobage platform, and from 2013 on Android and iOS. The company headquarters is located in Tokyo while other divisions are located in Osaka and Saga in Japan and Seoul, South Korea.Key IPs include Uma Musume Pretty Derby (2021), Princess Connect! Re:Dive (2018), Shadowverse (2016), Granblue Fantasy (2014), The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls (2011, with Bandai Namco Entertainment), and Rage of Bahamut (2011). The company began development of console games in 2015. In 2016 Cygames announced the establishment of an anime studio CygamesPictures. The company also began funding anime for its mobile property and for new projects and adaptations for anime. The company also entered the manga, music and design market in the time period.","title":"Cygames"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CyberAgent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyberAgent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"DeNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeNA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gamasutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cygames.co.jp-6"},{"link_name":"CygamesPictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CygamesPictures"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Project Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Awakening"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kodansha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Shogakukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"esports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter"},{"link_name":"Daigo Umehara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigo_Umehara"},{"link_name":"Snake Eyez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_Eyez"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Juventus Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Dragalia Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragalia_Lost"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Sagan Tosu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagan_Tosu"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Cygames, Inc. was established in 2011 by CyberAgent,[1] a Japanese web services company. In 2012, DeNA purchased a 24% stake in Cygames.[2] Shortly thereafter, the studio was chosen by Gamasutra as one of the top 10 game developers of the year.[3]In June 2012, Cygames founded CyDesignation, a company specialized in Design, Illustration, Game planning and Game development.[4][5]In March 2016, Cygames announced the establishment of its own anime production division and anime studio as a subsidiary known as CygamesPictures to do planning, production and animation both for Cygames own IPs and original anime projects as well.[6][7]In June 2016, Cygames announced the acquisition of the gaming and anime background studio Kusanagi.[8]In 2016, Cygames announced that it was developing Project Awakening, its first large-format title for consoles[9] as well as the establishment of their Osaka studio focused on console games.[10]In May 2017, Cygames and Kodansha announced that they formed a partnership to launch a new label called Cycomi to release volumes in print distributed by Kodansha for manga already published online by Cygames on its digital manga website called Cycomics.[11] However, in April 2019, Cygames formed a new partnership with Shogakukan.[12]On June 8, 2017, Cygames and its parent company CyberAgent announced that they jointly established CA-Cygames Anime Fund\", a fund for investing in anime IP which will inject funds to the anime production committee to obtain the rights to stream anime videos on the Internet and produce games with a total amount of funds to be 3 billion yen.In 2017, Cygames founded its esports team, Cygames Beast, with Street Fighter players Daigo Umehara, Snake Eyez, and PR Balrog.[13][14] Since July 2017, Cygames is an official sponsor of Juventus Football Club.In April 2018, a partnership with Nintendo was announced to develop the game Dragalia Lost, for the purpose of facilitating the partnership Nintendo will obtain approximately 5 percent of Cygames's issued stocks.[15]In May 2018, Cygames announced the establishment of a subsidiary for music production and artist management called Cymusic.[16]In April 2021, Cygames announced the establishment of a subsidiary called CyberSphere which is focused on 3DCG production for anime and games.[17]In April 2023, Cygames opened two more international offices focused in marketing for its regions; one in Los Angeles called Cygames America and one in London called Cygames Europe.[18]Since January 2024, Cygames is an official sponsor of Sagan Tosu.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games developed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Granblue_Fantasy_22-0"}],"sub_title":"Mobile/web browser games","text":"^ Japanese: 株式会社Cygames（サイゲームス）, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Saigēmusu\n\n^ Granblue Fantasy is not formally available on app stores outside of Japan; however, the game client is fully localized into English with new updates on pace with Japanese content releases, there is no region locking and, so long as a user can navigate account creation in Japanese, the game can be freely accessed outside of Japan, and in-app purchases in currencies other than JPY are supported via PayPal or Google Play, meaning that the game and all features (save promotional events that require living in Japan) are available to English speakers.","title":"Games developed"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Console/PC games","title":"Games developed"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CyberAgentGroup_logo.png/120px-CyberAgentGroup_logo.png"}]

[{"reference":"\"Cygames – Press\". Cygames.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cygames.co.jp/en/press/","url_text":"\"Cygames – Press\""}]},{"reference":"\"DeNA to buy into Cygames - Mobile World Live\". 7 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mobileworldlive.com/apps/news-apps/dena-to-buy-into-cygames/","url_text":"\"DeNA to buy into Cygames - Mobile World Live\""}]},{"reference":"staff, Gamasutra, GD mag. \"The top 10 game developers of 2012\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/183402/The_top_10_game_developers_of_2012.php","url_text":"\"The top 10 game developers of 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"株式会社CyDesignation\". www.cydesignation.co.jp.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cydesignation.co.jp/","url_text":"\"株式会社CyDesignation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cygames – Corporate\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cygames.co.jp/en/corporate/#overview","url_text":"\"Cygames – Corporate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rage of Bahamut Developer Cygames Establishes Anime Company\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-28/rage-of-bahamut-developer-cygames-establishes-anime-company/.100391","url_text":"\"Rage of Bahamut Developer Cygames Establishes Anime Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company - CygamesPictures\". cygamespictures.co.jp.","urls":[{"url":"https://cygamespictures.co.jp/company/","url_text":"\"Company - CygamesPictures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cygames Makes Anime Background Studio Kusanagi Its Subsidiary\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-06-02/cygames-makes-anime-background-studio-kusanagi-its-subsidiary/.102771","url_text":"\"Cygames Makes Anime Background Studio Kusanagi Its Subsidiary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cygames Announces \"Project Awakening\" for Current-Gen Home Consoles\". 21 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dualshockers.com/cygames-announces-project-awakening-for-current-gen-consoles/","url_text":"\"Cygames Announces \"Project Awakening\" for Current-Gen Home Consoles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cygames opens PS4-focused Osaka studio - Gematsu\". 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://gematsu.com/2015/05/cygames-opens-ps4-focused-osaka-studio","url_text":"\"Cygames opens PS4-focused Osaka studio - Gematsu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Granblue Fantasy's Cygames, Kodansha Launch Manga Label\". Anime News Network. 28 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-05-28/granblue-fantasy-cygames-kodansha-launch-manga-label/.116679","url_text":"\"Granblue Fantasy's Cygames, Kodansha Launch Manga Label\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"株式会社Cygames、株式会社小学館とWebコミック事業における業務提携を発表 新コミックスレーベル「サイコミ×裏サンデー」を創設. cygames.co.jp. Cygames. 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Anime News Network. Retrieved 2023-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-04-28/cygames-creates-3dcg-studio-subsidiary-cysphere/.172220","url_text":"\"Cygames Creates 3DCG Studio Subsidiary CySphere\""}]},{"reference":"Romano, Sal (April 27, 2023). \"Cygames establishes Cygames America, Cygames Europe\". Gematsu. Retrieved April 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gematsu.com/2023/04/cygames-establishes-cygames-america-cygames-europe","url_text":"\"Cygames establishes Cygames America, Cygames Europe\""}]},{"reference":"https://www.cygames.co.jp/en/csr/sports/.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cygames.co.jp/en/csr/sports/","url_text":"https://www.cygames.co.jp/en/csr/sports/"}]},{"reference":"Steparu. \"Knights of Glory Released | Steparu.com\". steparu.com. 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Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gematsu.com/2020/05/shadowverse-champions-battle-launches-november-5-in-japan-debut-trailer-and-details","url_text":"\"Shadowverse: Champion's Battle launches November 5 in Japan, debut trailer and details\""}]},{"reference":"Andriessen, CJ (12 Jul 2018), \"Cygames has conquered mobile: Now it's coming for consoles\", Destructoid","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destructoid.com/cygames-has-conquered-mobile-now-it-s-coming-for-consoles-511778.phtml","url_text":"\"Cygames has conquered mobile: Now it's coming for consoles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid","url_text":"Destructoid"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_Eng_Die

Ong Eng Die

["1 References"]

Chinese-Indonesian politician and economist (born 1910) Ong Eng Die王永利Official portrait, 195418th Minister of FinanceIn office30 July 1953 – 12 August 1955Prime MinisterAli SastroamidjojoPreceded bySumitro DjojohadikusumoSucceeded bySumitro Djojohadikusumo Personal detailsBorn(1910-06-20)20 June 1910Gorontalo, Manado Residency, Dutch East IndiesPolitical partyIndonesian National PartySpouseGertrud Wilhelmine HöhnerbachChildren2 SonsParent(s)Ong Teng Hoen, Luitenant der Chinezen (father) Soei Djok Thie Nio (mother)Alma materAmsterdam University Ong Eng Die (Chinese: 王永利; pinyin: Wáng Yǒnglì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ông íng-lī; born 20 June 1910, date of death unknown), was a Chinese Indonesian politician and economist. Ong was born on 20 June 1910 in Gorontalo, Indonesia into the 'Cabang Atas' or the Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia. His father, Ong Teng Hoen, served as Luitenant der Chinezen of Gorontalo, thus heading the local Chinese civil bureaucracy, from his appointment in 1924 until the Japanese invasion in 1942. His privileged background allowed him access to Dutch schooling. He later studied at the University of Amsterdam's economics department in 1940 and obtained his doctorate at the same university in 1943 upon completing his dissertation Chineezen in Nederlandsch-Indië, een Sociografie van een Indonesische Bevolkingsgroep. In 1946 he returned to Indonesia and started work at the Central Bank of Indonesia in Yogyakarta. From 1947 to 1948 he was Deputy Minister of Finance in the administration of the first Prime Minister Amir Sjarifuddin. He was adviser to the Indonesian delegation during the negotiations that led to the Renville Agreement. He joined the Indonesian National Party (PNI) and in 1955 became Minister of Finance in the Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet. After his resignation, he was placed under house arrest on charges of corruption in August 1955. He was arrested in 1957 on charges of corruption when he was Minister of Finance in the Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet. He was accused of providing credit, during his office, of 20,000,000 rupiah to Bank Umum Nasional in Bandung, a bank established by himself and others in 1952, in which he himself was a major shareholder. He returned to Amsterdam, Netherlands, in 1964. He and his German wife, Gertrud Wilhelmine Höhnerbach, were granted Dutch citizenship in 1967, when his occupation was listed as businessman. He and his wife continued to live in Amsterdam until their divorce in 1975, upon which he moved to The Hague. The couple had two sons. References ^ Biographical data on Ong Eng Die (in Indonesian) ^ Archiefkaart, Stadsarchief Amsterdam ^ "Mutaties". De Indische courant. 6 June 1924. Retrieved 13 January 2019. ^ O.E. Die at the University of Amsterdam Album Academicum website ^ De Telegraaf, 22 August 1955, and other newspapers ^ Archiefkaart, Stadsarchief Amsterdam Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches oleh Leo Suryadinata vte Ministers of finance of IndonesiaMinistry of Finance Samsi Sastrawidagda Alexander Andries Maramis Sunarjo Kolopaking Surachman Tjokroadisurjo Sjafruddin Prawiranegara Alexander Andries Maramis Lukman Hakim Sjafruddin Prawiranegara Lukman Hakim Sjafruddin Prawiranegara Jusuf Wibisono Sumitro Djojohadikusumo Ong Eng Die Sumitro Djojohadikusumo Jusuf Wibisono Sutikno Slamet Djoeanda Kartawidjaja Notohamiprodjo Sumarno Frans Seda Ali Wardhana Radius Prawiro J. B. Sumarlin Mar'ie Muhammad Fuad Bawazier Bambang Subianto Bambang Sudibyo Prijadi Praptosuhardjo Rizal Ramli Boediono Jusuf Anwar Sri Mulyani Agus Martowardojo Hatta Rajasa Muhamad Chatib Basri Bambang Brodjonegoro Sri Mulyani Italic: ActingCategory

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_Cancer_Research

American Association for Cancer Research

["1 History","2 Meetings and workshops","2.1 Annual meeting","2.2 Conferences and educational workshops","3 Publications","3.1 Cancer Research","3.2 Cancer Discovery","4 The AACR Foundation for the Prevention and Cure of Cancer","5 Cancer Evolution Working Group (CEWG)","6 Presidents","7 Funding programs","8 Awards and Fellows","9 See also","10 References","10.1 Further reading","11 External links"]

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "American Association for Cancer Research" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American Association for Cancer ResearchFormationMay 7, 1907; 117 years ago (1907-05-07)Headquarters615 Chestnut St., 17th FloorPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19106-4404Membership More than 52,000Official language EnglishStaff More than 230Websitewww.aacr.org The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) is the world's oldest and largest professional association related to cancer research. Based in Philadelphia, the AACR focuses on all aspects of cancer research, including basic, clinical, and translational research into the etiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. Founded in 1907 by 11 physicians and scientists, the organization now has more than 52,000 members in 130 countries and territories. The mission of the AACR is to prevent and cure cancer through research, education, communication, collaboration, science policy and advocacy, and funding for cancer research. History The AACR was founded on May 7, 1907, in Washington, D.C., as the "Association for Cancer Research" by a group of scientists consisting of four surgeons, five pathologists, and two biochemists. The founding members were Silas P. Beebe, George H. A. Clowes, William Coley, James Ewing, Harvey R. Gaylord, Robert B. Greenough, J. Collins Warren, George W. Crile, Leo Loeb, Frank Burr Mallory, and Ernest E. Tyzzer. They organized annual meetings to coincide with the meetings for the much larger meetings of the American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists. At the first meeting in New York City in November 1907, nine papers were presented. For the first 30 years, the group functioned as a select group of scientists, but with the expansion of cancer research in the 1930s, membership and interest grew. The society was officially incorporated in 1940. Meetings and workshops Vice President Joe Biden speaking at the 2016 AACR annual meeting about the Cancer Moonshot project. Annual meeting AACR's annual meeting attracts more than 21,000 participants from around the world and has been described as the "main forum to present and discuss cancer-related research." Attendees gather to discuss over 6,000 abstracts and to hear more than 250 invited presentations on significant discoveries in basic, clinical, and translational cancer research. Scientific award lectures, grant writing workshops, networking events, and educational sessions round out this comprehensive program. Conferences and educational workshops In addition to the annual meeting, the AACR organizes approximately 30 other conferences and workshops each year, including: Smaller, more focused Special Conferences that are designed to share the latest advances in rapidly developing areas of cancer research; Larger International Conferences that recur on a regular basis, including collaborative programs such as the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics Conference, the International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference, and the Biennial Meeting on Advances in Malignant Lymphoma; Educational Workshops that train early-career investigators in clinical trial design, molecular biology, integrative molecular epidemiology, translational research, and related fields. Publications "CR (magazine)" redirects here. For other publications abbreviated 'CR', see CR (disambiguation). The AACR publishes ten peer-reviewed scientific journals: Blood Cancer Discovery, Cancer Discovery, Cancer Research, Clinical Cancer Research, Cancer Immunology Research, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Molecular Cancer Research, Cancer Prevention Research, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention and Cancer Research Communications. The AACR also publishes Cancer Today, a magazine for cancer patients, survivors, and their families and friends, as well as an Annual Report Archived 2019-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, and CR Archived 2019-05-10 at the Wayback Machine which aims to foster collaboration between cancer survivors, patient advocates, physicians and scientists. Cancer Research Cancer Research is the second most-frequently cited cancer journal in the world. Papers are peer-reviewed, and only those that meet high standards of scientific merit are accepted for publication. The journal publishes significant, original studies, reviews, and perspectives on all areas of basic, clinical, translational, epidemiological, and prevention research in cancer and the cancer-related biomedical sciences. Some of the topics include biochemistry; chemical, physical, and viral carcinogenesis and mutagenesis; clinical research including clinical trials; endocrinology; epidemiology and prevention; experimental therapeutics, molecular targets, and chemical biology; immunology and immunotherapy including biological therapy; molecular biology, pathobiology, and genetics; radiobiology and radiation oncology; cell and tumor biology; tumor microenvironment; systems biology and other emerging technologies. Cancer Discovery The AACR launched Cancer Discovery in 2011 as a selective journal for basic, translational, and clinical cancer research. Cancer Discovery has become a premier journal in the field of cancer research, with a 2020 impact factor of 39.397 that is the highest among the AACR journals. Research published in the journal includes identification of actionable genomic alterations in cancer, mechanisms of therapy resistance, clinical trials on targeted therapy, and cancer immunotherapy research including immune checkpoint blockade and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. The AACR Foundation for the Prevention and Cure of Cancer The AACR Foundation for the Prevention and Cure of Cancer is a 501(c)(3) public charity that provides financial support for scientific research, education, and communication. The foundation funds programs deemed by the AACR to be of the highest priority and impact in promoting research, supporting scientists, and raising awareness. Eighty-eight cents of every dollar raised by the AACR Foundation directly supports cancer research. Cancer Evolution Working Group (CEWG) Following the Cancer & Evolution Symposium in October 2020, organized by Frank H. Laukien, James A. Shapiro, Denis Noble, Henry Heng and Perry Marshall, this Working Group was integrated into the AACR to facilitate an interdisciplinary approach to the study of cancer. The group now presents the monthly Cancer Evolution Seminar Series. Presidents The names of the presidents from 1907 to 1960 were reported by Triolo in 1961. Year Name Institution 2023 Philip Greenberg Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 2022 Lisa Coussens Oregon Health & Science University 2021 David Tuveson Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 2020 Antoni Ribas David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 2019 Elaine R. Mardis Nationwide Children's Hospital 2018 Elizabeth M. Jaffee Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center 2017 Michael A. Caliguiri, MD City of Hope 2016 Nancy E. Davidson, MD University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine 2015 Jose Baselga, MD, PhD Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center 2014 Carlos Arteaga, MD Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center 2013 Charles L. Sawyers, MD Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center 2012 Frank McCormick, PhD Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center 2011 Judy E. Garber, MD, MPH Dana Farber Cancer Institute 2010 Elizabeth H. Blackburn, PhD Salk Institute for Biological Studies 2009 Tyler Jacks, PhD David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research 2008 Raymond N. DuBois, MD, PhD Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center 2007 William N. Hait, MD, PhD UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School 2006 Geoffrey M. Wahl, PhD Salk Institute for Biological Studies 2005 Peter A. Jones, PhD, DSc USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center 2004 Lynn M. Matrisian, PhD Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center 2003 Karen H. Antman, MD Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center 2002 Susan Band Horwitz, PhD Albert Einstein College of Medicine 2001 Waun Ki Hong, MD University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center 2000 Tom Curran, PhD St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital 1999 Daniel Von Hoff, MD University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 1998 Webster K. Cavenee, PhD University of California, San Diego 1997 Donald S. Coffey, PhD Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 1996 Louise C. Strong, MD University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center 1995 Joseph R. Bertino, MD Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center 1994 Edward Bresnick, PhD 1993 Margaret L. Kripke 1992 Lee W. Wattenberg 1991 Harold L. Moses 1990 I. Bernard Weinstein 1989 Harris Busch 1988 Lawrence A. Loeb 1987 Enrico Mihich 1986 Alan C. Sartorelli 1985 Arthur B. Pardee 1984 Isaiah J. Fidler 1983 Gertrude B. Elion 1982 Gerald C. Mueller 1981 Sidney Weinhouse 1980 Bayard D. Clarkson 1979 Paul P. Carbone 1978 Hugh J. Creech 1977 C. Gordon Zubrod 1976 Elizabeth C. Miller 1975 Charlotte Friend 1974 Van R. Potter 1973 Michael B. Shimkin 1972 Emmanuel Farber 1971 Emil Frei III 1970 James F. Holland 1969 Abraham Cantarow 1968 Chester M. Southam 1967 Lloyd W. Law 1966 Henry S. Kaplan 1965 Joseph H. Burchenal 1964 Paul C. Zamecnik 1963 Arthur C. Upton 1962 Alfred Gellhorn 1961 Thelma B. Dunn 1960 Murray J. Shear 1959 Theodore S. Hauschka 1958 Harold L. Stewart 1957 Jacob Furth 1956 Albert Tannenbaum 1955 Howard B. Andervont 1954 Austin M. Brues 1953 Harold P. Rusch 1952 Stanley P. Reimann 1951 Paul E. Steiner 1950 Edmund V. Cowdry 1949 Joseph C. Aub 1948 Charles Huggins 1947 John J. Bittner 1946 William U. Gardner 1945 Shields Warren 1944 Shields Warren 1943 Shields Warren 1942 Shields Warren 1941 Carl Voegtlin 1940 Burton T. Simpson 1939 Clarence C. Little 1938 George H.A. Clowes 1937 James Ewing 1936 William H. Woglom 1935 Elexious T. Bell 1934 Millard C. Marsh 1933 Ward J. MacNeal 1932 Edward B. Krumbhaar 1931 Francis Carter Wood 1930 Clarence C. Little 1929 Frank B. Mallory 1928 J.F. Schamberg 1927 Aldred Scott Warthin 1926 Burton T. Simpson 1925 Channing Simmons 1924 Erwin F. Smith 1923 William Duane 1922 Willy Meyer 1921 James B. Murphy 1920 Robert B. Greenough 1919 H. Gideon Wells 1918 Edwin R. LeCount 1917 Francis Carter Wood 1916 Harvey R. Gaylord 1915 H. Gideon Wells 1914 S. Burt Wolbach 1913 Gary N. Calkins 1912 Ernest E. Tyzzer Harvard University School of Medicine 1911 Leo Loeb 1910 Frank B. Mallory 1909 Harvey R. Gaylord 1908 James Ewing 1907 James Ewing Funding programs Since establishing its grant program in 1993, the AACR has awarded more than $425 million in funding to more than 800 scientists for cancer research projects that aim to advance the understanding and treatment of cancer. AACR grants support researchers, both domestically and abroad, at every career stage, from fellowships to career development awards to major grants for independent investigators. The AACR is the Scientific Partner of Stand Up To Cancer, a groundbreaking movement to accelerate innovative cancer research, get new therapies to patients quickly, and save lives. Awards and Fellows See also: AACR Awards and List of fellows of the AACR Academy The AACR honors scientists and clinicians who have made significant contributions to the understanding of the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cancer through the presentation of 17 Scientific Achievement Awards and Lectureships. The AACR Academy was established in 2013 to recognize and honor distinguished scientists whose major scientific contributions have propelled significant innovation and progress against cancer and advanced the mission of the AACR to prevent and cure all cancers through research, education, communication, and collaboration. A new class of Fellows of the AACR Academy is inducted each year at the AACR Annual Meeting. See also Cancer Chemotherapy Experimental cancer treatments Radiation therapy References ^ a b Triolo, VA; Riegel, IL (February 1961). "The American Association for Cancer Research, 1907-1940. Historical review". Cancer Research. 21 (2): 137–67. PMID 13778091. ^ John F. Wong (2008-06-15). "Turning Research into Viable Cancer Drugs". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. pp. 56, 58–59. Retrieved 2008-07-06. The "Annual Meeting for the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)" is widely viewed by scientists as the main forum to present and discuss cancer-related research. ^ "Meetings and Conferences Calendar | AACR". ^ "About Cancer Research - Cancer Research". cancerres.aacrjournals.org. ^ "A Discussion with Cancer Discovery's Editors-in-Chief". AACR. 5 August 2021. ^ "Cancer Discovery". 2020 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate Analytics. 2021. ^ "Publications - Impact Factor". AACR. ^ Diaz LA, Cantley LC (2021). "A Decade of Cancer Discovery". Cancer Discov. 11 (4): 795–797. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-0082. PMID 33619209. S2CID 232018498. ^ "Cancer Evolution Working Group". ^ Active Biological Evolution, Frank H. Laukien, ISBN 979-8-9854147-0-7 p. 298 ^ "Presidents of the AACR". ^ "AACR Funding Home Page". ^ "AACR Awards Home Page". Archived from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2019-04-09. Further reading Westwell, Andrew D. (August 2005). "The war on cancer: an end in sight?". Drug Discovery Today. Conference report. Vol. 10, no. 16. AACR 2005 Annual Meeting, Anaheim, California. pp. 1082–1083. doi:10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03529-4.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link) External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Italy Israel United States Czech Republic People Trove

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The society was officially incorporated in 1940.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joe_Biden_speaking_at_the_2016_American_Association_of_Cancer_Research_Annual_Meeting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Cancer Moonshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Biden_Cancer_Moonshot"}],"text":"Vice President Joe Biden speaking at the 2016 AACR annual meeting about the Cancer Moonshot project.","title":"Meetings and workshops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wong2008-2"}],"sub_title":"Annual meeting","text":"AACR's annual meeting attracts more than 21,000 participants from around the world and has been described as the \"main forum to present and discuss cancer-related research.\"[2] Attendees gather to discuss over 6,000 abstracts and to hear more than 250 invited presentations on significant discoveries in basic, clinical, and translational cancer research. Scientific award lectures, grant writing workshops, networking events, and educational sessions round out this comprehensive program.","title":"Meetings and workshops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Conferences and educational workshops","text":"In addition to the annual meeting, the AACR organizes approximately 30 other conferences and workshops each year,[3] including:Smaller, more focused Special Conferences that are designed to share the latest advances in rapidly developing areas of cancer research;\nLarger International Conferences that recur on a regular basis, including collaborative programs such as the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics Conference, the International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference, and the Biennial Meeting on Advances in Malignant Lymphoma;\nEducational Workshops that train early-career investigators in clinical trial design, molecular biology, integrative molecular epidemiology, translational research, and related fields.","title":"Meetings and workshops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CR (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CR_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Cancer Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Discovery_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Cancer Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Research_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Clinical Cancer Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Cancer_Research"},{"link_name":"Cancer Immunology Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Immunology_Research_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Cancer Prevention Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Prevention_Research"},{"link_name":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Epidemiology,_Biomarkers_%26_Prevention"},{"link_name":"Cancer Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cancertodaymag.org/"},{"link_name":"Annual Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aacr.org/ABOUTUS/PAGES/ANNUAL-REPORT.ASPX"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190406150113/https://www.aacr.org/AboutUs/Pages/annual-report.aspx"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"CR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.crmagazine.org/AboutUs/Pages/AboutCR.aspx"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190510132714/http://www.crmagazine.org/AboutUs/Pages/AboutCR.aspx"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"\"CR (magazine)\" redirects here. For other publications abbreviated 'CR', see CR (disambiguation).The AACR publishes ten peer-reviewed scientific journals: Blood Cancer Discovery, Cancer Discovery, Cancer Research, Clinical Cancer Research, Cancer Immunology Research, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Molecular Cancer Research, Cancer Prevention Research, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention and Cancer Research Communications. The AACR also publishes Cancer Today, a magazine for cancer patients, survivors, and their families and friends, as well as an Annual Report Archived 2019-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, and CR Archived 2019-05-10 at the Wayback Machine which aims to foster collaboration between cancer survivors, patient advocates, physicians and scientists.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cancer Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Research_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Cancer Research","text":"Cancer Research is the second most-frequently cited cancer journal in the world.[4] Papers are peer-reviewed, and only those that meet high standards of scientific merit are accepted for publication. The journal publishes significant, original studies, reviews, and perspectives on all areas of basic, clinical, translational, epidemiological, and prevention research in cancer and the cancer-related biomedical sciences. Some of the topics include biochemistry; chemical, physical, and viral carcinogenesis and mutagenesis; clinical research including clinical trials; endocrinology; epidemiology and prevention; experimental therapeutics, molecular targets, and chemical biology; immunology and immunotherapy including biological therapy; molecular biology, pathobiology, and genetics; radiobiology and radiation oncology; cell and tumor biology; tumor microenvironment; systems biology and other emerging technologies.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cancer Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Discovery_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoS-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Cancer Discovery","text":"The AACR launched Cancer Discovery in 2011 as a selective journal for basic, translational, and clinical cancer research.[5] Cancer Discovery has become a premier journal in the field of cancer research, with a 2020 impact factor of 39.397 that is the highest among the AACR journals.[6][7] Research published in the journal includes identification of actionable genomic alterations in cancer, mechanisms of therapy resistance, clinical trials on targeted therapy, and cancer immunotherapy research including immune checkpoint blockade and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy.[8]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The AACR Foundation for the Prevention and Cure of Cancer is a 501(c)(3) public charity that provides financial support for scientific research, education, and communication. The foundation funds programs deemed by the AACR to be of the highest priority and impact in promoting research, supporting scientists, and raising awareness. Eighty-eight cents of every dollar raised by the AACR Foundation directly supports cancer research.","title":"The AACR Foundation for the Prevention and Cure of Cancer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank H. Laukien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_H._Laukien"},{"link_name":"James A. Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Shapiro"},{"link_name":"Denis Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Noble"},{"link_name":"Henry Heng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Heng"},{"link_name":"Perry Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Marshall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Following the Cancer & Evolution Symposium in October 2020, organized by Frank H. Laukien, James A. Shapiro, Denis Noble, Henry Heng and Perry Marshall, this Working Group was integrated into the AACR to facilitate an interdisciplinary approach to the study of cancer. The group now presents the monthly Cancer Evolution Seminar Series.[9][10]","title":"Cancer Evolution Working Group (CEWG)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Triolo_1961-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The names of the presidents from 1907 to 1960 were reported by Triolo in 1961.[1][11]","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Stand Up To Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Up_to_Cancer"}],"text":"Since establishing its grant program in 1993, the AACR has awarded more than $425 million in funding to more than 800 scientists for cancer research projects that aim to advance the understanding and treatment of cancer.[12] AACR grants support researchers, both domestically and abroad, at every career stage, from fellowships to career development awards to major grants for independent investigators.The AACR is the Scientific Partner of Stand Up To Cancer, a groundbreaking movement to accelerate innovative cancer research, get new therapies to patients quickly, and save lives.","title":"Funding programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AACR Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACR_Awards"},{"link_name":"List of fellows of the AACR Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_AACR_Academy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"See also: AACR Awards and List of fellows of the AACR AcademyThe AACR honors scientists and clinicians who have made significant contributions to the understanding of the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cancer through the presentation of 17 Scientific Achievement Awards and Lectureships.[13]The AACR Academy was established in 2013 to recognize and honor distinguished scientists whose major scientific contributions have propelled significant innovation and progress against cancer and advanced the mission of the AACR to prevent and cure all cancers through research, education, communication, and collaboration. A new class of Fellows of the AACR Academy is inducted each year at the AACR Annual Meeting.","title":"Awards and Fellows"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Schaff%E2%80%93Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge

Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge

["1 Publishing history","2 Developments","3 References","4 Sources"]

Christianity encyclopedia, from a primarily Protestant point of view A set of The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. The Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge is a religious encyclopedia. It is based on an earlier German encyclopedia, the Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche. Like the Realencyklopädie, it focuses on Christianity from a primarily Protestant point of view. The final edition, titled The New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, was published 1908–14 in 13 volumes, based on the third edition of the Realencyklopädie (1896–1909). Publishing history The German Realenzyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, which Schaff-Herzog is based on. The Realencyklopädie's publishing history was: 1853–1868: 1st ed. Ed. Johann Jakob Herzog (1805–1882). 22 vols. c. 1877: new ed. Ed. Herzog and G.L. Plitt (1836–1880). 1896–1909: 3rd ed. Ed. Albert Hauck (1845–1918). 22 vols. The Schaff-Herzog's publishing history was: 1882–84: 1st ed. Ed. Philip Schaff (1819–93). (Based on the first two editions of the Realencyklopädie.) 1891: 3rd ed. Ed. Albert Hauck. 1908–14: The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. 13 vols. This was a substantial update, based throughout on the Realencyklopädie, 3rd ed. Christian Classics Ethereal Library has digitized the work and made it available online. Logos Bible Software is also undertaking a digitization project of it. The new Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia of religious knowledge, embracing Biblical, historical, doctrinal, and practical theology and Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical biography from the earliest times to the present day. Edited by Samuel MacAuley Jackson (Volumes 2 to 12 have abbreviated titles which vary slightly; volume 13 is an Index volume, which was edited by George William Gilmore). Vol. Year From–to Editor Internet Archive (IA) Christian Classics Ethereal library (CCEL) 1 1908 Aachen–Basilians Samuel MacAuley Jackson IA 1 CCEL 1 2 1908 Basilica–Chambers Samuel MacAuley Jackson IA 2 CCEL 2 3 1909 Chamier–Draendorf Samuel MacAuley Jackson IA 3 CCEL 3 4 1909 Draeseke–Goa Samuel MacAuley Jackson IA 4 CCEL 4 5 1909 Goar–Innocent Samuel MacAuley Jackson IA 5 CCEL 5 6 1910 Innocents–Liudger Samuel MacAuley Jackson IA 6 CCEL 6 7 1910 Liutprand–Moralities Samuel MacAuley Jackson IA 7 CCEL 7 8 1910 Morality–Petersen Samuel MacAuley Jackson IA 8 CCEL 8 9 1911 Petri–Reuchlin Samuel MacAuley Jackson IA 9 CCEL 9 10 1911 Reutsch–Son Samuel MacAuley Jackson IA 10 CCEL 10 11 1911 Son of Man – Tremellius Samuel MacAuley Jackson IA 11 CCEL 11 12 1912 Trench–Zwingli Samuel MacAuley Jackson IA 12 CCEL 12 13 1914 Index George William Gilmore IA 13 Index CCEL 13 Index Developments Philip Schaff The idea of translating Herzog in a slightly condensed form occurred to John Henry Augustus Bomberger, a minister of the German Reformed Church, and then president of Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, and in 1856 he brought out in Philadelphia the first volume, whose title-page reads thus: The Protestant Theological and Ecclesiastical Encyclopedia: Being a Condensed Translation of Herzog's Real Encyclopedia. With Additions from Other Sources. By Rev. J. H. A. Bomberger, D.D., Assisted by Distinguished Theologians of Various Denominations. Vol. I. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, x 1856. In this work he associated with himself twelve persons, all but one ministers. In 1860 he issued the second volume. But the American Civil War breaking out the next year put a stop to so costly an enterprise and it was never resumed. The first volume included the article "Concubinage", the second "Josiah". It had been issued in numbers, of which the last was the twelfth. In 1877 Professor Philip Schaff (1819–93) was asked by Dr. Herzog himself to undertake an English reproduction of the second edition of his encyclopedia, and this work was fairly begun when, in the autumn of 1880, Clemens Petersen and Samuel Macauley Jackson were engaged to work daily on it in Dr. Schaff's study in the Bible House, New York City. The next year Dr. Schaff's son, the Rev. David Schley Schaff, later professor of church history in the Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Pa., joined the staff. The original publishers were S. S. Scranton & Company, Hartford, Conn., but a change was made before the issue of the first volume and the encyclopedia was issued by Funk & Wagnalls. The title-page read thus: A Religious Encyclopædia: or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology. Based on the Real-Encyklopädie of Herzog, Plitt, and Hauck. Edited by Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D., Professor in the Union Theological Seminary, New York. Associate editors: Rev. Samuel M. Jackson, M. A., and Rev. D. S. Schaff. Volume I. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, Publishers, 10 and 18 Dey Street. The first volume was issued Wednesday, November 1, 1882, the second Thursday, March 1, 1883, and the third Tuesday, March 4, 1884. Volume I. had pp. xix. 1–847; volume II. pp. xvii. 848–1714; and volume III. pp. xix. 1715–2631. In November, 1886, a revised edition was issued and at the same time the Encyclopedia of Living Divines and Christian Workers of All Denominations in Europe and America, Being a Supplement to Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Edited by Rev. Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D., and Rev. Samuel Macauley Jackson, M. A. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, Publishers, 18 and 20 Astor Place, 1887. In 1891 the third edition of the encyclopedia was issued and with it was incorporated the Encyclopedia of Living Divines, with an appendix, largely the work of Rev. George William Gilmore, bringing the biographical and literary notices down to December, 1890. The entire work was repaged sufficiently to make it one of four volumes of about equal size, and it is this four-volume edition which is known to the public as the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia, the volumes being respectively of pp. xlviii. 679 and four pages unnumbered; 680–1378; 1379–2086; iv. 2087–2629, viii. 296. As the German work at its base was overtaken by the time "S" had been reached, the Schaff-Herzog from that letter on was based on the first edition of Herzog. Therefore, much of its matter is now very old. Yet it has been a useful work, and in 1903 its publishers determined on a new edition based on the third edition of Herzog which had been appearing since 1896. But inasmuch as there was a space of ten years between the beginnings of the two works, it has been necessary to bring the matter from the German down to date. This end has been accomplished by two courses: first by securing from the German contributors to Herzog condensations of their contributions, in which way matter contributed to the German work has in many instances been brought down to date, and second by calling on department editors for supplementary matter. The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge followed the previous editions. The points of similarities were: that at its base lay the Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie and Kirche that it gave in condensed form the information in that work, and took such matter directly from the German work in most instances, although occasionally while the topic was the same the treatment was independent of the German original; that it had much new information contributed by the editorial staff and specially secured contributors; that in biblical matters it limited its titles to those of the German base, so that it should not be considered to be a Bible dictionary. The points of dissimilarity were: The new edition contains much information furnished directly by those contributors to the German work who have kindly consented to condense their articles and bring them within prescribed limits. These limits were often narrow, but in no other way was it possible to utilize the German text; The new edition contains hundreds of sketches of contemporary persons derived in almost every instance from information furnished by themselves. The entries are in more detail than those in the British and American Who's Who and from the German Wer ist's (a similar work for Germany); A much more thorough bibliography was furnished than in previous editions. The attempt was made to give sources so that students could pursue a subject to its roots; second, to supply the best literature in whatever language it occurred; third, to supply references in English for those who only read that language. References ^ a b c d e f Jackson 1908, Preface. Sources  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Jackson, Samuel Macauley (1908). "Preface". In Jackson, Samuel Macauley (ed.). New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Vol. 1 (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls. pp. ix–xii.

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It is based on an earlier German encyclopedia, the Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche. \nLike the Realencyklopädie, it focuses on Christianity from a primarily Protestant point of view.\nThe final edition, titled The New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, was published\n1908–14 in 13 volumes, based on the third edition of the Realencyklopädie (1896–1909).","title":"Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Realenzyklop%C3%A4die_f%C3%BCr_protestantische_Theologie_und_Kirche.JPG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1908Preface-1"},{"link_name":"Johann Jakob Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Herzog"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1908Preface-1"},{"link_name":"Philip Schaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Schaff"},{"link_name":"Christian Classics Ethereal Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Classics_Ethereal_Library"},{"link_name":"Logos Bible Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos_Bible_Software"}],"text":"The German Realenzyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, which Schaff-Herzog is based on.The Realencyklopädie's publishing history was:[1]1853–1868: 1st ed. Ed. Johann Jakob Herzog (1805–1882). 22 vols.\nc. 1877: new ed. Ed. Herzog and G.L. Plitt (1836–1880).\n1896–1909: 3rd ed. Ed. Albert Hauck (1845–1918). 22 vols.The Schaff-Herzog's publishing history was:[1]1882–84: 1st ed. Ed. Philip Schaff (1819–93). (Based on the first two editions of the Realencyklopädie.)\n1891: 3rd ed. Ed. Albert Hauck.\n1908–14: The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. 13 vols. This was a substantial update, based throughout on the Realencyklopädie, 3rd ed.Christian Classics Ethereal Library has digitized the work and made it available online. Logos Bible Software is also undertaking a digitization project of it.The new Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia of religious knowledge, embracing Biblical, historical, doctrinal, and practical theology and Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical biography from the earliest times to the present day. Edited by Samuel MacAuley Jackson (Volumes 2 to 12 have abbreviated titles which vary slightly; volume 13 is an Index volume, which was edited by George William Gilmore).","title":"Publishing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Appletons%27_Schaff_Philip.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philip Schaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Schaff"},{"link_name":"John Henry Augustus Bomberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Augustus_Bomberger"},{"link_name":"Ursinus College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursinus_College"},{"link_name":"Collegeville, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegeville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1908Preface-1"},{"link_name":"Philip Schaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Schaff"},{"link_name":"Clemens Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Petersen"},{"link_name":"Samuel Macauley Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Macauley_Jackson"},{"link_name":"David Schley Schaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Schley_Schaff"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1908Preface-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1908Preface-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1908Preface-1"},{"link_name":"Who's Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who"}],"text":"Philip SchaffThe idea of translating Herzog in a slightly condensed form occurred to John Henry Augustus Bomberger, a minister of the German Reformed Church, and then president of Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, and in 1856 he brought out in Philadelphia the first volume, whose title-page reads thus: The Protestant Theological and Ecclesiastical Encyclopedia: Being a Condensed Translation of Herzog's Real Encyclopedia. With Additions from Other Sources. By Rev. J. H. A. Bomberger, D.D., Assisted by Distinguished Theologians of Various Denominations. Vol. I. Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, x 1856. In this work he associated with himself twelve persons, all but one ministers. In 1860 he issued the second volume. But the American Civil War breaking out the next year put a stop to so costly an enterprise and it was never resumed. The first volume included the article \"Concubinage\", the second \"Josiah\". It had been issued in numbers, of which the last was the twelfth.[1]In 1877 Professor Philip Schaff (1819–93) was asked by Dr. Herzog himself to undertake an English reproduction of the second edition of his encyclopedia, and this work was fairly begun when, in the autumn of 1880, Clemens Petersen and Samuel Macauley Jackson were engaged to work daily on it in Dr. Schaff's study in the Bible House, New York City. The next year Dr. Schaff's son, the Rev. David Schley Schaff, later professor of church history in the Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny, Pa., joined the staff. The original publishers were S. S. Scranton & Company, Hartford, Conn., but a change was made before the issue of the first volume and the encyclopedia was issued by Funk & Wagnalls. The title-page read thus:A Religious Encyclopædia: or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology. Based on the Real-Encyklopädie of Herzog, Plitt, and Hauck. Edited by Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D., Professor in the Union Theological Seminary, New York. Associate editors: Rev. Samuel M. Jackson, M. A., and Rev. D. S. Schaff. Volume I. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, Publishers, 10 and 18 Dey Street. The first volume was issued Wednesday, November 1, 1882, the second Thursday, March 1, 1883, and the third Tuesday, March 4, 1884. Volume I. had pp. xix. 1–847; volume II. pp. xvii. 848–1714; and volume III. pp. xix. 1715–2631. In November, 1886, a revised edition was issued and at the same time the Encyclopedia of Living Divines and Christian Workers of All Denominations in Europe and America, Being a Supplement to Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Edited by Rev. Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D., and Rev. Samuel Macauley Jackson, M. A. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, Publishers, 18 and 20 Astor Place, 1887. In 1891 the third edition of the encyclopedia was issued and with it was incorporated the Encyclopedia of Living Divines, with an appendix, largely the work of Rev. George William Gilmore, bringing the biographical and literary notices down to December, 1890. The entire work was repaged sufficiently to make it one of four volumes of about equal size, and it is this four-volume edition which is known to the public as the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia, the volumes being respectively of pp. xlviii. 679 and four pages unnumbered; 680–1378; 1379–2086; iv. 2087–2629, viii. 296. As the German work at its base was overtaken by the time \"S\" had been reached, the Schaff-Herzog from that letter on was based on the first edition of Herzog. Therefore, much of its matter is now very old. Yet it has been a useful work, and in 1903 its publishers determined on a new edition based on the third edition of Herzog which had been appearing since 1896. But inasmuch as there was a space of ten years between the beginnings of the two works, it has been necessary to bring the matter from the German down to date. This end has been accomplished by two courses: first by securing from the German contributors to Herzog condensations of their contributions, in which way matter contributed to the German work has in many instances been brought down to date, and second by calling on department editors for supplementary matter.[1]The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge followed the previous editions. The points of similarities were:[1]that at its base lay the Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie and Kirche\nthat it gave in condensed form the information in that work, and took such matter directly from the German work in most instances, although occasionally while the topic was the same the treatment was independent of the German original;\nthat it had much new information contributed by the editorial staff and specially secured contributors;\nthat in biblical matters it limited its titles to those of the German base, so that it should not be considered to be a Bible dictionary.The points of dissimilarity were:[1]The new edition contains much information furnished directly by those contributors to the German work who have kindly consented to condense their articles and bring them within prescribed limits. These limits were often narrow, but in no other way was it possible to utilize the German text;\nThe new edition contains hundreds of sketches of contemporary persons derived in almost every instance from information furnished by themselves. The entries are in more detail than those in the British and American Who's Who and from the German Wer ist's (a similar work for Germany);\nA much more thorough bibliography was furnished than in previous editions. The attempt was made to give sources so that students could pursue a subject to its roots; second, to supply the best literature in whatever language it occurred; third, to supply references in English for those who only read that language.","title":"Developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"\"Preface\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/newschaffherzog00unkngoog#page/n11/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Schaff%E2%80%93Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Jackson, Samuel Macauley (1908). \"Preface\". In Jackson, Samuel Macauley (ed.). New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Vol. 1 (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls. pp. ix–xii.","title":"Sources"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sallier

Charles Sallier

["1 References","2 External links"]

Lake Charles, Louisiana was named for Charles Sallier, an early settler of the area. Martin and Dela LeBleu were among the first to settle near Lake Charles, in the area called LeBleu Settlement. They arrived in Lake Charles in 1781 from Bordeaux, France, and settled approximately six miles east of present-day Lake Charles, Louisiana. Soon after, many immigrants began arriving in the area to settle. Among them was Charles Anselm Sallier. Charles Sallier moved to Lake Charles and married the LeBleus' daughter, Catherine. They settled near Lake Charles (the lake) and had six children. As legend tells it, one day Charles Sallier thought that Catherine was having an affair with the famous pirate, Jean Lafitte. In rage, he shot at his wife and assumed she was dead. In guilt and regret, Charles ran off. However, Catherine had survived the shot by only a simple piece of jewelry – her brooch. It is rumored that Catherine's brother, Arsene, and Lafitte gave chase to Sallier and he was never heard from again. She continued her life raising the six children in Lake Charles. Soon after, Lake Charles residents began calling the area "Charlie's Lake," and by the late 19th century, the area where Charles Sallier once lived was called "Charleston," or "Charles Town." Eventually it became known as "Lake Charles." References ^ "CALCASIEU PARISH by John Berton Gremillion". Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2010-12-24. External links Biography portal Information from the City of Lake Charles website This Louisiana-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an American explorer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Carroll

Camp Carroll

["1 History","1.1 1966–70","1.2 1972","2 Current use","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 16°45′47″N 106°55′50″E / 16.763056°N 106.930556°E / 16.763056; 106.930556United States Marine Corps artillery base in Vietnam For the U.S. military facility in South Korea, see Camp Carroll, South Korea. Camp CarrollAn overhead shot of Camp CarrollCoordinates16°45′47″N 106°55′50″E / 16.76306°N 106.93056°E / 16.76306; 106.93056 (Camp Carroll)TypeMarine BaseSite informationConditionAbandonedSite historyBuilt1966In use1966–-72Battles/warsVietnam WarGarrison informationOccupants 3rd Marine Division 1st Division3rd Division Camp Carroll (also known as Artillery Plateau, Firebase Tan Lam and Hill 241) was a United States Marine Corps and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) artillery base during the Vietnam War. It was located 8 km southwest of Cam Lộ, Quang Tri Province. Camp Carroll was also at the centroid of a large arc of the strategic Highway 9 corridor south of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which made it a key facility. History 1966–70 Map showing Camp Carroll's location near the DMZ The 3rd Marine Division had overall command and control of the DMZ area. The camp was commissioned on November 10, 1966 (aka Camp J. J. Carroll) and became home for the 3rd Marine Regiment. The camp was named after Navy Cross recipient Captain James J. Carroll, who was the commanding officer of Kilo Company, 3rd Battalion, 4th Marines, and was killed by friendly tank fire on October 5, 1966 during Operation Prairie. It was one of nine artillery bases constructed along the DMZ and had 80 artillery pieces including M107 175mm guns from the United States Army; the longest ranged, but least accurate American field artillery pieces, the 175mm could fire a 150-pound projectile 32,690 meters and effectively return fire on any enemy gun that could hit it. The 175mm guns put Camp Carroll on the map, particularly the tactical maps of the North Vietnamese forward observers. Camp Carroll diminished in significance after the 1968 Tet Offensive. The 3rd Marine Division began relying on highly mobile postures rather than remaining in their fixed positions as sitting targets and Camp Carroll was inactivated on 28 December 1968. Camp Carroll became an Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) base. 1972 On 30 March 1972, the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) launched their Easter Offensive. PAVN rockets and artillery shells slammed into Camp Carroll as the opening phase of the First Battle of Quảng Trị. The base received more than 200 rounds of 130mm fire in the first hour of the attack. On 2 April 1972, ARVN Lieutenant Colonel Pham Van Dinh, commander of the 56th Regiment, 3rd Division, surrendered the facility to the PAVN. Fifteen hundred ARVN troops were captured along with 22 artillery pieces, including a six-gun battery of M107s and numerous quad-50's and twin-40's, the largest artillery assemblage in I Corps. B-52 strikes were ordered against Camp Carroll in an effort to deny its use to the PAVN. However, the PAVN removed the 175mm guns from the camp before the strikes could occur. These guns were later used against the ARVN.: 30  Vietnamese monument that stands at the former entrance to Camp Carroll Current use At present the land belongs to Xi Nghiep Ho Tieu Lam, the Vietnamese state-operated pepper enterprise. References ^ Pike, COL Thomas F. (12 November 2013). Military Records, February 1968, 3rd Marine Division: The Tet Offensive. Charleston: Creatspace. ISBN 978-1-481219-46-4. ^ Coan, James P. (2004). Con Thien - Hill of Angels. The University of Alabama Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-8173-1414-8. ^ "Headquarters MACV Monthly Summary December 1968" (PDF). Headquarters United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. 15 February 1969. p. 44. Retrieved 9 March 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Ngo, Quang Truong (1980). The Easter offensive of 1972 (PDF). U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Brush, Peter. "Big Guns of Camp Carroll". Leatherneck.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camp Carroll. Army map of Camp Carroll location Surrender of Camp Carroll, vnafmamn.com Modern photos and video of the site vteUnited States Marine CorpsLeadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps Marine Corps four-star generals Marine Corps three-star generals 1942–1959 2000–2009 2010–present US Congress House Armed Services Committee Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee Senate Armed Services Committee Seapower subcommittee Major commands Organization of the Marine Corps Headquarters Marine Corps Marine Forces Command II Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Pacific I Marine Expeditionary Force III Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Reserve Fleet Marine Force Atlantic Pacific Marine Corps Combat Development Command Training & Education Command (TECOM) United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory Marine Corps Systems Command Auxiliary Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary Structure Marine Air-Ground Task Force Bases Battalions Regiments Brigades Divisions MEF/Corps Marine aviation Marine expeditionary unit Marine Security Guard Special Operations Marine Raiders Marine Raider Regiment Recon Force Division Personneland trainingPersonnel Rank insignia MOS Notable Marines Historical Marines Marine Astronauts Criminal Investigation Division Judge Advocate Division Chaplain of the Marine Corps Associated organizations Training Recruit Training School of Infantry Officer Candidates School The Basic School Martial Arts Program Uniformsand equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Weapons Vehicles and aircraft Individual equipment Historyand traditions History Culture Acronyms and terms Birthday Color Sergeant of the Marine Corps Eagle, Globe, and Anchor Flag Marine Band Drum and Bugle Corps Horse Marines Marine One Color Guard Silent Drill Platoon White House Sentries Service Numbers Marine Corps War Memorial Marine Detachments "Marines' Hymn" Oorah National Museum Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Rifleman's Creed Semper Fidelis march History of Hispanics in the USMC History of women in the USMC Women's Reserve Honorary Marine Toys for Tots Gung ho Category 16°45′47″N 106°55′50″E / 16.763056°N 106.930556°E / 16.763056; 106.930556

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camp Carroll, South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Carroll,_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Cam Lộ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_L%E1%BB%99_Combat_Base"},{"link_name":"Quang Tri Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_Tri_Province"},{"link_name":"Highway 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Road_9_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone"}],"text":"United States Marine Corps artillery base in VietnamFor the U.S. military facility in South Korea, see Camp Carroll, South Korea.Camp Carroll (also known as Artillery Plateau, Firebase Tan Lam and Hill 241) was a United States Marine Corps and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) artillery base during the Vietnam War. It was located 8 km southwest of Cam Lộ, Quang Tri Province. Camp Carroll was also at the centroid of a large arc of the strategic Highway 9 corridor south of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which made it a key facility.","title":"Camp Carroll"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DMZ1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"3rd Marine Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"James J. Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_J._Carroll&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3rd Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Battalion_4th_Marines"},{"link_name":"4th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Operation Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prairie"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"M107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M107_Self-Propelled_Gun"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Tet Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive"},{"link_name":"3rd Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam"}],"sub_title":"1966–70","text":"Map showing Camp Carroll's location near the DMZThe 3rd Marine Division had overall command and control of the DMZ area.[1] \nThe camp was commissioned on November 10, 1966 (aka Camp J. J. Carroll) and became home for the 3rd Marine Regiment. The camp was named after Navy Cross recipient Captain James J. Carroll, who was the commanding officer of Kilo Company, 3rd Battalion, 4th Marines, and was killed by friendly tank fire on October 5, 1966 during Operation Prairie.[2] It was one of nine artillery bases constructed along the DMZ and had 80 artillery pieces including M107 175mm guns from the United States Army; the longest ranged, but least accurate American field artillery pieces, the 175mm could fire a 150-pound projectile 32,690 meters and effectively return fire on any enemy gun that could hit it. The 175mm guns put Camp Carroll on the map, particularly the tactical maps of the North Vietnamese forward observers.Camp Carroll diminished in significance after the 1968 Tet Offensive. The 3rd Marine Division began relying on highly mobile postures rather than remaining in their fixed positions as sitting targets and Camp Carroll was inactivated on 28 December 1968.[3] Camp Carroll became an Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) base.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Army of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Easter Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Offensive"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Quảng Trị","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B"},{"link_name":"Pham Van Dinh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pham_Van_Dinh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3rd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Division_(South_Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"M107s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M107_self-propelled_gun"},{"link_name":"quad-50's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M45_Quadmount"},{"link_name":"twin-40's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M42_Duster"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leatherneck.com_a-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NVA_monument_at_old_Camp_Carroll_site.JPG"}],"sub_title":"1972","text":"On 30 March 1972, the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) launched their Easter Offensive. PAVN rockets and artillery shells slammed into Camp Carroll as the opening phase of the First Battle of Quảng Trị. The base received more than 200 rounds of 130mm fire in the first hour of the attack. On 2 April 1972, ARVN Lieutenant Colonel Pham Van Dinh, commander of the 56th Regiment, 3rd Division, surrendered the facility to the PAVN. Fifteen hundred ARVN troops were captured along with 22 artillery pieces, including a six-gun battery of M107s and numerous quad-50's and twin-40's, the largest artillery assemblage in I Corps. B-52 strikes were ordered against Camp Carroll in an effort to deny its use to the PAVN. However, the PAVN removed the 175mm guns from the camp before the strikes could occur. These guns were later used against the ARVN.[4]: 30 [5]Vietnamese monument that stands at the former entrance to Camp Carroll","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"At present the land belongs to Xi Nghiep Ho Tieu Lam, the Vietnamese state-operated pepper enterprise.","title":"Current use"}]

[{"image_text":"Map showing Camp Carroll's location near the DMZ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DMZ1.jpg/250px-DMZ1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vietnamese monument that stands at the former entrance to Camp Carroll","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/NVA_monument_at_old_Camp_Carroll_site.JPG/250px-NVA_monument_at_old_Camp_Carroll_site.JPG"}]

[{"reference":"Pike, COL Thomas F. (12 November 2013). Military Records, February 1968, 3rd Marine Division: The Tet Offensive. Charleston: Creatspace. ISBN 978-1-481219-46-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-481219-46-4","url_text":"978-1-481219-46-4"}]},{"reference":"Coan, James P. (2004). Con Thien - Hill of Angels. The University of Alabama Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-8173-1414-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-1414-8","url_text":"0-8173-1414-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Headquarters MACV Monthly Summary December 1968\" (PDF). Headquarters United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. 15 February 1969. p. 44. Retrieved 9 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/reports/images.php?img=/images/1683/168300010759.pdf","url_text":"\"Headquarters MACV Monthly Summary December 1968\""}]},{"reference":"Ngo, Quang Truong (1980). The Easter offensive of 1972 (PDF). U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a324505.pdf","url_text":"The Easter offensive of 1972"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200813062844/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a324505.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brush, Peter. \"Big Guns of Camp Carroll\". Leatherneck.com. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leatherneck.com/forums/showthread.php?4473-Big-Guns-Of-Camp-Carroll","url_text":"\"Big Guns of Camp Carroll\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Camp_Carroll&params=16.763056_N_106.930556_E_type:_region:","external_links_name":"16°45′47″N 106°55′50″E / 16.763056°N 106.930556°E / 16.763056; 106.930556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Camp_Carroll&params=16_45_47_N_106_55_50_E_&title=Camp+Carroll","external_links_name":"16°45′47″N 106°55′50″E / 16.76306°N 106.93056°E / 16.76306; 106.93056 (Camp Carroll)"},{"Link":"https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/reports/images.php?img=/images/1683/168300010759.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Headquarters MACV Monthly Summary December 1968\""},{"Link":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a324505.pdf","external_links_name":"The Easter offensive of 1972"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200813062844/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a324505.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.leatherneck.com/forums/showthread.php?4473-Big-Guns-Of-Camp-Carroll","external_links_name":"\"Big Guns of Camp Carroll\""},{"Link":"http://www.vnafmamn.com/surrender_carroll.html","external_links_name":"Surrender of Camp Carroll"},{"Link":"https://namwartravel.com/camp-carroll/","external_links_name":"Modern photos and video of the site"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Camp_Carroll&params=16.763056_N_106.930556_E_type:_region:","external_links_name":"16°45′47″N 106°55′50″E / 16.763056°N 106.930556°E / 16.763056; 106.930556"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Dart_Herald

Handley Page Dart Herald

["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Variants","4 Operators","4.1 Civil operators","4.2 Military operators","5 Accidents and incidents","6 Survivors","6.1 United Kingdom","7 Specifications (Dart Herald 200)","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]

1950s British turboprop passenger aircraft This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Handley Page Dart Herald" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (June 2023) HPR.7 Dart Herald Handley Page Herald of Air UK Role Turboprop airlinerType of aircraft National origin United Kingdom Manufacturer Handley Page (Reading) First flight 25 August 1955 Retired 1987 (passenger) 1999 (commercial) Status Retired Produced 1959–1968 Number built 50 The Handley Page Dart Herald is a 1950s British turboprop passenger aircraft. Design and development In the mid-1950s Handley Page developed a new fast short-range regional airliner, intended to replace the older Douglas DC-3, particularly in third-world countries. The design, originally known as the HPR.3 Herald, emanated from the drawing office at Handley Page (Reading) Limited—the former Miles Aircraft factory site, which had developed an earlier airliner design, the Miles Marathon. The Herald was an extensive re-development of the original concept of the Marathon, notable for its high mounted wing. Handley Page Reading succeeded in producing a modern design with excellent flight and performance characteristics. However, the company made a serious misjudgement which was, in the end, to cost the company dearly, and like some other classic British aircraft of the time, the Herald missed its chance. The HPR.3 Herald prototype with four Alvis Leonides Major engines, demonstrating at the Farnborough Airshow in September 1955 Cockpit After extensive consultation with DC-3 operators, it was decided to power the new airliner with piston engines, rather than turboprops, which were considered risky by the small airlines at which the HPR.3 was aimed. Handley Page preferred a four-engined design, which led to the new 870 hp (650 kW) Alvis Leonides Major 14-cylinder radial engine, driving three-bladed propellers being chosen for the HPR.3. At almost the same time, the Dutch company Fokker made the opposite choice for its competitor for the same market, choosing to power the F27 Friendship with two Rolls-Royce Darts. The HPR.3 could carry up to 44 passengers in its pressurised cabin, which could be quickly converted to allow the carrying of freight, with the aircraft's high wing, nosewheel undercarriage and large doors at the front and rear of the cabin making the loading of cargo relatively simple. Large flaps were fitted to give good short takeoff and landing characteristics. It was designed to cruise at a speed of 224 mph (360 km/h), had a range of 1,640 mi (2,640 km), could land and take off in a distance of less than 500 yards (460 m) and had an initial rate of climb of over 1,800 ft/min. At first, it seemed that Handley Page had made the right choices with the HPR.3, which was named "Herald" in August 1954, this being a name easily translatable into French and Spanish. Extensive work by the sales team had produced considerable interest from potential customers, and Handley Page had 29 orders for the Herald (from Queensland Airlines, Australian National Airways, and Lloyd Aéreo Colombiano) by the time the first prototype made its maiden flight from Radlett on 25 August 1955, three months ahead of the first flight of the Friendship. Break-even was expected after the sale of 75 aircraft and Handley Page expected total sales of up to 300 Heralds, with first deliveries expected to British independent airline Air Kruise in 1958. By now, however, the Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop engine had shown proven success in the Vickers Viscount. Queensland Airlines and Australian National Airways cancelled their orders for Heralds in favour of turboprop-powered Friendships, while the Lloyd Aéreo Colombiano contract was stopped due to currency problems and Air Kruise's interest was ended when it was taken over by British Aviation Services. Before the second prototype had been completed, Handley Page was faced with the fact that it had no orders for the Herald, and that the market had changed and wanted turboprops. There had already been a very substantial investment in the Herald project, such that the management held a meeting to discuss continuation. Handley Page decided to press ahead with the Herald project, in an effort to recover the investment; announcing a new uprated version powered by the Rolls-Royce Dart. The revised aircraft, now designated the HPR.7 Dart Herald, was powered by 1,910 shp Dart 527 engines driving 12 ft 6 in (3.81 m) variable pitch four-blade Dowty Rotol propellers, and the fuselage was lengthened by 20 in (51 cm), while other improvements included increased fuel capacity. The first prototype was converted to Dart Herald standard, making its maiden flight on 11 March 1958, with the first production aircraft flying on 30 October 1959. The initial Series 100 version of the Dart Herald was certified in April 1958. The basic price in 1960 was around £185,000. Operational history HPR.7 Herald 201 of Jersey Airlines on final approach to Manchester Airport in August 1962 The first order for the Dart Herald was in June 1959 from British European Airways for a lease of three aircraft for use on its Scottish Highlands and Islands routes. The Herald, had by this time, lost its initial lead over the Friendship, which had entered service over six months previously, and to stimulate demand, Handley Page launched in 1960 a further improved version, the Series 200, which was lengthened by 42 in (107 cm), with corresponding increased weights, allowing up to 56 passengers to be carried, and attracted an order for six aircraft from Jersey Airlines. The second prototype was converted to Series 200 standard and first flew in that form on 8 April 1961. Jersey Airlines began operations with a leased Series 100 on 16 May 1961, receiving the first of its own Series 200s in January 1962, while BEA began Herald operations in March 1962. The Herald attracted much early interest around the world because of its astonishing short field performance and excellent flight characteristics, but Handley Page failed to close many of the deals, as the F-27 and the Avro 748/HS.748 had become rival offerings, both of which proved significantly more popular. A key design feature of the Herald was the high-mounted wing, but with a noticeable dihedral. In addition, the Herald's vertical fin was covered with miniature airfoils, adding further to the Herald's excellent stability. Pilots reported that the Herald flew like a dream; very stable in the air, yet highly manoeuvrable even at slow speed. Ground handling was said to be the Herald's only vice due to an overlarge tailfin. Herald 211 of British United Airways operating a scheduled service at Manchester Airport in August 1967 While the Series 200 was more commercially attractive, with no more Series 100 being ordered, sales were still slow. While the Herald was cheap compared to its major competitors, and in the 200 series had a roomy cabin, the Friendship could carry a larger payload and both the Friendship and the Avro 748/HS.748 had better performance, resulting in superior long-term economics. By 1963, only 35 Heralds had been sold compared with over 240 Friendships. One hope of improving sales was to develop the Herald as a military transport. The Royal Air Force had a requirement for 45 tactical transports to replace piston-engined Vickers Valettas, and Handley Page began work in 1960 on the HP.124 to meet this need. This would have a new rear fuselage with a rear loading ramp under the raised tail. The HP.124 was considered favourite to beat Avro's 748 derivative, the Avro 780, with the high wing of the Handley Page expected to give easier loading than the more expensive Avro. While short-field testing of the prototype Herald 200 at RAF Martlesham Heath in 1961 showed off the Herald's good handling and ability to operate from unprepared airstrips, other obstacles were more taxing. The Minister of Aviation, Peter Thorneycroft, refused to sign a contract for the HP.124 unless Handley Page would agree to a merger with British Aircraft Corporation or Hawker Siddeley as part of the government's policy of consolidation of the British aircraft industry. As Hawker Siddeley offered less than half the valuation that Frederick Handley Page placed on the company, the merger did not occur, and the RAF's order went to the Avro 780, which became the Andover. The Herald Series 400 was a simpler tactical transport with a strengthened cabin floor and side loading doors that could be opened in flight for dropping of supplies or paratroops. Eight were built for the Royal Malaysian Air Force. Dart Herald Srs 202 By 1965, almost all sales momentum had been lost, and Handley Page proposed the Series 700, powered by 2,320 ehp (1,730 kW) Dart 532s, with increased fuel and weights and was capable of seating up to 60 passengers. The Brazilian airline VASP placed an order for ten Series 700s, with plans made for production in Brazil, while further orders for the 700 were placed by Swiss airline Globe Air and Taiwanese Far Eastern Air Transport, and production started on the new model. VASP cancelled its order, however, when it could not obtain financing from the Brazilian government, and Handley Page stopped work on the 700, scrapping six airframes on the production line. Production ended in 1968. Only 36 examples of the Series 200 production model were eventually built during the six years of production, together with four Series 100s and eight Series 400s. The 50th, and last, Herald (a series 200 for Israel's Arkia) was flown and delivered in August 1968, after which Herald production ceased, allowing Handley Page's attention to be fully focused on the HP.137 Jetstream. Handley Page went into voluntary liquidation in August 1969, the spiralling cost of developing the Jetstream forcing its closure. Continuing support for the remaining Heralds in service was maintained by the setting up of a new company, Dart Herald (Support) Ltd, partly owned by Scottish Aviation. The Herald's last ever passenger flight was operated by British Air Ferries in 1987 doing subcharters for Ryanair. The type remained in use as a freighter, but by 1999 the only one remaining in service was a series 401 G-BEYF with Channel Express; it was retired at Bournemouth after its last flight on 9 April 1999. Variants Handley Page HPR-7 Herald 214 of Janus Airways at Basle Airport, 15 April 1984 HPR-3 Herald Prototype powered by four Alvis Leonides Major 702/1 14-cyl. radial engines – seating capacity 44 HPR-7 Dart Herald Series 100 Initial Dart turboprop production version. Four built. Series 200 Fuselage length increased from 71 ft 11 in to 75 ft 6 in and maximum accommodation rose from 47 to 56 seats. 36 built. Series 300 Proposed version with modifications to meet United States Airworthiness requirements. Series 400 Side-loading military transport derivative of the Series 200 incorporating a strengthened floor for carrying freight, 50 troops or 24 casualty stretchers and medical attendants. Eight built for the Royal Malaysian Air Force. Series 500 Proposed more powerful version of the 400. Series 600 Proposed version with 5 ft (1.5 m) increase in fuselage length and more powerful Dart turboprops. High-density accommodation for 64–68 passengers. Series 700 Longer-range version similar to the Series 600 but without fuselage lengthening. Ten ordered by VASP but production not initiated. HPR-8 Planned car-ferry derivative of Herald to meet 1959 Silver City Airways requirement. It had a new, unpressurised fuselage with clamshell doors in the nose, capable of carrying six cars or 100 passengers. It was rejected in favour of the Aviation Traders Carvair and went unbuilt. HP.124 Proposed tactical transport with rear loading ramp for RAF. Unbuilt. HP.125 Proposed V/STOL transport based on HP.124, with 18 Rolls-Royce RB162 lift-jets in underwing pods. Unbuilt. HP.127 "Jet Herald" 1962 study for pure jet-powered development of Herald. Based on basic Herald design but with a stretched fuselage, accommodating up to 70 passengers, and powered by two Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan engines slung in pods under the shortened but still straight wings. Project unbuilt. HP.129 "Mini Herald" Design for smaller, jet-powered derivative of Herald, powered by two Speys and seating 30 passengers. Unbuilt. HP.131 Improved HP.124 offered to Belgium in 1965 along with HP.132 and HP.133. Unbuilt. HP.132 Variant of HP.133 with additional General Electric CF700 boost engines in wingtips. Unbuilt. HP.133 As HP.132 but with CF700s in retractable nacelles. Unbuilt. Operators Civil operators  Brazil SADIA SA Transportes Aéreos (Later renamed Transbrasil) – 8 as first operator TABA – Transportes Aéreos da Bacia Amazônica  Canada Eastern Provincial Airways – 4 as first operator Maritime Central Airways – 1 as first operator Nordair – 1 as first operator  Colombia Líneas Aéreas La Urraca  France Europe Aero Service  Germany Bavaria Fluggesellschaft – 2 as first operator  Guatemala Aerovías  Israel Arkia – 5 as first operator  Italy Aerolinee Itavia – 4 as first operator  Jordan Alia Jordanian Airlines – 1 as first (civil) operator  Philippines Air Manila International – 1 as first operator  Switzerland Globe Air – 3 as first operator  Taiwan Far Eastern Air Transport  United Kingdom Air UK Autair International Airlines BAC Charter BAC Express British Air Ferries – 7 as first (civil) operator British European Airways – 3 as first operator British Island Airways British Midland Airways British United Airways – 6 as first operator British United Island Airways Brymon Airways Channel Express Court Line Janes Aviation Jersey Airlines – 3 as first operator Securicor (operated by Skyguard) South East Air  Zaire MMM Aero Service Military operators  Jordan Royal Jordanian Air Force  Malaysia Royal Malaysian Air Force Accidents and incidents On 10 August 1958, the prototype Dart Herald was due to appear at Farnborough air show but suffered an engine failure en route from Woodley. The fuel lines ruptured and a serious fire ensued. The engine bearers burned through and the aircraft was finally crash landed by the pilot, Squadron Leader Hedley Hazelden in a field. The landing was acknowledged as an astonishing feat of airmanship. On 17 March 1965, after a structural failure of the fuselage, Eastern Provincial Airways Flight 102 en route from Halifax to Sydney crashed near Upper Musquodoboit, Nova Scotia, killing all eight people on board. The fuselage had split lengthwise in midair along its belly owing to corrosion. After signs of corrosion were found both in a British European Airways' Herald and the Heralds operated by Alia, all Heralds in service were recalled by Handley Page for repair and corrosion-proofing. On 10 April 1965, JY-ACQ a Royal Jordanian Airlines Herald crashed into a hill near Damascus, Syria killing all 54 passengers and crew on board. On 3 November 1967, a Sadia Handley Page Dart Herald 214 registration PP-SDJ flying from São Paulo-Congonhas to Curitiba-Afonso Pena collided with a hill during the approach to Curitiba. All crew and 21 passengers died; four passengers survived. On 24 February 1969, Far Eastern Air Transport Flight 104 crashed on approach after engine two failed near Tainan, Taiwan killing all 36 on board. Survivors HPR.7 Herald 211 G-ASKK preserved at the City of Norwich Aviation Museum United Kingdom On Display Herald 100 G-APWA at the Museum of Berkshire Aviation, Woodley. Herald 201 G-APWJ at the Imperial War Museum Duxford, Cambridgeshire, owned by the Duxford Aviation Society in Air UK markings. Herald 211 G-ASKK at the City of Norwich Aviation Museum, Norwich Airport, Norfolk. Specifications (Dart Herald 200) Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1969-70General characteristics Crew: 2 Capacity: 50-56 passengers, 11,700 lb (5,300 kg) maximum payload Length: 75 ft 6 in (23.01 m) Wingspan: 94 ft 9.5 in (28.893 m) Height: 24 ft 1 in (7.34 m) Wing area: 886 sq ft (82.3 m2) Airfoil: root: NACA 23016.5; tip: NACA 4412 Empty weight: 25,800 lb (11,703 kg) equipped Max takeoff weight: 43,700 lb (19,818 kg) Maximum zero-fuel weight: 37,500 lb (17,000 kg) Maximum landing weight: 39,500 lb (17,900 kg) Fuel capacity: 1,080 imp gal (1,297 US gal; 4,910 L) Powerplant: 2 × Rolls-Royce RDa.7 Dart Mk.527 turboprop engines, 2,105 shp (1,570 kW) each equivalent Propellers: 4-bladed Rotol, 12 ft 6 in (3.81 m) diameter constant-speed fully-feathering propellers Performance Cruise speed: 239 kn (275 mph, 443 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) and 39,500 lb (17,900 kg) AUW Stall speed: 65 kn (75 mph, 120 km/h) at 30,000 lb (14,000 kg) AUW Never exceed speed: 304 kn (350 mph, 563 km/h) Range: 608 nmi (700 mi, 1,126 km) with max. payload, 87 nmi (100 mi; 161 km) diversion, 45 minutes holding Service ceiling: 27,900 ft (8,500 m) at 35,000 lb (16,000 kg) AUW Rate of climb: 1,805 ft/min (9.17 m/s) at 41,000 lb (19,000 kg) AUW Wing loading: 48.5 lb/sq ft (237 kg/m2) Power/mass: 0.098 shp/lb (0.161 kW/kg) (equivalent hp) Take-off distance to 35 ft (11 m): 2,700 ft (820 m) at 39,500 lb (17,900 kg) AUW Landing distance from 50 ft (15 m): 1,900 ft (580 m) at 39,500 lb (17,900 kg) AUW See also Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Antonov An-24 Fairchild Hiller FH-227 Fokker F27 Friendship Hawker Siddeley HS 748 Notes ^ Two optional 600 imp gal (721 US gal; 2,728 L) under-wing tanks could be fitted ^ (1,910 shp (1,420 kW) + 505 lbf (2,250 N) residual thrust ^ 1,529 nmi (1,760 mi; 2,832 km) with max. standard fuel, no allowances ^ Service ceiling on one engine: 13,000 ft (4,000 m) at 35,000 lb (16,000 kg) AUW References Notes ^ Flight 19 August 1955, p. 260. ^ Payne 1997, pp. 336–337. ^ Payne 1997, p. 336. ^ a b Barnes 1976, p. 531. ^ a b c Barnes 1976, p. 534. ^ Flight 19 August 1955, pp. 260–265. ^ Barnes 1976, p. 535. ^ Flight 19 August 1955, p. 263. ^ Barnes 1976, p. 532. ^ Barnes 1976, pp. 532–533. ^ a b c Mellberg 2007, p. 64. ^ a b c Payne 1997, p. 337. ^ Flight 27 July 1956, p. 149. ^ Flight, 10 May 1957, p. 644. ^ Flight 17 May 1957, p. 652. ^ Flight 25 July 1958, p. 134. ^ Barnes 1976, p. 537. ^ a b c d Taylor 1965, p. 145. ^ "Commercial Aircraft of the World: H.P.R. Herald Series 100 and 200". Flight International. 18 November 1960. pp. 805–806. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. ^ a b Payne 1997, p. 338. ^ Flight 18 May 1961, p. 662. ^ a b Mellberg 2007, p. 66. ^ a b Payne 1997, p. 339. ^ a b Barnes 1976, p. 543. ^ Payne 1994, p. 341. ^ Payne 1997, pp. 338–339. ^ Barnes 1976, pp. 550–551. ^ Barnes 1976, p. 552. ^ a b c d Payne 1997, p. 342. ^ Payne 1997, pp. 342–343. ^ Chorlton Aeroplane Summer 2013, p. 93. ^ Air-Britain Aviation World, June 2017, p. 63. ^ Barnes 1976, pp. 540–543. ^ Payne 1997, pp. 339, 341. ^ Barnes 1976, pp. 543–544. ^ a b Barnes 1976, p. 544. ^ "World News." Air Pictorial, Vol. 24, No. 10, October 1962, p. 313. ^ Bullen 1982, p. 30. ^ "Obituary: Squadron Leader Hedley Hazelden." Daily Telegraph, 27 August 2001. Retrieved: 26 March 2010. ^ "Accident description: Eastern Provincial Airways Flight 102." aviation-safety.net. Retrieved: 26 March 2010. ^ Barnes 1976, p. 550. ^ "Accident description: Handley Page HPR-7 Herald 207." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: 21 July 2011. ^ "Accident description: Sadia Handley Page Dart Herald 214." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: 6 May 2011. ^ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Serra da Graciosa". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 256–261. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2. ^ Ellis 2016, p. 16 ^ Ellis 2016, p. 26 ^ Ellis 2015, p. 174 ^ Taylor, John W.R., ed. (1969). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1969-70 (60th ed.). London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company. pp. 201–202. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019. Bibliography Barnes, C.H. Handley Page Aircraft Since 1907. London: Putnam, 1976. ISBN 0-370-00030-7. Barnes, C. H. Handley Page Aircraft Since 1907. London: Putnam & Company, Ltd., 1987. ISBN 0-85177-803-8. Bullen, Kim. "Brymon Airways — first decade". Aircraft Illustrated, Vol. 15, No. 1, January 1982. pp. 28–32. Chorlton, Martyn. "Database: Handley Page H.P.R.3 Herald & H.P.R.7 Dart Herald". Aeroplane, Vol. 41, No. 7, Summer 2013. pp. 79–93. "Commercial Aircraft of the World: H.P.R. Herald Series 100 and 200". Flight International. 18 November 1960. pp. 805–806. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Ellis, Ken (2016). Wrecks and Relics 25th Edition. Manchester, England: Crecy Publishing. ISBN 978-191080-9037. Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919: Volume 2. London: Putnam, 1973. ISBN 0-370-10010-7. Mellberg, William F. "Aircraft Profile: Handley Page Herald". Air International, Vol. 72, No. 5, May 2007, pp. 64–66. Payne, Richard. "Hark a DC-3 Replacement". Air International, Vol. 53, No. 6, December 1997, pp. 336–343. Taylor, John W. R., editor. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1965. Taylor, John W. R. (ed.). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1969-70. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co, Ltd., 1969. ISBN 0-354-000-519 Further reading Clayton, Donald C. Handley Page, an Aircraft Album. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1969. ISBN 0-7110-0094-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Handley Page Herald. Airliners.net "Handling the Herald" a 1959 Flight article on the Herald vteHandley Page aircraftCompanydesignationsLetters Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E Type F Type G Type H Type K Type L Type M Type N Type O Type P Type R Type S Type T Type Ta Type V Type W Type X Numbers HP.1 HP.2 HP.3 HP.4 HP.5 HP.6 HP.7 HP.8 HP.9 HP.10 HP.11 HP.12 HP.13 HP.14 HP.15 HP.16 HP.17 HP.18 HP.19 HP.20 HP.21 HP.22 HP.23 HP.24 HP.25 HP.26 HP.27 HP.28 HP.29 HP.30 HP.31 HP.32 HP.33 HP.34 HP.35 HP.36 HP.37 HP.38 HP.39 HP.40 HP.41 HP.42 HP.43 HP.44 HP.45 HP.46 HP.47 HP.48 HP.49 HP.50 HP.51 HP.52 HP.53 HP.54 HP.55 HP.56 HP.57 HP.58 HP.59 HP.60 HP.61 HP.62 HP.63 HP.64 HP.65 HP.66 HP.67 HP.68 HP.69 HP.70 HP.71 HP.72 HP.73 HP.74 HP.75 HP.76 HP.77 HP.78 HP.79 HP.80 HP.81 HP.82 HP.83 HP.84 HP.85 HP.86 HP.87 HP.88 HP.89 HP.90 HP.91 HP.92 HP.93 HP.94 HP.95 HP.96 HP.97 HP.98 HP.99 HP.100 HP.101 HP.102 HP.103 HP.104 HP.105 HP.106 HP.107 HP.108 HP.109 HP.110 HP.111 HP.112 HP.113 HP.114 HP.115 HP.116 HP.117 HP.118 HP.119 HP.120 HP.122 HP.123 HP.124 HP.125 HP.126 HP.127 HP.128 HP.129 HP.130 HP.131 HP.132 HP.133 HP.134 HP.135 HP.137 RoleBombers O/100 O/400 V/1500 HP.13 Hendon Hare Hyderabad Handcross Harrow (1) Hinaidi HP.47 Heyford HP.51 Hampden Hereford Harrow (2) Halifax Victor Airliners O/400 O/7 O/10 O/11 W.8 W.9 W.10 Hamlet HP.42 HP.45 Hermes Marathon Dart Herald Jetstream Experimental Type L Gugnunc Gyrojet Manx HPS HP.20 HP.88 HP.115 Transports Clive HP.51 Harrow/Sparrow Halifax C.VIII Halton Hastings Authority control databases: National Israel United States

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Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Airways"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Aéreo Colombiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lloyd_A%C3%A9reo_Colombiano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radlett"},{"link_name":"Break-even","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break-even_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_p532-3-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mellberg_p64-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p337-12"},{"link_name":"Air Kruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Kruise"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flight_advance_p149-13"},{"link_name":"Vickers Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Viscount"},{"link_name":"British Aviation Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aviation_Services"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_76_p534-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mellberg_p64-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_76_p534-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p337-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dowty Rotol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowty_Rotol"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flight_58_p134-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p337-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_76_p537-17"},{"link_name":"certified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_certificate"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_65_p145-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In the mid-1950s Handley Page developed a new fast short-range regional airliner, intended to replace the older Douglas DC-3, particularly in third-world countries.[1] The design, originally known as the HPR.3 Herald, emanated from the drawing office at Handley Page (Reading) Limited—the former Miles Aircraft factory site, which had developed an earlier airliner design, the Miles Marathon. The Herald was an extensive re-development of the original concept of the Marathon, notable for its high mounted wing.[2] Handley Page Reading succeeded in producing a modern design with excellent flight and performance characteristics. However, the company made a serious misjudgement which was, in the end, to cost the company dearly, and like some other classic British aircraft of the time, the Herald missed its chance.The HPR.3 Herald prototype with four Alvis Leonides Major engines, demonstrating at the Farnborough Airshow in September 1955CockpitAfter extensive consultation with DC-3 operators, it was decided to power the new airliner with piston engines, rather than turboprops, which were considered risky by the small airlines at which the HPR.3 was aimed. Handley Page preferred a four-engined design, which led to the new 870 hp (650 kW) Alvis Leonides Major 14-cylinder radial engine, driving three-bladed propellers being chosen for the HPR.3.[3][4] At almost the same time, the Dutch company Fokker made the opposite choice for its competitor for the same market, choosing to power the F27 Friendship with two Rolls-Royce Darts.[4]The HPR.3 could carry up to 44 passengers in its pressurised cabin, which could be quickly converted to allow the carrying of freight, with the aircraft's high wing, nosewheel undercarriage and large doors at the front and rear of the cabin making the loading of cargo relatively simple. Large flaps were fitted to give good short takeoff and landing characteristics.[5][6] It was designed to cruise at a speed of 224 mph (360 km/h), had a range of 1,640 mi (2,640 km),[7] could land and take off in a distance of less than 500 yards (460 m) and had an initial rate of climb of over 1,800 ft/min.[8]At first, it seemed that Handley Page had made the right choices with the HPR.3, which was named \"Herald\" in August 1954, this being a name easily translatable into French and Spanish.[9] Extensive work by the sales team had produced considerable interest from potential customers, and Handley Page had 29 orders for the Herald (from Queensland Airlines, Australian National Airways, and Lloyd Aéreo Colombiano) by the time the first prototype made its maiden flight from Radlett on 25 August 1955, three months ahead of the first flight of the Friendship. Break-even was expected after the sale of 75 aircraft and Handley Page expected total sales of up to 300 Heralds,[10][11][12] with first deliveries expected to British independent airline Air Kruise in 1958.[13]By now, however, the Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop engine had shown proven success in the Vickers Viscount. Queensland Airlines and Australian National Airways cancelled their orders for Heralds in favour of turboprop-powered Friendships, while the Lloyd Aéreo Colombiano contract was stopped due to currency problems and Air Kruise's interest was ended when it was taken over by British Aviation Services.[5][11] Before the second prototype had been completed, Handley Page was faced with the fact that it had no orders for the Herald, and that the market had changed and wanted turboprops.[5][12]There had already been a very substantial investment in the Herald project, such that the management held a meeting to discuss continuation. Handley Page decided to press ahead with the Herald project, in an effort to recover the investment; announcing a new uprated version powered by the Rolls-Royce Dart.[14][15] The revised aircraft, now designated the HPR.7 Dart Herald, was powered by 1,910 shp Dart 527 engines driving 12 ft 6 in (3.81 m) variable pitch four-blade Dowty Rotol propellers,[16] and the fuselage was lengthened by 20 in (51 cm), while other improvements included increased fuel capacity.[12] The first prototype was converted to Dart Herald standard, making its maiden flight on 11 March 1958,[17] with the first production aircraft flying on 30 October 1959. The initial Series 100 version of the Dart Herald was certified in April 1958.[18] The basic price in 1960 was around £185,000.[19]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HPR.7_Herald_G-APWG_Jersey_Als_RWY_18.08.62_edited-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"British European Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_European_Airways"},{"link_name":"Jersey Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mellberg_p64-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p338-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flight_61_p662-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p338-20"},{"link_name":"Avro 748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_748"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HP_Herald_211_G-ASKK_BUA_Ringway_11.08.67_edited-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"British United Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_United_Airways"},{"link_name":"Manchester Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Airport"},{"link_name":"Avro 748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_748"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mellberg_p66-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p339-23"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Vickers Valettas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Valetta"},{"link_name":"RAF Martlesham Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Martlesham_Heath"},{"link_name":"Minister of Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Peter Thorneycroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft"},{"link_name":"British Aircraft Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley"},{"link_name":"Frederick Handley Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Handley_Page"},{"link_name":"Andover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Andover"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_76_p543-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p341-25"},{"link_name":"Royal Malaysian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p338-9-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dart_Herald_62.jpg"},{"link_name":"VASP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VASP"},{"link_name":"Globe Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globe_Air&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Air_Transport"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p339-23"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_76_p550-1-27"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mellberg_p66-22"},{"link_name":"Arkia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_76_p552-28"},{"link_name":"HP.137 Jetstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Jetstream"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p342-29"},{"link_name":"Scottish Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p342-3-30"},{"link_name":"British Air Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Air_Ferries"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aero13_p93-31"},{"link_name":"Channel Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Express"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"HPR.7 Herald 201 of Jersey Airlines on final approach to Manchester Airport in August 1962The first order for the Dart Herald was in June 1959 from British European Airways for a lease of three aircraft for use on its Scottish Highlands and Islands routes. The Herald, had by this time, lost its initial lead over the Friendship, which had entered service over six months previously, and to stimulate demand, Handley Page launched in 1960 a further improved version, the Series 200, which was lengthened by 42 in (107 cm), with corresponding increased weights, allowing up to 56 passengers to be carried, and attracted an order for six aircraft from Jersey Airlines.[11][20][21]The second prototype was converted to Series 200 standard and first flew in that form on 8 April 1961. Jersey Airlines began operations with a leased Series 100 on 16 May 1961, receiving the first of its own Series 200s in January 1962, while BEA began Herald operations in March 1962.[20]The Herald attracted much early interest around the world because of its astonishing short field performance and excellent flight characteristics, but Handley Page failed to close many of the deals, as the F-27 and the Avro 748/HS.748 had become rival offerings, both of which proved significantly more popular. A key design feature of the Herald was the high-mounted wing, but with a noticeable dihedral. In addition, the Herald's vertical fin was covered with miniature airfoils, adding further to the Herald's excellent stability.[citation needed] Pilots reported that the Herald flew like a dream; very stable in the air, yet highly manoeuvrable even at slow speed.[citation needed] Ground handling was said to be the Herald's only vice due to an overlarge tailfin.[citation needed]Herald 211 of British United Airways operating a scheduled service at Manchester Airport in August 1967While the Series 200 was more commercially attractive, with no more Series 100 being ordered, sales were still slow. While the Herald was cheap compared to its major competitors, and in the 200 series had a roomy cabin, the Friendship could carry a larger payload and both the Friendship and the Avro 748/HS.748 had better performance, resulting in superior long-term economics.[22] By 1963, only 35 Heralds had been sold compared with over 240 Friendships.[23]One hope of improving sales was to develop the Herald as a military transport. The Royal Air Force had a requirement for 45 tactical transports to replace piston-engined Vickers Valettas, and Handley Page began work in 1960 on the HP.124 to meet this need. This would have a new rear fuselage with a rear loading ramp under the raised tail. The HP.124 was considered favourite to beat Avro's 748 derivative, the Avro 780, with the high wing of the Handley Page expected to give easier loading than the more expensive Avro. While short-field testing of the prototype Herald 200 at RAF Martlesham Heath in 1961 showed off the Herald's good handling and ability to operate from unprepared airstrips, other obstacles were more taxing. The Minister of Aviation, Peter Thorneycroft, refused to sign a contract for the HP.124 unless Handley Page would agree to a merger with British Aircraft Corporation or Hawker Siddeley as part of the government's policy of consolidation of the British aircraft industry. As Hawker Siddeley offered less than half the valuation that Frederick Handley Page placed on the company, the merger did not occur, and the RAF's order went to the Avro 780, which became the Andover.[24][25] The Herald Series 400 was a simpler tactical transport with a strengthened cabin floor and side loading doors that could be opened in flight for dropping of supplies or paratroops. Eight were built for the Royal Malaysian Air Force.[26]Dart Herald Srs 202By 1965, almost all sales momentum had been lost, and Handley Page proposed the Series 700, powered by 2,320 ehp (1,730 kW) Dart 532s, with increased fuel and weights and was capable of seating up to 60 passengers. The Brazilian airline VASP placed an order for ten Series 700s, with plans made for production in Brazil, while further orders for the 700 were placed by Swiss airline Globe Air and Taiwanese Far Eastern Air Transport, and production started on the new model. VASP cancelled its order, however, when it could not obtain financing from the Brazilian government, and Handley Page stopped work on the 700, scrapping six airframes on the production line.[23][27]Production ended in 1968. Only 36 examples of the Series 200 production model were eventually built during the six years of production, together with four Series 100s and eight Series 400s.[22] The 50th, and last, Herald (a series 200 for Israel's Arkia) was flown and delivered in August 1968,[28] after which Herald production ceased, allowing Handley Page's attention to be fully focused on the HP.137 Jetstream.[29]Handley Page went into voluntary liquidation in August 1969, the spiralling cost of developing the Jetstream forcing its closure. Continuing support for the remaining Heralds in service was maintained by the setting up of a new company, Dart Herald (Support) Ltd, partly owned by Scottish Aviation.[30]The Herald's last ever passenger flight was operated by British Air Ferries in 1987 doing subcharters for Ryanair.[31] The type remained in use as a freighter, but by 1999 the only one remaining in service was a series 401 G-BEYF with Channel Express; it was retired at Bournemouth after its last flight on 9 April 1999.[32]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Janus_Airways_Handley_Page_Herald_at_Basle_Airport_-_April_1984.jpg"},{"link_name":"Janus Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus_Airways"},{"link_name":"Alvis Leonides Major 702/1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvis_Leonides_Major_702/1"},{"link_name":"seating capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seating_capacity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_65_p145-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_65_p145-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janes_65_p145-18"},{"link_name":"VASP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VASP"},{"link_name":"Silver City Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_City_Airways"},{"link_name":"Aviation Traders Carvair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Traders_Carvair"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_76_p540-3-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p339,1-34"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_76_p543-24"},{"link_name":"V/STOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/STOL"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce RB162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_RB162"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_76_p543-4-35"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Spey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Spey"},{"link_name":"turbofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_76_p544-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_76_p544-36"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p342-29"},{"link_name":"General Electric CF700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_CF700"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p342-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hark_p342-29"}],"text":"Handley Page HPR-7 Herald 214 of Janus Airways at Basle Airport, 15 April 1984HPR-3 Herald\nPrototype powered by four Alvis Leonides Major 702/1 14-cyl. radial engines – seating capacity 44\nHPR-7 Dart Herald\nSeries 100\nInitial Dart turboprop production version. Four built.\nSeries 200\nFuselage length increased from 71 ft 11 in to 75 ft 6 in and maximum accommodation rose from 47 to 56 seats. 36 built.\nSeries 300\nProposed version with modifications to meet United States Airworthiness requirements.\nSeries 400\nSide-loading military transport derivative of the Series 200 incorporating a strengthened floor for carrying freight, 50 troops or 24 casualty stretchers and medical attendants. Eight built for the Royal Malaysian Air Force.\nSeries 500\nProposed more powerful version of the 400.[18]\nSeries 600\nProposed version with 5 ft (1.5 m) increase in fuselage length and more powerful Dart turboprops. High-density accommodation for 64–68 passengers.[18]\nSeries 700\nLonger-range version similar to the Series 600 but without fuselage lengthening.[18] Ten ordered by VASP but production not initiated.\nHPR-8\nPlanned car-ferry derivative of Herald to meet 1959 Silver City Airways requirement. It had a new, unpressurised fuselage with clamshell doors in the nose, capable of carrying six cars or 100 passengers. It was rejected in favour of the Aviation Traders Carvair and went unbuilt.[33][34]\nHP.124\nProposed tactical transport with rear loading ramp for RAF. Unbuilt.[24]\nHP.125\nProposed V/STOL transport based on HP.124, with 18 Rolls-Royce RB162 lift-jets in underwing pods. Unbuilt.[35]\nHP.127 \"Jet Herald\"\n1962 study for pure jet-powered development of Herald. Based on basic Herald design but with a stretched fuselage, accommodating up to 70 passengers, and powered by two Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan engines slung in pods under the shortened but still straight wings. Project unbuilt.[36][37]\nHP.129 \"Mini Herald\"\nDesign for smaller, jet-powered derivative of Herald, powered by two Speys and seating 30 passengers. Unbuilt.[36]\nHP.131\nImproved HP.124 offered to Belgium in 1965 along with HP.132 and HP.133. Unbuilt.[29]\nHP.132\nVariant of HP.133 with additional General Electric CF700 boost engines in wingtips. Unbuilt.[29]\nHP.133\nAs HP.132 but with CF700s in retractable nacelles. Unbuilt.[29]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Transbrasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbrasil"},{"link_name":"TABA – Transportes Aéreos da Bacia Amazônica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TABA_%E2%80%93_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_da_Bacia_Amaz%C3%B4nica"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Eastern Provincial Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Provincial_Airways"},{"link_name":"Maritime Central Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Central_Airways"},{"link_name":"Nordair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordair"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Líneas Aéreas La Urraca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADneas_A%C3%A9reas_La_Urraca"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Europe Aero Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_Aero_Service"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Bavaria Fluggesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria_Fluggesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Arkia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkia_Israel_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Aerolinee Itavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerolinee_Itavia"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Alia Jordanian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Jordanian"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Air Manila International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Manila"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Air_Transport"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Air UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_UK"},{"link_name":"Autair International Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Line"},{"link_name":"BAC Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Air_Ltd"},{"link_name":"British Air Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Air_Ferries"},{"link_name":"British European Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_European_Airways"},{"link_name":"British Island Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Island_Airways"},{"link_name":"British Midland Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Midland_Airways_Ltd."},{"link_name":"British United Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_United_Airways"},{"link_name":"British United Island Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_United_Island_Airways"},{"link_name":"Brymon Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brymon_Airways"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Channel Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Express"},{"link_name":"Court Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Line"},{"link_name":"Janes Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janes_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Jersey Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Airlines"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Zaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire"}],"sub_title":"Civil operators","text":"Brazil\nSADIA SA Transportes Aéreos (Later renamed Transbrasil) – 8 as first operator\nTABA – Transportes Aéreos da Bacia Amazônica\n Canada\nEastern Provincial Airways – 4 as first operator\nMaritime Central Airways – 1 as first operator\nNordair – 1 as first operator\n Colombia\nLíneas Aéreas La Urraca\n France\nEurope Aero Service\n Germany\nBavaria Fluggesellschaft – 2 as first operator\n Guatemala\nAerovías\n Israel\nArkia – 5 as first operator\n Italy\nAerolinee Itavia – 4 as first operator\n Jordan\nAlia Jordanian Airlines – 1 as first (civil) operator\n Philippines\nAir Manila International – 1 as first operator\n Switzerland\nGlobe Air – 3 as first operator\n Taiwan\nFar Eastern Air Transport\n United Kingdom\nAir UK\nAutair International Airlines\nBAC Charter\nBAC Express\nBritish Air Ferries – 7 as first (civil) operator\nBritish European Airways – 3 as first operator\nBritish Island Airways\nBritish Midland Airways\nBritish United Airways – 6 as first operator\nBritish United Island Airways\nBrymon Airways[38]\nChannel Express\nCourt Line\nJanes Aviation\nJersey Airlines – 3 as first operator\nSecuricor (operated by Skyguard)[citation needed]\nSouth East Air\n Zaire\nMMM Aero Service","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Royal Jordanian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Jordanian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Royal Malaysian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Air_Force"}],"sub_title":"Military operators","text":"JordanRoyal Jordanian Air ForceMalaysiaRoyal Malaysian Air Force","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farnborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnborough_Airfield"},{"link_name":"crash landed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_landing"},{"link_name":"Squadron Leader Hedley Hazelden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedley_Hazelden"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Eastern Provincial Airways Flight 102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Provincial_Airways_Flight_102&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Stanfield_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney/J.A._Douglas_McCurdy_Airport"},{"link_name":"Upper Musquodoboit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Musquodoboit,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"British European Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_European_Airways"},{"link_name":"Alia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Jordanian"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_76_p550-41"},{"link_name":"Royal Jordanian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Jordanian"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Sadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadia_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos"},{"link_name":"São Paulo-Congonhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congonhas-S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Airport"},{"link_name":"Curitiba-Afonso Pena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Pena_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern Air Transport Flight 104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Air_Transport_Flight_104"},{"link_name":"Tainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"}],"text":"On 10 August 1958, the prototype Dart Herald was due to appear at Farnborough air show but suffered an engine failure en route from Woodley. The fuel lines ruptured and a serious fire ensued. The engine bearers burned through and the aircraft was finally crash landed by the pilot, Squadron Leader Hedley Hazelden in a field. The landing was acknowledged as an astonishing feat of airmanship.[39]\nOn 17 March 1965, after a structural failure of the fuselage, Eastern Provincial Airways Flight 102 en route from Halifax to Sydney crashed near Upper Musquodoboit, Nova Scotia, killing all eight people on board.[40] The fuselage had split lengthwise in midair along its belly owing to corrosion. After signs of corrosion were found both in a British European Airways' Herald and the Heralds operated by Alia, all Heralds in service were recalled by Handley Page for repair and corrosion-proofing.[41]\nOn 10 April 1965, JY-ACQ a Royal Jordanian Airlines Herald crashed into a hill near Damascus, Syria killing all 54 passengers and crew on board.[42]\nOn 3 November 1967, a Sadia Handley Page Dart Herald 214 registration PP-SDJ flying from São Paulo-Congonhas to Curitiba-Afonso Pena collided with a hill during the approach to Curitiba. All crew and 21 passengers died; four passengers survived.[43][44]\nOn 24 February 1969, Far Eastern Air Transport Flight 104 crashed on approach after engine two failed near Tainan, Taiwan killing all 36 on board.","title":"Accidents and incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CNAM_Herald.jpg"},{"link_name":"City of Norwich Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Norwich_Aviation_Museum"}],"text":"HPR.7 Herald 211 G-ASKK preserved at the City of Norwich Aviation Museum","title":"Survivors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Museum of Berkshire Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Berkshire_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-war16-45"},{"link_name":"Imperial War Museum Duxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum_Duxford"},{"link_name":"Air UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_UK"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-war26-46"},{"link_name":"City of Norwich Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Norwich_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-war174-47"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"On DisplayHerald 100 G-APWA at the Museum of Berkshire Aviation, Woodley.[45]\nHerald 201 G-APWJ at the Imperial War Museum Duxford, Cambridgeshire, owned by the Duxford Aviation Society in Air UK markings.[46]\nHerald 211 G-ASKK at the City of Norwich Aviation Museum, Norwich Airport, Norfolk.[47]","title":"Survivors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA1969-70-48"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-49"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce RDa.7 Dart Mk.527","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_RDa.7_Dart_Mk.527"},{"link_name":"turboprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Never exceed speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds#VNE"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Power/mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"}],"text":"Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1969-70[48]General characteristicsCrew: 2\nCapacity: 50-56 passengers, 11,700 lb (5,300 kg) maximum payload\nLength: 75 ft 6 in (23.01 m)\nWingspan: 94 ft 9.5 in (28.893 m)\nHeight: 24 ft 1 in (7.34 m)\nWing area: 886 sq ft (82.3 m2)\nAirfoil: root: NACA 23016.5; tip: NACA 4412[49]\nEmpty weight: 25,800 lb (11,703 kg) equipped\nMax takeoff weight: 43,700 lb (19,818 kg) \nMaximum zero-fuel weight: 37,500 lb (17,000 kg)\nMaximum landing weight: 39,500 lb (17,900 kg)\nFuel capacity: 1,080 imp gal (1,297 US gal; 4,910 L)[a]\nPowerplant: 2 × Rolls-Royce RDa.7 Dart Mk.527 turboprop engines, 2,105 shp (1,570 kW) each equivalent[b]\nPropellers: 4-bladed Rotol, 12 ft 6 in (3.81 m) diameter constant-speed fully-feathering propellersPerformanceCruise speed: 239 kn (275 mph, 443 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) and 39,500 lb (17,900 kg) AUW\nStall speed: 65 kn (75 mph, 120 km/h) at 30,000 lb (14,000 kg) AUW\nNever exceed speed: 304 kn (350 mph, 563 km/h)\nRange: 608 nmi (700 mi, 1,126 km) with max. payload, 87 nmi (100 mi; 161 km) diversion, 45 minutes holding[c]\nService ceiling: 27,900 ft (8,500 m) at 35,000 lb (16,000 kg) AUW[d]\nRate of climb: 1,805 ft/min (9.17 m/s) at 41,000 lb (19,000 kg) AUW\nWing loading: 48.5 lb/sq ft (237 kg/m2)\nPower/mass: 0.098 shp/lb (0.161 kW/kg) (equivalent hp)\nTake-off distance to 35 ft (11 m): 2,700 ft (820 m) at 39,500 lb (17,900 kg) AUW\nLanding distance from 50 ft (15 m): 1,900 ft (580 m) at 39,500 lb (17,900 kg) AUW","title":"Specifications (Dart Herald 200)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"}],"text":"^ Two optional 600 imp gal (721 US gal; 2,728 L) under-wing tanks could be fitted\n\n^ (1,910 shp (1,420 kW) + 505 lbf (2,250 N) residual thrust\n\n^ 1,529 nmi (1,760 mi; 2,832 km) with max. standard fuel, no allowances\n\n^ Service ceiling on one engine: 13,000 ft (4,000 m) at 35,000 lb (16,000 kg) AUW","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7110-0094-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0094-8"}],"text":"Clayton, Donald C. Handley Page, an Aircraft Album. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1969. ISBN 0-7110-0094-8.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"The HPR.3 Herald prototype with four Alvis Leonides Major engines, demonstrating at the Farnborough Airshow in September 1955","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/HPR.3_Herald_Farnborough_1955.jpg/220px-HPR.3_Herald_Farnborough_1955.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cockpit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Handley_Page_Herald_%2843008138552%29.jpg/220px-Handley_Page_Herald_%2843008138552%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"HPR.7 Herald 201 of Jersey Airlines on final approach to Manchester Airport in August 1962","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/HPR.7_Herald_G-APWG_Jersey_Als_RWY_18.08.62_edited-2.jpg/220px-HPR.7_Herald_G-APWG_Jersey_Als_RWY_18.08.62_edited-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Herald 211 of British United Airways operating a scheduled service at Manchester Airport in August 1967","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HP_Herald_211_G-ASKK_BUA_Ringway_11.08.67_edited-2.jpg/220px-HP_Herald_211_G-ASKK_BUA_Ringway_11.08.67_edited-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dart Herald Srs 202","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dart_Herald_62.jpg/220px-Dart_Herald_62.jpg"},{"image_text":"Handley Page HPR-7 Herald 214 of Janus Airways at Basle Airport, 15 April 1984","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Janus_Airways_Handley_Page_Herald_at_Basle_Airport_-_April_1984.jpg/220px-Janus_Airways_Handley_Page_Herald_at_Basle_Airport_-_April_1984.jpg"},{"image_text":"HPR.7 Herald 211 G-ASKK preserved at the City of Norwich Aviation Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/CNAM_Herald.jpg/220px-CNAM_Herald.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Antonov An-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-24"},{"title":"Fairchild Hiller FH-227","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Hiller_FH-227"},{"title":"Fokker F27 Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F27_Friendship"},{"title":"Hawker Siddeley HS 748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_HS_748"}]

[{"reference":"\"Commercial Aircraft of the World: H.P.R. Herald Series 100 and 200\". Flight International. 18 November 1960. pp. 805–806. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306094314/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%202695.html","url_text":"\"Commercial Aircraft of the World: H.P.R. Herald Series 100 and 200\""},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%202695.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). \"Serra da Graciosa\". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 256–261. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7430-760-2","url_text":"978-85-7430-760-2"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, John W.R., ed. (1969). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1969-70 (60th ed.). London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company. pp. 201–202.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lednicer, David. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","url_text":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commercial Aircraft of the World: H.P.R. Herald Series 100 and 200\". Flight International. 18 November 1960. pp. 805–806. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306094314/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%202695.html","url_text":"\"Commercial Aircraft of the World: H.P.R. Herald Series 100 and 200\""},{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%202695.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Ken (2016). Wrecks and Relics 25th Edition. Manchester, England: Crecy Publishing. ISBN 978-191080-9037.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-191080-9037","url_text":"978-191080-9037"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amawar

Amawar

["1 Demography","2 Transportation","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]

Coordinates: 25°23′46″N 82°55′00″E / 25.396142°N 82.916539°E / 25.396142; 82.916539 Village in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaAmawarVillageAmawarVillage location on Varanasi district mapShow map of Varanasi districtAmawarAmawar (Uttar Pradesh)Show map of Uttar PradeshAmawarAmawar (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 25°23′46″N 82°55′00″E / 25.396142°N 82.916539°E / 25.396142; 82.916539Country IndiaStateUttar PradeshDistrictVaranasi districtTehsilPindraElevation81.241 m (266.539 ft)Population (2011) • Total444Languages • OfficialHindiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)Postal code221205Telephone code+91-542Vehicle registrationUP65 XXXXVillage code208791Lok Sabha constituencyVaranasiVidhan Sabha constituencyPindra Amawar is a village in Pindra Tehsil of Varanasi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Amawar falls under Mohanpur gram panchayat. The village is about 15 kilometers North-West of Varanasi city, 277 kilometers South-East of state capital Lucknow and 802 kilometers South-East of the national capital Delhi. Demography Amawar has a total population of 444 people amongst 70 families. Sex ratio of Amawar is 922 and child sex ratio is 600. Uttar Pradesh state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively . Details Male Female Total Comments Number of houses - - 70 (census 2011) Adult 206 198 404 Children (0–6 years) 25 15 40 Total population 231 213 444 Literacy 92.72% 68.69% 80.94% Transportation Amawar can be accessed by road and does not have a railway station of its own. Closest railway station to this village is Birapatti railway station (1.2 kilometers North). Nearest operational airports are Varanasi airport (12 kilometers North-West) and Allahabad Airports (141 kilometers West). See also India portal Pindra Tehsil Pindra (Assembly constituency) Notes ^ All demographic data is based on 2011 Census of India. References ^ "Village coordinates". latlong.net. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2015. ^ "Elevation". daftlogic.com. Retrieved 7 March 2015. ^ "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" (PDF). Election Commission of India official website. Retrieved 7 March 2015. ^ "Village code & Tehsil". Local Government directory. Retrieved 7 March 2015. ^ a b c "Demography". 2011 census. Retrieved 7 March 2015. ^ "Rail information". indiarailinfo.com. Retrieved 7 March 2015. ^ "Location". Google Maps. Retrieved 7 March 2015. vteVillages in Varanasi districtPindraTehsil Adhkatiya Kala Khas Aharak Ahiran Ahirani Ajaipur Akorha Amilo Aneai Anura Araji Hasanpur Arazi Tari Ashapur Ashwari Aswalpur Auraon Ausanpur Azoarepur Babatpur Bachaura Badhauna Baghaita Baharipur Barzi Basni Deorai Eshipur Gang Khurd Janakpatti Kathiraon Kuri, Varanasi Murdi Padari Phoolpur Tisaura VaranasiTehsil Adampur Aily Aitha Akhari Amaut Amawar Anantpur Araji Line Babhanpura Chadpur Dabethuwa Jayapur Khalispur Khanzadipur Lamhi Mehdiganj Rajpur Vyaspur India portal Places adjacent to Amawar Jaunpur Varanasi airport Mau Allahabad Amawar Patna Mirzapur Varanasi vte State of Uttar PradeshCapital: LucknowTopics History Geography Government Economy Culture Architecture Tourism Demographics Education Administration Government Legislative Assembly Legislative Council Chief Ministers Governors High Court Police Emblem Regions Awadh (Central Uttar Pradesh) Purvanchal (Eastern Uttar Pradesh) Western Uttar Pradesh Divisions Agra Aligarh Ayodhya Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Prayagraj Saharanpur Varanasi Districts Agra Aligarh Ayodhya Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amroha Auraiya Azamgarh Bagpat Bahraich Ballia Balrampur Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bhadohi Bijnor Budaun Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Devaria Etah Etawah Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Ghazipur Gonda Gorakhpur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Kannauj Kanpur Dehat Kanpur Nagar Kasganj Kaushambi Kushinagar Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Pratapgarh Prayagraj Raebareli Rampur Saharanpur Sambhal Sant Kabir Nagar Shahjahanpur Shamli Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi Major cities Agra Aligarh Ayodhya Bareilly Ghaziabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Mathura Meerut Moradabad Noida Prayagraj Saharanpur Vrindavan Varanasi Villages Adhkatiya Kala Khas Aharak Ahiran, Pindra Ahirani, Pindra Aily Aitha Ajaipur Akhari Akorha Amaut Amawar Amilo, Varanasi Araji Line Babhanpura Baghirua Baliakheri Bhelupura Chadpur Dabethuwa Deorai Eshipur Harora Aht. Harora Must. Jafarabad Janakpatti Jayapur Kathiraon Khanzadipur Kuri, Varanasi Lamhi Mehdiganj Phoolpur Raghunathpur Rajesultanpur Saifai Tisaura Vyaspur India portal

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purcell_%26_Elmslie

Purcell & Elmslie

["1 History","2 Notable commissions","2.1 Works by Purcell & Feick","2.2 Works by Purcell, Feick & Elmslie","2.3 Works by Purcell & Elmslie","3 Photo gallery","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]

American architectural practice Purcell & Elmslie (P&E) was the most widely known iteration of a progressive American architectural practice. P&E was the second most commissioned firm of the Prairie School, after Frank Lloyd Wright. The firm in all iterations was active from 1907 to 1921, with their most famous work being done between 1913 and 1921. History The firms consisted of three partnerships: Purcell and Feick (1907–10); Purcell, Feick, and Elmslie (1910–12), and Purcell and Elmslie (1913–21). Elmslie had joined the Minneapolis-based firm in 1907, at the request of Purcell. The architects were commissioned for work in twenty-two states, participated in the competition for the National Parliament Buildings in Canberra, Australia, and prepared plans for a large institutional church, or Y.M.C.A., in Hunan, China. The two principals of the firm, William Gray Purcell (1880–1965) and George Grant Elmslie (1869–1952) both eventually received Fellowships in the College of the American Institute of Architects. George Feick Jr. who was son of George Feick, an Ohio contractor, was the original partner with Purcell. Purcell and Feick had been students together at Cornell University. They rejoined to tour in Europe together during 1906-1907 and then came to Minneapolis to open their partnership. The firm had offices in Chicago, Philadelphia, and Minneapolis. A number of works by each of the partnerships are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Notable commissions Steven House (1909), Eau Claire, Wisconsin Dr. Ward Beebe House (1912), Saint Paul, Minnesota Josephine Crane Bradley summer residence (Bradley Bungalow) (1912) Woods Hole, Massachusetts Edison Shop (1912) Chicago, Illinois Merchants National Bank (1912), Winona, Minnesota Edna S. Purcell House (1913), Minneapolis, Minnesota Woodbury County Courthouse (1918), Sioux City, Iowa William L. Steele, Architect, Purcell & Elmslie, Associated Architects (George Grant Elmslie, designing architect) Works include (with attribution): Works by Purcell & Feick Feick Building, built 1909, at 158-160 E. Market St. Sandusky, OH (Purcell & Feick), NRHP-listed Steven House, built 1909, at 606 Second Ave. Eau Claire, WI (Purcell & Feick), NRHP-listed Stewart Memorial Presbyterian Church, built 1910, at 116 E. 32nd St. Minneapolis, MN (Purcell & Feick), NRHP-listed Works by Purcell, Feick & Elmslie A. B. C. Dodd House, built 1910, at 310 3rd Ave. Charles City, IA (Purcell,Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Two or three works in the NRHP-listed Bismarck Cathedral Area Historic District, roughly bounded by Hannifan and N 1st Sts., Aves. C and A West Bismarck, ND (Purcell, Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed, specifically the Prairie School residences at 120 Avenue A West, at 610 Raymond Street, and at 402 Avenue B West. The Patrick E. Byrne House (120 Avenue A West) was built in 1912; the Timothy R. Atkinson House (402 Avenue B West) was built c.1910.: 2, 12, 14, 18  Merchants National Bank, built in 1912, at 102 E. 3rd St. Winona, MN (Purcell,Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Dr. Oscar Owre House, built 1912, at 2625 Newton Ave., S., Minneapolis, MN (Purcell,Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Merton S. Goodnow House, built 1913, at 446 S. Main St. Hutchinson, MN (Purcell,Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Charles and Grace Parker House, built 1913, at 4829 Colfax Ave. S. Minneapolis, MN (Purcell,Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Dr. John H. Adair House, built 1913, at 322 E. Vine St. Owatonna, MN (Purcell,Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Madison State Bank, Madison, Minnesota, built 1913, razed 1968 Works by Purcell & Elmslie One or more works in College Hills Historic District, roughly bounded by Colombia Rd., Amherst Dr., Bowdoin Rd., Corporate Limit, University Bay, and Harvard Dr. Shorewood Hills, WI (Purcell and Elmslie), NRHP-listed Community House, First Congregational Church, 310 Broadway Eau Claire, WI (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Exchange State Bank, NW corner of Main and 1st Sts. Grand Meadow, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed First National Bank (Rhinelander, Wisconsin), 8 W. Davenport St. Rhinelander, WI (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed First National Bank of Adams, 322 Main St. Adams, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed First State Bank of LeRoy, Main St. and Broadway LeRoy, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Dr. J. W. S. Gallagher House, 451 W. Broadway St. Winona, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Jump River Town Hall, S of WI 73 Jump River, WI (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Kasson Municipal Building, 12 W. Main Kasson, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Mrs. Richard Polson House, N of Spooner Spooner, WI (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed William Gray Purcell House, 2328 Lake Pl. Minneapolis, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Windego Park Auditorium/Open Air Theater, between S. Ferry St. and Rum River Anoka, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Woodbury County Courthouse, 7th and Douglas Sts. Sioux City, IA (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed Photo gallery Stewart Memorial Presbyterian Church; Minneapolis, Minnesota 1910, Purcell & Feick Oscar Owre House; Minneapolis, Minnesota 1911 Merchants National Bank (Winona, Minnesota), 1912 by Purcell and Elmslie Parker House; Minneapolis, Minnesota 1912-13 Edna S. Purcell House; Minneapolis, Minnesota 1913 by Purcell and Elmslie E.S. Hoyt House; Red Wing, Minnesota 1913 McKinley Town Hall; Jump River, Wisconsin 1915 Woodbury County Courthouse; Sioux City, Iowa 1916-18; with associated architect William L. Steele Exchange State Bank in Grand Meadow, Minnesota References ^ a b c d "Architecture in the Spirit of Democracy". organica.com. Retrieved October 17, 2017. ^ Gebhard, David (2006). Gebhard, Patricia (ed.). Purcell & Elmslie: Prairie Progressive Architects. Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith. p. 43. ISBN 1-4236-0005-3. Retrieved October 17, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ Frank E. Vyzralek and Louis N. Hafermehl (February 28, 1980). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: The Hill / Bismarck Cathedral Area Historic District". National Park Service. and accompanying photos Further reading Brooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School, W.W. Norton, New York 2006; ISBN 0-393-73191-X Brooks, H. Allen (editor), Prairie School Architecture: Studies from "The Western Architect", University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Buffalo 1975; ISBN 0-8020-2138-7 Brooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and his Midwest Contemporaries, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1972; ISBN 0-8020-5251-7 Gebhard, David (edited by Patricia Gebhard), Purcell & Elmslie: Prairie Progressive Architects, Gibbs Smith, Salt Lake City 2006, ISBN 1-4236-0005-3 Hammons, Mark, "Purcell and Elmslie, Architects," in Art and Life on the Upper Mississippi: Minnesota 1900, University of Delaware Press, 1994 ISBN 0-87413-560-5. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Purcell & Elmslie. Purcell and Elmslie at Organica Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architectural practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_firm"},{"link_name":"Prairie School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_School"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spirit-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spirit-1"}],"text":"Purcell & Elmslie (P&E) was the most widely known iteration of a progressive American architectural practice. P&E was the second most commissioned firm of the Prairie School, after Frank Lloyd Wright.[1] The firm in all iterations was active from 1907 to 1921, with their most famous work being done between 1913 and 1921.[1]","title":"Purcell & Elmslie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gebhard43-2"},{"link_name":"Canberra, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"William Gray Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gray_Purcell"},{"link_name":"George Grant Elmslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grant_Elmslie"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spirit-1"},{"link_name":"George Feick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Feick"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spirit-1"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"}],"text":"The firms consisted of three partnerships: Purcell and Feick (1907–10); Purcell, Feick, and Elmslie (1910–12), and Purcell and Elmslie (1913–21). Elmslie had joined the Minneapolis-based firm in 1907, at the request of Purcell.[2] The architects were commissioned for work in twenty-two states, participated in the competition for the National Parliament Buildings in Canberra, Australia, and prepared plans for a large institutional church, or Y.M.C.A., in Hunan, China.The two principals of the firm, William Gray Purcell (1880–1965) and George Grant Elmslie (1869–1952) both eventually received Fellowships in the College of the American Institute of Architects.[1] George Feick Jr. who was son of George Feick, an Ohio contractor, was the original partner with Purcell. Purcell and Feick had been students together at Cornell University. They rejoined to tour in Europe together during 1906-1907 and then came to Minneapolis to open their partnership. The firm had offices in Chicago, Philadelphia, and Minneapolis.[1] A number of works by each of the partnerships are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_House"},{"link_name":"Dr. Ward Beebe House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Ward_Beebe_House"},{"link_name":"Merchants National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_National_Bank_(Winona,_Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Edna S. Purcell House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_S._Purcell_House"},{"link_name":"Woodbury County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury_County_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"William L. Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Steele"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"}],"text":"Steven House (1909), Eau Claire, Wisconsin\nDr. Ward Beebe House (1912), Saint Paul, Minnesota\nJosephine Crane Bradley summer residence (Bradley Bungalow) (1912) Woods Hole, Massachusetts\nEdison Shop (1912) Chicago, Illinois\nMerchants National Bank (1912), Winona, Minnesota\nEdna S. Purcell House (1913), Minneapolis, Minnesota\nWoodbury County Courthouse (1918), Sioux City, Iowa William L. Steele, Architect, Purcell & Elmslie, Associated Architects (George Grant Elmslie, designing architect)Works include (with attribution):[3]","title":"Notable commissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feick Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feick_Building"},{"link_name":"Sandusky, OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandusky,_OH"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Steven House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_House"},{"link_name":"Eau Claire, WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_Claire,_WI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Stewart Memorial Presbyterian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Memorial_Presbyterian_Church"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_MN"},{"link_name":"Purcell & Feick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purcell_%26_Feick"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"}],"sub_title":"Works by Purcell & Feick","text":"Feick Building, built 1909, at 158-160 E. Market St. Sandusky, OH (Purcell & Feick), NRHP-listed[3]\nSteven House, built 1909, at 606 Second Ave. Eau Claire, WI (Purcell & Feick), NRHP-listed[3]\nStewart Memorial Presbyterian Church, built 1910, at 116 E. 32nd St. Minneapolis, MN (Purcell & Feick), NRHP-listed[3]","title":"Notable commissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. B. C. Dodd House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._B._C._Dodd_House"},{"link_name":"Charles City, IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_City,_IA"},{"link_name":"Purcell,Feick & Elmslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purcell,Feick_%26_Elmslie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Bismarck Cathedral Area Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_Cathedral_Area_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Bismarck, ND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck,_ND"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Prairie School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_School_architecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpdoc_original_bismarck-4"},{"link_name":"Merchants National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_National_Bank_(Winona,_Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Winona, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona,_MN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Dr. Oscar Owre House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Oscar_Owre_House"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_MN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Merton S. Goodnow House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_S._Goodnow_House"},{"link_name":"Hutchinson, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson,_MN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Charles and Grace Parker House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_and_Grace_Parker_House"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_MN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Dr. John H. Adair House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._John_H._Adair_House"},{"link_name":"Owatonna, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owatonna,_MN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"}],"sub_title":"Works by Purcell, Feick & Elmslie","text":"A. B. C. Dodd House, built 1910, at 310 3rd Ave. Charles City, IA (Purcell,Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nTwo or three works in the NRHP-listed Bismarck Cathedral Area Historic District, roughly bounded by Hannifan and N 1st Sts., Aves. C and A West Bismarck, ND (Purcell, Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed,[3] specifically the Prairie School residences at 120 Avenue A West, at 610 Raymond Street, and at 402 Avenue B West. The Patrick E. Byrne House (120 Avenue A West) was built in 1912; the Timothy R. Atkinson House (402 Avenue B West) was built c.1910.[4]: 2, 12, 14, 18 \nMerchants National Bank, built in 1912, at 102 E. 3rd St. Winona, MN (Purcell,Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nDr. Oscar Owre House, built 1912, at 2625 Newton Ave., S., Minneapolis, MN (Purcell,Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nMerton S. Goodnow House, built 1913, at 446 S. Main St. Hutchinson, MN (Purcell,Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nCharles and Grace Parker House, built 1913, at 4829 Colfax Ave. S. Minneapolis, MN (Purcell,Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nDr. John H. Adair House, built 1913, at 322 E. Vine St. Owatonna, MN (Purcell,Feick & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nMadison State Bank, Madison, Minnesota, built 1913, razed 1968","title":"Notable commissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College Hills Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Hills_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Shorewood Hills, WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewood_Hills,_WI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Community House, First Congregational Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_House,_First_Congregational_Church"},{"link_name":"Eau Claire, WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_Claire,_WI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Exchange State Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_State_Bank"},{"link_name":"Grand Meadow, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Meadow,_MN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"First National Bank (Rhinelander, Wisconsin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Bank_(Rhinelander,_Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Rhinelander, WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinelander,_WI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"First National Bank of Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Bank_of_Adams"},{"link_name":"Adams, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams,_MN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"First State Bank of LeRoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_State_Bank_of_LeRoy"},{"link_name":"LeRoy, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeRoy,_MN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Dr. J. W. S. Gallagher House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._J._W._S._Gallagher_House"},{"link_name":"Winona, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona,_MN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Jump River Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_River_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Jump River, WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_River,_WI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Kasson Municipal Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasson_Municipal_Building"},{"link_name":"Kasson, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasson,_MN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Richard Polson House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Richard_Polson_House"},{"link_name":"Spooner, WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spooner,_WI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"William Gray Purcell House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gray_Purcell_House"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_MN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Windego Park Auditorium/Open Air Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windego_Park_Auditorium/Open_Air_Theater"},{"link_name":"Anoka, MN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoka,_MN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"},{"link_name":"Woodbury County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury_County_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Sioux City, IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_City,_IA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-3"}],"sub_title":"Works by Purcell & Elmslie","text":"One or more works in College Hills Historic District, roughly bounded by Colombia Rd., Amherst Dr., Bowdoin Rd., Corporate Limit, University Bay, and Harvard Dr. Shorewood Hills, WI (Purcell and Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nCommunity House, First Congregational Church, 310 Broadway Eau Claire, WI (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nExchange State Bank, NW corner of Main and 1st Sts. Grand Meadow, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nFirst National Bank (Rhinelander, Wisconsin), 8 W. Davenport St. Rhinelander, WI (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nFirst National Bank of Adams, 322 Main St. Adams, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nFirst State Bank of LeRoy, Main St. and Broadway LeRoy, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nDr. J. W. S. Gallagher House, 451 W. Broadway St. Winona, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nJump River Town Hall, S of WI 73 Jump River, WI (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nKasson Municipal Building, 12 W. Main Kasson, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nMrs. Richard Polson House, N of Spooner Spooner, WI (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nWilliam Gray Purcell House, 2328 Lake Pl. Minneapolis, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nWindego Park Auditorium/Open Air Theater, between S. Ferry St. and Rum River Anoka, MN (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]\nWoodbury County Courthouse, 7th and Douglas Sts. Sioux City, IA (Purcell & Elmslie), NRHP-listed[3]","title":"Notable commissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stewart_Mem_Church_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stewart Memorial Presbyterian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Memorial_Presbyterian_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oscar_Owre.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merchants_National_Bank_Winona.jpg"},{"link_name":"Merchants National Bank (Winona, Minnesota)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_National_Bank_(Winona,_Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Purcell and Elmslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purcell_and_Elmslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parker_House_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purcell_and_Elmslie_Purcell-Cutts_House_MIA_9092.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edna S. Purcell House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_S._Purcell_House"},{"link_name":"Purcell and Elmslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purcell_and_Elmslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoyt_House_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McKinley_Town_Hall_Jump_River.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woodbury-county-courthouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Woodbury County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury_County_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"William L. Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Steele"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exchange_State_Bank.jpg"},{"link_name":"Exchange State Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_State_Bank"},{"link_name":"Grand Meadow, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Meadow,_Minnesota"}],"text":"Stewart Memorial Presbyterian Church; Minneapolis, Minnesota 1910, Purcell & Feick\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOscar Owre House; Minneapolis, Minnesota 1911\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMerchants National Bank (Winona, Minnesota), 1912 by Purcell and Elmslie\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParker House; Minneapolis, Minnesota 1912-13\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEdna S. Purcell House; Minneapolis, Minnesota 1913 by Purcell and Elmslie\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tE.S. Hoyt House; Red Wing, Minnesota 1913\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMcKinley Town Hall; Jump River, Wisconsin 1915\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWoodbury County Courthouse; Sioux City, Iowa 1916-18; with associated architect William L. Steele\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExchange State Bank in Grand Meadow, Minnesota","title":"Photo gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooks, H. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Allen_Brooks"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-73191-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-73191-X"},{"link_name":"Brooks, H. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Allen_Brooks"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8020-2138-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-2138-7"},{"link_name":"Brooks, H. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Allen_Brooks"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8020-5251-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-5251-7"},{"link_name":"Gebhard, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gebhard"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4236-0005-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4236-0005-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87413-560-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-560-5"}],"text":"Brooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School, W.W. Norton, New York 2006; ISBN 0-393-73191-X\nBrooks, H. Allen (editor), Prairie School Architecture: Studies from \"The Western Architect\", University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Buffalo 1975; ISBN 0-8020-2138-7\nBrooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and his Midwest Contemporaries, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1972; ISBN 0-8020-5251-7\nGebhard, David (edited by Patricia Gebhard), Purcell & Elmslie: Prairie Progressive Architects, Gibbs Smith, Salt Lake City 2006, ISBN 1-4236-0005-3\nHammons, Mark, \"Purcell and Elmslie, Architects,\" in Art and Life on the Upper Mississippi: Minnesota 1900, University of Delaware Press, 1994 ISBN 0-87413-560-5.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Architecture in the Spirit of Democracy\". organica.com. Retrieved October 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.organica.org/purcellandelmslie.htm","url_text":"\"Architecture in the Spirit of Democracy\""}]},{"reference":"Gebhard, David (2006). Gebhard, Patricia (ed.). Purcell & Elmslie: Prairie Progressive Architects. Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith. p. 43. ISBN 1-4236-0005-3. Retrieved October 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gebhard","url_text":"Gebhard, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ITwGpzHFAU8C&q=1907","url_text":"Purcell & Elmslie: Prairie Progressive Architects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City","url_text":"Salt Lake City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_Smith","url_text":"Gibbs Smith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4236-0005-3","url_text":"1-4236-0005-3"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Frank E. Vyzralek and Louis N. Hafermehl (February 28, 1980). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration: The Hill / Bismarck Cathedral Area Historic District\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/80002908_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: The Hill / Bismarck Cathedral Area Historic District\""}]}]

[{"Link":"http://www.organica.org/purcellandelmslie.htm","external_links_name":"\"Architecture in the Spirit of Democracy\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ITwGpzHFAU8C&q=1907","external_links_name":"Purcell & Elmslie: Prairie Progressive Architects"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/80002908_text","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: The Hill / Bismarck Cathedral Area Historic District\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/80002908_photos","external_links_name":"accompanying photos"},{"Link":"http://www.organica.org/purcellandelmslie.htm","external_links_name":"Purcell and Elmslie"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/138290488","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/6065304-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012330065105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82094847","external_links_name":"United States"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_41_75_mm_Mountain_Gun

Type 41 75 mm mountain gun

["1 Service","2 Ammunition","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Bibliography"]

Mountain gun Type 41 75 mm mountain gun A Type 41 at the Yasukuni ShrineTypeMountain gunPlace of originJapanService historyIn service1908–1945Used byImperial Japanese ArmyWarsWorld War I, Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II, First Indochina WarProduction historyDesignerKruppManufacturerOsaka ArsenalUnit cost8,400 yen ($2,257 USD) in August 1939No. built3300~3800SpecificationsMass544 kg (1,199 lb)Length4.31 m (14 ft 2 in)Barrel length1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) L/19.2Width1.219 m (4 ft)Crew13Caliber75 mm (2.95 in)Breechinterrupted screwRecoilHydro-springCarriageBox trailElevation-18° to +40°Traverse6°Muzzle velocity435 m/s (1,427 ft/s)Maximum firing range7,022 m (7,679 yd) Type 41 Mountain Gun located at the Royal Canadian Regiment Museum in London, Ontario. This example was captured during the Aleutian Islands campaign. The Type 41 75 mm mountain gun is a Japanese license-built copy of the recoiling Krupp M1908 mountain gun. The number 41 was designated based on the year the gun was accepted, the 41st year of Emperor Meiji's reign, equivalent to 1908 in the Gregorian calendar after the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War. Originally it was the standard pack artillery weapon. After it was superseded by the Type 94 75 mm mountain gun, it was used as an infantry "regimental" gun with four deployed to each infantry regiment, and referred to as "rentai ho" (regimental artillery). Two gun shields were produced for the weapon: an early type which folded into thirds, and a late type which folded in half. It could be manually carried or disassembled and carried by horse, making it convenient for use in mountainous regions and areas with rugged terrain. Service In service, the gun was operated by a thirteen-man crew consisting of twelve gunners and a squad leader. When the weapon was in service there would be an aimer, a loader, a firer, a person to swing the guns aim left or right, a person inserting the fuses into rounds and handing them to the loader, two gunners lying in reserve to the left and right of the gun, and the squad leader sitting a slight distance to the rear of the weapon. The remaining five men would ferry ammunition in relays from the ammunition squad, which would typically be in cover a few hundred meters behind the gun's position. The weapon could be transported in complete by its thirteen-man squad or broken down into parts and carried on six packhorses using special harnesses, with a seventh horse carrying the ammunition. Two types of impact fuse were available for the Type 97's 75 mm high explosive round: one with a delay of 0.05 seconds and another with a delay of 1 second. U.S. Army testing of the weapon at a range of 3,200 yards (2,900 m) resulted in 75 percent of the rounds falling in a rectangle measuring 20 by 30 yards (18 by 27 m). At its maximum range of 7,100 m or 7,800 yards, 75 percent of the rounds fell within a rectangle measuring 100 by 200 yards (90 by 180 m). Type 41 75 mm mountain gun in the Vietnam Military History Museum in Hanoi, Vietnam. Type 41 mountain guns display in Surasakmontree Army Camp, Lampang, Thailand, 2016 Ammunition Type 98 high-explosive – 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) Type 97 high-explosive – 5.5 kg (12 lb) Type 94 high-explosive – 6.01 kg (13.2 lb) Type 90 high-explosive – 5.67 kg (12.5 lb) Type 95 armor-piercing high-explosive – can penetrate 20 mm of steel plate at 3,000 m – 6.2 kg (14 lb) Type 1 armor-piercing – 6.5 kg (14 lb) Type 38 shrapnel – 6.8 kg (15 lb) Type 90 shrapnel – 282 10.5 gram lead balls and 0.1 kg black powder bursting charge – 7.0 kg (15.4 lb) Type 2 hollow charge – can penetrate 102 mm of RHA - 3.54 kg (7.8 lb) Incendiary Type 90 smoke (white phosphorus) – 5.72 kg (12.6 lb) Type 90 incendiary – 6.9 kg (15 lb) Liquid incendiary projectile – 5.33 kg (11.8 lb) Type 90 illuminating – 5.64 kg (12.4 lb) Vomit gas projectile – 6.01 kg (13.2 lb) References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Type 41 75 mm Mountain Gun. Notes ^ Windrow, Martin (20 Sep 2018). French Foreign Légionnaire vs Viet Minh Insurgent: North Vietnam 1948–52. Combat 36. Osprey Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 9781472828910. ^ Military catalogue of the Japanese military, p. 96 ^ Full text of Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941 : Part I | FRASER | St. Louis Fed. p. 673. Retrieved 2021-06-27. ^ War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces September 1944 p 400 Bibliography http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/41-75.htm US Technical Manual E 30-480 Japanese Infantry Arms In World War II, Ritta Nakanishi, ISBN 4-499-22690-2 "兵器臨時定価、予価、表送付の件 Military catalogue of the Japanese military". National Archives of Japan. Ministry of the Army. "Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941, Part I". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.). January 1943 . vte Imperial Japanese Army artilleryAnti-aircraft guns Type Ho 13mm AA machine gun Type 10 120 mm AA gun Type 11 75 mm AA gun Type 14 10 cm AA gun Type 2 20 mm AA machine cannon Type 3 12 cm AA gun Type 3 80 mm AA gun Type 4 75 mm AA gun Type 5 15 cm AA gun Type 88 75 mm AA gun Type 98 20 mm AA machine cannon Type 99 88 mm AA gun Anti-tank guns Type 1 37 mm anti-tank gun Type 1 47 mm anti-tank gun Type 94 37 mm anti-tank gun Type 97 automatic cannon Cannons Type 14 10 cm cannon Type 38 10 cm cannon Type 45 15 cm cannon Type 89 15 cm cannon Type 92 10 cm cannon Type 96 15 cm cannon Coastal artillery 28 cm howitzer Type 41 8 cm coast defense gun Type 11 12 cm coast defense gun Type 3 12 cm coast defense gun Type 41 15 cm/40 coast defense gun Type 41 15 cm/45 coast defense gun Type 41 15 cm/50 coast defense gun Type 45 15 cm cannon Type 41 12 cm coast defense gun Type 3 14 cm coast defense gun Type 41 20 cm coast defense gun Dual purpose guns Type 89 127 mm dual purpose gun Type 10 12 cm dual purpose gun Type 3 8 cm dual purpose gun Type 98 10 cm dual purpose gun Field guns Type 31 75 mm Mountain Gun Type 38 75 mm field gun Type 41 75 mm cavalry gun Type 90 75 mm field gun Type 92 battalion gun Type 94 37 mm gun Type 95 75 mm field gun Grenade launchers Type 10 grenade discharger Type 89 grenade discharger Howitzers Type 14 10 cm howitzer Type 38 12 cm howitzer Type 38 15 cm howitzer Type 4 15 cm howitzer Type 7 30 cm howitzer Type 91 10 cm howitzer Type 96 15 cm howitzer Mortars 25 cm artillery mortar 70 mm barrage mortar Type 11 70 mm infantry mortar Type 2 12 cm mortar Type 3 81 mm mortar Type 93 150 mm infantry mortar Type 94 90 mm infantry mortar Type 95 15 cm mortar Type 96 and Type 97 150 mm infantry mortar Type 97 81 mm infantry mortar Type 97 90 mm infantry mortar Type 98 320 mm mortar Type 98 50 mm mortar Type 99 81 mm mortar Mountain guns 7 cm mountain gun Type 31 75 mm mountain gun Type 41 75 mm mountain gun Type 94 75 mm mountain gun Type 99 10 cm mountain gun Railway artillery Type 90 240 mm railway gun Rocket artillery 20 cm naval rocket launcher 45 cm naval rocket Type 10 and Type 3 rocket boosters Type 21 and Type 22 rocket-bombs Type 4 20 cm rocket launcher Type 4 40 cm rocket launcher Siege artillery 28 cm howitzer Type 45 240 mm howitzer Type 7 30 cm howitzer Type 96 15 cm cannon Type 96 24 cm howitzer

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type14MTGun.jpg"},{"link_name":"Krupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp"},{"link_name":"mountain gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_gun"},{"link_name":"Emperor Meiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Meiji"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tme3-4"},{"link_name":"Type 94 75 mm mountain gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_94_75_mm_mountain_gun"},{"link_name":"gun shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_shield"}],"text":"Type 41 Mountain Gun located at the Royal Canadian Regiment Museum in London, Ontario. This example was captured during the Aleutian Islands campaign.The Type 41 75 mm mountain gun is a Japanese license-built copy of the recoiling Krupp M1908 mountain gun. The number 41 was designated based on the year the gun was accepted, the 41st year of Emperor Meiji's reign, equivalent to 1908 in the Gregorian calendar after the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War.[4] Originally it was the standard pack artillery weapon. After it was superseded by the Type 94 75 mm mountain gun, it was used as an infantry \"regimental\" gun with four deployed to each infantry regiment, and referred to as \"rentai ho\" (regimental artillery). Two gun shields were produced for the weapon: an early type which folded into thirds, and a late type which folded in half.It could be manually carried or disassembled and carried by horse, making it convenient for use in mountainous regions and areas with rugged terrain.","title":"Type 41 75 mm mountain gun"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type_41_75_mm_mountain_gun_in_Vietnam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vietnam Military History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Military_History_Museum"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type_41_mountain_gun.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lampang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampang"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"}],"text":"In service, the gun was operated by a thirteen-man crew consisting of twelve gunners and a squad leader. When the weapon was in service there would be an aimer, a loader, a firer, a person to swing the guns aim left or right, a person inserting the fuses into rounds and handing them to the loader, two gunners lying in reserve to the left and right of the gun, and the squad leader sitting a slight distance to the rear of the weapon. The remaining five men would ferry ammunition in relays from the ammunition squad, which would typically be in cover a few hundred meters behind the gun's position.The weapon could be transported in complete by its thirteen-man squad or broken down into parts and carried on six packhorses using special harnesses, with a seventh horse carrying the ammunition.Two types of impact fuse were available for the Type 97's 75 mm high explosive round: one with a delay of 0.05 seconds and another with a delay of 1 second. U.S. Army testing of the weapon at a range of 3,200 yards (2,900 m) resulted in 75 percent of the rounds falling in a rectangle measuring 20 by 30 yards (18 by 27 m). At its maximum range of 7,100 m or 7,800 yards, 75 percent of the rounds fell within a rectangle measuring 100 by 200 yards (90 by 180 m).Type 41 75 mm mountain gun in the Vietnam Military History Museum in Hanoi, Vietnam.Type 41 mountain guns display in Surasakmontree Army Camp, Lampang, Thailand, 2016","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_powder"},{"link_name":"hollow charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEAT"},{"link_name":"white phosphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_phosphorus"}],"text":"Type 98 high-explosive – 4.5 kg (9.9 lb)\nType 97 high-explosive – 5.5 kg (12 lb)\nType 94 high-explosive – 6.01 kg (13.2 lb)\nType 90 high-explosive – 5.67 kg (12.5 lb)\nType 95 armor-piercing high-explosive – can penetrate 20 mm of steel plate at 3,000 m – 6.2 kg (14 lb)\nType 1 armor-piercing – 6.5 kg (14 lb)\nType 38 shrapnel – 6.8 kg (15 lb)\nType 90 shrapnel – 282 10.5 gram lead balls and 0.1 kg black powder bursting charge – 7.0 kg (15.4 lb)\nType 2 hollow charge – can penetrate 102 mm of RHA - 3.54 kg (7.8 lb)\nIncendiary\nType 90 smoke (white phosphorus) – 5.72 kg (12.6 lb)\nType 90 incendiary – 6.9 kg (15 lb)\nLiquid incendiary projectile – 5.33 kg (11.8 lb)\nType 90 illuminating – 5.64 kg (12.4 lb)\nVomit gas projectile – 6.01 kg (13.2 lb)","title":"Ammunition"}]

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[{"reference":"Windrow, Martin (20 Sep 2018). French Foreign Légionnaire vs Viet Minh Insurgent: North Vietnam 1948–52. Combat 36. Osprey Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 9781472828910.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mRttDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59","url_text":"French Foreign Légionnaire vs Viet Minh Insurgent: North Vietnam 1948–52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472828910","url_text":"9781472828910"}]},{"reference":"Full text of Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941 : Part I | FRASER | St. Louis Fed. p. 673. Retrieved 2021-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/banking-monetary-statistics-1914-1941-38/part-i-6408/fulltext","url_text":"Full text of Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941 : Part I | FRASER | St. Louis Fed"}]},{"reference":"\"兵器臨時定価、予価、表送付の件 Military catalogue of the Japanese military\". National Archives of Japan. Ministry of the Army.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/listPhoto?LANG=eng&BID=F2006083120452299318&ID=M2006083120453599356&REFCODE=C01004699100","url_text":"\"兵器臨時定価、予価、表送付の件 Military catalogue of the Japanese military\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941, Part I\". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.). January 1943 [1943].","urls":[{"url":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/38#6408","url_text":"\"Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941, Part I\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Turning_Point

Lewis turning point

["1 Lewis curve and automation","2 References"]

For the location in Antarctica, see Lewis Point. The Lewis turning point is a situation in economic development where surplus rural labor is fully absorbed into the manufacturing sector. This typically causes agricultural and unskilled industrial real wages to rise. The term is named after economist W. Arthur Lewis. Shortly after the Lewis point, an economy requires balanced growth policies. Typically, reaching the Lewis turning point causes an increase in the wage bill and the functional distribution favoring labor. However, in some cases such as in Japan from 1870 to 1920, agricultural labor productivity increased significantly and produced a labor surplus, dampening the rise in real wages. According to a study by Zhang and Yang, China reached the Lewis point in 2010; cheap labor in the country has rapidly decreased and real agricultural wages have substantially increased. Despite its large population, in the early 2010s China faced labor shortages, and real wages nearly doubled since 2003. Such rapid rise in wages for unskilled work is a key indicator of reaching the Lewis point. However, other journals such as the China Economic Review claim that China has not reached the Lewis point, comparing the effect of the Lewis point in China to the Japanese experience. A 2013 working paper by the International Monetary Fund predicts the Lewis point in China to "emerge between 2020 and 2025". Lewis curve and automation In their book, Tshilidzi Marwala and Evan Hurwitz used Arthur Lewis' theory to understand the transition of the economy into the Fourth Industrial Revolution, where much of the production in the economy is automated by artificially intelligent machines. In this regard, they identified an equilibrium point, i.e. Lewis turning point, where automating human labor does not result in additional economic benefit. References ^ a b c Ranis, Gustav (August 2004). "Arthur Lewis' contribution to development thinking and policy" (PDF). www.yale.edu. Yale University. Retrieved 15 January 2015. ^ Dammon Loyalka, Michelle. "Chinese Labor, Cheap No More". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 January 2015. ^ Zhang, Xiaobo; Yang, Jin; Wang, Shenglin (December 2011). "China has reached the Lewis turning point". China Economic Review. 22 (4): 542–554. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2011.07.002. ^ Minami, Ryoshin; Ma, Xinxin (23 September 2010). "The Lewis turning point of Chinese economy: Comparison with Japanese experience". China Economic Journal. 3 (2): 163–179. doi:10.1080/17538963.2010.511912. S2CID 153570002. ^ Das, Mitali; N'Diaye, Papa M. (2013). "Chronicle of a Decline Foretold: Has China Reached the Lewis Turning Point?" (PDF). IMF Working Papers. 13 (26): 1. doi:10.5089/9781475548242.001. S2CID 53959415. ^ Marwala, Tshilidzi; Hurwitz, Evan (2017). Artificial Intelligence and Economic Theory: Skynet in the Market. London: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-66104-9. This labor-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Tycoon

Hospital Tycoon

["1 Reception","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

2007 video gameHospital TycoonDeveloper(s)DR StudiosPublisher(s)CodemastersEngineGamebryoPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsReleaseNA: June 5, 2007EU: June 8, 2007AU: August 12, 2007Genre(s)Business simulationMode(s)Single-player Hospital Tycoon is a business simulation video game developed by DR Studios and published by Codemasters for Microsoft Windows. It was released in 2007 on June 5 in North America, June 8 in Europe and August 12 in Australia. The game lets the player manage a hospital from a god view. Each different hospital is staffed by medical teams and is packed with ill patients. The player needs to manage the staff and ensure patients are cared for and have the correct treatment facilities. As time progresses, new equipment will need to be built in order to cope with incoming patients. The game can also be played in a sandbox mode. Reception ReceptionReview scorePublicationScorePower Unlimited55% The game garnered low review scores from video game critics who criticised the game's graphics and bugs. Many reviews criticize the game for being derivative of Theme Hospital. The game has been praised however for its developed storyline, similar to television dramas such as ER. See also Theme Hospital Two Point Hospital Project Hospital References ^ "Hospital Tycoon Player's Manual" (PDF). Steam. Retrieved 27 May 2020. ^ "Hospital Tycoon". Power Unlimited (in Dutch). 6 August 2007. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2022. ^ Hospital Tycoon at GameRankings. ^ a b Hospital Tycoon Review at GameSpot. ^ Hospital Tycoon at Strategy Informer. External links Hospital Tycoon at GameSpot Hospital Tycoon at MobyGames

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_literature

Ossetian literature

["1 Writers"]

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ossetian literature" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (October 2018) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. 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Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 262 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Ukrainian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|uk|Осетинська література}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series on theCulture of South Ossetia History People Languages Mythology Cuisine Religion Literature Music Symbols Flag Coat of arms vte Ossetian (or Ossetic) literature is expressed in the Ossetian language, an Iranian language of the Caucasus. The Ossetian literature is comparatively young, with its first specimen published in the 1890s. Its golden age was in the years after the October Revolution in Russia, when local languages received a significant impact. The most popular motives of the Ossetic literature are: the life of highlanders, especially the poor ones, in 19th century or in earlier times; the role of traditional right in the life of Ossetians (including criticism of vendetta-like revenge tradition of "taking blood back" and other "harmful traditions"); the construction of socialism (often in contrast to the previous state of things): Ossetians really received better life compared to the tsarist regime time, when they felt severe lack of agricultural lands, poverty and illiteracy; the Great Patriotic War (the name of the World War II in Soviet Union): every tenth Ossetian man died during the war, many were honored as "Heroes of the Soviet Union" for their courage; and others. The Ossetian writers and poets use the rich fund of traditional lyrics and the Nart epic, which is considered the national epic of the Ossetians (as well as of several other peoples of the North Caucasus, each having their own version). A written composite version of the epic itself has also been published in both major dialects, Iron and Digor; more details about the epic are given in the relevant article. Writers Ossetian poets include Kosta Khetagurov, Yakov Khozijev, Grish Pliev, and Shamil Jigkayev. Ossetian prose writers include Arsen Kotsoyev, Seka Gadiyev, Elbazduko Britayev, and Nafi Jusoyty. Gallery Kosta Khetagurov Soslan Temyrxanty  (Temirkhanov) vteAsian literatureSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau vteEuropean literature Abkhaz Albanian Anglo-Norman Aragonese Armenian Aromanian Asturian Austrian Basque Belarusian Belgian Bosnian Breton British Bulgarian Catalan Chuvash Cornish Crimean Tatar Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch English Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Middle English Estonian Faroese Finnish Flemish French Frisian Friulian Gaelic Gagauz  Galician Georgian German Greek ancient medieval modern Hungarian Icelandic Irish Northern Irish Italian Jèrriais Kazakh Kashubian Kosovar Latin Latvian Lithuanian Luxembourg Macedonian Maltese Manx Moldovan Montenegrin Norwegian Occitan (Provençal) Old Norse Ossetian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Sardinian Scottish Scots Scottish Gaelic Serbian Silesian  Slovak Slovene Spanish Swedish Swiss Turkish Turkish Cypriot Ukrainian Venetian Welsh in English in Welsh Western Lombard Yiddish

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(Provençal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_literature"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_literature"},{"link_name":"Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_literature"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_literature"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_literature"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_literature"},{"link_name":"Sardinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_literature"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_literature"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots-language_literature"},{"link_name":"Scottish 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Cypriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus#Literature"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_literature"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_literature"},{"link_name":"in English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English"},{"link_name":"in Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh-language_literature"},{"link_name":"Western Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Lombard_literature"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_literature"}],"text":"Ossetian poets include Kosta Khetagurov, Yakov Khozijev, Grish Pliev, and Shamil Jigkayev. Ossetian prose writers include Arsen Kotsoyev, Seka Gadiyev, Elbazduko Britayev, and Nafi Jusoyty.GalleryKosta Khetagurov\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoslan Temyrxanty [os] (Temirkhanov)vteAsian literatureSovereign states\nAfghanistan\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nBrunei\nBurma (Myanmar)\nCambodia\nChina\nCyprus\nEast Timor (Timor-Leste)\nEgypt\nGeorgia\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nNepal\nOman\nPakistan\nPhilippines\nQatar\nRussia\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\nStates with limitedrecognition\nAbkhazia\nNorthern Cyprus\nPalestine\nSouth Ossetia\nTaiwan\nDependencies andother territories\nBritish Indian Ocean Territory\nChristmas Island\nCocos (Keeling) Islands\nHong Kong\nMacauvteEuropean literature\nAbkhaz\nAlbanian\nAnglo-Norman\nAragonese\nArmenian\nAromanian\nAsturian\nAustrian\nBasque\nBelarusian\nBelgian\nBosnian\nBreton\nBritish\nBulgarian\nCatalan\nChuvash\nCornish\nCrimean Tatar\nCroatian\nCypriot\nCzech\nDanish\nDutch\nEnglish\nOld English (Anglo-Saxon)\nMiddle English\nEstonian\nFaroese\nFinnish\nFlemish\nFrench\nFrisian\nFriulian\nGaelic\nGagauz [ru]\nGalician\nGeorgian\nGerman\nGreek\nancient\nmedieval\nmodern\nHungarian\nIcelandic\nIrish\nNorthern Irish\nItalian\nJèrriais\nKazakh\nKashubian\nKosovar\nLatin\nLatvian\nLithuanian\nLuxembourg\nMacedonian\nMaltese\nManx\nMoldovan\nMontenegrin\nNorwegian\nOccitan (Provençal)\nOld Norse\nOssetian\nPolish\nPortuguese\nRomanian\nRussian\nSardinian\nScottish\nScots\nScottish Gaelic\nSerbian\nSilesian [cs]\nSlovak\nSlovene\nSpanish\nSwedish\nSwiss\nTurkish\nTurkish Cypriot\nUkrainian\nVenetian\nWelsh\nin English\nin Welsh\nWestern Lombard\nYiddish","title":"Writers"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mignons

Les Mignons

["1 History","1.1 The Duel of the Mignons","2 References"]

Term for favourites of Henry III of France This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Les Mignons" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Henri III, then Duke of Anjou, dressed in elegant attire of 1570, including a "little bonnet of velvet". Painting by Jean de Court. Les Mignons (from mignon, French for "the darlings" or "the dainty ones") was a term used by polemicists in the contentious atmosphere of the French Wars of Religion and taken up by the people of Paris, to designate the favourites of Henry III of France, from his return from Poland to reign in France in 1574, to his assassination in 1589, a disastrous end to which the perception of effeminate weakness contributed. The mignons were frivolous and fashionable young men, to whom public malignity attributed heterodox sexuality, rumors that some historians have found to be a factor in the disintegration of the late Valois monarchy. History According to the contemporary chronicler Pierre de l'Estoile, they made themselves "exceedingly odious, as much by their foolish and haughty demeanour, as by their effeminate and immodest dress, but above all by the immense gifts the king made to them." The Joyeuse wedding in 1581 occasioned one of the most extravagant displays of the reign. The faction of the Malcontents, headed by François, duc d'Alençon, created duc d'Anjou in 1576— the presumed heir as long as Henry remained childless— appear to have stirred up the ill will of the Parisians against them. From 1576 the mignons were attacked by popular opinion, and some historians have credited without proof the scandalous stories of the time. Some fourteen favourites were singled out, including François d'Espinay, seigneur de Saint-Luc, who had accompanied Henry to his "exile" in Poland and was rewarded now with the château de Rozoy-en-Brie and the governorship of Brouage; but the best known of the mignons, the archimignons in L'Estoile's Registre-Journal, who monopolised access to the king after the death of Henri's brother and heir the duc d'Alençon were Anne de Joyeuse, baron d'Arques, created duc de Joyeuse (died 1587) and Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, created duc d'Épernon. Contemporary portrait drawing of Louis de Maugiron The appearance of the mignons on Henry's visits in July 1576 to the parishes of Paris to raise money to pay for the provisions of the Edict of Beaulieu (1576), occasioned a report by L'Éstoile: "The name Mignons began, at this time, to travel by word of mouth through the people, to whom they were very odious, as much for their ways which were jesting and haughty as for their paint and effeminate and unchaste apparel...Their occupations are gambling, blaspheming... fornicating and following the King everywhere...seeking to please him in everything they do and say, caring little for God or virtue, contenting themselves to be in the good graces of their master, whom they fear and honor more than God." L'Éstoile added "they wear their hair long, curled and recurled by artifice, with little bonnets of velvet on top of it like whores in the brothels, and the ruffles on their linen shirts are of starched finery and one half foot long so that their heads look like St. John's on a platter." The figure of Ganymede was employed in scurrilous sonnetry, but the subtext of criticism within the court was most often that the mignons were not drawn from the cream of noble families, as had been the court favourites of his late brother Francis II or their father Henry II, but from the secondary nobility, raised up to such a degree that the social fabric appeared to be unnaturally strained. The Duel of the Mignons On April 26 1578, Jacques de Lévis, comte de Caylus, Henri's favorite, insulted Charles de Balsac, baron de Dunes, who responded by challenging de Caylus to a duel. The following morning Caylus, with seconds Maugiron and Livarot (of the party of the King), met with Balsac, bringing seconds Ribérac and Schomberg (of the party of the Henry, Duke of Guise) at the horse market near the Bastille, in Paris. The resultant fight was compared by Brantôme to a reenactment of the battle of the Horatii and the Curiatii. In the melee, seconds Maugiron and Schomberg were killed, Ribérac died of wounds the following noon, and Livarot was wounded in the face and convalesced in a hospital for six weeks. Caylus sustained as many as 19 wounds and conceded the duel to de Balsac, but died of his injuries a month later. Only Balsac got off with a mere scratch on his arm. This meaningless loss of life impressed itself on the public imagination. Henri III was so angered that he banned dueling in France on penalty of death. Jean Passerat wrote an elegy, Plaintes de Cléophon, on the occasion. In the political treatise Le Theatre de France (1580) the duel was invoked as "the day of the pigs" who "killed each other in the precinct of Saint Paul, serving him in the Muscovite manner". Michel de Montaigne decried the event as une image de lâcheté, "an image of cowardice", and Pierre Brantôme connected it with the deplorable spread of the Italian and Gascon manners at Henry's court. The incident accelerated the estrangement between the two Henrys. References ^ Katherine B. Crawford, "Love, Sodomy, and Scandal: Controlling the Sexual Reputation of Henry III", Journal of the History of Sexuality 12.4 (October 2003:513–542. ^ L'Estoile, Madeleine Lazard and Gilbert Schrenck, eds. Registre-Journal du Règne d'Henri III, vol. 3: 1579–81, 4: 1582–84 (Geneva: Droz) 2000; L'Estoile's Registre was carefully crafted in retrospect, from his notes. ^ a b Quoted in Crawford 2003:524. ^ Joseph Cady, "The 'Masculine Love' of the 'Princes of Sodom': 'Practicing the Art of Ganymede' at Henri III's court", in Jacqueline Murray and Konrad Eisenbichler, eds., Desire and Discipline: Sex and Sexuality in the Premodern West (University of Toronto Press) 1996. ^ The contrast with court favorites of the preceding reigns, such as Anne de Montmorency, is examined by Nicolas Le Roux, La faveur du roi: Mignons et courtisans au temps des derniers Valois (Seyssel) 2001. ^ a b Vincent Le Chevalier, in "Tales of the French duels: Duel des Mignons", lists the following sources: Pierre de L’Estoile (1578) Mémoires-Journaux, p. 243; Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de Brantôme (between 1589 and 1614) Discours sur les Duels, p. 312; Jean de la Taille (1609) Discours Notable des Duels, p. 82; and Vital d’Audiguier (1617) Le Vray et Ancien Usage des Duels, p. 425. ^ a b quoted in Le Roux, Nicolas (2000). Le faveur du roi: mignons et courtisans au temps des derniers Valois (in French). Seyssel, Haute-Savoie: Champ Vallon. p. 388-398. ISBN 2876733110. Retrieved 31 October 2020.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mignons, Les". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 427.

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Painting by Jean de Court.Les Mignons (from mignon, French for \"the darlings\" or \"the dainty ones\") was a term used by polemicists in the contentious atmosphere of the French Wars of Religion and taken up by the people of Paris, to designate the favourites of Henry III of France, from his return from Poland to reign in France in 1574, to his assassination in 1589, a disastrous end to which the perception of effeminate weakness contributed.[1] The mignons were frivolous and fashionable young men, to whom public malignity attributed heterodox sexuality, rumors that some historians have found to be a factor in the disintegration of the late Valois monarchy.","title":"Les Mignons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre de l'Estoile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_l%27Estoile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Malcontents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcontents_(France)"},{"link_name":"François, duc d'Alençon, created duc d'Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Anne de Joyeuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_de_Joyeuse"},{"link_name":"duc de Joyeuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duc_de_Joyeuse"},{"link_name":"Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Louis_de_Nogaret_de_La_Valette"},{"link_name":"duc d'Épernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duc_d%27%C3%89pernon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_de_Maugiron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edict of Beaulieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Beaulieu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quote_Crawford-3"},{"link_name":"ruffles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"St. John's on a platter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decollation_of_John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quote_Crawford-3"},{"link_name":"Ganymede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Francis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to the contemporary chronicler Pierre de l'Estoile,[2] they made themselves \"exceedingly odious, as much by their foolish and haughty demeanour, as by their effeminate and immodest dress, but above all by the immense gifts the king made to them.\" The Joyeuse wedding in 1581 occasioned one of the most extravagant displays of the reign.The faction of the Malcontents, headed by François, duc d'Alençon, created duc d'Anjou in 1576— the presumed heir as long as Henry remained childless— appear to have stirred up the ill will of the Parisians against them. From 1576 the mignons were attacked by popular opinion, and some historians have credited without proof the scandalous stories of the time. Some fourteen favourites were singled out, including François d'Espinay, seigneur de Saint-Luc, who had accompanied Henry to his \"exile\" in Poland and was rewarded now with the château de Rozoy-en-Brie and the governorship of Brouage; but the best known of the mignons, the archimignons in L'Estoile's Registre-Journal, who monopolised access to the king after the death of Henri's brother and heir the duc d'Alençon were Anne de Joyeuse, baron d'Arques, created duc de Joyeuse (died 1587) and Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, created duc d'Épernon.Contemporary portrait drawing of Louis de MaugironThe appearance of the mignons on Henry's visits in July 1576 to the parishes of Paris to raise money to pay for the provisions of the Edict of Beaulieu (1576), occasioned a report by L'Éstoile:\"The name Mignons began, at this time, to travel by word of mouth through the people, to whom they were very odious, as much for their ways which were jesting and haughty as for their paint [make-up] and effeminate and unchaste apparel...Their occupations are gambling, blaspheming... fornicating and following the King everywhere...seeking to please him in everything they do and say, caring little for God or virtue, contenting themselves to be in the good graces of their master, whom they fear and honor more than God.\"[3]L'Éstoile added \"they wear their hair long, curled and recurled by artifice, with little bonnets of velvet on top of it like whores in the brothels, and the ruffles on their linen shirts are of starched finery and one half foot long so that their heads look like St. John's on a platter.\"[3]The figure of Ganymede was employed in scurrilous sonnetry,[4] but the subtext of criticism within the court was most often that the mignons were not drawn from the cream of noble families, as had been the court favourites of his late brother Francis II or their father Henry II, but from the secondary nobility, raised up to such a degree that the social fabric appeared to be unnaturally strained.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques de Lévis, comte de Caylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_L%C3%A9vis"},{"link_name":"Charles de Balsac, baron de Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Balsac,_baron_de_Dunes"},{"link_name":"duel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel"},{"link_name":"Maugiron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Maugiron"},{"link_name":"Livarot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_d%27Arces"},{"link_name":"Ribérac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Aydie"},{"link_name":"Schomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_de_Schomberg"},{"link_name":"Henry, Duke of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vincent-6"},{"link_name":"battle of the Horatii and the Curiatii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatii"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vincent-6"},{"link_name":"Jean Passerat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Passerat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Le_Roux-7"},{"link_name":"Michel de Montaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Le_Roux-7"},{"link_name":"Pierre Brantôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Bourdeille,_seigneur_de_Brant%C3%B4me"}],"sub_title":"The Duel of the Mignons","text":"On April 26 1578, Jacques de Lévis, comte de Caylus, Henri's favorite, insulted Charles de Balsac, baron de Dunes, who responded by challenging de Caylus to a duel. The following morning Caylus, with seconds Maugiron and Livarot (of the party of the King), met with Balsac, bringing seconds Ribérac and Schomberg (of the party of the Henry, Duke of Guise) at the horse market near the Bastille, in Paris. The resultant fight was compared by Brantôme[6] to a reenactment of the battle of the Horatii and the Curiatii. In the melee, seconds Maugiron and Schomberg were killed, Ribérac died of wounds the following noon, and Livarot was wounded in the face and convalesced in a hospital for six weeks. Caylus sustained as many as 19 wounds and conceded the duel to de Balsac, but died of his injuries a month later. Only Balsac got off with a mere scratch on his arm.[6]This meaningless loss of life impressed itself on the public imagination. Henri III was so angered that he banned dueling in France on penalty of death. Jean Passerat wrote an elegy, Plaintes de Cléophon, on the occasion. In the political treatise Le Theatre de France (1580) the duel was invoked as \"the day of the pigs\" who \"killed each other in the precinct of Saint Paul, serving him in the Muscovite manner\".[7] Michel de Montaigne decried the event as une image de lâcheté, \"an image of cowardice\",[7] and Pierre Brantôme connected it with the deplorable spread of the Italian and Gascon manners at Henry's court. The incident accelerated the estrangement between the two Henrys.","title":"History"}]

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[{"reference":"Le Roux, Nicolas (2000). Le faveur du roi: mignons et courtisans au temps des derniers Valois (in French). Seyssel, Haute-Savoie: Champ Vallon. p. 388-398. ISBN 2876733110. Retrieved 31 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AHuTP5Vs9ZcC&pg=PA398","url_text":"Le faveur du roi: mignons et courtisans au temps des derniers Valois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2876733110","url_text":"2876733110"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahntay_Jones

Dahntay Jones

["1 Early life","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Memphis Grizzlies (2003–2007)","3.2 Sacramento Kings (2007–2008)","3.3 Fort Wayne Mad Ants (2008)","3.4 Denver Nuggets (2008–2009)","3.5 Indiana Pacers (2009–2012)","3.6 Dallas Mavericks (2012–2013)","3.7 Atlanta Hawks (2013)","3.8 Return to Fort Wayne (2014–2015)","3.9 Los Angeles Clippers (2015)","3.10 Grand Rapids Drive (2015–2016)","3.11 Cleveland Cavaliers (2016–2017)","4 Coaching career","5 NBA career statistics","5.1 Regular season","5.2 Playoffs","6 Personal life","7 References","8 External links"]

American basketball coach and player (born 1980) Not to be confused with Dontae' Jones. Dahntay JonesJones with the Dallas Mavericks in 2012Los Angeles ClippersPositionAssistant coachLeagueNBAPersonal informationBorn (1980-12-27) December 27, 1980 (age 43)Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.Listed height6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)Listed weight225 lb (102 kg)Career informationHigh schoolSteinert (Hamilton, New Jersey)College Rutgers (1998–2000) Duke (2001–2003) NBA draft2003: 1st round, 20th overall pickSelected by the Boston CelticsPlaying career2003–2017PositionSmall forward / shooting guardNumber30, 7, 1, 31Coaching career2020–presentCareer historyAs player:2003–2007Memphis Grizzlies2007–2008Sacramento Kings2008Fort Wayne Mad Ants2008–2009Denver Nuggets2009–2012Indiana Pacers2012–2013Dallas Mavericks2013Atlanta Hawks2014–2015Fort Wayne Mad Ants2015Los Angeles Clippers2015–2016Grand Rapids Drive2016–2017Cleveland CavaliersAs coach:2020–presentLos Angeles Clippers (player development) Career highlights and awards NBA champion (2016) First-team All-ACC (2003) 2× ACC All-Defensive Team (2002, 2003) Big East All-Rookie Team (1999) Stats  at NBA.comStats  at Basketball-Reference.com Medals Men's basketball Representing  United States FIBA U21 World Championship 2001 Saitama National team Dahntay Lavall Jones (born December 27, 1980) is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is an assistant coach for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights and Duke Blue Devils. Jones played in the NBA as a small forward and shooting guard from 2003 to 2017. He won an NBA championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016. Early life Jones grew up in Hamilton Square, New Jersey, and starred at Steinert High School in Hamilton Township, Mercer County, from 1995 to 1998. He earned a McDonald's All-America honorable mention honor as a senior after averaging 24 points and 9 rebounds per game at Steinert. College career After playing college basketball at Rutgers in his freshman and sophomore years, Jones transferred to Duke, where he earned All-ACC Honorable Mention honors in 2002 after averaging 11.2 points, 4.2 rebounds and 1.1 assists as a junior. In his senior season, he played 33 games, averaging 17.7 points, 5.5 rebounds and 1.2 steals per game. Professional career Memphis Grizzlies (2003–2007) Jones was selected by the Boston Celtics with the 20th overall pick in the 2003 NBA draft, and his rights were later traded, along with the rights to Troy Bell, to the Memphis Grizzlies for the rights to Kendrick Perkins and Marcus Banks. On November 21, 2003, he made his professional debut in a 98–97 win over the Seattle SuperSonics, recording one rebound, one assist and two blocks in eight minutes off the bench. In four professional seasons for the Grizzlies, Jones averaged 5.0 points per game. Sacramento Kings (2007–2008) On September 27, 2007, Jones signed with the Boston Celtics. However, he was later waived by the Celtics on October 25. On December 10, he signed with the Sacramento Kings. Four days later, he made his debut with the Kings in a 109–99 win over the Philadelphia 76ers, recording one assist and two steals in seven minutes off the bench. On February 16, 2008, he was waived by the Kings. Fort Wayne Mad Ants (2008) On March 21, 2008, Jones was acquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League. That night, he made his debut for the Mad Ants in a 125–102 loss to the Dakota Wizards, recording 18 points in 31 minutes. Denver Nuggets (2008–2009) Jones with the Nuggets in 2009 On July 30, 2008, Jones signed with the Denver Nuggets. On October 29, he made his debut for the Nuggets in a 98–94 loss to the Utah Jazz, recording three points, three rebounds and one steal in 14 minutes off the bench. The Nuggets went on to reach the Western Conference Finals but were defeated 4 games to 2 by the Los Angeles Lakers. Indiana Pacers (2009–2012) On July 14, 2009, Jones signed a four-year deal with the Indiana Pacers. On October 28, he made his debut for the Pacers in a 120–109 loss to the Atlanta Hawks, recording 17 points and five rebounds in 26 minutes. Dallas Mavericks (2012–2013) On July 12, 2012, Jones was traded, along with Darren Collison, to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for Ian Mahinmi. On October 30, he made his debut for the Mavericks in a 99–91 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. Atlanta Hawks (2013) On February 21, 2013, Jones was traded to the Atlanta Hawks in exchange for Anthony Morrow. The next day, he made his debut for the Hawks in a 122–108 win over the Sacramento Kings. On September 27, 2013, Jones signed with the Chicago Bulls. However, he was later waived by the Bulls on October 8, 2013. Jones did not play for the 2013–14 season. Return to Fort Wayne (2014–2015) On September 25, 2014, Jones signed with the Utah Jazz. However, he was later waived by the Jazz on October 22, 2014. On November 26, 2014, Jones was reacquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants. Two days later, he made his season debut in a 124–115 loss to the Delaware 87ers, recording 14 points, one rebound, three assists, one steal and one block in 19 minutes off the bench. Los Angeles Clippers (2015) On January 14, 2015, Jones signed a 10-day contract with the Los Angeles Clippers. Two days later, he made his debut for the Clippers in a 126–121 loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers. On January 24, he signed a second 10-day contract with the Clippers. On February 3, he signed with the Clippers for the rest of the season. On March 9, the league fined Jones $10,000 for bumping Draymond Green of the Golden State Warriors during a postgame interview following the previous night's Warriors win over the Clippers. Jones denied that the bump was intentional. Grand Rapids Drive (2015–2016) On September 10, 2015, Jones signed with the Brooklyn Nets. However, he was later waived by the Nets on October 26 after appearing in four preseason games. On December 4, he was acquired by the Grand Rapids Drive of the NBA Development League. The next day, he made his debut for the Drive in a 128–99 win over Raptors 905, recording 13 points, two rebounds, one assist, one steal and one block in 20 minutes off the bench. Cleveland Cavaliers (2016–2017) On April 13, 2016, Jones signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers. That night, he made his debut for the Cavaliers in a 112–110 loss to the Detroit Pistons, recording 13 points, five rebounds, two assists, one steal and two blocks in 42 minutes off the bench. On May 22, he was suspended for Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Finals for striking Toronto Raptors' center Bismack Biyombo in the groin during the final possession of Game 3. The Cavaliers went on to win the series in six games and advanced to the 2016 NBA Finals. Jones saw some early minutes in Game 6 of the NBA Finals after several teammates were in foul trouble. He finished Game 6 with five points, one rebound and one block. The Cavaliers came back from a 3–1 deficit to win the series in seven games, as Jones won his first NBA championship. Jones was waived by the Cavaliers on July 30, 2016, then re-signed on September 26, waived again on October 24, and re-signed yet again on April 12, 2017. Jones played three minutes at the end of the Cavaliers' 116–105 Game 1 Eastern Conference semifinals win over the Raptors on May 1 and picked up back-to-back technical fouls for talking trash to Toronto's Norman Powell, which earned him an ejection with 18.7 seconds remaining. The technicals came with a $3,000 fine attached to each of them, but due to earning only $9,127 in salary with the team for the postseason run—the veteran's minimum—teammate LeBron James covered the fine. The Cavaliers went 12–1 over the first three rounds of the playoffs to reach the NBA Finals for a third straight season. The Cavaliers played the Warriors in the 2017 NBA Finals and lost the series in 5 games. Jones' final NBA game was Game 4 of that Finals series against Golden State on June 9, 2017. Cleveland would win the game 137 - 116 with Jones recording 1 rebound and playing for only 2 minutes (coming in at the very end of the 4th quarter, when the Cavs already built a 21-point lead to end the game). Coaching career On November 16, 2020, Jones was announced as a player development and video coach for the Los Angeles Clippers. NBA career statistics Legend   GP Games played   GS  Games started  MPG  Minutes per game  FG%  Field goal percentage  3P%  3-point field goal percentage  FT%  Free throw percentage  RPG  Rebounds per game  APG  Assists per game  SPG  Steals per game  BPG  Blocks per game  PPG  Points per game  Bold  Career high  †  Won an NBA championship Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2003–04 Memphis 20 0 7.8 .283 .250 .455 1.1 .6 .3 .3 1.8 2004–05 Memphis 52 7 12.5 .437 .383 .688 1.3 .4 .3 .2 4.5 2005–06 Memphis 71 4 13.6 .414 .143 .645 1.5 .5 .5 .2 4.0 2006–07 Memphis 78 25 21.4 .477 .417 .793 2.0 .9 .5 .3 7.5 2007–08 Sacramento 25 0 8.2 .434 .167 .667 1.4 .5 .3 .2 3.2 2008–09 Denver 79 71 18.1 .458 .647 .728 2.1 1.0 .6 .2 5.4 2009–10 Indiana 76 26 24.9 .461 .125 .770 3.0 2.0 .5 .5 10.2 2010–11 Indiana 45 2 13.1 .467 .359 .767 1.4 .7 .4 .2 6.3 2011–12 Indiana 65 3 16.2 .409 .429 .838 1.8 1.0 .4 .2 5.3 2012–13 Dallas 50 15 12.7 .357 .216 .805 1.4 .6 .2 .1 3.5 2012–13 Atlanta 28 4 13.6 .390 .250 .677 1.1 .7 .4 .0 3.1 2014–15 L.A. Clippers 33 0 3.7 .286 .000 .818 .3 .1 .1 .0 .6 2015–16† Cleveland 1 0 42.0 .429 .500 .000 5.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 13.0 2016–17 Cleveland 1 0 12.0 .375 .000 .750 2.0 1.0 .0 .0 9.0 Career 624 157 15.7 .439 .329 .751 1.7 .8 .4 .2 5.4 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2005 Memphis 3 0 24.0 .381 .600 .750 3.0 .3 .3 .0 7.3 2006 Memphis 4 0 11.5 .714 .000 .000 1.8 .0 .3 .0 4.3 2009 Denver 16 16 17.5 .481 .250 .767 2.4 .6 .8 .3 7.0 2011 Indiana 3 0 16.7 .450 .000 .889 .7 .7 .3 .0 8.7 2012 Indiana 7 0 8.3 .222 .222 1.000 1.0 .4 .1 .0 2.4 2013 Atlanta 5 0 3.8 .250 .000 1.000 .2 .0 .0 .0 .8 2015 L.A. Clippers 11 0 1.6 1.000 .000 .000 .1 .0 .2 .0 .4 2016† Cleveland 15 0 3.3 .462 .333 .800 .5 .1 .1 .1 1.1 2017 Cleveland 10 0 3.3 .500 .500 1.000 .7 .1 .0 .1 1.6 Career 74 16 8.5 .448 .294 .812 1.1 .3 .3 .1 3.2 Personal life Jones is the son of Larry and Joanne Jones. His father played college basketball at St. Peter's College. His cousin, Al Harrington, is a retired professional basketball player. He was married to Valeisha Butterfield Jones, the daughter of North Carolina Congressman G. K. Butterfield. They share two children, Dahntay Jr. and Dillon. Jones also has three children from previous relationships. References ^ Battista, Judy (February 21, 1999). "COLLEGE BASKETBALL; Rutgers Could Have a Post-Season With Meaning". The New York Times. Retrieved August 10, 2014. ^ Smith, Timothy W. (October 22, 1997). "COLLEGE BASKETBALL: Starting Over In New Jersey; New Coaches at Seton Hall and Rutgers Rebuild". The New York Times. Retrieved August 10, 2014. ^ a b "Dahntay Jones Biography". GoDuke.com. Retrieved August 10, 2014. ^ "Dahntay Jones Stats". Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2014. ^ "Grizzlies Trade Draft Rights to 13th & 27th Overall Selections to the Celtics for BC's Troy Bell and Duke's Dahntay Jones". NBA.com. June 26, 2003. Archived from the original on October 11, 2003. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "'Flip' Murray led Sonics' scoring". ESPN.com. November 22, 2003. Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ May, Peter (September 26, 2007). "Camp roster set". Boston.com. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ Dzen, Gary (October 25, 2007). "C's waive Jones, Manuel". Boston.com. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ a b "Transactions: 2007-08 Season". NBA.com. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "Kings become final NBA team to win first road game". ESPN.com. December 14, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ "Mad Ants Make Roster Change". NBA.com. March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on June 12, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "Wizards Rebound at Home". OurSportsCentral.com. March 21, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ "Nuggets Sign Dahntay Jones". NBA.com. July 30, 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "Boozer, Jazz beat Nuggets who play without Anthony". ESPN.com. October 29, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ "2008-09 Denver Nuggets Roster and Stats". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ "Transactions: 2009-10 Season". NBA.com. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "Hawks get timely defensive stops in defeat of Pacers". ESPN.com. October 28, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ "It's Official: Pacers Acquire Mahinmi for Collison, Jones". NBA.com. July 12, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "Dallas stuns loaded Lakers in opener, 99-91". NBA.com. October 31, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ "ATLANTA HAWKS ACQUIRE DAHNTAY JONES FROM DALLAS AND JEREMY TYLER FROM GOLDEN STATE". NBA.com. February 21, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "Notebook: Hawks 122, Kings 108". NBA.com. February 22, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ "Patrick Christopher, Mike James, Dahntay Jones, Kalin Lucas, Dexter Pittman and D.J. White in Bulls training camp". InsideHoops.com. September 27, 2013. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "Chicago Bulls waive Dahntay Jones". InsideHoops.com. October 8, 2013. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ Sanchez, Matt (September 25, 2014). "Jazz Sign Free Agent Dahntay Jones". NBA.com. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ Lea, Bill (October 22, 2014). "Jazz Waive Cooley and Jones". NBA.com. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "Mad Ants Acquire Dahntay Jones". NBA.com. November 26, 2014. Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "Jones Returns, But Mad Ants Fall to 87ers". NBA.com. November 28, 2014. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ "CLIPPERS SIGN DAHNTAY JONES TO 10-DAY CONTRACT". NBA.com. January 14, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "Irving scores 37, Cavaliers hold on to beat Clippers 126-121". NBA.com. January 17, 2015. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ "CLIPPERS SIGN DAHNTAY JONES TO SECOND 10-DAY CONTRACT". NBA.com. January 24, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "CLIPPERS SIGN DAHNTAY JONES FOR REMAINDER OF SEASON". NBA.com. February 3, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ Markazi, Arash (March 9, 2015). "Dahntay Jones of Los Angeles Clippers fined $10,000 for Draymond Green bump". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 9, 2015. ^ "Brooklyn Nets Sign Dahntay Jones". NBA.com. September 10, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "BROOKLYN NETS WAIVE HARPER AND JONES". NBA.com. October 26, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015. ^ "Drive Waive Thomas and Add Jones to the 2015-16 Season Roster". OurSportsCentral.com. December 4, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015. ^ "Pistons Rookie Hilliard Scores 31 in Debut to Help Drive Rout Raptors 905". NBA.com. December 5, 2015. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ "Cavs Sign Dahntay Jones". NBA.com. April 13, 2016. Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ "LeBron sits as Pistons beat Cavaliers in playoff non-preview". NBA.com. April 13, 2016. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2016. ^ Youngmisuk, Ohm (May 22, 2016). "NBA fines Dwane Casey, suspends Dahntay Jones 1 game". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 22, 2016. ^ McCauley, Janie (June 19, 2016). "James and Cavaliers win thrilling NBA Finals Game 7, 93–89". National Basketball Association. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017. ^ Ziegler, P.J (June 19, 2016). "Curse broken: Cleveland Cavaliers win NBA Championship". FOX 8 Cleveland. Retrieved October 5, 2017. ^ "Cavaliers Waive Dahntay Jones". NBA.com. July 30, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2016. ^ "Cavaliers Announce 2016-17 Training Camp Roster". NBA.com. September 26, 2016. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Cavaliers Waive Dahntay Jones". NBA.com. October 24, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2016. ^ "Cavaliers Sign Dahntay Jones and Edy Tavares". NBA.com. April 12, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017. ^ "LeBron James to pay Dahntay Jones' fine again after back-to-back T's". ESPN.com. May 2, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2017. ^ "Warriors Win N.B.A. Title, Avenging Themselves Against the Cavaliers". New York Times. June 13, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017. ^ "NBA finals: Golden State Warriors win title against Cavaliers – as it happened". Guardian. June 13, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017. ^ "LA Clippers Finalize Coaching Staff For 2020-21 Season". NBA.com. November 16, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2021. ^ "Chat with Al Harrington". ESPN.com. Retrieved September 10, 2015. ^ "Dahntay Jones' Proud Father-in-Law, G.K. Butterfield". RollCall.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2015. ^ Porsha Monique (April 2, 2018). "Valeisha Butterfield Jones, global executive at Google, talks diversity in tech". Rolling Out. Retrieved May 15, 2023. External links Portal: Sports Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dahntay Jones. Career statistics and player information from NBA.com and Basketball-Reference.com Duke Blue Devils bio Links to related articles vteCleveland Cavaliers 2015–16 NBA champions 0 Love 1 J. Jones 2 Irving 4 Shumpert 5 Smith 8 Dellavedova 9 Frye 12 McRae 13 Thompson 14 Kaun 20 Mozgov 23 James (Finals MVP) 24 Jefferson 30 Dah. Jones 52 Williams Head coach Lue Assistant coaches Brielmaier Boylan Drew Handy Dam. Jones Longabardi Posey Potapenko Regular season Playoffs vte2003 NBA draftFirst round LeBron James Darko Miličić Carmelo Anthony Chris Bosh Dwyane Wade Chris Kaman Kirk Hinrich T. J. Ford Michael Sweetney Jarvis Hayes Mickaël Piétrus Nick Collison Marcus Banks Luke Ridnour Reece Gaines Troy Bell Žarko Čabarkapa David West Sasha Pavlović Dahntay Jones Boris Diaw Zoran Planinić Travis Outlaw Brian Cook Carlos Delfino Ndudi Ebi Kendrick Perkins Leandro Barbosa Josh Howard Second round Maciej Lampe Jason Kapono Luke Walton Jerome Beasley Sofoklis Schortsanitis Szymon Szewczyk Mario Austin Travis Hansen Steve Blake Slavko Vraneš Derrick Zimmerman Willie Green Zaza Pachulia Keith Bogans Malick Badiane Matt Bonner Sani Bečirovič Mo Williams James Lang James Jones Paccelis Morlende Kyle Korver Remon van de Hare Tommy Smith Nedžad Sinanović Rick Rickert Brandon Hunter Xue Yuyang Andreas Glyniadakis

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In his senior season, he played 33 games, averaging 17.7 points, 5.5 rebounds and 1.2 steals per game.[3][4]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics"},{"link_name":"2003 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"Troy Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Bell"},{"link_name":"Kendrick Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Marcus Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Banks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Seattle SuperSonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Memphis Grizzlies (2003–2007)","text":"Jones was selected by the Boston Celtics with the 20th overall pick in the 2003 NBA draft, and his rights were later traded, along with the rights to Troy Bell, to the Memphis Grizzlies for the rights to Kendrick Perkins and Marcus Banks.[5] On November 21, 2003, he made his professional debut in a 98–97 win over the Seattle SuperSonics, recording one rebound, one assist and two blocks in eight minutes off the bench.[6] In four professional seasons for the Grizzlies, Jones averaged 5.0 points per game.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Kings"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trans-9"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia 76ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trans-9"}],"sub_title":"Sacramento Kings (2007–2008)","text":"On September 27, 2007, Jones signed with the Boston Celtics.[7] However, he was later waived by the Celtics on October 25.[8] On December 10, he signed with the Sacramento Kings.[9] Four days later, he made his debut with the Kings in a 109–99 win over the Philadelphia 76ers, recording one assist and two steals in seven minutes off the bench.[10] On February 16, 2008, he was waived by the Kings.[9]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Wayne Mad Ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Mad_Ants"},{"link_name":"NBA Development League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Development_League"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dleague-11"},{"link_name":"Dakota Wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Wizards"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Fort Wayne Mad Ants (2008)","text":"On March 21, 2008, Jones was acquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA Development League.[11] That night, he made his debut for the Mad Ants in a 125–102 loss to the Dakota Wizards, recording 18 points in 31 minutes.[12]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dahntay_Jones_Nuggets_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Denver Nuggets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Nuggets"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nuggets_Sign_Dahntay_Jones-13"},{"link_name":"Utah Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Denver Nuggets (2008–2009)","text":"Jones with the Nuggets in 2009On July 30, 2008, Jones signed with the Denver Nuggets.[13] On October 29, he made his debut for the Nuggets in a 98–94 loss to the Utah Jazz, recording three points, three rebounds and one steal in 14 minutes off the bench.[14] The Nuggets went on to reach the Western Conference Finals but were defeated 4 games to 2 by the Los Angeles Lakers.[15]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana Pacers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Pacers"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Indiana Pacers (2009–2012)","text":"On July 14, 2009, Jones signed a four-year deal with the Indiana Pacers.[16] On October 28, he made his debut for the Pacers in a 120–109 loss to the Atlanta Hawks, recording 17 points and five rebounds in 26 minutes.[17]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darren Collison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Collison"},{"link_name":"Dallas Mavericks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks"},{"link_name":"Ian Mahinmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Mahinmi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Dallas Mavericks (2012–2013)","text":"On July 12, 2012, Jones was traded, along with Darren Collison, to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for Ian Mahinmi.[18] On October 30, he made his debut for the Mavericks in a 99–91 win over the Los Angeles Lakers.[19]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Morrow"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bulls"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Atlanta Hawks (2013)","text":"On February 21, 2013, Jones was traded to the Atlanta Hawks in exchange for Anthony Morrow.[20] The next day, he made his debut for the Hawks in a 122–108 win over the Sacramento Kings.[21]On September 27, 2013, Jones signed with the Chicago Bulls.[22] However, he was later waived by the Bulls on October 8, 2013.[23] Jones did not play for the 2013–14 season.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utah Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Delaware 87ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_87ers"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Return to Fort Wayne (2014–2015)","text":"On September 25, 2014, Jones signed with the Utah Jazz.[24] However, he was later waived by the Jazz on October 22, 2014.[25] On November 26, 2014, Jones was reacquired by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants.[26] Two days later, he made his season debut in a 124–115 loss to the Delaware 87ers, recording 14 points, one rebound, three assists, one steal and one block in 19 minutes off the bench.[27]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Clippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Clippers"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Draymond Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draymond_Green"},{"link_name":"Golden State Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Los Angeles Clippers (2015)","text":"On January 14, 2015, Jones signed a 10-day contract with the Los Angeles Clippers.[28] Two days later, he made his debut for the Clippers in a 126–121 loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers.[29] On January 24, he signed a second 10-day contract with the Clippers.[30] On February 3, he signed with the Clippers for the rest of the season.[31] On March 9, the league fined Jones $10,000 for bumping Draymond Green of the Golden State Warriors during a postgame interview following the previous night's Warriors win over the Clippers. Jones denied that the bump was intentional.[32]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn Nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Nets"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Grand Rapids Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids_Drive"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Raptors 905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptors_905"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Grand Rapids Drive (2015–2016)","text":"On September 10, 2015, Jones signed with the Brooklyn Nets.[33] However, he was later waived by the Nets on October 26 after appearing in four preseason games.[34] On December 4, he was acquired by the Grand Rapids Drive of the NBA Development League.[35] The next day, he made his debut for the Drive in a 128–99 win over Raptors 905, recording 13 points, two rebounds, one assist, one steal and one block in 20 minutes off the bench.[36]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Detroit Pistons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Pistons"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Toronto Raptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Raptors"},{"link_name":"Bismack Biyombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismack_Biyombo"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"2016 NBA Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_NBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Norman Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Powell_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"LeBron James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeBron_James"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"2017 NBA Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_NBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Cleveland Cavaliers (2016–2017)","text":"On April 13, 2016, Jones signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers.[37] That night, he made his debut for the Cavaliers in a 112–110 loss to the Detroit Pistons, recording 13 points, five rebounds, two assists, one steal and two blocks in 42 minutes off the bench.[38] On May 22, he was suspended for Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Finals for striking Toronto Raptors' center Bismack Biyombo in the groin during the final possession of Game 3.[39] The Cavaliers went on to win the series in six games and advanced to the 2016 NBA Finals. Jones saw some early minutes in Game 6 of the NBA Finals after several teammates were in foul trouble. He finished Game 6 with five points, one rebound and one block. The Cavaliers came back from a 3–1 deficit to win the series in seven games, as Jones won his first NBA championship.[40][41]Jones was waived by the Cavaliers on July 30, 2016,[42] then re-signed on September 26,[43] waived again on October 24,[44] and re-signed yet again on April 12, 2017.[45] Jones played three minutes at the end of the Cavaliers' 116–105 Game 1 Eastern Conference semifinals win over the Raptors on May 1 and picked up back-to-back technical fouls for talking trash to Toronto's Norman Powell, which earned him an ejection with 18.7 seconds remaining. The technicals came with a $3,000 fine attached to each of them, but due to earning only $9,127 in salary with the team for the postseason run—the veteran's minimum—teammate LeBron James covered the fine.[46] The Cavaliers went 12–1 over the first three rounds of the playoffs to reach the NBA Finals for a third straight season. The Cavaliers played the Warriors in the 2017 NBA Finals and lost the series in 5 games.[47][48]Jones' final NBA game was Game 4 of that Finals series against Golden State on June 9, 2017. Cleveland would win the game 137 - 116 with Jones recording 1 rebound and playing for only 2 minutes (coming in at the very end of the 4th quarter, when the Cavs already built a 21-point lead to end the game).","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Clippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Clippers"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"On November 16, 2020, Jones was announced as a player development and video coach for the Los Angeles Clippers.[49]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Playoffs","title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Peter's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Peacocks_basketball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-3"},{"link_name":"Al Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Harrington"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Valeisha Butterfield Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeisha_Butterfield_Jones"},{"link_name":"G. K. Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._K._Butterfield"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"Jones is the son of Larry and Joanne Jones. His father played college basketball at St. Peter's College.[3] His cousin, Al Harrington, is a retired professional basketball player.[50] He was married to Valeisha Butterfield Jones, the daughter of North Carolina Congressman G. K. Butterfield.[51] They share two children, Dahntay Jr. and Dillon.[52] Jones also has three children from previous relationships.","title":"Personal life"}]

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[{"reference":"Battista, Judy (February 21, 1999). \"COLLEGE BASKETBALL; Rutgers Could Have a Post-Season With Meaning\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/21/sports/college-basketball-rutgers-could-have-a-post-season-with-meaning.html","url_text":"\"COLLEGE BASKETBALL; Rutgers Could Have a Post-Season With Meaning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Timothy W. (October 22, 1997). \"COLLEGE BASKETBALL: Starting Over In New Jersey; New Coaches at Seton Hall and Rutgers Rebuild\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/22/sports/college-basketball-starting-over-new-jersey-new-coaches-seton-hall-rutgers.html","url_text":"\"COLLEGE BASKETBALL: Starting Over In New Jersey; New Coaches at Seton Hall and Rutgers Rebuild\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Dahntay Jones Biography\". GoDuke.com. Retrieved August 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goduke.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=135176","url_text":"\"Dahntay Jones Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dahntay Jones Stats\". Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150113102445/http://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/dahntay-jones-1.html","url_text":"\"Dahntay Jones Stats\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/dahntay-jones-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grizzlies Trade Draft Rights to 13th & 27th Overall Selections to the Celtics for BC's Troy Bell and Duke's Dahntay Jones\". NBA.com. June 26, 2003. Archived from the original on October 11, 2003. Retrieved September 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031011161510/http://www.nba.com/grizzlies/news/draft_trade_030626.html","url_text":"\"Grizzlies Trade Draft Rights to 13th & 27th Overall Selections to the Celtics for BC's Troy Bell and Duke's Dahntay Jones\""},{"url":"http://www.nba.com/grizzlies/news/draft_trade_030626.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Flip' Murray led Sonics' scoring\". ESPN.com. November 22, 2003. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/nba/recap?gameId=231121025","url_text":"\"'Flip' Murray led Sonics' scoring\""}]},{"reference":"May, Peter (September 26, 2007). \"Camp roster set\". Boston.com. Retrieved September 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/sports/basketball/celtics/extras/celtics_blog/2007/09/camp_roster_set.html","url_text":"\"Camp roster set\""}]},{"reference":"Dzen, Gary (October 25, 2007). \"C's waive Jones, Manuel\". Boston.com. Retrieved September 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/sports/basketball/celtics/extras/celtics_blog/2007/10/cs_waive_jones.html","url_text":"\"C's waive Jones, Manuel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transactions: 2007-08 Season\". NBA.com. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150531052916/http://www.nba.com/news/transactions/2007_08/","url_text":"\"Transactions: 2007-08 Season\""},{"url":"http://www.nba.com/news/transactions/2007_08/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kings become final NBA team to win first road game\". ESPN.com. December 14, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/nba/recap?gameId=271214020","url_text":"\"Kings become final NBA team to win first road game\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mad Ants Make Roster Change\". NBA.com. March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on June 12, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150612122308/http://www.nba.com/dleague/fortwayne/roster_changes_080321.html","url_text":"\"Mad Ants Make Roster Change\""},{"url":"http://www.nba.com/dleague/fortwayne/roster_changes_080321.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wizards Rebound at Home\". 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Retrieved September 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191020/http://www.insidehoops.com/blog/?p=14338","url_text":"\"Patrick Christopher, Mike James, Dahntay Jones, Kalin Lucas, Dexter Pittman and D.J. White in Bulls training camp\""},{"url":"http://www.insidehoops.com/blog/?p=14338","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Bulls waive Dahntay Jones\". InsideHoops.com. October 8, 2013. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102070241/http://www.insidehoops.com/blog/?p=14465","url_text":"\"Chicago Bulls waive Dahntay Jones\""},{"url":"http://www.insidehoops.com/blog/?p=14465","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sanchez, Matt (September 25, 2014). \"Jazz Sign Free Agent Dahntay Jones\". NBA.com. 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Retrieved May 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com.au/nba/story/_/id/15667805/nba-fines-toronto-raptors-coach-dwane-casey-suspends-cleveland-cavaliers-dahntay-jones-game-3-actions","url_text":"\"NBA fines Dwane Casey, suspends Dahntay Jones 1 game\""}]},{"reference":"McCauley, Janie (June 19, 2016). \"James and Cavaliers win thrilling NBA Finals Game 7, 93–89\". National Basketball Association. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170814231002/http://www.nba.com/games/20160619/CLEGSW/gameinfo.html?ls=iref:nbahpt11a","url_text":"\"James and Cavaliers win thrilling NBA Finals Game 7, 93–89\""},{"url":"http://www.nba.com/games/20160619/CLEGSW/gameinfo.html?ls=iref:nbahpt11a","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ziegler, P.J (June 19, 2016). \"Curse broken: Cleveland Cavaliers win NBA Championship\". FOX 8 Cleveland. 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Retrieved October 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nba.com/cavaliers/releases/jones-waive-161024","url_text":"\"Cavaliers Waive Dahntay Jones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cavaliers Sign Dahntay Jones and Edy Tavares\". NBA.com. April 12, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nba.com/cavaliers/releases/jones-tavares-signing-170412","url_text":"\"Cavaliers Sign Dahntay Jones and Edy Tavares\""}]},{"reference":"\"LeBron James to pay Dahntay Jones' fine again after back-to-back T's\". ESPN.com. May 2, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/19291422/lebron-james-pay-dahntay-jones-fine-again-back-back-technicals","url_text":"\"LeBron James to pay Dahntay Jones' fine again after back-to-back T's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Warriors Win N.B.A. Title, Avenging Themselves Against the Cavaliers\". New York Times. June 13, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California_Public_Broadcasting

KQED Inc.

["1 History","2 KQED public television","3 KQED public radio","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Public broadcaster in the San Francisco Bay Area "Northern California Public Broadcasting" redirects here. For the public broadcaster based in Rohnert Park, California, see Northern California Public Media. This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "KQED Inc." – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) KQED Inc.FormationJune 1, 1953; 71 years ago (1953-06-01)TypeNon-profit organizationHeadquarters2601 Mariposa StreetSan Francisco, California94110ServicesPublic broadcastingRevenue US$102.6 million (2021)Staff 599 (2019)Websitekqed.orgFormerly calledNorthern California Public Broadcasting (2006–2010) KQED Inc. is a non-profit public media outlet based in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, which operates the radio station KQED-FM and the television stations KQED/KQET and KQEH. KQED's main headquarters are located in San Francisco and its Silicon Valley office is located in San Jose. In 2019, the San Francisco headquarters broke ground on a 90 million dollar renovation project, which was completed in late 2021. Improvements included a larger newsroom and studio, as well as a top floor outdoor terrace. The heart of the KQED headquarters is a 238-seat multipurpose event center called The Commons. The renovated venue hosts KQED Live, a series of lectures, concerts, discussions and other live events with entertainers, journalists, politicians, musicians, authors, chefs, and other guests. Reopening events for the public were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. History The KQED office on Plaza de César Chávez in San Jose. KQED was organized and created by veteran broadcast journalists James Day and Jonathan Rice on June 1, 1953, and first went on air April 5, 1954. It was the sixth public broadcasting station in the United States, debuting shortly after WQED in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The station's call letters, Q.E.D., are taken from the Latin phrase, quod erat demonstrandum, commonly used in mathematics. KQED-FM was founded by James Day in 1969 as the radio arm of KQED Television. On May 1, 2006, KQED, Inc. and the KTEH Foundation merged to form Northern California Public Broadcasting. The KQED assets including its television (KQED) and FM radio stations (KQED-FM) were taken under the umbrella of that new organization. Both remained members of Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and National Public Radio (NPR), respectively. With this change, KQED and KTEH are considered as sister-stations today. The "Northern California" name did not become widely used, so in December 2010, the umbrella organization was renamed to "KQED, Inc.". KTEH changed its call letters to KQEH and rebranded as "KQED Plus" on July 1, 2011 after research found that most viewers were unaware that KTEH was affiliated with KQED. KQED public television The KQED headquarters on Mariposa Street in San Francisco before renovation. Main article: KQED (TV) KQED is a PBS-member public television station in San Francisco, California, broadcasting digitally on UHF channel 30, and virtually on its analog-era channel 9. This channel is also carried on Comcast cable TV and via satellite by DirecTV and Dish Network. Its transmitter is located on Sutro Tower, and has studios based in San Francisco's Mission District. KQED public radio Main article: KQED-FM KQED-FM (88.5) is an NPR-member radio station owned by KQED, Inc. in San Francisco, California. KQED-FM is the most-listened-to public radio station in the nation. See also Houchins v. KQED, Inc. References ^ "KQED financial information for September 30, 2021" (PDF). KQED Inc. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ "KQED Inc. FY2020 Form 990" (PDF). cdn.kqed.org. Retrieved 20 April 2022. ^ admin. "KQED to celebrate new headquarters – Public invited to grand opening – Palo Alto Daily Post". Retrieved 2022-03-09. ^ "KQED's New Headquarters Nears Completion | KQED's Pressroom". KQED. Retrieved 2022-03-09. ^ "News and Events : KQED's Pressroom". Kqed.org. 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2014-06-05. ^ "KQED, Inc. and KTEH Foundation Form New Broadcast Organization" (Press release). KQED Pressroom. 2 May 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-17. ^ "About KQED's former legal name". KQED, Inc. 2015-04-07. Archived from the original on 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2016-09-17. ^ Barney, Chuck (June 22, 2011). "TV station KTEH to drop call letters, become KQED Plus". Contra Costa Times. Retrieved July 2, 2011. ^ "Top 10 NPR Affiliate Radio Stations - Cision". Cision. 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2017-08-15. External links Official website vtePublic broadcasting in the United StatesCorporation for Public BroadcastingRadio syndicators American Public Media NPR Pacifica Public Radio Exchange Terrestrial television American PTV Create World PBS Kids FNX Cable and satellite Classic Arts Showcase Free Speech TV NASA TV PBS Satellite Service SCOLA Statewide networksRadio Alaska Colorado Connecticut Georgia Hawaii Iowa Maine Minnesota Mississippi Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire North Dakota Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Utah Vermont West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Television Alabama Alaska Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Georgia Hawaii Idaho Iowa Kentucky KET2 Louisiana Maine Maryland Mississippi Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey North Carolina North Dakota Oklahoma Oregon Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Utah Vermont West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Regional networksRadio Alabama Boise State Central Michigan Univ. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern California Public Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California_Public_Media"},{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"public media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"KQED-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQED-FM"},{"link_name":"KQED/KQET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQED_(TV)"},{"link_name":"KQEH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQEH"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Northern California Public Broadcasting\" redirects here. For the public broadcaster based in Rohnert Park, California, see Northern California Public Media.KQED Inc. is a non-profit public media outlet based in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, which operates the radio station KQED-FM and the television stations KQED/KQET and KQEH. KQED's main headquarters are located in San Francisco and its Silicon Valley office is located in San Jose. In 2019, the San Francisco headquarters broke ground on a 90 million dollar renovation project, which was completed in late 2021. Improvements included a larger newsroom and studio, as well as a top floor outdoor terrace. The heart of the KQED headquarters is a 238-seat multipurpose event center called The Commons. The renovated venue hosts KQED Live, a series of lectures, concerts, discussions and other live events with entertainers, journalists, politicians, musicians, authors, chefs, and other guests.[3] Reopening events for the public were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[4]","title":"KQED Inc."},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KQED_Building_Behind_Trees,_San_Jose,_California_(31485021248).jpg"},{"link_name":"Plaza de César Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"broadcast journalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"James Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Day_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Rice"},{"link_name":"public broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"WQED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQED_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"call letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_letters"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"quod erat demonstrandum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quod_erat_demonstrandum"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"KQED-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQED-FM"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"},{"link_name":"FM radio stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"National Public Radio (NPR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"KQEH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQEH"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cct-ktehtokqedplus-8"}],"text":"The KQED office on Plaza de César Chávez in San Jose.KQED was organized and created by veteran broadcast journalists James Day and Jonathan Rice on June 1, 1953, and first went on air April 5, 1954. It was the sixth public broadcasting station in the United States, debuting shortly after WQED in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The station's call letters, Q.E.D., are taken from the Latin phrase, quod erat demonstrandum, commonly used in mathematics.[5] KQED-FM was founded by James Day in 1969 as the radio arm of KQED Television.On May 1, 2006, KQED, Inc. and the KTEH Foundation merged to form Northern California Public Broadcasting.[6] The KQED assets including its television (KQED) and FM radio stations (KQED-FM) were taken under the umbrella of that new organization. Both remained members of Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and National Public Radio (NPR), respectively. With this change, KQED and KTEH are considered as sister-stations today. The \"Northern California\" name did not become widely used, so in December 2010, the umbrella organization was renamed to \"KQED, Inc.\".[7] KTEH changed its call letters to KQEH and rebranded as \"KQED Plus\" on July 1, 2011 after research found that most viewers were unaware that KTEH was affiliated with KQED.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KQED_building.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"},{"link_name":"public television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_television"},{"link_name":"UHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"cable TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"DirecTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirecTV"},{"link_name":"Dish Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish_Network"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"Sutro Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutro_Tower"},{"link_name":"Mission District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_District,_San_Francisco"}],"text":"The KQED headquarters on Mariposa Street in San Francisco before renovation.KQED is a PBS-member public television station in San Francisco, California, broadcasting digitally on UHF channel 30, and virtually on its analog-era channel 9. This channel is also carried on Comcast cable TV and via satellite by DirecTV and Dish Network. Its transmitter is located on Sutro Tower, and has studios based in San Francisco's Mission District.","title":"KQED public television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"KQED-FM (88.5) is an NPR-member radio station owned by KQED, Inc. in San Francisco, California.KQED-FM is the most-listened-to public radio station in the nation.[9]","title":"KQED public radio"}]

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[{"title":"Houchins v. KQED, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houchins_v._KQED,_Inc."}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_WebSphere_MQ

IBM MQ

["1 MQ Components","2 Messaging types","3 APIs","4 Features","5 Communication","5.1 Communication between queue managers","5.2 Transmitting data to a queue on another queue manager","5.3 Ordering","5.4 The log","5.5 Retrieving messages from queues","6 Availability","7 History","7.1 Version release dates","7.2 Version end of support dates","7.3 Background architectural reference","8 MQ and web services","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]

Family of message-oriented middleware products IBM MQ is a family of message-oriented middleware products that IBM launched in December 1993. It was originally called MQSeries, and was renamed WebSphere MQ in 2002 to join the suite of WebSphere products. In April 2014, it was renamed IBM MQ. The products that are included in the MQ family are IBM MQ, IBM MQ Advanced, IBM MQ Appliance, IBM MQ for z/OS, and IBM MQ on IBM Cloud. IBM MQ also has containerised deployment options. MQ allows independent and potentially non-concurrent applications on a distributed system to securely communicate with each other, using messages. MQ is available on a large number of platforms (both IBM and non-IBM), including z/OS (mainframe), IBM i, Transaction Processing Facility, UNIX (AIX, HP-UX, Solaris), HP NonStop, OpenVMS, Linux, and Microsoft Windows. MQ Components The core components of MQ are: Message: Messages are collections of binary or character (for instance ASCII or EBCDIC) data that have some meaning to a participating program. As in other communication protocols, storage, routing, and delivery information is added to the message before transmission and stripped from the message prior to delivery to the receiving application. Queue: Message queues are objects that store messages in an application. Queue Manager: a system service that provides a logical container for the message queue. It is responsible for transferring data to other queue managers via message channels. Although not strictly required for message-oriented middleware, is an IBM MQ prerequisite. Queue managers handle storage, timing issues, triggering, and all other functions not directly related to the actual movement of data. Programs integrated with IBM MQ use a consistent application program interface (API) across all platforms. Messaging types MQ supports point-to-point and Publish-Subscribe messaging. APIs APIs directly supported by IBM include: IBM Message Queue Interface (MQI) for C, COBOL, PL/I, Java, Rexx, RPG, and C++ Java Message Service (JMS) XMS for C/C++ and .NET .NET Representational State Transfer SOAP Additional APIs (not officially supported) are also available via third parties, including: Perl interface (developed and contributed by Hildo Biersma), available from CPAN. Python (programming language) interface PyMQI (originally developed by Les Smithson), available from PyPI Windows PowerShell Features One-time delivery: MQ uses once and once only delivery. This quality of service typically prevents message loss or duplication. Asynchronous messaging: MQ provides application designers with a mechanism to achieve non-time-dependent architecture. Messages can be sent from one application to another, regardless of whether the applications are running at the same time. If a message receiver application is not running when a sender sends it a message, the queue manager will hold the message until the receiver asks for it. Ordering of all messages is preserved, by default this is in FIFO order of receipt at the local queue within priority of the message. Data transformation: e.g. Big Endian to Little Endian, or EBCDIC to ASCII. This is accomplished through the use of message data exits. Exits are compiled applications that run on the queue manager host, and are executed by the IBM MQ software at the time data transformation is needed. Message-driven architecture framework: IBM MQ allows receipt of messages to "trigger" other applications to run. Range of APIs: It implements the Java Message Service (JMS) standard API, and also has its own proprietary API, known as the Message Queuing Interface (MQI), which preceded the JMS several years in existence. As of version 8.0.0.4, MQ also supports the MQ Light API. Clustering: Multiple MQ implementations share the processing of messages, providing load balancing. Communication Queue managers communicate with the outside world either through: Bindings: a direct software connection. Generally faster, but limited to programs running on the same physical host as the queue manager. A network or "client" connection: applications using a client connection can connect to a queue manager on any other host in the network. The physical location of the queue manager is irrelevant, as long as it is reachable over the network. Communication between queue managers This relies on a channel. Each queue manager uses one or more channels to send and receive data to other queue managers. A channel is uni-directional; a second channel is required to return data. In a TCP/IP based network, a channel sends or receives data on a specific port. Channel types: Sending channel: has a defined destination and is associated with a specific transmission queue (the mechanism by which messages are queued awaiting transmission on the channel). Receiving channel: receives data from any other queue manager with a sending channel of the same name. When a receiving channel receives a message, it is examined to see which queue manager and queue it is destined for. In the event of a communications failure, MQ can automatically re-establish a connection when the problem is resolved. The listener is the application's network interface to the queue manager. The listener detects connections from incoming channels, and manages the connection of the sending channels to the receiving channels. In a TCP/IP network, the listener will "listen" for connections on a specific port. Transmitting data to a queue on another queue manager Queue types: Local queue: represents the location where data is stored awaiting processing. Remote queue: represents a queue on another queue manager. They define the destination queue, which is one element of the routing mechanism for messages. Cluster queue: represents a queue which is reachable via any queue manager in its cluster. A message is placed on a remote queue. The messages goes to a temporary storage transmission queue associated with a channel. On placing a message on a remote queue, the message is transmitted across the remote channel. If the transmission is successful, the message is removed from the transmit queue. On receiving a message, the receiving queue manager examines the message to determine whether the message is for itself or if must go to another queue manager. If the receiving queue manager, the required queue will be checked, and if it exists, the message is placed on this queue. If not, the message is placed on the dead letter queue. MQ has features to manage efficient transmission of data across a variety of communication media. For example, messages can be batched together until a queue reaches a particular depth. Ordering Although the queue is FIFO, it is ordered based on the receipt in the local queue, not the committing of the message from the sender. Messages can be prioritized, and by default, the queue is prioritized in order of arrival. Queues will only be in sequence of addition if the message is added locally. Message grouping can be used to ensure a set of messages are in a specific order, aside from that, if sequence is critical, it is the application's responsibility to place sequence data in the message or implement a handshaking mechanism via a return queue. In reality, ordering will be maintained in straightforward configurations. The log The other element of a queue manager is the log. As a message is placed on a queue or a configuration change is made, the data is also logged. In the event of a failure, the log is used to recreate damaged objects and recreate messages. Only persistent messages are recreated when a failure occurs—"non-persistent" messages are lost. Non-persistent messages can be sent across a channel set to a fast mode, in which delivery is not assured in the event of a channel failure. MQ supports both circular and linear logging. Retrieving messages from queues Information can be retrieved from queues either by polling the queue to check for available data at suitable intervals, or alternatively MQ can trigger an event, allowing a client application to respond to the delivery of a message. Availability IBM MQ offers a variety of solutions to cater for availability: Replicated Data Queue Manager (RDQM / 'Easy HA'- MQ Advanced on distributed only): Synchronous replication between three servers that all share a floating IP address. Queue Manager Clusters: Groups of two or more queue managers on one or more computers are defined to a cluster, providing automatic interconnection, and allow queues to be shared among them for load balancing and redundancy. Queue Sharing Groups (z/OS only): In a Shared Queue environment, an application can connect to any of the queue managers within the queue-sharing group. Because all the queue managers in the queue-sharing group can access the same set of shared queues, the application does not depend on the availability of a particular queue manager. This gives greater availability if a queue manager stops because all the other queue managers in the queue-sharing group can continue processing the queue. Multi-Instance Queue Managers (available from v7.0.1): Instances of the same queue manager are configured on two or more computers with their queues and meta data residing on shared storage. By starting multiple instances, one instance becomes the active instance and the other instances become standbys. If the active instance fails, a standby instance running on a different computer automatically takes over. History Version release dates Version name Release date IBM MQ 9.3 LTS 23 June 2022 IBM MQ 9.2 LTS 23 July 2020 IBM MQ 9.1 LTS 23 July 2018 IBM MQ on IBM Cloud 13 March 2018 IBM MQ for HPE Nonstop 8.0 23 June 2017 IBM MQ 9.0 LTS 2 June 2016 IBM MQ 8.0 23 May 2014 WebSphere MQ 7.5 15 June 2012 WebSphere MQ 7.1 November 2011 WebSphere MQ 7.0 z/OS June 2008 WebSphere MQ 7.0 (Distributed, iSeries) May 2008 WebSphere MQ 6.0 z/OS June 2005 WebSphere MQ 6.0 (Distributed, iSeries) May 2005 WebSphere MQ 5.3 z/OS June 2002 WebSphere MQ 5.3 (Distributed, iSeries) June, July, Oct, Nov 2002 MQSeries 5.2 (Distributed) Dec 2000 MQSeries for OS/390 V5.2 Nov 2000 MQSeries for AS/400 V5.1 July-Aug 2000 MQSeries for OS/390 V2.1 Feb 1999 MQSeries 5.1 April (NT), June 1999 MQSeries for AS/400 V4.2 Feb 1998 MQSeries 5.0 October 1997 MQSeries for MVS/ESA 1.2 29 August 1997 MQSeries for MVS 1.1.4, June 1996 MQSeries 2.2 (Sun OS/Solaris, DC/OSx) June, July 1996 MQSeries 2.0 Windows NT 2Q 1996 MQSeries 2.2 (HP, SCO) 4Q 1995 MQSeries for MVS 1.1.3 May 1995 MQSeries 2.0 (OS/2, AIX) Feb 1995 (the beginning of the end of ezBridge) MQM/400 V3 4Q 1994 ezBridge Transact for MQSeries 3.0 July 1994 MQSeries for MVS 1.1.2 June 1994 MQM/400 V2.3 Feb/April 1994 ezBridge Transact for MQSeries March, Sept, Nov, Dec 1993 (different platforms) MQSeries for MVS V1.1.1 December 31, 1993 Version end of support dates The following table applies to MQ software. The MQ Appliance has different lifecycle dates for both firmware and hardware than those in the table. Version name General availability End of marketing End of support IBM MQ 9.3 23 June 2022 - - IBM MQ 9.2 23 July 2020 - - IBM MQ 9.1 23-Jul-2018 15-Sep-2023 30-Sep-2023 IBM MQ 9.0 02-Jun-2016 17-Sep-2021 30-Sep-2021 IBM MQ 8.0 13-Jun-2014 17-Apr-2020 30-Apr-2020 WebSphere MQ 7.5 06-Jul-2012 16-Dec-2016 30-Apr-2018 WebSphere MQ 7.1 25-Nov-2011 12-Jul-2016 30-Apr-2017 Background architectural reference With the advent of computers, IBM saw an opportunity to apply new technology to the need for message switching. In the early 1960s, IBM marketed the IBM 7740 Communication Control System and the IBM 7750 Programmed Transmission Control, which were programmable message switching systems. The IBM System/360 was announced in April 1964 and with it came communication access methods such as BTAM and QTAM (Basic and Queued Telecommunications Access Methods). In 1971, TCAM, the Telecommunications Access Method, offered its users a more advanced form of message switching or message routing. TCAM was widely accepted, especially in the financial and brokerage industries. It supported asynchronous messaging, as with the later MQ. TCAM 3.0 added in reusable disk message queues for recovery soon thereafter, as with MQ. A high-level PL/I program could be used to access TRANSIENT datasets (dynamic message queues). Reading a message from a transient dataset resulted in that message being removed from the queue, as with a non-browse READ with MQ. In the late 1970s, transaction management systems came into being, each trying to achieve a leadership position in the industry. Within IBM, CICS and IMS were chosen as strategic products to address the need for transaction management. Within both CICS and IMS, each had its version of message switching, IMS being a front-end queued system and CICS having its Transient Data facility as the possible basis for message switching. CICS established itself as a popular transaction management system in the 1968-1971 timeframe. Those users who had adopted TCAM for its message handling capabilities now wanted a combined use of TCAM with CICS. In December 1971, IBM announced CICS support of TCAM as part of the CICS/OS-Standard product, to be delivered in December 1972. For interested customers, this enabled them to use TCAM for its message handling strengths and also have TCAM-connected terminals or computers interface with CICS online applications. In January 1973, TCAM continued to be supported by CICS/OS-Standard Version 2.3. However, TCAM support was omitted from the initial release of CICS/VS, announced in February 1973 and delivered in June 1974. Needless to say, many CICS-TCAM customers were not happy with that product direction. With considerable pressure from CICS-TCAM customers, the CICS support of TCAM was reinstated in the CICS/VS 1.1 product, as of September 1974. In addition to the previous DCB support, with this reinstatement of TCAM support, CICS began to support TCAM access via VTAM, also known as the ACB support. CICS TCAM ACB support was discontinued as of the CICS/ESA Version 3 product in 1990. In 1992, IBM announced a new product called MQSeries. This brand name was later renamed to WebSphere MQ (sometimes shortened to WMQ) in 2002 to support the WebSphere family name and the product. In 2014, it was renamed IBM MQ. MQ was to be the extension of TCAM functionality from IBM-only systems to all other platforms. MQ has an architecture that enables heterogeneous systems to communicate with each other (e.g. IBM, HP, Sun, Tandem, etc.). MQ can be used with CICS systems to send and receive data to/from any other MQ-eligible system. MQ can be used to initiate work in a CICS system or a CICS transaction can initiate work in another CICS or non-CICS system. IBM MQ now supports 80 different environments and has become the leading message assured delivery switching/routing product in the industry. MQ and web services IBM MQ can be used as a foundation for creating service-oriented architectures. Several additional product options exist to help convert legacy programs into functioning web services through the use of MQ. Larger, heterogeneous enterprises often appear as a federation of somewhat autonomous domains based on lines of business, functional or governance areas. In such environments, some services may be shared or reused only within a single domain, while others may be shared or reused throughout the enterprise. IBM MQ provides the means by which communication exists between lines-of-business or otherwise separate business domains. A related product in the IBM MQ product family, called IBM App Connect Enterprise (formerly IBM Integration Bus / WebSphere Message Broker) enables a diverse and robust set of extensions to queue-based architectures. Using IBM Integration Bus, users can implement a WebServices front-end, complete with WSDL file support that can interact with any queue-based application. See also Advanced Message Queuing Protocol IBM WebSphere Message Broker Java Message Service Message queue Message Queuing as a Service MQTT References ^ "MA95: A REXX interface to WebSphere MQ". Retrieved 2014-10-09. ^ "Introducing XMS -- The IBM Message Service API". Retrieved 2007-12-06. ^ MQSeries - Perl extension for MQSeries support - search.cpan.org ^ "PyMQI Documentation". Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2010-09-03. ^ "MO74: WebSphere MQ - Windows Powershell Library". Retrieved 2007-12-06. ^ "IBM announcement of IBM MQ 9.2". International Business Machines (IBM). 21 July 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020. ^ "IBM announcement of IBM MQ 9.1". International Business Machines (IBM). 3 July 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018. ^ "IBM announcement of IBM MQ on IBM Cloud". International Business Machines (IBM). Retrieved 6 August 2018. ^ "IBM announcement of IBM MQ 9.0". International Business Machines (IBM). 19 April 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016. ^ "MQSeries for MVS/ESA Version 1.2". International Business Machines (IBM). 8 July 1997. Retrieved 10 Dec 2018. ^ "IBM Software Support Lifecycle". ^ "IBM WebSphere MQ V7.1 is enhanced with lower cost of ownership, improved time to value, and more configurable security". IBM United States Software Announcement 211-395. IBM. October 4, 2011. External links Listen to this article (22 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 29 October 2011 (2011-10-29), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) IBM MQ product page

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"message-oriented middleware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message-oriented_middleware"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"WebSphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_WebSphere"},{"link_name":"distributed system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing"},{"link_name":"z/OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/OS"},{"link_name":"mainframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer"},{"link_name":"IBM i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_i"},{"link_name":"Transaction Processing Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Processing_Facility"},{"link_name":"UNIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX"},{"link_name":"AIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX"},{"link_name":"HP-UX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX"},{"link_name":"Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"NonStop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NonStop_(server_computers)"},{"link_name":"OpenVMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMS"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"}],"text":"Family of message-oriented middleware productsIBM MQ is a family of message-oriented middleware products that IBM launched in December 1993. It was originally called MQSeries, and was renamed WebSphere MQ in 2002 to join the suite of WebSphere products. In April 2014, it was renamed IBM MQ. The products that are included in the MQ family are IBM MQ, IBM MQ Advanced, IBM MQ Appliance, IBM MQ for z/OS, and IBM MQ on IBM Cloud. IBM MQ also has containerised deployment options.MQ allows independent and potentially non-concurrent applications on a distributed system to securely communicate with each other, using messages. MQ is available on a large number of platforms (both IBM and non-IBM), including z/OS (mainframe), IBM i, Transaction Processing Facility, UNIX (AIX, HP-UX, Solaris), HP NonStop, OpenVMS, Linux, and Microsoft Windows.","title":"IBM MQ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_file"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"EBCDIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBCDIC"},{"link_name":"communication protocols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_protocol"},{"link_name":"Message queues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_queue"}],"text":"The core components of MQ are:Message: Messages are collections of binary or character (for instance ASCII or EBCDIC) data that have some meaning to a participating program. As in other communication protocols, storage, routing, and delivery information is added to the message before transmission and stripped from the message prior to delivery to the receiving application.\nQueue: Message queues are objects that store messages in an application.\nQueue Manager: a system service that provides a logical container for the message queue. It is responsible for transferring data to other queue managers via message channels. Although not strictly required for message-oriented middleware, is an IBM MQ prerequisite. Queue managers handle storage, timing issues, triggering, and all other functions not directly related to the actual movement of data.Programs integrated with IBM MQ use a consistent application program interface (API) across all platforms.","title":"MQ Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publish-Subscribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publish%E2%80%93subscribe_pattern"}],"text":"MQ supports point-to-point and Publish-Subscribe messaging.","title":"Messaging types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"COBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL"},{"link_name":"PL/I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/I"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Rexx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexx"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"RPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_RPG"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"Java Message Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Message_Service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":".NET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework"},{"link_name":"Representational State Transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REST"},{"link_name":"SOAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAP"},{"link_name":"Perl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl"},{"link_name":"CPAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPAN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Python (programming language)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"PyPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PyPI"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Windows PowerShell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_PowerShell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"APIs directly supported by IBM include:IBM Message Queue Interface (MQI) for C, COBOL, PL/I, Java, Rexx,[1] RPG, and C++\nJava Message Service (JMS)\nXMS for C/C++ and .NET[2]\n.NET\nRepresentational State Transfer\nSOAPAdditional APIs (not officially supported) are also available via third parties, including:Perl interface (developed and contributed by Hildo Biersma), available from CPAN.[3]\nPython (programming language) interface PyMQI (originally developed by Les Smithson), available from PyPI[4]\nWindows PowerShell[5]","title":"APIs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"application designers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleware_analyst"},{"link_name":"FIFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)"},{"link_name":"Big Endian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness#Big-endian"},{"link_name":"Little Endian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness#Little-endian"},{"link_name":"EBCDIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBCDIC"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"Java Message Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Message_Service"}],"text":"One-time delivery: MQ uses once and once only delivery. This quality of service typically prevents message loss or duplication.Asynchronous messaging: MQ provides application designers with a mechanism to achieve non-time-dependent architecture. Messages can be sent from one application to another, regardless of whether the applications are running at the same time. If a message receiver application is not running when a sender sends it a message, the queue manager will hold the message until the receiver asks for it. Ordering of all messages is preserved, by default this is in FIFO order of receipt at the local queue within priority of the message.Data transformation: e.g. Big Endian to Little Endian, or EBCDIC to ASCII. This is accomplished through the use of message data exits. Exits are compiled applications that run on the queue manager host, and are executed by the IBM MQ software at the time data transformation is needed.Message-driven architecture framework: IBM MQ allows receipt of messages to \"trigger\" other applications to run.Range of APIs: It implements the Java Message Service (JMS) standard API, and also has its own proprietary API, known as the Message Queuing Interface (MQI), which preceded the JMS several years in existence. As of version 8.0.0.4, MQ also supports the MQ Light API.Clustering: Multiple MQ implementations share the processing of messages, providing load balancing.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Queue managers communicate with the outside world either through:Bindings: a direct software connection. Generally faster, but limited to programs running on the same physical host as the queue manager.\nA network or \"client\" connection: applications using a client connection can connect to a queue manager on any other host in the network. The physical location of the queue manager is irrelevant, as long as it is reachable over the network.","title":"Communication"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Communication between queue managers","text":"This relies on a channel. Each queue manager uses one or more channels to send and receive data to other queue managers. A channel is uni-directional; a second channel is required to return data. In a TCP/IP based network, a channel sends or receives data on a specific port.Channel types:Sending channel: has a defined destination and is associated with a specific transmission queue (the mechanism by which messages are queued awaiting transmission on the channel).\nReceiving channel: receives data from any other queue manager with a sending channel of the same name.When a receiving channel receives a message, it is examined to see which queue manager and queue it is destined for. In the event of a communications failure, MQ can automatically re-establish a connection when the problem is resolved.The listener is the application's network interface to the queue manager. The listener detects connections from incoming channels, and manages the connection of the sending channels to the receiving channels. In a TCP/IP network, the listener will \"listen\" for connections on a specific port.","title":"Communication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dead letter queue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_letter_queue"}],"sub_title":"Transmitting data to a queue on another queue manager","text":"Queue types:Local queue: represents the location where data is stored awaiting processing.\nRemote queue: represents a queue on another queue manager. They define the destination queue, which is one element of the routing mechanism for messages.\nCluster queue: represents a queue which is reachable via any queue manager in its cluster.A message is placed on a remote queue. The messages goes to a temporary storage transmission queue associated with a channel. On placing a message on a remote queue, the message is transmitted across the remote channel. If the transmission is successful, the message is removed from the transmit queue. On receiving a message, the receiving queue manager examines the message to determine whether the message is for itself or if must go to another queue manager. If the receiving queue manager, the required queue will be checked, and if it exists, the message is placed on this queue. If not, the message is placed on the dead letter queue. MQ has features to manage efficient transmission of data across a variety of communication media. For example, messages can be batched together until a queue reaches a particular depth.","title":"Communication"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ordering","text":"Although the queue is FIFO, it is ordered based on the receipt in the local queue, not the committing of the message from the sender. Messages can be prioritized, and by default, the queue is prioritized in order of arrival. Queues will only be in sequence of addition if the message is added locally. Message grouping can be used to ensure a set of messages are in a specific order, aside from that, if sequence is critical, it is the application's responsibility to place sequence data in the message or implement a handshaking mechanism via a return queue. In reality, ordering will be maintained in straightforward configurations.","title":"Communication"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The log","text":"The other element of a queue manager is the log. As a message is placed on a queue or a configuration change is made, the data is also logged. In the event of a failure, the log is used to recreate damaged objects and recreate messages. Only persistent messages are recreated when a failure occurs—\"non-persistent\" messages are lost. Non-persistent messages can be sent across a channel set to a fast mode, in which delivery is not assured in the event of a channel failure.MQ supports both circular and linear logging.","title":"Communication"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Retrieving messages from queues","text":"Information can be retrieved from queues either by polling the queue to check for available data at suitable intervals, or alternatively MQ can trigger an event, allowing a client application to respond to the delivery of a message.","title":"Communication"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"IBM MQ offers a variety of solutions to cater for availability:Replicated Data Queue Manager (RDQM / 'Easy HA'- MQ Advanced on distributed only):\nSynchronous replication between three servers that all share a floating IP address.Queue Manager Clusters:\nGroups of two or more queue managers on one or more computers are defined to a cluster, providing automatic interconnection, and allow queues to be shared among them for load balancing and redundancy.Queue Sharing Groups (z/OS only):\nIn a Shared Queue environment, an application can connect to any of the queue managers within the queue-sharing group. Because all the queue managers in the queue-sharing group can access the same set of shared queues, the application does not depend on the availability of a particular queue manager. This gives greater availability if a queue manager stops because all the other queue managers in the queue-sharing group can continue processing the queue.Multi-Instance Queue Managers (available from v7.0.1):\nInstances of the same queue manager are configured on two or more computers with their queues and meta data residing on shared storage. By starting multiple instances, one instance becomes the active instance and the other instances become standbys. If the active instance fails, a standby instance running on a different computer automatically takes over.","title":"Availability"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Version release dates","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Version end of support dates","text":"The following table applies to MQ software. The MQ Appliance has different lifecycle dates for both firmware and hardware than those in the table.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telecommunications Access Method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_Access_Method"},{"link_name":"CICS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICS"},{"link_name":"IMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Information_Management_System"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Background architectural reference","text":"With the advent of computers, IBM saw an opportunity to apply new technology to the need for message switching.In the early 1960s, IBM marketed the IBM 7740 Communication Control System and the IBM 7750 Programmed Transmission Control, which were programmable message switching systems.The IBM System/360 was announced in April 1964 and with it came communication access methods such as BTAM and QTAM (Basic and Queued Telecommunications Access Methods). In 1971, TCAM, the Telecommunications Access Method, offered its users a more advanced form of message switching or message routing. TCAM was widely accepted, especially in the financial and brokerage industries. It supported asynchronous messaging, as with the later MQ. TCAM 3.0 added in reusable disk message queues for recovery soon thereafter, as with MQ. A high-level PL/I program could be used to access TRANSIENT datasets (dynamic message queues). Reading a message from a transient dataset resulted in that message being removed from the queue, as with a non-browse READ with MQ.In the late 1970s, transaction management systems came into being, each trying to achieve a leadership position in the industry. Within IBM, CICS and IMS were chosen as strategic products to address the need for transaction management. Within both CICS and IMS, each had its version of message switching, IMS being a front-end queued system and CICS having its Transient Data facility as the possible basis for message switching.[citation needed]CICS established itself as a popular transaction management system in the 1968-1971 timeframe. Those users who had adopted TCAM for its message handling capabilities now wanted a combined use of TCAM with CICS. In December 1971, IBM announced CICS support of TCAM as part of the CICS/OS-Standard product, to be delivered in December 1972. For interested customers, this enabled them to use TCAM for its message handling strengths and also have TCAM-connected terminals or computers interface with CICS online applications.[citation needed]In January 1973, TCAM continued to be supported by CICS/OS-Standard Version 2.3. However, TCAM support was omitted from the initial release of CICS/VS, announced in February 1973 and delivered in June 1974. Needless to say, many CICS-TCAM customers were not happy with that product direction.With considerable pressure from CICS-TCAM customers, the CICS support of TCAM was reinstated in the CICS/VS 1.1 product, as of September 1974. In addition to the previous DCB support, with this reinstatement of TCAM support, CICS began to support TCAM access via VTAM, also known as the ACB support. CICS TCAM ACB support was discontinued as of the CICS/ESA Version 3 product in 1990.In 1992, IBM announced a new product called MQSeries. This brand name was later renamed to WebSphere MQ (sometimes shortened to WMQ) in 2002 to support the WebSphere family name and the product. In 2014, it was renamed IBM MQ. MQ was to be the extension of TCAM functionality from IBM-only systems to all other platforms. MQ has an architecture that enables heterogeneous systems to communicate with each other (e.g. IBM, HP, Sun, Tandem, etc.). MQ can be used with CICS systems to send and receive data to/from any other MQ-eligible system. MQ can be used to initiate work in a CICS system or a CICS transaction can initiate work in another CICS or non-CICS system.IBM MQ now supports 80 different environments and has become the leading message assured delivery switching/routing product in the industry.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"service-oriented architectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture"},{"link_name":"web services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service"},{"link_name":"IBM App Connect Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_App_Connect_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"WSDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language"}],"text":"IBM MQ can be used as a foundation for creating service-oriented architectures. Several additional product options exist to help convert legacy programs into functioning web services through the use of MQ. Larger, heterogeneous enterprises often appear as a federation of somewhat autonomous domains based on lines of business, functional or governance areas. In such environments, some services may be shared or reused only within a single domain, while others may be shared or reused throughout the enterprise. IBM MQ provides the means by which communication exists between lines-of-business or otherwise separate business domains.A related product in the IBM MQ product family, called IBM App Connect Enterprise (formerly IBM Integration Bus / WebSphere Message Broker) enables a diverse and robust set of extensions to queue-based architectures. Using IBM Integration Bus, users can implement a WebServices front-end, complete with WSDL file support that can interact with any queue-based application.","title":"MQ and web services"}]

[{}]

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[{"reference":"\"MA95: A REXX interface to WebSphere MQ\". Retrieved 2014-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg24021549","url_text":"\"MA95: A REXX interface to WebSphere MQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing XMS -- The IBM Message Service API\". Retrieved 2007-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/websphere/library/techarticles/0509_phillips/0509_phillips.html","url_text":"\"Introducing XMS -- The IBM Message Service API\""}]},{"reference":"\"PyMQI Documentation\". Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2010-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117162908/http://packages.python.org/pymqi/","url_text":"\"PyMQI Documentation\""},{"url":"http://packages.python.org/pymqi/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MO74: WebSphere MQ - Windows Powershell Library\". Retrieved 2007-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?rs=171&uid=swg24017698","url_text":"\"MO74: WebSphere MQ - Windows Powershell Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"IBM announcement of IBM MQ 9.2\". International Business Machines (IBM). 21 July 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/8/897/ENUS220-238/index.html&request_locale=en","url_text":"\"IBM announcement of IBM MQ 9.2\""}]},{"reference":"\"IBM announcement of IBM MQ 9.1\". International Business Machines (IBM). 3 July 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/6/897/ENUS218-246/index.html&request_locale=en","url_text":"\"IBM announcement of IBM MQ 9.1\""}]},{"reference":"\"IBM announcement of IBM MQ on IBM Cloud\". International Business Machines (IBM). Retrieved 6 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibm.com/blogs/bluemix/2018/03/off-mq-ibm-cloud/","url_text":"\"IBM announcement of IBM MQ on IBM Cloud\""}]},{"reference":"\"IBM announcement of IBM MQ 9.0\". International Business Machines (IBM). 19 April 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?subtype=ca&infotype=an&appname=iSource&supplier=897&letternum=ENUS216-153","url_text":"\"IBM announcement of IBM MQ 9.0\""}]},{"reference":"\"MQSeries for MVS/ESA Version 1.2\". International Business Machines (IBM). 8 July 1997. Retrieved 10 Dec 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS297-245&language=enus","url_text":"\"MQSeries for MVS/ESA Version 1.2\""}]},{"reference":"\"IBM Software Support Lifecycle\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www-01.ibm.com/software/support/lifecycle/","url_text":"\"IBM Software Support Lifecycle\""}]},{"reference":"\"IBM WebSphere MQ V7.1 is enhanced with lower cost of ownership, improved time to value, and more configurable security\". IBM United States Software Announcement 211-395. IBM. October 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&supplier=897&letternum=ENUS211-395","url_text":"\"IBM WebSphere MQ V7.1 is enhanced with lower cost of ownership, improved time to value, and more configurable security\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fates

Fates

["1 Individual roles","2 In mythology","3 Indo-European Origin","4 In the visual arts","5 In fiction","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External References"]

Characters in mythology For other uses, see Fates (disambiguation). The Fates are a common motif in European polytheism, most frequently represented as a trio of goddesses. The Fates shape the destiny of each human, often expressed in textile metaphors such as spinning fibers into yarn, or weaving threads on a loom. The trio are generally conceived of as sisters and are often given the names Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, which are the names of the Moirai, the version of the Fates who appear in Greek mythology. These divine figures are often artistically depicted as beautiful maidens with consideration to their serious responsibility: the life of mortals. Poets, on the other hand, typically express the Fates as ugly and unwavering, representing the gravity of their role within the mythological and human worlds.The Fates controlling the thread of life with their tools. Individual roles The Moirai, meaning "allotted portion" or "share", separated each sister into a different role in order to handle the fates of humans. The Fates were expected to appear within three days of a mortal's birth. Clotho was the first of the three, known as "the spinner" because she wove the threads of human life while in the womb. This act is used to represent her divine duty, also incorporating pregnancies or birth when referring to her. The second Fate, Lachesis, is known as "the Allotter" or "the Receiver", given the fact that her responsibility includes determining how much mortal life is assigned to the soul of each individual. This, in turn, determines the number of tribulations that individual is predestined to face. The final Fate, Atropos, is known as the most stubborn sister of the three, given the nickname "the un-turnable" or "the Inevitable". Atropos is expected to cut off the thread of life, completing the cycle and determining when a human will die. She is typically seen hand in hand with death and the Underworld. Once Atropos cuts the thread, each soul is sent to the Underworld where they receive judgement and are sent to one of three options: Elysium, the Fields of Punishment, or the Fields of Asphodel. Elysium is labeled a land for the blessed, whereas those who committed horrible deeds were sent to the Fields of Punishment. The mortals who lived neither an objectively good or bad life were sent to the Fields of Asphodel. In mythology The Fates have appeared in numerous cultures with similar tales. In Greek mythology, they appear as incarnations of destiny named the Moirai. The Roman counterparts of the Moirai are known as the Parcae. This trio also makes a name in Slavic culture as the Rozhanitsy, figures who foretell an individual's destiny. Similar to Greek mythology, the Fates are known as incarnations of destiny called Norns in Norse mythology. The biggest variant within these cultures remains in Baltic mythology, which characterizes the Deivės Valdytojos as seven sisters who weave pieces of clothing from the lives of humans. Indo-European Origin FatesNorns in Norse mythology are one descendant groupEquivalentsGreek equivalentMoiraiNorse equivalentNornsHindu equivalentTridevi?Hittite equivalentGulšešLithuanian equivalentDeives ValdytojosEnglish equivalentWyrdsAlbanian equivalentFatia The Fates are three Proto-Indo-European fate goddesses. Their names have not been reconstructed, but such a group is highly attested in descendant groups. Such goddesses spun the destinies of mankind. Although such fate goddesses are not directly attested in the Indo-Aryan tradition, the Atharvaveda does contain an allusion comparing fate to a warp. Furthermore, the three Fates appear in nearly every other Indo-European mythology. The earliest attested set of fate goddesses are the Gulses in Hittite mythology, who were said to preside over the individual destinies of human beings. They often appear in mythical narratives alongside the goddesses Papaya and Istustaya, who, in a ritual text for the foundation of a new temple, are described sitting holding mirrors and spindles, spinning the king's thread of life. In the Greek tradition, the Moirai ("Apportioners") are mentioned dispensing destiny in both the Iliad and the Odyssey, in which they are given the epithet Κλῶθες (Klothes, meaning "Spinners"). In Hesiod's Theogony, the Moirai are said to "give mortal men both good and ill" and their names are listed as Klotho ("Spinner"), Lachesis ("Apportioner"), and Atropos ("Inflexible"). Hesiod also describes the fates as being the daughters of the night. In his Republic, Plato records that Klotho sings of the past, Lachesis of the present, and Atropos of the future. In Roman legend, the Parcae were three goddesses who presided over the births of children and whose names were Nona ("Ninth"), Decuma ("Tenth"), and Morta ("Death"). They too were said to spin destinies, although this may have been due to influence from Greek literature. In the Old Norse Völuspá and Gylfaginning, the Norns are three cosmic goddesses of fate who are described sitting by the well of Urðr at the foot of the world tree Yggdrasil. In Old Norse texts, the Norns are frequently conflated with Valkyries, who are sometimes also described as spinning. Old English texts, such as Rhyme Poem 70, and Guthlac 1350 f., reference Wyrd as a singular power that "weaves" destinies. Later texts mention the Wyrds as a group, with Geoffrey Chaucer referring to them as "the Werdys that we clepyn Destiné" in The Legend of Good Women. A goddess spinning appears in a bracteate from southwest Germany and a relief from Trier shows three mother goddesses, with two of them holding distaffs. Tenth-century German ecclesiastical writings denounce the popular belief in three sisters who determined the course of a man's life at his birth. An Old Irish hymn attests to seven goddesses who were believed to weave the thread of destiny, which demonstrates that these spinster fate-goddesses were present in Celtic mythology as well. A Lithuanian folktale recorded in 1839 recounts that a man's fate is spun at his birth by seven goddesses known as the deivės valdytojos and used to hang a star in the sky; when he dies, his thread snaps and his star falls as a meteor. In Latvian folk songs, a goddess called the Láima is described as weaving a child's fate at its birth. Although she is usually only one goddess, the Láima sometimes appears as three. The three spinning fate goddesses appear in Slavic traditions in the forms of the Russian Rožanicy, the Czech and Slovak Sudičky, the Bulgarian Narenčnice or Urisnice, the Polish Rodzanice, the Croatian Rodjenice, the Serbian Sudjenice, and the Slovene Rojenice. Albanian folk tales speak of the Fatit, three old women who appear three days after a child is born and determine its fate, using language reminiscent of spinning. In the visual arts Considering the roles of each divine sister, Clotho is typically portrayed as a younger woman because of her relationship with the birth of humans, whereas Atropos is pictured as an old woman because of her hand in the death of mortals. Each sister has been pictured with a tangible representation of their power: Clotho with thread, Lachesis with an eye glass, and Atropos with scissors. The Fates make a specific appearance within the artwork of Francisco de Goya's black paintings. These were a series of 14 pieces completed by the artist nearing the later stages of his life. Their dark tone, literally and figuratively, capture the Fates holding an individual hostage as they are deciding his destiny. Sculptor, Louis François Roubiliac portrays through his art how the Fates represent vitality and the celebration of life. A famous creation of Roubiliac was a sculpture he created to commemorate the life of the late Mary Churchill, the Second Duchess of Montagu. Roubiliac sculpted the Three Fates surrounded by children and flowers, to represent the importance of the Fates at the start of life as well. The Moirai are also depicted on the François Vase whose creation dates back to 570 BCE. The François Vase was created by Kleitias and Ergotimos. On the surface of the vase are depictions of many ancient Greek deities including the Moirai. While each of the Moirai appear differently on the vase, they are established under one name, which demonstrates their unity. More recently, Anne-Katrin Altwein depicted the divine sisters through sculptures that originally resided in the entrance of a German hospital as a means of creative inspiration to patients. Altwein sculpted Clotho as a pregnant woman as opposed to simply holding the thread of life in order to present her in a more positive light. The sculptures have since been moved to the city center of Jena, also home to the same hospital. Late second-century AD Greek mosaic from the House of Theseus at Paphos Archaeological Park on Cyprus showing the three Moirai: Klotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, standing behind Peleus and Thetis, the parents of Achilles. A depiction of the Fates, specifically Atropos, exercising her power on a captive man. The three fates, Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos, who spin, draw out and cut the thread of life. (Flemish tapestry, Victoria and Albert Museum, London The Three Fates fountain in St. Stephen's Green in Dublin, Ireland(gift from Germany, the fountain with figures by Joseph Wackerle was erected in 1954.) In fiction This motif has been replicated in fictional accounts, such as: The Three Witches, characters in Shakespeare's Macbeth In his poem "Howl", Allen Ginsberg warns of "the three old shrews of fate the one eyed shrew of the heterosexual dollar the one eyed shrew that winks out of the womb and the one eyed shrew that does nothing but sit on her ass and snip the intellectual golden threads of the craftsman's loom". Orddu, Orwen and Orgoch, characters in Lloyd Alexander's 1960s book series The Chronicles of Prydain. The Fates, characters in Disney's Hercules The Kindly Ones, characters in "The Sandman" series of comics written by Neil Gaiman The Fates/Moirai, characters in various books by Rick Riordan in the Percy Jackson and the Olympians, Heroes of Olympus and The Trials of Apollo series Both the Moirai, under the name "Sisters of Fate", and the Norns appear in the God of War video game series; the Sisters of Fate appear as antagonists in the Greek-based game God of War II (2007) while the Norns appear as minor characters in the Norse-based game, God of War Ragnarök (2022). The Fates, characters in Anaïs Mitchell's folk-ballad-turned-Broadway-musical Hadestown (2010, 2016, 2018). The Fates, primary antagonists of season five of the superhero television series Legends of Tomorrow The three aspects of Fate in With a Tangled Skein by Piers Anthony The Fates, minor characters in Netflix's adult animation Blood of Zeus. The Fates, referenced in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness The Fates/Moirai, referenced in Edward P. Willey's poem The Moirai as “the three withered maiden aunts”. See also Triple goddess Notes ^ The names of the individual Norns are given as Urðr ("Happened"), Verðandi ("Happening"), and Skuld ("Due"), but M. L. West notes that these names may be the result of classical influence from Plato. ^ They also, most famously, appear as the Three Witches in William Shakespeare's Macbeth (c. 1606). References ^ a b "Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2022-11-29. ^ a b c d e f Lichtenauer, Michael; Altwein, Anne-Katrin; Kopp, Kristen; Salmhofer, Hermann (2020). "Uncoupling fate: Klotho—Goddess of fate and regulator of life and ageing". Australasian Journal on Ageing. 39 (2): 161–163. doi:10.1111/ajag.12772. ISSN 1440-6381. PMC 7496967. PMID 32686906. ^ a b c d e f "The Fates in Greek Mythology: Hanging by a Thread". TheCollector. 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-11-29. ^ a b c "ON GREEK RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY | THE DAUGHTERS OF ZEUS | THE BIRTH OF ATHENA AND THE THREE FATES | HERA, THE WIFE OF ZEUS, AND HER CHILDREN | APOLLO AND ARTEMIS | DIONYSOS" (PDF). The Open Court, A Quarterly Magazine (Devoted to the Science of Religion, the Religion of Science, and the Extension of the Religious Parliament Idea). October 1900. ^ Homer (1965–1967). The Iliad : with an English translation. W. Heinemann. OCLC 221448332. ^ Bulfinch, Thomas (2016). Bulfinch's mythology. Digireads.com Publishing. ISBN 9781420953046. OCLC 1017567068. ^ Homer (1938–1942). The Odyssey, with an English translation. W. Heinemann. OCLC 7440655. ^ Berens, E. M. Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome. Retrieved 2022-11-21 – via www.gutenberg.org. ^ Day, John (1988). God's conflict with the dragon and the sea : echoes of a Canaanite myth in the Old Testament. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521256003. OCLC 1056600192. ^ Cross, Tom Peete (July 1919). "Celtic MythologyThe Mythology of All Races, Vol. III. John Arnott MacCulloch , Jan Máchal , Louis Herbert Gray". The American Journal of Theology. 23 (3): 371–376. doi:10.1086/480029. ISSN 1550-3283. ^ Goldenweiser, A. A.; Gray, Louis Herbert; Moore, George Foot; Fox, William Sherwood; Keith, A. Berriedale; Carnoy, Albert J.; Dixon, Roland B.; Alexander, Hartley Burr (1918-03-28). "The Mythology of All Races. Vol. I: Greek and Roman. Vol. VI: Indian and Iranian. Vol. IX: Oceanic. Vol. X: North American". The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods. 15 (7): 190. doi:10.2307/2940073. ISSN 0160-9335. JSTOR 2940073. ^ Med, Intervju; Horverak, Øyvind (October 1995). "Article". Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies). 12 (5–6): 303–304. doi:10.1177/1455072595012005-616. ISSN 0789-6069. ^ Klimka, Libertas (2012-03-01). "Senosios baltų mitologijos ir religijos likimas". Lituanistica. 58 (1). doi:10.6001/lituanistica.v58i1.2293. ISSN 0235-716X. ^ West 2007, pp. 380–385. ^ West 2007, p. 380. ^ Iliad 20.127, 24.209; Odyssey 7.197 ^ West 2007, pp. 380–381. ^ Hesiod, Theogony, lines 904–906 ^ a b West 2007, p. 381. ^ a b c d e f West 2007, p. 383. ^ Völuspá 20; Gylfaginning 15 ^ a b West 2007, p. 382. ^ West 2007, pp. 382–383. ^ Geoffrey Chaucer, The Legend of Good Women, Hypermnestra 19 ^ a b West 2007, p. 384. ^ West 2007, pp. 384–385. ^ West 2007, p. 385. ^ Murdoch, Tessa (2015), Dethloff, Diana; Murdoch, Tessa; Sloan, Kim; Elam, Caroline (eds.), "Spinning the Thread of Life: The Three Fates, Time and Eternity", Burning Bright, Essays in Honour of David Bindman, UCL Press, pp. 47–54, ISBN 978-1-910634-18-9, JSTOR j.ctt1g69z6q.8, retrieved 2024-03-04 ^ Toillon (2019-10-26). "Three Women Sharing a Mantle in 6th Century BCE Greek Vase-Painting: Plurality, Unity, Family, and Social Bond". Arts. 8 (4): 144. doi:10.3390/arts8040144. ISSN 2076-0752. ^ Shakespeare, William (1623-01-01), "Macbeth", in Brooke, Nicholas (ed.), The Oxford Shakespeare: The Tragedy of Macbeth, Oxford University Press, pp. 91–92, doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00000007, ISBN 9780198129011 ^ Ginsberg, Allen (2006). Howl. Museum of American Poetics Publications. OCLC 666904326. ^ "Boogie Nights, 1997 (Movie Review and Trivia)", Appetite, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012, p. 24, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1b3h9zv.18, ISBN 9780822978459 ^ Willey, Edward P. (1983). "The Moirai". The Classical Outlook. 60 (4): 120–120. ISSN 0009-8361. Bibliography West, Martin L. (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9.vteProto-Indo-European mythologyDeities  Dyēus Trifunctions Divine twins Mitra-Varuna Perkwunos H₂éwsōs Seh₂ul Meh₁not Dʰéǵʰōm H1n̥gʷnis H₂epom Nepōts Pehuson Fates Smith God Deh₂nu PriHyéh₂ Welnos Characters Manu Yemo Trito Ḱérberos H₂n̥gʷʰis Motifs Otherworld Horse sacrifice Indo-European cosmogony Trifunctional hypothesis Threefold death Indo European Weapon Cults Sacrifices Death of a son Cycle of Mead Binding of evil War of the foundation King and virgin Ends of the Earth External References The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of the Fates)

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These divine figures are often artistically depicted as beautiful maidens with consideration to their serious responsibility: the life of mortals.[1] Poets, on the other hand, typically express the Fates as ugly and unwavering, representing the gravity of their role within the mythological and human worlds.[1]The Fates controlling the thread of life with their tools.","title":"Fates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"Clotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotho"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecollector.com-3"},{"link_name":"Lachesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachesis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecollector.com-3"},{"link_name":"Atropos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropos"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecollector.com-3"},{"link_name":"Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld"},{"link_name":"Elysium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysium"},{"link_name":"Fields of Punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_underworld"},{"link_name":"Fields of Asphodel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphodel_Meadows"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecollector.com-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecollector.com-3"}],"text":"The Moirai, meaning \"allotted portion\" or \"share\", separated each sister into a different role in order to handle the fates of humans. The Fates were expected to appear within three days of a mortal's birth.[2] Clotho was the first of the three, known as \"the spinner\" because she wove the threads of human life while in the womb.[3] This act is used to represent her divine duty, also incorporating pregnancies or birth when referring to her. The second Fate, Lachesis, is known as \"the Allotter\" or \"the Receiver\",[4] given the fact that her responsibility includes determining how much mortal life is assigned to the soul of each individual.[3] This, in turn, determines the number of tribulations that individual is predestined to face. The final Fate, Atropos, is known as the most stubborn sister of the three, given the nickname \"the un-turnable\" or \"the Inevitable\".[4][3] Atropos is expected to cut off the thread of life, completing the cycle and determining when a human will die. She is typically seen hand in hand with death and the Underworld. Once Atropos cuts the thread, each soul is sent to the Underworld where they receive judgement and are sent to one of three options: Elysium, the Fields of Punishment, or the Fields of Asphodel.[3]Elysium is labeled a land for the blessed, whereas those who committed horrible deeds were sent to the Fields of Punishment. The mortals who lived neither an objectively good or bad life were sent to the Fields of Asphodel.[3]","title":"Individual roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moirai"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Parcae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcae"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rozhanitsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deities_and_fairies_of_fate_in_Slavic_mythology"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Norns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norns"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Deivės Valdytojos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_gods_and_mythological_figures"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Fates have appeared in numerous cultures with similar tales. In Greek mythology, they appear as incarnations of destiny named the Moirai.[5][6][7][8] The Roman counterparts of the Moirai are known as the Parcae.[9] This trio also makes a name in Slavic culture as the Rozhanitsy,[10] figures who foretell an individual's destiny. Similar to Greek mythology, the Fates are known as incarnations of destiny called Norns[11][12] in Norse mythology. The biggest variant within these cultures remains in Baltic mythology, which characterizes the Deivės Valdytojos[13] as seven sisters who weave pieces of clothing from the lives of humans.","title":"In mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology"},{"link_name":"spun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007380%E2%80%93385-14"},{"link_name":"Atharvaveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda"},{"link_name":"warp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_and_woof"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007380-15"},{"link_name":"Moirai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moirai"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007380%E2%80%93381-17"},{"link_name":"Klotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotho"},{"link_name":"Lachesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachesis"},{"link_name":"Atropos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropos"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007381-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_(Plato)"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007383-20"},{"link_name":"Parcae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcae"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007381-19"},{"link_name":"Völuspá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Gylfaginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gylfaginning"},{"link_name":"Norns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norns"},{"link_name":"Urðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Yggdrasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007382-22"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Valkyries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007382-22"},{"link_name":"Rhyme Poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rhyming_Poem"},{"link_name":"Guthlac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthlac_of_Crowland"},{"link_name":"Wyrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyrd"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007382%E2%80%93383-24"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Good Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Good_Women"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007383-20"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"bracteate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracteate"},{"link_name":"Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007383-20"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007384-27"},{"link_name":"deivės valdytojos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deives_Valdytojos"},{"link_name":"Láima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laima"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007384-27"},{"link_name":"Sudjenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudjenice"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007384%E2%80%93385-28"},{"link_name":"Fatit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatit"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007385-29"}],"text":"The Fates are three Proto-Indo-European fate goddesses. Their names have not been reconstructed, but such a group is highly attested in descendant groups. Such goddesses spun the destinies of mankind.[14]Although such fate goddesses are not directly attested in the Indo-Aryan tradition, the Atharvaveda does contain an allusion comparing fate to a warp. Furthermore, the three Fates appear in nearly every other Indo-European mythology. The earliest attested set of fate goddesses are the Gulses in Hittite mythology, who were said to preside over the individual destinies of human beings. They often appear in mythical narratives alongside the goddesses Papaya and Istustaya, who, in a ritual text for the foundation of a new temple, are described sitting holding mirrors and spindles, spinning the king's thread of life.[15] In the Greek tradition, the Moirai (\"Apportioners\") are mentioned dispensing destiny in both the Iliad and the Odyssey, in which they are given the epithet Κλῶθες (Klothes, meaning \"Spinners\").[16][17]In Hesiod's Theogony, the Moirai are said to \"give mortal men both good and ill\" and their names are listed as Klotho (\"Spinner\"), Lachesis (\"Apportioner\"), and Atropos (\"Inflexible\").[18][19] Hesiod also describes the fates as being the daughters of the night.[4] In his Republic, Plato records that Klotho sings of the past, Lachesis of the present, and Atropos of the future.[20] In Roman legend, the Parcae were three goddesses who presided over the births of children and whose names were Nona (\"Ninth\"), Decuma (\"Tenth\"), and Morta (\"Death\"). They too were said to spin destinies, although this may have been due to influence from Greek literature.[19]In the Old Norse Völuspá and Gylfaginning, the Norns are three cosmic goddesses of fate who are described sitting by the well of Urðr at the foot of the world tree Yggdrasil.[21][22][note 1] In Old Norse texts, the Norns are frequently conflated with Valkyries, who are sometimes also described as spinning.[22] Old English texts, such as Rhyme Poem 70, and Guthlac 1350 f., reference Wyrd as a singular power that \"weaves\" destinies.[23]Later texts mention the Wyrds as a group, with Geoffrey Chaucer referring to them as \"the Werdys that we clepyn Destiné\" in The Legend of Good Women.[24][20][note 2] A goddess spinning appears in a bracteate from southwest Germany and a relief from Trier shows three mother goddesses, with two of them holding distaffs. Tenth-century German ecclesiastical writings denounce the popular belief in three sisters who determined the course of a man's life at his birth.[20] An Old Irish hymn attests to seven goddesses who were believed to weave the thread of destiny, which demonstrates that these spinster fate-goddesses were present in Celtic mythology as well.[25]A Lithuanian folktale recorded in 1839 recounts that a man's fate is spun at his birth by seven goddesses known as the deivės valdytojos and used to hang a star in the sky; when he dies, his thread snaps and his star falls as a meteor. In Latvian folk songs, a goddess called the Láima is described as weaving a child's fate at its birth. Although she is usually only one goddess, the Láima sometimes appears as three.[25] The three spinning fate goddesses appear in Slavic traditions in the forms of the Russian Rožanicy, the Czech and Slovak Sudičky, the Bulgarian Narenčnice or Urisnice, the Polish Rodzanice, the Croatian Rodjenice, the Serbian Sudjenice, and the Slovene Rojenice.[26] Albanian folk tales speak of the Fatit, three old women who appear three days after a child is born and determine its fate, using language reminiscent of spinning.[27]","title":"Indo-European Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecollector.com-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Goya's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya"},{"link_name":"black paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Paintings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Anne-Katrin Altwein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Katrin_Altwein"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paphos_Haus_des_Theseus_-_Mosaik_Achilles_3_Moiren.jpg"},{"link_name":"House of Theseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphos_Archaeological_Park#House_of_Theseus"},{"link_name":"Paphos Archaeological Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphos_Archaeological_Park"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Klotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotho"},{"link_name":"Lachesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachesis"},{"link_name":"Atropos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropos"},{"link_name":"Peleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peleus"},{"link_name":"Thetis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetis"},{"link_name":"Achilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atropos_o_Las_Parcas.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Triumph_of_Death,_or_The_Three_Fates.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotho"},{"link_name":"Lachesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachesis"},{"link_name":"Atropos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropos"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"tapestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapestry"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018-05-01_%27The_Three_Fates%27_--_Leeson_Street_Entrance_to_St._Stephen%27s_Green_Dublin_(Ireland)_May_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Stephen's Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Green"},{"link_name":"Joseph Wackerle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wackerle"}],"text":"Considering the roles of each divine sister, Clotho is typically portrayed as a younger woman because of her relationship with the birth of humans, whereas Atropos is pictured as an old woman because of her hand in the death of mortals.[3] Each sister has been pictured with a tangible representation of their power: Clotho with thread, Lachesis with an eye glass, and Atropos with scissors.[2] The Fates make a specific appearance within the artwork of Francisco de Goya's black paintings. These were a series of 14 pieces completed by the artist nearing the later stages of his life. Their dark tone, literally and figuratively, capture the Fates holding an individual hostage as they are deciding his destiny.[2]Sculptor, Louis François Roubiliac portrays through his art how the Fates represent vitality and the celebration of life. A famous creation of Roubiliac was a sculpture he created to commemorate the life of the late Mary Churchill, the Second Duchess of Montagu. Roubiliac sculpted the Three Fates surrounded by children and flowers, to represent the importance of the Fates at the start of life as well.[28] The Moirai are also depicted on the François Vase whose creation dates back to 570 BCE. The François Vase was created by Kleitias and Ergotimos. On the surface of the vase are depictions of many ancient Greek deities including the Moirai. While each of the Moirai appear differently on the vase, they are established under one name, which demonstrates their unity.[29]More recently, Anne-Katrin Altwein depicted the divine sisters through sculptures that originally resided in the entrance of a German hospital as a means of creative inspiration to patients.[2] Altwein sculpted Clotho as a pregnant woman as opposed to simply holding the thread of life in order to present her in a more positive light.[2] The sculptures have since been moved to the city center of Jena, also home to the same hospital.[2]Late second-century AD Greek mosaic from the House of Theseus at Paphos Archaeological Park on Cyprus showing the three Moirai: Klotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, standing behind Peleus and Thetis, the parents of Achilles.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA depiction of the Fates, specifically Atropos, exercising her power on a captive man.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe three fates, Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos, who spin, draw out and cut the thread of life. (Flemish tapestry, Victoria and Albert Museum, London\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Three Fates fountain in St. Stephen's Green in Dublin, Ireland(gift from Germany, the fountain with figures by Joseph Wackerle was erected in 1954.)","title":"In the visual arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Three Witches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Witches"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Howl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howl_(poem)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Allen Ginsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg"},{"link_name":"Orddu, Orwen and Orgoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orddu,_Orwen_and_Orgoch"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Alexander"},{"link_name":"The Chronicles of Prydain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Prydain"},{"link_name":"The Fates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Disney%27s_Hercules_characters#Other_Greek_myths"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"The Sandman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sandman_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Neil Gaiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gaiman"},{"link_name":"Rick Riordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Riordan"},{"link_name":"Percy Jackson and the Olympians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Jackson_and_the_Olympians"},{"link_name":"Heroes of Olympus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_of_Olympus"},{"link_name":"The Trials of Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trials_of_Apollo"},{"link_name":"God of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_War_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"God of War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_War_II"},{"link_name":"God of War Ragnarök","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_War_Ragnar%C3%B6k"},{"link_name":"Hadestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadestown_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Legends of Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"With a Tangled Skein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_a_Tangled_Skein"},{"link_name":"Piers Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Blood of Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_of_Zeus"},{"link_name":"Joseph Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Heart of Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"This motif has been replicated in fictional accounts, such as:The Three Witches, characters in Shakespeare's Macbeth[30]\nIn his poem \"Howl\",[31] Allen Ginsberg warns of \"the three old shrews of fate the one eyed shrew of the heterosexual dollar the one eyed shrew that winks out of the womb and the one eyed shrew that does nothing but sit on her ass and snip the intellectual golden threads of the craftsman's loom\".\nOrddu, Orwen and Orgoch, characters in Lloyd Alexander's 1960s book series The Chronicles of Prydain.\nThe Fates, characters in Disney's Hercules[32]\nThe Kindly Ones, characters in \"The Sandman\" series of comics written by Neil Gaiman\nThe Fates/Moirai, characters in various books by Rick Riordan in the Percy Jackson and the Olympians, Heroes of Olympus and The Trials of Apollo series\nBoth the Moirai, under the name \"Sisters of Fate\", and the Norns appear in the God of War video game series; the Sisters of Fate appear as antagonists in the Greek-based game God of War II (2007) while the Norns appear as minor characters in the Norse-based game, God of War Ragnarök (2022).\nThe Fates, characters in Anaïs Mitchell's folk-ballad-turned-Broadway-musical Hadestown (2010, 2016, 2018).\nThe Fates, primary antagonists of season five of the superhero television series Legends of Tomorrow\nThe three aspects of Fate in With a Tangled Skein by Piers Anthony\nThe Fates, minor characters in Netflix's adult animation Blood of Zeus.\nThe Fates, referenced in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness\nThe Fates/Moirai, referenced in Edward P. Willey's poem The Moirai as “the three withered maiden aunts”.[33]","title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Urðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Verðandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%B0andi"},{"link_name":"Skuld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuld"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007383-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007383-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Three Witches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Witches"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007383-20"}],"text":"^ The names of the individual Norns are given as Urðr (\"Happened\"), Verðandi (\"Happening\"), and Skuld (\"Due\"),[20] but M. L. West notes that these names may be the result of classical influence from Plato.[20]\n\n^ They also, most famously, appear as the Three Witches in William Shakespeare's Macbeth (c. 1606).[20]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West, Martin L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West"},{"link_name":"Indo-European Poetry and Myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-928075-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Proto_Indo_European_mythology"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Proto_Indo_European_mythology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Proto_Indo_European_mythology"},{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-European mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology"},{"link_name":"Deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Proto-Indo-European_deities"},{"link_name":"simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Proto-Indo-European_deities"},{"link_name":"Dyēus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*Dy%C4%93us"},{"link_name":"Trifunctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Divine twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_twins"},{"link_name":"Mitra-Varuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra-Varuna_(Indo-European)"},{"link_name":"Perkwunos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*Perk%CA%B7%C5%ABnos"},{"link_name":"H₂éwsōs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*H%E2%82%82%C3%A9ws%C5%8Ds"},{"link_name":"Seh₂ul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*Seh%E2%82%82ul_and_*Meh%E2%82%81not"},{"link_name":"Meh₁not","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*Seh%E2%82%82ul_and_*Meh%E2%82%81not"},{"link_name":"Dʰéǵʰōm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*D%CA%B0%C3%A9%C7%B5%CA%B0%C5%8Dm"},{"link_name":"H1n̥gʷnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*H%E2%82%81n%CC%A5g%CA%B7nis"},{"link_name":"H₂epom Nepōts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*H%E2%82%82epom_Nep%C5%8Dts"},{"link_name":"Pehuson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*P%C3%A9h%E2%82%82us%C5%8Dn"},{"link_name":"Fates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fates_(Indo_European)"},{"link_name":"Smith God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_smith_god"},{"link_name":"Deh₂nu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*Deh%E2%82%82nu"},{"link_name":"PriHyéh₂","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*PriHy%C3%A9h%E2%82%82"},{"link_name":"Welnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*Welnos"},{"link_name":"Manu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*Manu_and_*Yemo"},{"link_name":"Yemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*Manu_and_*Yemo"},{"link_name":"Trito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*Trito"},{"link_name":"Ḱérberos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*%E1%B8%B0%C3%A9rberos"},{"link_name":"H₂n̥gʷʰis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*H%E2%82%82n%CC%A5g%CA%B7%CA%B0is"},{"link_name":"Otherworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherworld"},{"link_name":"Horse sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"Indo-European cosmogony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_cosmogony"},{"link_name":"Trifunctional hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Threefold death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threefold_death"},{"link_name":"Indo European Weapon Cults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_European_Weapon_Cults"},{"link_name":"Sacrifices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_Sacrifices"},{"link_name":"Death of a son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_a_son"},{"link_name":"Cycle of Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_of_Mead"},{"link_name":"Binding of evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_of_evil"},{"link_name":"War of the foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_foundation"},{"link_name":"King and virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_and_virgin"},{"link_name":"Ends of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ends_of_the_Earth_(Proto_Indo_European_Mythology)"}],"text":"West, Martin L. (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9.vteProto-Indo-European mythologyDeities [simple]\nDyēus\nTrifunctions\nDivine twins\nMitra-Varuna\nPerkwunos\nH₂éwsōs\nSeh₂ul\nMeh₁not\nDʰéǵʰōm\nH1n̥gʷnis\nH₂epom Nepōts\nPehuson\nFates\nSmith God\nDeh₂nu\nPriHyéh₂\nWelnos\nCharacters\nManu\nYemo\nTrito\nḰérberos\nH₂n̥gʷʰis\nMotifs\nOtherworld\nHorse sacrifice\nIndo-European cosmogony\nTrifunctional hypothesis\nThreefold death\nIndo European Weapon Cults\nSacrifices\nDeath of a son\nCycle of Mead\nBinding of evil\nWar of the foundation\nKing and virgin\nEnds of the Earth","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of the Fates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000287"}],"text":"The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of the Fates)","title":"External References"}]

[{"image_text":"The Fates controlling the thread of life with their tools.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Elihu_Vedder_-_The_Fates_Gathering_in_the_Stars_-_1919.1_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg/220px-Elihu_Vedder_-_The_Fates_Gathering_in_the_Stars_-_1919.1_-_Art_Institute_of_Chicago.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Triple goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_goddess"}]

[{"reference":"\"Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome\". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2022-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22381/22381-h/22381-h.htm#page139","url_text":"\"Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome\""}]},{"reference":"Lichtenauer, Michael; Altwein, Anne-Katrin; Kopp, Kristen; Salmhofer, Hermann (2020). \"Uncoupling fate: Klotho—Goddess of fate and regulator of life and ageing\". Australasian Journal on Ageing. 39 (2): 161–163. doi:10.1111/ajag.12772. ISSN 1440-6381. PMC 7496967. PMID 32686906.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7496967","url_text":"\"Uncoupling fate: Klotho—Goddess of fate and regulator of life and ageing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajag.12772","url_text":"10.1111/ajag.12772"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1440-6381","url_text":"1440-6381"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7496967","url_text":"7496967"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32686906","url_text":"32686906"}]},{"reference":"\"The Fates in Greek Mythology: Hanging by a Thread\". TheCollector. 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecollector.com/fates-greek-mythology/","url_text":"\"The Fates in Greek Mythology: Hanging by a Thread\""}]},{"reference":"\"ON GREEK RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY | THE DAUGHTERS OF ZEUS | THE BIRTH OF ATHENA AND THE THREE FATES | HERA, THE WIFE OF ZEUS, AND HER CHILDREN | APOLLO AND ARTEMIS | DIONYSOS\" (PDF). The Open Court, A Quarterly Magazine (Devoted to the Science of Religion, the Religion of Science, and the Extension of the Religious Parliament Idea). October 1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://dn790002.ca.archive.org/0/items/opencourt_f14533caru/opencourt_f14533caru.pdf","url_text":"\"ON GREEK RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY | THE DAUGHTERS OF ZEUS | THE BIRTH OF ATHENA AND THE THREE FATES | HERA, THE WIFE OF ZEUS, AND HER CHILDREN | APOLLO AND ARTEMIS | DIONYSOS\""}]},{"reference":"Homer (1965–1967). The Iliad : with an English translation. W. Heinemann. OCLC 221448332.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221448332","url_text":"221448332"}]},{"reference":"Bulfinch, Thomas (2016). Bulfinch's mythology. Digireads.com Publishing. ISBN 9781420953046. OCLC 1017567068.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420953046","url_text":"9781420953046"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1017567068","url_text":"1017567068"}]},{"reference":"Homer (1938–1942). The Odyssey, with an English translation. W. Heinemann. OCLC 7440655.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7440655","url_text":"7440655"}]},{"reference":"Berens, E. M. Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome. Retrieved 2022-11-21 – via www.gutenberg.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22381","url_text":"Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome"}]},{"reference":"Day, John (1988). God's conflict with the dragon and the sea : echoes of a Canaanite myth in the Old Testament. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521256003. OCLC 1056600192.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521256003","url_text":"0521256003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1056600192","url_text":"1056600192"}]},{"reference":"Cross, Tom Peete (July 1919). \"Celtic MythologyThe Mythology of All Races, Vol. III. John Arnott MacCulloch , Jan Máchal , Louis Herbert Gray\". The American Journal of Theology. 23 (3): 371–376. doi:10.1086/480029. ISSN 1550-3283.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F480029","url_text":"10.1086/480029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1550-3283","url_text":"1550-3283"}]},{"reference":"Goldenweiser, A. A.; Gray, Louis Herbert; Moore, George Foot; Fox, William Sherwood; Keith, A. Berriedale; Carnoy, Albert J.; Dixon, Roland B.; Alexander, Hartley Burr (1918-03-28). \"The Mythology of All Races. Vol. I: Greek and Roman. Vol. VI: Indian and Iranian. Vol. IX: Oceanic. Vol. X: North American\". The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods. 15 (7): 190. doi:10.2307/2940073. ISSN 0160-9335. JSTOR 2940073.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2940073","url_text":"10.2307/2940073"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0160-9335","url_text":"0160-9335"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2940073","url_text":"2940073"}]},{"reference":"Med, Intervju; Horverak, Øyvind (October 1995). \"Article\". Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies). 12 (5–6): 303–304. doi:10.1177/1455072595012005-616. ISSN 0789-6069.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1455072595012005-616","url_text":"10.1177/1455072595012005-616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0789-6069","url_text":"0789-6069"}]},{"reference":"Klimka, Libertas (2012-03-01). \"Senosios baltų mitologijos ir religijos likimas\". Lituanistica. 58 (1). doi:10.6001/lituanistica.v58i1.2293. 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Arts. 8 (4): 144. doi:10.3390/arts8040144. 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Howl. Museum of American Poetics Publications. OCLC 666904326.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/666904326","url_text":"666904326"}]},{"reference":"\"Boogie Nights, 1997 (Movie Review and Trivia)\", Appetite, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012, p. 24, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1b3h9zv.18, ISBN 9780822978459","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1b3h9zv.18","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctt1b3h9zv.18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822978459","url_text":"9780822978459"}]},{"reference":"Willey, Edward P. (1983). \"The Moirai\". The Classical Outlook. 60 (4): 120–120. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_de_Manila

Diario de Manila

["1 History","2 Notable contributors","3 Katipunan connection","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Newspaper in the Philippines, 1848–1898 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Diario de Manila" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Diario de ManilaDiario de Manila's special supplement covering the expedition to Jolo in 1876. Drawing by Baltasar GiraudierTypeDaily newspaperFormatBroadsheetPublisherRamírez y CompañíaEditorFelipe del PanFounded1848Political alignmentIndependentLanguageSpanishCeased publication1898HeadquartersManila, Philippines Diario de Manila was a Spanish language newspaper published in the Philippines, founded on October 11, 1848, and closed down by official decree on February 19, 1898, after the colonial authorities discovered that its installations were being used to print revolutionary material. The paper was edited by Felipe del Pan and published by Ramírez y Compañía, whose headquarters were in Intramuros, Manila, and its business and editorial offices in Binondo. History The first daily of Manila, La Esperanza, had been founded on December 1, 1846. Diario de Manila raised as a competitor just a couple of years later, during a time when a great number of native newspapers written in Spanish came into existence in the Philippines, Notable contributors Isabelo de los Reyes, a prominent Filipino politician, writer and labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries, who was the founder of the Aglipayan Church, worked as a journalist and wrote several articles for the newspaper, such as “Invasión de Limahong”, which appeared in Diario de Manila in November 1882. He eventually became the associate editor of the Diario. Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau, a Spanish diplomat and writer, author of plays, operas and novels, wrote for Diario de Manila while serving as consul in Hong Kong. Baltasar Giraudier, a famous French-Filipino artist and writer who published his work in both Diario de Manila and Ilustración Filipina, accompanied Governor-General Malcampo to Jolo during an organized military expedition that took place in February 1876 against Muslim pirates who had been receiving a substantial amount of arms and ammunition during the previous years. Governor-General Malcampo commissioned Giraudier to illustrate the landscape of the island together with its people, customs and architecture. The resulting drawings are considered to be among the best lithographic illustrations of the Islands. An article published in Diario de Manila by the Jesuit Father Jaime Nonell, which described observations of the typhoon of September 1865 done by Father Francisco Colina, prompted the establishment of the Observatorio Meteorológico del Ateneo Municipal de Manila. Camilo Millán y Villanueva, former governor of several provinces in the Archipelago and government adviser, raised the issue of the reforms for the Philippines in an article published in 1897 titled "El gran problema de las reformas en Filipinas". Katipunan connection The facsimile Kalayaan. In 1894 Emilio Jacinto started editing Kalayaan (Freedom), the Katipunan's official publication, utilizing the printing press of Diario de Manila and using typefaces stolen from its printing room by Filipino employees who were also members of the Katipunan. They conducted their activities under the unsuspecting Spanish management, who were mostly active members of the Spanish colonial reserve forces. Most of their secret activities took place during the two-and-a-half hour lunch breaks when the Spanish personnel took their meals and their siesta. On August 19, 1896, Teodoro Patiño, who was on strong disagreement with press foreman and Katipunan member, Apolonio de la Cruz, over a salary increase and claimed he was being made responsible for the loss of the printing supplies that were used for the printing of Kalayaan, told the entire story to his sister Honoria, who was then living with nuns in a Mandaluyong orphanage. Honoria was deeply disturbed by her brother's revelation and decided to inform the orphanage’s Mother Superior, Sister Teresa de Jesús, about the existence of the secret society. Sister Teresa, in turn, sought the advice of Father Mariano Gil, the parish priest of Tondo, who, accompanied by several Guardia Civil, immediately searched the premises of Diario de Manila and found evidence of the Katipunan’s existence. They quickly informed the Governor-General Blanco, who ordered the printing press padlocked and arrested de la Cruz, who was found in possession of a dagger used in Katipunan initiation rites, and dozens of other suspected Katipunan members. De la Cruz was later executed on February 6, 1897, in Bagumbayan. See also Philippine Literature in Spanish Katipunan References ^ Retana, W.E. (1895). El Periodismo Filipino. Madrid: Viuda de M. Minuesa de los Ríos. ^ "Katipunan". Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2010. External links Philippine Literature in Spanish Kalayaan: The Katipunan Newspaper Diario de Manila Archived February 21, 2020, at the Wayback Machine UST Miguel de Benavides Library and Archives Digital Collection Diario De Manila Online vteNewspapers/magazines in the Metro Manila marketThe market's newspapers and magazines are also sold in the nationwide market.Broadsheets BusinessMirror BusinessWorld Daily Tribune Global Daily Mirror Malaya Manila Bulletin Manila Standard Philippine Daily Inquirer The Manila Times The Market Monitor The Philippine Star United News Tabloids Abante Abante Tonite Agila ng Bayan Bagong Sagad Ngayon Bagong Toro Balita Balita Central Bandera Bistado Bulgar Diaryo Bomba Hataw Inquirer Libre Kadyot People's Balita People's Journal People's Tonight Pilipino Mirror Pilipino Star Ngayon Pinas Pinoy Parazzi Pinoy Weekly PM Police Files Tonite Remate Saksi Ngayon Tempo The Daily Sun X-Files Magazines Ating Alamin Gazette Bannawag Bisaya Magasin Hiligaynon Liwayway MOD Filipina Philippines Free Press Philippine Panorama Starweek Sunday Inquirer Magazine The Jeepney Magazine Women's Journal Foreign language broadsheets Chinese Commercial News Manila Shimbun United Daily News World News Online-only newspapers and news portals in the Metro Manila marketNewspapers Manila Seoul SunStar Manila News portals Politiko Rappler Defunct newspapers/magazines in the Metro Manila marketBroadsheets Ang Kaibigan ng Bayan Bulaklak Magazine Business Star Diario de Manila Diario Filipino Diario Uno El Debate Evening Star Kabayan La Ilustración Filipina La Vanguardia La Voz de Manila Mabuhay Manila Chronicle Manila Meteor Midday Philippine Daily Globe Philippine Herald Philippines Daily Express Pilipino Star Taliba The Daily Globe The Fookien Times The Philippine Chronicle The Philippine Journal The Philippine Post The Tribune Times Journal Today Tabloids Bagong Tiktik Balita sa Hapon Banat Bosero Headline Imbestigador Metro Times Opinyon People's Monitor Pinoy Times Remate Tonight RP Daily Exposé Sikat Taliba Tanod Toro Tumbok WE Forum Authority control databases: National Spain

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Cooper

Kyle Cooper

["1 Early life","1.1 Childhood","1.2 Education","2 Career","2.1 Early work","2.2 Founded companies","2.3 Influences","2.4 Seven Title Sequence","3 Awards and acclaim","4 Selected film, television, and game title sequences","5 References","6 External links"]

American designer This biographical article is written like a résumé. Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic. (March 2017) Kyle CooperBornSalem, MassachusettsEducationUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstYale School of ArtKnown forTitle Sequence DesignWebsitehttps://prologue.com/ For the South African rugby union player, see Kyle Cooper (rugby union). Kyle Cooper is an American designer known for his main title sequence work. He has produced and directed over 350 visual effects and title sequences for motion pictures and broadcast. Early life Childhood Cooper was born on a Friday the 13th in Salem, Massachusetts. As a child, Cooper spent his days obsessed with sketching monsters. He was also fascinated by comic books, monster makeup books, and horror movies. Cooper stated in an interview with Revert to Saved that he had always wanted to be a film director, “I’ve always been interested in film and editing—more specifically, the juxtaposition of images in film or on a single page. However, I felt it more comprehensive to tell stories over time. Print design can provide great single moments, but I wanted to work with a sequence that had a beginning, middle and end". Education When it came time for Cooper to go to college, he attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst, studying interior architecture. While on the brink of failing, he convinced his professor to let him pass by making a promise -- that he would never actually work as an interior designer. Cooper then went on to earn his Master of Fine Arts in graphic design at Yale University in 1988. He studied independently with renowned American modernist Paul Rand during his time there. Cooper wrote his thesis on director Sergei Eisenstein, and was awarded the Mohawk Paper Traveling Fellowship to complete his thesis research in the then Soviet Union. Career Early work After graduating with his M.F.A. from the Yale School of Art, Cooper went on to work at R/GA (then known as R/Greenberg Associates) from 1988 to 1996, first in New York City and then Los Angeles. During this period, Cooper created the title sequence for the 1995 American crime film Seven, a seminal work which received critical acclaim and is credited for inspiring a number of younger designers for years to come. According to Cooper, at the time he made the title sequence for Seven main title sequences were behind what was happening in print, music videos, and commercials. Cooper has stated he aimed to create main titles that would raise the bar creatively for future title sequences. Founded companies In 1996, Cooper founded Imaginary Forces with Peter Frankfurt and Chip Houghton. Imaginary Forces went on to become one of the most successful creative agencies in Hollywood that came out of the West Coast division of R/GA. “We have spent a long time building and refining a brilliant creative and production team… Keeping this group together as our own company is truly exciting,” commented Cooper about the name change. Too involved by the business side of running a design company the size of Imaginary Forces, Cooper decided it was time for him to focus more on his creative work. In 2003, Cooper left Imaginary Forces and founded Prologue, a creative agency in which he works in a small team while concentrating on creating title sequences. Influences Cooper has claimed his greatest influence in his choice of profession is Stephen Frankfurt’s opening title sequence for To Kill a Mockingbird. Cooper also pulls inspiration from William Shakespeare – his former production company, Imaginary Forces, takes its name from a line in the prologue of Shakespeare's Henry V. The idea to name the company after this prologue is based on the idea that opening titles often act like a prologue to a film. This of course can also be seen as an influence for his current company, “Prologue”. All that said, Wired Magazine notes Cooper isn’t typically hired due to a signature “style”. He’s hired to "dig under the celluloid and tap into the symbolism of a film". This was a precedent he started with some of his earliest work, notably Seven. Seven Title Sequence Cooper's work on David Fincher's film Seven is arguably his most iconic work. The sequence is notable for its use table-top photography and tactile techniques. Industry website Art-of-the-Title describes the process: "The typography itself... was hand-etched into black-surface scratchboard and manipulated during the film transfer process to further smear and jitter it." Rather than uses digital techniques Cooper's team largely assembled the sequence by hand. Awards and acclaim Details magazine credits Cooper with “almost single-handedly revitalizing the main title sequence as an art form”. Los Angeles magazine calls him the “Da Vinci of main titles”. He is “one of the top 50 biggest and best creative thinkers from the last 20 years of advertising and consumer culture,” according to Creativity magazine. Wired magazine states, “Not since Saul Bass’ legendary preludes … have credits attracted such attention”. Cooper is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and holds the title of honorary Royal Designer for Industry from the Royal Society of Arts in London. He has seven Emmy nominations and two wins. In 2014, he was also the recipient of the lifetime achievement medal from the American Institute of Graphic Arts, recognizing him for designing title sequences for film and television with a “bold and unexpected style”. Selected film, television, and game title sequences The Laser Man (1988) She-Devil (1989) Bird on a Wire (1990) Home Alone (1990) Narrow Margin (1990) Men of Respect (1990) The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990) The Hard Way (1991) Curly Sue (1991) Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead (1991) McBain (1991) Passenger 57 (1992) Newsies (1992) Zebrahead (1992) Home Alone 2 (1992) Used People (1992) The Joy Luck Club (1993) Body Snatchers (1993) Indecent Proposal (1993) Rising Sun (1993) Matinee (1993) Amos & Andrew (1993) Last Action Hero (1993) Sister Act 2 (1993) Carlito's Way (1993) Homicide: Life on the Street (1993) True Lies (1994) Angels in the Outfield (1994) Immortal Beloved (1994) The Getaway (1994) When a Man Loves a Woman (1994) Wolf (1994) North (1994) Richie Rich (1994) Quiz Show (1994) Braveheart (1995) Seven (1995) Nixon (1995) The American President (1995) Dead Presidents (1995) The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996) Mission: Impossible (1996) Twister (1996) Eraser (1996) Gotti (1996) The Fan (1996) White Squall (1996) Ghosts of Mississippi (1996) Bogus (1996) The Juror (1996) Celtic Pride (1996) Flubber (1997) Mimic (1997) Donnie Brasco (1997) Men in Black (1997) Gattaca (1997) George Wallace (1997) Mousehunt (1997) Metro (1997) Nightwatch (1997) Volcano (1997) Men with Guns (1997) Red Corner (1997) G.I. Jane (1997) The Practice (1997) The Mask of Zorro (1998) Fallen (1998) The Horse Whisperer (1998) Sphere (1998) The Avengers (1998) The Negotiator (1998) The Rat Pack (1998) Lost in Space (1998) Without Limits (1998) Mighty Joe Young (1998) The Parent Trap (1998) Arlington Road (1999) The Mummy (1999) Three Kings (1999) Pushing Tin (1999) Wild Wild West (1999) The General's Daughter (1999) Forces of Nature (1999) The Story of Us (1999) Reindeer Games (2000) The Crossing (2000) Along Came a Spider (2001) The Mummy Returns (2001) K-Pax (2001) Zoolander (2001) Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (2001) Spider-Man (2002) Minority Report (2002) One Hour Photo (2002) Path to War (2002) Boomtown (2002) Dreamcatcher (2003) Darkness Falls (2003) Identity (2003) Angels in America (2003) The Rundown (2003) Dawn of the Dead (2004) Spider-Man 2 (2004) Godzilla: Final Wars (2004) Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater (2004) The New World (2005) Superman Returns (2006) Scarface: The World Is Yours (2006) Spider-Man 3 (2007) Across the Universe (2007) Iron Man (2008) The Incredible Hulk (2008) Tropic Thunder (2008) Orphan (2009) Sherlock Holmes (2009) Tron: Legacy (2010) A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010) The Walking Dead (2010) Arthur (2011) American Horror Story (2011) The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty (2013) Godzilla (2014) Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain (2015) Scream Queens (2015) Limitless (2015) Feud (2017) Resident Evil 2 (Remake) (2019) Death Stranding (2019) Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019) Godzilla vs. Kong (2021) Death Stranding 2 (TBA) References ^ a b c d e "Kyle Cooper". IMDb. Retrieved May 8, 2017. ^ a b c d "Kyle Cooper". AIGA. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014. ^ "From the archives: an interview with Kyle Cooper". Revert to Saved. Retrieved May 8, 2017. ^ Solana, Gemma; Antonio Boneu (2008). Uncredited – Graphic Design and Opening Titles in Movies (2nd ed.). Barcelona: Index Book. ISBN 978-84-96309-52-4. Retrieved March 28, 2010. ^ Wolting, Femke; Remco Vlaanderen (February 12, 2010). "Stars Aligned for Se7en's Main Title". SubmarineChannel. Retrieved March 25, 2010. ^ Weiner, Rex (December 2, 1996). "Title card change: RGA/LA becomes Imaginary Forces". Variety. ^ Gibson, Jon M. "The Dark Genius of Kyle Cooper". WIRED. Retrieved May 8, 2017. ^ Radatz, Ben (July 10, 2012). "Se7en". Art of the Title. Retrieved August 22, 2023. ^ "Kyle Cooper - FITC". FITC. Retrieved May 8, 2017. ^ "Sierra Entertainment Partners With Hollywood's Prologue Films For Scarface: The World Is Yours Intro Title Sequence". GamesIndustry.biz. October 4, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2021. External links Kyle Cooper at IMDb Prologue The Incredible Hulk (+ Kyle Cooper interview) on Art of the Title Kyle Cooper video interview pt. 1/2 on Forget the Film, Watch the Titles Kyle Cooper lecture Kyle Cooper lecture at Boston University Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany

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While on the brink of failing, he convinced his professor to let him pass by making a promise -- that he would never actually work as an interior designer.[2]Cooper then went on to earn his Master of Fine Arts in graphic design at Yale University in 1988.[2] He studied independently with renowned American modernist Paul Rand during his time there. Cooper wrote his thesis on director Sergei Eisenstein, and was awarded the Mohawk Paper Traveling Fellowship to complete his thesis research in the then Soviet Union.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M.F.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Yale School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"R/GA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R/GA"},{"link_name":"Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Early work","text":"After graduating with his M.F.A. from the Yale School of Art, Cooper went on to work at R/GA (then known as R/Greenberg Associates) from 1988 to 1996, first in New York City and then Los Angeles. During this period, Cooper created the title sequence for the 1995 American crime film Seven, a seminal work which received critical acclaim[4] and is credited for inspiring a number of younger designers for years to come. According to Cooper, at the time he made the title sequence for Seven main title sequences were behind what was happening in print, music videos, and commercials. Cooper has stated he aimed to create main titles that would raise the bar creatively for future title sequences.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R/GA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R/GA"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Founded companies","text":"In 1996, Cooper founded Imaginary Forces with Peter Frankfurt and Chip Houghton. Imaginary Forces went on to become one of the most successful creative agencies in Hollywood that came out of the West Coast division of R/GA. “We have spent a long time building and refining a brilliant creative and production team… Keeping this group together as our own company is truly exciting,” commented Cooper about the name change.[6] Too involved by the business side of running a design company the size of Imaginary Forces, Cooper decided it was time for him to focus more on his creative work. In 2003, Cooper left Imaginary Forces and founded Prologue, a creative agency in which he works in a small team while concentrating on creating title sequences.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"To Kill a Mockingbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_(film)"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Henry V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_(play)"},{"link_name":"Wired Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Influences","text":"Cooper has claimed his greatest influence in his choice of profession is Stephen Frankfurt’s opening title sequence for To Kill a Mockingbird. Cooper also pulls inspiration from William Shakespeare – his former production company, Imaginary Forces, takes its name from a line in the prologue of Shakespeare's Henry V. The idea to name the company after this prologue is based on the idea that opening titles often act like a prologue to a film. This of course can also be seen as an influence for his current company, “Prologue”. All that said, Wired Magazine notes Cooper isn’t typically hired due to a signature “style”. He’s hired to \"dig under the celluloid and tap into the symbolism of a film\".[7] This was a precedent he started with some of his earliest work, notably Seven.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Fincher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fincher"},{"link_name":"Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Art-of-the-Title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Title"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Seven Title Sequence","text":"Cooper's work on David Fincher's film Seven is arguably his most iconic work. The sequence is notable for its use table-top photography and tactile techniques. Industry website Art-of-the-Title describes the process: \"The typography itself... was hand-etched into black-surface scratchboard and manipulated during the film transfer process to further smear and jitter it.\" Rather than uses digital techniques Cooper's team largely assembled the sequence by hand.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"medal from the American Institute of Graphic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AIGA_medalists"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiga-2"}],"text":"Details magazine credits Cooper with “almost single-handedly revitalizing the main title sequence as an art form”.[9] Los Angeles magazine calls him the “Da Vinci of main titles”.[1] He is “one of the top 50 biggest and best creative thinkers from the last 20 years of advertising and consumer culture,” according to Creativity magazine.[1] Wired magazine states, “Not since Saul Bass’ legendary preludes … have credits attracted such attention”.[1]Cooper is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and holds the title of honorary Royal Designer for Industry from the Royal Society of Arts in London. He has seven Emmy nominations and two wins. In 2014, he was also the recipient of the lifetime achievement medal from the American Institute of Graphic Arts, recognizing him for designing title sequences for film and television with a “bold and unexpected style”.[2]","title":"Awards and acclaim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Laser Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Laser_Man"},{"link_name":"She-Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She-Devil_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Bird on a Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_on_a_Wire_(film)"},{"link_name":"Home Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Alone"},{"link_name":"Narrow Margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_Margin"},{"link_name":"Men of Respect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_of_Respect"},{"link_name":"The Bonfire of the Vanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bonfire_of_the_Vanities"},{"link_name":"The Hard Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hard_Way_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Curly Sue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curly_Sue"},{"link_name":"Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Tell_Mom_the_Babysitter%27s_Dead"},{"link_name":"McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McBain_(film)"},{"link_name":"Passenger 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_57"},{"link_name":"Newsies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsies"},{"link_name":"Zebrahead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrahead"},{"link_name":"Home Alone 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Alone_2"},{"link_name":"Used People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Used_People"},{"link_name":"The Joy Luck Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joy_Luck_Club_(film)"},{"link_name":"Body Snatchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Snatchers_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"Indecent Proposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indecent_Proposal"},{"link_name":"Rising Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Sun_(film)"},{"link_name":"Matinee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matinee_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"Amos & Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_%26_Andrew"},{"link_name":"Last Action Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Action_Hero"},{"link_name":"Sister Act 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Act_2"},{"link_name":"Carlito's Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlito%27s_Way"},{"link_name":"Homicide: Life on the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street"},{"link_name":"True Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Lies"},{"link_name":"Angels in the Outfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_the_Outfield_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"Immortal Beloved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortal_Beloved_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"The Getaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Getaway_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"When a Man Loves a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_a_Man_Loves_a_Woman_(film)"},{"link_name":"Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"Richie Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Rich_(film)"},{"link_name":"Quiz Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz_Show_(film)"},{"link_name":"Braveheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braveheart"},{"link_name":"Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_(film)"},{"link_name":"The American President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_President"},{"link_name":"Dead Presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Presidents"},{"link_name":"The Island of Dr. Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_of_Dr._Moreau_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Mission: Impossible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_(film)"},{"link_name":"Twister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twister_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Eraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraser_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotti_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"The Fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fan_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"White Squall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Squall_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ghosts of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Bogus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogus_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Juror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Juror"},{"link_name":"Celtic Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Pride"},{"link_name":"Flubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flubber_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mimic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimic_(film)"},{"link_name":"Donnie Brasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Brasco_(film)"},{"link_name":"Men in Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_Black_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Gattaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gattaca"},{"link_name":"George Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mousehunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousehunt_(film)"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Nightwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightwatch_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Men with Guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_with_Guns"},{"link_name":"Red Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Corner"},{"link_name":"G.I. Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Jane"},{"link_name":"The Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Practice"},{"link_name":"The Mask of Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mask_of_Zorro"},{"link_name":"Fallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"The Horse Whisperer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horse_Whisperer_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"The Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"The Negotiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Negotiator"},{"link_name":"The Rat Pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rat_Pack_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lost in Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_Space_(film)"},{"link_name":"Without Limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_Limits"},{"link_name":"Mighty Joe Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Joe_Young_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"The Parent Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parent_Trap_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"Arlington Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Road"},{"link_name":"The Mummy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mummy_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Three Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kings_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Pushing Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushing_Tin"},{"link_name":"Wild Wild West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Wild_West"},{"link_name":"The General's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_General%27s_Daughter_(film)"},{"link_name":"Forces of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_of_Nature_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"The Story of Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Us_(film)"},{"link_name":"Reindeer Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer_Games"},{"link_name":"The Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crossing_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Along Came a Spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_Came_a_Spider_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Mummy Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mummy_Returns"},{"link_name":"K-Pax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Pax_(film)"},{"link_name":"Zoolander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoolander"},{"link_name":"Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_2:_Sons_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"Minority Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_Report_(film)"},{"link_name":"One Hour Photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hour_Photo"},{"link_name":"Path to War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_to_War"},{"link_name":"Boomtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomtown_(2002_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dreamcatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamcatcher_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Darkness Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkness_Falls_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Angels in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_America_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"The Rundown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rundown"},{"link_name":"Dawn of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_of_the_Dead_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_2"},{"link_name":"Godzilla: Final Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla:_Final_Wars"},{"link_name":"Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_3:_Snake_Eater"},{"link_name":"The New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_World_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Superman Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_Returns"},{"link_name":"Scarface: The World Is Yours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarface:_The_World_Is_Yours"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_3"},{"link_name":"Across the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Across_the_Universe_(film)"},{"link_name":"Iron Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"The Incredible Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tropic Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Orphan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Tron: Legacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron:_Legacy"},{"link_name":"A Nightmare on Elm Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"The Walking Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"American Horror Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story"},{"link_name":"The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Walter_Mitty_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Godzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(2014)"},{"link_name":"Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_V:_The_Phantom_Pain"},{"link_name":"Scream Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream_Queens_(2015_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Limitless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limitless_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Resident Evil 2 (Remake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Evil_2_(2019_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Death Stranding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Stranding"},{"link_name":"Godzilla: King of the Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla:_King_of_the_Monsters_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Godzilla vs. Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_vs._Kong"},{"link_name":"Death Stranding 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Stranding_2"}],"text":"The Laser Man (1988)\nShe-Devil (1989)\nBird on a Wire (1990)\nHome Alone (1990)\nNarrow Margin (1990)\nMen of Respect (1990)\nThe Bonfire of the Vanities (1990)\nThe Hard Way (1991)\nCurly Sue (1991)\nDon't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead (1991)\nMcBain (1991)\nPassenger 57 (1992)\nNewsies (1992)\nZebrahead (1992)\nHome Alone 2 (1992)\nUsed People (1992)\nThe Joy Luck Club (1993)\nBody Snatchers (1993)\nIndecent Proposal (1993)\nRising Sun (1993)\nMatinee (1993)\nAmos & Andrew (1993)\nLast Action Hero (1993)\nSister Act 2 (1993)\nCarlito's Way (1993)\nHomicide: Life on the Street (1993)\nTrue Lies (1994)\nAngels in the Outfield (1994)\nImmortal Beloved (1994)\nThe Getaway (1994)\nWhen a Man Loves a Woman (1994)\nWolf (1994)\nNorth (1994)\nRichie Rich (1994)\nQuiz Show (1994)\nBraveheart (1995)\nSeven (1995)\nNixon (1995)\nThe American President (1995)\nDead Presidents (1995)\nThe Island of Dr. Moreau (1996)\nMission: Impossible (1996)\nTwister (1996)\nEraser (1996)\nGotti (1996)\nThe Fan (1996)\nWhite Squall (1996)\nGhosts of Mississippi (1996)\nBogus (1996)\nThe Juror (1996)\nCeltic Pride (1996)\nFlubber (1997)\nMimic (1997)\nDonnie Brasco (1997)\nMen in Black (1997)\nGattaca (1997)\nGeorge Wallace (1997)\nMousehunt (1997)\nMetro (1997)\nNightwatch (1997)\nVolcano (1997)\nMen with Guns (1997)\nRed Corner (1997)\nG.I. Jane (1997)\nThe Practice (1997)\nThe Mask of Zorro (1998)\nFallen (1998)\nThe Horse Whisperer (1998)\nSphere (1998)\nThe Avengers (1998)\nThe Negotiator (1998)\nThe Rat Pack (1998)\nLost in Space (1998)\nWithout Limits (1998)\nMighty Joe Young (1998)\nThe Parent Trap (1998)\nArlington Road (1999)\nThe Mummy (1999)\nThree Kings (1999)\nPushing Tin (1999)\nWild Wild West (1999)\nThe General's Daughter (1999)\nForces of Nature (1999)\nThe Story of Us (1999)\nReindeer Games (2000)\nThe Crossing (2000)\nAlong Came a Spider (2001)\nThe Mummy Returns (2001)\nK-Pax (2001)\nZoolander (2001)\nMetal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (2001)\nSpider-Man (2002)\nMinority Report (2002)\nOne Hour Photo (2002)\nPath to War (2002)\nBoomtown (2002)\nDreamcatcher (2003)\nDarkness Falls (2003)\nIdentity (2003)\nAngels in America (2003)\nThe Rundown (2003)\nDawn of the Dead (2004)\nSpider-Man 2 (2004)\nGodzilla: Final Wars (2004)\nMetal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater (2004)\nThe New World (2005)\nSuperman Returns (2006)\nScarface: The World Is Yours (2006)[10]\nSpider-Man 3 (2007)\nAcross the Universe (2007)\nIron Man (2008)\nThe Incredible Hulk (2008)\nTropic Thunder (2008)\nOrphan (2009)\nSherlock Holmes (2009)\nTron: Legacy (2010)\nA Nightmare on Elm Street (2010)\nThe Walking Dead (2010)\nArthur (2011)\nAmerican Horror Story (2011)\nThe Secret Life Of Walter Mitty (2013)\nGodzilla (2014)\nMetal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain (2015)\nScream Queens (2015)\nLimitless (2015)\nFeud (2017)\nResident Evil 2 (Remake) (2019)\nDeath Stranding (2019)\nGodzilla: King of the Monsters (2019)\nGodzilla vs. Kong (2021)\nDeath Stranding 2 (TBA)","title":"Selected film, television, and game title sequences"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Kyle Cooper\". IMDb. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0178204/bio","url_text":"\"Kyle Cooper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kyle Cooper\". AIGA. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140705012216/http://www.aiga.org/medalist-kyle-cooper/","url_text":"\"Kyle Cooper\""},{"url":"http://www.aiga.org/medalist-kyle-cooper/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"From the archives: an interview with Kyle Cooper\". Revert to Saved. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://reverttosaved.com/2009/03/26/from-the-archives-an-interview-with-kyle-cooper/","url_text":"\"From the archives: an interview with Kyle Cooper\""}]},{"reference":"Solana, Gemma; Antonio Boneu (2008). Uncredited – Graphic Design and Opening Titles in Movies (2nd ed.). Barcelona: Index Book. ISBN 978-84-96309-52-4. Retrieved March 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indexbook.com/libro.php?435","url_text":"Uncredited – Graphic Design and Opening Titles in Movies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96309-52-4","url_text":"978-84-96309-52-4"}]},{"reference":"Wolting, Femke; Remco Vlaanderen (February 12, 2010). \"Stars Aligned for Se7en's Main Title\". SubmarineChannel. Retrieved March 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://watchthetitles.com/articles/00169-Se7en","url_text":"\"Stars Aligned for Se7en's Main Title\""}]},{"reference":"Weiner, Rex (December 2, 1996). \"Title card change: RGA/LA becomes Imaginary Forces\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1996/scene/vpage/title-card-change-rga-la-becomes-imaginary-forces-1117435870/","url_text":"\"Title card change: RGA/LA becomes Imaginary Forces\""}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Jon M. \"The Dark Genius of Kyle Cooper\". WIRED. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2004/06/cooper/","url_text":"\"The Dark Genius of Kyle Cooper\""}]},{"reference":"Radatz, Ben (July 10, 2012). \"Se7en\". Art of the Title. Retrieved August 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artofthetitle.com/title/se7en/","url_text":"\"Se7en\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Title","url_text":"Art of the Title"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyle Cooper - FITC\". FITC. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://fitc.ca/speaker/kylecooper/","url_text":"\"Kyle Cooper - FITC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sierra Entertainment Partners With Hollywood's Prologue Films For Scarface: The World Is Yours Intro Title Sequence\". GamesIndustry.biz. October 4, 2006. Retrieved October 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/sierra-entertainment-partners-with-hollywoods-prologue-films-for-scarface-the-world-is-yours-intro-title-sequence","url_text":"\"Sierra Entertainment Partners With Hollywood's Prologue Films For Scarface: The World Is Yours Intro Title Sequence\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freundlich_equation

Freundlich equation

["1 Freundlich adsorption isotherm","2 Limitation of Freundlich adsorption isotherm","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]

Empirical adsorption isotherm The Freundlich equation or Freundlich adsorption isotherm, an adsorption isotherm, is an empirical relationship between the quantity of a gas adsorbed into a solid surface and the gas pressure. The same relationship is also applicable for the concentration of a solute adsorbed onto the surface of a solid and the concentration of the solute in the liquid phase. In 1909, Herbert Freundlich gave an expression representing the isothermal variation of adsorption of a quantity of gas adsorbed by unit mass of solid adsorbent with gas pressure. This equation is known as Freundlich adsorption isotherm or Freundlich adsorption equation. As this relationship is entirely empirical, in the case where adsorption behavior can be properly fit by isotherms with a theoretical basis, it is usually appropriate to use such isotherms instead (see for example the Langmuir and BET adsorption theories). The Freundlich equation is also derived (non-empirically) by attributing the change in the equilibrium constant of the binding process to the heterogeneity of the surface and the variation in the heat of adsorption. Freundlich adsorption isotherm The Freundlich adsorption isotherm is mathematically expressed as x m = K ⋅ c e q 1 / n {\displaystyle {\frac {x}{m}}=K\cdot c_{\,\mathrm {eq} }^{\,1/n}} (1) In Freundlich's notation (used for his experiments dealing with the adsorption of organic acids on coal in aqueous solutions), x / m {\displaystyle x/m} signifies the ratio between the adsorbed mass or adsorbate x {\displaystyle x} and the mass of the adsorbent m {\displaystyle m} , which in Freundlich's studies was coal. In the figure above, the x-axis represents c e q {\displaystyle c_{\mathrm {\,eq} }} , which denotes the equilibrium concentration of the adsorbate within the solvent. Freundlich's numerical analysis of the three organic acids for the parameters K {\displaystyle K} and n {\displaystyle n} according to equation 1 were: acid type K n acetic 2.606 2.35 propionic 3.463 2.82 succinic 4.426 3.65 Freundlich's experimental data can also be used in a contemporary computer based fit. These values are added to appreciate the numerical work done in 1907. Computer based fit (according to eq. 1 ) with Freundlich's experimental data acid type K △ K n △ n acetic 2.56 0.035 2.565 0.075 propionic 3.292 0.0471 3.005 0.104 succinic 4.28 0.11 3.884 0.21 △ K and △ n values are the error bars of the computer based fit. The K and n values itself are used to calculate the dotted lines in the figure. Equation 1 can also be written as log ⁡ x m = log ⁡ K + 1 n log ⁡ c e q {\displaystyle \log {\frac {x}{m}}=\log K+{\frac {1}{n}}\log c_{eq}} Sometimes also this notation for experiments in the gas phase can be found: log ⁡ x m = log ⁡ K + 1 n log ⁡ p {\displaystyle \log {\frac {x}{m}}=\log K+{\frac {1}{n}}\log p} x = mass of adsorbate m = mass of adsorbent p = equilibrium pressure of the gaseous adsorbate in case of experiments made in the gas phase (gas/solid interaction with gaseous species/adsorbed species) K and n are constants for a given adsorbate and adsorbent at a given temperature (from there, the term isotherm needed to avoid significant gas pressure fluctuations due to uncontrolled temperature variations in the case of adsorption experiments of a gas onto a solid phase). K = distribution coefficient n = correction factor At high pressure 1/n = 0, hence extent of adsorption becomes independent of pressure. The Freundlich equation is unique; consequently, if the data fit the equation, it is only likely, but not proved, that the surface is heterogeneous. The heterogeneity of the surface can be confirmed with calorimetry. Homogeneous surfaces (or heterogeneous surfaces that exhibit homogeneous adsorption (single site)) have a constant ΔH of adsorption. On the other hand, heterogeneous adsorption (multi-site) have a variable ΔH of adsorption depending on the percent of sites occupied. When the adsorbate pressure in the gas phase (or the concentration in solution) is low, high-energy sites will be occupied first. As the pressure in the gas phase (or the concentration in solution) increases, the low-energy sites will then be occupied resulting in a weaker ΔH of adsorption. Limitation of Freundlich adsorption isotherm Experimentally it was determined that extent of gas adsorption varies directly with pressure, and then it directly varies with pressure raised to the power 1/n until saturation pressure Ps is reached. Beyond that point, the rate of adsorption saturates even after applying higher pressure. Thus, the Freundlich adsorption isotherm fails at higher pressure. See also Langmuir adsorption model References ^ Freundlich, Herbert. Kapillarchemie, eine Darstellung der Chemie der Kolloide und verwandter Gebiete. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1909. ^ Adamson, A.W (1997). Physical chemistry of surfaces. p. 393. ^ Freundlich, Herbert (1907). " Über die Adsorption in Lösungen." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie – Stöchiometrie und Verwandschaftslehre. 57 (4), 385–470. ^ Burke GM, Wurster DE, Buraphacheep V, Berg MJ, Veng-Pedersen P, Schottelius DD. Model selection for the adsorption of phenobarbital by activated charcoal. Pharm Res. 1991 Feb;8(2):228–31. doi: 10.1023/a:1015800322286. PMID 2023872. ^ Adamson, A.W (1997). Physical chemistry of surfaces. p. 699. Further reading Jaroniec, M. (1975). "Adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces: The exponential equation for the overall adsorption isotherm". Surface Science. 50 (2): 553–564. Bibcode:1975SurSc..50..553J. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(75)90044-8. Levan, M. Douglas; Vermeulen, Theodore (1981). "LeVan, M. Douglas, and Theodore Vermeulen. "Binary Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for ideal adsorbed solutions." The Journal of Physical Chemistry 85.22 (1981): 3247–3250". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 85 (22): 3247–3250. doi:10.1021/j150622a009. "Freundlich Equation". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. External links "Freundlich equation solver". "Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm". Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. vteChromatography software history Techniques Affinity chromatography Argentation chromatography Column chromatography Displacement chromatography Electrochromatography Gas chromatography High-performance liquid chromatography Capillary electrochromatography Ion chromatography Micellar electrokinetic chromatography Normal-phase chromatography Paper chromatography Reversed-phase chromatography Size-exclusion chromatography Thin-layer chromatography Two-dimensional chromatography Hyphenated methods Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry Theory Distribution constant Freundlich equation Kovats retention index Retention factor Van Deemter equation Prominent publications Biomedical Chromatography Journal of Chromatography A Journal of Chromatography B Category Commons Analytical Chemistry

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adsorption isotherm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption_isotherm"},{"link_name":"concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration"},{"link_name":"solute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solute"},{"link_name":"Herbert Freundlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Freundlich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Langmuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langmuir_adsorption_isotherm"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_theory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Freundlich equation or Freundlich adsorption isotherm, an adsorption isotherm, is an empirical relationship between the quantity of a gas adsorbed into a solid surface and the gas pressure. The same relationship is also applicable for the concentration of a solute adsorbed onto the surface of a solid and the concentration of the solute in the liquid phase. In 1909, Herbert Freundlich gave an expression representing the isothermal variation of adsorption of a quantity of gas adsorbed by unit mass of solid adsorbent with gas pressure.[1] This equation is known as Freundlich adsorption isotherm or Freundlich adsorption equation. As this relationship is entirely empirical, in the case where adsorption behavior can be properly fit by isotherms with a theoretical basis, it is usually appropriate to use such isotherms instead (see for example the Langmuir and BET adsorption theories). The Freundlich equation is also derived (non-empirically) by attributing the change in the equilibrium constant of the binding process to the heterogeneity of the surface and the variation in the heat of adsorption.[2]","title":"Freundlich equation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freundlich_an_wiki_with_wite_background_and_adjusted_authors.svg"},{"link_name":"adsorbate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorbate"},{"link_name":"adsorbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorbent"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"distribution coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_coefficient"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Freundlich adsorption isotherm is mathematically expressed asIn Freundlich's notation (used for his experiments dealing with the adsorption of organic acids on coal in aqueous solutions), \n \n \n \n x\n \n /\n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x/m}\n \n signifies the ratio between the adsorbed mass or adsorbate \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n and the mass of the adsorbent \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n, which in Freundlich's studies was coal. In the figure above, the x-axis represents \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n \n e\n q\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{\\mathrm {\\,eq} }}\n \n, which denotes the equilibrium concentration of the adsorbate within the solvent.Freundlich's numerical analysis of the three organic acids for the parameters \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n and \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n according to equation \n1 were:Freundlich's experimental data can also be used in a contemporary computer based fit. These values are added to appreciate the numerical work done in 1907.△ K and △ n values are the error bars of the computer based fit. The K and n values itself are used to calculate the dotted lines in the figure.Equation 1 can also be written aslog\n ⁡\n \n \n x\n m\n \n \n =\n log\n ⁡\n K\n +\n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n log\n ⁡\n \n c\n \n e\n q\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\log {\\frac {x}{m}}=\\log K+{\\frac {1}{n}}\\log c_{eq}}Sometimes also this notation for experiments in the gas phase can be found:log\n ⁡\n \n \n x\n m\n \n \n =\n log\n ⁡\n K\n +\n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n log\n ⁡\n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\log {\\frac {x}{m}}=\\log K+{\\frac {1}{n}}\\log p}x = mass of adsorbate\nm = mass of adsorbent\np = equilibrium pressure of the gaseous adsorbate in case of experiments made in the gas phase (gas/solid interaction with gaseous species/adsorbed species)K and n are constants for a given adsorbate and adsorbent at a given temperature (from there, the term isotherm needed to avoid significant gas pressure fluctuations due to uncontrolled temperature variations in the case of adsorption experiments of a gas onto a solid phase).K = distribution coefficient\nn = correction factorAt high pressure 1/n = 0, hence extent of adsorption becomes independent of pressure.The Freundlich equation is unique; consequently, if the data fit the equation, it is only likely, but not proved, that the surface is heterogeneous. The heterogeneity of the surface can be confirmed with calorimetry. Homogeneous surfaces (or heterogeneous surfaces that exhibit homogeneous adsorption (single site)) have a constant ΔH of adsorption.[4] On the other hand, heterogeneous adsorption (multi-site) have a variable ΔH of adsorption depending on the percent of sites occupied. When the adsorbate pressure in the gas phase (or the concentration in solution) is low, high-energy sites will be occupied first. As the pressure in the gas phase (or the concentration in solution) increases, the low-energy sites will then be occupied resulting in a weaker ΔH of adsorption.[5]","title":"Freundlich adsorption isotherm"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Experimentally it was determined that extent of gas adsorption varies directly with pressure, and then it directly varies with pressure raised to the power 1/n until saturation pressure Ps is reached. Beyond that point, the rate of adsorption saturates even after applying higher pressure. Thus, the Freundlich adsorption isotherm fails at higher pressure.","title":"Limitation of Freundlich adsorption isotherm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1975SurSc..50..553J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975SurSc..50..553J"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0039-6028(75)90044-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-6028%2875%2990044-8"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/j150622a009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fj150622a009"},{"link_name":"\"Freundlich Equation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160303204904/http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Adsorb/equation.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Adsorb/equation.htm"}],"text":"Jaroniec, M. (1975). \"Adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces: The exponential equation for the overall adsorption isotherm\". Surface Science. 50 (2): 553–564. Bibcode:1975SurSc..50..553J. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(75)90044-8.\nLevan, M. Douglas; Vermeulen, Theodore (1981). \"LeVan, M. Douglas, and Theodore Vermeulen. \"Binary Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for ideal adsorbed solutions.\" The Journal of Physical Chemistry 85.22 (1981): 3247–3250\". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 85 (22): 3247–3250. doi:10.1021/j150622a009.\n\"Freundlich Equation\". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"title":"Langmuir adsorption model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langmuir_adsorption_model"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_Women_2011

EuroBasket Women 2011

["1 Venues","2 Competition system","2.1 Preliminary round (June 18 – June 20)","2.2 Qualifying round (June 22 – June 27)","2.3 Final round (June 29 – July 3)","3 Qualified teams","4 Squads","5 Group draw","6 Preliminary round","6.1 Group A","6.2 Group B","6.3 Group C","6.4 Group D","7 Main round","7.1 Group E","7.2 Group F","8 Knockout stage","8.1 Championship bracket","8.2 5th place bracket","8.3 Quarterfinals","8.4 Classification round","8.5 Semifinals","8.6 Seventh place game","8.7 Fifth place game","8.8 Bronze medal game","8.9 Final","9 Statistical leaders","10 Final standings","11 References","12 External links"]

2011 edition of the EuroBasket Women International basketball competition EuroBasket 2011 Women33rd FIBA European Women'sBasketball ChampionshipEurobasket Women 2011 logoTournament detailsHost countryPolandDatesJune 18 – July 3Teams16Venue(s)3 (in 3 host cities)Final positionsChampions Russia (3rd title)Tournament statisticsMVP Elena DanilochkinaTop scorer Iva Perovanović 16.4Top rebounds Zane Tamane 9.1Top assists Elina Babkina 4.2PPG (Team) Russia 69RPG (Team) Russia 42.6APG (Team) Czech Republic 15.3Official websitehttps://web.archive.org/web/20110523222604/http://www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/← 2009 2013 → The 2011 European Women Basketball Championship, commonly called EuroBasket Women 2011, was the 33rd regional championship held by FIBA Europe. The competition was held in Poland from 2011. This was the 4th time that the EuroBasket Women was hosted by Poland. Russia won its third title after defeating Turkey in the final. It was Russia's 6th final after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, while Turkey played final for the 1st time. The result score was 59–42 in favor of Russia, and it was Russia's 3rd title in the competition and first since 2007. Venues City Arena Capacity Competition Stage Bydgoszcz Łuczniczka 8 000 First/Second round Katowice Spodek 11 500 First/Second round Łódź Arena Łódź 13 400 Final round Competition system Preliminary round (June 18 – June 20) The 16 participants were divided into four groups of four teams each. The top three teams in each group advanced to the qualifying round. The last team was eliminated. Qualifying round (June 22 – June 27) There were two groups of six teams, each composed of the qualifiers from two preliminary-round groups. The results in the preliminary round were taken into account. Each team played the teams that qualified from the other group. The top four teams advanced to the quarterfinals. The bottom two teams were eliminated. Final round (June 29 – July 3) This stage was played in a knock-out system. In the quarterfinals, the first team in one group played the fourth team in the other group, while the second place team played against the third team in the opposite group. The winners of the quarterfinals advanced to the semifinals, and the winners of the semis progressed to the final. The losers in the quarterfinals played for fifth to eighth places. Qualified teams Competition Date Vacancies Qualified Host Nation – 1  Poland Participant of2010 FIBA World Championship for Women 23 September 2010–3 October 2010 6  Belarus  Czech Republic  France  Greece  Russia  Spain Qualified throughEuroBasket Women 2011 qualification 2 August 2010 –11 June 2011 9  Croatia  Great Britain  Israel  Latvia  Lithuania  Montenegro  Slovakia  Turkey  Germany Squads Main article: EuroBasket Women 2011 squads Group draw The draw was held on 11 December 2010 at Łódź. Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4  France  Russia  Spain  Belarus  Greece  Czech Republic  Poland  Turkey  Lithuania  Montenegro  Latvia  Israel  Great Britain  Croatia  Slovakia  Germany Preliminary round Group A Team Pld W L PF PA PD Pts  Lithuania 3 2 1 186 179 +7 5  Russia 3 2 1 212 207 +5 5  Turkey 3 1 2 199 204 −5 4  Slovakia 3 1 2 183 190 −7 4 18 June 2011 12:30 Report Turkey  58–64  Lithuania Scoring by quarter: 12–19, 10–18, 16–14, 20–13 Pts: Yılmaz 17Rebs: İvegin-Karslı, Çağlar 5Asts: İvegin-Karslı 4 Pts: Petronytė 15Rebs: Linkeviciene 8Asts: Linkeviciene 3 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Grzegorz Ziemblicki (POL), Igor Dragojevic (MNE), Moritz Reiter (GER) 18 June 2011 18:00 Report Russia  68–66  Slovakia Scoring by quarter: 12–15, 17–19, 23–17, 16–15 Pts: Kuzina 13Rebs: Stepanova 8Asts: Abrosimova, Popova 4 Pts: Lawless 15Rebs: Lawless 7Asts: Misurová Łuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Tomasz Trawicki (POL) 19 June 2011 12:30 Report Slovakia  60–76  Turkey Scoring by quarter: 18–21, 14–17, 9–24, 19–14 Pts: Lawless 15Rebs: Jurcenkova 5Asts: Misurová 4 Pts: Vardarlı 20Rebs: Vardarlı 6Asts: Yılmaz 4 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Ingus Baumanis (LAT), Haris Bijedic (BIH) 19 June 2011 18:00 Report Lithuania  76–64  Russia Scoring by quarter: 16–16, 14–19, 26–17, 20–12 Pts: Bimbaite, Sulciute 20Rebs: Sulciute 8Asts: Linkeviciene 5 Pts: Stepanova 17Rebs: Stepanova 13Asts: Stepanova 3 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Carole Delauné (FRA), Antonis Demetriou (CYP) 20 June 2011 12:30 Report Slovakia  57–46  Lithuania Scoring by quarter: 18–8, 13–9, 15–16, 11–13 Pts: Kupcikova 18Rebs: Tetemondová 8Asts: Kupcikova 4 Pts: Solopova 14Rebs: Paugaite 6Asts: Valentiene 2 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Tomasz Trawicki (POL), Maka Kupatadze (GEO) 20 June 2011 18:00 Report Turkey  65–80  Russia Scoring by quarter: 7–29, 20–16, 15–13, 23–22 Pts: Yılmaz 18Rebs: Yılmaz 4Asts: Vardarlı, Alben, Yılmaz 4 Pts: three players 13Rebs: Arteshina 8Asts: Abrosimova 6 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 200Referees: Grzegorz Ziemblicki (POL), Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Fabiana Nitu (ROU) Group B Team Pld W L PF PA PD Pts  Czech Republic 3 3 0 199 163 +36 6  Belarus 3 2 1 185 148 +37 5  Great Britain 3 1 2 159 166 −7 4  Israel 3 0 3 148 214 −66 3 18 June 2011 15:00 Report Belarus  55–40  Great Britain Scoring by quarter: 14–11, 17–9, 14–8, 10–12 Pts: Snytsina, Verameyenka 10Rebs: Leuchanka 8Asts: Marchanka, Trafimava 5 Pts: Butler 8Rebs: Butler 6Asts: four players 2 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Antonis Demetriou (CYP), Fabiana Nitu (ROU) 18 June 2011 20:30 Report Czech Republic  72–56  Israel Scoring by quarter: 19–12, 13–10, 20–17, 20–17 Pts: Vitecková 14Rebs: Veselá 10Asts: Elhotova 5 Pts: Doron 16Rebs: three players 4Asts: Shafir 3 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Ingus Baumanis (LAT), Carole Delauné (FRA) 19 June 2011 15:00 Report Israel  41–68  Belarus Scoring by quarter: 12–18, 6–8, 18–21, 5–21 Pts: Cohen 12Rebs: Levitsky 6Asts: Cohen, Doron 2 Pts: Likhtarovich 13Rebs: Kress 13Asts: Leuchanka, Marchanka 4 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Grzegorz Ziemblicki (POL), Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Igor Dragojevic (MNE) 19 June 2011 20:30 Report Great Britain  45–60  Czech Republic Scoring by quarter: 13–9, 10–18, 12–21, 10–12 Pts: Leedham 14Rebs: Stewart 6Asts: Collins 4 Pts: Elhotova 27Rebs: Burgrová 9Asts: Bartonova 4 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Tomasz Trawicki (POL), Maka Kupatadze (GEO) 20 June 2011 15:00 Report Great Britain  74–51  Israel Scoring by quarter: 13–11, 24–13, 17–13, 20–14 Pts: Leedham 18Rebs: Page 9Asts: Stafford, Page 5 Pts: Doron 15Rebs: three players 4Asts: Doron 3 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Moritz Reiter (GER), Haris Bijedic (BIH) 20 June 2011 20:30 Report Czech Republic  67–62  Belarus Scoring by quarter: 23–9, 16–17, 15–20, 13–16 Pts: Elhotova 19Rebs: Elhotova, Kulichová 5Asts: five players 3 Pts: Snytsina, Leuchanka 10Rebs: Leuchanka 12Asts: Marchanka 6 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 250Referees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Ingus Baumanis (LAT), Antonis Demetriou (CYP) Group C Team Pld W L PF PA PD Pts  Montenegro 3 3 0 212 174 +38 6  Spain 3 2 1 214 198 +16 5  Poland 3 1 2 191 208 −17 4  Germany 3 0 3 193 230 −37 3 18 June 2011 15:00 Report Spain  79–69  Germany Scoring by quarter: 21–12, 18–15, 19–22, 21–20 Pts: Torrens 18Rebs: Valdemoro 5Asts: Torrens 4 Pts: Bär 14Rebs: Bär 6Asts: Bär, Menz 4 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 400Referees: Aleksandar Glisic (SRB), Aare Halliko (EST), Aliaksandr Syrytsa (BLR) 18 June 2011 18:00 Report Poland  53–70  Montenegro Scoring by quarter: 15–18, 11–19, 12–17, 15–16 Pts: Szott 11Rebs: Szott 6Asts: Kobryn 3 Pts: DeForge 18Rebs: Dubljević 9Asts: Dubljević 5 Spodek, KatowiceReferees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Haydn Jones (WAL), Milan Brziak (SVK) 19 June 2011 12:30 Report Montenegro  66–57  Spain Scoring by quarter: 20–13, 19–18, 15–16, 12–10 Pts: Perovanović 18Rebs: Škerović 11Asts: Dubljević 5 Pts: Torrens 25Rebs: Lyttle 6Asts: Dominguez 3 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 300Referees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Elena Chernova (RUS), Mindaugas Vecerskis (LTU) 19 June 2011 18:00 Report Germany  60–75  Poland Scoring by quarter: 19–23, 11–7, 15–24, 15–21 Pts: Bär 13Rebs: Bär 6Asts: Bär 5 Pts: Kobryn 16Rebs: Kobryn 9Asts: Pawlak 5 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 4,000Referees: Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Aare Halliko (EST), Asa Johansson (SWE) 20 June 2011 12:30 Report Germany  64–76  Montenegro Scoring by quarter: 15–25, 15–10, 19–19, 15–22 Pts: Greunke 20Rebs: Greunke 8Asts: Austmann 3 Pts: Bjelica 23Rebs: Bjelica 10Asts: Jovanović 3 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 150Referees: Haydn Jones (WAL), Aliaksandr Syrytsa (BLR), Bernard Vassallo (MLT) 20 June 2011 18:00 Report Poland  63–78  Spain Scoring by quarter: 20–20, 11–17, 19–13, 13–28 Pts: Kobryn 20Rebs: Kobryn 13Asts: Pawlak 6 Pts: Lyttle 18Rebs: Pascua, Lyttle 7Asts: Pascua 4 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 4,300Referees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Elena Chernova (RUS), Milan Brziak (SVK) Group D Team Pld W L PF PA PD Pts  Latvia 3 2 1 183 184 −1 5  France 3 2 1 206 154 +52 5  Croatia 3 1 2 166 216 −50 4  Greece 3 1 2 185 186 −1 4 18 June 2011 12:30 Report Greece  67–57  Latvia Scoring by quarter: 16–14, 19–22, 13–10, 19–11 Pts: Kalentzou 20Rebs: Maltsi 12Asts: Kaltsidou 4 Pts: three players 12Rebs: Tamane 13Asts: Babkina 7 Spodek, KatowiceReferees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Sérgio Silva (POR), Asa Johansson (SWE) 18 June 2011 20:30 Report France  86–40  Croatia Scoring by quarter: 26–16, 22–9, 23–10, 15–5 Pts: Lawson-Wade, Gomis 13Rebs: Gruda 8Asts: Ndongue 4 Pts: Mandir 9Rebs: Pavetić 5Asts: Mandir 2 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 2,000Referees: Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Elena Chernova (RUS), Mindaugas Vecerskis (LTU) 19 June 2011 15:00 Report Croatia  65–63  Greece Scoring by quarter: 26–16, 16–13, 11–14, 12–20 Pts: Mandir 19Rebs: Ivezić 9Asts: Mandir 5 Pts: Kalentzou, Kaltsidou 14Rebs: Kaltsidou 12Asts: Chatzinikolaou, Kaltsidou 4 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 300Referees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Aliaksandr Syrytsa (BLR), Bernard Vassallo (MLT) 19 June 2011 20:30 Report Latvia  59–56 (OT)  France Scoring by quarter: 13–16, 9–12, 14–13, 14–9, Overtime: 9–6 Pts: Babkina 26Rebs: Tamane 15Asts: Kublina 3 Pts: Miyem 12Rebs: Ndongue 9Asts: Dumerc 6 Spodek, KatowiceReferees: Aleksandar Glisic (SRB), Haydn Jones (WAL), Gentian Cici (ALB) 20 June 2011 15:00 Report Croatia  61–67  Latvia Scoring by quarter: 16–20, 25–14, 12–17, 8–16 Pts: Ivezić 14Rebs: Ivezić 6Asts: three players 4 Pts: Basko 16Rebs: Tamane 9Asts: Babkina 6 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 300Referees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Aare Halliko (EST), Sérgio Silva (POR) 20 June 2011 20:30 Report Greece  55–64  France Scoring by quarter: 13–16, 6–15, 16–15, 20–18 Pts: Maltsi 16Rebs: Kalentzou, Papamichail 6Asts: Kalentzou 3 Pts: Gruda 19Rebs: Gruda 8Asts: Beikes, Gomis 3 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 800Referees: Aleksandar Glisic (SRB), Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Gentian Cici (ALB) Main round Group E Team Pld W L PF PA PD Pts  Czech Republic 5 4 1 301 284 +17 9  Lithuania 5 4 1 331 298 +33 9  Russia 5 3 2 324 317 +7 8  Turkey 5 2 3 303 313 −10 7  Belarus 5 2 3 285 291 −6 7  Great Britain 5 0 5 264 305 −41 5 23 June 2011 15:30 Report Great Britain  63–64  Lithuania Scoring by quarter: 15–16, 17–14, 17–18, 14–16 Pts: Page 19Rebs: Stewart 9Asts: Stafford 4 Pts: Bimbaite 16Rebs: Linkeviciene 7Asts: Linkeviciene 4 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Ingus Baumanis (LAT), Carole Delauné (FRA) 23 June 2011 18:00 Report Belarus  62–51  Russia Scoring by quarter: 10–14, 14–11, 26–15, 12–11 Pts: Marchanka 11Rebs: Leuchanka 11Asts: Marchanka 4 Pts: Stepanova 12Rebs: Osipova 7Asts: Sapova 3 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 200Referees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Grzegorz Ziemblicki (POL), Moritz Reiter (GER) 23 June 2011 20:30 Report Turkey  51–56  Czech Republic Scoring by quarter: 12–18, 10–8, 15–10, 14–20 Pts: Palazoğlu, Yılmaz 11Rebs: Vardarlı 8Asts: Vardarlı 6 Pts: Elhotova 19Rebs: Veselá 6Asts: Bortelová, Vitecková 4 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 200Referees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Igor Dragojevic (MNE), Haris Bijedic (BIH) 25 June 2011 15:30 Report Great Britain  57–64  Turkey Scoring by quarter: 15–17, 12–16, 13–12, 17–19 Pts: Stafford 18Rebs: Page 13Asts: Page 3 Pts: Yılmaz 18Rebs: Nevlin 9Asts: Kartaltepe, İvegin-Karslı 3 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 150Referees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Igor Dragojevic (MNE), Maka Kupatadze (GEO) 25 June 2011 18:00 Report Russia  69–55  Czech Republic Scoring by quarter: 16–9, 22–13, 13–9, 18–24 Pts: Danilochkina 16Rebs: Osipova 10Asts: Arteshina 4 Pts: Zrustova 11Rebs: Veselá 7Asts: Bartonova 4 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 200Referees: Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Tomasz Trawicki (POL), Ingus Baumanis (LAT) 25 June 2011 20:30 Report Lithuania  68–50  Belarus Scoring by quarter: 13–12, 16–9, 15–17, 24–12 Pts: Linkeviciene 15Rebs: Linkeviciene 11Asts: Bimbaite 4 Pts: Verameyenka 13Rebs: Verameyenka 7Asts: Verameyenka, Marchanka 3 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 250Referees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Fabiana Nitu (ROU) 27 June 2011 15:30 Report Russia  62–59  Great Britain Scoring by quarter: 8–20, 14–7, 21–19, 19–13 Pts: Danilochkina 16Rebs: Osipova 12Asts: Arteshina, Osipova 3 Pts: Butler 15Rebs: Page, Leedham 8Asts: three players 2 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Grzegorz Ziemblicki (POL), Moritz Reiter (GER), Antonis Demetriou (CYP) 27 June 2011 18:00 Report Czech Republic  63–59  Lithuania Scoring by quarter: 14–22, 21–14, 14–8, 14–15 Pts: Vitecková 26Rebs: Burgrová 11Asts: Bortelová 9 Pts: Bimbaite 15Rebs: Bimbaite 8Asts: Bimbaite, Linkeviciene 3 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 300Referees: Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Paolo Taurino (ITA), Igor Dragojevic (MNE) 27 June 2011 20:30 Report Belarus  56–65  Turkey Scoring by quarter: 14–24, 16–10, 4–15, 22–16 Pts: Marchanka 12Rebs: Verameyenka 7Asts: Trafimava, Leuchanka 3 Pts: İvegin-Karslı 17Rebs: Yılmaz 11Asts: Vardarlı 7 Łuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 200Referees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Tomasz Trawicki (POL), Ingus Baumanis (LAT) Group F Team Pld W L PF PA PD Pts  Montenegro 5 5 0 364 308 +56 10  Latvia 5 3 2 315 310 +5 8  France 5 3 2 347 281 +66 8  Croatia 5 2 3 300 361 −61 7  Spain 5 2 3 327 340 −13 7  Poland 5 0 5 279 332 −53 5 22 June 2011 15:30 Boxscore Croatia  60–81  Montenegro Scoring by quarter: 17–24, 17–21, 14–15, 12–21 Pts: Mandir 14Rebs: Mazić 8Asts: Mandir 7 Pts: Perovanović 25Rebs: three players 15Asts: DeForge 8 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 200Referees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Aare Halliko (EST), Sérgio Silva (POR) 22 June 2011 18:00 Boxscore Poland  53–62  Latvia Scoring by quarter: 18–17, 15–12, 7–17, 13–16 Pts: Mowlik, Kobryn 13Rebs: Kobryn 7Asts: Pawlak 4 Pts: Basko 19Rebs: Tamane 13Asts: Babkina 7 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 3,000Referees: Aleksandar Glisic (SRB), Elena Chernova (RUS), Gentian Cici (ALB) 22 June 2011 20:30 Boxscore France  79–55  Spain Scoring by quarter: 17–15, 13–12, 16–21, 33–7 Pts: Gruda 17Rebs: Yacoubou-Dehoui 8Asts: Dumerc 4 Pts: Montañana, Lyttle 11Rebs: Montañana, Lyttle 5Asts: Cruz 4 Spodek, KatowiceReferees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Haydn Jones (WAL), Mindaugas Vecerskis (LTU) 24 June 2011 15:30 Boxscore Spain  66–57  Latvia Scoring by quarter: 13–10, 14–13, 19–13, 20–21 Pts: Montañana, Lyttle 16Rebs: Lyttle 9Asts: Montañana 6 Pts: Babkina 17Rebs: Kublina 10Asts: Basko, Babkina 3 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 350Referees: Aleksandar Glisic (SRB), Haydn Jones (WAL), Bernard Vassallo (MLT) 24 June 2011 18:00 Boxscore Croatia  64–56  Poland Scoring by quarter: 24–21, 20–17, 11–8, 9–10 Pts: Mandir, Ivanković 13Rebs: Mandir, Mazić 9Asts: Mandir 4 Pts: Kobryn 17Rebs: Kaczmarczyk 6Asts: Mowlik, Pawlak 2 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 3,000Referees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Milan Brziak (SVK), Aliaksandr Syrytsa (BLR) 24 June 2011 20:30 Boxscore Montenegro  73–68  France Scoring by quarter: 22–20, 18–17, 17–18, 16–13 Pts: Perovanovič 22Rebs: Dubljević, Turčinović 6Asts: Škerović 4 Pts: Miyem 21Rebs: Miyem, Gruda 5Asts: Dumerc 6 Spodek, KatowiceReferees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Gentian Cici (ALB) 26 June 2011 15:30 Boxscore France  58–54  Poland Scoring by quarter: 8–15, 16–4, 15–25, 19–10 Pts: Gomis 15Rebs: Beikes 6Asts: Beikes 3 Pts: Kobryn 16Rebs: Kobryn 9Asts: Pawlak 4 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 2,500Referees: Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Mindaugas Vecerskis (LTU), Asa Johansson (SWE) 26 June 2011 18:00 Boxscore Spain  71–75  Croatia Scoring by quarter: 18–19, 22–19, 15–16, 16–21 Pts: Palau 19Rebs: Pascua 8Asts: Cruz 4 Pts: Mandir 24Rebs: Mazić 15Asts: Ciglar 5 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 1,000Referees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Aare Halliko (EST), Elena Chernova (RUS) 26 June 2011 20:30 Boxscore Latvia  70–74  Montenegro Scoring by quarter: 22–16, 14–29, 12–13, 22–16 Pts: Kublina 16Rebs: Tamane 10Asts: Basko 5 Pts: Dubljević 24Rebs: Dubljević 11Asts: Dubljević 6 Spodek, KatowiceAttendance: 600Referees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Sérgio Silva (POR), Bernard Vassallo (MLT) Knockout stage Championship bracket  Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsFinal            June 29    Czech Republic79 July 1   Croatia63   Czech Republic53 June 29   Russia85   Latvia72 July 3   Russia83   Russia59 June 30   Turkey42   Lithuania58 July 1   France66   France62 June 30   Turkey68 Third place  Montenegro44 July 3   Turkey56   Czech Republic56   France63   5th place bracket  Semi-finalsFifth place        June 30    Croatia 84  July 2   Latvia 75   Croatia73 July 1   Montenegro59   Lithuania59   Montenegro68  Seventh place  July 2    Latvia56   Lithuania75 Quarterfinals 29 June 2011 18:00 Report Latvia  72–83  Russia Scoring by quarter: 18–23, 19–25, 18–17, 17–18 Pts: Babkina 21Rebs: Kublina, Tamane 6Asts: Babkina 3 Pts: Danilochkina 18Rebs: Stepanova 11Asts: Stepanova, Abrosimova 4 Arena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Aleksandar Glisić (SRB), Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Igor Dragojevic (MNE) 29 June 2011 20:30 Report Czech Republic  79–63  Croatia Scoring by quarter: 21–13, 15–16, 31–11, 12–23 Pts: Vitecková 17Rebs: Kulichová 9Asts: Burgrová, Veselá 4 Pts: Mandir 27Rebs: Mazić 7Asts: Mandir 4 Arena Łódź, ŁódźAttendance: 500Referees: Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Engin Kennerman (TUR), Haydn Jones (WAL) 30 June 2011 18:00 Report Montenegro  44–56  Turkey Scoring by quarter: 16–11, 11–13, 6–17, 11–15 Pts: DeForge 11Rebs: Perovanović 12Asts: Škerović 5 Pts: İvegin-Karslı 14Rebs: Yılmaz 9Asts: Vardarlı 5 Arena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Aare Halliko (EST), Gentian Cici (ALB) 30 June 2011 20:30 Report Lithuania  58–66  France Scoring by quarter: 13–11, 21–22, 8–20, 16–13 Pts: Sulciute 10Rebs: Linkeviciene 5Asts: Bimbaite 3 Pts: Gomis 14Rebs: Gruda 8Asts: Dumerc, Lepron 4 Arena Łódź, ŁódźAttendance: 1,500Referees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Sérgio Silva (POR) Classification round 30 June 2011 15:30 Report Croatia  84–75  Latvia Scoring by quarter: 15–20, 22–14, 24–18, 23–23 Pts: Ivezic 19Rebs: Karcic 7Asts: Ciglar 9 Pts: Tamane 16Rebs: Kublina 13Asts: Tamane 5 Arena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Moritz Reiter (GER), Fabiana Nitu (ROU) 1 July 2011 15:30 Report Montenegro  68–59  Lithuania Scoring by quarter: 14–12, 15–17, 16–24, 23–6 Pts: Perovanović 18Rebs: Škerović 6Asts: Škerović 4 Pts: Linkeviciene 15Rebs: Linkeviciene 10Asts: Bimbaite 4 Arena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Grzegorz Ziemblicki (POL), Carole Delauné (FRA) Semifinals 1 July 2011 18:00 Report Russia  85–53  Czech Republic Scoring by quarter: 22–18, 17–8, 22–17, 24–10 Pts: Danilochkina 18Rebs: Stepanova 8Asts: Abrosimova 3 Pts: Burgrová, Kulichová 10Rebs: Veselá, Kulichová 5Asts: Bartonova, Bortelová 4 Arena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Igor Dragojević (MNE), Haydn Jones (WAL) 1 July 2011 20:30 Report Turkey  68–62 (OT)  France Scoring by quarter: 16–15, 22–16, 11–11, 11–18, Overtime: 8–2 Pts: Nevlin 23Rebs: Yılmaz 11Asts: Vardarlı 5 Pts: Gomis 24Rebs: Gomis 9Asts: Lawson-Wade, Dumerc 4 Arena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Ingus Baumanis (LAT) Seventh place game 2 July 2011 18:00 Report Latvia  56–75  Lithuania Scoring by quarter: 12–20, 6–14, 23–15, 15–26 Pts: three players 10Rebs: Tamane 7Asts: Babkina 4 Pts: Bimbaite, Sulciute 15Rebs: Linkeviciene 8Asts: Bimbaite, Sulciute 4 Arena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Gentian Cici (ALB), Carole Delauné (FRA) Fifth place game 2 July 2011 20:30 Report Croatia  73–59  Montenegro Scoring by quarter: 14–16, 24–19, 17–9, 18–15 Pts: Ivezić 21Rebs: Ivezić, Karcic 8Asts: Ciglar 5 Pts: DeForge 18Rebs: Dubljević 10Asts: Perovanović, Škerović 3 Arena Łódź, ŁódźAttendance: 1,000Referees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Aare Halliko (EST), Sérgio Silva (POR) Bronze medal game 3 July 2011 18:00 Report Czech Republic  56–63  France Scoring by quarter: 20–15, 10–9, 13–19, 13–20 Pts: Elhotova 17Rebs: Bortelová 7Asts: Bortelová 6 Pts: Gruda 26Rebs: Dumerc 8Asts: Dumerc 5 Arena Łódź, ŁódźAttendance: 3,000Referees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Ingus Baumanis (LAT), Fabiana Nitu (ROU) Final Main article: EuroBasket Women 2011 Final 3 July 2011 20:30 Report Russia  59–42  Turkey Scoring by quarter: 19–8, 14–15, 13–11, 13–8 Pts: Stepanova 18Rebs: Stepanova 12Asts: Osipova 4 Pts: Vardarlı 10Rebs: Yılmaz 5Asts: Vardarlı 4 Arena Łódź, ŁódźAttendance: 5,000Referees: Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Aleksandar Glišić (SRB)  Eurobasket Women 2011 champion  RussiaThird title Eurobasket Women 2011 MVP: Elena Danilochkina ( Russia) All EuroBasket Women 2011 team: Maria Stepanova ( Russia) Nevriye Yılmaz ( Turkey) Eva Viteckova ( Czech Republic) Sandra Mandir ( Croatia) Elena Danilochkina ( Russia) Statistical leaders Points Name PPG Iva Perovanović 16.4 Ewelina Kobryn 14.7 Elina Babkina 14.4 Sandra Mandir 14.3 Katerina Elhotova 14.2 Rebounds Name RPG Zane Tamane 9.1 Maria Stepanova 8.9 Yelena Leuchanka 8.2 Iva Perovanović 7.8 Ewelina Kobryn 7.7 Assists Name APG Elina Babkina 4.2 Veronika Bortelová 4.1 Birsel Vardarlı 4.0 Natallia Marchanka 3.8 Sandra Mandir 3.8 Blocks Name BPG Sandrine Gruda 1.7 Ewelina Kobryn 1.7 Zane Tamane 1.4 Anastasiya Verameyenka 1.4 Ilona Burgrová 1.2 Steals Name SPG Laia Palau 2.7 Sancho Lyttle 2.5 Sandra Linkeviciene 2.4 Jelena Škerović 2.3 Ausra Bimbaite 2.3 Final standings Place Team 1  Russia 2  Turkey 3  France 4  Czech Republic 5  Croatia 6  Montenegro 7  Lithuania 8  Latvia 9–10  Belarus  Spain 11-12  Great Britain  Poland 13–16  Greece  Slovakia  Germany  Israel References ^ a b "Golden Russia down Turkey in style". eurobasketwomen2011.com. 2011-07-03. Retrieved 2011-07-03. ^ Russia wins the Gold in EuroBasket 2011, eurobasket.com, 3 July 2011. ^ "EuroBasket Women 2011 draw complete". eurobasketwomen2011.com. 2010-12-11. Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2010-12-11. ^ a b "2011 EuroBasket Women". archive.fiba.com. Retrieved 21 April 2023. External links Official website vteEuroBasket WomenTournaments Italy 1938 Hungary 1950 USSR 1952 Yugoslavia 1954 Czechoslovakia 1956 Poland 1958 Bulgaria 1960 France 1962 Hungary 1964 Romania 1966 Italy 1968 Nederlands 1970 Bulgaria 1972 Italy 1974 France 1976 Poland 1978 Yugoslavia 1980 Italy 1981 Hungary 1983 Italy 1985 Spain 1987 Bulgaria 1989 Israel 1991 Italy 1993 Czech Republic 1995 Hungary 1997 Poland 1999 France 2001 Greece 2003 Turkey 2005 Italy 2007 Latvia 2009 Poland 2011 France 2013 Hungary / Romania 2015 Czech Republic 2017 Serbia / Latvia 2019 France / Spain 2021 Slovenia / Israel 2023 Czech Republic / Germany / Greece / Italy 2025 Lithuania / Finland 2027 Qualification 1938 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 Finals 1956 1962 1964 1966 1970 1980 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Squads 1938 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Small Countries Luxembourg 1989 Gibraltar 1991 Cyprus 1993 Malta 1996 Austria 1998 Macedonia 2000 Andorra 2002 Andorra 2004 Malta 2006 Luxembourg 2008 Armenia 2010 Macedonia 2012 Austria 2014 Gibraltar 2016 Ireland 2018 Cyprus 2021 Cyprus 2022 Kosovo 2024 All-Tournament Team Most Valuable Player Winning head coaches vteBasketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournamentTeams Angola Australia Brazil Canada China Croatia Czech Republic France Great Britain Russia Turkey United States Qualification 2010 World Championship Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Qualifying Tournament vteInternational women's basketball FIBA World Ranking Teams Olympics Youth World Cup U21 U19 U17 Universiade Africa AfroBasket Women U20 U18 U16 Americas AmeriCup U20 U18 U16 Caribbean Championship U20 Centrobasket U17 Central American Championship U21 South American Championship 2nd tier U21 U17 U15 Asia Asia Cup (includes Oceania) U20 U18 U16 Discovery Women's Basketball Invitational William Jones Cup Europe EuroBasket Women U-20 U-18 U-16 European Championship for Small Countries Oceania Oceania Championship (defunct) U17 U15 Melanesia Cup Polynesian Cup Othertournaments African Games Arab Championship Arab Games ASEAN University Games Asian Games Bolivarian Games Central Asian Games Central American and Caribbean Games Central American Games Commonwealth Games Mediterranean Games Micronesian Games European Games EYOF Games of the Small States of Europe Pacific Games Pan American Games Southeast Asian Games Note: The Under-21 Championship is no longer held. • Basketball portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Women Basketball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurobasket_Women"},{"link_name":"FIBA Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Europe"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-final-1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-final-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurofinal-2"}],"text":"International basketball competitionThe 2011 European Women Basketball Championship, commonly called EuroBasket Women 2011, was the 33rd regional championship held by FIBA Europe. The competition was held in Poland from 2011. This was the 4th time that the EuroBasket Women was hosted by Poland.Russia won its third title after defeating Turkey in the final.[1] It was Russia's 6th final after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, while Turkey played final for the 1st time. The result score was 59–42 in favor of Russia,[1][2] and it was Russia's 3rd title in the competition and first since 2007.","title":"EuroBasket Women 2011"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competition system"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Preliminary round (June 18 – June 20)","text":"The 16 participants were divided into four groups of four teams each. The top three teams in each group advanced to the qualifying round. The last team was eliminated.","title":"Competition system"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qualifying round (June 22 – June 27)","text":"There were two groups of six teams, each composed of the qualifiers from two preliminary-round groups. The results in the preliminary round were taken into account. Each team played the teams that qualified from the other group. The top four teams advanced to the quarterfinals. The bottom two teams were eliminated.","title":"Competition system"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final round (June 29 – July 3)","text":"This stage was played in a knock-out system. In the quarterfinals, the first team in one group played the fourth team in the other group, while the second place team played against the third team in the opposite group. The winners of the quarterfinals advanced to the semifinals, and the winners of the semis progressed to the final. The losers in the quarterfinals played for fifth to eighth places.","title":"Competition system"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Qualified teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Squads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The draw was held on 11 December 2010 at Łódź.[3]","title":"Group draw"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Preliminary round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-A-1-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Yılmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevriye_Y%C4%B1lmaz"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"İvegin-Karslı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaziye_%C4%B0vegin-Karsl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Çağlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahar_%C3%87a%C4%9Flar"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"İvegin-Karslı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaziye_%C4%B0vegin-Karsl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Petronytė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintar%C4%97_Petronyt%C4%97"},{"link_name":"Linkeviciene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Linkeviciene"},{"link_name":"Linkeviciene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Linkeviciene"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-A-2-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kuzina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Kuzina"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Stepanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stepanova"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Abrosimova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Abrosimova"},{"link_name":"Popova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Popova_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lawless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Lawless"},{"link_name":"Lawless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Lawless"},{"link_name":"Misurová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darina_Misurov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-A-3-2.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lawless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Lawless"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Jurcenkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Jurcenkova"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Misurová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darina_Misurov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vardarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birsel_Vardarl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Vardarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birsel_Vardarl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Yılmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevriye_Y%C4%B1lmaz"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-A-4-2.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bimbaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausra_Bimbaite"},{"link_name":"Sulciute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egle_Sulciute"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Sulciute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egl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A","text":"18 June 2011 12:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nTurkey \n58–64\n Lithuania\nScoring by quarter: 12–19, 10–18, 16–14, 20–13\nPts: Yılmaz 17Rebs: İvegin-Karslı, Çağlar 5Asts: İvegin-Karslı 4\n\nPts: Petronytė 15Rebs: Linkeviciene 8Asts: Linkeviciene 3\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Grzegorz Ziemblicki (POL), Igor Dragojevic (MNE), Moritz Reiter (GER)18 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nRussia \n68–66\n Slovakia\nScoring by quarter: 12–15, 17–19, 23–17, 16–15\nPts: Kuzina 13Rebs: Stepanova 8Asts: Abrosimova, Popova 4\n\nPts: Lawless 15Rebs: Lawless 7Asts: Misurová\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Tomasz Trawicki (POL)19 June 2011 12:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nSlovakia \n60–76\n Turkey\nScoring by quarter: 18–21, 14–17, 9–24, 19–14\nPts: Lawless 15Rebs: Jurcenkova 5Asts: Misurová 4\n\nPts: Vardarlı 20Rebs: Vardarlı 6Asts: Yılmaz 4\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Ingus Baumanis (LAT), Haris Bijedic (BIH)19 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nLithuania \n76–64\n Russia\nScoring by quarter: 16–16, 14–19, 26–17, 20–12\nPts: Bimbaite, Sulciute 20Rebs: Sulciute 8Asts: Linkeviciene 5\n\nPts: Stepanova 17Rebs: Stepanova 13Asts: Stepanova 3\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Carole Delauné (FRA), Antonis Demetriou (CYP)20 June 2011 12:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nSlovakia \n57–46\n Lithuania\nScoring by quarter: 18–8, 13–9, 15–16, 11–13\nPts: Kupcikova 18Rebs: Tetemondová 8Asts: Kupcikova 4\n\nPts: Solopova 14Rebs: Paugaite 6Asts: Valentiene 2\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Tomasz Trawicki (POL), Maka Kupatadze (GEO)20 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nTurkey \n65–80\n Russia\nScoring by quarter: 7–29, 20–16, 15–13, 23–22\nPts: Yılmaz 18Rebs: Yılmaz 4Asts: Vardarlı, Alben, Yılmaz 4\n\nPts: three players 13Rebs: Arteshina 8Asts: Abrosimova 6\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 200Referees: Grzegorz Ziemblicki (POL), Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Fabiana Nitu (ROU)","title":"Preliminary round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-B-2-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Snytsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsiaryna_Snytsina"},{"link_name":"Verameyenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasiya_Verameyenka"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Leuchanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Leuchanka"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Marchanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natallia_Marchanka"},{"link_name":"Trafimava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataliya_Trafimava"},{"link_name":"Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly_Butler"},{"link_name":"Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly_Butler"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-B-1-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Vitecková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Viteckov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Veselá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Vesel%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Elhotova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerina_Elhotova"},{"link_name":"Doron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Doron"},{"link_name":"Shafir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naama_Shafir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-B-4-2.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liron_Cohen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Levitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekaterina_Levitsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liron_Cohen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Doron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Doron"},{"link_name":"Likhtarovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsiana_Likhtarovich"},{"link_name":"Kress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Kress"},{"link_name":"Leuchanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Leuchanka"},{"link_name":"Marchanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natallia_Marchanka"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-B-3-2.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Leedham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannah_Leedham"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azania_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanie_Collins"},{"link_name":"Elhotova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerina_Elhotova"},{"link_name":"Burgrová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilona_Burgrov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bartonova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerina_Bartonova"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-B-6-3.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Leedham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannah_Leedham"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Page"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Stafford"},{"link_name":"Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Page"},{"link_name":"Doron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Doron"},{"link_name":"Doron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Doron"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-B-5-3.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Elhotova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerina_Elhotova"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Elhotova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerina_Elhotova"},{"link_name":"Kulichová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Kulichov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Snytsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsiaryna_Snytsina"},{"link_name":"Leuchanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Leuchanka"},{"link_name":"Leuchanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Leuchanka"},{"link_name":"Marchanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natallia_Marchanka"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"18 June 2011 15:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nBelarus \n55–40\n Great Britain\nScoring by quarter: 14–11, 17–9, 14–8, 10–12\nPts: Snytsina, Verameyenka 10Rebs: Leuchanka 8Asts: Marchanka, Trafimava 5\n\nPts: Butler 8Rebs: Butler 6Asts: four players 2\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Antonis Demetriou (CYP), Fabiana Nitu (ROU)18 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nCzech Republic \n72–56\n Israel\nScoring by quarter: 19–12, 13–10, 20–17, 20–17\nPts: Vitecková 14Rebs: Veselá 10Asts: Elhotova 5\n\nPts: Doron 16Rebs: three players 4Asts: Shafir 3\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Ingus Baumanis (LAT), Carole Delauné (FRA)19 June 2011 15:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nIsrael \n41–68\n Belarus\nScoring by quarter: 12–18, 6–8, 18–21, 5–21\nPts: Cohen 12Rebs: Levitsky 6Asts: Cohen, Doron 2\n\nPts: Likhtarovich 13Rebs: Kress 13Asts: Leuchanka, Marchanka 4\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Grzegorz Ziemblicki (POL), Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Igor Dragojevic (MNE)19 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nGreat Britain \n45–60\n Czech Republic\nScoring by quarter: 13–9, 10–18, 12–21, 10–12\nPts: Leedham 14Rebs: Stewart 6Asts: Collins 4\n\nPts: Elhotova 27Rebs: Burgrová 9Asts: Bartonova 4\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Tomasz Trawicki (POL), Maka Kupatadze (GEO)20 June 2011 15:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nGreat Britain \n74–51\n Israel\nScoring by quarter: 13–11, 24–13, 17–13, 20–14\nPts: Leedham 18Rebs: Page 9Asts: Stafford, Page 5\n\nPts: Doron 15Rebs: three players 4Asts: Doron 3\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Moritz Reiter (GER), Haris Bijedic (BIH)20 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nCzech Republic \n67–62\n Belarus\nScoring by quarter: 23–9, 16–17, 15–20, 13–16\nPts: Elhotova 19Rebs: Elhotova, Kulichová 5Asts: five players 3\n\nPts: Snytsina, Leuchanka 10Rebs: Leuchanka 12Asts: Marchanka 6\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 250Referees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Ingus Baumanis (LAT), Antonis Demetriou (CYP)","title":"Preliminary round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-C-2-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Torrens"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Valdemoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaya_Valdemoro"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Torrens"},{"link_name":"Bär","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romy_B%C3%A4r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bär","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romy_B%C3%A4r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bär","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romy_B%C3%A4r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Menz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tina_Menz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-C-1-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Szott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agnieszka_Szott&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Szott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agnieszka_Szott&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelina_Kobryn"},{"link_name":"DeForge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_DeForge"},{"link_name":"Dubljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Dubljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dubljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Dubljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-C-4-2.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Perovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Perovanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Škerović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_%C5%A0kerovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Dubljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Dubljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Torrens"},{"link_name":"Lyttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Lyttle"},{"link_name":"Dominguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Dominguez"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-C-3-2.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bär","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romy_B%C3%A4r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bär","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romy_B%C3%A4r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bär","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romy_B%C3%A4r&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelina_Kobryn"},{"link_name":"Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelina_Kobryn"},{"link_name":"Pawlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paulina_Pawlak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-C-6-3.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Greunke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Svenja_Greunke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Greunke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Svenja_Greunke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Austmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Austmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bjelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milka_Bjelica"},{"link_name":"Bjelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milka_Bjelica"},{"link_name":"Jovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milica_Jovanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-C-5-3.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelina_Kobryn"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelina_Kobryn"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Pawlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paulina_Pawlak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lyttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Lyttle"},{"link_name":"Pascua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucila_Pascua"},{"link_name":"Lyttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Lyttle"},{"link_name":"Pascua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucila_Pascua"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"}],"sub_title":"Group C","text":"18 June 2011 15:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nSpain \n79–69\n Germany\nScoring by quarter: 21–12, 18–15, 19–22, 21–20\nPts: Torrens 18Rebs: Valdemoro 5Asts: Torrens 4\n\nPts: Bär 14Rebs: Bär 6Asts: Bär, Menz 4\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 400Referees: Aleksandar Glisic (SRB), Aare Halliko (EST), Aliaksandr Syrytsa (BLR)18 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nPoland \n53–70\n Montenegro\nScoring by quarter: 15–18, 11–19, 12–17, 15–16\nPts: Szott 11Rebs: Szott 6Asts: Kobryn 3\n\nPts: DeForge 18Rebs: Dubljević 9Asts: Dubljević 5\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceReferees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Haydn Jones (WAL), Milan Brziak (SVK)19 June 2011 12:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nMontenegro \n66–57\n Spain\nScoring by quarter: 20–13, 19–18, 15–16, 12–10\nPts: Perovanović 18Rebs: Škerović 11Asts: Dubljević 5\n\nPts: Torrens 25Rebs: Lyttle 6Asts: Dominguez 3\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 300Referees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Elena Chernova (RUS), Mindaugas Vecerskis (LTU)19 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nGermany \n60–75\n Poland\nScoring by quarter: 19–23, 11–7, 15–24, 15–21\nPts: Bär 13Rebs: Bär 6Asts: Bär 5\n\nPts: Kobryn 16Rebs: Kobryn 9Asts: Pawlak 5\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 4,000Referees: Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Aare Halliko (EST), Asa Johansson (SWE)20 June 2011 12:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nGermany \n64–76\n Montenegro\nScoring by quarter: 15–25, 15–10, 19–19, 15–22\nPts: Greunke 20Rebs: Greunke 8Asts: Austmann 3\n\nPts: Bjelica 23Rebs: Bjelica 10Asts: Jovanović 3\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 150Referees: Haydn Jones (WAL), Aliaksandr Syrytsa (BLR), Bernard Vassallo (MLT)20 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nPoland \n63–78\n Spain\nScoring by quarter: 20–20, 11–17, 19–13, 13–28\nPts: Kobryn 20Rebs: Kobryn 13Asts: Pawlak 6\n\nPts: Lyttle 18Rebs: Pascua, Lyttle 7Asts: Pascua 4\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 4,300Referees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Elena Chernova (RUS), Milan Brziak (SVK)","title":"Preliminary round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-D-1-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kalentzou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitra_Kalentzou"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Maltsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanthia_Maltsi"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kaltsidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styliani_Kaltsidou"},{"link_name":"Tamane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Tamane"},{"link_name":"Babkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Babkina"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-D-2-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lawson-Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwige_Lawson-Wade"},{"link_name":"Gomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89milie_Gomis"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Gruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Gruda"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ndongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Ndongue"},{"link_name":"Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Pavetić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sena_Paveti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-D-3-2.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ivezić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Ivezi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Kalentzou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitra_Kalentzou"},{"link_name":"Kaltsidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styliani_Kaltsidou"},{"link_name":"Kaltsidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styliani_Kaltsidou"},{"link_name":"Chatzinikolaou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Chatzinikolaou"},{"link_name":"Kaltsidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styliani_Kaltsidou"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-D-4-2.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Overtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Basketball"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Babkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Babkina"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Tamane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Tamane"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kublina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieva_Kublina"},{"link_name":"Miyem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endene_Miyem"},{"link_name":"Ndongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Ndongue"},{"link_name":"Dumerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dumerc"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-D-6-3.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ivezić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Ivezi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ivezić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Ivezi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Basko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunta_Basko"},{"link_name":"Tamane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Tamane"},{"link_name":"Babkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Babkina"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7628-D-5-3.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Maltsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanthia_Maltsi"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kalentzou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitra_Kalentzou"},{"link_name":"Papamichail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagia_Papamichail"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kalentzou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitra_Kalentzou"},{"link_name":"Gruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Gruda"},{"link_name":"Gruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Gruda"},{"link_name":"Beikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9mence_Beikes"},{"link_name":"Gomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89milie_Gomis"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"}],"sub_title":"Group D","text":"18 June 2011 12:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nGreece \n67–57\n Latvia\nScoring by quarter: 16–14, 19–22, 13–10, 19–11\nPts: Kalentzou 20Rebs: Maltsi 12Asts: Kaltsidou 4\n\nPts: three players 12Rebs: Tamane 13Asts: Babkina 7\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceReferees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Sérgio Silva (POR), Asa Johansson (SWE)18 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nFrance \n86–40\n Croatia\nScoring by quarter: 26–16, 22–9, 23–10, 15–5\nPts: Lawson-Wade, Gomis 13Rebs: Gruda 8Asts: Ndongue 4\n\nPts: Mandir 9Rebs: Pavetić 5Asts: Mandir 2\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 2,000Referees: Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Elena Chernova (RUS), Mindaugas Vecerskis (LTU)19 June 2011 15:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nCroatia \n65–63\n Greece\nScoring by quarter: 26–16, 16–13, 11–14, 12–20\nPts: Mandir 19Rebs: Ivezić 9Asts: Mandir 5\n\nPts: Kalentzou, Kaltsidou 14Rebs: Kaltsidou 12Asts: Chatzinikolaou, Kaltsidou 4\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 300Referees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Aliaksandr Syrytsa (BLR), Bernard Vassallo (MLT)19 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nLatvia \n59–56 (OT)\n France\nScoring by quarter: 13–16, 9–12, 14–13, 14–9, Overtime: 9–6\nPts: Babkina 26Rebs: Tamane 15Asts: Kublina 3\n\nPts: Miyem 12Rebs: Ndongue 9Asts: Dumerc 6\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceReferees: Aleksandar Glisic (SRB), Haydn Jones (WAL), Gentian Cici (ALB)20 June 2011 15:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nCroatia \n61–67\n Latvia\nScoring by quarter: 16–20, 25–14, 12–17, 8–16\nPts: Ivezić 14Rebs: Ivezić 6Asts: three players 4\n\nPts: Basko 16Rebs: Tamane 9Asts: Babkina 6\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 300Referees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Aare Halliko (EST), Sérgio Silva (POR)20 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nGreece \n55–64\n France\nScoring by quarter: 13–16, 6–15, 16–15, 20–18\nPts: Maltsi 16Rebs: Kalentzou, Papamichail 6Asts: Kalentzou 3\n\nPts: Gruda 19Rebs: Gruda 8Asts: Beikes, Gomis 3\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 800Referees: Aleksandar Glisic (SRB), Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Gentian Cici (ALB)","title":"Preliminary round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Main round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7629-E-1-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Great 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Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Palazoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C4%9Fba_Palazo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Yılmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevriye_Y%C4%B1lmaz"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Vardarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birsel_Vardarl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Vardarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birsel_Vardarl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Elhotova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerina_Elhotova"},{"link_name":"Veselá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Vesel%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bortelová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veronika_Bortelov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vitecková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Viteckov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/default.asp?cid={80B70C1E-CF16-4AD1-B264-AB49D76C2B19}&compID={CF1BFB60-1462-4EB7-ABFD-6769D7079803}&season=2011&roundID=7622&gameID=7629-E-5-2"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Stafford"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Page"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Page"},{"link_name":"Yılmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevriye_Y%C4%B1lmaz"},{"link_name":"Nevlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevin_Nevlin"},{"link_name":"Kartaltepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilay_Kartaltepe"},{"link_name":"İvegin-Karslı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaziye_%C4%B0vegin-Karsl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/default.asp?cid={80B70C1E-CF16-4AD1-B264-AB49D76C2B19}&compID={CF1BFB60-1462-4EB7-ABFD-6769D7079803}&season=2011&roundID=7622&gameID=7629-E-6-2"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Danilochkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Danilochkina"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Osipova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Osipova"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Arteshina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Arteshina"},{"link_name":"Zrustova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaela_Zrustova"},{"link_name":"Veselá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Vesel%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bartonova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerina_Bartonova"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7629-E-4-2.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Linkeviciene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Linkeviciene"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Linkeviciene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Linkeviciene"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bimbaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausra_Bimbaite"},{"link_name":"Verameyenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasiya_Verameyenka"},{"link_name":"Verameyenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasiya_Verameyenka"},{"link_name":"Verameyenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasiya_Verameyenka"},{"link_name":"Marchanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natallia_Marchanka"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7629-E-8-3.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Danilochkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Danilochkina"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Osipova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Osipova"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Arteshina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Arteshina"},{"link_name":"Osipova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Osipova"},{"link_name":"Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly_Butler"},{"link_name":"Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Page"},{"link_name":"Leedham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannah_Leedham"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7629-E-7-3.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Vitecková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Viteckov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Burgrová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilona_Burgrov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bortelová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veronika_Bortelov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bimbaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausra_Bimbaite"},{"link_name":"Bimbaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausra_Bimbaite"},{"link_name":"Bimbaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausra_Bimbaite"},{"link_name":"Linkeviciene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Linkeviciene"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7629-E-9-3.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Marchanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natallia_Marchanka"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Verameyenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasiya_Verameyenka"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Trafimava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataliya_Trafimava"},{"link_name":"Leuchanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Leuchanka"},{"link_name":"İvegin-Karslı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaziye_%C4%B0vegin-Karsl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Yılmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevriye_Y%C4%B1lmaz"},{"link_name":"Vardarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birsel_Vardarl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Łuczniczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uczniczka"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"}],"sub_title":"Group E","text":"23 June 2011 15:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nGreat Britain \n63–64\n Lithuania\nScoring by quarter: 15–16, 17–14, 17–18, 14–16\nPts: Page 19Rebs: Stewart 9Asts: Stafford 4\n\nPts: Bimbaite 16Rebs: Linkeviciene 7Asts: Linkeviciene 4\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Ingus Baumanis (LAT), Carole Delauné (FRA)23 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nBelarus \n62–51\n Russia\nScoring by quarter: 10–14, 14–11, 26–15, 12–11\nPts: Marchanka 11Rebs: Leuchanka 11Asts: Marchanka 4\n\nPts: Stepanova 12Rebs: Osipova 7Asts: Sapova 3\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 200Referees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Grzegorz Ziemblicki (POL), Moritz Reiter (GER)23 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nTurkey \n51–56\n Czech Republic\nScoring by quarter: 12–18, 10–8, 15–10, 14–20\nPts: Palazoğlu, Yılmaz 11Rebs: Vardarlı 8Asts: Vardarlı 6\n\nPts: Elhotova 19Rebs: Veselá 6Asts: Bortelová, Vitecková 4\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 200Referees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Igor Dragojevic (MNE), Haris Bijedic (BIH)25 June 2011 15:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nGreat Britain \n57–64\n Turkey\nScoring by quarter: 15–17, 12–16, 13–12, 17–19\nPts: Stafford 18Rebs: Page 13Asts: Page 3\n\nPts: Yılmaz 18Rebs: Nevlin 9Asts: Kartaltepe, İvegin-Karslı 3\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 150Referees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Igor Dragojevic (MNE), Maka Kupatadze (GEO)25 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nRussia \n69–55\n Czech Republic\nScoring by quarter: 16–9, 22–13, 13–9, 18–24\nPts: Danilochkina 16Rebs: Osipova 10Asts: Arteshina 4\n\nPts: Zrustova 11Rebs: Veselá 7Asts: Bartonova 4\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 200Referees: Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Tomasz Trawicki (POL), Ingus Baumanis (LAT)25 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nLithuania \n68–50\n Belarus\nScoring by quarter: 13–12, 16–9, 15–17, 24–12\nPts: Linkeviciene 15Rebs: Linkeviciene 11Asts: Bimbaite 4\n\nPts: Verameyenka 13Rebs: Verameyenka 7Asts: Verameyenka, Marchanka 3\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 250Referees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Fabiana Nitu (ROU)27 June 2011 15:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nRussia \n62–59\n Great Britain\nScoring by quarter: 8–20, 14–7, 21–19, 19–13\nPts: Danilochkina 16Rebs: Osipova 12Asts: Arteshina, Osipova 3\n\nPts: Butler 15Rebs: Page, Leedham 8Asts: three players 2\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczReferees: Grzegorz Ziemblicki (POL), Moritz Reiter (GER), Antonis Demetriou (CYP)27 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nCzech Republic \n63–59\n Lithuania\nScoring by quarter: 14–22, 21–14, 14–8, 14–15\nPts: Vitecková 26Rebs: Burgrová 11Asts: Bortelová 9\n\nPts: Bimbaite 15Rebs: Bimbaite 8Asts: Bimbaite, Linkeviciene 3\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 300Referees: Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Paolo Taurino (ITA), Igor Dragojevic (MNE)27 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nBelarus \n56–65\n Turkey\nScoring by quarter: 14–24, 16–10, 4–15, 22–16\nPts: Marchanka 12Rebs: Verameyenka 7Asts: Trafimava, Leuchanka 3\n\nPts: İvegin-Karslı 17Rebs: Yılmaz 11Asts: Vardarlı 7\n\n\n\nŁuczniczka, BydgoszczAttendance: 200Referees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Tomasz Trawicki (POL), Ingus Baumanis (LAT)","title":"Main round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boxscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fibaeurope.com/compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.gameID_7629-F-1-1.html"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mazić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirna_Mazi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Perovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Perovanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"DeForge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_DeForge"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Boxscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fibaeurope.com/compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.gameID_7629-F-3-1.html"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mowlik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El%C5%BCbieta_Mowlik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelina_Kobryn"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelina_Kobryn"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Pawlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paulina_Pawlak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Basko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunta_Basko"},{"link_name":"Tamane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Tamane"},{"link_name":"Babkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Babkina"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Boxscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fibaeurope.com/compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.gameID_7629-F-2-1.html"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Gruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Gruda"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Yacoubou-Dehoui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isabelle_Yacoubou-Dehoui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Dumerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dumerc"},{"link_name":"Montañana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Monta%C3%B1ana"},{"link_name":"Lyttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Lyttle"},{"link_name":"Montañana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Monta%C3%B1ana"},{"link_name":"Lyttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Lyttle"},{"link_name":"Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Boxscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fibaeurope.com/compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.gameID_7629-F-6-2.html"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Montañana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Monta%C3%B1ana"},{"link_name":"Lyttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Lyttle"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lyttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Lyttle"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Montañana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Monta%C3%B1ana"},{"link_name":"Babkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Babkina"},{"link_name":"Kublina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieva_Kublina"},{"link_name":"Basko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunta_Basko"},{"link_name":"Babkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Babkina"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Boxscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fibaeurope.com/compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.gameID_7629-F-5-2.html"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Ivanković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Ivankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Mazić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirna_Mazi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelina_Kobryn"},{"link_name":"Kaczmarczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agnieszka_Kaczmarczyk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mowlik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elzbieta_Mowlik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pawlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paulina_Pawlak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Boxscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fibaeurope.com/compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.gameID_7629-F-4-2.html"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Perovanovič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Perovanovi%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Dubljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Dubljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Turčinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ana_Tur%C4%8Dinovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Škerović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_%C5%A0kerovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Miyem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endene_Miyem"},{"link_name":"Miyem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endene_Miyem"},{"link_name":"Gruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Gruda"},{"link_name":"Dumerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dumerc"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Boxscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fibaeurope.com/compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.gameID_7629-F-9-3.html"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Gomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89milie_Gomis"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Beikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9mence_Beikes"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Beikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9mence_Beikes"},{"link_name":"Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelina_Kobryn"},{"link_name":"Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelina_Kobryn"},{"link_name":"Pawlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paulina_Pawlak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Boxscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fibaeurope.com/compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.gameID_7629-F-8-3.html"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laia_Palau"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Pascua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucila_Pascua"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Mazić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirna_Mazi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ciglar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Ciglar"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Boxscore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fibaeurope.com/compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.gameID_7629-F-7-3.html"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kublina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieva_Kublina"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Tamane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Tamane"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Basko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunta_Basko"},{"link_name":"Dubljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Dubljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dubljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Dubljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dubljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Dubljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"}],"sub_title":"Group F","text":"22 June 2011 15:30\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nCroatia \n60–81\n Montenegro\nScoring by quarter: 17–24, 17–21, 14–15, 12–21\nPts: Mandir 14Rebs: Mazić 8Asts: Mandir 7\n\nPts: Perovanović 25Rebs: three players 15Asts: DeForge 8\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 200Referees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Aare Halliko (EST), Sérgio Silva (POR)22 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nPoland \n53–62\n Latvia\nScoring by quarter: 18–17, 15–12, 7–17, 13–16\nPts: Mowlik, Kobryn 13Rebs: Kobryn 7Asts: Pawlak 4\n\nPts: Basko 19Rebs: Tamane 13Asts: Babkina 7\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 3,000Referees: Aleksandar Glisic (SRB), Elena Chernova (RUS), Gentian Cici (ALB)22 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nFrance \n79–55\n Spain\nScoring by quarter: 17–15, 13–12, 16–21, 33–7\nPts: Gruda 17Rebs: Yacoubou-Dehoui 8Asts: Dumerc 4\n\nPts: Montañana, Lyttle 11Rebs: Montañana, Lyttle 5Asts: Cruz 4\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceReferees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Haydn Jones (WAL), Mindaugas Vecerskis (LTU)24 June 2011 15:30\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nSpain \n66–57\n Latvia\nScoring by quarter: 13–10, 14–13, 19–13, 20–21\nPts: Montañana, Lyttle 16Rebs: Lyttle 9Asts: Montañana 6\n\nPts: Babkina 17Rebs: Kublina 10Asts: Basko, Babkina 3\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 350Referees: Aleksandar Glisic (SRB), Haydn Jones (WAL), Bernard Vassallo (MLT)24 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nCroatia \n64–56\n Poland\nScoring by quarter: 24–21, 20–17, 11–8, 9–10\nPts: Mandir, Ivanković 13Rebs: Mandir, Mazić 9Asts: Mandir 4\n\nPts: Kobryn 17Rebs: Kaczmarczyk 6Asts: Mowlik, Pawlak 2\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 3,000Referees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Milan Brziak (SVK), Aliaksandr Syrytsa (BLR)24 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nMontenegro \n73–68\n France\nScoring by quarter: 22–20, 18–17, 17–18, 16–13\nPts: Perovanovič 22Rebs: Dubljević, Turčinović 6Asts: Škerović 4\n\nPts: Miyem 21Rebs: Miyem, Gruda 5Asts: Dumerc 6\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceReferees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Gentian Cici (ALB)26 June 2011 15:30\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nFrance \n58–54\n Poland\nScoring by quarter: 8–15, 16–4, 15–25, 19–10\nPts: Gomis 15Rebs: Beikes 6Asts: Beikes 3\n\nPts: Kobryn 16Rebs: Kobryn 9Asts: Pawlak 4\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 2,500Referees: Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Mindaugas Vecerskis (LTU), Asa Johansson (SWE)26 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nSpain \n71–75\n Croatia\nScoring by quarter: 18–19, 22–19, 15–16, 16–21\nPts: Palau 19Rebs: Pascua 8Asts: Cruz 4\n\nPts: Mandir 24Rebs: Mazić 15Asts: Ciglar 5\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 1,000Referees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Aare Halliko (EST), Elena Chernova (RUS)26 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nBoxscore\n\n\n\nLatvia \n70–74\n Montenegro\nScoring by quarter: 22–16, 14–29, 12–13, 22–16\nPts: Kublina 16Rebs: Tamane 10Asts: Basko 5\n\nPts: Dubljević 24Rebs: Dubljević 11Asts: Dubljević 6\n\n\n\nSpodek, KatowiceAttendance: 600Referees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Sérgio Silva (POR), Bernard Vassallo (MLT)","title":"Main round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Championship bracket","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"5th place bracket","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7630-46-A-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Babkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Babkina"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kublina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieva_Kublina"},{"link_name":"Tamane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Tamane"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Babkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Babkina"},{"link_name":"Danilochkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Danilochkina"},{"link_name":"Stepanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stepanova"},{"link_name":"Stepanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stepanova"},{"link_name":"Abrosimova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Abrosimova"},{"link_name":"Arena Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7630-43-A-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Vitecková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Viteckov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kulichová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Kulichov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Burgrová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilona_Burgrov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Veselá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Vesel%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Mazić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirna_Mazi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Arena Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7630-45-A-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"DeForge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_DeForge"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Perovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Perovanovi%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Škerović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_%C5%A0kerovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"İvegin-Karslı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaziye_%C4%B0vegin-Karsl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Yılmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevriye_Y%C4%B1lmaz"},{"link_name":"Vardarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birsel_Vardarl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Arena Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7630-44-A-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Sulciute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egle_Sulciute"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Linkeviciene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Linkeviciene"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bimbaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausra_Bimbaite"},{"link_name":"Gomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89milie_Gomis"},{"link_name":"Gruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Gruda"},{"link_name":"Dumerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dumerc"},{"link_name":"Lepron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Lepron"},{"link_name":"Arena Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"}],"sub_title":"Quarterfinals","text":"29 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nLatvia \n72–83\n Russia\nScoring by quarter: 18–23, 19–25, 18–17, 17–18\nPts: Babkina 21Rebs: Kublina, Tamane 6Asts: Babkina 3\n\nPts: Danilochkina 18Rebs: Stepanova 11Asts: Stepanova, Abrosimova 4\n\n\n\nArena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Aleksandar Glisić (SRB), Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Igor Dragojevic (MNE)29 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nCzech Republic \n79–63\n Croatia\nScoring by quarter: 21–13, 15–16, 31–11, 12–23\nPts: Vitecková 17Rebs: Kulichová 9Asts: Burgrová, Veselá 4\n\nPts: Mandir 27Rebs: Mazić 7Asts: Mandir 4\n\n\n\nArena Łódź, ŁódźAttendance: 500Referees: Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Engin Kennerman (TUR), Haydn Jones (WAL)30 June 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nMontenegro \n44–56\n Turkey\nScoring by quarter: 16–11, 11–13, 6–17, 11–15\nPts: DeForge 11Rebs: Perovanović 12Asts: Škerović 5\n\nPts: İvegin-Karslı 14Rebs: Yılmaz 9Asts: Vardarlı 5\n\n\n\nArena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Aare Halliko (EST), Gentian Cici (ALB)30 June 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nLithuania \n58–66\n France\nScoring by quarter: 13–11, 21–22, 8–20, 16–13\nPts: Sulciute 10Rebs: Linkeviciene 5Asts: Bimbaite 3\n\nPts: Gomis 14Rebs: Gruda 8Asts: Dumerc, Lepron 4\n\n\n\nArena Łódź, ŁódźAttendance: 1,500Referees: Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Sérgio Silva (POR)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_8615-47-A-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ivezic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Ivezic"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Karcic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Karcic"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ciglar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Ciglar"},{"link_name":"Tamane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Tamane"},{"link_name":"Kublina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieva_Kublina"},{"link_name":"Tamane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Tamane"},{"link_name":"Arena Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_8615-48-A-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Perovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Perovanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Škerović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_%C5%A0kerovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Škerović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_%C5%A0kerovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Linkeviciene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Linkeviciene"},{"link_name":"Linkeviciene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Linkeviciene"},{"link_name":"Bimbaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausra_Bimbaite"},{"link_name":"Arena Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"}],"sub_title":"Classification round","text":"30 June 2011 15:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nCroatia \n84–75\n Latvia\nScoring by quarter: 15–20, 22–14, 24–18, 23–23\nPts: Ivezic 19Rebs: Karcic 7Asts: Ciglar 9\n\nPts: Tamane 16Rebs: Kublina 13Asts: Tamane 5\n\n\n\nArena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Moritz Reiter (GER), Fabiana Nitu (ROU)1 July 2011 15:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nMontenegro \n68–59\n Lithuania\nScoring by quarter: 14–12, 15–17, 16–24, 23–6\nPts: Perovanović 18Rebs: Škerović 6Asts: Škerović 4\n\nPts: Linkeviciene 15Rebs: Linkeviciene 10Asts: Bimbaite 4\n\n\n\nArena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Grzegorz Ziemblicki (POL), Carole Delauné (FRA)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7631-49-A-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Danilochkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Danilochkina"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Stepanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stepanova"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Abrosimova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Abrosimova"},{"link_name":"Burgrová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilona_Burgrov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Kulichová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Kulichov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Veselá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Vesel%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Kulichová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Kulichov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bartonova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerina_Bartonova"},{"link_name":"Bortelová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veronika_Bortelov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arena Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7631-50-A-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Overtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Basketball"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Nevlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevin_Nevlin"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Yılmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevriye_Y%C4%B1lmaz"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Vardarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birsel_Vardarl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Gomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89milie_Gomis"},{"link_name":"Gomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89milie_Gomis"},{"link_name":"Lawson-Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwige_Lawson-Wade"},{"link_name":"Dumerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dumerc"},{"link_name":"Arena Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"}],"sub_title":"Semifinals","text":"1 July 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nRussia \n85–53\n Czech Republic\nScoring by quarter: 22–18, 17–8, 22–17, 24–10\nPts: Danilochkina 18Rebs: Stepanova 8Asts: Abrosimova 3\n\nPts: Burgrová, Kulichová 10Rebs: Veselá, Kulichová 5Asts: Bartonova, Bortelová 4\n\n\n\nArena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Sinisa Herceg (CRO), Igor Dragojević (MNE), Haydn Jones (WAL)1 July 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nTurkey \n68–62 (OT)\n France\nScoring by quarter: 16–15, 22–16, 11–11, 11–18, Overtime: 8–2\nPts: Nevlin 23Rebs: Yılmaz 11Asts: Vardarlı 5\n\nPts: Gomis 24Rebs: Gomis 9Asts: Lawson-Wade, Dumerc 4\n\n\n\nArena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Panagiotis Anastopoulos (GRE), Ingus Baumanis (LAT)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7632-51-A-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Tamane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Tamane"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Babkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Babkina"},{"link_name":"Bimbaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausra_Bimbaite"},{"link_name":"Sulciute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egle_Sulciute"},{"link_name":"Linkeviciene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Linkeviciene"},{"link_name":"Bimbaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausra_Bimbaite"},{"link_name":"Sulciute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egle_Sulciute"},{"link_name":"Arena Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"}],"sub_title":"Seventh place game","text":"2 July 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nLatvia \n56–75\n Lithuania\nScoring by quarter: 12–20, 6–14, 23–15, 15–26\nPts: three players 10Rebs: Tamane 7Asts: Babkina 4\n\nPts: Bimbaite, Sulciute 15Rebs: Linkeviciene 8Asts: Bimbaite, Sulciute 4\n\n\n\nArena Łódź, ŁódźReferees: Yaari Rainisch (ISR), Gentian Cici (ALB), Carole Delauné (FRA)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7633-52-A-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ivezić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Ivezi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ivezić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Ivezi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Karcic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Karcic"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Ciglar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Ciglar"},{"link_name":"DeForge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_DeForge"},{"link_name":"Dubljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Dubljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Perovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Perovanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Škerović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_%C5%A0kerovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Arena Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"}],"sub_title":"Fifth place game","text":"2 July 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nCroatia \n73–59\n Montenegro\nScoring by quarter: 14–16, 24–19, 17–9, 18–15\nPts: Ivezić 21Rebs: Ivezić, Karcic 8Asts: Ciglar 5\n\nPts: DeForge 18Rebs: Dubljević 10Asts: Perovanović, Škerović 3\n\n\n\nArena Łódź, ŁódźAttendance: 1,000Referees: Engin Kennerman (TUR), Aare Halliko (EST), Sérgio Silva (POR)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7634-53-A-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Elhotova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerina_Elhotova"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bortelová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veronika_Bortelov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bortelová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veronika_Bortelov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Gruda"},{"link_name":"Dumerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dumerc"},{"link_name":"Dumerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dumerc"},{"link_name":"Arena Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"}],"sub_title":"Bronze medal game","text":"3 July 2011 18:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nCzech Republic \n56–63\n France\nScoring by quarter: 20–15, 10–9, 13–19, 13–20\nPts: Elhotova 17Rebs: Bortelová 7Asts: Bortelová 6\n\nPts: Gruda 26Rebs: Dumerc 8Asts: Dumerc 5\n\n\n\nArena Łódź, ŁódźAttendance: 3,000Referees: Paolo Taurino (ITA), Ingus Baumanis (LAT), Fabiana Nitu (ROU)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurobasketwomen2011.com/en/cid_WBSC7iyMIj6oPAj9rsmh61.gameID_7635-54-A-1.compID_pnlxO1HYJhUh,MTfrmUO03.season_2011.roundID_7622.teamID_.html"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Stepanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stepanova"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Stepanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stepanova"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Osipova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Osipova"},{"link_name":"Vardarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birsel_Vardarl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Yılmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevriye_Y%C4%B1lmaz"},{"link_name":"Vardarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birsel_Vardarl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Arena Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Maria Stepanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stepanova"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Nevriye Yılmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevriye_Y%C4%B1lmaz"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Eva Viteckova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Viteckova"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Sandra Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Elena Danilochkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Danilochkina"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_women%27s_national_basketball_team"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"3 July 2011 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nRussia \n59–42\n Turkey\nScoring by quarter: 19–8, 14–15, 13–11, 13–8\nPts: Stepanova 18Rebs: Stepanova 12Asts: Osipova 4\n\nPts: Vardarlı 10Rebs: Yılmaz 5Asts: Vardarlı 4\n\n\n\nArena Łódź, ŁódźAttendance: 5,000Referees: Miguel Anguel Perez Niz (ESP), Ivo Dolinek (CZE), Aleksandar Glišić (SRB)All EuroBasket Women 2011 team:Maria Stepanova ( Russia)\nNevriye Yılmaz ( Turkey)\nEva Viteckova ( Czech Republic)\nSandra Mandir ( Croatia)\nElena Danilochkina ( Russia)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Iva Perovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Perovanovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Ewelina Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelina_Kobryn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Elina Babkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Babkina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Sandra Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Katerina Elhotova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerina_Elhotova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Zane Tamane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Tamane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Maria Stepanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Stepanova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Yelena Leuchanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena_Leuchanka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Iva Perovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Perovanovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Ewelina Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelina_Kobryn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Elina Babkina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Babkina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Veronika Bortelová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veronika_Bortelov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Birsel Vardarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birsel_Vardarl%C4%B1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Natallia Marchanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natallia_Marchanka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Sandra Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Mandir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Sandrine Gruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Gruda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Ewelina Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewelina_Kobryn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Zane Tamane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Tamane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Anastasiya Verameyenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasiya_Verameyenka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ilona Burgrová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilona_Burgrov%C3%A1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Laia Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laia_Palau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Sancho Lyttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Lyttle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Sandra Linkeviciene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Linkeviciene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Jelena Škerović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_%C5%A0kerovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Ausra Bimbaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausra_Bimbaite"}],"text":"Points\n\n\n\n\nName\nPPG\n\n\n Iva Perovanović\n16.4\n\n\n Ewelina Kobryn\n14.7\n\n\n Elina Babkina\n14.4\n\n\n Sandra Mandir\n14.3\n\n\n Katerina Elhotova\n14.2\n\n\n\n\n\nRebounds\n\n\n\n\nName\nRPG\n\n\n Zane Tamane\n9.1\n\n\n Maria Stepanova\n8.9\n\n\n Yelena Leuchanka\n8.2\n\n\n Iva Perovanović\n7.8\n\n\n Ewelina Kobryn\n7.7\n\n\n\n\n\nAssists\n\n\n\n\nName\nAPG\n\n\n Elina Babkina\n4.2\n\n\n Veronika Bortelová\n4.1\n\n\n Birsel Vardarlı\n4.0\n\n\n Natallia Marchanka\n3.8\n\n\n Sandra Mandir\n3.8Blocks\n\n\n\n\nName\nBPG\n\n\n Sandrine Gruda\n1.7\n\n\n Ewelina Kobryn\n1.7\n\n\n Zane Tamane\n1.4\n\n\n Anastasiya Verameyenka\n1.4\n\n\n Ilona Burgrová\n1.2\n\n\n\n\n\nSteals\n\n\n\n\nName\nSPG\n\n\n Laia Palau\n2.7\n\n\n Sancho Lyttle\n2.5\n\n\n Sandra Linkeviciene\n2.4\n\n\n Jelena Škerović\n2.3\n\n\n Ausra Bimbaite\n2.3","title":"Statistical leaders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final standings"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2000

2000

["1 Events","1.1 January","1.2 February","1.3 March","1.4 April","1.5 May","1.6 June","1.7 July","1.8 August","1.9 September","1.10 October","1.11 November","1.12 December","1.13 World population","2 Births and deaths","3 Nobel Prizes","4 See also","5 References"]

This article is about the year 2000. For the number, see 2000 (number). For other uses, see 2000 (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2000" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2000 January February March April May June July August September October November December Clockwise from top-left: a U.S. Air Force MH-53 flies over the Mozambique flood which killed 700–800 people; heads of state meet for the Millennium Summit; the International Space Station in its infant form as seen from STS-97; the 2000 Summer Olympics are held in Sydney, Australia; Russian BTR-80 destroyed by Chechen fighters during the Second Chechen War; an Air France Concorde similar to the one that crashed after takeoff from Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris; the PlayStation 2 releases, later becoming the best-selling video game console of all time; people of the world, as seen here in Times Square, celebrate the New Millennium. Calendar year Millennium: 2nd millennium Centuries: 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades: 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Years: 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2000 by topic Subject Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Aviation Awards Comics Film Literature Poetry Meteorology Music Country Heavy metal Hip hop Jazz Latin Rail transport Radio Science Spaceflight Sports Football Television American Australian Belgian Brazilian British Scottish Canadian Danish Irish Italian Video games By country Afghanistan Argentina Australia Bangladesh Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Greece India Indonesia Ireland Iran Israel Italy Japan Kuwait Luxembourg Malaysia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal Russia Singapore South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Zimbabwe Lists of leaders Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law Birth and death categories Births Deaths Establishments and disestablishments categories Establishments Disestablishments Works category Works Introductions vte 2000 in various calendarsGregorian calendar2000MMAb urbe condita2753Armenian calendar1449ԹՎ ՌՆԽԹAssyrian calendar6750Baháʼí calendar156–157Balinese saka calendar1921–1922Bengali calendar1407Berber calendar2950British Regnal year48 Eliz. 2 – 49 Eliz. 2Buddhist calendar2544Burmese calendar1362Byzantine calendar7508–7509Chinese calendar己卯年 (Earth Rabbit)4697 or 4490    — to —庚辰年 (Metal Dragon)4698 or 4491Coptic calendar1716–1717Discordian calendar3166Ethiopian calendar1992–1993Hebrew calendar5760–5761Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat2056–2057 - Shaka Samvat1921–1922 - Kali Yuga5100–5101Holocene calendar12000Igbo calendar1000–1001Iranian calendar1378–1379Islamic calendar1420–1421Japanese calendarHeisei 12(平成１２年)Javanese calendar1932–1933Juche calendar89Julian calendarGregorian minus 13 daysKorean calendar4333Minguo calendarROC 89民國89年Nanakshahi calendar532Thai solar calendar2543Tibetan calendar阴土兔年(female Earth-Rabbit)2126 or 1745 or 973    — to —阳金龙年(male Iron-Dragon)2127 or 1746 or 974Unix time946684800 – 978307199 Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2000. 2000 (MM) was a century leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2000th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 1000th and last year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 20th century, and the 1st year of the 2000s decade. Calendar year 2000 was designated as the International Year for the Culture of Peace and the World Mathematical Year. Popular culture holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium, because of a tendency to group the years according to decimal values, as if non-existent year zero were counted. According to the Gregorian calendar, these distinctions fall to the year 2001, because the 1st century was retroactively said to start with the year AD 1. Since the Gregorian calendar does not have year zero, its first millennium spanned from years 1 to 1000 inclusively and its second millennium from years 1001 to 2000. (For further information, see century and millennium.) The year 2000 is sometimes abbreviated as "Y2K" (the "Y" stands for "year", and the "K" stands for "kilo" which means "thousand"). The year 2000 was the subject of Y2K concerns, which were fears that computers would not shift from 1999 to 2000 correctly. However, by the end of 1999, many companies had already converted to new, or upgraded, existing software. Some even obtained "Y2K certification". As a result of massive effort, relatively few problems occurred. Events January January 6 – The last naturally conceived Pyrenean ibex is found dead, apparently killed by a falling tree. January 10 – America Online announces an agreement to purchase Time Warner for $162 billion (the largest-ever corporate merger). January 14 The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at 11,722.98 (at the peak of the Dot-com bubble). The United Nations' International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia sentences five Bosnian Croats to up to 25 years in prison for the 1993 killing of more than 100 Bosnian Muslims. January 30 – Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes off the Ivory Coast into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169 people. January 31 – Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crashes off the California coast into the Pacific Ocean; all 88 passengers and crew are killed. February February 5 – Second Chechen War: Novye Aldi massacre – Russian forces summarily execute 56–60 civilians in a suburb of Grozny. February 6 – Second Chechen War: Battle of Grozny (1999–2000) ends as Russian forces conclude capture of the Chechen capital Grozny. February 9 – Torrential rains in Africa led to the worst flooding in Mozambique in 50 years, which lasted until March and killed 800 people. February 13 – Final Peanuts comic is printed in newspapers, preceded by author Charles M. Schulz's death the night before. It was the most popular comic strip in history, running for 50 years. February 17 – Microsoft releases Windows 2000. February 21 – UNESCO holds the inaugural celebration of International Mother Language Day. February 29 – A rare century leap year date occurs. Usually, century years are common years due to not being exactly divisible by 400. 2000 is the first such year to have a February 29 since the year 1600, making it only the second such occasion since the Gregorian Calendar was introduced in 1582. The next such leap year will occur in 2400. March March 4 – Sony releases the PlayStation 2 in Japan to compete with the Dreamcast. It launches in other countries later in the year. March 10 – The NASDAQ Composite Index reaches an all-time high of 5,048. Two weeks later, the NASDAQ-100, S&P 500, and Wilshire 5000 reach their peaks prior to the Dot-com bubble, ending a bull market run that had lasted over 17 years. March 12 Pope John Paul II apologizes for the wrongdoings by members of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the ages. A Zenit-3SL sea launch fails due to a software bug. March 13 – The United States dollar becomes the official currency of Ecuador, replacing the Ecuadorian sucre. March 17 – Uganda mass death: 778 members of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God die in Uganda. March 26 – 2000 Russian presidential election: Vladimir Putin is elected President of Russia. April April 30 – Canonization of Faustina Kowalska in the presence of 200,000 people and the first Divine Mercy Sunday celebrated worldwide. May May 1 – A new class of composite material is fabricated, which has a combination of physical properties never before seen in a natural or human-made material. May 4 – The 7.6 Mw Central Sulawesi earthquake affects Banggai, Indonesia, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong), leaving 46 dead and 264 injured. May 5 After originating in the Philippines, the ILOVEYOU computer virus spreads quickly throughout the world. A rare conjunction of seven celestial bodies (Sun, Moon, planets Mercury–Saturn) occurs during the new moon. May 11 – India's population reaches 1 billion. May 13 A fireworks factory disaster in Enschede, Netherlands, kills 23. Millennium Force opens at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio as the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster May 24 – Real Madrid C.F. defeats Valencia CF 3–0 in the UEFA Champions League Final at Stade de France to win their second title between 1998 and 2002, and their eighth overall. June June 4 – The 7.9 Mw  Enggano earthquake shakes southwestern Sumatra, killing 103 people and injuring at least 2,174. June 10–July 2 – Belgium and the Netherlands jointly host the UEFA Euro 2000 football tournament, which is won by France. June 17 – A centennial earthquake (6.5 on the Richter scale) hits Iceland on its national day. June 21 – Another earthquake hits Iceland more west than the previous centennial earthquake. June 26 – A preliminary draft of genomes, as part of the Human Genome Project, is finished. It is announced at the White House by President Clinton. July July 1 – The Øresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden is officially opened for traffic. July 2 – France defeats Italy 2–1 after extra time in the final of the European Championship, becoming the first team to win the World Cup and European Championship consecutively. July 7 – The draft assembly of Human Genome Project is announced at the White House by US President Bill Clinton, Francis Collins, and Craig Venter. July 10 – In southern Nigeria, a leaking petroleum pipeline explodes, killing about 250 villagers who were scavenging gasoline. July 11–25 – A summit meeting takes place at Camp David between United States president Bill Clinton, Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat, ending without an agreement. July 14 – A powerful solar flare, later named the Bastille Day event, causes a geomagnetic storm on Earth. July 25 – Air France Flight 4590, a Concorde aircraft, crashes into a hotel in Gonesse just after takeoff from Paris, killing all 109 aboard and 4 in the hotel. August August 8 – The Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor. August 12 – The Russian submarine Kursk sinks in the Barents Sea during one of the largest Russian naval exercises since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, resulting in the deaths of all 118 men on board. August 14 – Tsar Nicholas II and his family are canonized by the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church. September September 6 – The last wholly Swedish-owned arms manufacturer, Bofors, is sold to American arms manufacturer United Defense. September 6–8 – World leaders attend the Millennium Summit at U.N. Headquarters. September 7–14 – Fuel protests take place in the United Kingdom, with refineries blockaded, and supply to the country's network of petrol stations halted. September 13 – Steve Jobs introduces the public beta of Mac OS X for US$29.95. September 14 – Microsoft releases Windows Me. September 15 – October 1 – The 2000 Summer Olympics, held in Sydney, Australia, is the first Olympic Games of the 2000s. September 16 – Ukrainian journalist Georgiy Gongadze is last seen alive; this day is taken as the commemoration date of his death. September 26 – The Greek ferry Express Samina sinks off the coast of the island of Paros; 80 out of a total of over 500 passengers perish in one of Greece's worst sea disasters. September 28 – Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount in East Jerusalem, sparking an uprising that became the Second Intifada. October October 3 – Approximate start of Autumn 2000 Western Europe floods (particularly affecting the UK), precipitated by days of heavy rain. October 5 – Mass demonstrations in Belgrade lead to resignation of Yugoslavia's president Slobodan Milošević. October 11 – 250 million US gallons (950,000 m3) of coal sludge spill in Martin County, Kentucky, United States (considered a greater environmental disaster than the Exxon Valdez oil spill). October 12 – In Aden, Yemen, USS Cole is badly damaged by two Al-Qaeda suicide bombers, who place a small boat laden with explosives alongside the United States Navy destroyer, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39. October 17 – A Great North Eastern Railway Intercity 225 Express Train is derailed, killing four people and injuring many others, in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. October 22 The Mainichi Shimbun newspaper exposes Japanese archeologist Shinichi Fujimura as a fraud; Japanese archaeologists had based their treatises on his findings. Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori and Singaporean Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong formally negotiate Japan-Singapore Economic Agreement for a New Age Partnership (JSEPA). October 26 – Pakistani authorities announce that their police have found an apparent mummy of an alleged Persian Princess in the province of Balochistan, Pakistan. The governments of Iran, Pakistan as well as the Taliban of Afghanistan all claim the mummy until Pakistan announces it is a modern-day forgery in April 2001. October 31 Soyuz TM-31 is launched, carrying the first resident crew to the International Space Station. The ISS has been continuously crewed since. Singapore Airlines Flight 006 collides with construction equipment in the Chiang Kai Shek International Airport, resulting in 83 deaths. November November 2 – The first resident crew enters the International Space Station. November 7 – The 2000 United States presidential election: No winner can be declared, prompting a controversial recount in Florida. November 11 – Kaprun disaster, Austria: A funicular fire in an Alpine tunnel kills 155 skiers and snowboarders. November 12 – The United States recognizes the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. November 15 – Bihar was divided into two parts due to Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000, and Jharkhand, the 28th state of India was created. Hence, this day is celebrated as Jharkhand Foundation Day. November 20 – Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru, faxes his resignation from a hotel room in Japan, after fleeing Peru after facing corruption charges. Fujimori would be officially removed from office by Congress on the 22nd. December December 7 – Kadisoka temple is discovered in Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. December 12 – Bush v. Gore: The United States Supreme Court rules that the recount of the 2000 presidential election in Florida should be halted and the original results be certified, thus making George W. Bush the winner of the U.S. presidential election. December 15 – The third and final reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is shut down and the station is shut down completely. December 24 – The Christmas Eve bombings in several churches in Indonesia kill 18 people. December 25 – The Luoyang Christmas fire at a shopping center in China kills 309 people. December 31 – The 20th century and 2nd millennium conclude. World population World population 2000 1995 2005 World 6,070,581,000 5,674,380,000 +396,201,000 +6.98% 6,453,628,000 +383,047,000 +6.31% Africa 795,671,000 707,462,000 +88,209,000 +12.47% 887,964,000 +92,293,000 +11.60% Asia 3,679,737,000 3,430,052,000 +249,685,000 +7.28% 3,917,508,000 +237,771,000 +6.46% Europe 727,986,000 727,405,000 +581,000 +0.08% 724,722,000 −3,264,000 −0.45% Latin America 520,229,000 481,099,000 +39,130,000 +8.13% 558,281,000 +38,052,000 +7.31% Northern America 315,915,000 299,438,000 +16,477,000 +5.50% 332,156,000 +16,241,000 +5.14% Oceania 31,043,000 28,924,000 +2,119,000 +7.33% 32,998,000 +1,955,000 +6.30% Births and deaths Main articles: Births in 2000 and Deaths in 2000 Nobel Prizes Chemistry – Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa Economics – James Heckman and Daniel McFadden Literature – Gao Xingjian Peace – Kim Dae-jung Physics – Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, and Jack Kilby Physiology or Medicine – Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, and Eric Kandel See also Modern history portal 2000 in politics Y2K (disambiguation) Year 2000 problem References ^ "2000: International Year for the Culture of Peace". UNESCO. Archived from the original on January 24, 2001. ^ "Isaac Newton Maths posters in the London Underground". Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2009. ^ "RadioFreeEurope". ^ "Y2K, After the Hype". CalendarHome.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013. ^ Kelley, Tina (December 27, 1999). "'Y2K' Stands for the Year 2000. Now That Wasn't Really Difficult, Was It?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013. ^ Smith, Kiona N. (January 23, 2021). "The Species That Went Extinct Twice". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. ^ Arango, Tim (January 10, 2010). "How the AOL-Time Warner Merger Went So Wrong". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. ^ "Dow Jones". U.S. Securities and Exchanges Commission. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018. ^ "REPORT – Accident which occurred on 30 January 2000 in the sea near Abidjan Airport to the Airbus 310–304 registered 5Y-BEN operated by Kenya Airways" (PDF). Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety. January 25, 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 30, 2019. ^ "Flight 261 Special Report: Alaska Airlines Names Aviation Experts To Conduct Safety Audit". Alaska Airlines. March 24, 2000. Archived from the original on February 12, 2001. Retrieved May 29, 2018. Latest version of rolling report (originally retrieved May 31, 2009) ^ Endless brutality: war crimes in Chechnya. Boston, Mass: Physicians for Human Rights. 2001. p. 58. ISBN 9781879707320. ^ "Putin: 'Grozny liberated'". BBC News. February 7, 2000. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2022. ^ Writers, Jonathan Curiel, Pamela J. Podger, Chronicle Staff (February 14, 2000). "Farewell to Schulz, Peanuts / As comic strip ends, fans mourn..." SFGATE. Retrieved December 26, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Gates Ushers in Next Generation of PC Computing With Launch of Windows 2000". Microsoft. February 17, 2000. ^ "International Mother Language Day". United Nations. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022. ^ "History Of PlayStation: PS1, PS2, PS3, PS4, PS5 - Launch Prices, Specs, Games". PlayStation Universe. November 19, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2023. ^ Fifth Anniversary: Nasdaq's record all-time closing high 5,048.62 Archived November 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 19, 2007. ^ Boudreaux, Richard (March 13, 2000). "Pope Apologizes for Catholic Sins Past and Present". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 15, 2023. ^ Ray, Justin (March 30, 2000). "Sea Launch malfunction blamed on software glitch". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2015. ^ Smith, D. R.; Padilla, WJ; Vier, DC; Nemat-Nasser, SC; Schultz, S (2000). "Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity". Physical Review Letters. 84 (18): 4184–7. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..84.4184S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4184. PMID 10990641. ^ McDonald, Kim (March 21, 2000). "UCSD Physicists Develop a New Class of Composite Material with 'Reverse' Physical Properties Never Before Seen". UCSD Science and Engineering. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2010. ^ "Planetary Alignment of 5 May 2000". Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2013. ^ "Lakeland Ledger - Google News Archive Search". ^ "Ludington Daily News - Google News Archive Search". ^ a b "Historical earthquakes in Iceland – Iceland geology". October 5, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2023. ^ "President Clinton Announces the Completion of the First Survey of the Entire Human Genome". web.ornl.gov (Press release). White House Briefing Room. June 25, 2000. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2013. ^ "BBC News | MIDDLE EAST | Camp David timeline". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on October 27, 2023. Retrieved October 23, 2023. ^ Watari, Shinichi; Kunitake, Manabu; Watanabe, Takashi (January 2001). "The Bastille Day (14 July 2000) event in historical large sun-earth connection events". Solar Physics. 204: 425–438. Bibcode:2001SoPh..204..425W. doi:10.1023/A:1014273227639. S2CID 117394988. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ "Apple Releases Mac OS X Public Beta". Apple.com. Apple Inc. September 13, 2000. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2018. ^ "Microsoft Announces Immediate Availability Of Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me)". News Center. Microsoft. September 14, 2000. ^ "Al-Aqsa Intifada timeline". September 29, 2004. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2023. ^ "How Hatfield changed the railways". BBC News. September 6, 2005. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2016. ^ Munakata, Naoko (December 1, 2001). "Evolution of Japan's Policy Toward Economic Integration". Brookings. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. ^ Harding, Luke (November 26, 2000). "Pakistan and Iran fight over mummified princess". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. ^ "Let the new space era begin". ABC. November 6, 2000. Archived from the original on September 17, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2010. ^ "First crew starts living and working on the International Space Station". European Space Agency. October 31, 2000. Archived from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2021. ^ "Florida recounts votes county by county as candidates wait". CNN.com. November 8, 2000. Archived from the original on November 9, 2000. Retrieved April 16, 2020. ^ Vishnu Konoorayar; V. S. Jaya (2005). Disaster Management and Law. Indian Law Institute. p. 214. ^ Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute. "Kingdom of Serbia/Yugoslavia". A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2020. ^ Bera, Gautam Kumar (2008). The Unrest Axle: Ethno-social Movements in Eastern India. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-8324-145-8. ^ "The Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000". IndianKanoon.org. August 25, 2000. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2023. ^ "Peru's Fujimori resigns". November 20, 2000. Archived from the original on October 6, 2023. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "Peruvian Lawmakers Kick Fujimori Out of Office". The Washington Post. November 22, 2000. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2022. ^ "Bush v. Gore". Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2020. ^ World Population Prospects Archived December 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 19, 2007. vteEvents by month2004 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2003 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2002 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2001 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1999 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1998 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1997 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1996 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1995 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Authority control databases: National Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic

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For the number, see 2000 (number). For other uses, see 2000 (disambiguation).2000\nJanuary\nFebruary\nMarch\nApril\nMay\nJune\nJuly\nAugust\nSeptember\nOctober\nNovember\nDecemberClockwise from top-left: a U.S. Air Force MH-53 flies over the Mozambique flood which killed 700–800 people; heads of state meet for the Millennium Summit; the International Space Station in its infant form as seen from STS-97; the 2000 Summer Olympics are held in Sydney, Australia; Russian BTR-80 destroyed by Chechen fighters during the Second Chechen War; an Air France Concorde similar to the one that crashed after takeoff from Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris; the PlayStation 2 releases, later becoming the best-selling video game console of all time; people of the world, as seen here in Times Square, celebrate the New Millennium.Calendar yearWikimedia Commons has media related to 2000.2000 (MM) was a century leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2000th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 1000th and last year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 20th century, and the 1st year of the 2000s decade.Calendar year2000 was designated as the International Year for the Culture of Peace[1] and the World Mathematical Year.[2]Popular culture holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium[citation needed],[3] because of a tendency to group the years according to decimal values, as if non-existent year zero were counted. According to the Gregorian calendar, these distinctions fall to the year 2001, because the 1st century was retroactively said to start with the year AD 1. Since the Gregorian calendar does not have year zero, its first millennium spanned from years 1 to 1000 inclusively and its second millennium from years 1001 to 2000. (For further information, see century and millennium.)The year 2000 is sometimes abbreviated as \"Y2K\" (the \"Y\" stands for \"year\", and the \"K\" stands for \"kilo\" which means \"thousand\").[4][5] The year 2000 was the subject of Y2K concerns, which were fears that computers would not shift from 1999 to 2000 correctly. However, by the end of 1999, many companies had already converted to new, or upgraded, existing software. Some even obtained \"Y2K certification\". As a result of massive effort, relatively few problems occurred.","title":"2000"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_6"},{"link_name":"Pyrenean ibex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenean_ibex"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"January 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_10"},{"link_name":"America Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"link_name":"Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"January 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_14"},{"link_name":"Dow Jones Industrial Average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average"},{"link_name":"Dot-com bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Croats"},{"link_name":"January 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_30"},{"link_name":"Kenya Airways Flight 431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Airways_Flight_431"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BEA-9"},{"link_name":"January 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_31"},{"link_name":"Alaska Airlines Flight 261","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Airlines_Flight_261"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"January","text":"January 6 – The last naturally conceived Pyrenean ibex is found dead, apparently killed by a falling tree.[6]\nJanuary 10 – America Online announces an agreement to purchase Time Warner for $162 billion (the largest-ever corporate merger).[7]\nJanuary 14\nThe Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at 11,722.98 (at the peak of the Dot-com bubble).[8]\nThe United Nations' International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia sentences five Bosnian Croats to up to 25 years in prison for the 1993 killing of more than 100 Bosnian Muslims.\nJanuary 30 – Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes off the Ivory Coast into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169 people.[9]\nJanuary 31 – Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crashes off the California coast into the Pacific Ocean; all 88 passengers and crew are killed.[10]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"February 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_5"},{"link_name":"Second Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"Novye Aldi massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novye_Aldi_massacre"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"February 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_6"},{"link_name":"Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1999%E2%80%932000)"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya"},{"link_name":"Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"February 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_9"},{"link_name":"worst flooding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Mozambique_flood"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"February 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_13"},{"link_name":"Peanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts"},{"link_name":"Charles M. Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Schulz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"February 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_17"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Windows 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"February 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_21"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"International Mother Language Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"February 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_29"},{"link_name":"century leap year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_leap_year"},{"link_name":"1600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600"},{"link_name":"Gregorian Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar"},{"link_name":"1582","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1582"}],"sub_title":"February","text":"February 5 – Second Chechen War: Novye Aldi massacre – Russian forces summarily execute 56–60 civilians in a suburb of Grozny.[11]\nFebruary 6 – Second Chechen War: Battle of Grozny (1999–2000) ends as Russian forces conclude capture of the Chechen capital Grozny.[12]\nFebruary 9 – Torrential rains in Africa led to the worst flooding in Mozambique in 50 years, which lasted until March and killed 800 people.\nFebruary 13 – Final Peanuts comic is printed in newspapers, preceded by author Charles M. Schulz's death the night before. It was the most popular comic strip in history, running for 50 years.[13]\nFebruary 17 – Microsoft releases Windows 2000.[14]\nFebruary 21 – UNESCO holds the inaugural celebration of International Mother Language Day.[15]\nFebruary 29 – A rare century leap year date occurs. Usually, century years are common years due to not being exactly divisible by 400. 2000 is the first such year to have a February 29 since the year 1600, making it only the second such occasion since the Gregorian Calendar was introduced in 1582. The next such leap year will occur in 2400.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"March 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_4"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Dreamcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamcast"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"March 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_10"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ-100"},{"link_name":"S&P 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500"},{"link_name":"Wilshire 5000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_5000"},{"link_name":"March 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_12"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"apologizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II#Apologies"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Zenit-3SL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit-3SL"},{"link_name":"software bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"March 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_13"},{"link_name":"United States dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Ecuadorian sucre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian_sucre"},{"link_name":"March 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_17"},{"link_name":"Uganda mass death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Uganda_mass_death"},{"link_name":"Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Ten_Commandments_of_God"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"March 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_26"},{"link_name":"2000 Russian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Russian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"President of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"March 4 – Sony releases the PlayStation 2 in Japan to compete with the Dreamcast. It launches in other countries later in the year.[16]\nMarch 10 – The NASDAQ Composite Index reaches an all-time high of 5,048.[17] Two weeks later, the NASDAQ-100, S&P 500, and Wilshire 5000 reach their peaks prior to the Dot-com bubble, ending a bull market run that had lasted over 17 years.\nMarch 12\nPope John Paul II apologizes for the wrongdoings by members of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the ages.[18]\nA Zenit-3SL sea launch fails due to a software bug.[19]\nMarch 13 – The United States dollar becomes the official currency of Ecuador, replacing the Ecuadorian sucre.\nMarch 17 – Uganda mass death: 778 members of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God die in Uganda.\nMarch 26 – 2000 Russian presidential election: Vladimir Putin is elected President of Russia.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"April 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_30"},{"link_name":"Canonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization"},{"link_name":"Faustina Kowalska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska"},{"link_name":"Divine Mercy Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sunday"}],"sub_title":"April","text":"April 30 – Canonization of Faustina Kowalska in the presence of 200,000 people and the first Divine Mercy Sunday celebrated worldwide.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"May 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1"},{"link_name":"composite material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_index_metamaterials#Physical_properties_never_before_produced_in_nature"},{"link_name":"physical properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_property"},{"link_name":"natural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_material"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comp-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCSD-press-release-21"},{"link_name":"May 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_4"},{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw"},{"link_name":"Central Sulawesi earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Banggai_Islands_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Banggai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banggai_regency"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"May 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_5"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"ILOVEYOU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILOVEYOU"},{"link_name":"celestial bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_bodies"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet)"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"new moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_moon"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"May 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_11"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"May 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_13"},{"link_name":"fireworks factory disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enschede_fireworks_disaster"},{"link_name":"Enschede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enschede"},{"link_name":"Millennium Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Force"},{"link_name":"Cedar Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Point"},{"link_name":"Sandusky, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandusky,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"May 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_24"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid C.F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F."},{"link_name":"Valencia CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_UEFA_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Stade de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France"}],"sub_title":"May","text":"May 1 – A new class of composite material is fabricated, which has a combination of physical properties never before seen in a natural or human-made material.[20][21]\nMay 4 – The 7.6 Mw Central Sulawesi earthquake affects Banggai, Indonesia, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong), leaving 46 dead and 264 injured.\nMay 5\nAfter originating in the Philippines, the ILOVEYOU computer virus spreads quickly throughout the world.\nA rare conjunction of seven celestial bodies (Sun, Moon, planets Mercury–Saturn) occurs during the new moon.[22]\nMay 11 – India's population reaches 1 billion.[23][24]\nMay 13\nA fireworks factory disaster in Enschede, Netherlands, kills 23.\nMillennium Force opens at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio as the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster\nMay 24 – Real Madrid C.F. defeats Valencia CF 3–0 in the UEFA Champions League Final at Stade de France to win their second title between 1998 and 2002, and their eighth overall.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"June 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_4"},{"link_name":"Enggano earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Enggano_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"June 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_10"},{"link_name":"July 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"June 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_17"},{"link_name":"centennial earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Iceland_earthquakes"},{"link_name":"Richter scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"June 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"June 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_26"},{"link_name":"genomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"Human Genome Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"June","text":"June 4 – The 7.9 Mw  Enggano earthquake shakes southwestern Sumatra, killing 103 people and injuring at least 2,174.\nJune 10–July 2 – Belgium and the Netherlands jointly host the UEFA Euro 2000 football tournament, which is won by France.\nJune 17 – A centennial earthquake (6.5 on the Richter scale) hits Iceland on its national day.[25]\nJune 21 – Another earthquake hits Iceland more west than the previous centennial earthquake.[25]\nJune 26 – A preliminary draft of genomes, as part of the Human Genome Project, is finished. It is announced at the White House by President Clinton.[26]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"July 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1"},{"link_name":"Øresund Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"July 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000"},{"link_name":"July 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_7"},{"link_name":"Human Genome Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Francis Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Collins"},{"link_name":"Craig Venter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Venter"},{"link_name":"July 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_10"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline"},{"link_name":"July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_6"},{"link_name":"25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_8"},{"link_name":"summit meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit"},{"link_name":"Camp David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Ehud Barak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehud_Barak"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"July 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_14"},{"link_name":"solar flare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_flare"},{"link_name":"Bastille Day event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille_Day_solar_storm"},{"link_name":"geomagnetic storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"July 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_25"},{"link_name":"Air France Flight 4590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"Gonesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonesse"},{"link_name":"takeoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeoff"}],"sub_title":"July","text":"July 1 – The Øresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden is officially opened for traffic.\nJuly 2 – France defeats Italy 2–1 after extra time in the final of the European Championship, becoming the first team to win the World Cup and European Championship consecutively.\nJuly 7 – The draft assembly of Human Genome Project is announced at the White House by US President Bill Clinton, Francis Collins, and Craig Venter.\nJuly 10 – In southern Nigeria, a leaking petroleum pipeline explodes, killing about 250 villagers who were scavenging gasoline.\nJuly 11–25 – A summit meeting takes place at Camp David between United States president Bill Clinton, Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat, ending without an agreement.[27]\nJuly 14 – A powerful solar flare, later named the Bastille Day event, causes a geomagnetic storm on Earth.[28]\nJuly 25 – Air France Flight 4590, a Concorde aircraft, crashes into a hotel in Gonesse just after takeoff from Paris, killing all 109 aboard and 4 in the hotel.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"August 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_8"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"H. L. Hunley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Hunley_(submarine)"},{"link_name":"August 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_12"},{"link_name":"Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_Kursk_(K-141)"},{"link_name":"sinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk_submarine_disaster"},{"link_name":"Barents Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barents_Sea"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"August 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14"},{"link_name":"Tsar Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"}],"sub_title":"August","text":"August 8 – The Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor.\nAugust 12 – The Russian submarine Kursk sinks in the Barents Sea during one of the largest Russian naval exercises since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, resulting in the deaths of all 118 men on board.\nAugust 14 – Tsar Nicholas II and his family are canonized by the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"September 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_6"},{"link_name":"arms manufacturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_industry"},{"link_name":"Bofors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors"},{"link_name":"United Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Defense"},{"link_name":"September 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_6"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_8"},{"link_name":"Millennium Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Summit"},{"link_name":"September 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_7"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_14"},{"link_name":"Fuel protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"September 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_13"},{"link_name":"Steve Jobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs"},{"link_name":"public beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"September 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_14"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Windows Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Me"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"September 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_15"},{"link_name":"October 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"September 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_16"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Georgiy Gongadze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiy_Gongadze"},{"link_name":"September 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_26"},{"link_name":"Express Samina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Express_Samina"},{"link_name":"Paros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paros"},{"link_name":"September 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_28"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Ariel Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon"},{"link_name":"Temple Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount"},{"link_name":"Second Intifada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"September","text":"September 6 – The last wholly Swedish-owned arms manufacturer, Bofors, is sold to American arms manufacturer United Defense.\nSeptember 6–8 – World leaders attend the Millennium Summit at U.N. Headquarters.\nSeptember 7–14 – Fuel protests take place in the United Kingdom, with refineries blockaded, and supply to the country's network of petrol stations halted.\nSeptember 13 – Steve Jobs introduces the public beta of Mac OS X for US$29.95.[29]\nSeptember 14 – Microsoft releases Windows Me.[30]\nSeptember 15 – October 1 – The 2000 Summer Olympics, held in Sydney, Australia, is the first Olympic Games of the 2000s.\nSeptember 16 – Ukrainian journalist Georgiy Gongadze is last seen alive; this day is taken as the commemoration date of his death.\nSeptember 26 – The Greek ferry Express Samina sinks off the coast of the island of Paros; 80 out of a total of over 500 passengers perish in one of Greece's worst sea disasters.\nSeptember 28 – Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount in East Jerusalem, sparking an uprising that became the Second Intifada.[31]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"October 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_3"},{"link_name":"Autumn 2000 Western Europe floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_2000_Western_Europe_floods"},{"link_name":"October 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_5"},{"link_name":"Mass demonstrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Slobodan Milošević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"October 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_11"},{"link_name":"spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_County_coal_slurry_spill"},{"link_name":"Martin County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Exxon Valdez oil spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill"},{"link_name":"October 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_12"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"USS Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cole_(DDG-67)"},{"link_name":"badly damaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing"},{"link_name":"Al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"suicide bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_attack"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"October 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_17"},{"link_name":"Great North Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Intercity 225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity_225"},{"link_name":"is derailed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatfield_rail_crash"},{"link_name":"Hatfield, Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"October 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_22"},{"link_name":"Mainichi Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"Shinichi Fujimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinichi_Fujimura"},{"link_name":"Yoshiro Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiro_Mori"},{"link_name":"Goh Chok Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"October 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_26"},{"link_name":"Persian Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Princess"},{"link_name":"Balochistan, Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"October 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_31"},{"link_name":"Soyuz TM-31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_TM-31"},{"link_name":"the first resident crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_1"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Singapore Airlines Flight 006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Airlines_Flight_006"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai Shek International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai_Shek_International_Airport"}],"sub_title":"October","text":"October 3 – Approximate start of Autumn 2000 Western Europe floods (particularly affecting the UK), precipitated by days of heavy rain.\nOctober 5 – Mass demonstrations in Belgrade lead to resignation of Yugoslavia's president Slobodan Milošević.\nOctober 11 – 250 million US gallons (950,000 m3) of coal sludge spill in Martin County, Kentucky, United States (considered a greater environmental disaster than the Exxon Valdez oil spill).\nOctober 12 – In Aden, Yemen, USS Cole is badly damaged by two Al-Qaeda suicide bombers, who place a small boat laden with explosives alongside the United States Navy destroyer, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39.\nOctober 17 – A Great North Eastern Railway Intercity 225 Express Train is derailed, killing four people and injuring many others, in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.[32]\nOctober 22\nThe Mainichi Shimbun newspaper exposes Japanese archeologist Shinichi Fujimura as a fraud; Japanese archaeologists had based their treatises on his findings.\nJapanese Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori and Singaporean Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong formally negotiate Japan-Singapore Economic Agreement for a New Age Partnership (JSEPA).[33]\nOctober 26 – Pakistani authorities announce that their police have found an apparent mummy of an alleged Persian Princess in the province of Balochistan, Pakistan. The governments of Iran, Pakistan as well as the Taliban of Afghanistan all claim the mummy until Pakistan announces it is a modern-day forgery in April 2001.[34]\nOctober 31\nSoyuz TM-31 is launched, carrying the first resident crew to the International Space Station. The ISS has been continuously crewed since.[35]\nSingapore Airlines Flight 006 collides with construction equipment in the Chiang Kai Shek International Airport, resulting in 83 deaths.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"November 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"November 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_7"},{"link_name":"2000 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"recount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"November 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_11"},{"link_name":"Kaprun disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaprun_disaster"},{"link_name":"funicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"November 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_12"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"November 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_Reorganisation_Act,_2000"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"state of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_India"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"November 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_20"},{"link_name":"Alberto Fujimori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori"},{"link_name":"President of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"November","text":"November 2 – The first resident crew enters the International Space Station.[36]\nNovember 7 – The 2000 United States presidential election: No winner can be declared, prompting a controversial recount in Florida.[37]\nNovember 11 – Kaprun disaster, Austria: A funicular fire in an Alpine tunnel kills 155 skiers and snowboarders.[38]\nNovember 12 – The United States recognizes the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[39]\nNovember 15 – Bihar was divided into two parts due to Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000, and Jharkhand, the 28th state of India was created. Hence, this day is celebrated as Jharkhand Foundation Day.[40][41]\nNovember 20 – Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru, faxes his resignation from a hotel room in Japan, after fleeing Peru after facing corruption charges.[42] Fujimori would be officially removed from office by Congress on the 22nd.[43]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"December 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_7"},{"link_name":"Kadisoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadisoka"},{"link_name":"December 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_12"},{"link_name":"Bush v. Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_v._Gore"},{"link_name":"rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_v._Gore"},{"link_name":"recount of the 2000 presidential election in Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"George W. 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Gore: The United States Supreme Court rules that the recount of the 2000 presidential election in Florida should be halted and the original results be certified, thus making George W. Bush the winner of the U.S. presidential election.[44]\nDecember 15 – The third and final reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is shut down and the station is shut down completely.\nDecember 24 – The Christmas Eve bombings in several churches in Indonesia kill 18 people.\nDecember 25 – The Luoyang Christmas fire at a shopping center in China kills 309 people.\nDecember 31 – The 20th century and 2nd millennium conclude.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World population","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Births and deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_medal.png"},{"link_name":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Alan J. Heeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger"},{"link_name":"Alan MacDiarmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid"},{"link_name":"Hideki Shirakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa"},{"link_name":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"},{"link_name":"James Heckman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Heckman"},{"link_name":"Daniel McFadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_McFadden"},{"link_name":"Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"Gao Xingjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian"},{"link_name":"Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Kim Dae-jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung"},{"link_name":"Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"Zhores Alferov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferov"},{"link_name":"Herbert Kroemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer"},{"link_name":"Jack Kilby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kilby"},{"link_name":"Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Arvid Carlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson"},{"link_name":"Paul Greengard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengard"},{"link_name":"Eric Kandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Kandel"}],"text":"Chemistry – Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa\nEconomics – James Heckman and Daniel McFadden\nLiterature – Gao Xingjian\nPeace – Kim Dae-jung\nPhysics – Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, and Jack Kilby\nPhysiology or Medicine – Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, and Eric Kandel","title":"Nobel Prizes"}]

[{"image_text":"Clockwise from top-left: a U.S. Air Force MH-53 flies over the Mozambique flood which killed 700–800 people; heads of state meet for the Millennium Summit; the International Space Station in its infant form as seen from STS-97; the 2000 Summer Olympics are held in Sydney, Australia; Russian BTR-80 destroyed by Chechen fighters during the Second Chechen War; an Air France Concorde similar to the one that crashed after takeoff from Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris; the PlayStation 2 releases, later becoming the best-selling video game console of all time; people of the world, as seen here in Times Square, celebrate the New Millennium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2000_Events_Collage_2.0.jpg/300px-2000_Events_Collage_2.0.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/120px-Nobel_medal.png"}]

[{"title":"Modern history portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Modern_history"},{"title":"2000 in politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_politics"},{"title":"Y2K (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y2K_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Year 2000 problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2000_problem"}]

[{"reference":"\"2000: International Year for the Culture of Peace\". UNESCO. Archived from the original on January 24, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010124051400/http://www3.unesco.org/iycp/","url_text":"\"2000: International Year for the Culture of Peace\""},{"url":"http://www3.unesco.org/iycp/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Isaac Newton Maths posters in the London Underground\". Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131010060459/http://www.newton.ac.uk/wmy2kposters/","url_text":"\"Isaac Newton Maths posters in the London Underground\""},{"url":"http://www.newton.ac.uk/wmy2kposters/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RadioFreeEurope\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/1095427.html","url_text":"\"RadioFreeEurope\""}]},{"reference":"\"Y2K, After the Hype\". CalendarHome.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130831075015/http://calendarhome.com/clink/y2000.html","url_text":"\"Y2K, After the Hype\""},{"url":"http://www.calendarhome.com/clink/y2000.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kelley, Tina (December 27, 1999). \"'Y2K' Stands for the Year 2000. Now That Wasn't Really Difficult, Was It?\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/27/nyregion/y2k-stands-for-the-year-2000-now-that-wasn-t-really-difficult-was-it.html","url_text":"\"'Y2K' Stands for the Year 2000. Now That Wasn't Really Difficult, Was It?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002222719/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/27/nyregion/y2k-stands-for-the-year-2000-now-that-wasn-t-really-difficult-was-it.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Kiona N. (January 23, 2021). \"The Species That Went Extinct Twice\". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2021/01/23/the-species-that-went-extinct-twice","url_text":"\"The Species That Went Extinct Twice\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210131073011/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2021/01/23/the-species-that-went-extinct-twice/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Arango, Tim (January 10, 2010). \"How the AOL-Time Warner Merger Went So Wrong\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/business/media/11merger.html","url_text":"\"How the AOL-Time Warner Merger Went So Wrong\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100124024239/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/business/media/11merger.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dow Jones\". U.S. Securities and Exchanges Commission. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/357298/000035729801500016/dowjones.html","url_text":"\"Dow Jones\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180726071917/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/357298/000035729801500016/dowjones.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"REPORT – Accident which occurred on 30 January 2000 in the sea near Abidjan Airport to the Airbus 310–304 registered 5Y-BEN operated by Kenya Airways\" (PDF). Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety. January 25, 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bea.aero/docspa/2000/5y-n000130a/pdf/5y-n000130a.pdf","url_text":"\"REPORT – Accident which occurred on 30 January 2000 in the sea near Abidjan Airport to the Airbus 310–304 registered 5Y-BEN operated by Kenya Airways\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053439/https://www.bea.aero/docspa/2000/5y-n000130a/pdf/5y-n000130a.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Flight 261 Special Report: Alaska Airlines Names Aviation Experts To Conduct Safety Audit\". Alaska Airlines. March 24, 2000. Archived from the original on February 12, 2001. Retrieved May 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010212073412/http://www.alaskaair.com/E_latest.asp","url_text":"\"Flight 261 Special Report: Alaska Airlines Names Aviation Experts To Conduct Safety Audit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Airlines","url_text":"Alaska Airlines"},{"url":"http://www.alaskaair.com/E_latest.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Endless brutality: war crimes in Chechnya. Boston, Mass: Physicians for Human Rights. 2001. p. 58. ISBN 9781879707320.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781879707320","url_text":"9781879707320"}]},{"reference":"\"Putin: 'Grozny liberated'\". BBC News. February 7, 2000. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/632767.stm","url_text":"\"Putin: 'Grozny liberated'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170818175746/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/632767.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Writers, Jonathan Curiel, Pamela J. Podger, Chronicle Staff (February 14, 2000). \"Farewell to Schulz, Peanuts / As comic strip ends, fans mourn...\" SFGATE. Retrieved December 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Farewell-to-Schulz-Peanuts-As-comic-strip-3240791.php","url_text":"\"Farewell to Schulz, Peanuts / As comic strip ends, fans mourn...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gates Ushers in Next Generation of PC Computing With Launch of Windows 2000\". Microsoft. February 17, 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.microsoft.com/2000/02/17/gates-ushers-in-next-generation-of-pc-computing-with-launch-of-windows-2000/","url_text":"\"Gates Ushers in Next Generation of PC Computing With Launch of Windows 2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]},{"reference":"\"International Mother Language Day\". United Nations. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/en/observances/mother-language-day","url_text":"\"International Mother Language Day\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220701183121/https://www.un.org/en/observances/mother-language-day/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History Of PlayStation: PS1, PS2, PS3, PS4, PS5 - Launch Prices, Specs, Games\". PlayStation Universe. November 19, 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fahey_(musician)

John Fahey (musician)

["1 Life and career","1.1 Early years: 1939–1959","1.2 1960s and early 1970s","1.3 Later years","1.4 Paintings","2 Documentaries","3 Discography","4 Written works","5 References","6 External links"]

American fingerstyle guitarist (1939–2001) John FaheyFahey performing in Paris, 1984Background informationBirth nameJohn Aloysius FaheyBorn(1939-02-28)February 28, 1939Washington, D.C.DiedFebruary 22, 2001(2001-02-22) (aged 61)Salem, OregonGenres American primitive guitar folk avant-garde country blues Occupation(s)GuitaristInstrument(s)GuitarYears active1959–2001LabelsTakoma, Vanguard, Reprise, Table of the Elements, Varrick, RevenantMusical artist John Aloysius Fahey (/ˈfeɪhi/ FAY-hee; February 28, 1939 – February 22, 2001) was an American fingerstyle guitarist and composer who played the steel-string acoustic guitar as a solo instrument. His style has been enormously influential and has been described as the foundation of the genre of American primitive guitar, a term borrowed from painting and referring mainly to the self-taught nature of the music and its minimalist style. Fahey borrowed from the folk and blues traditions in American roots music, having compiled many forgotten early recordings in these genres. He would later incorporate 20th-century classical, Portuguese, Brazilian, and Indian influences into his work. Fahey spent many of his later years in poverty and poor health, but enjoyed a minor career resurgence in the late 1990s, with a turn towards the avant-garde. He also created a series of abstract paintings in his final years. Fahey died in 2001 from complications from heart surgery. In 2003, he was ranked 35th on Rolling Stone magazine's "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" list. In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Fahey as 40th greatest guitarist of all time. Life and career Early years: 1939–1959 Fahey and his mother, Takoma Park, Maryland, 1945 Fahey was born into a musical household in Washington, D.C. in 1939. Both his father, Aloysius John Fahey, and his mother, Jane (née Cooper), played the piano. In 1945, the family moved to the Washington suburb of Takoma Park, Maryland, where his father lived until his death in 1994. On weekends, the family attended performances of the top country and bluegrass acts of the day, but it was hearing Bill Monroe's version of Jimmie Rodgers' "Blue Yodel No. 7" on the radio that ignited the young Fahey's passion for music. In 1952, after being impressed by guitarist Frank Hovington, whom he met while on a fishing trip, he purchased his first guitar for $17 from a Sears, Roebuck Catalog. Along with his budding interest in the guitar, Fahey was attracted to record-collecting. While his tastes ran mainly in the bluegrass and country vein, Fahey discovered his love of early blues upon hearing Blind Willie Johnson's "Praise God I'm Satisfied" on a record-collecting trip to Baltimore with his friend and mentor, the musicologist Richard K. Spottswood. Much later, Fahey compared the experience to a religious conversion; he remained a devout disciple of the blues for the rest of his life. As his guitar-playing and composing progressed, Fahey developed a style that blended the picking patterns he discovered on old blues 78s with the dissonance of 20th-century classical composers he loved, such as Charles Ives and Béla Bartók. In 1958, Fahey made his first recordings. These were for his friend Joe Bussard's amateur Fonotone label and were recorded under both the pseudonym "Blind Thomas" and under his own name. These recordings, individually pressed in very small runs, were reissued in 2011 as a box set under the title Your Past Comes Back To Haunt You: The Fonotone Years 1958–1965. In 1959, Fahey recorded at St. Michaels and All Angels Church in Adelphi, Maryland, and that material would become the first Takoma record. Having no idea how to approach professional record companies and being convinced they would be uninterested, Fahey decided to issue his first album himself, using some cash saved from his gas station attendant job at Martin's Esso and some borrowed from Donald W. Seaton, an Episcopal priest at St. Michaels and All Angels. Thus was born Takoma Records, named in honor of his hometown. One hundred copies of this first album were pressed. On one side of the sleeve was the name "John Fahey"; on the other, "Blind Joe Death"—a humorous nickname given to him by his fellow blues fans. He attempted to sell these albums himself. Some he gave away, some he snuck into thrift stores and blues sections of local record shops, and some he sent to folk music scholars, a few of whom were fooled into thinking that there really was a living old blues singer called Blind Joe Death. It took three years for Fahey to sell the remainder of the records. After graduating from American University with a degree in philosophy and religion, Fahey moved to California in 1963 to study philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. Arriving on campus, Fahey, ever the outsider, began to feel dissatisfied with the program's curriculum. He later suggested that studying philosophy had been a mistake and that what he had wanted to understand was really psychology. He was equally unimpressed with Berkeley's post-Beat Generation, proto-hippie music scene, loathing in particular the Pete Seeger–inspired folk-music revivalists he found himself classed with. Eventually, Fahey moved south to Los Angeles to join UCLA's folklore master's program at the invitation of department head D. K. Wilgus, and received an M.A. in folklore in 1966. Fahey's master's thesis on the music of Charley Patton was later published by Studio Vista in 1970. He completed it with the musicological assistance of his friend Alan Wilson, who later joined Canned Heat. 1960s and early 1970s Fahey in studio with Recording King guitar, c. 1970 While Fahey lived in Berkeley, Takoma Records was reborn through a collaboration with Maryland friend ED Denson. Fahey decided to track down blues legend Bukka White by sending a postcard to Aberdeen, Mississippi; White had sung that Aberdeen was his hometown, and Mississippi John Hurt had been rediscovered using a similar method. When White responded, Fahey and ED Denson decided to travel to Memphis and record White. These recordings became the first non-Fahey Takoma release. Fahey released a second album on the label in late 1963, Death Chants, Breakdowns and Military Waltzes. To the duo's surprise, the Fahey release sold better than White's, and Fahey had the beginnings of a career. His releases during the mid-1960s employed odd guitar tunings and sudden shifts in style firmly rooted in the old-time and blues stylings of the 1920s. But he was not simply a copyist, as compositions such as "When the Catfish Is in Bloom" or "Stomping Tonight on the Pennsylvania/Alabama Border" demonstrate. Fahey described the latter piece as follows:The opening chords are from the last movement of Vaughan Williams' Sixth Symphony. It goes from there to a Skip James motif. Following that it moves to a Gregorian chant, "Dies Irae". It's the most scary one in the Episcopal hymn books, it's all about the day of judgment. Then it returns to the Vaughan Williams chords, followed by a blues run of undetermined origin, then back to Skip James and so forth.A hallmark of his classic releases was the inclusion of lengthy liner notes, parodying those found on blues releases. In the later half of the 1960s, Fahey continued to issue material through Takoma as well as Vanguard Records, which had signed him along with similar instrumental folk guitarists Sandy Bull and Peter Walker. Albums from this period, such as Days Have Gone By, The Voice of the Turtle, Requia, and The Yellow Princess, found Fahey making sound collages from such elements as gamelan music, Tibetan chanting, animal and bird cries and singing bridges. In 1967, Fahey recorded with Texas psych-rock trio The Red Crayola at the 1967 Berkeley Folk Festival, music that resurfaced on the 1998 Drag City release The Red Krayola: Live 1967. The Red Crayola subsequently recorded an entire studio album with Fahey, but the Red Crayola's label demanded possession of the tapes and recorded documentation of those sessions has been missing ever since. He married his first wife Jan in 1969, traveling back to Maryland for his nuptials. During the spring of 1969, Fahey performed several East Coast shows, including several nights at the world renowned Cellar Door in Georgetown. In the summer, he toured the South and appeared at the Memphis Country Blues Festival on June 6 and 7th. Fahey is immersed in country blues, from which he drives his own unique guitar music—eerie, funny, stately, and incredibly calm. The best tranquilizing music I know, because instead of palming off a fantasy of sodden deliverance it seems to speak of real reserves of self-control inside the American psyche. — Of Rivers and Religion, reviewed in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981) In addition to his own creative output, Fahey expanded the Takoma label, discovering fellow guitarists Leo Kottke, Robbie Basho, Bola Sete and Peter Lang, as well as an emerging pianist in George Winston. Kottke's debut release on the label, 6- and 12-String Guitar, ultimately proved to be the most successful of the crop, selling more than 500,000 copies. Other artists with albums on the label included Mike Bloomfield, The Fabulous Thunderbirds, Maria Muldaur, Michael Gulezian, and Canned Heat. In 1979, Fahey sold Takoma to Chrysalis Records. Jon Monday, who had been the general manager of the label since 1970, was the only employee to go with the new company. Chrysalis eventually sold the rights to the albums, and Takoma was in limbo until bought by Fantasy Records in 1995. Later years By the mid-1970s, Fahey's output had abated and he had begun to suffer from a drinking problem. He lost his home in the dissolution of his first marriage, remarried, divorced again, and moved to Salem, Oregon, in 1981 to live with his third wife, Melody. He soon met Portland guitarist Terry Robb who would serve as his producer, arranger and accompanist on several albums for Varrick, a subsidiary of Rounder Records. In 1986, Fahey contracted Epstein-Barr syndrome, a long-lasting viral infection, which exacerbated his diabetes and other health problems. He continued to perform in and around the Salem area, and was managed by friends David Finke and his wife Pam. The trio attempted to keep Fahey's career afloat through radio appearances and performances at small venues. Fahey broke up with his third wife, and his life began to spiral downward. He made what appeared to be his last album in 1990. Although he had recovered from Epstein-Barr syndrome after five years, he would spend much of the early 1990s living in poverty, mostly in cheap motels. Gigs had dried up because of his health problems. He paid his rent by pawning guitars and reselling rare records he found in thrift stores. Following a 1994 entry on Fahey in Spin magazine's spin-off Alternative Record Guide, Fahey learned that he now had a whole new audience, which included the alternative bands Sonic Youth and Cul de Sac and the avant-garde musician Jim O'Rourke. A lengthy article in Spin magazine by Byron Coley, "The Persecutions and Resurrections of Blind Joe Death", combined with a two-disc retrospective, The Return of the Repressed, revived Fahey's career. New releases started to appear rapidly, alongside reissues, by Fantasy Records, of all the early Takoma releases. O'Rourke went on to produce a Fahey album, Womblife, in 1997. That same year, Fahey recorded an album with Cul de Sac, The Epiphany of Glenn Jones, named for the band's lead guitarist. Fahey's passion for traditional folklore did not subside. After the death of his father in 1995, Fahey used his inheritance to form another label, Revenant Records, to focus on reissuing obscure recordings of early blues, old-time music, and anything else that took his fancy. In 1997, Revenant issued its first crop of releases, including albums by the British guitarist Derek Bailey, the American pianist Cecil Taylor, Jim O'Rourke, bluegrass pioneers The Stanley Brothers, old-time banjo legend Dock Boggs, Rick Bishop of Sun City Girls, and the slide guitarist Jenks "Tex" Carman. The label's most famous release would prove to be Screamin' and Hollerin' the Blues: The Worlds of Charley Patton, a seven-disc retrospective of Charley Patton and his contemporaries. It won three Grammy awards in 2003. Fahey, for his part, won a Grammy in 1997 for his contributions to the liner notes of Revenant's Anthology of American Folk Music, Vol. 4. In February 2001, six days before his 62nd birthday, Fahey died at Salem Hospital after undergoing a sextuple coronary bypass. In 2006, no fewer than four Fahey tribute albums were released as a testament to his reputation as a "giant of 20th century American music". Paintings During the later years of his life, Fahey painted a series of abstract paintings. Many of these were exhibited from July 10 to September 12, 2010, at The East Village, New York, presented by John Andrew and Audio Visual Arts (AVA). The exhibit featured 55 paintings, ranging in size from 6.75" by 9" to 22" by 29". The "sale sheet" for the exhibit listed prices from $750 for smaller works to $3,000 for the large paintings. The paintings were either framed or unframed. AVA described Fahey's paintings as follows:Pulling inspiration from the 'French Primitive', untutored painters, Fahey often referred to his music as 'American Primitive'. The same alluring, raw, roots, mysterious, power, grit, obscure, industrial, ambient, epic, and tranquilizing aesthetics that one finds in Faheys music and his writings are equally present in his paintings. The 90s proved to be a decade of regeneration for Fahey. Though he struggled with certain health problems, he was brimming with experimentation. Collaborating with noise artists and improvisational performers of the alternative movement, Fahey began to channel a new outlet for experimentation which included his return to painting; a hobby he abandoned when he took up the guitar. Fahey's works are evocative of action painters and abstract expressionists. He painted on found poster board and discarded spiral notebook paper. His painting studio floated from motel bed to motel bed and eventually ended up on the bed of his rental home in Salem, OR; occasionally painting with anti-freeze in the garage. He worked with tempera, acrylic, spray paint, and magic marker. Several of Fahey's paintings were sold on eBay by Michael R. Karn in July 2001. Karn attested,John brought into the used book store I owned and operated, Balcony Books, located at 108 SW Third Street in Corvallis, Oregon, in December 1998. John had been shopping and trading with me for several years. I originally became acquainted with him several years earlier when I operated a similar store in Salem, Oregon, where John lived at the time. John often brought in books or records he had scouted, and exchanged them for books and records from our stock. He also generously signed several records and posters from my personal collection for me, and even performed a couple of in-store concerts.Karn said he received several paintings "directly from John in exchange for a large collection of Duke Ellington records which I had recently obtained. He had recently taken up painting as a creative outlet. He was aware the paintings could be sold some day, even though he himself would not sell his paintings, but he understood the nature of the used book and record business, and gave his blessing to me to sell them in the store if I wished. I never did sell a painting in store, but recently through auction at ebay." Documentaries Childhood home of John Fahey Starting work in 2007, filmmaker Marc Minsker produced a 30-minute documentary on Fahey's life entitled John Fahey: The Legacy of Blind Joe Death. It chronicles Fahey's early life in Takoma Park, and his success as a guitarist and record producer in California. It also follows Fahey through his dark days in Salem, and ends with commentary on his contributions to American music. The film premiered at the Takoma Park Film Festival on Friday, May 7, 2010. The screening was accompanied by a live performance and discussion with Fahey's friend, the guitarist Peter Lang. A feature-length documentary directed by James Cullingham, In Search of Blind Joe Death: The Saga of John Fahey, was released in 2013. Discography Main article: John Fahey discography Written works Fahey, John (1966). A Textual and Musicological Analysis of the Repertoire of Charley Patton (MA). University of California, Los Angeles. LCCN 67003863. OCLC 1137380. Fahey, John (2020) . Charley Patton. Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486843445. LCCN 70548903. OCLC 1122922310. Fahey, John (2000). How bluegrass music destroyed my life : stories. Chicago: Drag City Incorporated. ISBN 9780965618328. LCCN 99075130. OCLC 44903282. Fahey, John (2003) . Vampire vultures. Chicago: Drag City. ISBN 9780965618373. OCLC 56846589. References ^ Lyden, Jacki (January 26, 1997). "John Fahey". All Things Considered. NPR. Jacki talks with composer and guitarist John Fahey (FAY-hee). ^ a b c Unterberger, Richie. "John Fahey Biography". Allmusic. ^ "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". Rolling Stone. August 27, 2003. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017. ^ "The 250 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". Rolling Stone. October 13, 2023. Retrieved October 14, 2023. ^ Lowenthal, Steve (2014). Dance of Death: The Life of John Fahey, American Guitarist. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-61374-520-5. ^ a b c Dean, Eddie (March 9–15, 2001). "In Memory of Blind Thomas of Old Takoma". Washington City Paper. Archived from the original on February 12, 2003.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c Billboard. March 10, 2001. Retrieved February 16, 2014. ^ a b "Concord Music Group Press Room : Label : Takoma". Concordmusicpress.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2014. ^ According to The Rolling Stone Record Guide (first edition, 1979), "there were only ninety-five copies of the record available for distribution." The Guide assigns the record 5 stars out of 5. ^ Pouncey, Edwin (August 1998). "Blood on the Frets". The Wire (174). ^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: F". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved March 16, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com. ^ John Fahey (February 1975). "Bola Sete, the nature of infinity, and John Fahey". Guitar Player. ^ Lowenthal, Steve. Dance of Death: The Life of John Fahey, American Guitarist, Chicago Review Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-61374-519-9 ^ a b Ben Ratliff (1997). "A 60's Original with a New Life on the Fringe". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2014. ^ a b c Dean, Eddie (November 25, 1994). "Skip James' Hard Time Killing Floor Blues". Washington City Paper. ^ Coley, Byron (May 2001). "The Persecutions and Resurrections of Blind Joe Death". Perfect Sound Forever. Archived from the original on January 4, 2010. ^ "1997 Grammy Awards Winners". Grammy.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2014. ^ Pareles, Jon (February 25, 2001). "John Fahey, 61, Guitarist and an Iconoclast, Is Dead". New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2014. ^ Fahey, John (1999). How Bluegrass Music Destroyed My Life. Drag City. Quote from the blurb by Byron Coley. ^ "Delta-Slider: The Paintings of John Fahey". Delta-slider.blogspot.com. July 25, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2014. ^ "icon/site". Audiovisualarts.org. September 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2014. ^ Notarized Certificate of Provenance for "a large abstract painting by the guitar legend John Fahey, dated 9/98 and signed in bold letters by John Fahey, measures 22" × 28"", by Michael Karn, Balcony Books and Music, P.O. Box 11024, Eugene, Oregon 97440, dated July 25, 2001. Subscribed and sworn to before Notary Amy Haich, Notary Public-Oregon, Commission No. 336122. ^ "The Brightwoodian: Premier showing of John Fahey doc this Friday". Thebrightwoodian.blogspot.com. May 5, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2014. ^ "In Search of Blind Joe Death – The Saga of John Fahey". Tamarack Productions. February 25, 2001. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2014. External links Official website Blind Joe Death Memorial Site (2013 archive) John Fahey at AllMusic John Fahey at IMDb John Fahey Tribute by Nels Cline The Cosmos Club: Turtle sex, chiropractic death, and peyote under the pillow:a year-by-year account of American primitive guitar, by David Dunlap Jr., Washington City Paper D. K. Wilgus Folksong Archive (Collection 2002.03) – hosted by the UCLA Digital Library. Doan, John. "John Fahey". The Oregon Encyclopedia. vteJohn FaheyDiscographyStudio albums Blind Joe Death Death Chants, Breakdowns & Military Waltzes The Dance of Death & Other Plantation Favorites The Transfiguration of Blind Joe Death The Great San Bernardino Birthday Party & Other Excursions Days Have Gone By The Voice of the Turtle Requia The Yellow Princess The New Possibility America Of Rivers and Religion After the Ball Fare Forward Voyagers (Soldier's Choice) Old Fashioned Love Christmas with John Fahey Vol. II John Fahey Visits Washington D.C. Yes! Jesus Loves Me Railroad Let Go Popular Songs For Christmas and New Year's Rain Forests, Oceans and Other Themes I Remember Blind Joe Death God, Time and Causality The John Fahey Christmas Album Old Girlfriends and Other Horrible Memories City of Refuge Womblife Hitomi Red Cross 78s and EPs The Fonotone Sessions Double 78 The Mill Pond Live albums Live in Tasmania Georgia Stomps, Atlanta Struts and Other Contemporary Dance Favorites The Great Santa Barbara Oil Slick On Air Some Summer Day Collaborations The Epiphany of Glenn Jones John Fahey Trio KBOO John Fahey Trio, Vol. One Split albums Leo Kottke, John Fahey & Peter Lang Compilations The Early Sessions The Essential John Fahey The Best of John Fahey 1959–1977 The Return of the Repressed: The John Fahey Anthology The Legend of Blind Joe Death The Best of the Vanguard Years The Best of John Fahey, Vol. 2: 1964–1983 Sea Changes & Coelacanths: A Young Person's Guide to John Fahey Vanguard Visionaries Twilight on Prince Georges Avenue: Essential Recordings Christmas Soli Your Past Comes Back To Haunt You: The Fonotone Years 1958–1965 Proofs & Refutations Tribute albums A Tribute to John Fahey I Am the Resurrection: A Tribute to John Fahey Friends of Fahey Tribute The Revenge of Blind Joe Death: The John Fahey Tribute Album The Great Koonaklaster Speaks: A John Fahey Celebration Related articles American primitive guitar Takoma Records Revenant Records Anthology of American Folk Music, Vol. 4 Screamin' and Hollerin' the Blues: The Worlds of Charley Patton Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy United States Netherlands Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz People Trove Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈfeɪhi/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"FAY-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"fingerstyle guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerstyle_guitar"},{"link_name":"steel-string acoustic guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel-string_acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"American primitive guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_primitive_guitar"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"American roots music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_roots_music"},{"link_name":"20th-century classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_classical_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-2"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rs100-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Musical artistJohn Aloysius Fahey (/ˈfeɪhi/ FAY-hee;[1] February 28, 1939 – February 22, 2001) was an American fingerstyle guitarist and composer who played the steel-string acoustic guitar as a solo instrument. His style has been enormously influential and has been described as the foundation of the genre of American primitive guitar, a term borrowed from painting and referring mainly to the self-taught nature of the music and its minimalist style. Fahey borrowed from the folk and blues traditions in American roots music, having compiled many forgotten early recordings in these genres. He would later incorporate 20th-century classical, Portuguese, Brazilian, and Indian influences into his work.[2]Fahey spent many of his later years in poverty and poor health, but enjoyed a minor career resurgence in the late 1990s, with a turn towards the avant-garde. He also created a series of abstract paintings in his final years. Fahey died in 2001 from complications from heart surgery. In 2003, he was ranked 35th on Rolling Stone magazine's \"100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\" list.[3] In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Fahey as 40th greatest guitarist of all time.[4]","title":"John Fahey (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_John_Fahey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Takoma Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoma_Park,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"Bill Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dean-6"},{"link_name":"Frank Hovington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Hovington"},{"link_name":"Sears, Roebuck Catalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"record-collecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_collecting"},{"link_name":"Blind Willie Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Willie_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Praise God I'm Satisfied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise_God_I%27m_Satisfied"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Richard K. Spottswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_K._Spottswood"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dean-6"},{"link_name":"78s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"20th-century classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_classical_music"},{"link_name":"Charles Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ives"},{"link_name":"Béla Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"Joe Bussard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bussard"},{"link_name":"Your Past Comes Back To Haunt You: The Fonotone Years 1958–1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Past_Comes_Back_To_Haunt_You:_The_Fonotone_Years_1958%E2%80%931965"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-7"},{"link_name":"Adelphi, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Takoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoma_Records"},{"link_name":"Esso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esso"},{"link_name":"Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Takoma Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoma_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concord-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"thrift stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrift_store"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"American University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"Beat Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Generation"},{"link_name":"hippie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie"},{"link_name":"Pete Seeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Seeger"},{"link_name":"folk-music revivalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_folk-music_revival"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"Charley Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Patton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-7"},{"link_name":"Alan Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Wilson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Canned Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canned_Heat"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wire-10"}],"sub_title":"Early years: 1939–1959","text":"Fahey and his mother, Takoma Park, Maryland, 1945Fahey was born into a musical household in Washington, D.C. in 1939.[5] Both his father, Aloysius John Fahey, and his mother, Jane (née Cooper), played the piano. In 1945, the family moved to the Washington suburb of Takoma Park, Maryland, where his father lived until his death in 1994. On weekends, the family attended performances of the top country and bluegrass acts of the day, but it was hearing Bill Monroe's version of Jimmie Rodgers' \"Blue Yodel No. 7\" on the radio that ignited the young Fahey's passion for music.[6]In 1952, after being impressed by guitarist Frank Hovington, whom he met while on a fishing trip, he purchased his first guitar for $17 from a Sears, Roebuck Catalog. Along with his budding interest in the guitar, Fahey was attracted to record-collecting. While his tastes ran mainly in the bluegrass and country vein, Fahey discovered his love of early blues upon hearing Blind Willie Johnson's \"Praise God I'm Satisfied\" on a record-collecting trip to Baltimore with his friend and mentor, the musicologist Richard K. Spottswood. Much later, Fahey compared the experience to a religious conversion; he remained a devout disciple of the blues for the rest of his life.[6]As his guitar-playing and composing progressed, Fahey developed a style that blended the picking patterns he discovered on old blues 78s with the dissonance of 20th-century classical composers he loved, such as Charles Ives and Béla Bartók. In 1958, Fahey made his first recordings. These were for his friend Joe Bussard's amateur Fonotone label and were recorded under both the pseudonym \"Blind Thomas\" and under his own name. These recordings, individually pressed in very small runs, were reissued in 2011 as a box set under the title Your Past Comes Back To Haunt You: The Fonotone Years 1958–1965.[7]In 1959, Fahey recorded at St. Michaels and All Angels Church in Adelphi, Maryland, and that material would become the first Takoma record. Having no idea how to approach professional record companies and being convinced they would be uninterested, Fahey decided to issue his first album himself, using some cash saved from his gas station attendant job at Martin's Esso and some borrowed from Donald W. Seaton, an Episcopal priest at St. Michaels and All Angels. Thus was born Takoma Records, named in honor of his hometown.[8] One hundred copies of this first album were pressed.[9] On one side of the sleeve was the name \"John Fahey\"; on the other, \"Blind Joe Death\"—a humorous nickname given to him by his fellow blues fans. He attempted to sell these albums himself. Some he gave away, some he snuck into thrift stores and blues sections of local record shops, and some he sent to folk music scholars, a few of whom were fooled into thinking that there really was a living old blues singer called Blind Joe Death. It took three years for Fahey to sell the remainder of the records.[citation needed]After graduating from American University with a degree in philosophy and religion, Fahey moved to California in 1963 to study philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. Arriving on campus, Fahey, ever the outsider, began to feel dissatisfied with the program's curriculum. He later suggested that studying philosophy had been a mistake and that what he had wanted to understand was really psychology. He was equally unimpressed with Berkeley's post-Beat Generation, proto-hippie music scene, loathing in particular the Pete Seeger–inspired folk-music revivalists he found himself classed with. Eventually, Fahey moved south to Los Angeles to join UCLA's folklore master's program at the invitation of department head D. K. Wilgus, and received an M.A. in folklore in 1966. Fahey's master's thesis on the music of Charley Patton was later published by Studio Vista in 1970.[2][7] He completed it with the musicological assistance of his friend Alan Wilson, who later joined Canned Heat.[10]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fahey_in_studio.jpg"},{"link_name":"ED Denson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ED_Denson"},{"link_name":"Bukka White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukka_White"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mississippi John Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_John_Hurt"},{"link_name":"ED Denson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ED_Denson"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vaughan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams"},{"link_name":"Skip James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_James"},{"link_name":"Gregorian chant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_chant"},{"link_name":"Dies Irae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_irae"},{"link_name":"day of judgment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Judgment"},{"link_name":"liner notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liner_notes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vanguard Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Records"},{"link_name":"Sandy Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bull"},{"link_name":"Peter Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Walker_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Days Have Gone By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_Have_Gone_By"},{"link_name":"The Voice of the Turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Turtle_(album)"},{"link_name":"Requia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requia"},{"link_name":"The Yellow Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yellow_Princess_(John_Fahey_album)"},{"link_name":"gamelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan"},{"link_name":"Tibetan chanting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Tibet"},{"link_name":"psych-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_music"},{"link_name":"The Red Crayola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Crayola"},{"link_name":"Drag City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_City_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cellar Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cellar_Door"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"country blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_blues"},{"link_name":"self-control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-control"},{"link_name":"Of Rivers and Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Rivers_and_Religion"},{"link_name":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG-11"},{"link_name":"Leo Kottke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Kottke"},{"link_name":"Robbie Basho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Basho"},{"link_name":"Bola Sete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Sete"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Peter Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lang_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"George Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Winston"},{"link_name":"6- and 12-String Guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-_and_12-String_Guitar"},{"link_name":"Mike Bloomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bloomfield"},{"link_name":"The Fabulous Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fabulous_Thunderbirds"},{"link_name":"Maria Muldaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Muldaur"},{"link_name":"Michael Gulezian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gulezian"},{"link_name":"Canned Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canned_Heat"},{"link_name":"Chrysalis Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysalis_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-2"},{"link_name":"Jon Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Monday"},{"link_name":"Fantasy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concord-8"}],"sub_title":"1960s and early 1970s","text":"Fahey in studio with Recording King guitar, c. 1970While Fahey lived in Berkeley, Takoma Records was reborn through a collaboration with Maryland friend ED Denson. Fahey decided to track down blues legend Bukka White by sending a postcard to Aberdeen, Mississippi; White had sung that Aberdeen was his hometown, and Mississippi John Hurt had been rediscovered using a similar method. When White responded, Fahey and ED Denson decided to travel to Memphis and record White. These recordings became the first non-Fahey Takoma release. Fahey released a second album on the label in late 1963, Death Chants, Breakdowns and Military Waltzes. To the duo's surprise, the Fahey release sold better than White's, and Fahey had the beginnings of a career.[citation needed]His releases during the mid-1960s employed odd guitar tunings and sudden shifts in style firmly rooted in the old-time and blues stylings of the 1920s. But he was not simply a copyist, as compositions such as \"When the Catfish Is in Bloom\" or \"Stomping Tonight on the Pennsylvania/Alabama Border\" demonstrate. Fahey described the latter piece as follows:The opening chords are from the last movement of Vaughan Williams' Sixth Symphony. It goes from there to a Skip James motif. Following that it moves to a Gregorian chant, \"Dies Irae\". It's the most scary one in the Episcopal hymn books, it's all about the day of judgment. Then it returns to the Vaughan Williams chords, followed by a blues run of undetermined origin, then back to Skip James and so forth.A hallmark of his classic releases was the inclusion of lengthy liner notes, parodying those found on blues releases.[citation needed]In the later half of the 1960s, Fahey continued to issue material through Takoma as well as Vanguard Records, which had signed him along with similar instrumental folk guitarists Sandy Bull and Peter Walker. Albums from this period, such as Days Have Gone By, The Voice of the Turtle, Requia, and The Yellow Princess, found Fahey making sound collages from such elements as gamelan music, Tibetan chanting, animal and bird cries and singing bridges. In 1967, Fahey recorded with Texas psych-rock trio The Red Crayola at the 1967 Berkeley Folk Festival, music that resurfaced on the 1998 Drag City release The Red Krayola: Live 1967. The Red Crayola subsequently recorded an entire studio album with Fahey, but the Red Crayola's label demanded possession of the tapes and recorded documentation of those sessions has been missing ever since.[citation needed]He married his first wife Jan in 1969, traveling back to Maryland for his nuptials. During the spring of 1969, Fahey performed several East Coast shows, including several nights at the world renowned Cellar Door in Georgetown. In the summer, he toured the South and appeared at the Memphis Country Blues Festival on June 6 and 7th.Fahey is immersed in country blues, from which he drives his own unique guitar music—eerie, funny, stately, and incredibly calm. The best tranquilizing music I know, because instead of palming off a fantasy of sodden deliverance it seems to speak of real reserves of self-control inside the American psyche.\n\n\n— Of Rivers and Religion, reviewed in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981)[11]In addition to his own creative output, Fahey expanded the Takoma label, discovering fellow guitarists Leo Kottke, Robbie Basho, Bola Sete[12] and Peter Lang, as well as an emerging pianist in George Winston. Kottke's debut release on the label, 6- and 12-String Guitar, ultimately proved to be the most successful of the crop, selling more than 500,000 copies. Other artists with albums on the label included Mike Bloomfield, The Fabulous Thunderbirds, Maria Muldaur, Michael Gulezian, and Canned Heat. In 1979, Fahey sold Takoma to Chrysalis Records.[2] Jon Monday, who had been the general manager of the label since 1970, was the only employee to go with the new company. Chrysalis eventually sold the rights to the albums, and Takoma was in limbo until bought by Fantasy Records in 1995.[8]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drinking problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_problem"},{"link_name":"Salem, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Terry Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Robb"},{"link_name":"Rounder Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounder_Records"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Epstein-Barr syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr_syndrome"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-15"},{"link_name":"Spin magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Alternative Record Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_Alternative_Record_Guide"},{"link_name":"alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Sonic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth"},{"link_name":"Cul de Sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cul_de_Sac_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jim O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O%27Rourke_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Byron Coley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Coley"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coley-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP-15"},{"link_name":"Revenant Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenant_Records"},{"link_name":"old-time music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-time_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dean-6"},{"link_name":"Derek Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Bailey_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Cecil Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Taylor"},{"link_name":"The Stanley Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stanley_Brothers"},{"link_name":"banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo"},{"link_name":"Dock Boggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_Boggs"},{"link_name":"Rick Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Sun City Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_City_Girls"},{"link_name":"slide guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_guitar"},{"link_name":"Jenks \"Tex\" Carman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenks_%22Tex%22_Carman"},{"link_name":"Screamin' and Hollerin' the Blues: The Worlds of Charley Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamin%27_and_Hollerin%27_the_Blues:_The_Worlds_of_Charley_Patton"},{"link_name":"Grammy awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_awards"},{"link_name":"Grammy in 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Anthology of American Folk Music, Vol. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_of_American_Folk_Music,_Vol._4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Salem Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Hospital_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"coronary bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Later years","text":"By the mid-1970s, Fahey's output had abated and he had begun to suffer from a drinking problem. He lost his home in the dissolution of his first marriage, remarried, divorced again, and moved to Salem, Oregon, in 1981 to live with his third wife, Melody. He soon met Portland guitarist Terry Robb who would serve as his producer, arranger and accompanist on several albums for Varrick, a subsidiary of Rounder Records.[13] In 1986, Fahey contracted Epstein-Barr syndrome, a long-lasting viral infection, which exacerbated his diabetes and other health problems.[14][15] He continued to perform in and around the Salem area, and was managed by friends David Finke and his wife Pam. The trio attempted to keep Fahey's career afloat through radio appearances and performances at small venues. Fahey broke up with his third wife, and his life began to spiral downward. He made what appeared to be his last album in 1990. Although he had recovered from Epstein-Barr syndrome after five years, he would spend much of the early 1990s living in poverty, mostly in cheap motels. Gigs had dried up because of his health problems. He paid his rent by pawning guitars and reselling rare records he found in thrift stores.[14][15]Following a 1994 entry on Fahey in Spin magazine's spin-off Alternative Record Guide, Fahey learned that he now had a whole new audience, which included the alternative bands Sonic Youth and Cul de Sac and the avant-garde musician Jim O'Rourke. A lengthy article in Spin magazine by Byron Coley, \"The Persecutions and Resurrections of Blind Joe Death\",[16] combined with a two-disc retrospective, The Return of the Repressed, revived Fahey's career. New releases started to appear rapidly, alongside reissues, by Fantasy Records, of all the early Takoma releases.[7][15] O'Rourke went on to produce a Fahey album, Womblife, in 1997. That same year, Fahey recorded an album with Cul de Sac, The Epiphany of Glenn Jones, named for the band's lead guitarist.Fahey's passion for traditional folklore did not subside. After the death of his father in 1995, Fahey used his inheritance to form another label, Revenant Records, to focus on reissuing obscure recordings of early blues, old-time music, and anything else that took his fancy.[6] In 1997, Revenant issued its first crop of releases, including albums by the British guitarist Derek Bailey, the American pianist Cecil Taylor, Jim O'Rourke, bluegrass pioneers The Stanley Brothers, old-time banjo legend Dock Boggs, Rick Bishop of Sun City Girls, and the slide guitarist Jenks \"Tex\" Carman. The label's most famous release would prove to be Screamin' and Hollerin' the Blues: The Worlds of Charley Patton, a seven-disc retrospective of Charley Patton and his contemporaries. It won three Grammy awards in 2003. Fahey, for his part, won a Grammy in 1997 for his contributions to the liner notes of Revenant's Anthology of American Folk Music, Vol. 4.[17]In February 2001, six days before his 62nd birthday, Fahey died at Salem Hospital after undergoing a sextuple coronary bypass.[18] In 2006, no fewer than four Fahey tribute albums were released as a testament to his reputation as a \"giant of 20th century American music\".[19]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Corvallis, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Paintings","text":"During the later years of his life, Fahey painted a series of abstract paintings. Many of these were exhibited from July 10 to September 12, 2010, at The East Village, New York, presented by John Andrew and Audio Visual Arts (AVA).[20] The exhibit featured 55 paintings, ranging in size from 6.75\" by 9\" to 22\" by 29\". The \"sale sheet\" for the exhibit listed prices from $750 for smaller works to $3,000 for the large paintings. The paintings were either framed or unframed. AVA described Fahey's paintings as follows:Pulling inspiration from the 'French Primitive', untutored painters, Fahey often referred to his music as 'American Primitive'. The same alluring, raw, roots, mysterious, power, grit, obscure, industrial, ambient, epic, and tranquilizing aesthetics that one finds in Faheys music and his writings are equally present in his paintings. The 90s proved to be a decade of regeneration for Fahey. Though he struggled with certain health problems, he was brimming with experimentation. Collaborating with noise artists and improvisational performers of the alternative movement, Fahey began to channel a new outlet for experimentation which included his return to painting; a hobby he abandoned when he took up the guitar. Fahey's works are evocative of action painters and abstract expressionists. He painted on found poster board and discarded spiral notebook paper. His painting studio floated from motel bed to motel bed and eventually ended up on the bed of his rental home in Salem, OR; occasionally painting with anti-freeze in the garage. He worked with tempera, acrylic, spray paint, and magic marker.[21]Several of Fahey's paintings were sold on eBay by Michael R. Karn in July 2001. Karn attested,John brought [these paintings] into the used book store I owned and operated, Balcony Books, located at 108 SW Third Street in Corvallis, Oregon, in December 1998. John had been shopping and trading with me for several years. I originally became acquainted with him several years earlier when I operated a similar store in Salem, Oregon, where John lived at the time. John often brought in books or records he had scouted, and exchanged them for books and records from our stock. He also generously signed several records and posters from my personal collection for me, and even performed a couple of in-store concerts.[citation needed]Karn said he received several paintings \"directly from John in exchange for a large collection of Duke Ellington records which I had recently obtained. He had recently taken up painting as a creative outlet. He was aware the paintings could be sold some day, even though he himself would not sell his paintings, but he understood the nature of the used book and record business, and gave his blessing to me to sell them in the store if I wished. I never did sell a painting in store, but recently [sold several] through auction at ebay.\"[22]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Childhood_home_of_John_Fahey_(51059903568).jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"In Search of Blind Joe Death: The Saga of John Fahey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Blind_Joe_Death:_The_Saga_of_John_Fahey"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Childhood home of John FaheyStarting work in 2007, filmmaker Marc Minsker produced a 30-minute documentary on Fahey's life entitled John Fahey: The Legacy of Blind Joe Death. It chronicles Fahey's early life in Takoma Park, and his success as a guitarist and record producer in California. It also follows Fahey through his dark days in Salem, and ends with commentary on his contributions to American music. The film premiered at the Takoma Park Film Festival on Friday, May 7, 2010. The screening was accompanied by a live performance and discussion with Fahey's friend, the guitarist Peter Lang.[23]A feature-length documentary directed by James Cullingham, In Search of Blind Joe Death: The Saga of John Fahey, was released in 2013.[24]","title":"Documentaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"67003863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/67003863"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1137380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1137380"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780486843445","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486843445"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"70548903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/70548903"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1122922310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1122922310"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780965618328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780965618328"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"99075130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/99075130"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"44903282","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/44903282"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780965618373","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780965618373"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"56846589","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/56846589"}],"text":"Fahey, John (1966). A Textual and Musicological Analysis of the Repertoire of Charley Patton (MA). University of California, Los Angeles. LCCN 67003863. OCLC 1137380.\nFahey, John (2020) [1970]. Charley Patton. Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486843445. LCCN 70548903. OCLC 1122922310.\nFahey, John (2000). How bluegrass music destroyed my life : stories. Chicago: Drag City Incorporated. ISBN 9780965618328. LCCN 99075130. OCLC 44903282.\nFahey, John (2003) [2003]. Vampire vultures. Chicago: Drag City. ISBN 9780965618373. OCLC 56846589.","title":"Written works"}]

[{"image_text":"Fahey and his mother, Takoma Park, Maryland, 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Young_John_Fahey.jpg/170px-Young_John_Fahey.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fahey in studio with Recording King guitar, c. 1970","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fahey_in_studio.jpg/220px-Fahey_in_studio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Childhood home of John Fahey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Childhood_home_of_John_Fahey_%2851059903568%29.jpg/220px-Childhood_home_of_John_Fahey_%2851059903568%29.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Fahey, John (1966). A Textual and Musicological Analysis of the Repertoire of Charley Patton (MA). University of California, Los Angeles. LCCN 67003863. OCLC 1137380.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/67003863","url_text":"67003863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1137380","url_text":"1137380"}]},{"reference":"Fahey, John (2020) [1970]. Charley Patton. Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486843445. LCCN 70548903. OCLC 1122922310.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486843445","url_text":"9780486843445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/70548903","url_text":"70548903"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1122922310","url_text":"1122922310"}]},{"reference":"Fahey, John (2000). How bluegrass music destroyed my life : stories. Chicago: Drag City Incorporated. ISBN 9780965618328. LCCN 99075130. OCLC 44903282.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780965618328","url_text":"9780965618328"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/99075130","url_text":"99075130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44903282","url_text":"44903282"}]},{"reference":"Fahey, John (2003) [2003]. Vampire vultures. Chicago: Drag City. ISBN 9780965618373. OCLC 56846589.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780965618373","url_text":"9780965618373"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56846589","url_text":"56846589"}]},{"reference":"Lyden, Jacki (January 26, 1997). \"John Fahey\". All Things Considered. NPR. Jacki talks with composer and guitarist John Fahey (FAY-hee).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacki_Lyden","url_text":"Lyden, Jacki"},{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1008222","url_text":"\"John Fahey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Things_Considered","url_text":"All Things Considered"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"Unterberger, Richie. \"John Fahey Biography\". Allmusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p37917","url_text":"\"John Fahey Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\". Rolling Stone. August 27, 2003. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216184007/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-guitarists-of-all-time-19691231","url_text":"\"The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\""},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-guitarists-of-all-time-19691231","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 250 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\". Rolling Stone. October 13, 2023. Retrieved October 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-guitarists-1234814010/","url_text":"\"The 250 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"Lowenthal, Steve (2014). Dance of Death: The Life of John Fahey, American Guitarist. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-61374-520-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61374-520-5","url_text":"978-1-61374-520-5"}]},{"reference":"Dean, Eddie (March 9–15, 2001). \"In Memory of Blind Thomas of Old Takoma\". Washington City Paper. Archived from the original on February 12, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030212200500/http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/special/fahey030901.html","url_text":"\"In Memory of Blind Thomas of Old Takoma\""}]},{"reference":"Billboard. March 10, 2001. Retrieved February 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6xMEAAAAMBAJ&q=John+Fahey+Blind+Joe+Death&pg=PA89","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Concord Music Group Press Room : Label : Takoma\". Concordmusicpress.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184431/http://concordmusicpress.com/labels/Takoma","url_text":"\"Concord Music Group Press Room : Label : Takoma\""},{"url":"http://concordmusicpress.com/labels/Takoma/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pouncey, Edwin (August 1998). \"Blood on the Frets\". The Wire (174).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.johnfahey.com/Blood.htm","url_text":"\"Blood on the Frets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wire_(magazine)","url_text":"The Wire"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (1981). \"Consumer Guide '70s: F\". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved March 16, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=F&bk=70","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: F\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies","url_text":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields","url_text":"Ticknor & Fields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/089919026X","url_text":"089919026X"}]},{"reference":"John Fahey (February 1975). \"Bola Sete, the nature of infinity, and John Fahey\". Guitar Player.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.johnfahey.com/pages/sete.html","url_text":"\"Bola Sete, the nature of infinity, and John Fahey\""}]},{"reference":"Ben Ratliff (1997). \"A 60's Original with a New Life on the Fringe\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/19/arts/a-60-s-original-with-a-new-life-on-the-fringe.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1","url_text":"\"A 60's Original with a New Life on the Fringe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Dean, Eddie (November 25, 1994). \"Skip James' Hard Time Killing Floor Blues\". Washington City Paper.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/articles/9345/skip-james-hard-time-killing-floor-blues","url_text":"\"Skip James' Hard Time Killing Floor Blues\""}]},{"reference":"Coley, Byron (May 2001). \"The Persecutions and Resurrections of Blind Joe Death\". Perfect Sound Forever. Archived from the original on January 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100104155939/http://furious.com/perfect/fahey/fahey-byron2.html","url_text":"\"The Persecutions and Resurrections of Blind Joe Death\""},{"url":"http://www.furious.com/perfect/fahey/fahey-byron2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1997 Grammy Awards Winners\". Grammy.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100124040144/http://www2.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx","url_text":"\"1997 Grammy Awards Winners\""},{"url":"http://www2.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pareles, Jon (February 25, 2001). \"John Fahey, 61, Guitarist and an Iconoclast, Is Dead\". New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/25/nyregion/john-fahey-61-guitarist-and-an-iconoclast-is-dead.html","url_text":"\"John Fahey, 61, Guitarist and an Iconoclast, Is Dead\""}]},{"reference":"Fahey, John (1999). How Bluegrass Music Destroyed My Life. Drag City. Quote from the blurb by Byron Coley.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/How-Bluegrass-Music-Destroyed-Life-ebook/dp/B07H5L4GXR","url_text":"How Bluegrass Music Destroyed My Life"}]},{"reference":"\"Delta-Slider: The Paintings of John Fahey\". Delta-slider.blogspot.com. July 25, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://delta-slider.blogspot.com/2010/07/paintings-of-john-fahey.html","url_text":"\"Delta-Slider: The Paintings of John Fahey\""}]},{"reference":"\"icon/site\". Audiovisualarts.org. September 12, 2010. Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170304015628/http://audiovisualarts.org/2925/fahey-install","url_text":"\"icon/site\""},{"url":"http://audiovisualarts.org/2925/fahey-install","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Brightwoodian: Premier showing of John Fahey doc this Friday\". Thebrightwoodian.blogspot.com. May 5, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://thebrightwoodian.blogspot.com/2010/05/premier-showing-of-new-john-fahey-doc.html","url_text":"\"The Brightwoodian: Premier showing of John Fahey doc this Friday\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Search of Blind Joe Death – The Saga of John Fahey\". Tamarack Productions. February 25, 2001. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140108090640/http://www.tamarackproductions.com/BJD.php","url_text":"\"In Search of Blind Joe Death – The Saga of John Fahey\""},{"url":"http://www.tamarackproductions.com/BJD.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Doan, John. \"John Fahey\". The Oregon Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/fahey_john_1939_2001_/","url_text":"\"John Fahey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregon_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Oregon Encyclopedia"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-90042

U-90042

["1 References"]

Chemical compound U-90042Identifiers IUPAC name 11-Chloro-5-(5-cyclopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-2,3-dihydrodiimidazoquinazoline CAS Number134516-99-7 YPubChem CID9928470ChemSpider8104103 NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID40158771 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC17H13ClN6OMolar mass352.78 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES ClC1=CC2=C(C=C1)N3C=NC(C4=NOC(C5CC5)=N4)=C3N6C2=NCC6 InChI InChI=1S/C17H13ClN6O/c18-10-3-4-12-11(7-10)15-19-5-6-23(15)17-13(20-8-24(12)17)14-21-16(25-22-14)9-1-2-9/h3-4,7-9H,1-2,5-6H2 NKey:CLPSAAPUJUVQPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N N  NY (what is this?)  (verify) U-90042 is a sedative and hypnotic drug used in scientific research. It has similar effects to sedative-hypnotic benzodiazepine drugs, but is structurally distinct and so is classed as a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic. U-90042 is a GABAA agonist acting primarily at the α1, α3 and α6 subtypes, with a Ki of 7.8nM at α1, 9.5nM at α3 and 11.0nM at α6. It produces sedation and ataxia and prolongs sleeping time in mice, rats and monkeys, but does not produce amnesia and blocks the amnestic effect of diazepam, reflecting its different subtype affinity compared to benzodiazepine drugs. It was developed by a team at Novo Nordisk in the 1980s. References ^ Tang AH, Smith MW, Carter DB, Im WB, VonVoigtlander PF (November 1995). "U-90042, a sedative/hypnotic compound that interacts differentially with the GABAA receptor subtypes". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 275 (2): 761–7. PMID 7473164. ^ US 5100895, "Heterocyclic compounds and their preparation and use"  vteHypnotics/sedatives (N05C)GABAAAlcohols 2M2B Chloralodol Ethanol (alcohol) Diethylpropanediol Ethchlorvynol Methylpentynol Trichloroethanol Barbiturates Allobarbital Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbital Butabarbital Butobarbital Cyclobarbital Ethallobarbital Heptabarb Hexobarbital Mephobarbital Methohexital Narcobarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Propylbarbital Proxibarbal Reposal Secobarbital Talbutal Thiamylal Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines Brotizolam Cinolazepam Climazolam Clonazolam Doxefazepam Estazolam Flubromazolam Flunitrazolam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutoprazepam Lorazepam Loprazolam Lormetazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitemazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazolam Quazepam Temazepam Triazolam Carbamates Carisoprodol Emylcamate Ethinamate Hexapropymate Meprobamate Methocarbamol Phenprobamate Procymate Tybamate Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal (apronalide) Bromisoval Capuride Carbromal Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone Alphadolone Alphaxolone Eltanolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone Progesterone Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Indiplon Lirequinil Necopidem Pazinaclone Saripidem Suproclone Suriclone Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Phenols Propofol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Pyrithyldione Piperidione Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL-164 Others Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Bromide compounds Lithium bromide Potassium bromide Sodium bromide Centalun Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloralose Clomethiazole Dichloralphenazone Gaboxadol Kavalactones Loreclezole Paraldehyde Petrichloral Sulfonylalkanes Sulfonmethane (sulfonal) Tetronal Trional Triclofos Sesquiterpene Isovaleramide Isovaleric acid Valerenic acid GABAB 1,4-Butanediol 4-Fluorophenibut Aceburic acid Baclofen GABOB GHB (sodium oxybate) GBL GVL Phenibut Tolibut H1Antihistamines Captodiame Cyproheptadine Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Hydroxyzine Methapyrilene Perlapine Pheniramine Promethazine Propiomazine Antidepressants Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors Etoperidone Nefazodone Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc. Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc. α2-Adrenergic Clonidine Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Lofexidine Medetomidine Romifidine Tizanidine Xylazine 5-HT2AAntidepressants Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc. Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc. Others Niaprazine Melatonin Agomelatine Melatonin Ramelteon Tasimelteon Orexin Daridorexant Lemborexant Suvorexant α2δ VDCC Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Mirogabalin Phenibut Pregabalin Others Cannabidiol Cannabis Chlorophenylalkyldiols Fenpentadiol Metaglycodol Phenaglycodol Diethylpropanediol Evoxine Fenadiazole Guaifenesin-related muscle relaxants Chlorphenesin Mephenesin Mephenoxalone Metaxalone Methocarbamol Midaflur Opioids (e.g., morphine) Passion flower Scopolamine Trazodone UMB68 Valnoctamide vteGABAA receptor positive modulatorsAlcohols Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol (cloretone) Ethanol (alcohol) (alcoholic drink) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert-Butanol (2M2P) tert-Pentanol (2M2B) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates (-)-DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines 2-Oxoquazepam 3-Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Bromazolam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP-1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Dimdazenil Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam FG-8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N-Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH-II-66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48-6791 Ro48-8684 SH-053-R-CH3-2′F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Hydroxyphenamate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6-Methylapigenin Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc-OMe Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Kava constituents 10-Methoxyyangonin 11-Methoxyyangonin 11-Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain 7,8-Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5-Hydroxykavain 5,6-Dihydroyangonin 7,8-Dihydrokavain 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin 5,6-Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7,8-Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal (apronalide) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α-Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic-androgenic steroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α-DHP 5α-DHP 5β-DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG-20599 ORG-21465 P1-185 Posovolone Pregnanolone (eltanolone) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE-105 SAGE-324 SAGE-516 SAGE-689 SAGE-872 Testosterone THDOC Zuranolone Nonbenzodiazepines Cyclopyrrolones: Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines: Alpidem DS-1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines: Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others: Adipiplon CGS-8216 CGS-9896 CGS-13767 CGS-20625 CL-218,872 CP-615,003 CTP-354 ELB-139 GBLD-345 Imepitoin JM-1232 L-838,417 Lirequinil (Ro41-3696) NS-2664 NS-2710 NS-11394 Pipequaline ROD-188 RWJ-51204 SB-205,384 SX-3228 TGSC01AA TP-003 TPA-023 TP-13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y-23684 Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI-190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL-164 Volatiles/gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole Darigabat DEABL Deuterated etifoxine Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid KRM-II-81 Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate (validolum) Monastrol Niacin Niacinamide Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine (ezogabine) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal), tetronal, trional) Terpenoids (e.g., borneol) Topiramate Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: α-Pinene MRK-409 (MK-0343) TCS-1105 TCS-1205 See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • GABA receptor modulators • GABA metabolism/transport modulators This sedative-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amador_Valley_High_School

Amador Valley High School

["1 History","1.1 Region and districts","1.2 Development","1.3 Court cases","1.4 Small gym fire of 2024","2 Academics","2.1 Enrollment","2.2 Awards","2.3 Curriculum","3 Extracurricular activities","3.1 Athletics","3.2 Civic engagement","3.3 Math and computer science","3.4 Music","3.5 Robotics","4 Notable alumni","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Bibliography","5.3 Online sources","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 37°40′06″N 121°52′28″W / 37.66833°N 121.87444°W / 37.66833; -121.87444Public high school in Pleasanton, California For the high school in Sutter Creek, see Amador High School. Amador Valley High SchoolAddress1155 Santa Rita RoadPleasanton, California 94566United StatesCoordinates37°40′06″N 121°52′28″W / 37.66833°N 121.87444°W / 37.66833; -121.87444InformationFormer nameAmador Valley Joint Union High SchoolTypePublic high schoolMottoSchool of ChampionsEstablished1922; 102 years ago (1922)School districtPleasanton Unified School DistrictSuperintendentDavid HaglundCEEB code052495NCES School ID060002009282PrincipalJonathan FeyTeaching staff104.70 (on an FTE basis)Grades9–12GenderCoeducationalEnrollment2,665 (2022–23)Student to teacher ratio25.45Campus size39.27 acres (15.89 ha)Campus typeSuburbanColor(s)   Purple and GoldAthletics conferenceEast Bay Athletic LeagueMascotThe DonRivalFoothill High SchoolAccreditationWestern Association of Schools and CollegesNewspaperThe Amadon (est. 1930)YearbookThe Book of Names and FacesFeeder schoolsHarvest Park Middle SchoolPleasanton Middle SchoolHart Middle SchoolWebsiteamador.pleasantonusd.net Amador Valley High School is a comprehensive public high school in Pleasanton, California. It is one of three high schools in the Pleasanton Unified School District, along with Foothill High School and Village High School. Founded as Amador Valley Joint Union High School (AVJUHS), it graduated its first class in 1923. Major construction and renovations were undertaken after district voters approved bonds in 1922, 1965, 1997, and 2016. The school is a four-time California Distinguished School and a three-time National Blue Ribbon School. In national competitions such as We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution, the Amador Valley team has won the 1995 and 2022 national titles. The Amador Valley Wind Ensembles have performed at national venues and conferences, including Carnegie Hall and the Midwest Clinic. Several Amador Valley athletic teams have won multiple California Interscholastic Federation North Coast Section Division I titles since 2010, including the softball team which MaxPreps named 2014 mythical national champion following a perfect season. History Region and districts Amador Valley High School, originally Amador Valley Joint Union High School, was named for its location in the Amador Valley (part of the Tri-Valley area of the San Francisco East Bay). The valley's namesake was a wealthy Californio rancher, Don José María Amador. The school selected the Don as its mascot, in honor of the title used by Amador; Don is a Spanish term used as a mark of high esteem for a distinguished nobleman or gentleman. Amador Valley High School is located in Pleasanton, California. While Pleasanton provided elementary and middle school education since its early years, students proceeding to high school attended nearby Livermore High School until 1924. Out of concerns of overcrowding and transportation for the commuting students, Pleasanton parents and students advocated for a local high school in the early 1920s. The activism culminated in a voter bond referendum on March 14, 1922, to establish the Amador Valley Joint Union High School District (AVJUHSD) and build the high school. Amador Valley's first class graduated in 1923. From 1922 to 1988, the school was part of the AVJUHSD. This district taught high school students from Pleasanton, nearby Dublin, and the local rural community. The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 led to the building of a series of local freeways and increased population and student enrollment. In 1969, the school reached its maximum capacity, about 1,895 students. To accommodate the larger student population, Dublin High School was founded as part of the AVJUHSD. Both schools held classes on the Amador Valley campus during the 1968–69 school year. A continued influx of families to the area prompted the foundation of another high school within the AVJUHSD, Foothill, in 1973. Campus of Amador Valley High School Following a 1988 ballot measure, the AVJUHSD merged with the Pleasanton Joint School District to form the Pleasanton Unified School District. Prior to the district unification, the AVJUHSD operated Amador Valley High School, Foothill High School, and Dublin High School. Dublin High School was annexed into the Dublin Unified School District. As of 2022, the Pleasanton Unified School District contained two comprehensive high schools (Amador Valley and Foothill), one continuation high school (Village), three middle schools, nine elementary schools, one preschool, and an adult education program. The school grounds are bordered on the east and southeast by Santa Rita Road, a Union Pacific railroad track on which the Altamont Corridor Express runs, and Arroyo Valle. To the north are several businesses and residential districts lie on the western border. The campus is the launch point for annual community parades and protests, including the Alameda County Fair Fall Festival Parade and the Tri-Valley Women's March. Development 1926 Sanborn maps architectural drawing of Amador Valley Joint Union High School, showing the Amador Theatre, the gymnasium with dressing rooms, and two classrooms. Classes were first held at Amador Valley on August 14, 1922, at the school's initial location at the Pleasanton Grammar School, serving 59 students. The first class of eight students graduated in 1923, and the school quickly became known for its municipal bands and sports teams. The initial school land, building, furnishings, and upkeep was funded by a $110,000 bond authorized by district voters on September 26, 1922. Construction started in 1923 on the Rancho Valle de San Jose property, to accommodate 200 students upon its completion in 1924. The initial school building was built in Mediterranean Revival style and included "five regular recitation rooms, a science laboratory with lecture room, a sewing room, a cooking room, a room for commercial branches, two drawing rooms, a shop with two connecting work rooms, a library, a reception room and office for the pricipal , a teachers' room, a nurses' room, and gymnasium". Pleasanton mothers started a school lunch program in 1927 to provide students with a better environment for learning. Parents donated pots and pans, and a newly hired cook prepared lunches, to be eaten at new tables and benches. The tables and benches were constructed by the custodian and the music teacher from the wood of horse stalls formerly on the campus. This project led to the formation of a Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) chapter at Amador Valley in the late 1920s. District voters approved a $1.5 million school bond issue in 1965, with the authority to borrow up to $5 million more. The bond was directed towards site procurements and new construction. Much of the "original" Amador Valley High School building was demolished then significantly reconfigured in 1968. The Amador Theater was added to the main campus building in 1932. As of 2019, the theater remains the city's largest performing arts facility. The theater has hosted school plays, band concerts, performances, lectures, and assemblies. The theater survived the demolition of the rest of the campus in 1968 and was restored after a community fundraising effort. The Amador Theater underwent another substantial renovation and expansion between 1981 and 1989, at a total cost of $2 million. The project was mostly funded by the City of Pleasanton, which took ownership of the theater the same year. The land under the theater remained owned by the school district. The teachers union and the Pleasanton school districts failed to come to an agreement on a contract for the 1985–86 school year. In protest of a breakdown in negotiations, Amador Valley teachers went on a rolling strike in 1986. The school brought in substitutes to replace the picketing teachers. After over a week of walkouts and negotiation including a state mediator, the teachers went back to work having won immediate 8 percent pay raises. Amador Valley teachers are unionized under the Association of Pleasanton Teachers, California Teachers Association, and National Education Association. As of the 2021–22 school year, the average teacher salary is $88,971, which is 3% more than the average California teacher salary of $86,376. The library and media center, opened in 2002, is the tallest building on the Amador Valley campus. The city passed a general obligation bond, Measure B, in 1997. The bond granted the school district $69 million to replace old and crowded facilities and modernize the school campus. The measure enabled the addition of renovated science classrooms, a multipurpose room, a library and media center, and a sound-proofed music building. The parking lot and central quad were expanded, with more than 550 parking spaces in the new lot, and classrooms were equipped to be more energy efficient. A new two-story building was completed in 2004, containing twenty-four classrooms. The following year, the school aquatic center was remodeled. City voters passed another general obligation bond, Measure I1, in 2016. This was the district's first bond passed since Measure B in 1997. The bond granted $270 million to the school district to repair and improve district facilities, as well as provide new science equipment and learning technology. As a part of these renovations, the school district constructed a two-story instructional building on the Amador Valley campus, including "five standard classrooms, three science classrooms, two computer science labs, and two rooms specifically for special day class students". Construction commenced in 2020 and concluded in 2022, at a total cost of $18,400,000. The passage of Prop 39 funded the 2019 addition of solar panels to the student parking lot. The cost of $650,000 is projected to save about $1.8 million in electricity costs over 25 years. The solar panels provide renewable electricity to the high school and create covered parking in a re-oriented lot. Court cases Further information: Amador Valley Joint Union High School District v. State Board of Equalization and Lassonde v. Pleasanton Unified School District The AVJUHSD challenged the constitutionality of the 1978 California Proposition 13, which placed a cap state-wide on county real estate taxes. The proposition limited property tax assessments to the 1975 standard, eliminating $7 billion of $11.4 billion in annual property tax revenue to the state. According to The Washington Post, the "severe" limitations this imposed on state funding forced local governments and most school districts in California to make "drastic cutbacks". A 1978 article in the Los Angeles Times predicted that the proposition would jeopardize the state's ability to receive about $98 million of Federal Impact Aid each year since the state could not maintain prior levels of spending. The district argued that the measure was "so drastic and far-reaching that it was 'a revision' of the state Constitution and not a mere amendment". The district was unsuccessful in its suit. In their ruling, the judges distinguished between "amendment" and "revision". The court confirmed that an initiative cannot "revise" the constitution; Proposition 13, however, was an amendment to the California Constitution and not a "revision". In 2009, Amador Valley was cited by dissenting Justice Carlos R. Moreno in arguing the non-constitutionality of California Proposition 8. Amador Valley administrators censored 1999 Salutatorian Nicholas Lassonde's graduation speech for being "too religious", claiming that it "violated separation of church and state". Lassonde filed suit against the school district and school principal, claiming that the censorship violated his First Amendment rights. In Lassonde v. Pleasanton Unified School District, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled against Lassonde citing a precedent from Cole v. Oroville Union High School District (9th Cir. 2000). The court upheld the censoring of student graduation speeches, concluding that in this case, "if the school had not censored the speech, the result would have been a violation of the Establishment Clause". Small gym fire of 2024 A fire broke out in the small gym of Amador Valley High School on March 17, 2024. Academics Enrollment As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 2,699 students and 110.16 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 24.50. Seven percent of Amador Valley students are involved in special education, four percent qualify for English language learner support, and eight percent qualify for free or reduced-price lunch. School enrollment grew 27% between 2000 and 2005, primarily because of new residential development. After 2005, enrollment growth slowed to an average of 4% per half-decade as of 2020. Enrollment across the Pleasanton Unified School District peaked during the 2018–19 school year, with yearly declines since 2021–22. The enrollment decline accelerated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Amador Valley reached a peak enrollment of 2,744 students during 2020–21 school year. The school district forecasted that enrollment at Amador Valley would fall by nearly 500 students by 2028. Despite relatively stable enrollment since 2005, the school has seen shifts in demographics by ethnicity. Between 2005 and 2021, the White subgroup halved from 72 to 37 percent of the student body while the Asian subgroup tripled from 14 to 45 percent. A school board trustee attributed a decline in interest in the district's Spanish dual immersion program with the increase in Asian students. As of the 2021–22 school year, the student population at Amador Valley had similarly sized pluralities of White and Asian enrollment, with smaller Hispanic and African American minorities. Awards President George W. Bush and Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda talk with an Amador Valley representative at the 2008 G8 Summit. The school is a four-time California Distinguished School and a three-time National Blue Ribbon School. In 2008, a team of Amador Valley students won the national UNICEF-sponsored Junior 8 Competition. The team traveled to Toyako, Japan to attend the 2008 Group of Eight (G8) Summit of World Leaders to discuss global issues. The 2022 U.S. News & World Report high school rankings listed Amador Valley as #424 in its National Rankings and #56 in its California High School Rankings. Nine of Amador Valley's teachers have been recognized as a Pleasanton Unified School District teacher of the year; one of those honorees was designated an Alameda County teacher of the year. Curriculum The minimum graduation requirements for Amador Valley include four years of English; three and a half years of social sciences; two years each of math, science and physical education, and one semester of health. Students are also required to take one year of foreign language, visual and performing arts, or career and technical education. As of 2020, the largest teaching departments at the school were English language, social sciences, and mathematics, with approximately 20 teaching staff each (on a FTE basis). As of 2021, 97.3 percent of the school's four-year adjusted cohort achieved the graduation standards, with 79.9 percent achieving the more stringent University of California and California State University requirements for entry. As of 2021, the school's curriculum offered 24 Advanced Placement (AP) classes. This includes courses in the STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, mathematics), social sciences, visual and performing arts, and AP Language courses and their literature complements in English, French, Japanese, and Spanish. Amador Valley's AP program is participated in by 45.4 percent of its students, of which 94.3 percent receive at least one score of 3 or greater. The school's honors and AP classes are offered under an "open-access" policy; students are encouraged to take more advanced courses if they feel like they can handle it. As of 2019, the school's most enrolled AP classes were AP Psychology, AP United States Government and Politics, AP Macroeconomics, AP Statistics, and AP English Language and Composition. A group of Amador Valley students studies aquatic wildlife with Project Creek Watch at Arroyo Valle. The school offers specialized instruction through vocational education as part of the Tri-Valley Regional Occupational Program. As of the 2021–22 school year, 28.6 percent of seniors participated in a vocational education program. Courses offered include automotive repair, business economics, criminal justice, digital art, marketing, sports medicine, AP Computer Science, and AP Environmental Science. Students in the business courses participate co-curricularly in DECA, competing in exams, project presentations, and case studies to prepare for careers in "marketing, finance, hospitality and management". Amador's DECA program was one of the "largest in the state" according to Pleasanton Weekly; as of 2015, over 100 Amador Valley students participated in the program. Over 50 Amador Valley teams and individuals have placed in the top 10 at DECA's International Career Development Conference (ICDC) since 2005. Business class students at Amador Valley have been selected as one of three California high schools to pitch Got Milk? advertising campaign ideas to the California Milk Processor Board. The Amador Valley science department initiated Project Creek Watch in 1994. The project provides students with resources for the long term study of Arroyo Valle; these resources include information about the chemistry in the creek, images of the creek, a guide to flora and fauna, and student projects on aquatic species. The project received a Golden Bell Award for excellence in education from the California School Boards Association. A Project Creek Watch co-founder won a 2001 "Internet Innovator Award" from National Semiconductor for development of the website and associated curricula. Extracurricular activities Athletics The Amador Valley varsity girls' basketball team faces rival team Foothill High School. Amador Valley has offered athletic programs since 1932. As of 2022, the school offered 26 varsity sports teams. These sports are run under the Amador Valley Athletics Boosters and include badminton, baseball/softball, basketball, cross country/track, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, cheer, swimming/diving, tennis, volleyball, water polo, and wrestling. Athletics at Amador Valley are funded by parental donations and the Athletics Boosters. The school district provides facilities and an athletic trainer for the sports programs at Amador and Foothill, but has provided no monetary support to athletics since 2008 due to statewide cuts in funding. The school's athletic rival is the cross-town Foothill High School. In the '70s and '80s, before the Amador/Foothill rivalry developed, the school's athletic rival was Dublin High School. The rivalry culminates at the annual football game. As of 2017, over 1,000 students participated in the school's athletic program. Amador Valley competes in the East Bay Athletic League and California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) North Coast Section. Several school teams have won multiple North Coast Section Division I titles since 2010, including baseball/softball, cross country (girls), golf (girls), track (boys), and volleyball (boys). The school's basketball teams were runners-up for the CIF State Division II title in 1993 (boys) and 1999–2001 (girls). MaxPreps named the Amador Valley softball team its mythical national champion of 2014 following a 27–0 perfect season. The Amador Valley stunt cheer team have won multiple national championships within their divisions at United Spirit Association nationals cheer competitions. The Amador Valley Athletic Booster Club has hosted East Bay Special Olympics "basketball tournaments, track meets, and volleyball competitions" at Amador Valley since 2004. The school coordinates parent and student volunteers, donates proceeds from snack sales, and provides facilities free of charge. The Amador Valley varsity boys' and girls' basketball teams host an annual eight-team basketball tournament, the Amador Basketball Classic (ABC), in the first two weeks of December. The ABC brings high school basketball teams from both inside and outside the state to play in Pleasanton. Each team plays four games between Wednesday and Saturday. Taking place every year since December 1961, the ABC is the longest-running eight-team basketball championship in California. The girls ABC tournament has been held since December 1994. Civic engagement Students of Amador Valley "We the People" team testify in a simulated congressional hearing. Amador Valley's main competitive civic engagement teams emphasize public speaking. The school participates in the Constitutional Rights Foundation's annual California Mock Trial competitions, fielding a prosecution and a defense team to "study a hypothetical case, conduct legal research, and learn about courtroom protocol and procedures". The school's Mock Trial team has won the Alameda County competition and advanced to the California Mock Trial Finals four times since 2007. Team members have received California Mock Trial Finals 1st place awards for Courtroom Artist and Courtroom Journalist. The national We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution competition takes place each spring in Washington, D.C. At the competition, students compete to "demonstrate their constitutional knowledge and understanding of federal government in mock congressional hearings". The Amador Valley "We the People" team was started as an advanced civics class in 1989, shortly after the national program started in 1987. The team consists of up to 30 seniors selected by tryout, split into 6 units which each prepare a brief presentation followed by question-and-answer sessions. The Amador Valley "We the People" team has represented the state of California at the national competition 20 times since 1992, earning the national title in 1995 and 2022. Multiple present and former members of the United States Congress have congratulated the team. The Judiciary of California, as part of its Civic Learning Initiative, awarded the Civic Learning Award of Merit to Amador Valley in 2014, in part because of the "We the People" program. The East Bay Times called Amador Valley's "We The People" team "one of the top programs in the country". Math and computer science The Amador Valley Math Team, as part of the Pleasanton Math League, won third place at the 2013 Stanford Math Tournament. Math and computer science clubs at Amador Valley host outreach events and participate in competitions. The Mathematical Association of America placed Amador Valley High School on its School Honor Roll in 2019 (one of 26 nationwide), 2020 (one of 15 nationwide), and 2021 (one of 33 nationwide) for performance on the American Mathematics Competitions 12A series; multiple Amador Valley students qualified for the United States of America Mathematical Olympiad in those same three years. The Math Team has ranked in the top 10 teams seven times in the nationwide Fall Startup Event since 2012, including a 2nd place finish in 2018. The group placed second at mathleague.org's northern California tournament in 2009, and received an invitation to mathleague.org's national tournament in Kansas City. The following year, the team placed second in the large school division at the national tournament. The Math Team hosts the Amador Valley Geometry Bee, modeled after the Scripps National Spelling Bee. This competition invites students from Amador Valley, Foothill, and the district's three middle schools to compete in timed rounds. The style of the competition consists of rounds of ten questions each, deviating from the traditional spelling bee format. Computer science clubs on campus, such as ACE Coding and Girls Who Code, host outreach events for local elementary, middle, and high school students. These events allowed students to attend coding workshops led by industry professionals and other students. The school received recognition from the AP Computer Science program and the California School Boards Association for efforts to engage young women in computer science. Multiple Amador Valley students have won the Congressional App Challenge for California's 15th congressional district for developing original, usable mobile apps. Music The marching band and color guard perform "Heroes, Gods, and Mythical Creatures" at the 2008 WBA Championships. Amador Valley's music program, initially an orchestra and glee club, was founded in 1928. In the early years of the program, students performed in parades and numerous school operettas. Since 1975, the band has hosted the annual Campana Jazz Festival, a multi-day event that invites local jazz bands to the school to perform and compete. Since 1995, the Amador music program has hosted an annual musical production at the Amador Theatre, with performers from both Amador Valley and Foothill. Amador Valley's music program consists of five concert bands, two orchestras, two choirs, and three jazz bands. The five concert bands are Wind Ensemble I, Wind Ensemble II, Symphonic Band Purple, Symphonic Band Gold, and Concert Band. As of 2017, the band program had 320 students. The Amador Valley Wind Ensemble has performed twice at the Midwest Clinic and once at Carnegie Hall. The symphony orchestra received positive attention from Hongkongers for a virtual performance of Glory to Hong Kong as part of a concert series on "songs of protest". The marching band and color guard compete in the Western Band Association (WBA) circuit. The band practices a competitive field show, performed at football halftime shows and competitions. The Marching Dons are classified into WBA Class AAAAA. The Amador Valley Marching Dons have received sweepstakes and first place awards and earned fourth place in 2014 at the WBA Grand Championships. The band and colorguard have been invited multiple times to perform at the annual London New Year's Day Parade and Fiesta Bowl National Band Championship. Robotics A United States Navy diver guides the Amador Valley AUV during the International RoboSub competition at the Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific in San Diego. Amador Valley features at least two separate robotics teams, both competing in different international and collegiate-level autonomous vehicle competitions hosted by the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI). The Amador Valley Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) team, founded in 2018, participates in the annual AUVSI Student Unmanned Aerial Systems (SUAS) Competition. The UAV team develops a drone to compete aerial missions, including autonomous flight, remote sensing, obstacle avoidance, robotic mapping, and air delivery. In 2022, the Amador Valley UAV team placed second among collegiate teams in its inaugural competition. The team's drone, Boreas, is a coaxial octocopter able to fly at a full speed of 48 mph (77 km/h) for up to 30 minutes. Since 1997, the Office of Naval Research and RoboNation (previously the AUVSI Foundation) has sponsored an annual, international Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) competition called RoboSub. The Amador Valley AUV team, founded in 1999, participates annually in this competition. Amador's AUV team was the "first high school team at the competition", and each year develops an autonomous submarine that can maneuver an underwater obstacle course. In 2001 and 2022, the Amador Valley AUV team placed second among collegiate teams in the main competition. Notable alumni Notable Amador Valley alumni include former National Football League players Nate Boyer, Mike Burke, Chris Geile, Rick Kane, Greg Kragen, Scott Peters, and Joe Terry. Other athletes that graduated from Amador include soccer player Jacob Akanyirige, soccer player Jason Annicchero, tennis player Matt Anger, soccer player Kevin Crow, soccer player Thomas Janjigian, golfer Joel Kribel, basketball player Kevin Laue, baseball player Stephen Piscotty, hockey player Matt Tennyson, and softball player Danielle Williams. Several alumni are known as entertainers and actors, including filmmaker and actor Paul Korver, American-Canadian game show host Jim Perry, Broadway singer and actress Donna Theodore, and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers actor David Yost. Musicians who attended Amador Valley include punk musician Craig Billmeier, drummer Joe Plummer, and Jellyfish rock band duo Andy Sturmer and Roger Joseph Manning Jr. Other notable alumni include United States Air Force commander Cary C. Chun, computer scientist Chelsea Finn, health advocate for ethnic minorities Janet Liang, journalist and community activist Abby Martin, Alameda County district attorney Tom Orloff, novelist Francine Rivers, and shooting victim Kate Steinle. 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Official website vteAlameda County, California SchoolsPublic high schoolsAlameda USD Alameda High Alameda Science and Technology Institute Encinal High Island Continuation Albany USD Albany High MacGregor High Berkeley USD Berkeley High Berkeley Adult School Castro Valley USD Castro Valley High Redwood Alternative Dublin USD Dublin High Valley Continuation Emery USD Emery Secondary School Fremont USD American Irvington John F. Kennedy Mission San Jose Washington Robertson (alternative) Hayward USD Hayward High Mount Eden Tennyson Livermore Valley Joint USD Granada Livermore New Haven USD James Logan Conley-Caraballo Continuation New Haven Adult School Newark USD Newark Memorial Oakland USD Castlemont Coliseum College Prep Academy Fremont Life Academy of Health and Bioscience McClymonds MetWest Oakland High Oakland International Oakland Technical Skyline Piedmont USD Piedmont High Millennium (Alternative) Pleasanton USD Amador Valley Foothill Village Continuation San Leandro USD San Leandro High San Lorenzo USD Arroyo San Lorenzo High Royal Sunset Continuation East Bay Arts Charter schools American Indian Model Schools High School Leadership Public Schools, Hayward Livermore Valley Charter Preparatory Oakland School for the Arts State-run schools California School for the Blind California School for the Deaf, Fremont Independent schoolsSecular private schools The College Preparatory School German International School of Silicon Valley Berkeley Campus Head-Royce School Maybeck High School The Quarry Lane School Religious private schools Averroes High School Bishop O'Dowd High School Coastline Christian Schools Fremont Christian School Holy Names High School Moreau Catholic High School St. Elizabeth High School St. Joseph Notre Dame High School Saint Mary's College High School vtePleasanton, CaliforniaEducation Pleasanton Unified School District Amador Valley High School Foothill High School Village High School Landmarks Alameda County Fairgrounds Pleasanton Fairgrounds Racetrack Alviso Adobe Community Park Augustin Bernal Park Pleasanton Ridge Regional Park Shadow Cliffs Regional Recreation Area Transit Dublin/Pleasanton–Daly City BART line Dublin / Pleasanton BART station West Dublin / Pleasanton BART station Pleasanton ACE station WHEELS (California) Interstate 580 (California) Interstate 680 (California) Retail and Business Stoneridge Shopping Center Hacienda Business Park Municipal Services Pleasanton Public Library Livermore-Pleasanton Fire Department This list is incomplete. Portals: San Francisco Bay Area Schools Authority control databases International ISNI Geographic NCES

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending"},{"link_name":"Amador High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amador_High_School"},{"link_name":"comprehensive public high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_public_high_school"},{"link_name":"Pleasanton, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton,_California"},{"link_name":"Pleasanton Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"Foothill High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill_High_School_(Pleasanton,_California)"},{"link_name":"Village High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_High_School"},{"link_name":"California Distinguished School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Distinguished_School"},{"link_name":"National Blue Ribbon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Blue_Ribbon_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-distinguished_school-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blue_ribbon_school-9"},{"link_name":"We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_People:_The_Citizen_and_the_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2020a-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2022d-11"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Midwest Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Clinic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2018a-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ti_2019a-13"},{"link_name":"California Interscholastic Federation North Coast Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Interscholastic_Federation_North_Coast_Section"},{"link_name":"MaxPreps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MaxPreps"},{"link_name":"mythical national champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_national_championship"},{"link_name":"perfect season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_season"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mp_2014-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cifncs_winners-15"}],"text":"Public high school in Pleasanton, CaliforniaFor the high school in Sutter Creek, see Amador High School.Amador Valley High School is a comprehensive public high school in Pleasanton, California. It is one of three high schools in the Pleasanton Unified School District, along with Foothill High School and Village High School.Founded as Amador Valley Joint Union High School (AVJUHS), it graduated its first class in 1923. Major construction and renovations were undertaken after district voters approved bonds in 1922, 1965, 1997, and 2016.The school is a four-time California Distinguished School and a three-time National Blue Ribbon School.[8][9] In national competitions such as We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution, the Amador Valley team has won the 1995 and 2022 national titles.[10][11] The Amador Valley Wind Ensembles have performed at national venues and conferences, including Carnegie Hall and the Midwest Clinic.[12][13] Several Amador Valley athletic teams have won multiple California Interscholastic Federation North Coast Section Division I titles since 2010, including the softball team which MaxPreps named 2014 mythical national champion following a perfect season.[14][15]","title":"Amador Valley High School"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2007b-16"},{"link_name":"Amador Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amador_Valley"},{"link_name":"Tri-Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Valley"},{"link_name":"San Francisco East Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)"},{"link_name":"Californio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio"},{"link_name":"Don José María Amador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Amador"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wainwright_p77-17"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_(honorific)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wainwright_p77-17"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_(honorific)"},{"link_name":"Pleasanton, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton,_California"},{"link_name":"elementary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"middle school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"Livermore High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livermore_High_School"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kcr_1922b-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pleasantonhistoriccontext-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn_1922a-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wainwright_p124-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-long_pp30-31-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2007b-16"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2007a-23"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_California"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wainwright_pp15,_92-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2019c-25"},{"link_name":"Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2007c-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wainwright_p109-27"},{"link_name":"Dublin High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_High_School_(Dublin,_California)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-long_p96-28"},{"link_name":"Foothill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill_High_School_(Pleasanton,_California)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wainwright_p124-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2019c-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amador_Valley_and_Pleasanton_Ridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pleasanton Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"district unification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_school_district"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-long_p2-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2005b-30"},{"link_name":"Dublin Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2019c-25"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"continuation high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_high_school"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pusd_schools_list-32"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Altamont Corridor Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamont_Corridor_Express"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Valle"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wainwright_p92-33"},{"link_name":"Alameda County Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_County_Fairgrounds"},{"link_name":"Women's March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Women%27s_March"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ti_2020a-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2020d-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebt_2007a-36"}],"sub_title":"Region and districts","text":"Amador Valley High School, originally Amador Valley Joint Union High School,[16] was named for its location in the Amador Valley (part of the Tri-Valley area of the San Francisco East Bay). The valley's namesake was a wealthy Californio rancher, Don José María Amador.[17] The school selected the Don as its mascot, in honor of the title used by Amador;[17] Don is a Spanish term used as a mark of high esteem for a distinguished nobleman or gentleman.Amador Valley High School is located in Pleasanton, California. While Pleasanton provided elementary and middle school education since its early years, students proceeding to high school attended nearby Livermore High School until 1924. Out of concerns of overcrowding and transportation for the commuting students, Pleasanton parents and students advocated for a local high school in the early 1920s. The activism culminated in a voter bond referendum on March 14, 1922, to establish the Amador Valley Joint Union High School District (AVJUHSD) and build the high school.[18][19][20] Amador Valley's first class graduated in 1923.[21][22]From 1922 to 1988, the school was part of the AVJUHSD.[16][23] This district taught high school students from Pleasanton, nearby Dublin, and the local rural community.[24][25] The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 led to the building of a series of local freeways and increased population and student enrollment.[26][27] In 1969, the school reached its maximum capacity, about 1,895 students. To accommodate the larger student population, Dublin High School was founded as part of the AVJUHSD. Both schools held classes on the Amador Valley campus during the 1968–69 school year.[28] A continued influx of families to the area prompted the foundation of another high school within the AVJUHSD, Foothill, in 1973.[21][25]Campus of Amador Valley High SchoolFollowing a 1988 ballot measure, the AVJUHSD merged with the Pleasanton Joint School District to form the Pleasanton Unified School District. Prior to the district unification, the AVJUHSD operated Amador Valley High School, Foothill High School, and Dublin High School.[29][30] Dublin High School was annexed into the Dublin Unified School District.[25][31] As of 2022, the Pleasanton Unified School District contained two comprehensive high schools (Amador Valley and Foothill), one continuation high school (Village), three middle schools, nine elementary schools, one preschool, and an adult education program.[32]The school grounds are bordered on the east and southeast by Santa Rita Road, a Union Pacific railroad track on which the Altamont Corridor Express runs, and Arroyo Valle.[33] To the north are several businesses and residential districts lie on the western border. The campus is the launch point for annual community parades and protests, including the Alameda County Fair Fall Festival Parade and the Tri-Valley Women's March.[34][35][36]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amador_Valley_Joint_Union_High_School_from_Image_12_of_Sanborn_Fire_Insurance_Map_from_Pleasanton,_Alameda_County,_California.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sanborn maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanborn_maps"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pt_1922a-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wainwright_p93-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kcr_1922a-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pt_1922b-41"},{"link_name":"Rancho Valle de San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Valle_de_San_Jose"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pleasantonhistoriccontext-19"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pt_1923a-42"},{"link_name":"Parent-Teacher Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent-Teacher_Association"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-long_p66-43"},{"link_name":"school bond issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_bond"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scs_1965a-44"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pleasantonhistoriccontext-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wainwright_p124-21"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2019a-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2010a-46"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wainwright_p124-21"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2019a-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2010a-46"},{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Union"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap_1986-48"},{"link_name":"substitutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_teacher"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn_1986a-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"California Teachers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Teachers_Association"},{"link_name":"National Education Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Education_Association"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2010b-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_sarc-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amador_Valley_Library_and_Media_Center.JPG"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2002d-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2002a-54"},{"link_name":"general obligation bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_obligation_bond"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2002a-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_sarc-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2005d-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2020b-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-measure_i1_master_plan-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2022i-59"},{"link_name":"Prop 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_39"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2020c-60"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"1926 Sanborn maps architectural drawing of Amador Valley Joint Union High School, showing the Amador Theatre, the gymnasium with dressing rooms, and two classrooms.Classes were first held at Amador Valley on August 14, 1922, at the school's initial location at the Pleasanton Grammar School, serving 59 students.[37] The first class of eight students graduated in 1923, and the school quickly became known for its municipal bands and sports teams.[38]The initial school land, building, furnishings, and upkeep was funded by a $110,000 bond authorized by district voters on September 26, 1922.[39][40][41] Construction started in 1923 on the Rancho Valle de San Jose property, to accommodate 200 students upon its completion in 1924. The initial school building was built in Mediterranean Revival style and included \"five regular recitation rooms, a science laboratory with lecture room, a sewing room, a cooking room, a room for commercial branches, two drawing rooms, a shop with two connecting work rooms, a library, a reception room and office for the pricipal [sic], a teachers' room, a nurses' room, and gymnasium\".[19][42]Pleasanton mothers started a school lunch program in 1927 to provide students with a better environment for learning. Parents donated pots and pans, and a newly hired cook prepared lunches, to be eaten at new tables and benches. The tables and benches were constructed by the custodian and the music teacher from the wood of horse stalls formerly on the campus. This project led to the formation of a Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) chapter at Amador Valley in the late 1920s.[43]District voters approved a $1.5 million school bond issue in 1965, with the authority to borrow up to $5 million more. The bond was directed towards site procurements and new construction.[44] Much of the \"original\" Amador Valley High School building was demolished then significantly reconfigured in 1968.[19][21]The Amador Theater was added to the main campus building in 1932. As of 2019, the theater remains the city's largest performing arts facility.[45] The theater has hosted school plays, band concerts, performances, lectures, and assemblies.[46] The theater survived the demolition of the rest of the campus in 1968 and was restored after a community fundraising effort.[21] The Amador Theater underwent another substantial renovation and expansion between 1981 and 1989, at a total cost of $2 million. The project was mostly funded by the City of Pleasanton, which took ownership of the theater the same year. The land under the theater remained owned by the school district.[45][46]The teachers union and the Pleasanton school districts failed to come to an agreement on a contract for the 1985–86 school year.[47] In protest of a breakdown in negotiations, Amador Valley teachers went on a rolling strike in 1986.[48] The school brought in substitutes to replace the picketing teachers.[49] After over a week of walkouts and negotiation including a state mediator, the teachers went back to work having won immediate 8 percent pay raises.[50] Amador Valley teachers are unionized under the Association of Pleasanton Teachers, California Teachers Association, and National Education Association.[51] As of the 2021–22 school year, the average teacher salary is $88,971, which is 3% more than the average California teacher salary of $86,376.[52]The library and media center, opened in 2002,[53] is the tallest building on the Amador Valley campus.[54]The city passed a general obligation bond, Measure B, in 1997. The bond granted the school district $69 million to replace old and crowded facilities and modernize the school campus.[54] The measure enabled the addition of renovated science classrooms, a multipurpose room, a library and media center, and a sound-proofed music building. The parking lot and central quad were expanded, with more than 550 parking spaces in the new lot, and classrooms were equipped to be more energy efficient. A new two-story building was completed in 2004, containing twenty-four classrooms. The following year, the school aquatic center was remodeled.[55][56]City voters passed another general obligation bond, Measure I1, in 2016. This was the district's first bond passed since Measure B in 1997. The bond granted $270 million to the school district to repair and improve district facilities, as well as provide new science equipment and learning technology. As a part of these renovations, the school district constructed a two-story instructional building on the Amador Valley campus, including \"five standard classrooms, three science classrooms, two computer science labs, and two rooms specifically for special day class students\". Construction commenced in 2020 and concluded in 2022, at a total cost of $18,400,000.[57][58][59]The passage of Prop 39 funded the 2019 addition of solar panels to the student parking lot. The cost of $650,000 is projected to save about $1.8 million in electricity costs over 25 years. The solar panels provide renewable electricity to the high school and create covered parking in a re-oriented lot.[60]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amador Valley Joint Union High School District v. State Board of Equalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amador_Valley_Joint_Union_High_School_District_v._State_Board_of_Equalization"},{"link_name":"Lassonde v. Pleasanton Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassonde_v._Pleasanton_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"California Proposition 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_13_(1978)"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp_1978-61"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Federal Impact Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Impact_Aid"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat_1978-62"},{"link_name":"amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_amendment"},{"link_name":"revision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_revision"},{"link_name":"California Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upi_1978-63"},{"link_name":"Carlos R. Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_R._Moreno"},{"link_name":"California Proposition 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_8_(2008)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Salutatorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salutatorian"},{"link_name":"separation of church and state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfg_1999a-65"},{"link_name":"First Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Lassonde v. Pleasanton Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassonde_v._Pleasanton_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mne_2003a-66"},{"link_name":"Establishment Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_Clause"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stefkovich_pp101-105-69"}],"sub_title":"Court cases","text":"Further information: Amador Valley Joint Union High School District v. State Board of Equalization and Lassonde v. Pleasanton Unified School DistrictThe AVJUHSD challenged the constitutionality of the 1978 California Proposition 13, which placed a cap state-wide on county real estate taxes. The proposition limited property tax assessments to the 1975 standard, eliminating $7 billion of $11.4 billion in annual property tax revenue to the state. According to The Washington Post, the \"severe\" limitations this imposed on state funding forced local governments and most school districts in California to make \"drastic cutbacks\".[61] A 1978 article in the Los Angeles Times predicted that the proposition would jeopardize the state's ability to receive about $98 million of Federal Impact Aid each year since the state could not maintain prior levels of spending.[62]The district argued that the measure was \"so drastic and far-reaching that it was 'a revision' of the state Constitution and not a mere amendment\". The district was unsuccessful in its suit. In their ruling, the judges distinguished between \"amendment\" and \"revision\". The court confirmed that an initiative cannot \"revise\" the constitution; Proposition 13, however, was an amendment to the California Constitution and not a \"revision\".[63] In 2009, Amador Valley was cited by dissenting Justice Carlos R. Moreno in arguing the non-constitutionality of California Proposition 8.[64]Amador Valley administrators censored 1999 Salutatorian Nicholas Lassonde's graduation speech for being \"too religious\", claiming that it \"violated separation of church and state\".[65] Lassonde filed suit against the school district and school principal, claiming that the censorship violated his First Amendment rights. In Lassonde v. Pleasanton Unified School District, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled against Lassonde citing a precedent from Cole v. Oroville Union High School District (9th Cir. 2000).[66] The court upheld the censoring of student graduation speeches, concluding that in this case, \"if the school had not censored the speech, the result would have been a violation of the Establishment Clause\".[67][68][69]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Small gym fire of 2024","text":"A fire broke out in the small gym of Amador Valley High School on March 17, 2024.[70]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_equivalent"},{"link_name":"student–teacher ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%E2%80%93teacher_ratio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCES-2"},{"link_name":"special education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"English language learner support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_learner"},{"link_name":"free or reduced-price lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Act"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_sarc-52"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2022b-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2022c-73"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_blue_ribbon_application-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Spanish dual immersion program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_immersion"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2022c-73"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCES-2"}],"sub_title":"Enrollment","text":"As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 2,699 students and 110.16 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 24.50.[2] Seven percent of Amador Valley students are involved in special education, four percent qualify for English language learner support, and eight percent qualify for free or reduced-price lunch.[52] School enrollment grew 27% between 2000 and 2005, primarily because of new residential development. After 2005, enrollment growth slowed to an average of 4% per half-decade as of 2020.[71] Enrollment across the Pleasanton Unified School District peaked during the 2018–19 school year, with yearly declines since 2021–22. The enrollment decline accelerated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Amador Valley reached a peak enrollment of 2,744 students during 2020–21 school year. The school district forecasted that enrollment at Amador Valley would fall by nearly 500 students by 2028.[72][73]Despite relatively stable enrollment since 2005, the school has seen shifts in demographics by ethnicity.[5] Between 2005 and 2021, the White subgroup halved from 72 to 37 percent of the student body while the Asian subgroup tripled from 14 to 45 percent.[74] A school board trustee attributed a decline in interest in the district's Spanish dual immersion program with the increase in Asian students.[73] As of the 2021–22 school year, the student population at Amador Valley had similarly sized pluralities of White and Asian enrollment, with smaller Hispanic and African American minorities.[2]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manogna_with_President_at_J8.jpg"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Yasuo Fukuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuo_Fukuda"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"California Distinguished School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Distinguished_School"},{"link_name":"National Blue Ribbon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Blue_Ribbon_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-distinguished_school-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blue_ribbon_school-9"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"Junior 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_8"},{"link_name":"Toyako, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyako,_Japan"},{"link_name":"Group of Eight (G8) Summit of World Leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unicef_2008a-76"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aubel-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2015a-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2002c-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2012c-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2009g-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2006a-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2006a-83"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"President George W. Bush and Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda talk with an Amador Valley representative at the 2008 G8 Summit.[75]The school is a four-time California Distinguished School and a three-time National Blue Ribbon School.[8][9] In 2008, a team of Amador Valley students won the national UNICEF-sponsored Junior 8 Competition. The team traveled to Toyako, Japan to attend the 2008 Group of Eight (G8) Summit of World Leaders to discuss global issues.[76] The 2022 U.S. News & World Report high school rankings listed Amador Valley as #424 in its National Rankings and #56 in its California High School Rankings.[77] Nine of Amador Valley's teachers have been recognized as a Pleasanton Unified School District teacher of the year;[78][79][80][81][82][83][84] one of those honorees was designated an Alameda County teacher of the year.[83]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graduation requirements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_diploma#California"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PUSD_Graduation_Requirements-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Teaching_Staff_by_Subject-86"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"California State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graduation_Rate-87"},{"link_name":"Advanced Placement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Placement_Program"},{"link_name":"STEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_sarc-52"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021_avhs_profile-88"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_blue_ribbon_application-5"},{"link_name":"AP Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Psychology"},{"link_name":"AP United States Government and Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_United_States_Government_and_Politics"},{"link_name":"AP Macroeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Macroeconomics"},{"link_name":"AP Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Statistics"},{"link_name":"AP English Language and Composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_English_Language_and_Composition"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amador_Valley_Project_Creek_Watch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Valle"},{"link_name":"vocational education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education"},{"link_name":"Regional Occupational Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Association_of_Regional_Occupational_Centers_and_Programs"},{"link_name":"vocational education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021_spsa_executive_summary-90"},{"link_name":"automotive repair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_mechanic"},{"link_name":"business economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_economics"},{"link_name":"criminal justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice"},{"link_name":"digital art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art"},{"link_name":"sports medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_medicine"},{"link_name":"AP Computer Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Computer_Science"},{"link_name":"AP Environmental Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Environmental_Science"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_sarc-52"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-long_p52-91"},{"link_name":"DECA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECA_(organization)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2018b-93"},{"link_name":"Pleasanton Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2013a-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2015c-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2015b-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Got Milk?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Got_Milk%3F"},{"link_name":"California Milk Processor Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Milk_Processor_Board"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_2008a-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_2008b-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2000a-100"},{"link_name":"National Semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2001b-101"}],"sub_title":"Curriculum","text":"The minimum graduation requirements for Amador Valley include four years of English; three and a half years of social sciences; two years each of math, science and physical education, and one semester of health. Students are also required to take one year of foreign language, visual and performing arts, or career and technical education.[85] As of 2020, the largest teaching departments at the school were English language, social sciences, and mathematics, with approximately 20 teaching staff each (on a FTE basis).[86] As of 2021, 97.3 percent of the school's four-year adjusted cohort achieved the graduation standards, with 79.9 percent achieving the more stringent University of California and California State University requirements for entry.[87]As of 2021, the school's curriculum offered 24 Advanced Placement (AP) classes. This includes courses in the STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, mathematics), social sciences, visual and performing arts, and AP Language courses and their literature complements in English, French, Japanese, and Spanish. Amador Valley's AP program is participated in by 45.4 percent of its students, of which 94.3 percent receive at least one score of 3 or greater.[52][88] The school's honors and AP classes are offered under an \"open-access\" policy; students are encouraged to take more advanced courses if they feel like they can handle it.[5] As of 2019, the school's most enrolled AP classes were AP Psychology, AP United States Government and Politics, AP Macroeconomics, AP Statistics, and AP English Language and Composition.[89]A group of Amador Valley students studies aquatic wildlife with Project Creek Watch at Arroyo Valle.The school offers specialized instruction through vocational education as part of the Tri-Valley Regional Occupational Program. As of the 2021–22 school year, 28.6 percent of seniors participated in a vocational education program.[90] Courses offered include automotive repair, business economics, criminal justice, digital art, marketing, sports medicine, AP Computer Science, and AP Environmental Science.[52][91] Students in the business courses participate co-curricularly in DECA, competing in exams, project presentations, and case studies to prepare for careers in \"marketing, finance, hospitality and management\".[92][93] Amador's DECA program was one of the \"largest in the state\" according to Pleasanton Weekly;[94] as of 2015, over 100 Amador Valley students participated in the program.[95] Over 50 Amador Valley teams and individuals have placed in the top 10 at DECA's International Career Development Conference (ICDC) since 2005.[96][97] Business class students at Amador Valley have been selected as one of three California high schools to pitch Got Milk? advertising campaign ideas to the California Milk Processor Board.[98][99]The Amador Valley science department initiated Project Creek Watch in 1994. The project provides students with resources for the long term study of Arroyo Valle; these resources include information about the chemistry in the creek, images of the creek, a guide to flora and fauna, and student projects on aquatic species.[100] The project received a Golden Bell Award for excellence in education from the California School Boards Association. A Project Creek Watch co-founder won a 2001 \"Internet Innovator Award\" from National Semiconductor for development of the website and associated curricula.[101]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Extracurricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amador_Valley_Girls_Basketball.jpg"},{"link_name":"Foothill High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothill_High_School_(Pleasanton,_California)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wainwright_p77-17"},{"link_name":"Athletics Boosters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booster_club"},{"link_name":"cheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheerleading"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"athletic trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_training"},{"link_name":"statewide cuts in funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932012_California_budget_crisis"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2019b-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2022g-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2016a-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebt_2009b-106"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_blue_ribbon_application-5"},{"link_name":"East Bay Athletic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Athletic_League"},{"link_name":"California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) North Coast Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIF_North_Coast_Section"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cifncs_winners-15"},{"link_name":"CIF State Division II title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_high_school_basketball_championship"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat_1993a-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat_1999a-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfg_2003-110"},{"link_name":"MaxPreps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MaxPreps"},{"link_name":"mythical national champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_national_championship"},{"link_name":"perfect season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_season"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mp_2014-14"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2017c-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2022a-112"},{"link_name":"Special Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019_sarc-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2009d-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2002b-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2003b-116"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2002b-115"}],"sub_title":"Athletics","text":"The Amador Valley varsity girls' basketball team faces rival team Foothill High School.Amador Valley has offered athletic programs since 1932.[17] As of 2022, the school offered 26 varsity sports teams. These sports are run under the Amador Valley Athletics Boosters and include badminton, baseball/softball, basketball, cross country/track, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, cheer, swimming/diving, tennis, volleyball, water polo, and wrestling.[102] Athletics at Amador Valley are funded by parental donations and the Athletics Boosters. The school district provides facilities and an athletic trainer for the sports programs at Amador and Foothill, but has provided no monetary support to athletics since 2008 due to statewide cuts in funding.[103][104] The school's athletic rival is the cross-town Foothill High School. In the '70s and '80s, before the Amador/Foothill rivalry developed, the school's athletic rival was Dublin High School.[105] The rivalry culminates at the annual football game.[106]As of 2017, over 1,000 students participated in the school's athletic program.[5] Amador Valley competes in the East Bay Athletic League and California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) North Coast Section.[107] Several school teams have won multiple North Coast Section Division I titles since 2010, including baseball/softball, cross country (girls), golf (girls), track (boys), and volleyball (boys).[15] The school's basketball teams were runners-up for the CIF State Division II title in 1993 (boys)[108] and 1999–2001 (girls).[109][110] MaxPreps named the Amador Valley softball team its mythical national champion of 2014 following a 27–0 perfect season.[14] The Amador Valley stunt cheer team have won multiple national championships within their divisions at United Spirit Association nationals cheer competitions.[111][112]The Amador Valley Athletic Booster Club has hosted East Bay Special Olympics \"basketball tournaments, track meets, and volleyball competitions\" at Amador Valley since 2004.[113][114] The school coordinates parent and student volunteers, donates proceeds from snack sales, and provides facilities free of charge. The Amador Valley varsity boys' and girls' basketball teams host an annual eight-team basketball tournament, the Amador Basketball Classic (ABC), in the first two weeks of December. The ABC brings high school basketball teams from both inside and outside the state to play in Pleasanton. Each team plays four games between Wednesday and Saturday.[115] Taking place every year since December 1961, the ABC is the longest-running eight-team basketball championship in California.[116] The girls ABC tournament has been held since December 1994.[115]","title":"Extracurricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amador_Valley_We_the_People.jpg"},{"link_name":"congressional hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_hearing"},{"link_name":"civic engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"public speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speaking"},{"link_name":"Mock Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_Trial"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebt_2009a-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ti_2007a-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebt_2010a-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2017b-120"},{"link_name":"Courtroom Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtroom_sketch"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crf_mock_trial_2017-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_People:_The_Citizen_and_the_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2020a-10"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebt_2011b-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2008b-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn_2014a-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2020a-10"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_1995-127"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2022d-11"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2009f-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Judiciary of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_California"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2014a-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"East Bay Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Times"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebt_2011a-132"}],"sub_title":"Civic engagement","text":"Students of Amador Valley \"We the People\" team testify in a simulated congressional hearing.Amador Valley's main competitive civic engagement teams emphasize public speaking. The school participates in the Constitutional Rights Foundation's annual California Mock Trial competitions, fielding a prosecution and a defense team to \"study a hypothetical case, conduct legal research, and learn about courtroom protocol and procedures\".[117] The school's Mock Trial team has won the Alameda County competition and advanced to the California Mock Trial Finals four times since 2007.[118][119][120] Team members have received California Mock Trial Finals 1st place awards for Courtroom Artist and Courtroom Journalist.[121][122]The national We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution competition takes place each spring in Washington, D.C. At the competition, students compete to \"demonstrate their constitutional knowledge and understanding of federal government in mock congressional hearings\".[10] The Amador Valley \"We the People\" team was started as an advanced civics class in 1989, shortly after the national program started in 1987.[123][124] The team consists of up to 30 seniors selected by tryout, split into 6 units which each prepare a brief presentation followed by question-and-answer sessions.[125][126]The Amador Valley \"We the People\" team has represented the state of California at the national competition 20 times since 1992,[10] earning the national title in 1995 and 2022.[127][11] Multiple present and former members of the United States Congress have congratulated the team.[128][129] The Judiciary of California, as part of its Civic Learning Initiative, awarded the Civic Learning Award of Merit to Amador Valley in 2014, in part because of the \"We the People\" program.[130][131] The East Bay Times called Amador Valley's \"We The People\" team \"one of the top programs in the country\".[132]","title":"Extracurricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pleasanton_Math_League_at_Stanford_Math_Tournament.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"American Mathematics Competitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematics_Competitions"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"United States of America Mathematical Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America_Mathematical_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall_startup_event-136"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ti_2009a-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Scripps National Spelling Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_National_Spelling_Bee"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ti_2009a-137"},{"link_name":"Girls Who Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Who_Code"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ti_2016a-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ti_2021a-140"},{"link_name":"AP Computer Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Computer_Science"},{"link_name":"women in computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_computing"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2020e-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2021b-142"},{"link_name":"Congressional App Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Science_Technology,_Engineering_and_Math_(STEM)_Academic_Competition"},{"link_name":"California's 15th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_15th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"mobile apps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2021a-144"}],"sub_title":"Math and computer science","text":"The Amador Valley Math Team, as part of the Pleasanton Math League, won third place at the 2013 Stanford Math Tournament.[133]Math and computer science clubs at Amador Valley host outreach events and participate in competitions. The Mathematical Association of America placed Amador Valley High School on its School Honor Roll in 2019 (one of 26 nationwide), 2020 (one of 15 nationwide), and 2021 (one of 33 nationwide) for performance on the American Mathematics Competitions 12A series;[134] multiple Amador Valley students qualified for the United States of America Mathematical Olympiad in those same three years.[135] The Math Team has ranked in the top 10 teams seven times in the nationwide Fall Startup Event since 2012, including a 2nd place finish in 2018.[136] The group placed second at mathleague.org's northern California tournament in 2009, and received an invitation to mathleague.org's national tournament in Kansas City.[137] The following year, the team placed second in the large school division at the national tournament.[138]The Math Team hosts the Amador Valley Geometry Bee, modeled after the Scripps National Spelling Bee. This competition invites students from Amador Valley, Foothill, and the district's three middle schools to compete in timed rounds. The style of the competition consists of rounds of ten questions each, deviating from the traditional spelling bee format.[137]Computer science clubs on campus, such as ACE Coding and Girls Who Code, host outreach events for local elementary, middle, and high school students. These events allowed students to attend coding workshops led by industry professionals and other students.[139][140] The school received recognition from the AP Computer Science program and the California School Boards Association for efforts to engage young women in computer science.[141][142] Multiple Amador Valley students have won the Congressional App Challenge for California's 15th congressional district for developing original, usable mobile apps.[143][144]","title":"Extracurricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amador_Valley_Marching_Band_and_Color_Guard.jpg"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-long_p36-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lj_1928-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2005c-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-long_p63-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2022e-149"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_blue_ribbon_application-5"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017_blue_ribbon_application-5"},{"link_name":"Midwest Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Clinic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ti_2019a-13"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn_2013a-151"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2018a-12"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebt_2018a-152"},{"link_name":"Hongkongers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongkongers"},{"link_name":"Glory to Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_to_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"songs of protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_song"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn_2020a-153"},{"link_name":"marching band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_band"},{"link_name":"color guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_guard_(flag_spinning)"},{"link_name":"Western Band Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Band_Association"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"London New Year's Day Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_New_Year%27s_Day_Parade"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebt_2008a-156"},{"link_name":"Fiesta Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiesta_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2012b-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2017a-158"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The marching band and color guard perform \"Heroes, Gods, and Mythical Creatures\" at the 2008 WBA Championships.Amador Valley's music program, initially an orchestra and glee club, was founded in 1928. In the early years of the program, students performed in parades and numerous school operettas.[145][146] Since 1975, the band has hosted the annual Campana Jazz Festival, a multi-day event that invites local jazz bands to the school to perform and compete.[147][148] Since 1995, the Amador music program has hosted an annual musical production at the Amador Theatre, with performers from both Amador Valley and Foothill.[149]Amador Valley's music program consists of five concert bands, two orchestras, two choirs, and three jazz bands.[5] The five concert bands are Wind Ensemble I, Wind Ensemble II, Symphonic Band Purple, Symphonic Band Gold, and Concert Band.[150] As of 2017, the band program had 320 students.[5] The Amador Valley Wind Ensemble has performed twice at the Midwest Clinic[13][151] and once at Carnegie Hall.[12][152] The symphony orchestra received positive attention from Hongkongers for a virtual performance of Glory to Hong Kong as part of a concert series on \"songs of protest\".[153]The marching band and color guard compete in the Western Band Association (WBA) circuit. The band practices a competitive field show, performed at football halftime shows and competitions. The Marching Dons are classified into WBA Class AAAAA. The Amador Valley Marching Dons have received sweepstakes and first place awards and earned fourth place in 2014 at the WBA Grand Championships.[154][155] The band and colorguard have been invited multiple times to perform at the annual London New Year's Day Parade[156] and Fiesta Bowl National Band Championship.[157][158]","title":"Extracurricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amador_Valley_High_School_Submarine_at_2015_Robosub_Competition.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Information_Warfare_Center_Pacific"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"autonomous vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncrewed_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Unmanned_Vehicle_Systems_International_(AUVSI)"},{"link_name":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"autonomous flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicular_automation"},{"link_name":"remote sensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing"},{"link_name":"obstacle avoidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstacle_avoidance"},{"link_name":"robotic mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_mapping"},{"link_name":"air delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delivery_drone"},{"link_name":"coaxial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_rotors"},{"link_name":"octocopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multirotor"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2022f-159"},{"link_name":"Office of Naval Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle"},{"link_name":"RoboSub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboSub"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy_2022a-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfg_2000-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdut_2005-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2001a-163"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy_2022a-160"}],"sub_title":"Robotics","text":"A United States Navy diver guides the Amador Valley AUV during the International RoboSub competition at the Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific in San Diego.Amador Valley features at least two separate robotics teams, both competing in different international and collegiate-level autonomous vehicle competitions hosted by the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI). The Amador Valley Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) team, founded in 2018, participates in the annual AUVSI Student Unmanned Aerial Systems (SUAS) Competition. The UAV team develops a drone to compete aerial missions, including autonomous flight, remote sensing, obstacle avoidance, robotic mapping, and air delivery. In 2022, the Amador Valley UAV team placed second among collegiate teams in its inaugural competition. The team's drone, Boreas, is a coaxial octocopter able to fly at a full speed of 48 mph (77 km/h) for up to 30 minutes.[159]Since 1997, the Office of Naval Research and RoboNation (previously the AUVSI Foundation) has sponsored an annual, international Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) competition called RoboSub.[160] The Amador Valley AUV team, founded in 1999, participates annually in this competition. Amador's AUV team was the \"first high school team at the competition\", and each year develops an autonomous submarine that can maneuver an underwater obstacle course.[161][162][163] In 2001 and 2022, the Amador Valley AUV team placed second among collegiate teams in the main competition.[160]","title":"Extracurricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Nate Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Boyer"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn_2015a-164"},{"link_name":"Mike Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Burke_(punter)"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Chris Geile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Geile"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Rick Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Kane"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Greg Kragen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kragen"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Scott Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Peters_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Joe Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Terry_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Jacob Akanyirige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Akanyirige"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patch_2020a-171"},{"link_name":"Jason Annicchero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Annicchero"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2019e-172"},{"link_name":"Matt Anger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Anger"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Kevin Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Crow"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lat_1985-174"},{"link_name":"Thomas Janjigian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Janjigian"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Joel Kribel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Kribel"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Kevin Laue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Laue"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nydn_2009-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_2008c-178"},{"link_name":"Stephen Piscotty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Piscotty"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn_2017a-179"},{"link_name":"Matt Tennyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Tennyson"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Danielle Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Williams_(softball)"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn_2016-181"},{"link_name":"Paul Korver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Korver"},{"link_name":"Jim Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Perry_(television_personality)"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Donna Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Theodore"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-long_pp109-110-182"},{"link_name":"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers"},{"link_name":"David Yost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Yost"},{"link_name":"Craig Billmeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Billmeier"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebt_2009c-183"},{"link_name":"Joe Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Plummer"},{"link_name":"Jellyfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish_(band)"},{"link_name":"Andy Sturmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Sturmer"},{"link_name":"Roger Joseph Manning Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Joseph_Manning_Jr."},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dorfman_p18-184"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Cary C. Chun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_C._Chun"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Finn"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"health advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_advocate"},{"link_name":"Janet Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Liang"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2012a-186"},{"link_name":"Abby Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Martin"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebt_2014a-187"},{"link_name":"Tom Orloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Orloff"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-long_p108-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw_2023a-189"},{"link_name":"Francine Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_Rivers"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pp_1986-190"},{"link_name":"Kate Steinle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Steinle"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn_2015b-191"}],"text":"Notable Amador Valley alumni include former National Football League players Nate Boyer,[164] Mike Burke,[165] Chris Geile,[166] Rick Kane,[167] Greg Kragen,[168] Scott Peters,[169] and Joe Terry.[170] Other athletes that graduated from Amador include soccer player Jacob Akanyirige,[171] soccer player Jason Annicchero,[172] tennis player Matt Anger,[173] soccer player Kevin Crow,[174] soccer player Thomas Janjigian,[175] golfer Joel Kribel,[176] basketball player Kevin Laue,[177][178] baseball player Stephen Piscotty,[179] hockey player Matt Tennyson,[180] and softball player Danielle Williams.[181]Several alumni are known as entertainers and actors, including filmmaker and actor Paul Korver, American-Canadian game show host Jim Perry, Broadway singer and actress Donna Theodore,[182] and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers actor David Yost. Musicians who attended Amador Valley include punk musician Craig Billmeier,[183] drummer Joe Plummer, and Jellyfish rock band duo Andy Sturmer and Roger Joseph Manning Jr.[184] Other notable alumni include United States Air Force commander Cary C. Chun, computer scientist Chelsea Finn,[185] health advocate for ethnic minorities Janet Liang,[186] journalist and community activist Abby Martin,[187] Alameda County district attorney Tom Orloff,[188][189] novelist Francine Rivers,[190] and shooting victim Kate Steinle.[191]","title":"Notable alumni"}]

[{"image_text":"Campus of Amador Valley High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Amador_Valley_and_Pleasanton_Ridge.jpg/220px-Amador_Valley_and_Pleasanton_Ridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"1926 Sanborn maps architectural drawing of Amador Valley Joint Union High School, showing the Amador Theatre, the gymnasium with dressing rooms, and two classrooms.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Amador_Valley_Joint_Union_High_School_from_Image_12_of_Sanborn_Fire_Insurance_Map_from_Pleasanton%2C_Alameda_County%2C_California.jpg/220px-Amador_Valley_Joint_Union_High_School_from_Image_12_of_Sanborn_Fire_Insurance_Map_from_Pleasanton%2C_Alameda_County%2C_California.jpg"},{"image_text":"The library and media center, opened in 2002,[53] is the tallest building on the Amador Valley campus.[54]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Amador_Valley_Library_and_Media_Center.JPG/220px-Amador_Valley_Library_and_Media_Center.JPG"},{"image_text":"President George W. Bush and Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda talk with an Amador Valley representative at the 2008 G8 Summit.[75]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Manogna_with_President_at_J8.jpg/220px-Manogna_with_President_at_J8.jpg"},{"image_text":"A group of Amador Valley students studies aquatic wildlife with Project Creek Watch at Arroyo Valle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Amador_Valley_Project_Creek_Watch.jpg/220px-Amador_Valley_Project_Creek_Watch.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Amador Valley varsity girls' basketball team faces rival team Foothill High School.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Amador_Valley_Girls_Basketball.jpg/220px-Amador_Valley_Girls_Basketball.jpg"},{"image_text":"Students of Amador Valley \"We the People\" team testify in a simulated congressional hearing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Amador_Valley_We_the_People.jpg/220px-Amador_Valley_We_the_People.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Amador Valley Math Team, as part of the Pleasanton Math League, won third place at the 2013 Stanford Math Tournament.[133]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Pleasanton_Math_League_at_Stanford_Math_Tournament.JPG/220px-Pleasanton_Math_League_at_Stanford_Math_Tournament.JPG"},{"image_text":"The marching band and color guard perform \"Heroes, Gods, and Mythical Creatures\" at the 2008 WBA Championships.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Amador_Valley_Marching_Band_and_Color_Guard.jpg/220px-Amador_Valley_Marching_Band_and_Color_Guard.jpg"},{"image_text":"A United States Navy diver guides the Amador Valley AUV during the International RoboSub competition at the Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific in San Diego.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Amador_Valley_High_School_Submarine_at_2015_Robosub_Competition.jpg/220px-Amador_Valley_High_School_Submarine_at_2015_Robosub_Competition.jpg"}]

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Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201025202015/https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2020/02/11/amador-valley-foothill-heading-to-washington-dc-for-we-the-people-nationals","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Baum, Julia (June 2, 2020), \"Amador Valley High solar power structure building to start Monday\", Pleasanton Weekly, archived from the original on May 3, 2021, retrieved October 23, 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://pleasantonweekly.com/news/2019/06/02/amador-valley-high-solar-power-structure-building-to-start-monday","url_text":"\"Amador Valley High solar power structure building to start Monday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton_Weekly","url_text":"Pleasanton Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210503180446/https://pleasantonweekly.com/news/2019/06/02/amador-valley-high-solar-power-structure-building-to-start-monday","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Baum, Julia (February 9, 2021), \"Amador Valley student wins Congressional App 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win statewide Golden Bell Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton_Weekly","url_text":"Pleasanton Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220204192326/https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2021/12/20/amador-valley-students-win-statewide-golden-bell-award","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Baum, Julia (February 19, 2020), \"Amador wins national award for diversity in computer science program\", Pleasanton Weekly, archived from the original on January 13, 2021, retrieved January 11, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2020/02/19/amador-wins-national-award-for-diversity-in-computer-science-program","url_text":"\"Amador wins national award for diversity in computer science program\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton_Weekly","url_text":"Pleasanton Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210113011340/https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2020/02/19/amador-wins-national-award-for-diversity-in-computer-science-program","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Baum, Julia (February 20, 2022), \"Report sheds light on enrollment decline at Pleasanton Unified\", Pleasanton Weekly, archived from the original on March 17, 2022, retrieved April 28, 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2022/02/20/report-sheds-light-on-enrollment-decline-at-pleasanton-unified","url_text":"\"Report sheds light on enrollment decline at Pleasanton Unified\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton_Weekly","url_text":"Pleasanton Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220317004952/https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2022/02/20/report-sheds-light-on-enrollment-decline-at-pleasanton-unified","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Becker, John (December 15, 2017), \"New A's outfielder Stephen Piscotty a popular 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Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201115131944/https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2019/03/28/around-pleasanton-major-repairs-needed-at-amador-theater","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Bing, Jeb (January 11, 2013), \"Around Pleasanton: Teaching the business leaders of tomorrow\" (PDF), Pleasanton Weekly, p. 3, archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2022, retrieved December 14, 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morguepdf/2013/2013_01_11.pls.section1.pdf","url_text":"\"Around Pleasanton: Teaching the business leaders of tomorrow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton_Weekly","url_text":"Pleasanton Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220516094819/https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morguepdf/2013/2013_01_11.pls.section1.pdf","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Bing, Jeb (September 27, 2002), \"Changing campuses\", Pleasanton Weekly, archived from the original on May 6, 2021, retrieved July 27, 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Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122041229/https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2009/04/27/mcnerney-tells-amador-we-the-people-team-hes-incredibly-proud-of-their-effort","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Bing, Jeb (July 7, 2019), \"Pleasanton: Police detective, parks worker named Employees of the Year\", Pleasanton Weekly, archived from the original on May 7, 2021, retrieved May 7, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://pleasantonweekly.com/news/2019/07/07/pleasanton-police-detective-parks-worker-named-employees-of-the-year","url_text":"\"Pleasanton: Police detective, parks worker named Employees of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton_Weekly","url_text":"Pleasanton Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040716/https://pleasantonweekly.com/news/2019/07/07/pleasanton-police-detective-parks-worker-named-employees-of-the-year","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Bing, Jeb (March 23, 2007), \"Services set tomorrow for school leader 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Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220515235814/https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morguepdf/2008/2008_11_28.pls.section1.pdf","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Bing, Jeb (September 27, 2010), \"Teachers' union endorses Bowser, Laursen for election to Pleasanton school board\", Pleasanton Weekly, archived from the original on January 15, 2021, retrieved January 13, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2010/09/27/teachers-union-endorses-bowser-laursen-for-election-to-pleasanton-school-board","url_text":"\"Teachers' union endorses Bowser, Laursen for election to Pleasanton school board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton_Weekly","url_text":"Pleasanton Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210115065613/https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2010/09/27/teachers-union-endorses-bowser-laursen-for-election-to-pleasanton-school-board","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Bing, Jeb (April 17, 2009), \"Truly special: 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16-year-old US delegate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF","url_text":"UNICEF"},{"url":"http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/usa_44803.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joint Union High School Bond Election Notice\", Pleasanton Times, no. XXXVI, No. 17, September 15, 1922","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jordan, Robert (March 17, 2010), \"Crime, punishment and high school: Amador Valley students take to the law\", East Bay Times, archived from the original on October 20, 2022, retrieved December 10, 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2010/03/17/crime-punishment-and-high-school-amador-valley-students-take-to-the-law/","url_text":"\"Crime, punishment and high school: Amador Valley students take to the law\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Times","url_text":"East Bay 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Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221020013337/https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2011/05/02/pleasanton-high-school-finishes-second-at-national-civics-competition-in-washington-d-c/","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Koning, Patricia (March 8, 2007), \"Amador defeats Granada to win Mock Trial competition\" (PDF), The Independent, p. 2, archived (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2022, retrieved January 30, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lhg.org/Documents/Newspapers_Independent/IND2007-03-08.pdf","url_text":"\"Amador defeats Granada to win Mock Trial competition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(Livermore)","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220326094300/https://www.lhg.org/Documents/Newspapers_Independent/IND2007-03-08.pdf","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Long, Jerri (1989), Echoes of School Bells: A History of Amador-Pleasanton Public Schools, Livermore, CA: Quali-Type, 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Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210505215827/https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morgue/2002/2002_11_29.abc29.html","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Massie, Heidi (November 28, 2003), \"Amador Valley annual basketball tourney begins Dec. 3\", Pleasanton Weekly, archived from the original on May 5, 2021, retrieved July 23, 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morgue/2003/2003_11_28.prep28.html","url_text":"\"Amador Valley annual basketball tourney begins Dec. 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasanton_Weekly","url_text":"Pleasanton Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210505215336/https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morgue/2003/2003_11_28.prep28.html","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Mauldin, Tom (June 24, 2014), \"MaxPreps final 2014 Top 50 national high school softball rankings\", MaxPreps, archived from the original on October 4, 2015, retrieved December 17, 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Coders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(Livermore)","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210318095111/https://www.independentnews.com/news/amador-valley-high-school-girls-mentor-middle-school-coders/article_d2a6b714-87af-11eb-94e9-3bd65cae41fa.html","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"McNicoll, Ron (June 4, 2009), \"The buzz at Amador is about Geometry Bee\" (PDF), The Independent, p. 10, archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2021, retrieved July 3, 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://independentnews.com/app/pdf/06-04-2009.pdf","url_text":"\"The buzz at Amador is about Geometry Bee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(Livermore)","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211105154332/http://independentnews.com/app/pdf/06-04-2009.pdf","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Dennis (October 13, 2016), \"Amador Valley-Dublin high schools renew football rivalry tonight\", 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(electoral_district)

Halle (electoral district)

["1 Geography","2 History","3 Members","4 Election results","4.1 2021 election","4.2 2017 election","4.3 2013 election","4.4 2009 election","5 References"]

Federal electoral district of Germany 71 HalleElectoral districtfor the BundestagHalle in 2025StateSaxony-AnhaltPopulation272,100 (2019)Electorate209,765 (2021)Major settlementsHalle (Saale)LandsbergArea608.4 km2Current electoral districtCreated1990PartySPDMemberKaramba DiabyElected2021 Halle is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 71. It is located in southern Saxony-Anhalt, comprising the city of Halle (Saale) and parts of the Saalekreis and Anhalt-Bitterfeld districts. Halle was created for the inaugural 1990 federal election after German reunification. Since 2021, it has been represented by Karamba Diaby of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Geography Halle is located in southern Saxony-Anhalt. As of the 2025 federal election, it comprises the independent city of Halle (Saale), the municipalities of Kabelsketal, Landsberg, and Petersberg from the Saalekreis district, as well as the municipalities of Sandersdorf-Brehna and Zörbig from the Anhalt-Bitterfeld district. History Halle was created after German reunification in 1990, then known as Halle-Altstadt. It acquired its current name in the 2002 election. In the 1990 through 1998 elections, it was constituency 291 in the numbering system. In the 2002 through 2009 elections, it was number 73. In the 2013 through 2021 elections, it was number 72. From the 2025 election, it has been number 71. Originally, it comprised the independent city of Halle (Saale) without Halle-Neustadt. In the 2002 and 2005 elections, it was coterminous with the city of Halle (Saale). It was expanded to include surrounding municipalities from Saalekreis in the 2009 election, and further expanded into Anhalt-Bitterfeld ahead of the 2025 election. Election No. Name Borders 1990 291 Halle-Altstadt Halle (Saale) city (excluding Halle-Neustadt) 1994 1998 2002 73 Halle Halle (Saale) city 2005 2009 Halle (Saale) city Saalekreis district (only Kabelsketal, Landsberg, and Petersberg municipalities) 2013 72 2017 2021 2025 71 Halle (Saale) city Anhalt-Bitterfeld district (only Sandersdorf-Brehna and Zörbig municipalities) Saalekreis district (only Kabelsketal, Landsberg, and Petersberg municipalities) Members The constituency was first represented by Uwe-Bernd Lühr of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) from 1990 to 1994. As of 2021, this remains only occasion since the 1957 federal election in which the FDP has won a federal constituency. Christel Riemann-Hanewinckel of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) was elected representative in 1994, and served until 2009. In the 2009 election, Petra Sitte of The Left was elected. Christoph Bergner of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) won the constituency in 2013 and served a single term. Christoph Bernstiel was elected in the 2017 election. Karamba Diaby regained it for the SPD in 2021. Election Member Party % 1990 Uwe-Bernd Lühr FDP 34.5 1994 Christel Riemann-Hanewinckel SPD 33.1 1998 40.7 2002 39.4 2005 36.0 2009 Petra Sitte LINKE 33.7 2013 Christoph Bergner CDU 36.3 2017 Christoph Bernstiel CDU 27.1 2021 Karamba Diaby SPD 28.8 Election results 2021 election Federal election (2021): Halle Notes: Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±% SPD Karamba Diaby 42,335 28.8 7.5 34,686 23.6 9.5 CDU N Christoph Bernstiel 30,499 20.7 6.3 26,282 17.9 8.7 AfD Alexander Raue 22,517 15.3 2.0 21,914 14.9 2.9 Left Petra Sitte 19,247 13.1 7.2 17,180 11.7 7.6 Greens Inés Brock 12,521 8.5 4.9 19,915 13.5 6.6 FDP Yana Mark 11,867 8.1 1.3 15,150 10.3 1.3 FW Andrea Menke 3,129 2.1 0.4 2,349 1.6 0.6 Tierschutzpartei   1,830 1.2 PARTEI Jakob Brand 2,335 1.6 0.1 1,611 1.1 0.8 dieBasis Stephan Kohn 2,222 1.5 1,988 1.4 Tierschutzallianz   1,455 1.0 0.6 Gartenpartei 697 0.5 0.2 Pirates   678 0.5 Volt   371 0.3 Humanists   283 0.2 NPD   254 0.2 0.3 MLPD Adrian Manuel Mauson 399 0.3 0.1 199 0.1 0.1 ÖDP   197 0.1 du.   185 0.1 Informal votes 1,505 1,352 Total valid votes 147,071 147,224 Turnout 148,576 70.8 0.2 SPD gain from CDU Majority 11,836 8.1 2017 election Federal election (2017): Halle Notes: Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±% CDU Christoph Bernstiel 40,690 27.1 9.2 39,833 26.5 11.2 SPD Karamba Diaby 32,053 21.3 2.0 21,196 14.1 3.8 Left Petra Sitte 30,530 20.3 5.2 28,892 19.2 5.2 AfD Evelyn Nitsche 26,018 17.3 13.9 26,727 17.8 13.6 FDP Frank Sitta 10,131 6.7 4.6 13,533 9.0 5.9 Greens Grit Michelmann 5,475 3.6 0.1 10,457 7.0 0.3 FW Holger Wenzel 2,607 1.7 0.8 1,449 1.0 0.2 PARTEI Malte Hirschbach 2,186 1.5 2,896 1.9 Tierschutzallianz 2,330 1.6 BGE   780 0.5 NPD   764 0.5 1.0 DiB 683 0.5 MLPD Tassilo Timm 585 0.4 0.1 372 0.2 0.0 MG 382 0.3 Informal votes 2,192 2,173 Total valid votes 150,275 150,294 Turnout 152,467 71.0 5.8 CDU hold Majority 8,637 5.8 5.0 2013 election Federal election (2013): Halle Notes: Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±% CDU Christoph Bergner 51,206 36.3 5.4 53,265 37.7 10.8 Left N Petra Sitte 36,006 25.5 8.2 34,449 24.4 7.3 SPD Karamba Diaby 32,957 23.3 7.1 25,259 17.9 2.1 Greens Sebastian Kranich 5,286 3.7 4.3 10,185 7.2 1.5 AfD Dirk Domicke 4,768 3.4 5,879 4.2 FDP Cornelia Pieper 2,958 2.1 6.5 4,418 3.1 8.5 Pirates Stephan Schurig 2,898 2.1 3,599 2.5 0.6 NPD Rolf Dietrich 1,987 1.4 0.4 2,134 1.5 0.1 Independent Martin Bauersfeld 1,325 0.9 FW Dietmar Weichler 1,307 0.9 1,147 0.8 MLPD Frank Oettler 449 0.3 0.4 317 0.2 0.1 PRO 341 0.2 ÖDP   297 0.2 Informal votes 2,185 2,042 Total valid votes 141,147 141,290 Turnout 143,332 65.2 2.6 CDU gain from Left Majority 15,200 10.8 2009 election Federal election (2009): Halle Notes: Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±% Left Petra Sitte 46,272 33.7 7.2 43,617 31.7 5.3 CDU Christoph Bergner 42,430 30.9 5.2 37,004 26.9 5.7 SPD Johannes Krause 22,341 16.3 19.2 21,684 15.8 17.2 FDP Cornelia Pieper 11,760 8.6 3.2 15,974 11.6 2.2 Greens Claudia Dalbert 11,056 8.1 4.7 11,950 8.7 1.9 Pirates   4,306 3.1 NPD Andrea Machleid 2,483 1.8 0.1 2,234 1.6 0.2 MLPD Frank Oettler 981 0.7 0.0 511 0.4 0.2 DVU   320 0.2 Informal votes 2,462 2,185 Total valid votes 137,323 137,600 Turnout 139,785 62.6 9.1 Left gain from SPD Majority 3,842 2.8 References ^ a b "Constituency Halle". Federal Returning Officer. ^ "Results for Halle". Federal Returning Officer. ^ Results for Halle ^ Results for Halle ^ Results for Halle ^ Results for Halle vte Electoral districts of Saxony-Anhalt in the German BundestagCurrent Altmark – Jerichower Land Börde – Salzlandkreis Harz Magdeburg Anhalt – Dessau – Wittenberg Halle Burgenland – Saalekreis Mansfeld Other states Baden-Württemberg Bavaria‎ Berlin Bremen Brandenburg Hamburg‎ Hesse Lower Saxony Mecklenburg-Vorpommern North Rhine-Westphalia Rhineland-Palatinate‎ Saarland Saxony‎ Schleswig-Holstein Thuringia‎ See also List of Bundestag constituencies Elections in Germany

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cases_Computer_Simulations

Cases Computer Simulations

["1 Games","2 References"]

UK video game developer and publisher This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cases Computer Simulations" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cases Computer SimulationsCompany typePrivateIndustryVideo gamesHeadquartersLondon, United Kingdom Cases Computer Simulations (known as CCS) was a video game developer and publisher which specialized in strategy and war games for the ZX Spectrum, a number of which were ported to the BBC Micro, Acorn Electron, Amstrad CPC, and IBM PC. Their cassette inlays often featured quite stylized pictures and they were renowned for producing a succession of high quality games. Many of their later releases were written by well-known wargamers R T Smith & Ken Wright and received excellent reviews in the mid and late 1980s. They were based at 14, Langton Way, London. SE3 7TL. Games Battle 1917 (1983) United (1984) Arnhem (1985) Desert Rats: The North Africa Campaign (1985) Stalingrad (1988) Encyclopedia of War: Ancient Battles (1988) Vulcan (1986) References ^ "World of Spectrum - Battle 1917". World of Spectrum. Retrieved 2023-03-17. ^ "Arnhem: The 'Market Garden' Operation (1985)". MobyGames. Retrieved 2023-03-17. This article about an IT-related or software-related company or corporation is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudan

Rudan

["1 History","2 Demographics","2.1 Language","2.2 Population","3 Notable people","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]

Coordinates: 27°26′48″N 57°11′34″E / 27.44667°N 57.19278°E / 27.44667; 57.19278City in Hormozgan province, Iran "Deh Barez" redirects here. For the village in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, see Deh Barez. For the administrative division of Hormozgan province, see Rudan County. For the Australian football manager, see Marko Rudan. City in Hormozgan, IranRudan Persian: رودانCityRudanCoordinates: 27°26′48″N 57°11′34″E / 27.44667°N 57.19278°E / 27.44667; 57.19278CountryIranProvinceHormozganCountyRudanDistrictCentralPopulation (2016) • Total36,121Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Rudan (Persian: رودان) is a city in the Central District of Rudan County, Hormozgan province, Iran, serving capital of both the district and the county. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The presence of pictorial hieroglyphs and inscribed rock art in the Bd Afshan Rudn region points to the existence of Rudn's ancient civilization, which experts from the Cultural Heritage Organization believe predates the Elamite and Assyrian eras. The region that is now known as Tabarakun was once home to a naturally occurring, relatively high dam that prevented the Armoz plain from being flooded. This dam existed before the Sasanian kings. Engineers and workers destroyed this dam during the reign of King Hormuz, a Sasanian dynasty ruler of Iran. The later-constructed plain gained notoriety as Hermuz. Stone houses and ancient tombs are remnants of a past life away from the mountains center. The discovery of priceless artifacts, like a surgically altered skull from three thousand years before the Common Era, in a location called Tam Marv also points to the region's ancient past. Demographics Language The city's people speak Garmsiri dialects. Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 30,060 in 6,302 households. The following census in 2011 counted 33,285 people in 7,954 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 36,121 people in 9,733 households. Notable people Mohammad Ebadizadeh محمد عبادی‌زاده, Cleric Seyyed Mostafa zolqadr سید مصطفی ذوالقدر, Cleric.forner parliamentary. See also Iran portal Notes ^ Also romanized as Rūdān; also known as Dehbarez (دهبارز), also romanized as Deh Bārez; also known as Deh Bāriz, Deh Dāriz, Qal‘eh-ye Deh Bārez, Qal‘eh-ye Deh-e Bārez, and Rūgan References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (12 September 2023). "Rudan, Rudan County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 12 September 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 22. Archived from the original (Excel) on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Rudan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3079134" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of elements and units of Hormozgan province's national divisions centered in Bandar Abbas city". Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2024. ^ "Atlas of the Languages of Iran". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 22. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 22. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. vteHormozgan Province, IranCapital Bandar Abbas Counties and citiesAbumusa County Abu Musa Bandar Abbas County Bandar Abbas Fin Bandar Lengeh County Bandar Charak Bandar Lengeh Kish Kong Bashagard County Sardasht Bastak County Bastak Jenah Kukherd Hajjiabad County Fareghan Hajjiabad Jask County Jask Khamir County Bandar Khamir Ruydar Minab County Hasht Bandi Minab Senderk Sirik Parsian County Parsian Qeshm County Dargahan Hormuz Qeshm Suza Rudan County Rudan Ziarat-e Ali Sights Boz Dam Caravanserai of Bastak Castle of Aamaj Castle of Siba Dariush Grand Hotel Dasak Mountain Fort of Our Lady of the Conception Geno Biosphere Reserve Hara forests of Qeshm Harireh Hindu Temple, Bandar Abbas The Historic Bath of Siba Khe Aab Mountain Kish Island Greek Ship Lashtan Castle, Bandar Lengeh Mehran River Nakh Mountain Paraw Kukherd Portuguese Castle, Qeshm Island Takhti Stadium Terenah Zeer Mountain populated places List of cities, towns and villages in Hormozgan Province See also Greater and Lesser Tunbs Hendurabi Hengam Island Hormuz Island Larak Island Lavan Island Shidvar Island Sirri Island Strait of Hormuz vte Rudan CountyCapital Rudan DistrictsCentralCities Rudan Rural Districts and villagesAbnama Ab Gazan Asiab College of Agriculture Deh Kar Deh Matun Gereshmu Gheybi Hojjatabad-e Kharaji Kalatu Kariza Kharaji Kheyrabad Mazeghgaran Pasorkhi Pudanu Qaleh-ye Komiz Samilan Sardang-e Komiz Sargodar-e Kalatu Sarjuiyeh Shahrak-e Sizadehaban Faryab Faryab Hajjiabad Tang-e Rud Rahdar Al-e Mahmudi Badafshan-e Pain Bajk Barezard Bash Kardan Deh Now Deh Now-e Sarab Deh Tang Deh Tuk Gandar-e Pain Gaz Azar Geru Siah Heydari Kamsi Savar Kari Dazan Kari Dazan-e Pain Kharbechgan Rahdar Sar Gol Sarband Shurayi Siah Moghan-e Bala Siah Moghan-e Pain Siah Takan-e Pain Ziarat-e Pirchugan BikahCities none Rural Districts and villagesBerentin Ab Garman Berentin Dasht-e Sefa Kahnshuiyeh Kahnu Shotori Nozok Palangan Panhar Poshteh-ye Gish Vaziri Bikah Bika Deh Gel Kan Eslamabad Mazegh Sar Kahnan Sekal JaghinCities none Rural Districts and villagesJaghin-e Jonubi(South Jaghin) Aliabad Kam Jamal Kam Kart Naserabad Palur Qalandari Zard-e Sham Jaghin-e Shomali(North Jaghin) Bejgui Darreh Hajji Feyzabad Gar Ab Jaghin Jom Anbeh Kahur Ryis Abbas Pasefid Qaleh Sorkh Dan RudkhanehCities Ziarat-e Ali Rural Districts and villagesMosaferabad Abbasabad Ahmadabad Aliabad Azizabad Band-e Heydar Abbas Bi Majan Chah Nuri Chah-e Ebrahim Charmian Chil Naban Deh Gin Deh Pirangan-e Bala Deh-e Yari Dehnow Ebrahim Ali Godar Gardyal Gorazabad Hoseyn Pump Complex Jafarabad Jannatabad Kalgharabad Kam Kordan Kar Gazi Karimabad Maryamabad Mashangi Mazraeh-ye Matlubi Mohammadabad Mosaferabad Nurabad Pa Kam-e Bala Pa Kam-e Pain Pollehi Poshtu Qalaman Qaleh Dezh Razuiyeh Rostamabad Sang Band Sar Gust-e Bala Sar Gust-e Pain Sar Kahnan Sar Korukan Sar Zeh Shokrabad Sizeh Rudkhaneh Ab Tarikan-e Pain Ahmadabad Bajani Band-e Nowruz Bidan Chakeri Chiromabad Dar-e Maku Dehliyan Mirabi Moradabad Nimeh Kar Pirui Poshtkuh-e Chakuy Rahbaran Sahilan Samilan-e Bala Sar Zeh-ye Sofla Sarkom Zaminan Rudkhaneh Bar Bagh Golan Bagh Jafar Bagh Narges Bagh Shah Bajari Barani Bolkheyri Chah Goda Chah Seyfollah Chil Gongan Dalvaban-e Olya Dasht-e Zagh-e Abdan Faryab Hizbandegan Jalalabad Juzir Kalitu Kam Guran Kheyrabad Kordi Shirazi Limui Mazraeh-ye Goldasht Nader Mian Chilan Mian Yili Mohebbi Musa Ali Nazarabad Poshtkuh-e Abdan Regab Tareh-ye Ashayiri Tolombeh-ye Hoseynabad Ziarat This Rudan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deh Barez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deh_Barez,_Chaharmahal_and_Bakhtiari"},{"link_name":"Rudan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudan_County"},{"link_name":"Marko Rudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Rudan"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Rudan_County)"},{"link_name":"Rudan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudan_County"},{"link_name":"Hormozgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormozgan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hormozgan_Structure-5"}],"text":"City in Hormozgan province, Iran\"Deh Barez\" redirects here. For the village in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, see Deh Barez.For the administrative division of Hormozgan province, see Rudan County.For the Australian football manager, see Marko Rudan.City in Hormozgan, IranRudan (Persian: رودان)[a] is a city in the Central District of Rudan County, Hormozgan province, Iran, serving capital of both the district and the county.[4]","title":"Rudan"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The presence of pictorial hieroglyphs and inscribed rock art in the Bd Afshan Rudn region points to the existence of Rudn's ancient civilization, which experts from the Cultural Heritage Organization believe predates the Elamite and Assyrian eras.The region that is now known as Tabarakun was once home to a naturally occurring, relatively high dam that prevented the Armoz plain from being flooded. This dam existed before the Sasanian kings. Engineers and workers destroyed this dam during the reign of King Hormuz, a Sasanian dynasty ruler of Iran.The later-constructed plain gained notoriety as Hermuz. Stone houses and ancient tombs are remnants of a past life away from the mountains center. The discovery of priceless artifacts, like a surgically altered skull from three thousand years before the Common Era, in a location called Tam Marv also points to the region's ancient past.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garmsiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmsiri_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"The city's people speak Garmsiri dialects.[5]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 30,060 in 6,302 households.[6] The following census in 2011 counted 33,285 people in 7,954 households.[7] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 36,121 people in 9,733 households.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohammad Ebadizadeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jamaran.news/%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81-440-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87"},{"link_name":"Seyyed Mostafa zolqadr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament%20member/show/701827"}],"text":"Mohammad Ebadizadeh محمد عبادی‌زاده, Cleric\nSeyyed Mostafa zolqadr سید مصطفی ذوالقدر, Cleric.forner parliamentary.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ Also romanized as Rūdān; also known as Dehbarez (دهبارز), also romanized as Deh Bārez; also known as Deh Bāriz, Deh Dāriz, Qal‘eh-ye Deh Bārez, Qal‘eh-ye Deh-e Bārez, and Rūgan[3]","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya

Devi Mahatmya

["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Philosophy","4 Contents","4.1 First episode","4.2 Middle episode","4.3 Final episode","4.4 Symbolism of the three episodes","5 Angas (appendages)","5.1 Preceding subsidiary texts","5.2 Succeeding subsidiary texts","6 Significance","6.1 Place in the Hindu canon","7 In worship","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Bibliography","10 External links"]

Hindu philosophical text A 17th-century Devimahatmya manuscript written in Newari script from Nepal The Devi Mahatmya or Devi Mahatmyam (Sanskrit: देवीमाहात्म्यम्, romanized: devīmāhātmyam, lit. 'Glory of the Goddess') is a Hindu philosophical text describing the Goddess, known as Mahadevi or Adishakti, as the supreme power and creator of the universe. It is part of the Markandeya Purana. Part of a series onShaktism History Deities Mahadevi (Supreme) Devi Shakti Parvati Durga Mahavidya Kali Lalita Matrikas Lakshmi Saraswati Scriptures and texts Vedas Tantras Yogini Shakta Upanishads Devi Sita Tripura Devi Bhagavatam Devi Mahatmyam Lalita Sahasranama Tripura Rahasya Kalika Purana other texts Saundarya Lahari Annada Mangal Ramprasadi Abirami Antati Schools Vidya margam Vamachara Dakshinachara Kula margam Srikulam Kalikulam Trika (Kashmir Shaivism) Kubjikamata Scholars Bharatchandra Ray Bhaskararaya Krishnananda Agamavagisha Ramprasad Sen Ramakrishna Abhirami Bhattar Practices Yoga Yoni Kundalini Panchamakara Tantra Yantra Festivals and temples Navaratri Durga Puja Lakshmi Puja Kali Puja Saraswati Puja Teej Shakti Peetha Regional variations Caribbean Shaktism Hinduism portalvte Devi Mahatmyam is also known as the Durgā Saptashatī (दुर्गासप्तशती) or Śata Chandī (शत् चण्डी) and Chandi Path (चंडी पाठ). The text contains 700 verses arranged into 13 chapters. It is one of the most important texts in Shaktism, along with Devi-Bhagavata Purana, MahaBhagawat and Devi Upanishad. The text is one of the earliest extant complete manuscripts from the Hindu traditions which describes reverence and worship of the feminine aspect of God. The Devi Mahatmyam describes a storied battle between good and evil, where the Devi manifesting as goddess Durga leads the forces of good against the demon Mahishasura—the goddess is very angry and ruthless, and the forces of good win. The verses of this story also outline a philosophical foundation wherein the ultimate reality (Brahman in Hinduism) can also be female. It is recited during Navaratri celebrations, the Durga Puja festival, and in Durga temples across India. Etymology The oldest surviving manuscript of the Devi Māhātmyam, on palm-leaf, in an early Bhujimol or Newari script, Nepal, 11th century Devi Mahatmyam means 'Glorification of the Goddess'. The text is also called Durga Saptaśati (literally a collection of seven hundred" or something that contains seven hundreds in number), as it contains 700 shlokas (verses). It is also known as Candi Patha. Caṇḍī or Caṇḍika is the name by which the Supreme Goddess is referred to in Devī Māhātmyam. According to Hindu Scriptures, Caṇḍikā is "the Goddess of Truth and Justice who came to Earth for the establishment of Dharma", from the adjective caṇḍa, "fierce, violent, cruel for evil forces not for good forces". The epithet has no precedent in Vedic literature and is first found in a late insertion to the Mahabharata, where Chaṇḍa and Chaṇḍī appear as epithets." History Durga temple depicting scenes from Devi Mahatmyam, in Aihole temple, is part of a UNESCO world heritage site candidate. Devi Mahatmyam is a text extracted from Markandeya Purana, and constitutes the latter's chapters 81 through 93. The Purana is dated to the ~3rd century CE, and the Devi Mahatmyam was added to the Markandeya Purana either in the 5th or 6th century. The Dadhimati Mata inscription (608 CE) quotes a portion from the Devi Mahatmyam. Thus, it can be concluded that the text was composed before the 7th century CE. It is generally dated between 400–600 CE. Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty dates the Devi Mahatmya to c. 550 CE, and rest of the Markandeya Purana to c. 250 CE. Hymns to goddesses are in the ancient Hindu epic Mahabharata, particularly in the later (100 to 300 CE) added Harivamsa section. The archaeological and textual evidence implies, states Thomas Coburn, that the Goddess had become as much a part of the Hindu tradition, as God, by about the third or fourth century. The Devi Mahatmyam, states C. Mackenzie Brown, is both a culmination of centuries of Indian ideas about the divine feminine, as well as a foundation for the literature and spirituality focused on the feminine transcendence in centuries that followed. Philosophy The Devi Mahatmya is a devotional text, and its aim, states Thomas Coburn, is not to analyze divine forms or abstract ideas, but to praise. It accomplishes this with a philosophical foundation, wherein the female is the primordial creator; she is also the Tridevi as the secondary creator, the sustainer, and destroyer. She is described in the text as the one who dwells in all creatures, as the soul, as the power to know, will and act. She is further described as the consciousness of all living beings, intelligence, matter, and all that is form or emotion. The text includes hymns to saguna (manifest, incarnated) form of the Goddess, as well as nirguna (unmanifest, abstract) form of her. The saguna hymns appear in chapters 1, 4 and 11 of the Devi Mahatmya, while chapter 5 praises the nirguna concept of Goddess. The saguna forms of her, asserts the text, are Mahakali (destroyer, desire principle of mother, Tamasic), Mahalakshmi (sustainer, evolution principle of mother, Sattvic) and Mahasaraswati (creator, Action principle of mother, Rajasic), which as a collective are called Tridevi. The nirguna concept (Avyakrita, transcendent) is also referred to as Maha-lakshmi. This structure is not accidental, but embeds the Samkhya philosophy idea of three Gunas that is central in Hindu scriptures such as the Bhagavad Gita. The Samkhya philosophical premise asserts that all life and matter has all three co-existent innate tendencies or attributes (Guṇa), whose equilibrium or disequilibrium drives the nature of a living being or thing. Tamasic is darkness and destructiveness (represented as Kali in Devi Mahatmya), Sattvic is light and creative pursuit (Mahalakshmi), and Rajasic is dynamic energy qua energy without any intent of being creative or destructive (Mahasaraswati). The unmanifest, in this philosophy, has all these three innate attributes and qualities, as potent principle within, as unrealized power, and this unrealized Goddess dwells in every individual, according to Devi Mahatmya. This acknowledgment of Samkhya dualistic foundation is then integrated into a monistic (non-dualistic, Advaita) spirituality in Devi Mahatmya, just like the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Bhagavata Purana and other important texts of Hinduism. Contents The Goddess in Indian traditions The Devi-Mahatmya is not the earliest literary fragment attesting to the existence of devotion to a goddess figure, but it is surely the earliest in which the object of worship is conceptualized as Goddess, with a capital G. —Thomas Coburn The Devi Mahatmya consists of chapters 81–93 of the Mārkandeya Purana, one of the early Sanskrit Puranas, where the sage Markandeya is narrating a story about Savarni Manu, or the eighth Manu. The thirteen chapters of Devi Mahatmya are divided into three unequal parts. The framing narrative of Devi Mahatmya presents a dispossessed king Suratha, who has lost his kingdom and a merchant named Samadhi, who is betrayed by his family. Disturbed by these events, both men decide to renounce the world and escape to the forested ashram of sage Medhas to find peace. Medhas' teachings lead them both beyond existential suffering. The sage tells them about Mahamaya, an epithet of the goddess, who is the cause of world's delusion and creation and who manifests in different ways. Most famous is the story of Mahishasura Mardini – Devi as "Slayer of the Buffalo Demon" – one of the most ubiquitous images in Hindu art and sculpture, and a tale known almost universally in India. Among the important goddess forms the Devi Mahatmyam introduced into the Sanskritic mainstream are Kali and the Sapta-Matrika ("Seven Mothers"). First episode Vishnu vanquishes Madhu-Kaitabha, with Devi in the background. The first episode (chapter 1) of the Devi Mahatmyam depicts Devi in her form as Maha-Maya. Here, Devi is central and key to the creation as Maha-Maya, or, the great illusion/power that induces Vishnu's deep slumber on the waters of the cosmic ocean prior to the manifestation of the Universe which is a continuous cycle of manifestation, destruction and re-manifestation. Two demons, Madhu-Kaitabha, arise from Vishnu's earwax. The demons endeavour to vanquish Brahma who is preparing to create the next cycle of the Universe. Brahma sings to the Great Goddess, asking her to withdraw from Vishnu so he may awaken and slay the demons. Devi agrees to withdraw and Vishnu awakens, fights the demons for five thousand years and vanquishes them. Here Devi is praised as the agent who allows both the cosmic order to be upset and restored. Middle episode The middle episode (chapters 2–4) presents the goddess in her avatar as Durga. The episode stages a world under attack by the shape-shifting Mahishasura, an evil demon who uses deception to disarm his opponents, ultimately taking the form of a buffalo demon. Mahishasura is able to use his powers to defeat the male gods because he had been granted a boon that he could only be defeated by a woman. Feeling angered and helpless, the gods release energy which combines into a singular mass of light and strength which takes the form of a goddess, Durga. The gods then bestow her with various weapons. Vishnu gives her his discus, Vayu gives her his bow and arrows and Himalaya provides her with a lion for a vehicle. Durga rides the lion into battle and captures and slays the buffalo demon by cutting off its head. She then destroys the inner essence of the demon when it emerges from the buffalo's severed neck, thereby establishing order in the world. The Goddess Ambika leading the Eight Matrikas in battle (top row, from the left) Narasinhmi, Vaishnavi, Kaumari, Maheshvari, Brahmani. (bottom row, from left) Varahi, Indrayani and Chamunda or Kali against the demon Raktabīja. A Folio from the Devi Mahatmya Final episode In the final episode (chapters 5–13) the demons Shumbha and Nishumbha conquer heaven and the gods go to the Himalayas to pray to Devi. Soon, Parvati arrives and asks them to whom they are praying. She then reveals to them that it is her. Thereafter, Ambika, or Kaushiki, appears from the sheath (kosha) of Parvati’s body. Devi engages in a fierce battle with Chanda and Munda, servants of Sumbha and Nisumbha. Chanda and Munda are eventually killed by Kali who emerges from Devi's forehead. The battle continues and the seven mothers, or the saptamatrika, are produced from the seven male gods. The demon Raktabīja also appears and is killed by Kali. Nisumbha and his army is defeated by the goddess with the help of the seven mothers. A Pahari depiction of Kali (sometimes described as a form of Parvati) attacking Nisumbha with her trident: Kali Attacking Nisumbha; c. 1740, colour on paper, 22 × 33 cm. Cleveland Museum of Art In the final battle against Shumbha, Devi absorbs Kali and the seven mothers and stands alone for the final battle. After the battle, the gods praise Devi. The hymn is known as Narayani Stuti which affirms her role as the creator, preserver and destroyer of the universe. Devi, pleased with the devas, grants them a boon that she will always destroy the demons and bring peace to earth. She mentions her future incarnations and their respective acts (Chapter 11). Then Devi mentions the benefits, accrual of peace, bliss of worshipping her and disappears (Chapter 12). The sage finishes the tale. He tells the king and the merchant to take refuge in Devi to rid themselves of their delusion. Both the king and the merchant undertake penance and Devi grants them her vision. The king asks Devi for his lost kingdom and Devi grants it to him. The merchants asks Devi for wisdom and she grants it to him (Chapter 13). Symbolism of the three episodes Who is this Goddess? I resemble in form Brahman, from me emanates the world, which has the Spirit of Prakriti and Purusha, I am empty and not empty, I am delight and non-delight, I am knowledge and ignorance, I am Brahman and not Brahman. —Devi Mahatmya Devadatta Kali states that the three tales are "allegories of outer and inner experience". The evil adversaries of the Goddess, states Kali, symbolize the all-too-human impulses, such as pursuit of power, or possessions, or delusions such as arrogance. The Goddess wages war against this. Like the philosophical and symbolic battlefield of the Bhagavad Gita, the Devi Mahatmya symbolic killing grounds target human frailties, according to Kali, and the Goddess targets the demons of ego and dispels our mistaken idea of who we are. Most hymns, states Thomas Coburn, present the Goddess's martial exploits, but these are "surpassed by verses of another genre, viz., the hymns to the Goddess". The hymnic portion of the text balances the verses that present the spiritual liberation power of the Goddess. These hymns describe the nature and character of the Goddess in spiritual terms: Brahma-stuti (part 1 start), Sakradi-stuti (part 2 end), The "Ya Devi" Hymn (part 3 start), Narayani-stuti (part 3 end). Angas (appendages) Artwork depicting the "Goddess Durga Slaying the Buffalo demon Mahishasura" scene of Devi Mahatmya, is found all over India, Nepal and southeast Asia. Clockwise from top: 9th-century Kashmir, 13th-century Karnataka, 9th century Prambanan Indonesia, 2nd-century Uttar Pradesh As an independent text, Devī Māhātmya has acquired a number of "limbs" or "subsidiary texts" or "appendages" (angas) over the years "fore and aft". According to Coburn "artistic evidence suggests that the angas have been associated with the text since the fourteenth century." The angas are chiefly concerned with the ritual use of Devī Māhātmya and based on the assumption that the text will be recited aloud in the presence of images. Preceding subsidiary texts Durga Saptasloki also known as "Amba Stuti" – They are introduced as one-verse query from Siva who asks about the means of achieving what is desired, and a one verse response from the Goddess who says she will proclaim the relevant discipline (sadhana) by revealing Amba Stuti which consists of the seven verses indicated. Devi-kavacham – The Devi Kavacham consisting of 61 Slokas is in Markandeya Purana. This Kavacham (armour) protects the reader in all parts of his body, in all places and in all difficulties. Argala-stotram – Here Rishi Markandeya is telling his disciples in 27 inspiring couplets on the greatness of Devi. She has been described in all aspects and names and at the end of each Sloka, prayer is offered to Devi for material prosperity, physical fitness, fame and victory. Keelakam – Here also Rishi Markandeya tells his disciples in 16 Slokas, the ways and means of removing obstacles faced by devotees, while reading Devi Mahatmya. Ratri Suktam (Vedic) – Ratri Suktam (8 Slokas) has been taken from Rig Veda, 10th Mandala, 10th Anuvaka, 127th Sukta, which shows that Devi was worshipped from time immemorial. Devi is described as the all-pervading Supreme Lord of the Universe appearing in Omkara. Here Ratri is the Goddess who fulfills our prayers. Kunjika Stotram is also a beautiful hymn written in the saptashati which is said to be the mixture of the three hymns i.e., Kavacham, Argala stotram, Keelakam and also Rahasya parvam (Murthy Rahasyam and Vaikrutika Rahasyam).It is said that Lord Shiva had recited this shloka to Parvathi at her attainment of BramhaGyaan. This shloka plays an important role in Devi Saptashati. It is at the ending of the book. Ratri Suktam (Tantrik) – The hymn in the first chapter is the Tantrik Ratri Sukta. Succeeding subsidiary texts Pradhana Rahasyam – "Deals with the process of creation. It is the secret about mula Prakrti who is the cause of creation." Vaikritika Rahasyam – "Describes how the Godhead beyond change subjected itself to change, how the mula prakrti (productive), became vikriti (produced); hence the name Vaikritika Rahasyam." Murti Rahasyam – "The incarnations, the Avatar murtis of the Goddess are mentioned." Devi Suktam (Rig Vedoktam) – (According to Rig Veda): "The 8 Slokas composed by Vak, the daughter of Maharshi Ambharin, are from the Rig Veda, 10th Mandala, 10th Anuvaka, 125th Sukta. These Slokas express the truth realised by Vak, who identifies herself as Brahma Sakti, and expresses herself as 11 Rudras, 8 Vasus, 12 Adityas and all the Devas,— Indra, Agni and Asvini Kumaras—who are sustained by Her and She is the source, substratum and support of the whole world. She is verily Brahmasvarupini (embodiment of Brahman)." Devi Suktam (Tantrik) – The hymn in chapter 5 is Tantrik Devi Suktam. The number and order of these depend on the Sampradaya (tradition). Significance The Devi Mahatmya was considered significant among the Puranas by Indologists. This is indicated by the early dates when it was translated into European languages. It was translated into English in 1823, followed by an analysis with excerpts in French in 1824. It was translated into Latin in 1831 and Greek in 1853. Place in the Hindu canon Devi portrayed as Mahishasura Mardini, Slayer of the Buffalo Demon—a central episode of the Devi Mahatmya Devi Māhātmyam has been called the Testament of Shakta philosophy. It is the base and root of Shakta doctrine. It appears as the centre of the great Shakti tradition of Hinduism. It is in Devi Mahatmya, states C Mackenzie Brown, that "the various mythic, cultic and theological elements relating to diverse female divinities were brought together in what has been called the 'crystallization of the Goddess tradition." The unique feature of Devi Māhātmyam is the oral tradition. Though it is part of the devotional tradition, it is in the rites of the Hindus that it plays an important role. The entire text is considered as one single Mantra and a collection of 700 Mantras. The Devi Māhātmyam is treated in the cultic context as if it were a Vedic hymn or verse with sage (ṛṣi), meter, pradhnadevata, and viniyoga (for japa). It has been approached, by Hindus and Western scholars, as scripture in and by itself, where its significance is intrinsic, not derived from its Puranic context. According to Damara Tantra "Like Aswamedha in Yagnas, Hari in Devas, Sapthsati is in hymns." "Like the Vedas; Saptasati is eternal" says Bhuvaneshwari Samhita. There are many commentaries on Devi Māhātmya. Guptavati by Bhaskararaya Nagesi by Nagoji Bhat Santhanavi Puspanjali Ramashrami Dhamsoddharam Durgapradeepam are some of them. The significance of Devi Māhātmya has been explained in many Tantric and Puranic texts like Katyayani Tantra, Gataka Tantra, Krodha Tantra, Meru Tantram, Marisa Kalpam, Rudra Yamala, and Chidambara Rahasya. In worship Recitation of Durga Mahatmya on Mahalaya marks the formal beginning of the Durga Puja festival. The recitation of Devi Mahatmya is done during the Sharad Navaratri (October – November) in India. It is recited during Navaratri celebrations, the Durga Puja festival and in Durga temples of India. In the theological practices of the goddess tradition of Hinduism, the middle episode is the most important. If a community or individual cannot recite the entire Devi Mahatmyam composition, the middle episode alone is recited at a puja or festival. Further, when the recital begins, the tradition is to complete the reading of the middle episode completely as a partial reading is considered to create a spiritual chidra or "chink in the armor". See also Chandi di Var Devi Upanishad Devi Bhagavata Purana Devi Gita References ^ June McDaniel 2004, pp. 215–216. ^ Kinsley 1988, pp. 101–102. ^ a b Cheever Mackenzie Brown 1998, p. 77 note 28. ^ a b Coburn 1991, pp. 13. ^ a b c Coburn 2002, p. 1. ^ a b Tracy Pintchman 2014, p. 86. ^ "Chandi Path". Archive.org. 2020-02-17. Retrieved 2024-01-04. ^ a b Coburn 1991, pp. 27–31. ^ Constance Jones; James Ryan (2014). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 399. ISBN 978-0816054589. ^ a b Rocher 1986, pp. 191–192. ^ Tracy Pintchman 2014, p. 20. ^ June McDaniel 2004, pp. 215–216, 219–220. ^ Coburn 2002, p. 1, 53-56, 280. ^ Lochtefeld 2002, p. 426. ^ Kinsley 1988, pp. 101–105. ^ a b c Dalal 2014, p. 118. ^ Gavin Flood (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. ^ Kinsley 1997, pp. 30–35. ^ "British Library". www.bl.uk. Archived from the original on 2023-07-19. Retrieved 2023-07-19. ^ "Devi Mahatmya". www.bl.uk. Archived from the original on 2023-07-20. Retrieved 2023-07-20. ^ Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 95 ^ "Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami- Pattadakal". UNESCO. 2004. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2015. ^ Rocher 1986, p. 191. ^ Pandit Ram Karna Asopa (1911). "Dadhimati-Mata Inscription of Dhruhlana". In E. Hultzsch (ed.). Epigraphia Indica. Vol. XI. Government of India. p. 302. ^ Katherine Anne Harper (1 February 2012). "The Warring Śaktis: A Paradigm for Gupta Conquests". The Roots of Tantra. SUNY Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-7914-8890-4. ^ Charles Dillard Collins (1988). The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being. SUNY Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-88706-773-0. ^ a b c NB Saxena (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theology (Editors: Mary McClintock Fulkerson, Sheila Briggs). Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-19-927388-1. ^ Coburn 2002, p. 7. ^ a b c d e Thomas Coburn (2002). Katherine Anne Harper, Robert L. Brown (ed.). The Roots of Tantra. State University of New York Press. pp. 79–81. ISBN 978-0-7914-5305-6. ^ a b c d e Thomas Coburn (2002). Katherine Anne Harper, Robert L. Brown (ed.). The Roots of Tantra. State University of New York Press. pp. 80–83. ISBN 978-0-7914-5305-6. ^ James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 9780823931798, page 265 ^ Alban Widgery (1930), The principles of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pages 234-237 ^ Tracy Pintchman 2015, pp. 131–132. ^ Coburn 1991, pp. 157–158. ^ Coburn 1991, p. 16. ^ a b c d e f Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene, eds. (2007). The Hindu world. Routledge worlds (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 148–151. ISBN 978-0-415-77227-3. ^ Coburn, Thomas B., Encountering the Goddess. p 100 ^ a b Brown 1990, p. 157. ^ Kali, Davadatta, p. xvii ^ a b c "Devi". Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2007-10-14. ^ a b Brown 1990, p. 84. ^ Kinsley 1988, p. 96. ^ Kinsley 1988, p. 97. ^ a b "Devi". Archived from the original on 2007-12-23. Retrieved 2007-10-14. ^ Laura Amazzone (2012). Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power. University Press of America. pp. 5–10. ISBN 978-0-7618-5314-5. ^ Thomas B. Coburn (23 April 1991). "3. The Text in Translation". Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation. State University of New York Press. pp. 29–86 (Complete translation). ISBN 978-0-7914-9931-3. ^ Brown 1990, p. 114. ^ Swami Sivananda, Devi Māhātmya (with a lucid running translation), The Divine Life Society, p.122-130 ^ Swami Sivananda, Devi Māhātmya (with a lucid running translation), The Divine Life Society, p.134-135 ^ a b c d Kali 2003, p. xvii. ^ Coburn 2002, p. 72. ^ Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 72 ^ Coburn 2002, p. 290. ^ Coburn 2002, p. 291. ^ Coburn 2002, p. 295. ^ Coburn 2002, p. 298. ^ Coburn, Thomas B., Encountering the Goddess.p 100–101 ^ Coburn, Thomas B., Encountering the Goddess.p 223 ^ a b c d e Swami Sivananda, p 3 ^ a b Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Chaṇḍī Pāṭh ^ a b c Sankaranarayanan. S., p 271–273 ^ Sarma, Sarayu Prasad, Saptashatī Sarvasvam ^ Sri Durga Saptashatī, Gita Press ^ Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 52 ^ Manna, Sibendu, p 92 ^ Swami Sivananda p 5 ^ Coburn 2002, p. 55. ^ Brown 1990, p. ix. ^ Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 51–55 ^ Anna, p vii ^ a b Anna, p v ^ a b Thomas B. Coburn (23 April 1991). Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation. State University of New York Press. pp. 114–116. ISBN 978-0-7914-9931-3. Bibliography Anna, Sri. Devi Māhātmyam with commentary in Tamil, Sri Ramakrishna Matam, Chennai, India, 1973. (ISBN 81-7120-128-8) Brown, C Mackenzie (1990). The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0364-8. Cheever Mackenzie Brown (1998). The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3939-5. Coburn, Thomas B. (1991). Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791404463. Coburn, Thomas B. (2002). Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition. South Asia Books. ISBN 81-208-0557-7. Dalal, Rosen (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin. ISBN 978-8184752779. Dutt, MN (1896). Markandeya Puranam. Elysium Press. Lynn Foulston; Stuart Abbott (2009). Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-902210-43-8. John Stratton Hawley; Donna Marie Wulff (1998). Devi: Goddesses of India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1491-2. Alf Hiltebeitel; Kathleen M. Erndl (2000). Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3619-7. Kali, Davadatta (2003). In Praise of the Goddess: The Devimahatmya and Its Meaning. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 8120829530. Kinsley, David (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-90883-3. Kinsley, David (1997). Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91772-9. Lochtefeld, James (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931798. Manna, Sibendu, Mother Goddess, Chaṇḍī, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, India, 1993. (ISBN 81-85094-60-8) June McDaniel (2004). Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534713-5. Jyotir Maya Nanda. Mysticism of the Devi Mahatmya Worship of the Divine Mother. South Miami, Fla: Yoga Research Foundation, 1994. ISBN 0-934664-58-7 Tracy Pintchman (2005). Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6595-0. Tracy Pintchman (2014). Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-9049-5. Tracy Pintchman (2015). The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1618-2. Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447025225. Sankaranarayanan, S., Glory of the Divine Mother (Devī Māhātmyam), Nesma Books, India, 2001. (ISBN 81-87936-00-2) Sarma, Sarayu Prasad, Saptashatī Sarvasvam, in Sanskrit, - A cyclopaedic work on Devī Māhātmya. Rashtriya Sanskrita Samsthan, New Delhi, India, 2006. Sri Durga Saptashatī, - Original text and ritual manual with Hindi translation, Gita Press, Gorakpur, India. Swami Jagadiswarananda, Devi Māhātmyam English translation, Sri Ramkrishna Math, Madras, 1953. (ISBN 978-8171201396) Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Chaṇḍī Pāṭh, Devi Mandir Publications, USA and Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India, 1995. (ISBN 81-208-1307-3) Swami Sivananda, Devi Māhātmya (with a lucid running translation), The Divine Life Society, Shivanandanagar, India, 1994. (ISBN 81-7052-103-3) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devi Mahatmya. Devi Mahatmya, Devanagari text Devi Raksha Kavach Devi Mahatmya, English Transliteration and commentary Devi Mahatmyam recitation by Pranavanundha Saraswati Avadhootha Swamigal

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most important texts in Shaktism, along with Devi-Bhagavata Purana, MahaBhagawat and Devi Upanishad.[9] The text is one of the earliest extant complete manuscripts from the Hindu traditions which describes reverence and worship of the feminine aspect of God.[5]The Devi Mahatmyam describes a storied battle between good and evil, where the Devi manifesting as goddess Durga leads the forces of good against the demon Mahishasura—the goddess is very angry and ruthless, and the forces of good win.[10][11][12] The verses of this story also outline a philosophical foundation wherein the ultimate reality (Brahman in Hinduism) can also be female.[13][14][15]It is recited during Navaratri celebrations, the Durga Puja festival,[16][17] and in Durga temples across India.[16][18]","title":"Devi 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centuryDevi Mahatmyam means 'Glorification of the Goddess'.[19] The text is also called Durga Saptaśati (literally a collection of seven hundred\" or something that contains seven hundreds in number), as it contains 700 shlokas (verses).[8]It is also known as Candi Patha.[20] Caṇḍī or Caṇḍika is the name by which the Supreme Goddess is referred to in Devī Māhātmyam. According to Hindu Scriptures, Caṇḍikā is \"the Goddess of Truth and Justice who came to Earth for the establishment of Dharma\", from the adjective caṇḍa, \"fierce, violent, cruel for evil forces not for good forces\". The epithet has no precedent in Vedic literature and is first found in a late insertion to the Mahabharata, where Chaṇḍa and Chaṇḍī appear as epithets.\"[21]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aihole.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aihole temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_temple,_Aihole"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unescobct2004-22"},{"link_name":"Markandeya Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markandeya_Purana"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191-23"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191%E2%80%93192-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199877_note_28-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn199113-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn20021-5"},{"link_name":"Dadhimati Mata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadhimati_Mata_Temple"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarperBrown2012-25"},{"link_name":"Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Doniger_O%27Flaherty"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDC_1988-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FulkersonBriggs139-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn20027-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FulkersonBriggs139-27"}],"text":"Durga temple depicting scenes from Devi Mahatmyam, in Aihole temple, is part of a UNESCO world heritage site candidate.[22]Devi Mahatmyam is a text extracted from Markandeya Purana, and constitutes the latter's chapters 81 through 93.[23] The Purana is dated to the ~3rd century CE,[10] and the Devi Mahatmyam was added to the Markandeya Purana either in the 5th or 6th century.[3][4][5]The Dadhimati Mata inscription (608 CE) quotes a portion from the Devi Mahatmyam. Thus, it can be concluded that the text was composed before the 7th century CE.[24] It is generally dated between 400–600 CE.[25] Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty dates the Devi Mahatmya to c. 550 CE, and rest of the Markandeya Purana to c. 250 CE.[26]Hymns to goddesses are in the ancient Hindu epic Mahabharata, particularly in the later (100 to 300 CE) added Harivamsa section.[27] The archaeological and textual evidence implies, states Thomas Coburn, that the Goddess had become as much a part of the Hindu tradition, as God, by about the third or fourth century.[28]The Devi Mahatmyam, states C. Mackenzie Brown, is both a culmination of centuries of Indian ideas about the divine feminine, as well as a foundation for the literature and spirituality focused on the feminine transcendence in centuries that followed.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarperBrown2002p79-29"},{"link_name":"Tridevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridevi"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarperBrown2002p79-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarperBrown2002p79-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarperBrown2002p79-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarperBrown2002p81-30"},{"link_name":"Mahakali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakali"},{"link_name":"Mahalakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalakshmi"},{"link_name":"Mahasaraswati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasaraswati"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarperBrown2002p81-30"},{"link_name":"Tridevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridevi"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarperBrown2002p81-30"},{"link_name":"Samkhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya"},{"link_name":"Gunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunas"},{"link_name":"Bhagavad Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarperBrown2002p81-30"},{"link_name":"Guṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarperBrown2002p81-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HarperBrown2002p79-29"},{"link_name":"Advaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy_Pintchman2015131%E2%80%93132-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn1991157%E2%80%93158-34"}],"text":"The Devi Mahatmya is a devotional text, and its aim, states Thomas Coburn, is not to analyze divine forms or abstract ideas, but to praise.[29] It accomplishes this with a philosophical foundation, wherein the female is the primordial creator; she is also the Tridevi as the secondary creator, the sustainer, and destroyer.[29] She is described in the text as the one who dwells in all creatures, as the soul, as the power to know, will and act.[29] She is further described as the consciousness of all living beings, intelligence, matter, and all that is form or emotion.[29]The text includes hymns to saguna (manifest, incarnated) form of the Goddess, as well as nirguna (unmanifest, abstract) form of her.[30] The saguna hymns appear in chapters 1, 4 and 11 of the Devi Mahatmya, while chapter 5 praises the nirguna concept of Goddess. The saguna forms of her, asserts the text, are Mahakali (destroyer, desire principle of mother, Tamasic), Mahalakshmi (sustainer, evolution principle of mother, Sattvic) and Mahasaraswati (creator, Action principle of mother, Rajasic),[30] which as a collective are called Tridevi. The nirguna concept (Avyakrita, transcendent) is also referred to as Maha-lakshmi.[30] This structure is not accidental, but embeds the Samkhya philosophy idea of three Gunas that is central in Hindu scriptures such as the Bhagavad Gita.[30]The Samkhya philosophical premise asserts that all life and matter has all three co-existent innate tendencies or attributes (Guṇa), whose equilibrium or disequilibrium drives the nature of a living being or thing.[31][32] Tamasic is darkness and destructiveness (represented as Kali in Devi Mahatmya), Sattvic is light and creative pursuit (Mahalakshmi), and Rajasic is dynamic energy qua energy without any intent of being creative or destructive (Mahasaraswati).[30] The unmanifest, in this philosophy, has all these three innate attributes and qualities, as potent principle within, as unrealized power, and this unrealized Goddess dwells in every individual, according to Devi Mahatmya.[29] This acknowledgment of Samkhya dualistic foundation is then integrated into a monistic (non-dualistic, Advaita) spirituality in Devi Mahatmya, just like the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Bhagavata Purana and other important texts of Hinduism.[33][34]","title":"Philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn199116-35"},{"link_name":"Mārkandeya Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81rkandeya_Purana"},{"link_name":"Markandeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markandeya"},{"link_name":"Savarni Manu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savarni_Manu"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1990157-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-36"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"Sapta-Matrika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrikas"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"The Goddess in Indian traditions\n\n\nThe Devi-Mahatmya is not the earliest literary fragment attesting to the existence of devotion to a goddess figure, but it is surely the earliest in which the object of worship is conceptualized as Goddess, with a capital G.\n\n\n\n—Thomas Coburn[35]The Devi Mahatmya consists of chapters 81–93 of the Mārkandeya Purana, one of the early Sanskrit Puranas, where the sage Markandeya is narrating a story about Savarni Manu, or the eighth Manu.[36] The thirteen chapters of Devi Mahatmya are divided into three unequal parts.[37]The framing narrative of Devi Mahatmya presents a dispossessed king Suratha, who has lost his kingdom and a merchant named Samadhi, who is betrayed by his family. Disturbed by these events, both men decide to renounce the world and escape to the forested ashram of sage Medhas to find peace. Medhas' teachings lead them both beyond existential suffering.[38] The sage tells them about Mahamaya, an epithet of the goddess, who is the cause of world's delusion and creation and who manifests in different ways.[36] Most famous is the story of Mahishasura Mardini – Devi as \"Slayer of the Buffalo Demon\" – one of the most ubiquitous images in Hindu art and sculpture, and a tale known almost universally in India. Among the important goddess forms the Devi Mahatmyam introduced into the Sanskritic mainstream are Kali and the Sapta-Matrika (\"Seven Mothers\").[39]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vishnu_Vanquishing_the_Demons_Madhu_and_Kaitabha_(recto),_Text_(verso),_Folio_from_a_Devimahatmya_(Glory_of_the_Goddess)_LACMA_M.84.229.5.jpg"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1990157-38"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-40"},{"link_name":"Madhu-Kaitabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhu-Kaitabh"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199084-41"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199084-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-40"}],"sub_title":"First episode","text":"Vishnu vanquishes Madhu-Kaitabha, with Devi in the background.The first episode (chapter 1) of the Devi Mahatmyam depicts Devi in her form as Maha-Maya.[38] Here, Devi is central and key to the creation as Maha-Maya, or, the great illusion/power that induces Vishnu's deep slumber on the waters of the cosmic ocean prior to the manifestation of the Universe which is a continuous cycle of manifestation, destruction and re-manifestation.[40] Two demons, Madhu-Kaitabha, arise from Vishnu's earwax.[41] The demons endeavour to vanquish Brahma who is preparing to create the next cycle of the Universe. Brahma sings to the Great Goddess, asking her to withdraw from Vishnu so he may awaken and slay the demons.[40] Devi agrees to withdraw and Vishnu awakens, fights the demons for five thousand years and vanquishes them.[41] Here Devi is praised as the agent who allows both the cosmic order to be upset and restored.[40]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"Mahishasura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahishasura"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198896-42"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Vayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayu"},{"link_name":"Himalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himavat"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198897-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asia.si.edu-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coburn-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashta-Matrika.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavi_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Kaumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaumari"},{"link_name":"Maheshvari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maheshvari"},{"link_name":"Brahmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmani"},{"link_name":"Varahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahi"},{"link_name":"Indrayani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrani"},{"link_name":"Chamunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamunda"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"Raktabīja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raktab%C4%ABja"}],"sub_title":"Middle episode","text":"The middle episode (chapters 2–4) presents the goddess in her avatar as Durga. The episode stages a world under attack by the shape-shifting Mahishasura, an evil demon who uses deception to disarm his opponents, ultimately taking the form of a buffalo demon. Mahishasura is able to use his powers to defeat the male gods because he had been granted a boon that he could only be defeated by a woman. Feeling angered and helpless, the gods release energy which combines into a singular mass of light and strength which takes the form of a goddess, Durga.[42] The gods then bestow her with various weapons. Vishnu gives her his discus, Vayu gives her his bow and arrows and Himalaya provides her with a lion for a vehicle.[43] Durga rides the lion into battle and captures and slays the buffalo demon by cutting off its head. She then destroys the inner essence of the demon when it emerges from the buffalo's severed neck, thereby establishing order in the world.[44][45][46]The Goddess Ambika leading the Eight Matrikas in battle (top row, from the left) Narasinhmi, Vaishnavi, Kaumari, Maheshvari, Brahmani. (bottom row, from left) Varahi, Indrayani and Chamunda or Kali against the demon Raktabīja. A Folio from the Devi Mahatmya","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shumbha and Nishumbha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumbha_and_Nishumbha"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-36"},{"link_name":"Ambika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambika_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1990114-47"},{"link_name":"Chanda and Munda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanda_and_Munda"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"saptamatrika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrikas"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-36"},{"link_name":"Raktabīja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raktab%C4%ABja"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kali_Attacking_Nisumbha,_c._1740.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_painting"},{"link_name":"Kali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali"},{"link_name":"Parvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asia.si.edu-44"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-36"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Final episode","text":"In the final episode (chapters 5–13) the demons Shumbha and Nishumbha conquer heaven and the gods go to the Himalayas to pray to Devi. Soon, Parvati arrives and asks them to whom they are praying. She then reveals to them that it is her.[36] Thereafter, Ambika, or Kaushiki, appears from the sheath (kosha) of Parvati’s body.[47]Devi engages in a fierce battle with Chanda and Munda, servants of Sumbha and Nisumbha. Chanda and Munda are eventually killed by Kali who emerges from Devi's forehead. The battle continues and the seven mothers, or the saptamatrika, are produced from the seven male gods.[36]The demon Raktabīja also appears and is killed by Kali. Nisumbha and his army is defeated by the goddess with the help of the seven mothers.[36]A Pahari depiction of Kali (sometimes described as a form of Parvati) attacking Nisumbha with her trident: Kali Attacking Nisumbha; c. 1740, colour on paper, 22 × 33 cm. Cleveland Museum of ArtIn the final battle against Shumbha, Devi absorbs Kali and the seven mothers and stands alone for the final battle.[44]After the battle, the gods praise Devi. The hymn is known as Narayani Stuti which affirms her role as the creator, preserver and destroyer of the universe.[36] Devi, pleased with the devas, grants them a boon that she will always destroy the demons and bring peace to earth. She mentions her future incarnations and their respective acts (Chapter 11). Then Devi mentions the benefits, accrual of peace, bliss of worshipping her and disappears (Chapter 12).[48]The sage finishes the tale. He tells the king and the merchant to take refuge in Devi to rid themselves of their delusion. Both the king and the merchant undertake penance and Devi grants them her vision. The king asks Devi for his lost kingdom and Devi grants it to him. The merchants asks Devi for wisdom and she grants it to him (Chapter 13).[49]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman"},{"link_name":"Prakriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakriti"},{"link_name":"Purusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purusha"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FulkersonBriggs139-27"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKali2003xvii-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKali2003xvii-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKali2003xvii-50"},{"link_name":"Bhagavad Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKali2003xvii-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn200272-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn2002290-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn2002291-54"},{"link_name":"The \"Ya Devi\" Hymn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev%C4%ABs%C5%ABktam_(Chandipatha)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn2002295-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn2002298-56"}],"sub_title":"Symbolism of the three episodes","text":"Who is this Goddess?\n\n\nI resemble in form Brahman,\nfrom me emanates the world,\nwhich has the Spirit of Prakriti and Purusha,\nI am empty and not empty,\nI am delight and non-delight,\nI am knowledge and ignorance,\nI am Brahman and not Brahman.\n\n\n\n—Devi Mahatmya[27]Devadatta Kali states that the three tales are \"allegories of outer and inner experience\".[50] The evil adversaries of the Goddess, states Kali, symbolize the all-too-human impulses, such as pursuit of power, or possessions, or delusions such as arrogance.[50] The Goddess wages war against this.[50] Like the philosophical and symbolic battlefield of the Bhagavad Gita, the Devi Mahatmya symbolic killing grounds target human frailties, according to Kali, and the Goddess targets the demons of ego and dispels our mistaken idea of who we are.[50]Most hymns, states Thomas Coburn, present the Goddess's martial exploits, but these are \"surpassed by verses of another genre, viz., the hymns to the Goddess\".[51] The hymnic portion of the text balances the verses that present the spiritual liberation power of the Goddess.[52] These hymns describe the nature and character of the Goddess in spiritual terms:Brahma-stuti (part 1 start),[53]\nSakradi-stuti (part 2 end),[54]\nThe \"Ya Devi\" Hymn (part 3 start),[55]\nNarayani-stuti (part 3 end).[56]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durga_slaying_buffalo_composite,_2nd-century_to_13th-century_Devi_Mahatmya.png"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Prambanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prambanan"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Artwork depicting the \"Goddess Durga Slaying the Buffalo demon Mahishasura\" scene of Devi Mahatmya, is found all over India, Nepal and southeast Asia. Clockwise from top: 9th-century Kashmir, 13th-century Karnataka, 9th century Prambanan Indonesia, 2nd-century Uttar PradeshAs an independent text, Devī Māhātmya has acquired a number of \"limbs\" or \"subsidiary texts\" or \"appendages\" (angas) over the years \"fore and aft\". According to Coburn \"artistic evidence suggests that the angas have been associated with the text since the fourteenth century.\" The angas are chiefly concerned with the ritual use of Devī Māhātmya and based on the assumption that the text will be recited aloud in the presence of images.[57]","title":"Angas (appendages)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"sadhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhana"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sivananda_3-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sivananda_3-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sivananda_3-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sivananda_3-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"}],"sub_title":"Preceding subsidiary texts","text":"Durga Saptasloki also known as \"Amba Stuti\" – They are introduced as one-verse query from Siva who asks about the means of achieving what is desired, and a one verse response from the Goddess who says she will proclaim the relevant discipline (sadhana) by revealing Amba Stuti which consists of the seven verses indicated.[58]\nDevi-kavacham – The Devi Kavacham consisting of 61 Slokas is in Markandeya Purana. This Kavacham (armour) protects the reader in all parts of his body, in all places and in all difficulties.[59]\nArgala-stotram – Here Rishi Markandeya is telling his disciples in 27 inspiring couplets on the greatness of Devi. She has been described in all aspects and names and at the end of each Sloka, prayer is offered to Devi for material prosperity, physical fitness, fame and victory.[59]\nKeelakam – Here also Rishi Markandeya tells his disciples in 16 Slokas, the ways and means of removing obstacles faced by devotees, while reading Devi Mahatmya.[59]\nRatri Suktam (Vedic) – Ratri Suktam (8 Slokas) has been taken from Rig Veda, 10th Mandala, 10th Anuvaka, 127th Sukta, which shows that Devi was worshipped from time immemorial. Devi is described as the all-pervading Supreme Lord of the Universe appearing in Omkara. Here Ratri is the Goddess who fulfills our prayers.[59]\nKunjika Stotram is also a beautiful hymn written in the saptashati which is said to be the mixture of the three hymns i.e., Kavacham, Argala stotram, Keelakam and also Rahasya parvam (Murthy Rahasyam and Vaikrutika Rahasyam).It is said that Lord Shiva had recited this shloka to Parvathi at her attainment of BramhaGyaan. This shloka plays an important role in Devi Saptashati. It is at the ending of the book.\nRatri Suktam (Tantrik) – The hymn in the first chapter is the Tantrik Ratri Sukta.[60]","title":"Angas (appendages)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prakrti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrti"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sankaranarayanan_271-273-61"},{"link_name":"prakrti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrti"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sankaranarayanan_271-273-61"},{"link_name":"Avatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar"},{"link_name":"murtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murti"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sankaranarayanan_271-273-61"},{"link_name":"Rig Veda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig_Veda"},{"link_name":"10th Mandala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala_10"},{"link_name":"Rudras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudras"},{"link_name":"Vasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasu"},{"link_name":"Adityas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80dityas"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"Agni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni"},{"link_name":"Asvini Kumaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvins"},{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sivananda_3-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"},{"link_name":"Sampradaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampradaya"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Succeeding subsidiary texts","text":"Pradhana Rahasyam – \"Deals with the process of creation. It is the secret about mula Prakrti who is the cause of creation.\"[61]\nVaikritika Rahasyam – \"Describes how the Godhead beyond change subjected itself to change, how the mula prakrti (productive), became vikriti (produced); hence the name Vaikritika Rahasyam.\"[61]\nMurti Rahasyam – \"The incarnations, the Avatar murtis of the Goddess are mentioned.\"[61]\nDevi Suktam (Rig Vedoktam) – (According to Rig Veda): \"The 8 Slokas composed by Vak, the daughter of Maharshi Ambharin, are from the Rig Veda, 10th Mandala, 10th Anuvaka, 125th Sukta. These Slokas express the truth realised by Vak, who identifies herself as Brahma Sakti, and expresses herself as 11 Rudras, 8 Vasus, 12 Adityas and all the Devas,— Indra, Agni and Asvini Kumaras—who are sustained by Her and She is the source, substratum and support of the whole world. She is verily Brahmasvarupini (embodiment of Brahman).\"[59]\nDevi Suktam (Tantrik) – The hymn in chapter 5 is Tantrik Devi Suktam.[60]The number and order of these depend on the Sampradaya (tradition).[62][63]","title":"Angas (appendages)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indologist"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"The Devi Mahatmya was considered significant among the Puranas by Indologists. This is indicated by the early dates when it was translated into European languages. It was translated into English in 1823, followed by an analysis with excerpts in French in 1824. It was translated into Latin in 1831 and Greek in 1853.[64]","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mahishasura Mardini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"Shakta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakta"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Shakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn200255-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1990ix-68"},{"link_name":"Mantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra"},{"link_name":"viniyoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viniyoga"},{"link_name":"japa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japa"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Bhaskararaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskararaya"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anna,_p_v-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anna,_p_v-71"}],"sub_title":"Place in the Hindu canon","text":"Devi portrayed as Mahishasura Mardini, Slayer of the Buffalo Demon—a central episode of the Devi MahatmyaDevi Māhātmyam has been called the Testament of Shakta philosophy.[65] It is the base and root of Shakta doctrine.[66] It appears as the centre of the great Shakti tradition of Hinduism.[67]It is in Devi Mahatmya, states C Mackenzie Brown, that \"the various mythic, cultic and theological elements relating to diverse female divinities were brought together in what has been called the 'crystallization of the Goddess tradition.\"[68]The unique feature of Devi Māhātmyam is the oral tradition. Though it is part of the devotional tradition, it is in the rites of the Hindus that it plays an important role. The entire text is considered as one single Mantra and a collection of 700 Mantras.The Devi Māhātmyam is treated in the cultic context as if it were a Vedic hymn or verse with sage (ṛṣi), meter, pradhnadevata, and viniyoga (for japa). It has been approached, by Hindus and Western scholars, as scripture in and by itself, where its significance is intrinsic, not derived from its Puranic context.[69]According to Damara Tantra \"Like Aswamedha in Yagnas, Hari in Devas, Sapthsati is in hymns.\" \"Like the Vedas; Saptasati is eternal\" says Bhuvaneshwari Samhita.[70]There are many commentaries on Devi Māhātmya.Guptavati by Bhaskararaya\nNagesi by Nagoji Bhat\nSanthanavi\nPuspanjali\nRamashrami\nDhamsoddharam\nDurgapradeepam are some of them.[71]The significance of Devi Māhātmya has been explained in many Tantric and Puranic texts like Katyayani Tantra, Gataka Tantra, Krodha Tantra, Meru Tantram, Marisa Kalpam, Rudra Yamala, and Chidambara Rahasya.[71]","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5438g_sreebhumi-bhavanipur_pratima.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mahalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalaya"},{"link_name":"Durga Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja"},{"link_name":"Navaratri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaratri"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Durga Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014118-16"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coburn116-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coburn116-72"}],"text":"Recitation of Durga Mahatmya on Mahalaya marks the formal beginning of the Durga Puja festival.The recitation of Devi Mahatmya is done during the Sharad Navaratri (October – November) in India. It is recited during Navaratri celebrations, the Durga Puja festival and in Durga temples of India.[16]In the theological practices of the goddess tradition of Hinduism, the middle episode is the most important. If a community or individual cannot recite the entire Devi Mahatmyam composition, the middle episode alone is recited at a puja or festival.[72] Further, when the recital begins, the tradition is to complete the reading of the middle episode completely as a partial reading is considered to create a spiritual chidra or \"chink in the armor\".[72]","title":"In worship"}]

[{"image_text":"A 17th-century Devimahatmya manuscript written in Newari script from Nepal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Devimahatmya_%28Glory_of_the_Goddess%29_manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.7.jpg/330px-Devimahatmya_%28Glory_of_the_Goddess%29_manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.7.jpg"},{"image_text":"The oldest surviving manuscript of the Devi Māhātmyam, on palm-leaf, in an early Bhujimol or Newari script, Nepal, 11th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg/310px-Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg"},{"image_text":"Durga temple depicting scenes from Devi Mahatmyam, in Aihole temple, is part of a UNESCO world heritage site candidate.[22]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Aihole.jpg/260px-Aihole.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vishnu vanquishes Madhu-Kaitabha, with Devi in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vishnu_Vanquishing_the_Demons_Madhu_and_Kaitabha_%28recto%29%2C_Text_%28verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Devimahatmya_%28Glory_of_the_Goddess%29_LACMA_M.84.229.5.jpg/220px-Vishnu_Vanquishing_the_Demons_Madhu_and_Kaitabha_%28recto%29%2C_Text_%28verso%29%2C_Folio_from_a_Devimahatmya_%28Glory_of_the_Goddess%29_LACMA_M.84.229.5.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Goddess Ambika leading the Eight Matrikas in battle (top row, from the left) Narasinhmi, Vaishnavi, Kaumari, Maheshvari, Brahmani. (bottom row, from left) Varahi, Indrayani and Chamunda or Kali against the demon Raktabīja. A Folio from the Devi Mahatmya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ashta-Matrika.jpg/290px-Ashta-Matrika.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Pahari depiction of Kali (sometimes described as a form of Parvati) attacking Nisumbha with her trident: Kali Attacking Nisumbha; c. 1740, colour on paper, 22 × 33 cm. Cleveland Museum of Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kali_Attacking_Nisumbha%2C_c._1740.jpg/290px-Kali_Attacking_Nisumbha%2C_c._1740.jpg"},{"image_text":"Artwork depicting the \"Goddess Durga Slaying the Buffalo demon Mahishasura\" scene of Devi Mahatmya, is found all over India, Nepal and southeast Asia. Clockwise from top: 9th-century Kashmir, 13th-century Karnataka, 9th century Prambanan Indonesia, 2nd-century Uttar Pradesh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Durga_slaying_buffalo_composite%2C_2nd-century_to_13th-century_Devi_Mahatmya.png/250px-Durga_slaying_buffalo_composite%2C_2nd-century_to_13th-century_Devi_Mahatmya.png"},{"image_text":"Devi portrayed as Mahishasura Mardini, Slayer of the Buffalo Demon—a central episode of the Devi Mahatmya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG/220px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG"},{"image_text":"Recitation of Durga Mahatmya on Mahalaya marks the formal beginning of the Durga Puja festival.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/5438g_sreebhumi-bhavanipur_pratima.jpg/290px-5438g_sreebhumi-bhavanipur_pratima.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Chandi di Var","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandi_di_Var"},{"title":"Devi Upanishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Upanishad"},{"title":"Devi Bhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana"},{"title":"Devi Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Gita"}]

[{"reference":"\"Chandi Path\". Archive.org. 2020-02-17. Retrieved 2024-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chandipath_202002/page/n11/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Chandi Path\""}]},{"reference":"Constance Jones; James Ryan (2014). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 399. ISBN 978-0816054589.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816054589","url_text":"978-0816054589"}]},{"reference":"Gavin Flood (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo","url_text":"An Introduction to Hinduism"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/181","url_text":"181"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0","url_text":"978-0-521-43878-0"}]},{"reference":"\"British Library\". www.bl.uk. Archived from the original on 2023-07-19. Retrieved 2023-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/devi-mahatmya-or-13733","url_text":"\"British Library\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230719223333/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/devi-mahatmya-or-13733","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Devi Mahatmya\". www.bl.uk. Archived from the original on 2023-07-20. Retrieved 2023-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/devimahatmya","url_text":"\"Devi Mahatmya\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230720001703/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/devimahatmya","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami- Pattadakal\". UNESCO. 2004. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5972/","url_text":"\"Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami- Pattadakal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220516231411/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5972/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pandit Ram Karna Asopa (1911). \"Dadhimati-Mata Inscription of Dhruhlana\". In E. Hultzsch (ed.). Epigraphia Indica. Vol. XI. Government of India. p. 302.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/epigraphiaindica014772mbp#page/n355/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Dadhimati-Mata Inscription of Dhruhlana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Hultzsch","url_text":"E. Hultzsch"}]},{"reference":"Katherine Anne Harper (1 February 2012). \"The Warring Śaktis: A Paradigm for Gupta Conquests\". The Roots of Tantra. SUNY Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-7914-8890-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NtKrbKIOL5wC&pg=PA117","url_text":"\"The Warring Śaktis: A Paradigm for Gupta Conquests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8890-4","url_text":"978-0-7914-8890-4"}]},{"reference":"Charles Dillard Collins (1988). The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being. SUNY Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-88706-773-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA36","url_text":"The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-773-0","url_text":"978-0-88706-773-0"}]},{"reference":"NB Saxena (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theology (Editors: Mary McClintock Fulkerson, Sheila Briggs). Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-19-927388-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_aBxZRMUHw0C","url_text":"The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theology (Editors: Mary McClintock Fulkerson, Sheila Briggs)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927388-1","url_text":"978-0-19-927388-1"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Coburn (2002). Katherine Anne Harper, Robert L. Brown (ed.). The Roots of Tantra. State University of New York Press. pp. 79–81. ISBN 978-0-7914-5305-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Fbj5hrmQoC","url_text":"The Roots of Tantra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5305-6","url_text":"978-0-7914-5305-6"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Coburn (2002). Katherine Anne Harper, Robert L. Brown (ed.). The Roots of Tantra. State University of New York Press. pp. 80–83. ISBN 978-0-7914-5305-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Fbj5hrmQoC","url_text":"The Roots of Tantra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5305-6","url_text":"978-0-7914-5305-6"}]},{"reference":"Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene, eds. (2007). The Hindu world. Routledge worlds (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 148–151. ISBN 978-0-415-77227-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77227-3","url_text":"978-0-415-77227-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Devi\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2007-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071031052413/http://www.asia.si.edu/devi/creation.htm","url_text":"\"Devi\""},{"url":"http://www.asia.si.edu/devi/creation.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Devi\". Archived from the original on 2007-12-23. Retrieved 2007-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071223133500/http://www.asia.si.edu/devi/text2.htm","url_text":"\"Devi\""},{"url":"http://www.asia.si.edu/devi/text2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Laura Amazzone (2012). Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power. University Press of America. pp. 5–10. ISBN 978-0-7618-5314-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC&pg=PA5","url_text":"Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5314-5","url_text":"978-0-7618-5314-5"}]},{"reference":"Thomas B. Coburn (23 April 1991). \"3. The Text in Translation\". Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation. State University of New York Press. pp. 29–86 (Complete translation). ISBN 978-0-7914-9931-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zaTtIQguKYIC","url_text":"Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9931-3","url_text":"978-0-7914-9931-3"}]},{"reference":"Thomas B. Coburn (23 April 1991). Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation. State University of New York Press. pp. 114–116. ISBN 978-0-7914-9931-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zaTtIQguKYIC&pg=PA116","url_text":"Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-9931-3","url_text":"978-0-7914-9931-3"}]},{"reference":"Brown, C Mackenzie (1990). The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0364-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC","url_text":"The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0364-8","url_text":"978-0-7914-0364-8"}]},{"reference":"Cheever Mackenzie Brown (1998). The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3939-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC","url_text":"The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3939-5","url_text":"978-0-7914-3939-5"}]},{"reference":"Coburn, Thomas B. (1991). Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791404463.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c7vIzNrC-coC","url_text":"Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791404463","url_text":"0791404463"}]},{"reference":"Coburn, Thomas B. (2002). Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition. South Asia Books. ISBN 81-208-0557-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC","url_text":"Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0557-7","url_text":"81-208-0557-7"}]},{"reference":"Dalal, Rosen (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin. ISBN 978-8184752779.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC","url_text":"Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8184752779","url_text":"978-8184752779"}]},{"reference":"Dutt, MN (1896). Markandeya Puranam. Elysium Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/markandeyapurana021288mbp#page/n0/mode/2up","url_text":"Markandeya Puranam"}]},{"reference":"Lynn Foulston; Stuart Abbott (2009). Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorus_of_Asine

Theodorus of Asine

["1 Notes","2 References"]

Theodorus of Asine (Greek: Θεόδωρος Ἀσιναῖος; fl. 3rd–4th century AD) was a Neoplatonist philosopher, and a native of one of the towns which bore the name of Asine, probably Asine in Laconia. He was a disciple of Iamblichus, and one of the most eminent of the Neoplatonists. Proclus repeatedly mentions him in his commentaries on Plato, and frequently adds to his name some laudatory epithet,"the great," "the admirable," "the noble." He wrote a work on the soul, now lost. It is cited by Nemesius of Emesa in his De Natura Hominis. Theodorus believed there was a First Cause, from which emanated a triad that was ‘The One’ This ‘One' therefore acted as a Trinity, or Three-in One (similar to that of Brahma-Vishnu-Siva and of the Christian Trinity). Each member of the triad was equivalent to one of the three sounds in hen, the Greek word for 'One' - an aspiration, a long vowel, and a terminal nasal emanation into the cosmos – which is startling similar to ohm and its symbolism. And, like the sound of ohm and Brahma as breath, it represented life, creation, the universe in its entirety, and thus the transcendent One, the All. Furthermore, as Gersch points out in reference to Proclus, but in a way that is also relevant to Theodorus' use of hen, the three syllables are surrounded by, enclosed within, the eternal silence of the One – since He is ultimate silence. This too is part of ohm. And, as Gersch also points out, this divine silence became a significant part of later Neoplatonism and Christian mysticism, through the works of Pseudo-Dionysius. Theodoros was also, according to both Iamblichus and Proclus, concerned with numerology – relating the numbers of letters in words to their hidden meanings. He apparently believed these hidden clues offered insights into his theology of the cosmos (metaphysics), something that both Iamblichus and Procluos criticised, in part because it suggested a causal relationship that sprung from number upwards towards the divine. Notes ^ Trevor Curnow, (2006), The philosophers of the ancient world: an A to Z guide, page 263 ^ Religions of the Constantinian Empire, by M. Edwards, p50. ^ Iamblichus to Eriugena by S Gersch, Leiden 1978, p24-5. ^ Iamblichos to Eriugena by S Gersch, Leiden 1978, p24-5; pp320ff. ^ Iamblichos to Eriugena by S Gersch, Leiden 1978, pp320ff. References  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 3 WorldCat National Germany Italy Greece Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landhof

Landhof

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 47°33′44″N 7°36′9.49″E / 47.56222°N 7.6026361°E / 47.56222; 7.6026361Sports stadium in Basel, Switzerland This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Landhof" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) LandhofLandhof TribueneLocationBasel, SwitzerlandCoordinates47°33′44″N 7°36′9.49″E / 47.56222°N 7.6026361°E / 47.56222; 7.6026361Capacity4'000ConstructionBuiltSecond half of the 18th centuryOpened26 November 1893Closed1967TenantsFC Basel (1893–1967) The Landhof was a sports stadium in the district Basel-Wettstein in Kleinbasel, Basel. It was the former and first home stadium of FC Basel. It is mentioned for the first time in a chronicle in the second half of the 18th century as a nice summer house with beautiful property. The best known owner of the manor was Andreas Merian-Iselin , a member of the Merian family. He was Mayor of Basel and Landammann of Switzerland (highest office at the time). In 1892 the granddaughter of Merian-Iselin sold the Landhof to a certain Katharina Ehrler-Wittich. As the Football Club Basel 1893 was founded in 1893 and look for a ground to play, she made the Landhof available free of charge as a playing surface. As early as Sunday, 26 November 1893, the first football game took place on the grounds. From 1895 to 1901 the Vélodrome de Bâle, a cycle track, was also located on the grounds. In their 1898–99 season FC Basel's first league game was played here, this was a city derby against BSC Old Boys, in front of nearly 400 spectators. The first ever international match between the Swiss national team and the Germany national team took place here in April 1908. The Swiss Football Association demanded a seated spectator stand for at least 200 people. The club agreed and built a wood fence around the ground. Sponsored by a chocolate factory, at the cost of four thousand Swiss Francs and a building time of little more than one month the club's members built the first spectator grandstand in Switzerland. On 5 April 1908, Switzerland's first international football match against Germany took place on the Landhof in front of 4,000 spectators. Switzerland won 5-3. This was the first ever international match for Germany and the third for Switzerland. Following this, the ground was used a number of times as international venue. Until 1967 the Landhof was the home ground of FC Basel. After the signing of Helmut Benthaus as player-coach and with the increasing success of the team, the Landhof became too small for the rising number of spectators. From then onwards FC Basel played their home games in the St. Jakob Stadium. However, until the early 1990s the club continued to use the Landhof as a training ground and as playing field for their youth teams. They also had their offices and clubhouse there. After that the area became overgrown and there was a long-term political struggle over a planned residential block development. References ^ Deutscher Fußballbund. "Schweiz 5:3 Deutschland". dfb.de. Retrieved 2018-11-16. ^ Zindel, Josef (2018), "Die ersten 125 Jahre", Page 19, 1908 The first stands in the country, Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel vteFussball Club Basel 1893General History 1893–1918 1918–1939 1939–1965 1965–2000 2000–present Players Seasons Stadia Landhof St. Jakob Stadium St. Jakob Park Other Women's team Youth Campus Basel Superleague Formula team 2006 Basel hooligan incident We Are the Faithful

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[]

[{"reference":"Deutscher Fußballbund. \"Schweiz 5:3 Deutschland\". dfb.de. Retrieved 2018-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/die-mannschaft/spiele-termine/?spieledb_path=%2Fmatches%2F2141787","url_text":"\"Schweiz 5:3 Deutschland\""}]},{"reference":"Zindel, Josef (2018), \"Die ersten 125 Jahre\", Page 19, 1908 The first stands in the country, Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_White_(journalist)

Michael White (journalist)

["1 Early and personal life","2 Career","3 Political views","4 References","5 External links"]

British journalist This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.Find sources: "Michael White" journalist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Michael WhiteWhite chairing a session for the Health Hotel in September 2009Born (1945-10-21) 21 October 1945 (age 78)NationalityBritishAlma materUniversity College London (BA)OccupationJournalistChildrenSam White Michael White (born 21 October 1945) is a British journalist who was until 2016 an associate editor of The Guardian. He is the paper's former political editor. Early and personal life White was raised in Wadebridge, Cornwall. He was educated at Bodmin Grammar School and then studied for a BA in history at University College London. His son is the political adviser Sam White. Career White began his career in journalism at the Reading Evening Post (1966–71) and after a spell at London's Evening Standard (1970–71) he moved to The Guardian, where he worked as a sub/feature writer (1971–74), diary writer (1974–76), political correspondent and sketchwriter (1976–84) and Washington correspondent from 1984. He became the newspaper's political editor in 1990, succeeding Ian Aitken; he relinquished the position to Patrick Wintour at the beginning of 2006. He retired from his Guardian positions in October 2016. In 2003, he was voted Print Journalist of the Year by MPs and Peers in The House/BBC Parliamentary Awards. He is a regular commentator on the BBC, introducing newspaper reviews and commenting on everything from Newsnight to Breakfast News, BBC News Channel and Question Time. He has also appeared on BBC Radio 4, introducing a programme on political insults, Savaged by a Dead Sheep. White retired from The Guardian in October 2016 after almost 45 years at the paper. He wrote a regular column for the Health Service Journal from 1977 to 2017. Political views Despite being a Labour Party supporter, White has not always had the easiest of relationships with Labour and its leading figures. In November 1991, following the death of Mirror owner Robert Maxwell, he was involved in a physical altercation with the title's political editor Alastair Campbell, later Director of Communications for Tony Blair, over White's use of the "Cap'n Bob, Bob, Bob" refrain. In February 2006, White detailed the changing attitudes of the Labour Party to The Guardian. He wrote that the Blair government changed its attitude to The Guardian, from hostility towards grudging friendship as the government lost "fair weather friends" on other papers. "It is no secret in the office, for example, that I think its coverage of the protracted crisis over Iraq since 2003, has not always been fair to Blair's position", he wrote. Regarding the Israel–Palestine conflict, in July 2006 he wrote that over time his sympathies are shifting back to Israel "however short-sighted and self-defeating some of its actions are". White, in discussing media self-censorship in March 2011, said, "I have always sensed liberal, middle class ill-ease in going after stories about immigration, legal or otherwise, about welfare fraud or the less attractive tribal habits of the working class, which is more easily ignored altogether. Toffs, including royal ones, Christians, especially popes, governments of Israel, and US Republicans are more straightforward targets." White has argued against some gay rights, including gay adoption and same-sex marriage. References ^ White, Michael (7 February 2008). "Michael White's political blog". Blogs.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 31 October 2013. ^ Rodgers, Sienna (6 May 2020). "What does the new leader's office say about Keir Starmer?". LabourList. Retrieved 11 October 2022. ^ "The Guardian's Michael White named Assistant Editor". The Guardian. London. 9 December 2005. Retrieved 6 October 2016. ^ McKie, David (22 February 2018). "Ian Aitken obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 February 2018. ^ "Michael White reflects on 45 years as a Guardian journalist | The Guardian Members". membership.theguardian.com. Retrieved 29 September 2017. ^ White, Michael (28 October 2016). "Michael White reflects on 45 years as a Guardian journalist". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2018. ^ "Michael White's greatest hits: dispatches from 40 years on health's front line". Health Service Journal. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017. ^ Michael White (5 November 2001). "White vs Campbell". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2013. ^ White, Michael (10 February 2006). "Whose side are you on?". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 October 2016. ^ White, Michael (18 July 2006). "Crisis and whispers". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 October 2016. ^ White, Michael (9 March 2011). "Media self-censorship: not just a problem for Turkey". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2013. ^ White, Michael (14 February 2011). "Same-sex marriage cannot be the same as heterosexual marriage". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2013. ^ White, Michael (5 March 2012). "Gay marriage: noisy bishops are not always wrong". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michael White. Michael White on X Michael White's contributor page, The Guardian Media offices Preceded byIan Aitken Political Editor of The Guardian 1990–2006 Succeeded byPatrick Wintour Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"}],"text":"Michael White (born 21 October 1945) is a British journalist who was until 2016 an associate editor of The Guardian. He is the paper's former political editor.","title":"Michael White (journalist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wadebridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadebridge"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Sam White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_White_(political_adviser)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"White was raised in Wadebridge, Cornwall.[1] He was educated at Bodmin Grammar School and then studied for a BA in history at University College London.His son is the political adviser Sam White.[2]","title":"Early and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reading Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"correspondent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNM-3"},{"link_name":"Ian Aitken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Aitken_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obituary-4"},{"link_name":"Patrick Wintour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wintour"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"The House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Newsnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsnight"},{"link_name":"Breakfast News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_News"},{"link_name":"BBC News Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Channel"},{"link_name":"Question Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_Time_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Health Service Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Service_Journal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"White began his career in journalism at the Reading Evening Post (1966–71) and after a spell at London's Evening Standard (1970–71) he moved to The Guardian, where he worked as a sub/feature writer (1971–74), diary writer (1974–76), political correspondent and sketchwriter (1976–84) and Washington correspondent from 1984.[3] He became the newspaper's political editor in 1990, succeeding Ian Aitken;[4] he relinquished the position to Patrick Wintour at the beginning of 2006. He retired from his Guardian positions in October 2016.[5] In 2003, he was voted Print Journalist of the Year by MPs and Peers in The House/BBC Parliamentary Awards.He is a regular commentator on the BBC, introducing newspaper reviews and commenting on everything from Newsnight to Breakfast News, BBC News Channel and Question Time. He has also appeared on BBC Radio 4, introducing a programme on political insults, Savaged by a Dead Sheep.White retired from The Guardian in October 2016 after almost 45 years at the paper.[6] He wrote a regular column for the Health Service Journal from 1977 to 2017.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Robert Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Alastair Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Blair government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Israel–Palestine conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Toffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toffs"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"popes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"gay rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights"},{"link_name":"gay adoption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_adoption_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Despite being a Labour Party supporter, White has not always had the easiest of relationships with Labour and its leading figures. In November 1991, following the death of Mirror owner Robert Maxwell, he was involved in a physical altercation with the title's political editor Alastair Campbell, later Director of Communications for Tony Blair, over White's use of the \"Cap'n Bob, Bob, Bob\" refrain.[8]In February 2006, White detailed the changing attitudes of the Labour Party to The Guardian. He wrote that the Blair government changed its attitude to The Guardian, from hostility towards grudging friendship as the government lost \"fair weather friends\" on other papers. \"It is no secret in the office, for example, that I think its coverage of the protracted crisis over Iraq since 2003, has not always been fair to Blair's position\", he wrote.[9] Regarding the Israel–Palestine conflict, in July 2006 he wrote that over time his sympathies are shifting back to Israel \"however short-sighted and self-defeating some of its actions are\".[10]White, in discussing media self-censorship in March 2011, said, \"I have always sensed liberal, middle class ill-ease in going after stories about immigration, legal or otherwise, about welfare fraud or the less attractive tribal habits of the working class, which is more easily ignored altogether. Toffs, including royal ones, Christians, especially popes, governments of Israel, and US Republicans are more straightforward targets.\"[11]White has argued against some gay rights, including gay adoption and same-sex marriage.[12][13]","title":"Political views"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Channel_(IND_Rockaway_Line)

Broad Channel station

["1 History","2 Station layout","2.1 Exit","2.2 Track layout","3 Ridership","4 Gallery","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 40°36′32″N 73°48′58″W / 40.609°N 73.816°W / 40.609; -73.816New York City Subway station in Queens New York City Subway station in Queens, New York Broad Channel ​ New York City Subway station (rapid transit)Broad Channel station after the post-Hurricane Sandy renovationStation statisticsAddressNoel Road & West RoadQueens, NYBoroughQueensLocaleBroad ChannelCoordinates40°36′32″N 73°48′58″W / 40.609°N 73.816°W / 40.609; -73.816DivisionB (IND, formerly LIRR Rockaway Beach Branch)LineIND Rockaway LineServices   A  (all times)​   S  (all times)Transit MTA Bus: Q52/Q53 SBS, QM16, QM17StructureAt-gradePlatforms2 side platformsTracks2Other informationOpened1880 (LIRR station)Closed1950 (LIRR station)RebuiltJune 28, 1956; 68 years ago (1956-06-28) (as a Subway station)AccessibilitySame-platform wheelchair transfer availableOpposite-directiontransferYesTraffic202352,378  5.5% Rank423 out of 423Services Preceding station New York City Subway Following station Howard Beach–JFK AirportA toward Inwood–207th Street Beach 67th StreetA toward Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue Beach 90th StreetA  ​S toward Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street Rockaway Park through to Inwood–207th Street via A  AM rush Former services Preceding station Long IslandRail Road Following station The Raunttoward Woodside Rockaway Beach Division Beach Channeltoward Gibson or Rockaway Park Location Show map of New York City SubwayShow map of New York CityShow map of New York Track layout Legend to Howard Beach–JFK Jamaica Bay Trestle Long track section~2 miles (3.2 km) Test track Shuttle relay track Jamaica Bay Long track section~1,000 feet (300 m) Jamaica Bay Hammels Wye to Beach 67th Street to Beach 90th Street Street map Station service legend Symbol Description Stops all times Stops rush hours in the peak direction only The Broad Channel station is a station on the IND Rockaway Line of the New York City Subway, located in the neighborhood of the same name at Noel and West Roads in the borough of Queens. It is served by the A train and the Rockaway Park Shuttle at all times, the latter of which originates/terminates here. Broad Channel originally opened in 1880 as a Long Island Railroad station. The LIRR discontinued service in 1950 after a fire on the trestle across Jamaica Bay, to the station's north. The station reopened June 28, 1956, as a subway station. Broad Channel is the only subway station serving the island of Broad Channel, which is located in Jamaica Bay and only has about 3,000 residents. Thus it is the least-used in the subway as of 2023. However, this station is the only transfer point for riders traveling between Brooklyn and Manhattan (which the A train travels to) and the four other stations served by the Rockaway Park Shuttle. North of this station, there are two additional tracks within the right-of-way: a short track that allows Rockaway Park Shuttle trains to reverse direction and return to the Rockaways, and a longer track that is used to test new subway cars. History The station originally opened in 1880 as a New York, Woodhaven and Rockaway Railroad station (although some sources claim it opened in June 1881) and was acquired by the Long Island Rail Road, to become a station on the Rockaway Beach Branch. As a Long Island Rail Road station it served as one of two junctions between the Far Rockaway and Rockaway Beach Branches. The other junction was at Hammels Station, although it was originally a junction for the Far Rockaway Branch and the Ocean Electric Railway. Hammels is now located where Hammels Wye is. Wooden shelter sheds were added to the station in 1921 and 1923. A fire on the trestle between this station and another one known as The Raunt, located to the north, forced the closure of both stations on May 23, 1950, as well as the entire Jamaica Bay trestle which stretches from Howard Beach to Hammels Wye. By October 3, 1955, the Rockaway Beach Branch south of Ozone Park, and all of the Far Rockaway Branch west of Far Rockaway were purchased by the New York City Transit Authority. The Broad Channel station was completely reconstructed (as were the Howard Beach and Far Rockaway stations) with new concrete platforms, and a new station house. The contract for the new station was approved in December 1954. The station opened to subway service on June 28, 1956. The station and the adjacent segment of the Rockaway Line suffered serious damage during Hurricane Sandy in 2012, and was out of service for several months. Due to its location in the middle of Jamaica Bay, the station was filled with debris, with its trackbed damaged. During its temporary closure, the station received new ADA-tactile strips, platform edge rubbing boards, and cosmetic and mechanical work. Service was restored to the station on May 30, 2013, and to celebrate the re-opening, a vintage R1 subway car formed the first train. In 2018, a two-phase program of flood mitigation work along the Hammels Wye required further service disruptions. The first phase, from April 9 to May 18, suspended rush-hour A trips to Rockaway Park. The second phase, which began on July 1, rerouted all Far Rockaway A service to Rockaway Park until September 3. In both phases, the shuttle ran from Rockaway Park to Far Rockaway, skipping Broad Channel. Station layout Mezzanine Mezzanine Crossover between platforms Platform level Side platform Northbound ← toward Inwood–207th Street (Howard Beach–JFK Airport)← termination track Southbound → toward Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue (Beach 67th Street) →→ toward Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street (Beach 90th Street) →→ toward Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street PM rush (Beach 90th Street) → Side platform Ground Street level Exit/Entrance, station house and agent, fare control, MetroCard machines Noel Road entrance This station has two tracks and two side platforms, each measuring 12 feet (3.7 m) wide and over 660 feet (200 m) long. The northern parts of the platforms are sheltered with canopies and windscreens. The station is served by the A train and the Rockaway Park Shuttle at all times, serving as the northern terminus of the latter. The next stop to the north is Howard Beach–JFK Airport. The next stop to the south is Beach 67th Street for Far Rockaway A trains and Beach 90th Street for the Rockaway Park Shuttle and limited rush-hour A trains. The station is one of two New York City Subway stations located on its own island, the other being the Roosevelt Island station in Manhattan, serving the F and <F> train. Exit A station house is located above both platforms, containing a crossover, waiting area and fare control. The single street staircase outside of fare control goes down to West Road by the intersection of Noel Road next to the Rockaway-bound platform.: 9  This platform also has a set of exit-only turnstiles leading directly to this staircase so riders exiting the station on this side do not have to go through the station house. The station house is heated, while the platforms feature passenger-activated heaters;: 35  these heaters, and the doors separating the station house and staircases, were not originally part of the station. The station house used to have 1950s-era signage at its front entrance reading "SUBWAY", but now only has modern MTA entrance signs. At the north end of the station is a power substation, located at West Road and East 6th Road adjacent to the Rockaway-bound platform. A second exit-only staircase is located here, but is closed. Track layout The crossovers that lead to the tail track on the right and to the track used to test new trains on the left Just to the north, the Rockaway Line gains two extra non-revenue tracks straddling the two revenue tracks. The western track is a test track, installed in 2001 and called the Far Rockaway Test Track,: 13-29–13-32 : 1–3 : 30–31  while the eastern track is used to relay shuttle trains. The western track extends around 10,000 feet (3,000 m) or nearly 2 miles (3.2 km), while the eastern track is long enough for one full-length train (600 feet (180 m)) and ends at a bumper block. The test track was installed in 2001 by New York City Transit's Maintenance of Way Department to ensure that new cars have undergone necessary acceleration and braking tests before being put into revenue service. This was because NYCT needed to recover a greater amount of braking energy and reduce power demand peaks with the introduction of AC-motored cars with the capability for regenerative braking. A kinetic energy storage system with KESS technology was installed, and as a result, the voltage regulation of the track improved. The system provides voltage support to the revenue tracks as well as reinforcing the voltage of the test track during the testing of new trains. Continuing north, the Rockaway Line crosses Jamaica Bay before reaching Howard Beach; the distance of 3.5 miles (5.6 km) between the two stations is the longest between any two in the New York City Subway system. To the south, the Rockaway Line continues to the Rockaway peninsula, crossing two bridges: a fixed span between Broad Channel and Subway Island, and a swing span between Subway Island and the Rockaway peninsula. On the peninsula, the line splits at a flying junction named Hammels Wye to allow service to both Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue and Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street. Punch boxes are located at the ends of both platforms, to allow train operators to select the correct route. The switches are then accordingly switched by the local tower operator.: xix  Ridership The seawall protecting the station, installed after Hurricane Sandy Broad Channel is a small island with fewer than 3,000 residents, and as a result, it has historically been one of the least-used stations in the system. In 1985, the station had only 224 paying daily riders on a typical weekday, making it one of the least used stations in the system. The station had the second lowest ridership in the subway system as of 2019, with 52,378 annual riders. By 2021, it was the system's least-used station overall, with 39,981 annual riders. However, it is the only transfer point between the A train and the Rockaway Park Shuttle, and some 2,700 daily riders use it in this capacity. As a result, the platforms are sometimes packed. Nearby points of interest include a visitor center and trails for the Gateway National Recreation Area's Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. The Refuge is one of the most significant bird sanctuaries in the Northeastern United States, and it is home to more than 330 bird species, making it one of the most ideal places in New York City to observe migrating birds. The visitor center is the start of many guided tours of the refuge and it is home to exhibits that discuss the history of Jamaica Bay, the wide array of wildlife that can be found there, and the impact of human activity. Gallery A view of the northbound platform at Broad Channel facing to the south, prior to renovations A view of the southern end of the station during the renovation of the line A view of the southbound platform facing to the north, the renovation almost complete A vintage R1 subway car leading the first trip onto the Rockaway Line on May 30, 2013, after having been closed due to damage from Hurricane Sandy Notes ^ The document states that the station was located at 194th Avenue. Today, this street is known as Noel Road. References ^ "Glossary". Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) (PDF). Vol. 1. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 4, 2003. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "Long Island Rail Road History Website — The NY, Woodhaven and Rockaway RR". Archived from the original on May 12, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c "Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024. ^ a b "Long Island Station History". www.trainsarefun.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017. ^ "L.I.R.R. Proposes Junking Trestle Ruined by Fire". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 31, 1950. p. 4. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Bresiger, Gregory (July 18, 2012). "The Trains Stopped Running Here 50 Years Ago". qgazette.com. Queens Gazette. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015. ^ a b Freeman, Ira Henry (June 28, 1956). "Rockaway Trains to Operate Today" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2015. ^ a b c d e f "$7,000,000 Signal Job To Be Let In February: City Approves $1,000,000 Contracts For Station And Sub-Station in Broad Channel And For The Rehabilitation Of The Liberty Avenue Line". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. December 23, 1954. p. 1. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2016. ^ "$7,000,000 Signal Job To Be Let In February: City Approves $1,000,000 Contracts For Station And Sub-Station in Broad Channel And For The Rehabilitation Of The Liberty Avenue Line" (PDF). Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. December 23, 1954. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2016. ^ "New Station Set At Howard Beach" (PDF). The New York Times. November 11, 1954. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2015. ^ "New Look In Transit: Modernistic Station And Drawbridge". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. December 2, 1954. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 3, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2016. ^ "Rebuilding the Rockaways After Hurricane Sandy". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on November 29, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012. ^ Chaban, Matt (November 11, 2012). "Broad Channel Crossing Must Be Rebuilt, Leaving Rockaways Without A-Train for Months or Longer". New York Observer. Archived from the original on July 29, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016. ^ "A Train Service Restored to Rockaways". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 30, 2013. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016. ^ "Train Change: A/ Shuttle Service to be Impacted Starting in April". THE ROCKAWAY TIMES - First and Free. March 8, 2018. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2018. ^ "A Subway Timetable, Effective June 26, 2022". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023. ^ "S Subway Timetable, Rockaway Park Shuttle, Effective June 26, 2022". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023. ^ a b "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021. ^ a b c New York City Transit Authority (November 1, 1954). "Architectural Drawing of Broad Channel Station: IND Rockaway Line". New York Transit Museum. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016. ^ a b "MTA Neighborhood Maps: The Rockaways" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015. ^ a b c d "Broad Channel: a future land use proposal". New York City Department of City Planning. August 1962. Retrieved July 22, 2016. ^ "Shell Greater New York City (Eastern Section). To and Through Manhattan". Shell Oil Company. 1956. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2017. ^ a b c d Review of the A and C Lines (PDF) (Report). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 11, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2016. ^ a b "Zero Weather, Token Limit Accelerate Subway Gripes". Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. January 11, 1968. p. 1. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2016. ^ "Zero Weather, Token Limit Accelerate Subway Gripes" (PDF). Wave of Long Island. Fultonhistory.com. January 11, 1968. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2016. ^ Cox, Jeremiah (September 13, 2013). "Outside the substation and former exit only staircase". subwaynut.com. Retrieved June 8, 2017. ^ a b c d Dougherty, Peter (2020). Tracks of the New York City Subway 2020 (16th ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 1056711733. ^ a b c "Rebuilding the Rockaways After Hurricane Sandy: The Recovery". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 16, 2013. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016. ^ a b Tarrant, Colin (April 1, 2004). "Kinetic energy storage wins acceptance". Railway Gazette International. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016. ^ "EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission & Distribution Applications: Final Report, December 2003" (PDF). Electric Power Research Institute, United States Department of Energy. December 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016. ^ "BATTERY POWER SYSTEM FOR TRACKSIDE ENERGY STORGE Final Repor" (PDF). New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company, Kawasaki Heavy Industries. October 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016. ^ "Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or Distribution Applications: Technical Update, December 2002" (PDF). Electric Power Research Institute. December 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016. ^ "M31878 INSTALL RELAY TRACK BROAD CHANNEL STATION ROCKAWAY LINE $5M - $10M". mta.nyc.ny.us. New York City Transit. February 2, 1997. Archived from the original on February 2, 1997. Retrieved September 18, 2016. ^ Rosenfeld, Robbie (May 30, 2013). "Photo of punch box on northbound platform". nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2016. ^ Khan, Kulsoom (March 31, 2016). "Broad Channel". Queens Tribune. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2016. ^ Levine, Richard (November 5, 1986). "COLUMN ONE: TRANSPORT". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2016. ^ "Subway and bus ridership for 2021" (XLSX file). MTA. Retrieved July 14, 2023. ^ "Safest and riskiest areas of New York's subway system revealed in Daily News investigation". New York Daily News. June 22, 2014. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2016. ^ Productions, Mixit. "Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge". www.nyharborparks.org. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Broad Channel station. nycsubway.org – IND Rockaway: Broad Channel Station Reporter — Rockaway Park Shuttle The Subway Nut - Broad Channel Pictures Archived July 6, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Entrance from Google Maps Street View Platforms from Google Maps Street View vteStations of the New York City Subway, by service Eighth Avenue Express Inwood–207th Street Dyckman Street 190th Street 181st Street 175th Street 168th Street 163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue* 155th Street* 145th Street 135th Street* 125th Street 116th Street* Cathedral Parkway–110th Street* 103rd Street* 96th Street* 86th Street* 81st Street–Museum of Natural History* 72nd Street* 59th Street–Columbus Circle 50th Street* 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal 34th Street–Penn Station 23rd Street* 14th Street West Fourth Street–Washington Square Spring Street* Canal Street Chambers Street Fulton Street High Street Jay Street–MetroTech Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets Lafayette Avenue* Clinton–Washington Avenues* Franklin Avenue* Nostrand Avenue Kingston–Throop Avenues* Utica Avenue Ralph Avenue* Rockaway Avenue* Broadway Junction Liberty Avenue* Van Siclen Avenue* Shepherd Avenue* Euclid Avenue Grant Avenue 80th Street 88th Street Rockaway Boulevard Lefferts branch 104th Street 111th Street Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard Rockaways branches Aqueduct Racetrack Aqueduct–North Conduit Avenue Howard Beach–JFK Airport Broad Channel Far Rockaway branch Beach 67th Street Beach 60th Street Beach 44th Street Beach 36th Street Beach 25th Street Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue Rockaway Park branch Beach 90th Street Beach 98th Street Beach 105th Street Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street Rockaway Park Shuttle Broad Channel Beach 90th Street Beach 98th Street Beach 105th Street Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street See also Lists by borough (The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens) Accessible Closed Terminals Transfer Commons category Note: Service variations, station closures, and reroutes are not reflected here.Stations with asterisks have no regular peak, reverse peak, or midday service on that route. See linked articles for more information. vteStations of the New York City Subway, by line (physical trackage)Rockaway Line Aqueduct Racetrack Aqueduct–North Conduit Avenue Howard Beach–JFK Airport Broad Channel Far Rockaway branch Beach 67th Street Beach 60th Street Beach 44th Street Beach 36th Street Beach 25th Street Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue ​ Rockaway Park branch Beach 90th Street Beach 98th Street Beach 105th Street Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street See also Lists by borough (The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens) Accessible Closed Terminals Transfer Commons category Stations and line segments in italics are closed, demolished, or planned (temporary closures are marked with asterisks). Track connections to other lines' terminals are displayed in brackets. Struck through passenger track connections are closed or unused in regular service.

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It is served by the A train and the Rockaway Park Shuttle at all times, the latter of which originates/terminates here. Broad Channel originally opened in 1880 as a Long Island Railroad station. The LIRR discontinued service in 1950 after a fire on the trestle across Jamaica Bay, to the station's north. The station reopened June 28, 1956, as a subway station.Broad Channel is the only subway station serving the island of Broad Channel, which is located in Jamaica Bay and only has about 3,000 residents. Thus it is the least-used in the subway as of 2023[update]. However, this station is the only transfer point for riders traveling between Brooklyn and Manhattan (which the A train travels to) and the four other stations served by the Rockaway Park Shuttle. North of this station, there are two additional tracks within the right-of-way: a short track that allows Rockaway Park Shuttle trains to reverse direction and return to the Rockaways, and a longer track that is used to test new subway cars.","title":"Broad Channel station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York, Woodhaven and Rockaway Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_Woodhaven_and_Rockaway_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Rockaway Beach Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaway_Beach_Branch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TrainsAreFun-LIRR-4"},{"link_name":"Far Rockaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Rockaway_Branch"},{"link_name":"Hammels Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammels_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Ocean Electric Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Electric_Railway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TrainsAreFun-LIRR-4"},{"link_name":"The Raunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raunt_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BklynEagle-LIRRFireJunkRkwy-1950-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QnsGazette-LIRRRkwy-2012-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-INDRkwyOpen-1956-7"},{"link_name":"Ozone Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_Park_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Far Rockaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Rockaway_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"New York City Transit Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"Howard Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Beach%E2%80%93JFK_Airport_(IND_Rockaway_Line)"},{"link_name":"Far Rockaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Rockaway%E2%80%93Mott_Avenue_(IND_Rockaway_Line)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockawave-BroadChannel-7Million-1954-pg1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockawave-BroadChannel-7Million-1954-pg7-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockawave-INDHowardBch-Dec1954-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-INDRkwyOpen-1956-7"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Sandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asandy-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ADA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990"},{"link_name":"R1 subway car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R1_(New_York_City_Subway_Car)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-ATrain-Rkwy-May302013-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The station originally opened in 1880 as a New York, Woodhaven and Rockaway Railroad station (although some sources claim it opened in June 1881) and was acquired by the Long Island Rail Road, to become a station on the Rockaway Beach Branch.[4]As a Long Island Rail Road station it served as one of two junctions between the Far Rockaway and Rockaway Beach Branches. The other junction was at Hammels Station, although it was originally a junction for the Far Rockaway Branch and the Ocean Electric Railway. Hammels is now located where Hammels Wye is. Wooden shelter sheds were added to the station in 1921 and 1923.[4] A fire on the trestle between this station and another one known as The Raunt, located to the north, forced the closure of both stations on May 23, 1950, as well as the entire Jamaica Bay trestle which stretches from Howard Beach to Hammels Wye.[5][6][7]By October 3, 1955, the Rockaway Beach Branch south of Ozone Park, and all of the Far Rockaway Branch west of Far Rockaway were purchased by the New York City Transit Authority. The Broad Channel station was completely reconstructed (as were the Howard Beach and Far Rockaway stations) with new concrete platforms, and a new station house. The contract for the new station was approved in December 1954.[8][9][10][11] The station opened to subway service on June 28, 1956.[7]The station and the adjacent segment of the Rockaway Line suffered serious damage during Hurricane Sandy in 2012, and was out of service for several months. Due to its location in the middle of Jamaica Bay, the station was filled with debris, with its trackbed damaged.[12][13] During its temporary closure, the station received new ADA-tactile strips, platform edge rubbing boards, and cosmetic and mechanical work. Service was restored to the station on May 30, 2013, and to celebrate the re-opening, a vintage R1 subway car formed the first train.[14] In 2018, a two-phase program of flood mitigation work along the Hammels Wye required further service disruptions. The first phase, from April 9 to May 18, suspended rush-hour A trips to Rockaway Park. The second phase, which began on July 1, rerouted all Far Rockaway A service to Rockaway Park until September 3. In both phases, the shuttle ran from Rockaway Park to Far Rockaway, skipping Broad Channel.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BC_sta_Noel_West_Rds_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"side platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockawave-BroadChannel-7Million-1954-pg1-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockawave-BroadChannel-7Million-1954-pg1-8"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"Rockaway Park Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaway_Park_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Howard Beach–JFK Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Beach%E2%80%93JFK_Airport_(IND_Rockaway_Line)"},{"link_name":"Beach 67th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_67th_Street_(IND_Rockaway_Line)"},{"link_name":"Beach 90th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_90th_Street_(IND_Rockaway_Line)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-submap-18"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Island station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_station"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"<F>","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fd_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-submap-18"}],"text":"Noel Road entranceThis station has two tracks and two side platforms, each measuring 12 feet (3.7 m) wide and over 660 feet (200 m) long.[8] The northern parts of the platforms are sheltered with canopies and windscreens.[8] The station is served by the A train and the Rockaway Park Shuttle at all times, serving as the northern terminus of the latter.[16][17] The next stop to the north is Howard Beach–JFK Airport. The next stop to the south is Beach 67th Street for Far Rockaway A trains and Beach 90th Street for the Rockaway Park Shuttle and limited rush-hour A trains.[18] The station is one of two New York City Subway stations located on its own island, the other being the Roosevelt Island station in Manhattan, serving the F and <F> train.[18]","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fare control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fare_control"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockawave-BroadChannel-7Million-1954-pg1-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM-BroadChannelDrawing-19"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockawave-BroadChannel-7Million-1954-pg1-8"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-RockawaysMap-2015-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BroadChannel-FutureUse-1962-21"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-ReviewAC-2015-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockawave-ZeroWeather-Jan1968-pg1-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockawave-ZeroWeather-Jan1968-pg4-26"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BroadChannel-FutureUse-1962-21"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockawave-BroadChannel-7Million-1954-pg1-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM-BroadChannelDrawing-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BroadChannel-FutureUse-1962-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTM-BroadChannelDrawing-19"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Exit","text":"A station house is located above both platforms, containing a crossover, waiting area and fare control.[8][19] The single street staircase outside of fare control goes down to West Road by the intersection of Noel Road next to the Rockaway-bound platform.[8][20][21]: 9 [note 1] This platform also has a set of exit-only turnstiles leading directly to this staircase so riders exiting the station on this side do not have to go through the station house. The station house is heated, while the platforms feature passenger-activated heaters;[23]: 35  these heaters, and the doors separating the station house and staircases, were not originally part of the station.[24][25] The station house used to have 1950s-era signage at its front entrance reading \"SUBWAY\", but now only has modern MTA entrance signs.[21]At the north end of the station is a power substation, located at West Road and East 6th Road adjacent to the Rockaway-bound platform.[8][19][21] A second exit-only staircase is located here, but is closed.[19][26]","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crossover_N_of_BC_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"non-revenue tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-revenue_track"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-RebuildingRkwysRecovery-May2013-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RailwayGaz-KineticEnergy-2004-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-ReviewAC-2015-24"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-BroadChannelRelay-1997-34"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-RebuildingRkwysRecovery-May2013-29"},{"link_name":"bumper block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_block"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RailwayGaz-KineticEnergy-2004-30"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Bay"},{"link_name":"Howard Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Beach%E2%80%93JFK_Airport_(IND_Rockaway_Line)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-RebuildingRkwysRecovery-May2013-29"},{"link_name":"Rockaway peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaway,_Queens"},{"link_name":"flying junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_junction"},{"link_name":"Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Rockaway%E2%80%93Mott_Avenue_(IND_Rockaway_Line)"},{"link_name":"Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaway_Park%E2%80%93Beach_116th_Street_(IND_Rockaway_Line)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-ReviewAC-2015-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-28"},{"link_name":"Punch boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_box"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-28"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Track layout","text":"The crossovers that lead to the tail track on the right and to the track used to test new trains on the leftJust to the north, the Rockaway Line gains two extra non-revenue tracks straddling the two revenue tracks.[27] The western track is a test track, installed in 2001 and called the Far Rockaway Test Track,[28][29][30]: 13-29–13-32 [31]: 1–3 [32]: 30–31  while the eastern track is used to relay shuttle trains.[23][33] The western track extends around 10,000 feet (3,000 m) or nearly 2 miles (3.2 km),[28] while the eastern track is long enough for one full-length train (600 feet (180 m)) and ends at a bumper block.[27] The test track was installed in 2001 by New York City Transit's Maintenance of Way Department to ensure that new cars have undergone necessary acceleration and braking tests before being put into revenue service. This was because NYCT needed to recover a greater amount of braking energy and reduce power demand peaks with the introduction of AC-motored cars with the capability for regenerative braking. A kinetic energy storage system with KESS technology was installed, and as a result, the voltage regulation of the track improved. The system provides voltage support to the revenue tracks as well as reinforcing the voltage of the test track during the testing of new trains.[29]Continuing north, the Rockaway Line crosses Jamaica Bay before reaching Howard Beach; the distance of 3.5 miles (5.6 km) between the two stations is the longest between any two in the New York City Subway system.[28] To the south, the Rockaway Line continues to the Rockaway peninsula, crossing two bridges: a fixed span between Broad Channel and Subway Island, and a swing span between Subway Island and the Rockaway peninsula. On the peninsula, the line splits at a flying junction named Hammels Wye to allow service to both Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue and Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street.[23][27] Punch boxes are located at the ends of both platforms, to allow train operators to select the correct route. The switches are then accordingly switched by the local tower operator.[27]: xix [34]","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rockaway_Line,_May_6,_2013._(8744154249).jpg"},{"link_name":"seawall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Sandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"ridership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronage_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broad_Channel_station&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riderref-3"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA_p768-38"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-ReviewAC-2015-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rockawave-ZeroWeather-Jan1968-pg1-25"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYDaily-SubwayCrime-Mar2016-39"},{"link_name":"Gateway National Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_National_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Bay_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-RockawaysMap-2015-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BroadChannel-FutureUse-1962-21"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"The seawall protecting the station, installed after Hurricane SandyBroad Channel is a small island with fewer than 3,000 residents,[35] and as a result, it has historically been one of the least-used stations in the system. In 1985, the station had only 224 paying daily riders on a typical weekday, making it one of the least used stations in the system.[36] The station had the second lowest ridership in the subway system as of 2019[update], with 52,378 annual riders.[3] By 2021, it was the system's least-used station overall, with 39,981 annual riders.[37] However, it is the only transfer point between the A train and the Rockaway Park Shuttle, and some 2,700 daily riders use it in this capacity.[23][24] As a result, the platforms are sometimes packed.[38]Nearby points of interest include a visitor center and trails for the Gateway National Recreation Area's Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge.[20][21] The Refuge is one of the most significant bird sanctuaries in the Northeastern United States, and it is home to more than 330 bird species, making it one of the most ideal places in New York City to observe migrating birds. The visitor center is the start of many guided tours of the refuge and it is home to exhibits that discuss the history of Jamaica Bay, the wide array of wildlife that can be found there, and the impact of human activity.[39]","title":"Ridership"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broad_Channel.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rockaway_Line_Work_(8744150605).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rockaway_Line_Work_(8744151591).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYCT_6658_(8894931341).jpg"},{"link_name":"R1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R1_(New_York_City_Subway_car)"}],"text":"A view of the northbound platform at Broad Channel facing to the south, prior to renovations\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA view of the southern end of the station during the renovation of the line\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA view of the southbound platform facing to the north, the renovation almost complete\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA vintage R1 subway car leading the first trip onto the Rockaway Line on May 30, 2013, after having been closed due to damage from Hurricane Sandy","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"^ The document states that the station was located at 194th Avenue. Today, this street is known as Noel Road.[22]","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Noel Road entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/BC_sta_Noel_West_Rds_jeh.jpg/220px-BC_sta_Noel_West_Rds_jeh.jpg"},{"image_text":"The crossovers that lead to the tail track on the right and to the track used to test new trains on the left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Crossover_N_of_BC_jeh.jpg/220px-Crossover_N_of_BC_jeh.jpg"},{"image_text":"The seawall protecting the station, installed after Hurricane Sandy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rockaway_Line%2C_May_6%2C_2013._%288744154249%29.jpg/220px-Rockaway_Line%2C_May_6%2C_2013._%288744154249%29.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Glossary\". Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) (PDF). Vol. 1. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 4, 2003. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210226132855/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/glossary.pdf","url_text":"Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS)"},{"url":"http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/glossary.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Long Island Rail Road History Website — The NY, Woodhaven and Rockaway RR\". Archived from the original on May 12, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060512215059/http://www.lirrhistory.com/rockaway.html","url_text":"\"Long Island Rail Road History Website — The NY, Woodhaven and Rockaway RR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/137106","url_text":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Long Island Station History\". www.trainsarefun.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170526225709/http://www.trainsarefun.com/lirrphotos/lirrstationshistory.htm","url_text":"\"Long Island Station History\""},{"url":"http://www.trainsarefun.com/lirrphotos/lirrstationshistory.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"L.I.R.R. Proposes Junking Trestle Ruined by Fire\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. May 31, 1950. p. 4. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/53870238/?terms=rockaway%2Bfire","url_text":"\"L.I.R.R. Proposes Junking Trestle Ruined by Fire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle","url_text":"Brooklyn Daily Eagle"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161026232707/https://www.newspapers.com/image/53870238/?terms=rockaway%2Bfire","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Bresiger, Gregory (July 18, 2012). \"The Trains Stopped Running Here 50 Years Ago\". qgazette.com. Queens Gazette. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150704120135/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2012-07-18/Features/The_Trains_Stopped_Running_Here_50_Years_Ago.html","url_text":"\"The Trains Stopped Running Here 50 Years Ago\""},{"url":"http://www.qgazette.com/news/2012-07-18/Features/The_Trains_Stopped_Running_Here_50_Years_Ago.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Ira Henry (June 28, 1956). \"Rockaway Trains to Operate Today\" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. 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Retrieved July 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/91476","url_text":"\"Subway and bus ridership for 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Safest and riskiest areas of New York's subway system revealed in Daily News investigation\". New York Daily News. June 22, 2014. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/daily-news-analysis-reveals-crime-rankings-city-subway-system-article-1.1836918","url_text":"\"Safest and riskiest areas of New York's subway system revealed in Daily News investigation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160327120346/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/daily-news-analysis-reveals-crime-rankings-city-subway-system-article-1.1836918","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Productions, Mixit. \"Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge\". www.nyharborparks.org. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_given_names

Chinese given name

["1 Description","2 Common Chinese names","3 See also","4 Footnotes","5 References","6 External links"]

Given name in Chinese character Chinese given names (Chinese: 名; pinyin: míng) are the given names adopted by speakers of the Chinese language, both in majority-Sinophone countries and among the Chinese diaspora. Description Chinese given names are almost always made up of one or - usually - two characters and are written after the surname. Therefore, Wei (伟) of the Zhang (张) family is called "Zhang Wei" and not "Wei Zhang". In contrast to the relative paucity of Chinese surnames, given names can theoretically include any of the Chinese language's 100,000 characters and contain almost any meaning. It is considered disrespectful in China to name a child after an older relative, and both bad practice and disadvantageous for the child's fortune to copy the names of celebrities or famous historical figures. A common name like "Liu Xiang" might be possessed by tens of thousands of people, but generally they were not named for the athlete. An even stronger naming taboo was current during the time of the Chinese Empire, when other bearers of the emperor's name could be gravely punished for not having changed their name upon his ascension. Similarly, it is quite rare to see Chinese children bear the same name as their fathers – the closest examples typically include small differences, such as the former Premier Li Peng's son, who is named Li Xiaopeng. Since the Three Kingdoms era, some families have had generation names worked out long in advance, and all members (or all male members) of a generation have the same first character in their two-character given names. In other families there is a small number of generational names which are cycled through. Together, these generation names may be a poem about the hope or history of the family. This tradition has largely fallen into abeyance since the Communist victory in the Civil War; the "Ze" (泽) in Mao Zedong was the fourteenth generation of such a cycle, but he chose to ignore his family's generational poem to name his own sons. A similar practice was observed regarding the stage names of Chinese opera performers: all the students entering a training academy in the same year would adopt the same first character in their new "given name". For example, as part of the class entering the National Drama School in 1933, Li Yuru adopted a name with the central character "jade" (玉). There are also other conventions. It is frequently the case that children are given names based on gender stereotypes, with boys acquiring 'masculine' names implying strength or courage while girls receive 'feminine' names concerning beauty or flowers. Since doubled characters are considered diminutives in Chinese, many girls also receive names including a doubled pair of characters or two characters with identical pronunciation. A famous exception to this generally feminine practice is Yo-Yo Ma. Apart from generational names, siblings' names are frequently related in other ways as well. For example, one son's name may include a character meaning "Sun" (阳 or 日) while his sister would have the character for "Moon" (月) or a character including the moon radical. It is also common to split modern Chinese words – which now usually consist of two characters of similar meaning both to each other and the full word – among a pair of children, such as Jiankang (健康, "healthy") appearing in the children's names as -jian (健, "strong") and -kang (康, "healthy"). Chinese personal names can also reflect periods of history. For example, many Chinese born during the Cultural Revolution have "revolutionary names" such as Qiangguo (强国, lit. "Strong Country" or "Strengthening the Country") or Dongfeng (东风, lit. "Eastern Wind"). In Taiwan, it was formerly common to incorporate one of the four characters of the name "Republic of China" (中華民國, Zhōnghuá Mínguó) into masculine names. Patriotic names remain common but are becoming less popular – 960,000 Chinese are currently named Jianguo (建国, lit. "Building the Country") but only a few thousand more are now being added each year. Within families, adults rarely refer to each other by personal names. Adult relatives and children referring to adults generally use a family title such as "Big Sister", "Second Sister", "Third Sister", and so on. It is considered rude for a child to refer to parents by their given name, and this taboo is extended to all adult relatives. When speaking of non-family social acquaintances, people are generally referred to by a title – for example, "Mister Zhang", "Mother Li" or "Chu's Wife". Personal names are used when referring to adult friends or to children and are typically spoken completely; if the given name is two characters long, it is almost never truncated. Another common way to reference someone in a friendly way is to call them "Old" (老, Lǎo) or "Little" (小, xiǎo) along with their surname. Many people have a non-Chinese name (typically English) in addition to their Chinese names. For example, the Taiwanese politician Soong Chu-yu is also known as "James Soong". In the case of Christians, their Western names are often their baptismal names. In Hong Kong, it is common to list the names all together, beginning with the English given name, moving on to the Chinese surname, and then ending with the Chinese given name – for example, Alex Fong Chung-Sun. Among American-born and other overseas Chinese it is common practice to be referred to primarily by one's non-Chinese name, with the Chinese one relegated to alternate or middle name status. Recent immigrants, however, often use their Chinese name as their legal name and adopt a non-Chinese name for casual use only. Proper use of pinyin romanization means treating a Chinese given name as a single word with no space between the letters of the two characters: for example, the common name 王秀英 is properly rendered either with its tone marks as Wáng Xiùyīng or without as Wang Xiuying, but should not be written as Wang Xiu Ying, Wang XiuYing, Wangxiuying, &c. The earlier Wade-Giles system accomplished the same effect by hyphenating the given name between the characters: for example, the same name would be written as Wang2 Hsiù4-yīng1. However, many Chinese do not follow these rules, romanizing their names with a space between each. This can cause non–Chinese-speakers to incorrectly take the names as divisible. In regions where fortune-telling is more popular, many parents may name their children on the advice of literomancers. The advice are often given based on the number of strokes of the names or the perceived elemental value of the characters in relation to the child's birth time and personal elemental value; rarely on the sound of the name as there is no system of fortune-telling based on character pronunciations. In jurisdictions where it is possible, people may also choose to change their legal given name, or their children's names, in order to improve their fortune. Common Chinese names As of 2007, the most common names in China were: Rank Surname Given name Pinyin romanization Meaning Number 1 黄 丽 Lì Pretty, Graceful 290607 2 王 伟 Wěi Big, Great 281568 3 王 芳 Fāng Fragrance, Virtue 268268 4 李 伟 Wěi Big, Great 260980 5 王 秀英 Xiùyīng Outstanding Beauty, Elegant & Brave 246737 6 李 秀英 Xiùyīng Outstanding Beauty, Elegant & Brave 244637 7 李 娜 Nà 244223 8 張 秀英 Xiùyīng Outstanding Beauty, Elegant & Brave 236266 9 劉 伟 Wěi Big, Great 234352 10 張 敏 Mǐn Quick, Clever 233708 11 李 静 Jìng Peaceful, Tranquil 232686 12 張 丽 Lì Beautiful 232533 13 王 静 Jìng Peaceful, Tranquil 231914 14 王 丽 Lì Beautiful 226724 15 李 强 Qiáng Strong, Better 223950 16 张 静 Jìng Peaceful, Tranquil 221483 17 李 敏 Mǐn Quick, Clever 213606 18 王 敏 Mǐn Quick, Clever 213603 19 王 磊 Lěi Mound of Rocks, Great 209757 20 李 军 Jūn Army 199772 21 刘 洋 Yáng Ocean 199642 22 王 勇 Yǒng Brave 198720 23 张 勇 Yǒng Brave 197859 24 王 艳 Yàn Gorgeous 194371 25 李 杰 Jié Outstanding, Heroic 191759 26 张 磊 Lěi Mound of Rocks, Great 191065 27 王 强 Qiáng Strong, Better 190266 28 王 军 Jūn Army 189999 29 张 杰 Jié Outstanding, Heroic 189117 30 李 娟 Juān Beautiful, Bewitching 187701 31 张 艳 Yàn Gorgeous 181752 32 张 涛 Tāo Large Wave 177993 33 王 涛 Tāo Large Wave 177978 34 李 明 Míng Bright 177898 35 李 艳 Yàn Gorgeous 176676 36 王 超 Chāo Overleap, Surpass 174891 37 李 勇 Yǒng Brave 173615 38 王 娟 Juān Beautiful, Bewitching 171785 39 刘 杰 Jié Outstanding, Heroic 166929 40 王 秀兰 Xiùlán Beautiful Orchid, Elegant & Graceful 166111 41 李 霞 Xiá Rosy Clouds, Mist 165189 42 刘 敏 Mǐn Quick, Clever 164133 43 张 军 Jūn Army 162773 44 李 丽 Lì Beautiful 162497 45 张 强 Qiáng Strong, Better 159914 46 王 平 Píng Peaceful, Tranquil 155617 47 王 刚 Gāng Hard, Strong 154600 48 王 杰 Jié Outstanding, Heroic 154113 49 李 桂英 Guìyīng Laurel & Beautiful, Brave 153218 50 刘 芳 Fāng Fragrance, Virtue 152189 See also Art name Chinese clan name Chinese nickname Chinese surname Courtesy name Generation name Japanese name American name Korean name Milk name Naming taboo Onomastics Posthumous name Russian name School name Temple name Vietnamese name Footnotes ^ Nà itself is merely phonetic, although the same character pronounced as nuó forms a part of the words for "lithe", "graceful", and "willowy". References ^ The 2004 Taiwanese Ministry of Education Dictionary of Chinese Variant Form compiled 106,230. ^ 法制晚报(北京). Op. cit. 163.com. "中国1.8万多人姓名为刘翔,叫刘德华的人逾1.6万". 15 Oct 2007. Accessed 17 Mar 2012. (in Chinese) ^ Li Ruru (2010b), "2010 Commemorations of the Theatrical Careers of Cao Yu and Li Yuru" (PDF), CHINOPERL Papers, Conference on Chinese Oral and Performing Literature, p. 225. ^ Xinhua Net. "". Oct 2007. Accessed 17 Mar 2012. (in Chinese) ^ Beijing News. "中国重名最多50姓名"出炉" Archived 2007-09-14 at the Wayback Machine" 26 Jul 2007. Accessed 17 Mar 2012. (in Chinese) ^ 69FW. "在中国重名最多的姓名 Archived 2012-07-07 at the Wayback Machine". 10 Mar 2012. Accessed 17 Mar 2012. (in Chinese) External links Some western names written in Chinese characters Scholar urges resuming traditional names Top 20 Mostly Used Given Names in China

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name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"伟","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BC%9F"},{"link_name":"Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_(surname)"},{"link_name":"张","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%A0"},{"link_name":"Chinese surnames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Liu Xiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(hurdler)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"naming taboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_taboo"},{"link_name":"Chinese Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Li 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Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Chinese"},{"link_name":"健康","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7"},{"link_name":"健","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%81%A5"},{"link_name":"康","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BA%B7"},{"link_name":"Cultural Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution"},{"link_name":"强国","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%9B%BD"},{"link_name":"东","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C"},{"link_name":"风","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A3%8E"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"中華","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF"},{"link_name":"民國","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B"},{"link_name":"建国","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%9B%BD"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"老","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%80%81"},{"link_name":"小","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_name"},{"link_name":"Soong Chu-yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Soong"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Alex Fong Chung-Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Fong_(actor)"},{"link_name":"American-born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-born_Chinese"},{"link_name":"overseas Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese"},{"link_name":"middle name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_name"},{"link_name":"legal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_name"},{"link_name":"pinyin romanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"tone marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_tone"},{"link_name":"Wade-Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles"},{"link_name":"literomancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literomancy"}],"text":"Chinese given names are almost always made up of one or - usually - two characters and are written after the surname. Therefore, Wei (伟) of the Zhang (张) family is called \"Zhang Wei\" and not \"Wei Zhang\". In contrast to the relative paucity of Chinese surnames, given names can theoretically include any of the Chinese language's 100,000 characters[1] and contain almost any meaning.It is considered disrespectful in China to name a child after an older relative, and both bad practice and disadvantageous for the child's fortune to copy the names of celebrities or famous historical figures. A common name like \"Liu Xiang\" might be possessed by tens of thousands of people,[2] but generally they were not named for the athlete. An even stronger naming taboo was current during the time of the Chinese Empire, when other bearers of the emperor's name could be gravely punished for not having changed their name upon his ascension. Similarly, it is quite rare to see Chinese children bear the same name as their fathers – the closest examples typically include small differences, such as the former Premier Li Peng's son, who is named Li Xiaopeng.Since the Three Kingdoms era, some families have had generation names worked out long in advance, and all members (or all male members) of a generation have the same first character in their two-character given names. In other families there is a small number of generational names which are cycled through. Together, these generation names may be a poem about the hope or history of the family. This tradition has largely fallen into abeyance since the Communist victory in the Civil War; the \"Ze\" (泽) in Mao Zedong was the fourteenth generation of such a cycle, but he chose to ignore his family's generational poem to name his own sons.[citation needed] A similar practice was observed regarding the stage names of Chinese opera performers: all the students entering a training academy in the same year would adopt the same first character in their new \"given name\". For example, as part of the class entering the National Drama School in 1933, Li Yuru adopted a name with the central character \"jade\" (玉).[3]There are also other conventions. It is frequently the case that children are given names based on gender stereotypes, with boys acquiring 'masculine' names implying strength or courage while girls receive 'feminine' names concerning beauty or flowers. Since doubled characters are considered diminutives in Chinese, many girls also receive names including a doubled pair of characters or two characters with identical pronunciation. A famous exception to this generally feminine practice is Yo-Yo Ma.Apart from generational names, siblings' names are frequently related in other ways as well. For example, one son's name may include a character meaning \"Sun\" (阳 or 日) while his sister would have the character for \"Moon\" (月) or a character including the moon radical. It is also common to split modern Chinese words – which now usually consist of two characters of similar meaning both to each other and the full word – among a pair of children, such as Jiankang (健康, \"healthy\") appearing in the children's names as -jian (健, \"strong\") and -kang (康, \"healthy\").Chinese personal names can also reflect periods of history. For example, many Chinese born during the Cultural Revolution have \"revolutionary names\" such as Qiangguo (强国, lit. \"Strong Country\" or \"Strengthening the Country\") or Dongfeng (东风, lit. \"Eastern Wind\"). In Taiwan, it was formerly common to incorporate one of the four characters of the name \"Republic of China\" (中華民國, Zhōnghuá Mínguó) into masculine names. Patriotic names remain common but are becoming less popular – 960,000 Chinese are currently named Jianguo (建国, lit. \"Building the Country\") but only a few thousand more are now being added each year.[4]Within families, adults rarely refer to each other by personal names. Adult relatives and children referring to adults generally use a family title such as \"Big Sister\", \"Second Sister\", \"Third Sister\", and so on. It is considered rude for a child to refer to parents by their given name, and this taboo is extended to all adult relatives.When speaking of non-family social acquaintances, people are generally referred to by a title – for example, \"Mister Zhang\", \"Mother Li\" or \"Chu's Wife\". Personal names are used when referring to adult friends or to children and are typically spoken completely; if the given name is two characters long, it is almost never truncated. Another common way to reference someone in a friendly way is to call them \"Old\" (老, Lǎo) or \"Little\" (小, xiǎo) along with their surname.Many people have a non-Chinese name (typically English) in addition to their Chinese names. For example, the Taiwanese politician Soong Chu-yu is also known as \"James Soong\". In the case of Christians, their Western names are often their baptismal names. In Hong Kong, it is common to list the names all together, beginning with the English given name, moving on to the Chinese surname, and then ending with the Chinese given name – for example, Alex Fong Chung-Sun. Among American-born and other overseas Chinese it is common practice to be referred to primarily by one's non-Chinese name, with the Chinese one relegated to alternate or middle name status. Recent immigrants, however, often use their Chinese name as their legal name and adopt a non-Chinese name for casual use only.Proper use of pinyin romanization means treating a Chinese given name as a single word with no space between the letters of the two characters: for example, the common name 王秀英 is properly rendered either with its tone marks as Wáng Xiùyīng or without as Wang Xiuying, but should not be written as Wang Xiu Ying, Wang XiuYing, Wangxiuying, &c. The earlier Wade-Giles system accomplished the same effect by hyphenating the given name between the characters: for example, the same name would be written as Wang2 Hsiù4-yīng1. However, many Chinese do not follow these rules, romanizing their names with a space between each. This can cause non–Chinese-speakers to incorrectly take the names as divisible.In regions where fortune-telling is more popular, many parents may name their children on the advice of literomancers. The advice are often given based on the number of strokes of the names or the perceived elemental value of the characters in relation to the child's birth time and personal elemental value; rarely on the sound of the name as there is no system of fortune-telling based on character pronunciations. In jurisdictions where it is possible, people may also choose to change their legal given name, or their children's names, in order to improve their fortune.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"As of 2007, the most common names in China were:[5][6]","title":"Common Chinese names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ Nà itself is merely phonetic, although the same character pronounced as nuó forms a part of the words for \"lithe\", \"graceful\", and \"willowy\".","title":"Footnotes"}]

[]

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[{"Link":"http://news.163.com/07/0815/15/3LUPHGL4000120GU.html","external_links_name":"中国1.8万多人姓名为刘翔,叫刘德华的人逾1.6万"},{"Link":"https://chinoperl.osu.edu/sites/chinoperl.osu.edu/files/back-issues-no.29-liruru-caoyu-liyuru-report-color-photos.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2010 Commemorations of the Theatrical Careers of Cao Yu and Li Yuru\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080226032052/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-10/01/content_6819482.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://news.thebeijingnews.com/0565/2007/07-26/034@030220.htm","external_links_name":"中国重名最多50姓名\"出炉\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070914115742/http://news.thebeijingnews.com/0565/2007/07-26/034%40030220.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.69fw.com/qiming/mzdq/18813.html","external_links_name":"在中国重名最多的姓名"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120707232409/http://www.69fw.com/qiming/mzdq/18813.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.zhongwen.com/qianming.htm","external_links_name":"Some western names written in Chinese characters"},{"Link":"http://english.people.com.cn/200411/28/eng20041128_165399.html","external_links_name":"Scholar urges resuming traditional names"},{"Link":"https://www.yourchineseastrology.com/chinese-name/given-names/","external_links_name":"Top 20 Mostly Used Given Names in China"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Pia

Casa Pia

["1 Sports","2 Scandal","3 See also","4 External links"]

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Casa Pia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Castle of São Jorge, Casa Pia's first location The Casa Pia is a Portuguese institution founded by Maria I, known as A Pia ("Mary the Pious"), and organized by Police Intendant Pina Manique in 1780, following the social disarray of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. For almost three centuries, thousands of young boys and girls were raised by Casa Pia, including many public personalities, called casapianos. Casa Pia is Portugal's largest educational institution dedicated to helping youngsters in risk of social exclusion or without parental support. The organisation is composed of ten schools and enrolls approximately 4700 students. In addition to standard schooling, the organisation also provides boarding for children in need. It strives to enable these youngsters to become healthy and successful members of society, by developing intellectual, manual, and physical traits, in an environment promoting spiritual, moral, and religious values. The institution is proud to have had amongst its students many outstanding Portuguese personalities, including politicians, journalists, and artists. The first location was in Castle of São Jorge of Lisbon, an important center of production for the Portuguese Royal Navy and Army, and also for vocational education: masters trained at Casa Pia, when returned to their home, instruct others in the same profession. More advanced alumni may advance to professional careers. Next level course studies at London (for medicine), the Portuguese Royal Navy academy, Rome, and the Portuguese Academy. Two years after the death of Pina Manique, the Casa Pia closed due to the occupation of the Castle of São Jorge by the French troops of Junot. The school reopened in 1812 at Convento do Desterro, and then the government moved the institution to Jerónimos Monastery, Lisbon at 1833. In 1942, it created a network of homes for children. At this time it is formed by: Colégio de Pina Manique Colégio de D. Maria Pia Colégio de D. Nuno Álvares Pereira Colégio de Santa Clara Colégio de Santo Christo Colégio de Nossa Senhora da Conceição Colégio de Santa Catarina Colégio de António Aurélio da Costa Ferreira Escola Agrícola de Francisco Margiochi - polo do Arrife e polo da Paiã Centro Educativo e de Apoio Social do Monte da Caparica And also as complementary services: Provedoria Centro Cultural Casapiano Colónia Balnear da Areia Branca (Lourinhã) Centro de Educação Ambiental e Cultural de Colares Equipamento de férias do Arrife Equipamento de férias da Matela Sports Casa Pia A.C. is Casa Pia's multisports club founded in 1920 and based in Lisbon, Portugal. Its professional men's football team plays in Primeira Liga. Besides football, Casa Pia Atlético Clube has competitive futsal, gymnastics, handball, hockey, karate, sport fishing, table tennis, weightlifting and wrestling departments. Scandal Main article: Casa Pia child sexual abuse scandal Casa Pia de Lisboa made world headlines because of a major child sexual abuse scandal. Incidents reportedly began occurring starting in the 1970s, but were only revealed in 2002. Many prominent people were arrested, including Paulo Pedroso, (former Socialist minister, with charges later dropped), Portuguese TV host Carlos Cruz and former ambassador Jorge Ritto, among others. As a result, the scandal and the Lisbon trial inundated public life with sordid child abuse stories, leading to a media circus from 2003 to 2005. On September 3, 2010, after one of the longest trials in Portuguese history Carlos Cruz (seven years), Carlos Silvino (eighteen years), Hugo Marçal (six years, two months), Manuel Abrantes (five years, nine months), Ferreira Diniz (seven years) and Jorge Ritto (six years, eight months) were convicted on charges of pedophilia and other crimes that had occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s. This was the first time an institutional sex abuse scandal was taken to court in Portugal. See also Portugal portal Casa Pia Atlético Clube External links Casa Pia Portugal reeling over child sex abuse scandal, The Independent, 16 June 2003 PORTUGAL: New High-Profile Arrest in Paedophilia Scandal, Inter Press Service, May 22 2003

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For almost three centuries, thousands of young boys and girls were raised by Casa Pia, including many public personalities, called casapianos. Casa Pia is Portugal's largest educational institution dedicated to helping youngsters in risk of social exclusion or without parental support.The organisation is composed of ten schools and enrolls approximately 4700 students. In addition to standard schooling, the organisation also provides boarding for children in need. It strives to enable these youngsters to become healthy and successful members of society, by developing intellectual, manual, and physical traits, in an environment promoting spiritual, moral, and religious values. The institution is proud to have had amongst its students many outstanding Portuguese personalities, including politicians, journalists, and artists.The first location was in Castle of São Jorge of Lisbon, an important center of production for the Portuguese Royal Navy and Army, and also for vocational education: masters trained at Casa Pia, when returned to their home, instruct others in the same profession. More advanced alumni may advance to professional careers. Next level course studies at London (for medicine), the Portuguese Royal Navy academy, Rome, and the Portuguese Academy.Two years after the death of Pina Manique, the Casa Pia closed due to the occupation of the Castle of São Jorge by the French troops of Junot. The school reopened in 1812 at Convento do Desterro, and then the government moved the institution to Jerónimos Monastery, Lisbon at 1833. In 1942, it created a network of homes for children. At this time it is formed by:Colégio de Pina Manique\nColégio de D. Maria Pia\nColégio de D. Nuno Álvares Pereira\nColégio de Santa Clara\nColégio de Santo Christo\nColégio de Nossa Senhora da Conceição\nColégio de Santa Catarina\nColégio de António Aurélio da Costa Ferreira\nEscola Agrícola de Francisco Margiochi - polo do Arrife e polo da Paiã\nCentro Educativo e de Apoio Social do Monte da CaparicaAnd also as complementary services:Provedoria\nCentro Cultural Casapiano\nColónia Balnear da Areia Branca (Lourinhã)\nCentro de Educação Ambiental e Cultural de Colares\nEquipamento de férias do Arrife\nEquipamento de férias da Matela","title":"Casa Pia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casa Pia A.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Pia_A.C."},{"link_name":"Primeira Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"}],"text":"Casa Pia A.C. is Casa Pia's multisports club founded in 1920 and based in Lisbon, Portugal. Its professional men's football team plays in Primeira Liga. Besides football, Casa Pia Atlético Clube has competitive futsal, gymnastics, handball, hockey, karate, sport fishing, table tennis, weightlifting and wrestling departments.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"child sexual abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"Paulo Pedroso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Pedroso"},{"link_name":"Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Carlos Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Cruz_(television_host)"},{"link_name":"Jorge Ritto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Ritto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"media circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_circus"}],"text":"Casa Pia de Lisboa made world headlines because of a major child sexual abuse scandal. Incidents reportedly began occurring starting in the 1970s, but were only revealed in 2002. Many prominent people were arrested, including Paulo Pedroso, (former Socialist minister, with charges later dropped), Portuguese TV host Carlos Cruz and former ambassador Jorge Ritto, among others.As a result, the scandal and the Lisbon trial inundated public life with sordid child abuse stories, leading to a media circus from 2003 to 2005. On September 3, 2010, after one of the longest trials in Portuguese history Carlos Cruz (seven years), Carlos Silvino (eighteen years), Hugo Marçal (six years, two months), Manuel Abrantes (five years, nine months), Ferreira Diniz (seven years) and Jorge Ritto (six years, eight months) were convicted on charges of pedophilia and other crimes that had occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s. This was the first time an institutional sex abuse scandal was taken to court in Portugal.","title":"Scandal"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisha_Lance_Bottoms

Keisha Lance Bottoms

["1 Early life and education","2 Early career","3 Mayor of Atlanta","3.1 Election","3.2 Tenure","3.3 2020 presidential election","4 Biden administration","5 Personal life","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

American attorney and politician (born 1970) Keisha Lance BottomsDirector of the Office of Public EngagementIn officeJuly 1, 2022 – April 1, 2023PresidentJoe BidenPreceded byCedric RichmondAdrian Saenz (Acting)Succeeded byStephen K. BenjaminSenior Advisor to the PresidentIn officeJuly 1, 2022 – April 1, 2023PresidentJoe BidenPreceded byCedric RichmondSucceeded byStephen K. Benjamin60th Mayor of AtlantaIn officeJanuary 2, 2018 – January 3, 2022Preceded byKasim ReedSucceeded byAndre DickensMember of the Atlanta City Councilfrom the 11th districtIn officeJanuary 4, 2010 – January 2, 2018Preceded byJim MaddoxSucceeded byMarci Collier Overstreet Personal detailsBornKeisha Lance (1970-01-18) January 18, 1970 (age 54)Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouse Derek W. Bottoms ​(m. 1994)​Children4RelativesMajor Lance (father), Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson (aunt)EducationFlorida A&M University (BA)Georgia State University (JD)WebsiteOfficial website Keisha Lance Bottoms (née Lance; born January 18, 1970) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 60th mayor of Atlanta, Georgia, from 2018 to 2022. She was elected mayor in 2017. Before becoming mayor, she was a member of the Atlanta City Council, representing part of Southwest Atlanta. Bottoms did not run for a second term as mayor. President Joe Biden nominated Bottoms as vice chair of civic engagement and voter protection at the DNC for the 2021–2025 term. In June 2022, Bottoms joined the Biden administration as senior advisor and director of the White House Office of Public Engagement where she served until February 2023. Bottoms currently serves as a member of the President's Export Council. Early life and education Bottoms was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 18, 1970, to Sylvia Robinson (not to be confused with the singer/songwriter and co-founder of All Platinum Records and Sugar Hill Records) and R&B singer-songwriter Major Lance. She was raised in Atlanta and is a graduate of Frederick Douglass High School. She earned a bachelor's degree in communications from Florida A&M University, concentrating in broadcast journalism. She earned a J.D. degree from Georgia State University College of Law in 1994. She is a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. Early career Bottoms was a prosecutor and also represented children in juvenile court. In 2002, she became a magistrate judge in Atlanta. In 2008, she ran unsuccessfully for a judgeship on the Fulton Superior Court. Bottoms was elected to the Atlanta City Council in 2009 and 2013, representing District 11 in southwest Atlanta. She served until 2017. She was concurrently the executive director of Atlanta Fulton County Recreation Authority starting in 2015. Mayor of Atlanta Election Main article: 2017 Atlanta mayoral election Bottoms was elected mayor of Atlanta in 2017, after receiving a plurality of votes (26%) in a crowded field of candidates on election day, then defeating fellow city council member Mary Norwood in the runoff election. She is the sixth African American and the second African American woman to serve as mayor of Atlanta. Bottoms was investigated during the mayoral election for several lump payments to campaign staff totaling more than $180,000 that were not reported properly. In October 2017, she voluntarily returned $25,700 in campaign contributions she had received from PRAD Group, an engineering contractor whose office had been raided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation the previous month. On November 4, 2017, she called on the attorney general of Georgia to investigate fake robocalls made in her name. Tenure Bottoms declared that Atlanta was a "welcoming city" and "will remain open and welcoming to all" following then-president Donald Trump's actions regarding refugees in the United States. In 2018, she signed an executive order forbidding the city jail to hold ICE detainees. In July 2019, Bottoms said, "Our city does not support ICE. We don't have a relationship with the U.S. Marshal Service. We closed our detention center to ICE detainees, and we would not pick up people on an immigration violation." In February 2020, Bottoms released Atlanta's first LGBTQ Affairs report that focused on how various policies, initiatives, and programs can improve the lives of LGBTQ Atlantans. In 2018, she had created the city's first LGBTQ advisory board, which included entertainer Miss Lawrence and activist Feroza Syed. In December 2020, Bottoms appointed the city's first director of LGBTQ Affairs, Malik Brown, and announced the continued LGBTQ advisory board leadership. Bottoms strongly rebuked Georgia Governor Brian Kemp after he announced the reopening of Georgia businesses in April 2020, saying that it was too early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Mayor Bottoms at Atlanta City Hall in March 2019 When Atlanta experienced riots in the wake of the murder of George Floyd, Bottoms condemned those involved, but later expressed optimism while speaking to demonstrators at a protest, saying, "There is something better on the other side of this." She also repeatedly condemned Trump for "making it worse" and stoking racial tensions, and encouraged people to vote, saying, "If you want change in America, go and register to vote. That is the change we need in this country." In June 2020, many Atlanta Police Department officers went on strike to protest the charges brought against the officers involved in the killing of Rayshard Brooks. Bottoms said that APD morale "is down tenfold". In early July 2020, as COVID-19 cases escalated in Atlanta, Bottoms issued an executive order rolling back some of its reopening measures from Phase 2 to Phase 1 and requiring everyone within the city limits to wear a facial covering, but no citations enforcing it were issued. On July 15, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp issued an order suspending all local mask mandates, and on July 16 he filed suit against Bottoms in Superior Court, seeking to invalidate her order and prevent her from talking about it. He did not file similar suits against other Georgia cities with mask mandates, such as Savannah and Athens. A hearing scheduled for July 21 was postponed when the judge recused herself. In May 2021, Bottoms announced she would not run for reelection in the 2021 Atlanta mayoral election. 2020 presidential election Mayor Bottoms meeting with President Biden, Vice President Harris, and Asian-American community leaders following the 2021 Atlanta spa shootings In June 2019, Bottoms endorsed Joe Biden in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. After Biden promised during a March 2020 CNN debate to choose a woman as his running mate, Politico reported her as a possible pick. In June, CNN reported that Bottoms was among his top four choices, along with Representative Val Demings and Senators Kamala Harris and Elizabeth Warren. Harris was officially announced as Biden's running mate on August 11, 2020. Bottoms was named a permanent co-chair of the 2020 Democratic National Convention, at which she was featured as a speaker. Biden administration Bottoms (third from right) with Biden (center) in 2023 After Biden's election, Bottoms was mentioned as a possible candidate for United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. In January 2021, Biden and Harris nominated Bottoms for a four-year term as the vice chair of civic engagement and voter participation at the Democratic National Committee, a role focused on protecting voting rights and expanding voter participation. In June 2022, it was announced that President Joe Biden had picked Bottoms to replace Cedric Richmond as the director of the Office of Public Liaison. On February 27, 2023 it was announced that Bottoms would be replaced by Stephen K. Benjamin in April 2023. On July 14, 2023, Biden appointed Bottoms to the President's Export Council. Personal life Bottoms' family history can be traced back five generations to Shepherd Peek, a freedman from a plantation near Crawfordville, who may have served in the Georgia state legislature during Reconstruction. In October 1994, she married Derek W. Bottoms at Ben Hill United Methodist Church in Atlanta. They met three years earlier during their first year as students at Georgia State University College of Law. After unsuccessful attempts to conceive biologically, they adopted their four children. Her husband is the vice president of employment practices and associate relations for The Home Depot. He joined the company in 2000, after spending more than five years at the law firm of Powell Goldstein. He has served as a board member for several foundations. Bottoms was invited to become a member of The Links, a social and service organization of prominent Black women that was founded in 1946 and is based in Washington, D.C. Bottoms is on the list of 500 Americans who are banned from Russia. See also Joe Biden Supreme Court candidates List of mayors of the 50 largest cities in the United States References ^ "Atlanta City Council - Regular Meeting - Jan 19, 2016" (PDF). atlantaga.gov. p. 73. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017. ^ "Class Actions". College of Law. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2017. ^ Thomas, Ken (January 15, 2021). "Biden Taps Jaime Harrison, Former Senate Candidate, to Lead DNC". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021 – via www.wsj.com. ^ McCammond, Alexi (June 15, 2022). "Former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms to join Biden White House". Axios. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2022. ^ "President Biden Announces Key Appointments to Boards and Commissions". The White House. July 14, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2023. ^ "Keisha Lance Bottoms". Keisha Lance Bottoms. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018. ^ Jim Galloway, Political Insider. "Politics, parents and candidates with sabotaged childhoods". ajc. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020. ^ Shah, Khushbu (May 17, 2020). "Atlanta mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms on the Arbery killing and Biden's vice-president pick". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020. ^ a b "Keisha Lance Bottoms for Atlanta Mayor". Keisha Lance Bottoms. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2017. ^ a b c Goldberg, Melissa (June 9, 2020). "Everything You Need to Know About Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms". Oprah Magazine. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ a b c d "Who is Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms?". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ "Mayor Bottoms (J.D. '94): 'Georgia State Helped Create a Work Ethic In Me'". Georgia State University News Hub. Atlanta, Georgia: Georgia State University. March 1, 2018. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020. ^ a b c d "2020 Georgian of the Year: Keisha Lance Bottoms". Georgia Trend Magazine. January 1, 2020. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ a b Wheatley, Thomas (May 23, 2019). "Keisha's no Kasim: Inside Bottoms's very different City Hall". Atlanta Magazine. Archived from the original on August 31, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ "Bottoms, Norwood in runoff for Atlanta mayor". WAGA Fox 5. Archived from the original on September 26, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2017. ^ Gehlbach, Steve (December 21, 2017). "Mary Norwood concedes defeat in Atlanta mayoral race". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2018. ^ Deere, Stephen; Klepal, Dan. "Atlanta mayoral race: Bottoms campaign disclosures under scrutiny". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2018. ^ "Atlanta mayoral candidate to return donation from embattled contractor". myajc. October 2, 2017. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017. ^ "Lance Bottoms calls on Attorney General to investigate fake robocalls days ahead of election". WXIA. November 4, 2017. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2017. ^ "As Trump enacts ban on refugees, Atlanta doubles down as a 'welcoming city'". SaportaReport. January 30, 2017. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ "Mayor signs executive order to remove ICE detainees from city jail". WSB-TV. September 6, 2018. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020. ^ "U.S. Cities Prepare for Planned ICE Raids". NPR. July 13, 2019. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019. ^ "City of Atlanta, Atlanta: LGBTQ Resources" (PDF). atlgbtq.atlantaga.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020. ^ "Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms launches city's first report on LGBTQ affairs | The Atlanta Voice". The Atlanta Voice | Atlanta GA News. February 4, 2020. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020. ^ "Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms announces establishment of LGBTQ advisory board". Atlanta Voice. May 11, 2018. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2020. ^ Latimore, Marshall (November 21, 2020). "Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms appoints new director for LGBTQ Affairs, assembles LGBTQ advisory board". Atlanta Voice. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2020. ^ Rahman, Khaleda (April 28, 2020). "Atlanta mayor rebukes Georgia Gov. Brian Kemp for opening businesses: 'We can't sit by...while people die'". Newsweek. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2020. ^ "Mayor, police chief denounce 'anarchists' and 'terrorists' who destroyed city; curfew begins at 9 p.m." Atlanta INtown. May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020. ^ Seipel, Brooke (May 29, 2020). "Atlanta mayor condemns violent protests in fiery speech: 'If you love this city go home'". The Hill. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020. ^ a b Cole, Devan (June 5, 2020). "Atlanta mayor to George Floyd protesters: 'There is something better on the other side of this'". CNN. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020. ^ Duster, Chandelis. "Atlanta mayor on Trump: He should just stop talking". CNN. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2020. ^ Cohen, Seth. "Atlanta's Keisha Lance Bottoms Is the Mayor and Mother America Needs Right Now". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020. ^ Brumback, Kate (June 18, 2020). "Atlanta police call out sick to protest charges in shooting". AP News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. ^ "Atlanta police department morale "is down ten-fold," Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms says". CBS News. June 18, 2020. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2020. ^ Journal-Constitution, Alexis Stevens-The Atlanta Journal-ConstitutionGreg Bluestein- The Atlanta. "Georgia police departments report zero citations for face mask violations". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021. ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica; LeBlanc, Paul (July 16, 2020). "Georgia governor sues Atlanta mayor over city's mask mandate". CNN. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020. ^ Carlisle, Madeleine (July 18, 2020). "Georgia Gov. Brian Kemp Sued to Block Atlanta's Face Mask Ordinance. Here's What to Know". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020. ^ "Judge recuses herself, hearing canceled in Kemp v. Bottoms Atlanta mask mandate lawsuit". 11 Alive. Associated Press. July 21, 2020. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2020. ^ Capelouto, J. D. (May 6, 2021). "Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms won't run for reelection". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021. ^ Branigin, Anne (June 29, 2019). "Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms Endorses Joe Biden for President". The Root. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2020. ^ "Biden squeezed on his most critical decision: His VP pick". Politico. March 17, 2020. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2020. ^ Zeleny, Jeff; Merica, Dan; Lee, MJ (June 26, 2020). "Nation's reckoning on race looms large over final month of Biden's running mate search". CNN. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2020. ^ "Democratic National Convention Announces 2020 Convention Officers, Schedule of Events". 2020 Democratic National Convention. July 30, 2020. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020. ^ "Democrats Announce Additional Speakers and Schedule Updates for 2020 Democratic National Convention: "Uniting America"". 2020 Democratic National Convention. August 11, 2020. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020. ^ "Who Are Contenders for Biden's Cabinet?". The New York Times. November 11, 2020. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020. ^ McCarthy, Mia (February 27, 2023). "Former South Carolina mayor replaces Bottoms at White House Office of Public Engagement". Politico. Retrieved February 27, 2023. ^ Lizza, Ryan; Daniels, Eugene (June 15, 2022). "POLITICO Playbook: Top takeaways from last night's big primaries". POLITICO. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2022. ^ "Ex-Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms appointed to Biden's Export Council". WAGA-TV. July 17, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2023. ^ a b Godwin, Becca J. G. "Who is Derek Bottoms, husband of Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms?". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020. ^ "Keisha Lance Bottoms sworn in as Atlanta mayor". WTXL. January 3, 2018. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022. External links Campaign website Archived June 14, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Appearances on C-SPAN Instagram page Political offices Preceded byKasim Reed Mayor of Atlanta 2018–2022 Succeeded byAndre Dickens Preceded byAdrian SaenzActing Director of the Office of Public Engagement 2022–2023 Succeeded byStephen K. Benjamin vteDirector of the Office of Public Liaison Colson Baroody Costanza Wexler Dole Whittlesey Chavez Maseng Range Kilberg Kremer Herman Echaveste Moore Cahill Westine Keenum Cram Jarrett Sifakis DeStefano Clark Munisteri (Acting) Pataki Richmond Saenz (Acting) Bottoms Benjamin vteMayors of Atlanta Formwalt Bomar Buell Norcross Gibbs J. Mims Markham Butt Nelson J. Glena Ezzard L. Glenn Ezzard Whitaker Lowea J. Calhoun Williams Hulsey Ezzard Hammond James Hammock Spencer Hammock Angier W.L. Calhoun English Goodwin Hillyer Cooper J.T. Glenn Hemphill Goodwin King Collier Woodward L. Mims Howell Woodward Joyner Maddox Winn Woodward Candler Key Sims Ragsdale Key Hartsfield LeCraw Lylea Hartsfield Allen Massell Jackson Young Jackson Campbell Franklin Reed Bottoms Dickens a — acting Mayor Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Other SNAC

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"elected mayor in 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Atlanta_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Atlanta City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Southwest Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"DNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Office of Public Engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Liaison"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"President's Export Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Export_Council"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Keisha Lance Bottoms (née Lance; born January 18, 1970)[1] is an American attorney and politician who served as the 60th mayor of Atlanta, Georgia, from 2018 to 2022. She was elected mayor in 2017. Before becoming mayor, she was a member of the Atlanta City Council, representing part of Southwest Atlanta.[2] Bottoms did not run for a second term as mayor. President Joe Biden nominated Bottoms as vice chair of civic engagement and voter protection at the DNC for the 2021–2025 term.[3] In June 2022, Bottoms joined the Biden administration as senior advisor and director of the White House Office of Public Engagement[4] where she served until February 2023. Bottoms currently serves as a member of the President's Export Council.[5]","title":"Keisha Lance Bottoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"All Platinum Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Platinum_Records"},{"link_name":"Sugar Hill Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Hill_Records_(bluegrass_label)"},{"link_name":"Major Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Lance"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Frederick Douglass High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_High_School_(Atlanta)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Florida A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"J.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Georgia State University College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_University_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Delta Sigma Theta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Theta"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Bottoms was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 18, 1970, to Sylvia Robinson (not to be confused with the singer/songwriter and co-founder of All Platinum Records and Sugar Hill Records) and R&B singer-songwriter Major Lance.[6][7] She was raised in Atlanta[8] and is a graduate of Frederick Douglass High School.[9]She earned a bachelor's degree in communications from Florida A&M University, concentrating in broadcast journalism.[10][11] She earned a J.D. degree from Georgia State University College of Law in 1994. She is a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.[9][11][12]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"juvenile court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_court"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"magistrate judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_court_magistrate_judge"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Superior Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Superior_Courts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-14"},{"link_name":"Atlanta City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"text":"Bottoms was a prosecutor and also represented children in juvenile court.[11][13] In 2002, she became a magistrate judge in Atlanta.[14][13] In 2008, she ran unsuccessfully for a judgeship on the Fulton Superior Court.[10][13][14]Bottoms was elected to the Atlanta City Council in 2009 and 2013, representing District 11 in southwest Atlanta. She served until 2017. She was concurrently the executive director of Atlanta Fulton County Recreation Authority starting in 2015.[11]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mayor of Atlanta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Norwood"},{"link_name":"runoff election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoff_election"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fox-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"payments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_contribution"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"robocalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robocall"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Election","text":"Bottoms was elected mayor of Atlanta in 2017, after receiving a plurality of votes (26%) in a crowded field of candidates on election day, then defeating fellow city council member Mary Norwood in the runoff election.[15][16] She is the sixth African American and the second African American woman to serve as mayor of Atlanta.Bottoms was investigated during the mayoral election for several lump payments to campaign staff totaling more than $180,000 that were not reported properly.[17] In October 2017, she voluntarily returned $25,700 in campaign contributions she had received from PRAD Group, an engineering contractor whose office had been raided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation the previous month.[18] On November 4, 2017, she called on the attorney general of Georgia to investigate fake robocalls made in her name.[19]","title":"Mayor of Atlanta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"refugees in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"executive order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order"},{"link_name":"ICE detainees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"ICE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Feroza Syed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feroza_Syed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Brian Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kemp"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlanta_City_Hall_(47463933142).jpg"},{"link_name":"Atlanta City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests"},{"link_name":"murder of George Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seipel-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cole-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cole-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"on strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Atlanta_Police_Strike"},{"link_name":"killing of Rayshard Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Rayshard_Brooks"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Brian Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kemp"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"2021 Atlanta mayoral election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Atlanta_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Tenure","text":"Bottoms declared that Atlanta was a \"welcoming city\" and \"will remain open and welcoming to all\" following then-president Donald Trump's actions regarding refugees in the United States.[20] In 2018, she signed an executive order forbidding the city jail to hold ICE detainees.[21] In July 2019, Bottoms said, \"Our city does not support ICE. We don't have a relationship with the U.S. Marshal[s] Service. We closed our detention center to ICE detainees, and we would not pick up people on an immigration violation.\"[22]In February 2020, Bottoms released Atlanta's first LGBTQ Affairs report that focused on how various policies, initiatives, and programs can improve the lives of LGBTQ Atlantans.[23][24] In 2018, she had created the city's first LGBTQ advisory board, which included entertainer Miss Lawrence and activist Feroza Syed. In December 2020, Bottoms appointed the city's first director of LGBTQ Affairs, Malik Brown, and announced the continued LGBTQ advisory board leadership.[25][26]Bottoms strongly rebuked Georgia Governor Brian Kemp after he announced the reopening of Georgia businesses in April 2020, saying that it was too early in the COVID-19 pandemic.[27]Mayor Bottoms at Atlanta City Hall in March 2019When Atlanta experienced riots in the wake of the murder of George Floyd, Bottoms condemned those involved,[28][29] but later expressed optimism while speaking to demonstrators at a protest, saying, \"There is something better on the other side of this.\"[30] She also repeatedly condemned Trump for \"making it worse\" and stoking racial tensions,[30][31] and encouraged people to vote, saying, \"If you want change in America, go and register to vote. That is the change we need in this country.\"[32] In June 2020, many Atlanta Police Department officers went on strike to protest the charges brought against the officers involved in the killing of Rayshard Brooks.[33] Bottoms said that APD morale \"is down tenfold\".[34]In early July 2020, as COVID-19 cases escalated in Atlanta, Bottoms issued an executive order rolling back some of its reopening measures from Phase 2 to Phase 1 and requiring everyone within the city limits to wear a facial covering, but no citations enforcing it were issued.[35] On July 15, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp issued an order suspending all local mask mandates, and on July 16 he filed suit against Bottoms in Superior Court, seeking to invalidate her order and prevent her from talking about it.[36] He did not file similar suits against other Georgia cities with mask mandates, such as Savannah and Athens.[37] A hearing scheduled for July 21 was postponed when the judge recused herself.[38]In May 2021, Bottoms announced she would not run for reelection in the 2021 Atlanta mayoral election.[39]","title":"Mayor of Atlanta"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Joe_Biden_and_Vice_President_Kamala_Harris_meet_with_Asian_American_leaders_in_Atlanta.jpg"},{"link_name":"2021 Atlanta spa shootings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Atlanta_spa_shootings"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Politico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Val Demings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Demings"},{"link_name":"Kamala Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"2020 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"2020 presidential election","text":"Mayor Bottoms meeting with President Biden, Vice President Harris, and Asian-American community leaders following the 2021 Atlanta spa shootingsIn June 2019, Bottoms endorsed Joe Biden in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[40] After Biden promised during a March 2020 CNN debate to choose a woman as his running mate, Politico reported her as a possible pick.[41] In June, CNN reported that Bottoms was among his top four choices, along with Representative Val Demings and Senators Kamala Harris and Elizabeth Warren.[42] Harris was officially announced as Biden's running mate on August 11, 2020.Bottoms was named a permanent co-chair of the 2020 Democratic National Convention,[43] at which she was featured as a speaker.[44]","title":"Mayor of Atlanta"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warnock_Biden_Bottoms_2023_(52634234177).jpg"},{"link_name":"Biden's election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Cedric Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Richmond"},{"link_name":"Office of Public Liaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Liaison"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Stephen K. Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_K._Benjamin"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Bottoms (third from right) with Biden (center) in 2023After Biden's election, Bottoms was mentioned as a possible candidate for United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.[45] In January 2021, Biden and Harris nominated Bottoms for a four-year term as the vice chair of civic engagement and voter participation at the Democratic National Committee, a role focused on protecting voting rights and expanding voter participation.[46]In June 2022, it was announced that President Joe Biden had picked Bottoms to replace Cedric Richmond as the director of the Office of Public Liaison.[47] On February 27, 2023 it was announced that Bottoms would be replaced by Stephen K. Benjamin in April 2023. On July 14, 2023, Biden appointed Bottoms to the President's Export Council.[48]","title":"Biden administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman"},{"link_name":"Crawfordville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawfordville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"Ben Hill United Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hill_United_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-49"},{"link_name":"The Home Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Home_Depot"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-49"},{"link_name":"The Links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Links"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Bottoms' family history can be traced back five generations to Shepherd Peek, a freedman from a plantation near Crawfordville, who may have served in the Georgia state legislature during Reconstruction.[10][13]In October 1994, she married Derek W. Bottoms at Ben Hill United Methodist Church in Atlanta. They met three years earlier during their first year as students at Georgia State University College of Law. After unsuccessful attempts to conceive biologically, they adopted their four children.[49]Her husband is the vice president of employment practices and associate relations for The Home Depot. He joined the company in 2000, after spending more than five years at the law firm of Powell Goldstein. He has served as a board member for several foundations.[49]Bottoms was invited to become a member of The Links, a social and service organization of prominent Black women that was founded in 1946 and is based in Washington, D.C.[50]Bottoms is on the list of 500 Americans who are banned from Russia.","title":"Personal life"}]

[{"image_text":"Mayor Bottoms at Atlanta City Hall in March 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Atlanta_City_Hall_%2847463933142%29.jpg/220px-Atlanta_City_Hall_%2847463933142%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mayor Bottoms meeting with President Biden, Vice President Harris, and Asian-American community leaders following the 2021 Atlanta spa shootings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/President_Joe_Biden_and_Vice_President_Kamala_Harris_meet_with_Asian_American_leaders_in_Atlanta.jpg/220px-President_Joe_Biden_and_Vice_President_Kamala_Harris_meet_with_Asian_American_leaders_in_Atlanta.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bottoms (third from right) with Biden (center) in 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Warnock_Biden_Bottoms_2023_%2852634234177%29.jpg/220px-Warnock_Biden_Bottoms_2023_%2852634234177%29.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Joe Biden Supreme Court candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden_Supreme_Court_candidates"},{"title":"List of mayors of the 50 largest cities in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_the_50_largest_cities_in_the_United_States"}]

[{"reference":"\"Atlanta City Council - Regular Meeting - Jan 19, 2016\" (PDF). atlantaga.gov. p. 73. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170916114734/http://ditweb.atlantaga.gov/citycouncil/2016/Minutes/FCM11916.pdf","url_text":"\"Atlanta City Council - Regular Meeting - Jan 19, 2016\""},{"url":"http://ditweb.atlantaga.gov/citycouncil/2016/Minutes/FCM11916.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Class Actions\". College of Law. April 8, 2010. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.gsu.edu/2010/04/08/keisha-lance-bottoms-j-d-94/","url_text":"\"Class Actions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200613174237/https://law.gsu.edu/2010/04/08/keisha-lance-bottoms-j-d-94/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Ken (January 15, 2021). \"Biden Taps Jaime Harrison, Former Senate Candidate, to Lead DNC\". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021 – via www.wsj.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/biden-to-tap-jaime-harrison-former-senate-candidate-to-lead-dnc-11610649160","url_text":"\"Biden Taps Jaime Harrison, Former Senate Candidate, to Lead DNC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210114184342/https://www.wsj.com/articles/biden-to-tap-jaime-harrison-former-senate-candidate-to-lead-dnc-11610649160","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCammond, Alexi (June 15, 2022). \"Former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms to join Biden White House\". Axios. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axios.com/2022/06/15/keisha-lance-bottoms-biden-cedric-richmond","url_text":"\"Former Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms to join Biden White House\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220615103340/https://www.axios.com/2022/06/15/keisha-lance-bottoms-biden-cedric-richmond","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"President Biden Announces Key Appointments to Boards and Commissions\". The White House. July 14, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/14/president-biden-announces-key-appointments-to-boards-and-commissions-29","url_text":"\"President Biden Announces Key Appointments to Boards and Commissions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keisha Lance Bottoms\". Keisha Lance Bottoms. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Brothers_(jazz_standard)

Four Brothers (jazz standard)

["1 Notable recordings","2 References","3 See also"]

1947 jazz standard by Jimmy Guiffre For the film, see Four Brothers (film). This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Four Brothers is a jazz standard in AABA format written by Jimmy Giuffre in 1947, based on the chord changes of 'Jeepers Creepers'. The song was written for the "Four Brothers" saxophone section of Woody Herman's second band, and has since been covered by many groups. Notable recordings Woody Herman recorded it on December 27, 1947, for Columbia records with his second Herd, which had been organized earlier that year. It features the "Four Brothers" saxophone section of Zoot Sims, Serge Chaloff, Herbie Steward, and Stan Getz, playing in that order. All four played in the light, almost vibrato-less, style of their idol, Lester Young. The song so typifies the sound of Woody Herman's second Herd that the band is also known as the Four Brothers Band. Giuffre recorded it in 1955 when it was released on his debut album by Capitol. He again recorded it in 1958, an album released by Atlantic titled The Four Brothers Sound. References ^ HalLeonard.com. "Four Brothers". Hal Leonard Online. Retrieved 2020-09-01. ^ "Jimmy Giuffre: Jazz clarinettist and composer". The Independent. 2008-04-29. Retrieved 2020-09-01. ^ "Four Brothers". Play Jazz Piano. Retrieved 2020-09-01. ^ Friedwald, Will (2017). The Great Jazz and Pop Vocal Albums. Pantheon Books. p. 247. ^ Gioia, Ted (1998). West Coast Jazz: Modern Jazz in California, 1945-1960. University of California Press. p. 229. ^ ""Four Brothers," Woody Herman, Form Diagram". people.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2020-09-01. ^ Jazz, All About (10 September 2009). "Jazz news: Four Brothers: Together Again!". All About Jazz News. Retrieved 2020-09-01. ^ Wynn, Ron (1994), Ron Wynn (ed.), All Music Guide to Jazz, M. Erlewine, V. Bogdanov, San Francisco: Miller Freeman, ISBN 0-87930-308-5 ^ Tanner, Paul O. W.; Maurice Gerow; David W. Megill (1988) . "Cool (1949-1955)". Jazz (6th ed.). Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown, College Division. pp. 103–111. ISBN 0-697-03663-4. See also List of jazz contrafacts Authority control databases MusicBrainz work This article about a jazz standard or composition written in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Business_(band)

Big Business (band)

["1 History","2 Members","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 EPs and singles","3.3 Compilations","4 References","5 External links"]

American heavy metal band Big BusinessBig Business performing in 2019Background informationOriginSeattle, Washington, U.S.GenresStoner metal, sludge metalYears active2004–presentLabelsJoyful Noise, Hydra HeadMembersJared WarrenCoady WillisPast membersScott Martin Toshi KasaiWebsitebigbigbusiness.com Big Business is an American stoner/sludge metal band founded in 2004 by bassist/vocalist Jared Warren (Karp) and drummer Coady Willis (The Murder City Devils). They formed in Seattle, Washington and have been based in Los Angeles, California since 2006. Their music is characterized by a bombastic and frantic style, and for most of their existence Big Business has been a bass-drums duo with occasional other musicians contributing. History The band released its first Tour EP and the vinyl version of their first album, Head for the Shallow, on January 25, 2005, through Wäntage USA. The CD version of Head For the Shallow was released by Hydra Head Records, the first of a three album run. In late 2006, after relocating to Los Angeles, Jared and Coady both became members of the Melvins, first appearing on (A) Senile Animal. The tour, titled "the Double-Drumming Rock for Peace tour", featured Warren and Willis playing a set as Big Business before being joined by Crover and Osborne for a set as the Melvins. While on tour, Big Business played with frequent Melvins collaborator David Scott Stone who would later play guitar and Minimoog Voyager on all songs from their 2007 release Here Come the Waterworks. After releasing Here Come the Waterworks to critical acclaim, Big Business was given an opening spot on the summer leg of the Tool tour. Toshi Kasai played guitar for Big Business throughout this tour. After the fall US tour ended, Big Business started recording material for the new Melvins album, entitled Nude with Boots, which was released on July 8, 2008. On March 9, 2008, guitarist/keyboardist Toshi Kasai was introduced onstage as the third member of Big Business. Both the band and Toshi verified this addition on their respective Myspace pages. Big Business released their third album Mind the Drift on May 12, 2009. The album was produced by Phil Ek who has produced both of their previous albums. In October 2010, after a year of not playing any concerts, they posted on their Myspace that they had added another guitarist, Scott Martin (400 Blows, Crom), officially making them a "Power Quartet". They toured the summer of 2011 with Torche and Thrones. Big Business toured with Red Fang and American Sharks in the spring of 2014. In 2016, the release Command Your Weather (2016) was issued by Joyful Noise Recordings / Gold Metal Records. Around 2016, Warren and Willis were no longer part of Melvins. At this same time, Big Business began touring as a two piece once again without any specific announcement or press regarding changes from the earlier trio and quartet lineups. Their latest release, The Beast You Are, was issued by Joyful Noise Recordings / Gold Metal Records. Big Business performing in 2019 In April 2019, drummer Coady Willis appeared on the podcast Conan Neutron's Protonic Reversal to discuss the making of The Beast You Are and a general career retrospective for Big Business and his other musical projects. He also appeared on an episode of The Vinyl Guide around the same time. In 2020, Jared Warren also participated in a long form career spanning interview on Protonic Reversal, speaking about the Whip reissues, Big Business, his time with the Melvins and much more. Members Current members Jared Warren – bass guitar, lead vocals, synthesizer (2004–present) Coady Willis – drums, backing vocals (2004–present) Former members Toshi Kasai – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2008–2012) Scott Martin – guitar, backing vocals (2010–2014) Guest guitarists John Devoy ("O.G" and "Easter Romantic" on Head for the Shallow) Dave Hernandez ("Eis Hexe" and "Off Off Broadway" on Head for the Shallow) David Scott Stone (on Here Come the Waterworks) Dale Crover (live, 2007–2008) Joe Preston (live, 2017) Discography Albums Head for the Shallow (2005; Hydra Head (CD), Wäntage USA (LP)) Here Come the Waterworks (2007, Hydra Head) Mind the Drift (2009, Hydra Head) Battlefields Forever (2013, Gold Metal Records) Command Your Weather (2016, Joyful Noise / Gold Metal Records) The Beast You Are (2019, Joyful Noise / Gold Metal Records) EPs and singles Tour EP (2004, Wäntage USA) Tour EP II (2006, self-released) Tour EP III (2008, self-released) Biz Bot Remixes (2009, Hydra Head) Quadruple Single (2011, Gold Metal Records) "Battlefields" / "Into the Light" (Tour 7" single) (2012, Gold Metal Records) "Blacker Holes" (2014, Joyful Noise) True Gold Digital Single (2015, Gold Metal Records) Tour EP 4 (2018, Gold Metal Records) Tour EP V (2021) Compilations Dope-Guns-'N-Fucking in the Streets Volume Thirteen: "You Need Surgery" (2014, Amphetamine Reptile Records) Solid Gold Metal (2004–2009) (2018, Joyful Noise) References ^ "Hydra Head Records signs Big Business". lambgoat.com. Retrieved June 24, 2020. ^ "Heavy | MTV Hive". Headbangersblog.mtv.com. Retrieved September 14, 2011. ^ James Christopher Monger (July 8, 2016). "Command Your Weather - Big Business | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved August 28, 2016. ^ "INTERVIEW: JARED WARREN FROM BIG BUSINESS". echoesanddust.com. May 8, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2020. ^ Mark Deming (April 19, 2019). "The Beast You Are - Big Business | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved April 19, 2019. ^ "Ep132: Coady Willis (Big Business, Murder City Devils, Melvins)". protonicreversal.com. April 13, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2019. ^ "Ep156: Coady Willis of Big Business, Melvins & more". thevinylguide.com. February 11, 2019. Retrieved June 15, 2020. ^ "Ep180: Jared Warren (Big Business, the Whip, KARP, Melvins)". protonicreversal.com. June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020. ^ "Big Business | Album Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved August 28, 2016. ^ Kaufman, Spencer (January 31, 2019). "Big Business unveil new song 'Let Them Grind', announce new album and tour". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved January 31, 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Big Business (band). Official website Big Business at AllMusic http://www.joyfulnoiserecordings.com/collections/big-business/ Interview at Miami New times Interview at Swampfoot Records vteMelvins Buzz Osborne Dale Crover Steven Shane McDonald Lori "Lorax" Black Mark Deutrom Mike Dillard Trevor Dunn Matt Lukin Jeff Pinkus Joe Preston Kevin Rutmanis Jared Warren Coady Willis Studio albums Gluey Porch Treatments Ozma Bullhead Lysol Houdini Prick Stoner Witch Stag Honky The Maggot The Bootlicker The Crybaby Electroretard Hostile Ambient Takeover (A) Senile Animal Nude with Boots The Bride Screamed Murder Freak Puke (Melvins Lite) Everybody Loves Sausages Tres Cabrones (Melvins 1983) Hold It In Basses Loaded A Walk with Love & Death Pinkus Abortion Technician Working with God (Melvins 1983) Five Legged Dog Bad Mood Rising Tarantula Heart Collaborations Pigs of the Roman Empire (with Lustmord) Never Breathe What You Can't See (with Jello Biafra) Sieg Howdy! (with Jello Biafra) Three Men and a Baby (with Mike Kunka) EPs Six Songs Eggnog King Buzzo Dale Crover Joe Preston Tora Tora Tora The Bulls & the Bees Live albums Your Choice Live Series Vol. 12 Alive at the Fucker Club Colossus of Destiny Millennium Monsterwork 2000 (with Fantômas) Houdini Live 2005: A Live History of Gluttony and Lust Melvins vs. Minneapolis Sugar Daddy Live Compilations Singles 1–12 The Trilogy Vinyl Electroretard 26 Songs Melvinmania: Best of the Atlantic Years 1993–1996 Neither Here nor There Mangled Demos from 1983 The Making Love Demos Chicken Switch Video releases Salad of a Thousand Delights Live from London 2006 (with Fantômas) Singles/songs "Sweet Young Thing Ain't Sweet No More" "Love Canal/Someday" "With Yo' Heart, Not Yo' Hands" "Boris" "Venus in Furs" "Honey Bucket" "See How Pretty, See How Smart" Related articles Discography We Reach: The Music of the Melvins Big Business Mackie Osborne Authority control databases International ISNI Artists MusicBrainz

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The CD version of Head For the Shallow was released by Hydra Head Records, the first of a three album run.[1]In late 2006, after relocating to Los Angeles, Jared and Coady both became members of the Melvins, first appearing on (A) Senile Animal. The tour, titled \"the Double-Drumming Rock for Peace tour\", featured Warren and Willis playing a set as Big Business before being joined by Crover and Osborne for a set as the Melvins. While on tour, Big Business played with frequent Melvins collaborator David Scott Stone who would later play guitar and Minimoog Voyager on all songs from their 2007 release Here Come the Waterworks.After releasing Here Come the Waterworks to critical acclaim, Big Business was given an opening spot on the summer leg of the Tool tour. Toshi Kasai played guitar for Big Business throughout this tour.After the fall US tour ended, Big Business started recording material for the new Melvins album, entitled Nude with Boots, which was released on July 8, 2008.On March 9, 2008, guitarist/keyboardist Toshi Kasai was introduced onstage as the third member of Big Business. Both the band and Toshi verified this addition on their respective Myspace pages. Big Business released their third album Mind the Drift on May 12, 2009. The album was produced by Phil Ek who has produced both of their previous albums.[2]In October 2010, after a year of not playing any concerts, they posted on their Myspace that they had added another guitarist, Scott Martin (400 Blows, Crom), officially making them a \"Power Quartet\".They toured the summer of 2011 with Torche and Thrones.Big Business toured with Red Fang and American Sharks in the spring of 2014. In 2016, the release Command Your Weather (2016) was issued by Joyful Noise Recordings / Gold Metal Records.[3][4]Around 2016, Warren and Willis were no longer part of Melvins. At this same time, Big Business began touring as a two piece once again without any specific announcement or press regarding changes from the earlier trio and quartet lineups.Their latest release, The Beast You Are, was issued by Joyful Noise Recordings / Gold Metal Records.[5]Big Business performing in 2019In April 2019, drummer Coady Willis appeared on the podcast Conan Neutron's Protonic Reversal to discuss the making of The Beast You Are and a general career retrospective for Big Business and his other musical projects.[6] He also appeared on an episode of The Vinyl Guide around the same time.[7] In 2020, Jared Warren also participated in a long form career spanning interview on Protonic Reversal,[8] speaking about the Whip reissues, Big Business, his time with the Melvins and much more.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jared Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Warren"},{"link_name":"Coady Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coady_Willis"},{"link_name":"Toshi Kasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshi_Kasai"},{"link_name":"Dave Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hernandez"},{"link_name":"David Scott Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Scott_Stone"},{"link_name":"Dale Crover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Crover"},{"link_name":"Joe Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Preston_(musician)"}],"text":"Current membersJared Warren – bass guitar, lead vocals, synthesizer (2004–present)\nCoady Willis – drums, backing vocals (2004–present)Former membersToshi Kasai – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2008–2012)\nScott Martin – guitar, backing vocals (2010–2014)Guest guitaristsJohn Devoy (\"O.G\" and \"Easter Romantic\" on Head for the Shallow)\nDave Hernandez (\"Eis Hexe\" and \"Off Off Broadway\" on Head for the Shallow)\nDavid Scott Stone (on Here Come the Waterworks)\nDale Crover (live, 2007–2008)\nJoe Preston (live, 2017)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Head for the Shallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_for_the_Shallow"},{"link_name":"Hydra Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_Head_Records"},{"link_name":"Here Come the Waterworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Come_the_Waterworks"},{"link_name":"Mind the Drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_the_Drift"},{"link_name":"Battlefields Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefields_Forever"},{"link_name":"Joyful Noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyful_Noise_Recordings"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Head for the Shallow (2005; Hydra Head (CD), Wäntage USA (LP))\nHere Come the Waterworks (2007, Hydra Head)\nMind the Drift (2009, Hydra Head)\nBattlefields Forever (2013, Gold Metal Records)\nCommand Your Weather (2016, Joyful Noise / Gold Metal Records)[9]\nThe Beast You Are (2019, Joyful Noise / Gold Metal Records)[10]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs and singles","text":"Tour EP (2004, Wäntage USA)\nTour EP II (2006, self-released)\nTour EP III (2008, self-released)\nBiz Bot Remixes (2009, Hydra Head)\nQuadruple Single (2011, Gold Metal Records)\n\"Battlefields\" / \"Into the Light\" (Tour 7\" single) (2012, Gold Metal Records)\n\"Blacker Holes\" (2014, Joyful Noise)\nTrue Gold Digital Single (2015, Gold Metal Records)\nTour EP 4 (2018, Gold Metal Records)\nTour EP V (2021)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amphetamine Reptile Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine_Reptile_Records"}],"sub_title":"Compilations","text":"Dope-Guns-'N-Fucking in the Streets Volume Thirteen: \"You Need Surgery\" (2014, Amphetamine Reptile Records)\nSolid Gold Metal (2004–2009) (2018, Joyful Noise)","title":"Discography"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Hydra Head Records signs Big Business\". lambgoat.com. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://lambgoat.com/news/3716/Hydra-Head-Records-signs-Big-Business","url_text":"\"Hydra Head Records signs Big Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heavy | MTV Hive\". Headbangersblog.mtv.com. Retrieved September 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://headbangersblog.mtv.com/2009/03/30/listen-here-hear-new-big-business-album-with-audio-commentary/","url_text":"\"Heavy | MTV Hive\""}]},{"reference":"James Christopher Monger (July 8, 2016). \"Command Your Weather - Big Business | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/command-your-weather-mw0002948938","url_text":"\"Command Your Weather - Big Business | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"INTERVIEW: JARED WARREN FROM BIG BUSINESS\". echoesanddust.com. May 8, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.echoesanddust.com/2015/05/interview-jared-warren-from-big-business/","url_text":"\"INTERVIEW: JARED WARREN FROM BIG BUSINESS\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Deming (April 19, 2019). \"The Beast You Are - Big Business | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved April 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-beast-you-are-mw0003253077","url_text":"\"The Beast You Are - Big Business | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Ep132: Coady Willis (Big Business, Murder City Devils, Melvins)\". protonicreversal.com. April 13, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.protonicreversal.com/ep132-coady-willis-big-business-murder-city-devils-melvins/","url_text":"\"Ep132: Coady Willis (Big Business, Murder City Devils, Melvins)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ep156: Coady Willis of Big Business, Melvins & more\". thevinylguide.com. February 11, 2019. Retrieved June 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thevinylguide.com/episodes/ep156-coady-willis-of-big-business-melvins-and-more","url_text":"\"Ep156: Coady Willis of Big Business, Melvins & more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ep180: Jared Warren (Big Business, the Whip, KARP, Melvins)\". protonicreversal.com. June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.protonicreversal.com/ep180-jared-warren-big-business-the-whip-karp-melvins-2/","url_text":"\"Ep180: Jared Warren (Big Business, the Whip, KARP, Melvins)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Business | Album Discography\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/big-business-mn0000667210/discography","url_text":"\"Big Business | Album Discography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Spencer (January 31, 2019). \"Big Business unveil new song 'Let Them Grind', announce new album and tour\". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved January 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/01/big-business-new-song-let-them-grind-album-tour/","url_text":"\"Big Business unveil new song 'Let Them Grind', announce new album and tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound","url_text":"Consequence of Sound"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucine

Brucine

["1 History","2 Identification","3 Applications","3.1 Chemical applications","3.2 Medical applications","3.3 Alcohol denaturant","4 Cultural references","5 Safety","6 References","7 External links"]

Poisonous alkaloid similar to strychnine Not to be confused with Brucite. Brucine Names IUPAC name 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10-one Systematic IUPAC name (4bR,4b1S,7aS,8aR,8a1R,12aS)-2,3-Dimethoxy-4b1,5,6,7a,8,8a,8a1,11,12a,13-decahydro-14H-12-oxa-7,14a-diaza-7,9-methanocycloheptacyclopentafluoranthen-14-one Other names 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnine10,11-Dimethoxystrychnine Identifiers CAS Number 357-57-3 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:3193 ChEMBL ChEMBL501756 Y ChemSpider 390579 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.006.014 EC Number 206-614-7 IUPHAR/BPS 342 KEGG C09084 Y PubChem CID 442021 RTECS number EH8925000 UNII 6NG17YCK6H Y UN number 1570 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID2024662 InChI InChI=1S/C23H26N2O4/c1-27-16-8-14-15(9-17(16)28-2)25-20(26)10-18-21-13-7-19-23(14,22(21)25)4-5-24(19)11-12(13)3-6-29-18/h3,8-9,13,18-19,21-22H,4-7,10-11H2,1-2H3/t13-,18-,19-,21-,22-,23+/m0/s1 YKey: RRKTZKIUPZVBMF-IBTVXLQLSA-N YInChI=1/C23H26N2O4/c1-27-16-8-14-15(9-17(16)28-2)25-20(26)10-18-21-13-7-19-23(14,22(21)25)4-5-24(19)11-12(13)3-6-29-18/h3,8-9,13,18-19,21-22H,4-7,10-11H2,1-2H3/t13-,18-,19-,21-,22-,23+/m0/s1Key: RRKTZKIUPZVBMF-IBTVXLQLBR SMILES O=C7N2c1cc(OC)c(OC)cc16423(OC/C=C5\3C6N(CC4)C5)C7 Properties Chemical formula C23H26N2O4 Molar mass 394.471 g·mol−1 Melting point 178 °C (352 °F; 451 K) Hazards GHS labelling: Pictograms Signal word Danger Hazard statements H300, H330, H412 Precautionary statements P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P284, P301+P310, P304+P340, P310, P320, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, P501 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Brucine, is an alkaloid closely related to strychnine, most commonly found in the Strychnos nux-vomica tree. Brucine poisoning is rare, since it is usually ingested with strychnine, and strychnine is more toxic than brucine. In synthetic chemistry, it can be used as a tool for stereospecific chemical syntheses. Brucine is named from the genus Brucea, named after James Bruce who brought back Brucea antidysenterica from Ethiopia. History Brucine was discovered in 1819 by Pelletier and Caventou in the bark of the Strychnos nux-vomica tree. While its structure was not deduced until much later, it was determined that it was closely related to strychnine in 1884, when the chemist Hanssen converted both strychnine and brucine into the same molecule. Identification Brucine can be detected and quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Historically, brucine was distinguished from strychnine by its reactivity toward chromic acid. Applications Chemical applications Since brucine is a large chiral molecule, it has been used in chiral resolution. Fisher first reported its use as a resolving agent in 1899, and it was the first natural product used as an organocatalyst in a reaction resulting in an enantiomeric enrichment by Marckwald, in 1904. Its bromide salt has been used as the stationary phase in HPLC in order to selectively bind one of two anionic enantiomers. Brucine has also been used for fractional crystallization in acetone to resolve dihydroxy fatty acids, as well as diarylcarbinols. Medical applications While brucine has been shown to have good anti-tumor effects, on both hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer, its narrow therapeutic window has limited its use as a treatment for cancer. Brucine is also used in traditional Chinese medicine as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent, as well as in some Ayurveda and homeopathy drugs. Alcohol denaturant Brucine is one of the many chemicals used as a denaturant to make alcohol unfit for human consumption. Cultural references One of the most famous cultural references to brucine occurs in The Count of Monte Cristo, the novel by French author Alexandre Dumas. In a discussion of mithridatism, Monte Cristo states: “Well, suppose, then, that this poison was brucine, and you were to take a milligramme the first day, two milligrams the second day, and so on…at the end of a month, when drinking water from the same carafe, you would kill the person who drank with you, without your perceiving…that there was any poisonous substance mingled with this water.” Brucine in also mentioned in the 1972 version of The Mechanic, in which the hitman Steve McKenna betrays his mentor, aging hitman Arthur Bishop, using a celebratory glass of wine spiked with brucine, leaving Bishop to die of an apparent heart attack. Such fictions run contrary to reality in the very properties which make brucine useful as a denaturant, and useless as a covert poison. While being only about one-eighth as toxic as strychnine, its threshold of bitterness occurs at 69% greater dilution. A drink laden with brucine, overwhelmingly bitter at far below lethal concentration, would cause an intended victim to gag on the first sip. Safety Brucine intoxication occurs very rarely, since it is usually ingested with strychnine. Symptoms of brucine intoxication include muscle spasms, convulsions, rhabdomyolysis, and acute kidney injury. Brucine’s mechanism of action closely resembles that of strychnine. It acts as an antagonist at glycine receptors and paralyzes inhibitory neurons. The probable fatal dose of brucine in adults is 1 g. In other animals, the LD50 varies considerably. Animal Route of Entry LD50 Mouse Subcutaneous 60 mg/kg Rat Intraperitoneal 91 mg/kg Rabbit Oral 4 mg/kg Brucine's Mechanism of Action References ^ Wormley, T (1869). Micro-chemistry of poisons including their physiological, pathological, and legal relations : Adapted to the use of the medical jurist, physician, and general chemist. New York: W. Wood. ^ Buckingham, J (2007). Bitter Nemesis: The Intimate History of Strychnine. CRC Press. p. 225. ^ Teske, J; Weller, J; Albrecht, U; Fieguth, A (2011). "Fatal Intoxication Due to Brucine". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 35 (4): 248–253. doi:10.1093/anatox/35.4.248. PMID 21513620. ^ Glasby, J. (1975). Encyclopedia of the alkaloids. New York: Plenum Press. p. 214. ISBN 9780306308451. ^ Koskinen, A (1993). Asymmetric synthesis of natural products. Chichester: J. Wiley. pp. 17, 28–29. ^ Zarbua, K; Kral, V (2002). "Quaternized brucine as a novel chiral selector". Tetrahedron: Asymmetry. 13 (23): 2567–2570. doi:10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00715-2. ^ Malkar, N; Kumar, V (1998). "Optical resolution of (±)-Threo-9,10,16-trihydroxy hexadecanoic acid using (−)brucine". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 75 (10): 1461–1463. doi:10.1007/s11746-998-0202-9. S2CID 83662051. ^ Toda, F; Tanaka, K; Koshiro, K (1991). "A New Preparative Method for Optically Active Diarylcarbinols". Tetrahedron: Asymmetry. 2 (9): 873–874. doi:10.1016/s0957-4166(00)82198-9. ^ Qin, J (2012). "Anti-Tumor Effects of Brucine Immune-Nanoparticles on Hepatocellular Carcinoma". International Journal of Nanomedicine. 7: 369–379. doi:10.2147/IJN.S27226. PMC 3273973. PMID 22334771. ^ Serasanambati, M; Chilakapati, S; Vanagavaragu, J; Cilakapati, D (2014). "Inhibitory effect of gemcitabine and brucine on MDA MB-231 human breast cancer cells". International Journal of Drug Delivery. 6. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-05-02. ^ Zhang, J; Wang, S; Chen, X; Zhide, H; Xiao, M (2003). "Capillary Electrophorese with Field-Enhanced Stacking for Rapid and Sensitive Determination of Strychnine and Brucine". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 376 (2): 210–213. doi:10.1007/s00216-003-1852-y. PMID 12692702. S2CID 7832819. ^ Rathi, A; Srivastava, N; Khatoon, S; Rawat, A (2008). "TLC Determination of Strychnine and Brucine of Strychnos nun vomica in Ayurveda and Homeopathy Drugs". Chromatographia. 67 (7–8): 607–613. doi:10.1365/s10337-008-0556-z. S2CID 94626190. ^ "List of denaturants authorized for denatured spirits". www.law.cornell.edu. Cornell Law School. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 2019-08-24. ^ Dumas, Alexandre (1845). The Count of Monte Cristo. Feedbooks. p. 622. ^ "Synopsis for The Mechanic". IMDb. Retrieved 30 April 2015. ^ Gosselin, R. E.; Smith, R. P.; Hodge, H. C. (1984). Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products (5 ed.). Baltimore/London: Williams & Wilkins. ^ "Brucine". TOXNET. NIH. Retrieved 2018-10-07. External links Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Brucine". Brucine, INCHEM.org vteGlycine receptor modulatorsReceptor(ligands)GlyRTooltip Glycine receptor Agonists: β-Alanine β-ABA (BABA) β-AIBA Caesium D-Alanine D-Serine GABA Glycine Hypotaurine Ivermectin L-Alanine L-Proline L-Serine L-Threonine MDL-27531 Milacemide Picolinic acid Propofol Quisqualamine Sarcosine Taurine Positive modulators: Alcohols (e.g., brometone, chlorobutanol (chloretone), ethanol (alcohol), tert-butanol (2M2P), tribromoethanol, trichloroethanol, trifluoroethanol) Alkylbenzene sulfonate Anandamide Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) Chlormethiazole D12-116 Dihydropyridines (e.g., nicardipine) Etomidate Ginseng constituents (e.g., ginsenosides (e.g., ginsenoside-Rf)) Glutamic acid (glutamate) Ivermectin Ketamine Neuroactive steroids (e.g., alfaxolone, pregnenolone (eltanolone), pregnenolone acetate, minaxolone, ORG-20599) Nitrous oxide Penicillin G Propofol Tamoxifen Tetrahydrocannabinol Triclofos Tropeines (e.g., atropine, bemesetron, cocaine, LY-278584, tropisetron, zatosetron) Volatiles/gases (e.g., chloral hydrate, chloroform, desflurane, diethyl ether (ether), enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, sevoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane (methyl chloroform), trichloroethylene) Xenon Zinc Antagonists: 2-Aminostrychnine 2-Nitrostrychnine 4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine αEMBTL Bicuculline Brucine Cacotheline Caffeine Colchicine Colubrine Cyanotriphenylborate Dendrobine Diaboline Endocannabinoids (e.g., 2-AG, anandamide (AEA)) Gaboxadol (THIP) Gelsemine iso-THAZ Isobutyric acid Isonipecotic acid Isostrychnine Laudanosine N-Methylbicuculline N-Methylstrychnine N,N-Dimethylmuscimol Nipecotic acid Pitrazepin Pseudostrychnine Quinolines (e.g., 4-hydroxyquinoline, 4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 5,7-CIQA, 7-CIQ, 7-TFQ, 7-TFQA) RU-5135 Sinomenine Strychnine Thiocolchicoside Tutin Negative modulators: Amiloride Benzodiazepines (e.g., bromazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam) Corymine Cyanotriphenylborate Daidzein Dihydropyridines (e.g., nicardipine, nifedipine, nitrendipine) Furosemide Genistein Ginkgo constituents (e.g., bilobalide, ginkgolides (e.g., ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, ginkgolide J, ginkgolide M)) Imipramine NBQX Neuroactive steroids (e.g., 3α-androsterone sulfate, 3β-androsterone sulfate, deoxycorticosterone, DHEA sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, progesterone) Opioids (e.g., codeine, dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, levomethadone, levorphanol, morphine, oripavine, pethidine, thebaine) Picrotoxin (i.e., picrotin and picrotoxinin) PMBA Riluzole Tropeines (e.g., bemesetron, LY-278584, tropisetron, zatosetron) Verapamil Zinc NMDARTooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor See here instead. Transporter(blockers)GlyT1Tooltip Glycine transporter 1 ACPPB ALX-5407 (NFPS) AMG-747 ASP2535 Bitopertin (RG1678/RO4917838) CP-802079 Ethanol (alcohol) Glycyldodecylamide GSK1018921 LY-2365109 ORG-24598 ORG-25935 (SCH-900435) Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242) PF-02545920 (Mardepodect) PF-03463275 Sarcosine SSR-103,800 SSR-504,734 GlyT2Tooltip Glycine transporter 2 ALX-1393 Amoxapine Ethanol (alcohol) NAGly Opiranserin (VVZ-149) ORG-25543 VVZ-368 See also Receptor/signaling modulators GABA receptor modulators GABAA receptor positive modulators Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators Authority control databases: National Germany

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brucite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucite"},{"link_name":"alkaloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"strychnine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strychnine"},{"link_name":"Strychnos nux-vomica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strychnos_nux-vomica"},{"link_name":"stereospecific chemical syntheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis"},{"link_name":"Brucea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucea"},{"link_name":"James Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bruce"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Brucite.Chemical compoundBrucine, is an alkaloid closely related to strychnine, most commonly found in the Strychnos nux-vomica tree. Brucine poisoning is rare, since it is usually ingested with strychnine, and strychnine is more toxic than brucine. In synthetic chemistry, it can be used as a tool for stereospecific chemical syntheses.Brucine is named from the genus Brucea, named after James Bruce who brought back Brucea antidysenterica from Ethiopia.","title":"Brucine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pelletier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Pelletier"},{"link_name":"Caventou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bienaim%C3%A9_Caventou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Brucine was discovered in 1819 by Pelletier and Caventou in the bark of the Strychnos nux-vomica tree.[1] While its structure was not deduced until much later, it was determined that it was closely related to strychnine in 1884, when the chemist Hanssen converted both strychnine and brucine into the same molecule.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_chromatography-mass_spectrometry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Brucine can be detected and quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.[3] Historically, brucine was distinguished from strychnine by its reactivity toward chromic acid.[4]","title":"Identification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chiral resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_resolution"},{"link_name":"organocatalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organocatalyst"},{"link_name":"Marckwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis#Inception_.281815.E2.80.931905.29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"HPLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPLC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"fractional crystallization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"fatty acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acids"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Chemical applications","text":"Since brucine is a large chiral molecule, it has been used in chiral resolution. Fisher first reported its use as a resolving agent in 1899, and it was the first natural product used as an organocatalyst in a reaction resulting in an enantiomeric enrichment by Marckwald, in 1904.[5] Its bromide salt has been used as the stationary phase in HPLC in order to selectively bind one of two anionic enantiomers.[6] Brucine has also been used for fractional crystallization in acetone to resolve dihydroxy fatty acids,[7] as well as diarylcarbinols.[8]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hepatocellular carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"therapeutic window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_window"},{"link_name":"analgesic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ayurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"link_name":"homeopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Medical applications","text":"While brucine has been shown to have good anti-tumor effects, on both hepatocellular carcinoma[9] and breast cancer,[10] its narrow therapeutic window has limited its use as a treatment for cancer.Brucine is also used in traditional Chinese medicine as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent,[11] as well as in some Ayurveda and homeopathy drugs.[12]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"denaturant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatured_alcohol"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cornell-13"}],"sub_title":"Alcohol denaturant","text":"Brucine is one of the many chemicals used as a denaturant to make alcohol unfit for human consumption.[13]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Count of Monte Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas"},{"link_name":"mithridatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridatism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Mechanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mechanic_(1972_film)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"One of the most famous cultural references to brucine occurs in The Count of Monte Cristo, the novel by French author Alexandre Dumas. In a discussion of mithridatism, Monte Cristo states:“Well, suppose, then, that this poison was brucine, and you were to take a milligramme the first day, two milligrams the second day, and so on…at the end of a month, when drinking water from the same carafe, you would kill the person who drank with you, without your perceiving…that there was any poisonous substance mingled with this water.”[14]Brucine in also mentioned in the 1972 version of The Mechanic, in which the hitman Steve McKenna betrays his mentor, aging hitman Arthur Bishop, using a celebratory glass of wine spiked with brucine, leaving Bishop to die of an apparent heart attack.[15]Such fictions run contrary to reality in the very properties which make brucine useful as a denaturant, and useless as a covert poison. While being only about one-eighth as toxic as strychnine, its threshold of bitterness occurs at 69% greater dilution. A drink laden with brucine, overwhelmingly bitter at far below lethal concentration, would cause an intended victim to gag on the first sip.","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhabdomyolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis"},{"link_name":"acute kidney injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury"},{"link_name":"strychnine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strychnine#Mechanism_of_action"},{"link_name":"glycine receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine_receptor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brucine%27s_Mechanism_of_Action.png"}],"text":"Brucine intoxication occurs very rarely, since it is usually ingested with strychnine. Symptoms of brucine intoxication include muscle spasms, convulsions, rhabdomyolysis, and acute kidney injury. Brucine’s mechanism of action closely resembles that of strychnine. It acts as an antagonist at glycine receptors and paralyzes inhibitory neurons.The probable fatal dose of brucine in adults is 1 g.[16] In other animals, the LD50 varies considerably.Brucine's Mechanism of Action","title":"Safety"}]

[{"image_text":"Brucine's Mechanism of Action","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Brucine%27s_Mechanism_of_Action.png/500px-Brucine%27s_Mechanism_of_Action.png"}]

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PMID 21513620.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanatox%2F35.4.248","url_text":"\"Fatal Intoxication Due to Brucine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanatox%2F35.4.248","url_text":"10.1093/anatox/35.4.248"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21513620","url_text":"21513620"}]},{"reference":"Glasby, J. (1975). Encyclopedia of the alkaloids. New York: Plenum Press. p. 214. ISBN 9780306308451.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofal0000glas","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the alkaloids"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306308451","url_text":"9780306308451"}]},{"reference":"Koskinen, A (1993). Asymmetric synthesis of natural products. Chichester: J. Wiley. pp. 17, 28–29.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/asymmetricsynthe0000kosk","url_text":"Asymmetric synthesis of natural products"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/asymmetricsynthe0000kosk/page/17","url_text":"17"}]},{"reference":"Zarbua, K; Kral, V (2002). \"Quaternized brucine as a novel chiral selector\". Tetrahedron: Asymmetry. 13 (23): 2567–2570. doi:10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00715-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0957-4166%2802%2900715-2","url_text":"10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00715-2"}]},{"reference":"Malkar, N; Kumar, V (1998). \"Optical resolution of (±)-Threo-9,10,16-trihydroxy hexadecanoic acid using (−)brucine\". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 75 (10): 1461–1463. doi:10.1007/s11746-998-0202-9. S2CID 83662051.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11746-998-0202-9","url_text":"10.1007/s11746-998-0202-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83662051","url_text":"83662051"}]},{"reference":"Toda, F; Tanaka, K; Koshiro, K (1991). \"A New Preparative Method for Optically Active Diarylcarbinols\". Tetrahedron: Asymmetry. 2 (9): 873–874. doi:10.1016/s0957-4166(00)82198-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0957-4166%2800%2982198-9","url_text":"10.1016/s0957-4166(00)82198-9"}]},{"reference":"Qin, J (2012). \"Anti-Tumor Effects of Brucine Immune-Nanoparticles on Hepatocellular Carcinoma\". International Journal of Nanomedicine. 7: 369–379. doi:10.2147/IJN.S27226. PMC 3273973. PMID 22334771.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3273973","url_text":"\"Anti-Tumor Effects of Brucine Immune-Nanoparticles on Hepatocellular Carcinoma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2147%2FIJN.S27226","url_text":"10.2147/IJN.S27226"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3273973","url_text":"3273973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22334771","url_text":"22334771"}]},{"reference":"Serasanambati, M; Chilakapati, S; Vanagavaragu, J; Cilakapati, D (2014). \"Inhibitory effect of gemcitabine and brucine on MDA MB-231 human breast cancer cells\". International Journal of Drug Delivery. 6. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035757/http://www.arjournals.org/index.php/ijdd/article/view/1422","url_text":"\"Inhibitory effect of gemcitabine and brucine on MDA MB-231 human breast cancer cells\""},{"url":"http://www.arjournals.org/index.php/ijdd/article/view/1422","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zhang, J; Wang, S; Chen, X; Zhide, H; Xiao, M (2003). \"Capillary Electrophorese with Field-Enhanced Stacking for Rapid and Sensitive Determination of Strychnine and Brucine\". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 376 (2): 210–213. doi:10.1007/s00216-003-1852-y. PMID 12692702. S2CID 7832819.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00216-003-1852-y","url_text":"10.1007/s00216-003-1852-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12692702","url_text":"12692702"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7832819","url_text":"7832819"}]},{"reference":"Rathi, A; Srivastava, N; Khatoon, S; Rawat, A (2008). \"TLC Determination of Strychnine and Brucine of Strychnos nun vomica in Ayurveda and Homeopathy Drugs\". Chromatographia. 67 (7–8): 607–613. doi:10.1365/s10337-008-0556-z. S2CID 94626190.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1365%2Fs10337-008-0556-z","url_text":"10.1365/s10337-008-0556-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94626190","url_text":"94626190"}]},{"reference":"\"List of denaturants authorized for denatured spirits\". www.law.cornell.edu. Cornell Law School. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 2019-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/27/21.151","url_text":"\"List of denaturants authorized for denatured spirits\""}]},{"reference":"Dumas, Alexandre (1845). The Count of Monte Cristo. Feedbooks. p. 622.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Synopsis for The Mechanic\". IMDb. Retrieved 30 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068931/synopsis?ref_=ttpl_pl_syn","url_text":"\"Synopsis for The Mechanic\""}]},{"reference":"Gosselin, R. E.; Smith, R. P.; Hodge, H. C. (1984). Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products (5 ed.). Baltimore/London: Williams & Wilkins.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Brucine\". TOXNET. NIH. Retrieved 2018-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/f?./temp/~W5wHBo:2","url_text":"\"Brucine\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Habit_(Steve_Lacy_song)

Bad Habit (Steve Lacy song)

["1 Background and release","2 Composition","3 Reception","3.1 Accolades","4 Commercial performance","5 Music video","6 Live performances and cover versions","7 Personnel and credits","8 Charts","8.1 Weekly charts","8.2 Year-end charts","9 Certifications","10 References","11 External links"]

2022 single by Steve Lacy"Bad Habit"Single by Steve Lacyfrom the album Gemini Rights ReleasedJune 29, 2022 (2022-06-29)RecordedJune 2021–June 2022Genre R&B bedroom pop Length3:52 (album version)2:45 (radio version)LabelRCASongwriter(s) Steve Lacy Diana Gordon John Kirby Britanny Fousheé Matthew Castellanos Producer(s)Steve LacySteve Lacy singles chronology "Mercury" (2022) "Bad Habit" (2022) "Sunshine" (2022) Music video"Bad Habit" on YouTube "Bad Habit" is a song recorded by the American musician Steve Lacy. It was the second released single from his second studio album, Gemini Rights, on June 29, 2022. The psychedelic and lo-fi R&B and bedroom pop ballad was produced by Lacy and is built around a slightly warped guitar riff, which is accompanied by a funky bassline, drums and synthesisers. Lyrically, it concerns Lacy's regret over a missed opportunity with a crush. His lack of confidence later shifts to a more confident perspective during the song's final breakdown. After signing to RCA Records in 2021, Lacy began writing "Bad Habit", which he identified as a turning point for him creatively. He recorded its first version that same year. Over the following year, it was changed substantially from its original version and received writing contributions from singers Fousheé and Diana Gordon. After its release, "Bad Habit" and sped-up versions of it became popular on TikTok in July 2022 and it became Lacy's first entry on the Billboard Hot 100 that same month. It subsequently became the first song to top both the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rock & Alternative Songs charts as well as the first song to top five of Billboard's genre charts, and later rose to number one on the Hot 100 in October 2022. It peaked in the top-ten of the charts in Australia, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. "Bad Habit" received critical acclaim and was named the best song of 2022 by Billboard, The Guardian, and The Ringer while being named one of the best songs of the year by other publications such as Rolling Stone, USA Today, and Time. A music video directed by Julian Klincewicz was released concurrently with the song and was nominated for a BET Award and a Soul Train Music Award. Lacy performed "Bad Habit" at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards, where it was nominated for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best Pop Solo Performance. He also performed the song as the closer for his Give You the World Tour in late 2022. The song was also nominated for an MTV Music Video Award, an iHeartRadio Music Award, and two Soul Train Music Awards. Background and release "Bad Habit" was performed, co-written, and produced by American singer Steve Lacy (pictured) In 2015, Lacy became a member of the Los Angeles-based R&B and neo soul group The Internet, an offshoot of the hip hop collective Odd Future, and found success as a solo artist starting in 2017 from independently producing music on his iPhone with the help of GarageBand. His debut extended play (EP), Steve Lacy's Demo, was released in 2017; its single "Dark Red" went viral on TikTok in August 2021. Lacy went on to release his debut studio album, Apollo XXI, in 2019, which he wrote, produced, and mixed on his own, and to collaborate on songs with J. Cole, Solange, Tyler, the Creator, Mac Miller, Vampire Weekend, Kendrick Lamar, Dev Hynes, and YG. In 2021, Lacy signed to RCA Records. "Bad Habit" was first recorded in June 2021 using a beat Lacy created with drums he had previously used. Lacy described writing it as a turning point for him, stating that it was "the start of this renaissance of the separation between Steve and Steve". After he played the instrumental for American singer Fousheé, with whom he later collaborated on several songs for his second studio album, Gemini Rights, the two spent about 20 minutes freestyling over the song, which led to them writing verses and a melody for the chorus. He changed other elements throughout the following year, such as its ending breakdown, its drums, and its chorus. Songwriter Diana Gordon wrote part of the song's ending. John Carroll Kirby and Matthew Castellanos are also credited as co-writers. It was produced by Lacy, mixed by Neal Pogue at his Hot Purple Petting Zoo studio in Los Angeles, and mastered by Mike Bozzi of Bernie Grundman Mastering. According to Lacy, it was completed a week before Lacy submitted Gemini Rights to RCA Records. "Bad Habit" was released on June 29, 2022, through RCA Records as the second single from Gemini Rights, which was released on July 15, 2022. It found viral success on TikTok starting in July 2022 and soundtracked over 710,000 TikTok videos by January 2023. Fan-made sped-up versions also became popular on TikTok, one of which was used in over 430,000 videos. This prompted RCA Records to officially release a sped-up version, which Lacy initially found "gross" but eventually agreed to in the hopes that it would help the song reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 while it sat at number two behind Harry Styles' 2022 single "As It Was". Composition "Bad Habit" The opening refrain of "Bad Habit" features Lacy singing, "I wish I knew/I wish I knew you wanted me", over a repeated, slightly warped guitar riff Problems playing this file? See media help. "Bad Habit" is a psychedelic and lo-fi R&B and bedroom pop ballad that mixes elements of baroque pop, grunge, soft rock, punk, synth-pop, indie rock, neo soul, funk, slacker rock, jangle pop, indie pop, and hip hop. Sheet music for the song shows the key of F minor with a tempo range of 84-88 beats per minute. Vocals range from C4 to C6. The song opens with vocals from Fousheé and is split into three parts. Lacy sings about his regret over missing the chance to tell someone he is attracted to them due to his shyness over a funky bassline, "messy-sounding" drums, funk-styled synths, and a repetitive, slightly warped guitar riff, the last of which was mixed by Pogue to be the song's main focus. He sings in a falsetto throughout the song. In its chorus, he sings, "I wish I knew/I wish I knew you wanted me," which was changed from Lacy's original lyrics—"I wish I knew you/I wish I knew you wanted me"—following a suggestion from Tyler, the Creator to remove the first "you" for the chorus to "be more memorable". The song's title is borrowed from another lyric in its chorus: "I bite my tongue, it's a bad habit/Kinda mad that I didn't take a stab at it". The song transitions into a stripped-back a cappella section, which Lacy intended to sound like he was "singing directly to" the listener, before ending with a "chaotic" jazz fusion breakdown, during which Lacy sings, with "rougher" and "more textured" vocals, "Let's fuck in the back of the mall, lose control/Go stupid, go crazy, babe". Lacy described the song's lyrics as being "a play on confidence" that shifts from him not feeling good enough for another person to feeling "almost too good" but "still down". He also described the song's refrain ("I wish I knew you wanted me") as representing his fans and listeners wanting something from him that he was unaware of. Lacy changed the lyrics to the chorus of "Bad Habit" due to a suggestion from Tyler, the Creator (pictured) For Exclaim!, A. Harmony wrote that the song was about "scorching lust". Clash's Shahzaib Hussain called the song "lilting" and "Mac DeMarco-esque". HipHopDX's Lauren Floyd stated that Lacy sang with a "boyish tone" that "transports listeners back to the MTV golden era of spring break beach jams". For NPR, LaTesha Harris compared the synths on the song to Prince and Lacy's falsetto to D'Angelo, calling the song a "seductive tragedy" and stating that its lyrics and vocals "alternate between petulant, obsessive, regretful and smug". Reception "Bad Habit" received critical acclaim. For Billboard, Andrew Unterberger called "Bad Habit" a "perfect pop song" that displayed Lacy's "impossibly high-level" craft, adding that it "never ran out of new thrills, big and small, to get you swooning like the first time  ... you heard it". Pitchfork's Stephen Kearse praised "Bad Habit" as a highlight from Gemini Rights, calling its chorus a "knockout earworm". It was called a "flirty standout" from Gemini Rights and a "summer bop" by Ecleen Luzmila Caraballo of Crack. Sam Eeckhout of The Line of Best Fit called the song "powerful" and used the song as an example of Lacy's vocals "carry" Gemini Rights. Cady Lang of Time wrote that the song evoked "pure, euphoric joy" and that Lacy's songwriting had a "deeply emotional impact", while NME's Sam Moore called it a showcase of "Lacy's impressive vocal range, his nifty way around a guitar and his tattoo-worthy lyrics". Mic's Austin Williams praised "Bad Habit" as "immediately singable and instantly replayable", deeming its melodies "addictive" and its lyrics "endearing". For The Guardian, Shaad D'Souza opined that it was "arguably" the best song to "spring forth from the new wave of TikTok-beloved lo-fi bedroom pop stars such as Clairo and Beabadoobee" and that it "captures all the brilliance of Lacy's outstanding second record Gemini Rights". Consequence's Paolo Ragusa described the song as "a miraculously good pop song", "a testament to Lacy's creative freedom", and "one of the most deserved breakthroughs of 2022", which "twist the concept of desire and a missed connection into something wholly original and authentic". Paul Tingen of Sound on Sound wrote that the song "lacks the typical trappings of modern hit songs" such as 808s and Auto-Tune, but that its attitude was the likely reason for its popularity. For GQ, Insanul Ahmed stated that "Bad Habit" "feels like it could have been released in any era of music", describing it as "a despondent anthem that remarkably manages to fit into everyone's Instagram story montage". For the New Yorker, Amanda Petrusich called "Bad Habit" the "most interesting song to move from TikTok to the top of the charts" in 2022, attributing its online success to the chorus being "dopey and uncomplicated" and "tap into a wellspring of shared feeling" while praising Lacy's "lackadaisical delivery" on the song as "beguiling". For the Washington Post, Chris Kelly described "Bad Habit" as "a gentle pop earworm that sounds like staring at stars glued to a bedroom ceiling". Accolades "Bad Habit" was named the best song of 2022 by Billboard The Guardian, and The Ringer named one of the best songs of 2022 by NPR, Rolling Stone, USA Today, Associated Press, Time, Complex, Consequence, Dazed, Exclaim!, Entertainment Weekly, and NME. "Bad Habit" was nominated for the Grammy Awards for Best Pop Solo Performance, Song of the Year, and Record of the Year at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards. It was also nominated for Song of Summer at the 2022 MTV Video Music Awards, for Best Song of the Year and the Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award at the 2022 Soul Train Music Awards, for TikTok Bop of the Year at the 2023 iHeartRadio Music Awards, and for Song of the Year at the 2023 MTV Video Music Awards. Commercial performance "Bad Habit" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in October 2022, ending a 15-week-long streak at the top led by "As It Was" by Harry Styles (pictured) "Bad Habit" first entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 100 when it first became popular on TikTok in July 2022. It was Lacy's first entry on the chart. On the chart issued September 10, 2022, "Bad Habit" became the first song to top both the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rock & Alternative Songs charts by Billboard. It also topped Billboard's Hot Rock Songs, Hot Alternative Songs, and Hot R&B Songs charts, making "Bad Habit" the first song to top five different Billboard genre charts at once. That same week, the song rose to number two on the Hot 100. After remaining at number two for four weeks, "Bad Habit" rose to the top of Hot 100 on the chart dated October 3, 2022, displacing Harry Styles's 2022 single "As It Was", which had been at the top for 15 weeks, and becoming Lacy's first number one and the 1,142nd number one overall. It was the third song of 2022 to be both the first chart entry and first number one for an artist on the Hot 100 after "Heat Waves" by Glass Animals and "We Don't Talk About Bruno" by the cast of Encanto, and the first number one since "Someone You Loved" by Lewis Capaldi topped the chart in November 2019 to have no accompanying acts and also be an artist's first chart entry. It was also the 12th number one to have debuted at number 100. In Australia, "Bad Habit" reached number three on the ARIA Singles Chart. It peaked in the top-10 of the Irish Singles Chart in July 2022 and at number eight on the UK Singles Chart in October 2022 to become Lacy's first top-10 on either chart while also peaking at number 10 in Canada. Music video The music video for "Bad Habit" was directed by Julian Klincewicz, who also photographed the cover for Gemini Rights, and released on the same day as the single. It features Lacy singing, dancing, and making wide, maniacal movements in a color-changing empty space. In it, he wears black leather pants, black sunglasses, black boots, and a white shirt bearing an "S" on the front and a target on the back, the same outfit worn by him in the music video for his previous single, "Mercury". "Bad Habit" was nominated for the BET Award for Video of the Year at the BET Awards 2023 and for the Soul Train Music Award for Best Video of the Year at the 2022 Soul Train Music Awards. Live performances and cover versions Lacy performing on his Give You the World Tour in October 2022 Lacy performed "Bad Habit" at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2023 alongside Thundercat and three other backing musicians. The performance began with Lacy, who wore a leather outfit, sunglasses, and high heels, starting with a lyric from the song ("You can't surprise a Gemini") before giving a thumbs up and singing the song while playing guitar. English band Wet Leg performed a post-punk cover of "Bad Habit" for the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge in September 2022. Lacy performed "Bad Habit" on an Amy Schumer-hosted episode of Saturday Night Live in November 2022. Stephen Thompson wrote of the performance for NPR that "Lacy and his band didn't do much to elevate the material onstage" and that "the energy levels set to 'mid'". The song was included on the setlist for Lacy's Give You the World Tour through North America, which promoted Gemini Rights and ran from October to November 2022, where it was used to close out Lacy's shows. Videos from the tour filmed during performances of "Bad Habit" went viral on TikTok due to concertgoers not singing along to anything other than the chorus. A debate arose over the large influx of new fans being unfamiliar with most of his other work. During a performance of the song at the Orpheum Theater in New Orleans in late October 2022, Lacy stopped to ask fans not to throw items onstage before taking a disposable camera from a fan in the front row and smashing it on the ground, after which he ended the show. Later that week, he posted a statement to his Instagram account about the camera, writing, "I don't believe I owe anyone an apology ... maybe I could've reacted better? Sure." Personnel and credits Credits adapted from liner notes of Gemini Rights. Steve Lacy – songwriting, production, bass John Carroll Kirby – songwriting, additional synths Britanny Fousheé – songwriting Diana Gordon – songwriting Matthew Castellanos – songwriting Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for "Bad Habit" Chart (2022–2023) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 3 Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 10 Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard) 25 Canada Hot AC (Billboard) 41 Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100) 72 Global 200 (Billboard) 8 Iceland (Plötutíðindi) 12 Ireland (IRMA) 9 Israel (Media Forest) 2 Japan Hot Overseas (Billboard Japan) 13 Lithuania (AGATA) 8 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 74 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 2 Portugal (AFP) 41 Singapore (RIAS) 21 Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100) 44 South Africa (TOSAC) 34 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 49 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 69 UK Singles (OCC) 8 UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) 3 US Billboard Hot 100 1 US Adult Contemporary (Billboard) 28 US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 11 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 1 US R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay (Billboard) 34 US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard) 1 US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) 1 US Rhythmic (Billboard) 1 US Rock Airplay (Billboard) 39 Year-end charts 2022 year-end chart performance for "Bad Habit" Chart (2022) Position Australia (ARIA) 24 Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 46 Global 200 (Billboard) 80 Lithuania (AGATA) 45 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 40 UK Singles (OCC) 58 US Billboard Hot 100 28 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 7 US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard) 6 US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) 27 US Rhythmic (Billboard) 38 2023 year-end chart performance for "Bad Habit" Chart (2023) Position Australia (ARIA) 53 Global 200 (Billboard) 81 US Billboard Hot 100 39 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 17 US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard) 2 US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) 26 US Rhythmic (Billboard) 48 Certifications Certifications for "Bad Habit" Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) 4× Platinum 280,000‡ Austria (IFPI Austria) Gold 15,000‡ Canada (Music Canada) 2× Platinum 160,000‡ Denmark (IFPI Danmark) Gold 45,000‡ France (SNEP) Gold 100,000‡ Italy (FIMI) Gold 50,000‡ New Zealand (RMNZ) Platinum 30,000‡ Poland (ZPAV) Platinum 50,000‡ Portugal (AFP) Platinum 10,000‡ Spain (PROMUSICAE) Gold 30,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI) Platinum 600,000‡ Streaming Greece (IFPI Greece) Gold 1,000,000† Sweden (GLF) Gold 4,000,000† ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.† Streaming-only figures based on certification alone. 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Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved October 17, 2023. ^ "Italian single certifications – Steve Lacy – Bad Habit" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved June 12, 2023. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Steve Lacy – Bad Habit". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved November 12, 2022. ^ "OLiS - oficjalna lista wyróżnień" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved April 17, 2024. Click "TYTUŁ" and enter Bad Habit in the search box. ^ "Portuguese single certifications – Steve Lacy – Bad Habit" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa. Retrieved May 10, 2023. ^ "Spanish single certifications – Steve Lacy – Bad Habit". El portal de Música. Productores de Música de España. Retrieved January 14, 2024. ^ "British single certifications – Steve Lacy – Bad Habit". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 18, 2023. ^ "IFPI Charts – Digital Singles Chart (International) – Εβδομάδα: 01/2023" (in Greek). IFPI Greece. Retrieved January 13, 2023. ^ "Sverigetopplistan – Steve Lacy" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved February 25, 2023. External links "Bad Habit" radio edit on YouTube vteSteve LacyDiscographyStudio albums Apollo XXI Gemini Rights EPs Steve Lacy's Demo Singles "Bad Habit" Featured singles "911 / Mr. Lonely" "Sunflower" Related articles The Internet Re:SET Concert Series

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lacy"},{"link_name":"Gemini Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Rights"},{"link_name":"psychedelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_music"},{"link_name":"lo-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-fi_music"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"bedroom pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedroom_pop"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Fousheé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foushe%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Diana Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Gordon_(singer)"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Hot Rock & Alternative Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rock_%26_Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The Ringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ringer_(website)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"BET Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Award"},{"link_name":"Soul Train Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"65th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Record of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Solo Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Solo_Performance"},{"link_name":"MTV Music Video Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Music_Video_Award"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Soul Train Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Awards"}],"text":"2022 single by Steve Lacy\"Bad Habit\" is a song recorded by the American musician Steve Lacy. It was the second released single from his second studio album, Gemini Rights, on June 29, 2022. The psychedelic and lo-fi R&B and bedroom pop ballad was produced by Lacy and is built around a slightly warped guitar riff, which is accompanied by a funky bassline, drums and synthesisers. Lyrically, it concerns Lacy's regret over a missed opportunity with a crush. His lack of confidence later shifts to a more confident perspective during the song's final breakdown.After signing to RCA Records in 2021, Lacy began writing \"Bad Habit\", which he identified as a turning point for him creatively. He recorded its first version that same year. Over the following year, it was changed substantially from its original version and received writing contributions from singers Fousheé and Diana Gordon. After its release, \"Bad Habit\" and sped-up versions of it became popular on TikTok in July 2022 and it became Lacy's first entry on the Billboard Hot 100 that same month. It subsequently became the first song to top both the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rock & Alternative Songs charts as well as the first song to top five of Billboard's genre charts, and later rose to number one on the Hot 100 in October 2022. It peaked in the top-ten of the charts in Australia, the United Kingdom, and Ireland.\"Bad Habit\" received critical acclaim and was named the best song of 2022 by Billboard, The Guardian, and The Ringer while being named one of the best songs of the year by other publications such as Rolling Stone, USA Today, and Time. A music video directed by Julian Klincewicz was released concurrently with the song and was nominated for a BET Award and a Soul Train Music Award. Lacy performed \"Bad Habit\" at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards, where it was nominated for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best Pop Solo Performance. He also performed the song as the closer for his Give You the World Tour in late 2022. The song was also nominated for an MTV Music Video Award, an iHeartRadio Music Award, and two Soul Train Music Awards.","title":"Bad Habit (Steve Lacy song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Lacy_at_Icebox_in_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steve Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lacy"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"neo soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_soul"},{"link_name":"The Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Internet_(band)"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Odd Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Future"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyttop-1"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"GarageBand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GarageBand"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Steve Lacy's Demo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lacy%27s_Demo"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theface-2"},{"link_name":"Apollo XXI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_XXI"},{"link_name":"J. Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Cole"},{"link_name":"Solange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solange_Knowles"},{"link_name":"Tyler, the Creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_the_Creator"},{"link_name":"Mac Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Miller"},{"link_name":"Vampire Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_Weekend"},{"link_name":"Kendrick Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar"},{"link_name":"Dev Hynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev_Hynes"},{"link_name":"YG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YG_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petrusich-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vulttop-4"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gqgh-5"},{"link_name":"Fousheé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foushe%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Diana Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Gordon_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardianmom-6"},{"link_name":"John Carroll Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carroll_Kirby"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Neal Pogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_H_Pogue"},{"link_name":"Mike Bozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bozzi"},{"link_name":"Bernie Grundman Mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Grundman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbtop-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sos-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardianmom-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbchartbreak-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Harry Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Styles"},{"link_name":"As It Was","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_It_Was"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardianmom-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"\"Bad Habit\" was performed, co-written, and produced by American singer Steve Lacy (pictured)In 2015, Lacy became a member of the Los Angeles-based R&B and neo soul group The Internet, an offshoot of the hip hop collective Odd Future,[1] and found success as a solo artist starting in 2017 from independently producing music on his iPhone with the help of GarageBand. His debut extended play (EP), Steve Lacy's Demo, was released in 2017; its single \"Dark Red\" went viral on TikTok in August 2021.[2] Lacy went on to release his debut studio album, Apollo XXI, in 2019, which he wrote, produced, and mixed on his own, and to collaborate on songs with J. Cole, Solange, Tyler, the Creator, Mac Miller, Vampire Weekend, Kendrick Lamar, Dev Hynes, and YG.[3][4]In 2021, Lacy signed to RCA Records. \"Bad Habit\" was first recorded in June 2021 using a beat Lacy created with drums he had previously used. Lacy described writing it as a turning point for him, stating that it was \"the start of this renaissance of the separation between [past] Steve and [present] Steve\".[5] After he played the instrumental for American singer Fousheé, with whom he later collaborated on several songs for his second studio album, Gemini Rights, the two spent about 20 minutes freestyling over the song, which led to them writing verses and a melody for the chorus. He changed other elements throughout the following year, such as its ending breakdown, its drums, and its chorus. Songwriter Diana Gordon wrote part of the song's ending.[6] John Carroll Kirby and Matthew Castellanos are also credited as co-writers.[7] It was produced by Lacy, mixed by Neal Pogue at his Hot Purple Petting Zoo studio in Los Angeles, and mastered by Mike Bozzi of Bernie Grundman Mastering.[8][9] According to Lacy, it was completed a week before Lacy submitted Gemini Rights to RCA Records.[6]\"Bad Habit\" was released on June 29, 2022, through RCA Records as the second single from Gemini Rights, which was released on July 15, 2022.[10] It found viral success on TikTok starting in July 2022 and soundtracked over 710,000 TikTok videos by January 2023. Fan-made sped-up versions also became popular on TikTok, one of which was used in over 430,000 videos.[11] This prompted RCA Records to officially release a sped-up version, which Lacy initially found \"gross\" but eventually agreed to in the hopes that it would help the song reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 while it sat at number two behind Harry Styles' 2022 single \"As It Was\".[6][12]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Bad Habit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_Habit_-_Steve_Lacy_refrain.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"psychedelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vulttop-4"},{"link_name":"lo-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-fi_music"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamantia_2022-13"},{"link_name":"bedroom pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedroom_pop"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vulttop-4"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyttop-1"},{"link_name":"baroque pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_pop"},{"link_name":"grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nprbest-14"},{"link_name":"soft rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_rock"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-15"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"synth-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ringer-16"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-triplej-17"},{"link_name":"slacker rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slacker_rock"},{"link_name":"jangle pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangle_pop"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exclaimbest-18"},{"link_name":"indie pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sgum-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sos-9"},{"link_name":"F minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_minor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gqtop-21"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nprbest-14"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dazedbest-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mic-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HB-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hhdx-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pforkgr-26"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theface-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyttop-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sos-9"},{"link_name":"falsetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsetto"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbchartbreak-10"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbbest-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimestop-29"},{"link_name":"a cappella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_cappella"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbbest-28"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gqgh-5"},{"link_name":"jazz fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_fusion"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimestop-29"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sos-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petrusich-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardianmom-6"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tyler_the_Creator_(52163761341)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tyler, the Creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_the_Creator"},{"link_name":"Exclaim!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Mac DeMarco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_DeMarco"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clash-15"},{"link_name":"HipHopDX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHopDX"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hhdx-25"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"D'Angelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Angelo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nprbest-14"}],"text":"\"Bad Habit\"\n\nThe opening refrain of \"Bad Habit\" features Lacy singing, \"I wish I knew/I wish I knew you wanted me\", over a repeated, slightly warped guitar riff\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\"Bad Habit\" is a psychedelic[4] and lo-fi R&B[13] and bedroom pop[4] ballad[1] that mixes elements of baroque pop, grunge,[14] soft rock,[15] punk, synth-pop,[16] indie rock, neo soul, funk,[17] slacker rock, jangle pop,[18] indie pop, and hip hop.[19][9] Sheet music for the song shows the key of F minor with a tempo range of 84-88 beats per minute. Vocals range from C4 to C6.[20] The song opens with vocals from Fousheé and is split into three parts.[21][14] Lacy sings about his regret over missing the chance to tell someone he is attracted to them[22] due to his shyness[23] over a funky bassline,[24][25] \"messy-sounding\" drums, funk-styled synths,[26] and a repetitive,[2] slightly warped[1] guitar riff, the last of which was mixed by Pogue to be the song's main focus.[9] He sings in a falsetto throughout the song.[27] In its chorus, he sings, \"I wish I knew/I wish I knew you wanted me,\" which was changed from Lacy's original lyrics—\"I wish I knew you/I wish I knew you wanted me\"—following a suggestion from Tyler, the Creator to remove the first \"you\" for the chorus to \"be more memorable\".[10][28] The song's title is borrowed from another lyric in its chorus: \"I bite my tongue, it's a bad habit/Kinda mad that I didn't take a stab at it\".[29] The song transitions into a stripped-back a cappella[28] section, which Lacy intended to sound like he was \"singing directly to\" the listener,[5] before ending with a \"chaotic\" jazz fusion[29] breakdown, during which Lacy sings, with \"rougher\" and \"more textured\" vocals, \"Let's fuck in the back of the mall, lose control/Go stupid, go crazy, babe\".[9][3] Lacy described the song's lyrics as being \"a play on confidence\" that shifts from him not feeling good enough for another person to feeling \"almost too good\" but \"still down\".[6] He also described the song's refrain (\"I wish I knew you wanted me\") as representing his fans and listeners wanting something from him that he was unaware of.[30]Lacy changed the lyrics to the chorus of \"Bad Habit\" due to a suggestion from Tyler, the Creator (pictured)For Exclaim!, A. Harmony wrote that the song was about \"scorching lust\".[31] Clash's Shahzaib Hussain called the song \"lilting\" and \"Mac DeMarco-esque\".[15] HipHopDX's Lauren Floyd stated that Lacy sang with a \"boyish tone\" that \"transports listeners back to the MTV golden era of spring break beach jams\".[25] For NPR, LaTesha Harris compared the synths on the song to Prince and Lacy's falsetto to D'Angelo, calling the song a \"seductive tragedy\" and stating that its lyrics and vocals \"alternate between petulant, obsessive, regretful and smug\".[14]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbbest-28"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pforkgr-26"},{"link_name":"Crack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"The Line of Best Fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Line_of_Best_Fit"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timebest-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmebest-35"},{"link_name":"Mic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic_(media_company)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mic-23"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Clairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairo"},{"link_name":"Beabadoobee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beabadoobee"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardianbest-36"},{"link_name":"Consequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_(publication)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-consbest-37"},{"link_name":"Sound on Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_on_Sound"},{"link_name":"808s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_TR-808"},{"link_name":"Auto-Tune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Tune"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sos-9"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gqtop-21"},{"link_name":"New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"Amanda Petrusich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Petrusich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petrusich-3"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"\"Bad Habit\" received critical acclaim. For Billboard, Andrew Unterberger called \"Bad Habit\" a \"perfect pop song\" that displayed Lacy's \"impossibly high-level\" craft, adding that it \"never ran out of new thrills, big and small, to get you swooning like the first time  ... you heard it\".[28] Pitchfork's Stephen Kearse praised \"Bad Habit\" as a highlight from Gemini Rights, calling its chorus a \"knockout earworm\".[26] It was called a \"flirty standout\" from Gemini Rights and a \"summer bop\" by Ecleen Luzmila Caraballo of Crack.[32] Sam Eeckhout of The Line of Best Fit called the song \"powerful\" and used the song as an example of Lacy's vocals \"carry[ing]\" Gemini Rights.[33] Cady Lang of Time wrote that the song evoked \"pure, euphoric joy\" and that Lacy's songwriting had a \"deeply emotional impact\", while NME's Sam Moore called it a showcase of \"Lacy's impressive vocal range, his nifty way around a guitar and his tattoo-worthy lyrics\".[34][35] Mic's Austin Williams praised \"Bad Habit\" as \"immediately singable and instantly replayable\", deeming its melodies \"addictive\" and its lyrics \"endearing\".[23]For The Guardian, Shaad D'Souza opined that it was \"arguably\" the best song to \"spring forth from the new wave of TikTok-beloved lo-fi bedroom pop stars such as Clairo and Beabadoobee\" and that it \"captures all the brilliance of Lacy's outstanding second record Gemini Rights\".[36] Consequence's Paolo Ragusa described the song as \"a miraculously good pop song\", \"a testament to Lacy's creative freedom\", and \"one of the most deserved breakthroughs of 2022\", which \"twist[ed] the concept of desire and a missed connection into something wholly original and authentic\".[37] Paul Tingen of Sound on Sound wrote that the song \"lacks the typical trappings of modern hit songs\" such as 808s and Auto-Tune, but that its attitude was the likely reason for its popularity.[9] For GQ, Insanul Ahmed stated that \"Bad Habit\" \"feels like it could have been released in any era of music\", describing it as \"a despondent anthem that remarkably manages to fit into everyone's Instagram story montage\".[21] For the New Yorker, Amanda Petrusich called \"Bad Habit\" the \"most interesting song to move from TikTok to the top of the charts\" in 2022, attributing its online success to the chorus being \"dopey and uncomplicated\" and \"tap[ping] into a wellspring of shared feeling\" while praising Lacy's \"lackadaisical delivery\" on the song as \"beguiling\".[3] For the Washington Post, Chris Kelly described \"Bad Habit\" as \"a gentle pop earworm that sounds like staring at stars glued to a bedroom ceiling\".[38]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbbest-28"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardianbest-36"},{"link_name":"The Ringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ringer_(website)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ringer-16"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nprbest-14"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timebest-34"},{"link_name":"Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_Networks"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-consbest-37"},{"link_name":"Dazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazed_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dazedbest-22"},{"link_name":"Exclaim!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exclaimbest-18"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmebest-35"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Solo Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Solo_Performance"},{"link_name":"Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Record of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"65th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altgrams-44"},{"link_name":"Song of Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Song_of_Summer"},{"link_name":"2022 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Best Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Award_for_Best_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Award_for_The_Ashford_%26_Simpson_Songwriter%27s_Award"},{"link_name":"2022 Soul Train Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Soul_Train_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stma-46"},{"link_name":"2023 iHeartRadio Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_iHeartRadio_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2023 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"\"Bad Habit\" was named the best song of 2022 by Billboard[28] The Guardian,[36] and The Ringer[16] named one of the best songs of 2022 by NPR,[14] Rolling Stone,[39] USA Today,[40] Associated Press,[41] Time,[34] Complex,[42] Consequence,[37] Dazed,[22] Exclaim!,[18] Entertainment Weekly,[43] and NME.[35] \"Bad Habit\" was nominated for the Grammy Awards for Best Pop Solo Performance, Song of the Year, and Record of the Year at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards.[44] It was also nominated for Song of Summer at the 2022 MTV Video Music Awards,[45] for Best Song of the Year and the Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award at the 2022 Soul Train Music Awards,[46] for TikTok Bop of the Year at the 2023 iHeartRadio Music Awards,[47] and for Song of the Year at the 2023 MTV Video Music Awards.[48]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harry_Styles_-_Love_On_Tour_@_Jeunesse_Arena_(52555259636)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"As It Was","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_It_Was"},{"link_name":"Harry Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Styles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theface-2"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbtop-8"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Hot Rock & Alternative Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rock_%26_Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sos-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petrusich-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyttop-1"},{"link_name":"Heat Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_Waves_(song)"},{"link_name":"Glass Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_Animals"},{"link_name":"We Don't Talk About Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Don%27t_Talk_About_Bruno"},{"link_name":"Encanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encanto"},{"link_name":"Someone You Loved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someone_You_Loved"},{"link_name":"Lewis Capaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Capaldi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbtop-8"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"ARIA Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-triplej-17"},{"link_name":"Irish Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"\"Bad Habit\" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in October 2022, ending a 15-week-long streak at the top led by \"As It Was\" by Harry Styles (pictured)\"Bad Habit\" first entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 100 when it first became popular on TikTok in July 2022.[2] It was Lacy's first entry on the chart.[49][8] On the chart issued September 10, 2022, \"Bad Habit\" became the first song to top both the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rock & Alternative Songs charts by Billboard. It also topped Billboard's Hot Rock Songs, Hot Alternative Songs, and Hot R&B Songs charts, making \"Bad Habit\" the first song to top five different Billboard genre charts at once.[50][9] That same week, the song rose to number two on the Hot 100. After remaining at number two for four weeks, \"Bad Habit\" rose to the top of Hot 100 on the chart dated October 3, 2022, displacing Harry Styles's 2022 single \"As It Was\", which had been at the top for 15 weeks, and becoming Lacy's first number one and the 1,142nd number one overall.[3][1] It was the third song of 2022 to be both the first chart entry and first number one for an artist on the Hot 100 after \"Heat Waves\" by Glass Animals and \"We Don't Talk About Bruno\" by the cast of Encanto, and the first number one since \"Someone You Loved\" by Lewis Capaldi topped the chart in November 2019 to have no accompanying acts and also be an artist's first chart entry.[8] It was also the 12th number one to have debuted at number 100.[51]In Australia, \"Bad Habit\" reached number three on the ARIA Singles Chart.[17] It peaked in the top-10 of the Irish Singles Chart in July 2022 and at number eight on the UK Singles Chart in October 2022 to become Lacy's first top-10 on either chart while also peaking at number 10 in Canada.[52]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HB-24"},{"link_name":"BET Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Award"},{"link_name":"Video of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Award_for_Video_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"BET Awards 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Awards_2023"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Soul Train Music Award for Best Video of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Train_Music_Award_for_Best_Video_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stma-46"}],"text":"The music video for \"Bad Habit\" was directed by Julian Klincewicz, who also photographed the cover for Gemini Rights, and released on the same day as the single. It features Lacy singing, dancing, and making wide, maniacal movements in a color-changing empty space.[53] In it, he wears black leather pants, black sunglasses, black boots, and a white shirt bearing an \"S\" on the front and a target on the back, the same outfit worn by him in the music video for his previous single, \"Mercury\".[24]\"Bad Habit\" was nominated for the BET Award for Video of the Year at the BET Awards 2023[54] and for the Soul Train Music Award for Best Video of the Year at the 2022 Soul Train Music Awards.[46]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Lacy_@_Rialto_Theatre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thundercat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thundercat_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altgrams-44"},{"link_name":"Wet Leg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Leg"},{"link_name":"post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"Live Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Lounge"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Amy Schumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Schumer"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varcamera-58"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-triplej-17"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Orpheum Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheum_Theater_(New_Orleans)"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"not to throw items onstage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_abuse_in_the_2020s"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varcamera-58"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Lacy performing on his Give You the World Tour in October 2022Lacy performed \"Bad Habit\" at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2023 alongside Thundercat and three other backing musicians. The performance began with Lacy, who wore a leather outfit, sunglasses, and high heels, starting with a lyric from the song (\"You can't surprise a Gemini\") before giving a thumbs up and singing the song while playing guitar.[44]English band Wet Leg performed a post-punk cover of \"Bad Habit\" for the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge in September 2022.[55] Lacy performed \"Bad Habit\" on an Amy Schumer-hosted episode of Saturday Night Live in November 2022. Stephen Thompson wrote of the performance for NPR that \"Lacy and his band didn't do much to elevate the material onstage\" and that \"the energy levels [were] set to 'mid'\".[56] The song was included on the setlist for Lacy's Give You the World Tour through North America, which promoted Gemini Rights and ran from October to November 2022, where it was used to close out Lacy's shows.[57][58] Videos from the tour filmed during performances of \"Bad Habit\" went viral on TikTok due to concertgoers not singing along to anything other than the chorus.[17] A debate arose over the large influx of new fans being unfamiliar with most of his other work.[59] During a performance of the song at the Orpheum Theater in New Orleans in late October 2022, Lacy stopped to ask fans not to throw items onstage before taking a disposable camera from a fan in the front row and smashing it on the ground, after which he ended the show.[58] Later that week, he posted a statement to his Instagram account about the camera, writing, \"I don't believe I owe anyone an apology ... maybe I could've reacted better? Sure.\"[60]","title":"Live performances and cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Album_Credits-61"},{"link_name":"John Carroll Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carroll_Kirby"},{"link_name":"Britanny Fousheé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foushe%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Diana Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Gordon_(singer)"}],"text":"Credits adapted from liner notes of Gemini Rights.[61]Steve Lacy – songwriting, production, bass\nJohn Carroll Kirby – songwriting, additional synths\nBritanny Fousheé – songwriting\nDiana Gordon – songwriting\nMatthew Castellanos – songwriting","title":"Personnel and credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Habit_(Steve_Lacy_song)&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Steve_Lacy-62"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canada_Steve_Lacy-63"},{"link_name":"CHR/Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_CHR/Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardcanadachrtop40_Steve_Lacy-64"},{"link_name":"Hot 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100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"TOSAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_South_African_Charts"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_South_Africa2_-78"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Steve_Lacy-80"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-81"},{"link_name":"UK Hip 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R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Steve_Lacy-86"},{"link_name":"R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphopairplay_Steve_Lacy-87"},{"link_name":"Hot Rock & Alternative Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rock_%26_Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrocksongs_Steve_Lacy-88"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Steve_Lacy-89"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrhythmic_Steve_Lacy-90"},{"link_name":"Rock Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrockairplay_Steve_Lacy-91"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Habit_(Steve_Lacy_song)&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Bad Habit\"\n\n\nChart (2022–2023)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[62]\n\n3\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[63]\n\n10\n\n\nCanada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[64]\n\n25\n\n\nCanada Hot AC (Billboard)[65]\n\n41\n\n\nCzech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[66]\n\n72\n\n\nGlobal 200 (Billboard)[67]\n\n8\n\n\nIceland (Plötutíðindi)[68]\n\n12\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[69]\n\n9\n\n\nIsrael (Media Forest)[70]\n\n2\n\n\nJapan Hot Overseas (Billboard Japan)[71]\n\n13\n\n\nLithuania (AGATA)[72]\n\n8\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[73]\n\n74\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[74]\n\n2\n\n\nPortugal (AFP)[75]\n\n41\n\n\nSingapore (RIAS)[76]\n\n21\n\n\nSlovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[77]\n\n44\n\n\nSouth Africa (TOSAC)[78]\n\n34\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[79]\n\n49\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[80]\n\n69\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[81]\n\n8\n\n\nUK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)[82]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[83]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[84]\n\n28\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[85]\n\n11\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[86]\n\n1\n\n\nUS R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay (Billboard)[87]\n\n34\n\n\nUS Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard)[88]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[89]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[90]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Rock Airplay (Billboard)[91]\n\n39\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n2022 year-end chart performance for \"Bad Habit\"\n\n\nChart (2022)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[92]\n\n24\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[93]\n\n46\n\n\nGlobal 200 (Billboard)[94]\n\n80\n\n\nLithuania (AGATA)[95]\n\n45\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[96]\n\n40\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[97]\n\n58\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[98]\n\n28\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[99]\n\n7\n\n\nUS Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard)[100]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[101]\n\n27\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[102]\n\n38\n\n\n2023 year-end chart performance for \"Bad Habit\"\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[103]\n\n53\n\n\nGlobal 200 (Billboard)[104]\n\n81\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[105]\n\n39\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[106]\n\n17\n\n\nUS Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard)[107]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[108]\n\n26\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[109]\n\n48","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]

[{"image_text":"\"Bad Habit\" was performed, co-written, and produced by American singer Steve Lacy (pictured)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Steve_Lacy_at_Icebox_in_2019.jpg/220px-Steve_Lacy_at_Icebox_in_2019.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Lacy changed the lyrics to the chorus of \"Bad Habit\" due to a suggestion from Tyler, the Creator (pictured)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tyler_the_Creator_%2852163761341%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tyler_the_Creator_%2852163761341%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Bad Habit\" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in October 2022, ending a 15-week-long streak at the top led by \"As It Was\" by Harry Styles (pictured)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Harry_Styles_-_Love_On_Tour_%40_Jeunesse_Arena_%2852555259636%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Harry_Styles_-_Love_On_Tour_%40_Jeunesse_Arena_%2852555259636%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lacy performing on his Give You the World Tour in October 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Steve_Lacy_%40_Rialto_Theatre.jpg/220px-Steve_Lacy_%40_Rialto_Theatre.jpg"}]

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Retrieved January 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elportaldemusica.es/single/steve-lacy-bad-habit","url_text":"\"Spanish single certifications – Steve Lacy – Bad Habit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a","url_text":"Productores de Música de España"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Steve Lacy – Bad Habit\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/18398-5785-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Steve Lacy – Bad Habit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"IFPI Charts – Digital Singles Chart (International) – Εβδομάδα: 01/2023\" (in Greek). IFPI Greece. Retrieved January 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230113210203/https://www.ifpi.gr/digital_iel.html","url_text":"\"IFPI Charts – Digital Singles Chart (International) – Εβδομάδα: 01/2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece","url_text":"IFPI Greece"}]},{"reference":"\"Sverigetopplistan – Steve Lacy\" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved February 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/search?query=Steve+Lacy","url_text":"\"Sverigetopplistan – Steve Lacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Morgan_(Illinois_politician)

Bob Morgan (Illinois politician)

["1 Electoral history","2 References","3 External links"]

American politician Bob MorganMember of the Illinois House of Representativesfrom the 58th districtIncumbentAssumed office January 9, 2019 (2019-January-09)Preceded byScott Drury Personal detailsPolitical partyDemocraticResidence(s)Deerfield, Illinois, U.S.Alma materUniversity of Illinois (BA)Northern Illinois University (JD)ProfessionAttorney Bob Morgan is a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives for the 58th district. The district, along Chicago's North Shore suburbs, includes all or parts of the Bannockburn, Deerfield, Glencoe, Highwood, Highland Park, Lake Bluff, Lake Forest, Lincolnshire, Northbrook and North Chicago. Morgan is an attorney who has served as the state's lead healthcare attorney and its marijuana "czar". Morgan has a Bachelor of Arts from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and a Juris Doctor from Northern Illinois University College of Law. He is on the boards of the Anti-Defamation League and Equip for Equality. As of July 3, 2022, Representative Morgan is a member of the following Illinois House committees: Appropriations - Human Services Committee (HAPH) Cybersecurity, Data Analytics, and IT Committee (HCDA) Energy & Environment Committee (HENG) Health Care Licenses Committee (HHCL) Human Services Committee (HHSV) Insurance Committee (HINS) (Co-chairman of) Insurance Review Subcommittee (HINS-INSU) Medicaid Subcommittee (HHSV-MEDI) Electoral history Illinois 58th State House District General Election, 2018 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Bob Morgan 29,974 63.81 Republican Fredric Bryan "Rick" Lesser 16,998 36.19 Total votes 46,972 100.0 Illinois 58th State House District General Election, 2020 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Bob Morgan (incumbent) 43,648 100 Total votes 43,648 100.0 Illinois 58th State House District General Election, 2022 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Bob Morgan 31,269 70.22 Republican Mike Clark 13,260 29.78 Total votes 44,529 100.0 References ^ "PA 97-0006 Legislative District 29" (PDF). May 18, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2018. ^ Meadows, Jonah (November 6, 2018). "Bob Morgan Elected To 58th District State House Over Rick Lesser". Highland Park Patch. Retrieved November 11, 2018. ^ Morgan, Bob (October 15, 2018). "Democratic candidate for Illinois House, 58th District: Bob Morgan" (Interview). Interviewed by Chicago Sun-Times Editorial Board. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved November 11, 2018. ^ Barlow, Sarah E., ed. (November 15, 2018). "Biographies of New House Members" (PDF). First Reading. Illinois Legislative Research Unit. pp. 2–8. Retrieved December 12, 2018. ^ "Illinois General Assembly - Representative Committees". ilga.gov. Retrieved 2022-07-03. ^ "Election Results 2018 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved November 12, 2019. ^ "Election Results 2018 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved November 12, 2019. ^ "Election Results 2018 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved November 12, 2019. External links Campaign website vteMembers of the Illinois House of Representatives103rd General Assembly (2023–2025) Speaker of the House Emanuel Chris Welch (D) Majority Leader Robyn Gabel (D) Minority Leader Tony McCombie (R) ▌Aaron Ortiz (D) ▌Elizabeth Hernandez (D) ▌Eva-Dina Delgado (D) ▌Lilian Jiménez (D) ▌Kimberly du Buclet (D) ▌Sonya Harper (D) ▌Emanuel Chris Welch (D) ▌La Shawn Ford (D) ▌Yolonda Morris (D) ▌Jawaharial Williams (D) ▌Ann Williams (D) ▌Margaret Croke (D) ▌Hoan Huynh (D) ▌Kelly Cassidy (D) ▌Michael Kelly (D) ▌Kevin Olickal (D) ▌Jennifer Gong-Gershowitz (D) ▌Robyn Gabel (D) ▌Lindsey LaPointe (D) ▌Bradley Stephens (R) ▌Abdelnasser Rashid (D) ▌Angelica Guerrero-Cuellar (D) ▌Edgar Gonzalez Jr. (D) ▌Theresa Mah (D) ▌Curtis Tarver (D) ▌Kam Buckner (D) ▌Justin Slaughter (D) ▌Robert Rita (D) ▌Thaddeus Jones (D) ▌Will Davis (D) ▌Mary E. Flowers (D) ▌Cyril Nichols (D) ▌Marcus C. Evans Jr. (D) ▌Nicholas Smith (D) ▌Mary Gill (D) ▌Kelly M. Burke (D) ▌Patrick Sheehan (R) ▌Debbie Meyers-Martin (D) ▌Will Guzzardi (D) ▌Jaime Andrade Jr. (D) ▌Janet Yang Rohr (D) ▌Terra Costa Howard (D) ▌Anna Moeller (D) ▌Fred Crespo (D) ▌Jenn Ladisch Douglass (D) ▌Diane Blair-Sherlock (D) ▌Amy Grant (R) ▌Jennifer Sanalitro (R) ▌Maura Hirschauer (D) ▌Barbara Hernandez (D) ▌Nabeela Syed (D) ▌Martin McLaughlin (R) ▌Nicolle Grasse (D) ▌Mary Beth Canty (D) ▌Marty Moylan (D) ▌Michelle Mussman (D) ▌Tracy Katz Muhl (D) ▌Bob Morgan (D) ▌Daniel Didech (D) ▌Rita Mayfield (D) ▌Joyce Mason (D) ▌Laura Faver Dias (D) ▌Steve Reick (R) ▌Tom Weber (R) ▌Dan Ugaste (R) ▌Suzanne Ness (D) ▌Maurice West (D) ▌Dave Vella (D) ▌Joe Sosnowski (R) ▌Jeff Keicher (R) ▌Daniel Swanson (R) ▌Gregg Johnson (D) ▌Ryan Spain (R) ▌Bradley Fritts (R) ▌Jed Davis (R) ▌Lance Yednock (D) ▌Norma Hernandez (D) ▌Camille Lilly (D) ▌Jackie Haas (R) ▌Anthony DeLuca (D) ▌Anne Stava-Murray (D) ▌Nicole La Ha Zwiercan (R) ▌Matt Hanson (D) ▌Stephanie Kifowit (D) ▌Dagmara Avelar (D) ▌Lawrence M. Walsh Jr. (D) ▌Bill Hauter (R) ▌Dan Caulkins (R) ▌Tony McCombie (R) ▌John Cabello (R) ▌Sharon Chung (D) ▌Jehan Gordon-Booth (D) ▌Travis Weaver (R) ▌Norine Hammond (R) ▌Michael Coffey (R) ▌Sue Scherer (D) ▌Harry Benton (D) ▌Natalie Manley (D) ▌Randy Frese (R) ▌C. D. Davidsmeyer (R) ▌Chris Miller (R) ▌Adam Niemerg (R) ▌Carol Ammons (D) ▌Brandun Schweizer (R) ▌Dennis Tipsword (R) ▌Jason Bunting (R) ▌Brad Halbrook (R) ▌Wayne Rosenthal (R) ▌Charles Meier (R) ▌Blaine Wilhour (R) ▌Amy Elik (R) ▌Katie Stuart (D) ▌Jay Hoffman (D) ▌Kevin Schmidt (R) ▌David Friess (R) ▌Dave Severin (R) ▌Patrick Windhorst (R) ▌Paul Jacobs (R) ▌Democratic (78) ▌Republican (40) Illinois General Assembly Illinois House of Representatives Illinois Senate

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Ringwald

Molly Ringwald

["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 1970s","2.2 1980s","2.3 1990s","2.4 2000s","2.5 2010s","3 Translations","4 Personal life","5 Public image","6 Bibliography","7 Filmography","7.1 Film","7.2 Television","8 Discography","9 References","10 External links"]

American actress (born 1968) Molly RingwaldRingwald in 2024BornMolly Kathleen Ringwald (1968-02-18) February 18, 1968 (age 56)Roseville, California, U.S.Occupations Actress singer dancer writer Years active1977–presentSpouses Valery Lameignère ​ ​(m. 1999; div. 2002)​ Panio Gianopoulos ​ ​(m. 2007)​ Children3 Molly Kathleen Ringwald (born February 18, 1968) is an American actress, writer, and translator. She began her career as a child actress on the sitcoms Diff'rent Strokes and The Facts of Life (both 1979–1980) before being nominated for a Golden Globe for her performance in the drama film Tempest (1982). Ringwald became a teen idol following her appearances in filmmaker John Hughes' teen films Sixteen Candles (1984), The Breakfast Club (1985), and Pretty in Pink (1986). These films led to the media referring to her as a member of the "Brat Pack." Her final teen roles were in For Keeps and Fresh Horses (both in 1988). Following leading roles in King Lear (1987), The Pick-up Artist (1987), Strike It Rich (1990), and Betsy's Wedding (1990), Ringwald moved to Paris and began acting in French films. In subsequent decades, Ringwald acted in the television shows The Secret Life of the American Teenager (2008–2013), Riverdale (2017–2023), Creepshow (2021), and Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story (2022). In February 2024, Ringwald made her runway modeling debut at New York Fashion Week, walking for Batsheva. Early life Ringwald was born in Roseville, California, the daughter of Adele Edith (née Frembd), a chef, and Robert Scott "Bob" Ringwald, a blind jazz pianist of German descent. Ringwald has two siblings, Beth and Kelly, and an older brother, who died before she was born. She is partly of Swedish descent. She started her acting career at age five, appearing in a stage production of Alice in Wonderland as the Dormouse. The next year, she recorded Molly Sings: I Wanna Be Loved by You, a music album of Dixieland jazz with her father and his group, the Fulton Street Jazz Band. Ringwald graduated from the Lycée Français de Los Angeles. Career 1970s In 1978 at the age of 10, Ringwald was chosen to play Kate in the West Coast production of Annie, performing in Los Angeles. In 1979, Ringwald appeared on the TV series Diff'rent Strokes and was selected to become part of the large cast of that show's spin-off, The Facts of Life. She played Molly Parker, a perky, feminist student at Eastland Girls School. At the beginning of the second season, the show underwent a major revamp, and most of the cast, including Ringwald, were cut from the show. Ringwald later said that Nancy McKeon replaced her to play a new character named Jo. 1980s In 1980, Ringwald performed as a lead vocalist on two Disney albums. On the patriotic album Yankee Doodle Mickey, Ringwald sang "This Is My Country", "The Star-Spangled Banner", and "God Bless America". She later performed one track, "The First Noel", on a Disney Christmas album, Disney’s Merry Christmas Carols. Turning toward motion pictures, she got a key supporting role in the 1982 film Tempest, directed by Paul Mazursky with top casting director Juliet Taylor, and was nominated for a Golden Globe award for the role. Ringwald rose to prominence with her breakout role in Sixteen Candles (1984). She was cast as Samantha Baker, a girl whose sixteenth birthday is forgotten by her family. Ringwald's performance gained critical acclaim; many called her acting engaging. Ringwald later said, "It is not a good idea to do remakes of great classic films" when asked if there would be a remake to Sixteen Candles. Ringwald was regarded as a member of the Brat Pack of 1980s teen actors but has said she was not really part of that group. Ringwald gained more success when she was cast in another John Hughes film, The Breakfast Club (1985), which was a commercial and critical success. Ringwald was cast as Claire Standish, a spoiled, wealthy beauty who is in detention for skipping class to go to the mall. Ringwald's performance gained strong reviews. Ringwald with Zach Galligan in Surviving, 1985 The following year, still in high school, she was cast as Andie Walsh in another successful Hughes film, Pretty In Pink (1986). When first asked to be in Pretty in Pink, Ringwald was reluctant, but after seeing how hard it was for the producers to find a replacement for her, she decided she would portray Andie in the film. Ringwald was offered a role in another John Hughes film, Some Kind of Wonderful (1987), but turned down the role as she felt it was too similar to the other films she worked on with Hughes. After Pretty In Pink, she wanted to act in more mature roles. Ringwald was featured on the cover of the May 26, 1986, issue of Time. Ringwald was set to star in another Hughes film, Oil and Vinegar, but the film was scrapped when Hughes refused to rewrite the script. The film would have been about a soon-to-be-married man and a hitchhiking girl talking about their lives during the length of a car ride. In 1987, she was cast as Randy Jensen in The Pick-up Artist, opposite Robert Downey, Jr. in one of his first lead roles. It focused on a womanizer who meets his match when he falls for a woman in debt to the Mafia. The film was met with mixed reviews while being a moderate commercial success. The following year, she starred in For Keeps, a commercial success that received mixed reviews from critics but was well received by audiences. It is considered Ringwald's final teen movie. Ringwald portrayed Darcy Elliot, the editor at her high school paper, who becomes pregnant by her long-term boyfriend Stan, portrayed by Randall Batinkoff. Her performance received positive reviews. The film was praised by some critics for showing the struggles of teen pregnancy. She was later cast in Fresh Horses. The film was met with generally negative reviews and underperformed at the box office. The film also starred Andrew McCarthy, who previously worked with Ringwald in Pretty in Pink. Ringwald was turned down for leading roles in Working Girl and Silence of the Lambs, later commenting that: "I didn’t really feel like darker roles were available to me. The ones that I wanted to do, I didn’t get.” 1990s In the early 1990s, Ringwald reportedly turned down the female lead roles in Pretty Woman and Ghost. In the mid-1990s, Ringwald, who had been educated at the Lycée Français de Los Angeles and is fluent in French, moved to Paris and starred in several French movies. She returned to the United States intermittently to appear in American movies and television. In 1990, Ringwald appeared in the James Scott-directed Strike It Rich alongside Robert Lindsay and John Gielgud. That same year she starred in Betsy's Wedding as Betsy Hopper. This film gained generally mixed reviews despite being a commercial success. Ringwald later starred in Something to Live for: The Alison Gertz Story (1992). In 1994, she was cast as Frannie Goldsmith in the TV miniseries The Stand, an adaptation of Stephen King's 1978 novel of the same name. Ringwald's performance was generally well received. She next played the leading role in the film Malicious (1995) as Melissa Nelson, a disturbed woman who has an affair with a college star baseball player. She later starred in the ABC sitcom Townies. She appeared as a blind woman on the critically acclaimed cable series Remember WENN. She starred with Lara Flynn Boyle and Teri Hatcher in the 1998 made-for-television film Since You've Been Gone. In 1999, she played the starring role of "Li'l Bit" in Paula Vogel's play How I Learned to Drive at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles. In 2000, she appeared in an episode of Showtime's The Outer Limits, "Judgment Day". 2000s Ringwald in April 2013In 2000, Ringwald appeared in the ensemble restaurant-themed film In the Weeds, and in 2001 she had a cameo in the commercially successful Not Another Teen Movie that earned her a MTV Movie Award nomination. In theater, she wore a "Green, Green Dress" as Susan in Jonathan Larson's Off-Broadway musical tick, tick... BOOM!, and headlined as Sally Bowles in Broadway's long-running revival of Cabaret from December 18, 2001, until April 28, 2002. In 2003, Ringwald appeared in Enchanted April on Broadway beginning April 8, but left after the performance of June 15 due to her pregnancy with her daughter. In late 2004, she starred in the play Modern Orthodox on Broadway, opposite Jason Biggs and Craig Bierko. In 2006 she starred in the television film The Wives He Forgot, and that fall and winter starred as Charity Hope Valentine in the national tour of the Broadway revival of the musical Sweet Charity. She also played a supporting role as Molly McIntire's mother Helen in Molly: An American Girl on the Home Front. Ringwald starred in the ABC Family network's series The Secret Life of the American Teenager, which debuted on July 1, 2008, and ran for five seasons and 121 episodes, before ending on June 3, 2013. She played Anne Juergens, the title teenager's mother. 2010s Ringwald read the audiobook edition of the 2012 novel The Middlesteins by Jami Attenberg. In early 2013, Ringwald released Except Sometimes, a jazz record. It follows a tradition in jazz for the Ringwald family set by her father. "I grew up in a home filled with music and had an early appreciation of jazz since my dad was a jazz musician. Beginning at around age three I started singing with his band and jazz music has continued to be one of my three passions along with acting and writing. I like to say jazz music is my musical equivalent of comfort food. It's always where I go back to when I want to feel grounded," Ringwald said in a statement. Ringwald played Madame Frechette in the 2014 Lifetime Christmas film Wishin' and Hopin'. Ringwald plays Aunt Bailey in Jem and the Holograms, raising Jerrica, her sister Kimber, and adopted daughters. In September 2014, Ringwald began writing an advice column for The Guardian, answering questions about "love, family, or life in general". In 2016, she was cast as Amy in the crime-drama film King Cobra. Ringwald had a recurring role as main character Archie Andrews' mother Mary Andrews on The CW television series Riverdale. After initially only appearing as a guest, Ringwald took a more prominent role in the series following the death of Luke Perry who played Archie's father. Translations Ringwald, who speaks French fluently, has translated two books from French to English. The first was the novel Lie with Me. The second was My Cousin Maria Schneider, a book about the French actress Maria Schneider, whose career was largely defined by a sex scene with Marlon Brando in the film Last Tango in Paris despite her many other accomplishments as an actress. Personal life In the 1980s, Ringwald dated musician Dweezil Zappa and rapper Ad-Rock of the hip-hop group Beastie Boys. Ringwald married Valéry Lameignère, a French writer, in Bordeaux, France, on July 28, 1999; they divorced in 2002. She married Panio Gianopoulos, a Greek-American writer and book editor, in 2007. They have a daughter, Mathilda, born in 2003 and fraternal boy-girl twins, born in July 2009. Her pregnancy was written into the storyline of The Secret Life of the American Teenager. She was the subject of an episode in season 7 of the genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?. Public image Ringwald stated she was very aware of her public image during her teen years and she tried to be a good role model for her fans. When asked about For Keeps (1988), Ringwald said, "I didn't want to give the wrong message to teenagers. I sort of felt a certain responsibility – I mean, I was a very, very famous teenager and I thought a lot of teenagers were looking up to me and emulating me, and I really didn't want to make a movie that said in any way that having a baby at that age was going to be easy." Bibliography Ringwald at the WeHo Book Fair in 2010 Getting the Pretty Back: Friendship, Family, and Finding the Perfect Lipstick (2010) When It Happens to You: A Novel in Stories (2012) Lie With Me (2019) by Philippe Besson, as translator My Cousin Maria Schneider: A Memoir (2023) by Vanessa Schneider, as translator Filmography Film Molly Ringwald film work Year Title Role Notes 1982 Tempest Miranda Dimitrius 1983 Spacehunter: Adventures in the Forbidden Zone Niki 1984 Sixteen Candles Samantha "Sam" Baker 1985 The Breakfast Club Claire Standish 1986 Pretty in Pink Andie Walsh 1987 P.K. and the Kid P.K. Bayette King Lear Cordelia The Pick-up Artist Randy Jensen 1988 For Keeps Darcy Bobrucz Fresh Horses Jewel 1990 Strike It Rich Cary Porter Betsy's Wedding Betsy Hopper 1993 Face the Music Lisa Hunter 1994 Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade Theresa Tatum Short 1995 Baja Bebe Stone Seven Sundays Janet Gifford Malicious Melissa Nelson 1996 Bastard Children Susan 1997 Office Killer Kim Poole 1999 Requiem for Murder Anne Winslow Teaching Mrs. Tingle Miss Banks Kimberly Nancy 2000 Cut Vanessa Turnbill/Chloe The Brutal Truth Penelope In the Weeds Chloe The Translator Julie Newman Short 2001 Cowboy Up Connie Not Another Teen Movie Flight Attendant 2008 Guest of Cindy Sherman Herself Documentary 2010 Wax On, F*ck Off Herself Short film 2014 Electric Boogaloo: The Wild, Untold Story of Cannon Films Herself Documentary 2015 Jem and the Holograms Aunt Bailey Bad Night The Collector 2016 King Cobra Amy Kocis 2017 SPF-18 Faye Cooper 2018 All These Small Moments Carla Sheffield The Kissing Booth Mrs. Flynn Siberia Gabby Hill 2020 The Kissing Booth 2 Mrs. Flynn 2021 The Kissing Booth 3 Mrs. Flynn 2023 Judy Blume Forever Herself Documentary Bad Things Ms. Auerbach TBA Montauk Wolcott Post-production; previously called Kingfish Television Molly Ringwald television work Year Title Role Notes 1979–1980 Diff'rent Strokes Molly Parker 2 episodes 1979–1980 The Facts of Life Molly Parker Main role (Season 1–2); 14 episodes 1983 Packin' It In Melissa Webber Television film 1985 Surviving: A Family in Crisis Lonnie Carson Television film 1986 Tall Tales & Legends Jenny Smith Episode: "Johnny Appleseed" 1990 Women & Men: Stories of Seduction Kit Television film 1992 Something to Live for: The Alison Gertz Story Alison Gertz Television film 1994 The Stand Frannie Goldsmith Lead role 1996 Townies Carrie Donovan Lead role 1996 Remember WENN Angela Colton Episode: "Sight Unseen" 1998 Saturday Night Live Anne Frank (voice) Episode: "Steve Buscemi/Third Eye Blind" 1998 Twice Upon a Time Beth Sager Television film 2000 The $treet Devyn Alden Episode: "Propheting on Losses" 2000 The Outer Limits Allison Channing Episode: "Judgment Day" 2006 Medium Kathleen Walsh Episode: "The Darkness is Light Enough" 2006 The Wives He Forgot Charlotte Saint John Television film 2006 Molly: An American Girl on the Home Front Helen McIntire Television film 2008–2013 The Secret Life of the American Teenager Anne Juergens Main cast; lead role's mother 2011 Psych Nurse McElroy Episode: "Shawn, Interrupted" 2011 RuPaul's Drag U Herself Episode: "Like a Virgin" 2014 Rainbow Brite Dark Princess (voice) 3 episodes 2014 Wishin' & Hopin' Madame Frechette Television film 2016–2018 Raising Expectations Paige Wayney Main cast 2016 Odd Mom Out Joy Greene 2 episodes 2016 Doc McStuffins Darla (voice) 4 episodes 2017–2023 Riverdale Mary Andrews Recurring role; 36 episodes 2018 Drop the Mic Herself Episode: "Odell Beckham Jr. vs. Shawn Mendes / Molly Ringwald vs. Jon Cryer" 2019 Tales of the City Mrs. Duncan 2 episodes 2021 Creepshow Mrs. Porter Episode: "Sibling Rivalry" 2022 The Bear Al-Anon Moderator Episode: "Brigade" 2022 Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story Shari Dahmer Main cast; Dahmer's stepmother 2023 Single Drunk Female Alice Episode: "Shiva" 2023 HouseBroken Milly (voice) Episode: "Who Got Burned?" 2024 Feud: Capote vs. The Swans Joanne Carson 5 episodes Discography Molly Sings: I Wanna Be Loved by You (1975) Except Sometimes (2013) Going Home Alone (2013) References ^ a b "Molly Ringwald Biography: Theater Actress, Film Actress, Television Actress (1968–)". Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks). Retrieved December 15, 2016. ^ Moore, Booth (February 14, 2024). "Batsheva Fall 2024 Ready to Wear: Molly Ringwald The Ringleader of a Gorgeous Over 40 Runway Cast". WWD. Retrieved February 14, 2024. ^ Sweetbriar, BeBe (April 18, 2013). "Molly Ringwald Swings on New CD". EDGE Boston. Retrieved July 20, 2013. a "BeBe: I'm from the Sacramento, California area as are you, and we did a production of 'Oliver' together (as a part of Fagin's gang) at Sacramento State University once upon a time." – ¶ 14. b "BeBe: With my experience in knowing you from way back when in the theaters of our hometown of Sacramento, I was not of course surprised with this release from you knowing your roots in jazz with your Dad...— ¶ 34. ^ "Bob Ringwald, jazz ambassador and actor's father, dies at 80". AP NEWS. August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021. ^ . This American Life Episode 526, Transcript. ^ "Molly Ringwald". Who Do You Think You Are?. Season 7. Episode 4. TLC. April 24, 2016. ^ Sacramento's Fulton Street Jazz Band's Recordings Archived July 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Fultonstreetjazz.com. Retrieved on May 29, 2011. ^ Belk, Melissa (December 4, 2012). "New Again: Molly Ringwald". Interview. Retrieved July 28, 2019. ^ Karlyn, Kathleen Rowe, "'Too Close for Comfort': American Beauty and the Incest Motif", Cinema Journal, 44, Number 1, Fall 2004, pp. 69–93. University of Texas Press. ^ Voss, Brandon (April 26, 2010). "Molly Ringwald: Pretty in Print". Advocate.com. Retrieved May 8, 2014. ^ Canby, Vincent (August 13, 1982). "'TEMPEST' OPENS WITH NOD TO SHAKESPEARE". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 14, 2021. ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. p. 26. ^ Staff (January 1, 1984). "Sixteen Candles". Variety. Retrieved June 17, 2009. ^ Miles Bradford (2010). "Molly Ringwald not a fan of remaking one of her classic 80's movies". KABC-TV. Retrieved September 28, 2014. ^ Lurie, Karen. "Brat Pack". St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Gale Group. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. ^ "Not My Job: Molly Ringwald Answers Questions About Senator Byrd". NPR.org. ^ "Molly Ringwald on the cover of Time". Time.com. Retrieved October 18, 2014. ^ "The Lost Projects of John Hughes". Vulture. July 12, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2018. ^ "Howard Deutch on John Hughes, Shooting Sex Scenes, and How Pretty in Pink Prepared Him for True Blood". Vulture. August 18, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ Hinson, Hal. "'The Pick-Up Artist' (PG-13)". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ "Fresh Horses reception". RottenTomatoes.com. Retrieved October 18, 2014. ^ "Molly Ringwald Turned Down 'Pretty Woman' Role: It Was an 'Icky' Storyline". IndieWire. Penske Media Corporation. April 28, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2024. ^ Monica Corcoran (June 29, 2008). "Molly Ringwald: Pretty in Pucci". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 6, 2009. ^ "Molly Ringwald Movies". Archived from the original on March 10, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2013. ^ Bernardo, Melissa Rose (November 2, 2001). "Tick, Tick...Boom". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 8, 2019. ^ Simonson, Robert (April 28, 2002). "Molly Ringwald Leaves Cabaret April 28". Playbill. Retrieved March 8, 2019. ^ a b Hernandez, Ernio (April 28, 2003). "Expecting Molly Ringwald Exits Broadway's Enchanted April, June 15". Playbill. Retrieved March 8, 2019. ^ Austerlitz, Saul (December 13, 2004). "A comic Jewish duel". Haaretz. Retrieved May 24, 2011. ^ AP. "Molly Ringwald to take 'Sweet Charity' on the road this fall", USA Today, February 27, 2006. ^ Rouvalis, Cristina (November 23, 2006). "TV Preview: 'Molly' is the best 'American Girl' yet". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved September 1, 2014. ^ "Molly Ringwald's Not A Teenager Anymore!" Archived July 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, TV Guide, July 1, 2008. ^ "Molly Ringwald Covers The Movie Theme That Made Her Famous", Noise11.com, March 11, 2013. ^ Wishin' and Hopin' Archived December 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, MyLifetime.com ^ Corriston, Michele (May 21, 2014). "Molly Ringwald Joins Jem and the Holograms Cast". People. Retrieved March 8, 2019. ^ Reynolds, John (September 12, 2014). "Guardian revamps weekday and weekend editions". The Guardian. ^ Krug, Nora (April 16, 2023). "Why Molly Ringwald translated an infamous story of film exploitation: Ringwald talks about 'My Cousin Maria Schneider,' a book she translated from French about the life of Maria Schneider, who starred in 'Last Tango in Paris'". Washington Post. Retrieved February 7, 2024. ^ "New Again: Molly Ringwald". Interview Magazine. December 4, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2023. ^ Tenreyro, Tatiana (March 12, 2023). "Molly Ringwald Looks Back at Attending the 1987 Oscars". Parade. Retrieved November 4, 2023. ^ Agger, Michael (May 21, 2005). "Don't You Forget About Me". nymag.com. Retrieved May 24, 2011. ^ "This American Life: The Blunder Years". November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023. ^ Wang, Cynthia; Michaud, Sarah (July 13, 2009). "Molly Ringwald Welcomes Twins!". People. Retrieved March 8, 2019. ^ Warrick, Pamela (January 23, 2009). "Molly Ringwald Expecting Twins!". People. Retrieved March 8, 2019. ^ Carmon, Irin (April 28, 2010). "Molly Ringwald On Teen Pregnancy, Bristol Palin, And For Keeps". ^ Force, Thessaly La (April 16, 2023). "For 'Last Tango' Actress, the Ugly Aftermath of Notoriety". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 17, 2023. ^ "Why Molly Ringwald translated an infamous story of film exploitation". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 18, 2023. ^ "Montauk (2021)". SSS Entertainment. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021. ^ "Charlyne Yi Boards 'Second Act'; Molly Ringwald Cast In YA Film 'Kingfish'; Robert Scott Wilson Joins 'Relic'". Deadline. November 8, 2017. External links Molly Ringwald at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata Official website Molly Ringwald at IMDb Molly Ringwald at the TCM Movie Database Molly Ringwald at AllMovie vteBrat Pack Emilio Estevez Anthony Michael Hall Rob Lowe Andrew McCarthy Demi Moore Judd Nelson Molly Ringwald Ally Sheedy vteYoung Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film1979–2000 Diane Lane (1979) Diane Lane (1980) Kristy McNichol (1981) Aileen Quinn (1982) Roxana Zal (1983) Molly Ringwald (1984) Meredith Salenger (1985) Laura Jacoby (1986) Lisa Bonet / Maia Brewton / Christa Denton / Lea Thompson (1987) Mayim Bialik / Kristy Swanson / Hayley Taylor-Block (1988) Winona Ryder (1989) Robin Weisman (1990) Thora Birch (1991) Alisan Porter (1992) Thora Birch / Ariana Richards / Christina Vidal (1993) Anna Chlumsky (1994) Anna Chlumsky (1995) Michelle Trachtenberg (1996) Mara Wilson (1997) Lindsay Lohan / Jena Malone (1998) Kimberly J. Brown (1999) Elizabeth Huett (2000) 2001–2019 Scarlett Johansson / Emma Watson (2001) Alexa Vega (2002) Jenna Boyd (2003) Emmy Rossum (2004) Dakota Fanning (2005) Keke Palmer (2006) AnnaSophia Robb (2007) Dakota Fanning (2008) Abigail Breslin (2009) Hailee Steinfeld (2010) Chloë Grace Moretz (2011) Kathryn Newton / Quvenzhané Wallis (2012) Sophie Nélisse / Loreto Peralta (2013) Quvenzhané Wallis (2014) Quinn McColgan / Liv Southard (2015) Sofia Rosinsky (2016) Savannah Liles (2017) Chalet Lizette Brannan (2018) Lexy Kolker (2019) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Synchronkartei Other SNAC

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biography.com-1"},{"link_name":"sitcoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"Diff'rent Strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diff%27rent_Strokes"},{"link_name":"The Facts of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Facts_of_Life_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempest_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"teen idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_idol"},{"link_name":"John Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hughes_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Sixteen Candles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteen_Candles"},{"link_name":"The Breakfast Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Breakfast_Club"},{"link_name":"Pretty in Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_in_Pink"},{"link_name":"Brat Pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brat_Pack"},{"link_name":"For Keeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Keeps_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fresh Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Horses_(film)"},{"link_name":"King Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"The Pick-up Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pick-up_Artist_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Strike It Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_It_Rich_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Betsy's Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy%27s_Wedding"},{"link_name":"French films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_France"},{"link_name":"television shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_show"},{"link_name":"The Secret Life of the American Teenager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager"},{"link_name":"Riverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Creepshow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creepshow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahmer_%E2%80%93_Monster:_The_Jeffrey_Dahmer_Story"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Molly Kathleen Ringwald (born February 18, 1968)[1] is an American actress, writer, and translator. She began her career as a child actress on the sitcoms Diff'rent Strokes and The Facts of Life (both 1979–1980) before being nominated for a Golden Globe for her performance in the drama film Tempest (1982). Ringwald became a teen idol following her appearances in filmmaker John Hughes' teen films Sixteen Candles (1984), The Breakfast Club (1985), and Pretty in Pink (1986). These films led to the media referring to her as a member of the \"Brat Pack.\" Her final teen roles were in For Keeps and Fresh Horses (both in 1988).Following leading roles in King Lear (1987), The Pick-up Artist (1987), Strike It Rich (1990), and Betsy's Wedding (1990), Ringwald moved to Paris and began acting in French films. In subsequent decades, Ringwald acted in the television shows The Secret Life of the American Teenager (2008–2013), Riverdale (2017–2023), Creepshow (2021), and Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story (2022). In February 2024, Ringwald made her runway modeling debut at New York Fashion Week, walking for Batsheva.[2]","title":"Molly Ringwald"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roseville, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseville,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biography.com-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MRingwald-EdgeBoston-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"German descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Dixieland jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixieland_jazz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lycée Français de Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Ringwald was born in Roseville, California,[1][3] the daughter of Adele Edith (née Frembd), a chef, and Robert Scott \"Bob\" Ringwald, a blind jazz pianist[4] of German descent. Ringwald has two siblings, Beth and Kelly, and an older brother, who died before she was born.[5] She is partly of Swedish descent.[6] She started her acting career at age five, appearing in a stage production of Alice in Wonderland as the Dormouse. The next year, she recorded Molly Sings: I Wanna Be Loved by You, a music album of Dixieland jazz with her father and his group, the Fulton Street Jazz Band.[7] Ringwald graduated from the Lycée Français de Los Angeles.[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Diff'rent Strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diff%27rent_Strokes"},{"link_name":"The Facts of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Facts_of_Life_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nancy McKeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_McKeon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"1970s","text":"In 1978 at the age of 10, Ringwald was chosen to play Kate in the West Coast production of Annie, performing in Los Angeles.[9] In 1979, Ringwald appeared on the TV series Diff'rent Strokes and was selected to become part of the large cast of that show's spin-off, The Facts of Life. She played Molly Parker, a perky, feminist student at Eastland Girls School. At the beginning of the second season, the show underwent a major revamp, and most of the cast, including Ringwald, were cut from the show. Ringwald later said that Nancy McKeon replaced her to play a new character named Jo.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This Is My Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_My_Country_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Star-Spangled Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner"},{"link_name":"God Bless America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Bless_America"},{"link_name":"The First Noel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Noel"},{"link_name":"Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempest_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Paul Mazursky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mazursky"},{"link_name":"Juliet Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sixteen Candles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteen_Candles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Brat Pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brat_Pack"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Breakfast Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Breakfast_Club"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Molly_Ringwald_and_Zach_Galligan_%22Surviving%22_(1985_ABC_press_photo).jpg"},{"link_name":"Zach Galligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Galligan"},{"link_name":"Surviving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surviving:_A_Family_in_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Pretty In Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_in_Pink"},{"link_name":"Some Kind of Wonderful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Kind_of_Wonderful_(film)"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Oil and Vinegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_Vinegar_(film)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Pick-up Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pick-up_Artist_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Downey, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Downey,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"For Keeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Keeps_(film)"},{"link_name":"Randall Batinkoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Batinkoff"},{"link_name":"Fresh Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Horses_(film)"},{"link_name":"Andrew McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"Pretty in Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_in_Pink"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Working Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Girl"},{"link_name":"Silence of the Lambs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"1980s","text":"In 1980, Ringwald performed as a lead vocalist on two Disney albums. On the patriotic album Yankee Doodle Mickey, Ringwald sang \"This Is My Country\", \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", and \"God Bless America\". She later performed one track, \"The First Noel\", on a Disney Christmas album, Disney’s Merry Christmas Carols. Turning toward motion pictures, she got a key supporting role in the 1982 film Tempest, directed by Paul Mazursky with top casting director Juliet Taylor,[11] and was nominated for a Golden Globe award for the role.[12]Ringwald rose to prominence with her breakout role in Sixteen Candles (1984). She was cast as Samantha Baker, a girl whose sixteenth birthday is forgotten by her family. Ringwald's performance gained critical acclaim; many called her acting engaging.[13] Ringwald later said, \"It is not a good idea to do remakes of great classic films\" when asked if there would be a remake to Sixteen Candles.[14] Ringwald was regarded as a member of the Brat Pack of 1980s teen actors[15] but has said she was not really part of that group.[16] Ringwald gained more success when she was cast in another John Hughes film, The Breakfast Club (1985), which was a commercial and critical success. Ringwald was cast as Claire Standish, a spoiled, wealthy beauty who is in detention for skipping class to go to the mall. Ringwald's performance gained strong reviews.Ringwald with Zach Galligan in Surviving, 1985The following year, still in high school, she was cast as Andie Walsh in another successful Hughes film, Pretty In Pink (1986). When first asked to be in Pretty in Pink, Ringwald was reluctant, but after seeing how hard it was for the producers to find a replacement for her, she decided she would portray Andie in the film. Ringwald was offered a role in another John Hughes film, Some Kind of Wonderful (1987), but turned down the role as she felt it was too similar to the other films she worked on with Hughes. After Pretty In Pink, she wanted to act in more mature roles. Ringwald was featured on the cover of the May 26, 1986, issue of Time.[17]Ringwald was set to star in another Hughes film, Oil and Vinegar, but the film was scrapped when Hughes refused to rewrite the script. The film would have been about a soon-to-be-married man and a hitchhiking girl talking about their lives during the length of a car ride.[18][19] In 1987, she was cast as Randy Jensen in The Pick-up Artist, opposite Robert Downey, Jr. in one of his first lead roles.[20] It focused on a womanizer who meets his match when he falls for a woman in debt to the Mafia. The film was met with mixed reviews while being a moderate commercial success.The following year, she starred in For Keeps, a commercial success that received mixed reviews from critics but was well received by audiences. It is considered Ringwald's final teen movie. Ringwald portrayed Darcy Elliot, the editor at her high school paper, who becomes pregnant by her long-term boyfriend Stan, portrayed by Randall Batinkoff. Her performance received positive reviews. The film was praised by some critics for showing the struggles of teen pregnancy. She was later cast in Fresh Horses. The film was met with generally negative reviews and underperformed at the box office. The film also starred Andrew McCarthy, who previously worked with Ringwald in Pretty in Pink.[21]Ringwald was turned down for leading roles in Working Girl and Silence of the Lambs, later commenting that: \"I didn’t really feel like darker roles were available to me. The ones that I wanted to do, I didn’t get.”[22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pretty Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Woman"},{"link_name":"Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-23"},{"link_name":"Lycée Français de Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_de_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"James Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Scott_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Strike It Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_It_Rich_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lindsay_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Gielgud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gielgud"},{"link_name":"Betsy's Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy%27s_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Something to Live for: The Alison Gertz Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_to_Live_for:_The_Alison_Gertz_Story"},{"link_name":"The Stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stand_(1994_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stand"},{"link_name":"Malicious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malicious_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Townies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townies"},{"link_name":"Remember WENN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remember_WENN"},{"link_name":"Lara Flynn Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_Flynn_Boyle"},{"link_name":"Teri Hatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teri_Hatcher"},{"link_name":"Since You've Been Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Since_You%27ve_Been_Gone_(film)"},{"link_name":"How I Learned to Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_I_Learned_to_Drive"},{"link_name":"The Outer Limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outer_Limits_(1995_TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"In the early 1990s, Ringwald reportedly turned down the female lead roles in Pretty Woman and Ghost.[23] In the mid-1990s, Ringwald, who had been educated at the Lycée Français de Los Angeles and is fluent in French, moved to Paris and starred in several French movies.[24] She returned to the United States intermittently to appear in American movies and television. In 1990, Ringwald appeared in the James Scott-directed Strike It Rich alongside Robert Lindsay and John Gielgud. That same year she starred in Betsy's Wedding as Betsy Hopper. This film gained generally mixed reviews despite being a commercial success. Ringwald later starred in Something to Live for: The Alison Gertz Story (1992).In 1994, she was cast as Frannie Goldsmith in the TV miniseries The Stand, an adaptation of Stephen King's 1978 novel of the same name. Ringwald's performance was generally well received. She next played the leading role in the film Malicious (1995) as Melissa Nelson, a disturbed woman who has an affair with a college star baseball player. She later starred in the ABC sitcom Townies. She appeared as a blind woman on the critically acclaimed cable series Remember WENN. She starred with Lara Flynn Boyle and Teri Hatcher in the 1998 made-for-television film Since You've Been Gone. In 1999, she played the starring role of \"Li'l Bit\" in Paula Vogel's play How I Learned to Drive at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles. In 2000, she appeared in an episode of Showtime's The Outer Limits, \"Judgment Day\".","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MollyRingwaldApr2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Not Another Teen Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Another_Teen_Movie"},{"link_name":"MTV Movie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards"},{"link_name":"tick, tick... BOOM!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick,_tick..._BOOM!"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Enchanted April","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchanted_April_(2003_play)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PregnantExit-27"},{"link_name":"Jason Biggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Biggs"},{"link_name":"Craig Bierko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Bierko"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The Wives He Forgot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wives_He_Forgot"},{"link_name":"Sweet Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Charity"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Molly: An American Girl on the Home Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly:_An_American_Girl_on_the_Home_Front"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pittsburg-30"},{"link_name":"The Secret Life of the American Teenager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"Ringwald in April 2013In 2000, Ringwald appeared in the ensemble restaurant-themed film In the Weeds, and in 2001 she had a cameo in the commercially successful Not Another Teen Movie that earned her a MTV Movie Award nomination. In theater, she wore a \"Green, Green Dress\" as Susan in Jonathan Larson's Off-Broadway musical tick, tick... BOOM!,[25] and headlined as Sally Bowles in Broadway's long-running revival of Cabaret from December 18, 2001, until April 28, 2002.[26] In 2003, Ringwald appeared in Enchanted April on Broadway beginning April 8, but left after the performance of June 15 due to her pregnancy with her daughter.[27]In late 2004, she starred in the play Modern Orthodox on Broadway, opposite Jason Biggs and Craig Bierko.[28] In 2006 she starred in the television film The Wives He Forgot, and that fall and winter starred as Charity Hope Valentine in the national tour of the Broadway revival of the musical Sweet Charity.[29] She also played a supporting role as Molly McIntire's mother Helen in Molly: An American Girl on the Home Front.[30] Ringwald starred in the ABC Family network's series The Secret Life of the American Teenager, which debuted on July 1, 2008, and ran for five seasons and 121 episodes, before ending on June 3, 2013.[31] She played Anne Juergens, the title teenager's mother.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jami Attenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami_Attenberg"},{"link_name":"Except Sometimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Except_Sometimes"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Wishin' and Hopin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishin%27_and_Hopin%27_(film)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Jem and the Holograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jem_and_the_Holograms_(film)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"King Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Cobra_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"Archie Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Mary Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Families_of_Archie%27s_Gang#Mary_Andrews"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"Riverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Luke Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Perry"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"Ringwald read the audiobook edition of the 2012 novel The Middlesteins by Jami Attenberg. In early 2013, Ringwald released Except Sometimes, a jazz record. It follows a tradition in jazz for the Ringwald family set by her father. \"I grew up in a home filled with music and had an early appreciation of jazz since my dad was a jazz musician. Beginning at around age three I started singing with his band and jazz music has continued to be one of my three passions along with acting and writing. I like to say jazz music is my musical equivalent of comfort food. It's always where I go back to when I want to feel grounded,\" Ringwald said in a statement.[32]Ringwald played Madame Frechette in the 2014 Lifetime Christmas film Wishin' and Hopin'.[33] Ringwald plays Aunt Bailey in Jem and the Holograms, raising Jerrica, her sister Kimber, and adopted daughters.[34] In September 2014, Ringwald began writing an advice column for The Guardian, answering questions about \"love, family, or life in general\".[35] In 2016, she was cast as Amy in the crime-drama film King Cobra. Ringwald had a recurring role as main character Archie Andrews' mother Mary Andrews on The CW television series Riverdale. After initially only appearing as a guest, Ringwald took a more prominent role in the series following the death of Luke Perry who played Archie's father.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Schneider_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Marlon Brando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando"},{"link_name":"Last Tango in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Tango_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Ringwald, who speaks French fluently, has translated two books from French to English. The first was the novel Lie with Me. The second was My Cousin Maria Schneider, a book about the French actress Maria Schneider, whose career was largely defined by a sex scene with Marlon Brando in the film Last Tango in Paris despite her many other accomplishments as an actress.[36]","title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dweezil Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dweezil_Zappa"},{"link_name":"Ad-Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-Rock"},{"link_name":"Beastie Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beastie_Boys"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Panio Gianopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panio_Gianopoulos"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PregnantExit-27"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"The Secret Life of the American Teenager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Who Do You Think You Are?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(U.S._TV_series)"}],"text":"In the 1980s, Ringwald dated musician Dweezil Zappa and rapper Ad-Rock of the hip-hop group Beastie Boys.[37][38]Ringwald married Valéry Lameignère, a French writer, in Bordeaux, France, on July 28, 1999; they divorced in 2002.[39] She married Panio Gianopoulos, a Greek-American writer and book editor, in 2007. They have a daughter, Mathilda,[40] born in 2003[27] and fraternal boy-girl twins, born in July 2009.[41] Her pregnancy was written into the storyline of The Secret Life of the American Teenager.[42] She was the subject of an episode in season 7 of the genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"For Keeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Keeps_(film)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Ringwald stated she was very aware of her public image during her teen years and she tried to be a good role model for her fans. When asked about For Keeps (1988), Ringwald said, \"I didn't want to give the wrong message to teenagers. I sort of felt a certain responsibility – I mean, I was a very, very famous teenager and I thought a lot of teenagers were looking up to me and emulating me, and I really didn't want to make a movie that said in any way that having a baby at that age was going to be easy.\"[43]","title":"Public image"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Molly_Ringwald_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"When It Happens to You: A Novel in Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_It_Happens_to_You:_A_Novel_in_Stories"},{"link_name":"Lie With Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arr%C3%AAte_avec_tes_mensonges"},{"link_name":"Philippe Besson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Besson"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Schneider"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Ringwald at the WeHo Book Fair in 2010Getting the Pretty Back: Friendship, Family, and Finding the Perfect Lipstick (2010)\nWhen It Happens to You: A Novel in Stories (2012)\nLie With Me (2019) by Philippe Besson, as translator\nMy Cousin Maria Schneider: A Memoir (2023) by Vanessa Schneider, as translator[44][45]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Except Sometimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Except_Sometimes"}],"text":"Molly Sings: I Wanna Be Loved by You (1975)\nExcept Sometimes (2013)\nGoing Home Alone (2013)","title":"Discography"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Molly Ringwald Biography: Theater Actress, Film Actress, Television Actress (1968–)\". Biography.com (FYI / A&E Networks). Retrieved December 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biography.com/people/molly-ringwald-408812","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald Biography: Theater Actress, Film Actress, Television Actress (1968–)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biography.com","url_text":"Biography.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FYI_(TV_network)","url_text":"FYI"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks","url_text":"A&E Networks"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Booth (February 14, 2024). \"Batsheva Fall 2024 Ready to Wear: Molly Ringwald The Ringleader of a Gorgeous Over 40 Runway Cast\". WWD. Retrieved February 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwd.com/runway/fall-2024/new-york/batsheva/review/","url_text":"\"Batsheva Fall 2024 Ready to Wear: Molly Ringwald The Ringleader of a Gorgeous Over 40 Runway Cast\""}]},{"reference":"Sweetbriar, BeBe (April 18, 2013). \"Molly Ringwald Swings on New CD\". EDGE Boston. Retrieved July 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edgeboston.com/columnists/fame_with_bebe_sweetbriar///143712/molly_ringwald_swings_on_new_cd","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald Swings on New CD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Ringwald, jazz ambassador and actor's father, dies at 80\". AP NEWS. August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/entertainment-music-arts-and-entertainment-jazz-138d23020b02cdb4193c11c8df58da52","url_text":"\"Bob Ringwald, jazz ambassador and actor's father, dies at 80\""}]},{"reference":"\"Molly Ringwald\". Who Do You Think You Are?. Season 7. Episode 4. TLC. April 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tlc.com/tv-shows/who-do-you-think-you-are/full-episodes/molly-ringwald","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(American_TV_series)","url_text":"Who Do You Think You Are?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLC_(TV_network)","url_text":"TLC"}]},{"reference":"Belk, Melissa (December 4, 2012). \"New Again: Molly Ringwald\". Interview. Retrieved July 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/new-again-molly-ringwald","url_text":"\"New Again: Molly Ringwald\""}]},{"reference":"Voss, Brandon (April 26, 2010). \"Molly Ringwald: Pretty in Print\". Advocate.com. Retrieved May 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/books/2010/04/26/molly-ringwald-pretty-print?page=0,3","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald: Pretty in Print\""}]},{"reference":"Canby, Vincent (August 13, 1982). \"'TEMPEST' OPENS WITH NOD TO SHAKESPEARE\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/13/movies/tempest-opens-with-nod-to-shakespeare.html","url_text":"\"'TEMPEST' OPENS WITH NOD TO SHAKESPEARE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Lurie, Karen. \"Brat Pack\". St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Gale Group. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120709045821/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200128","url_text":"\"Brat Pack\""},{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200128","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Not My Job: Molly Ringwald Answers Questions About Senator Byrd\". NPR.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2015/08/29/432227616/not-my-job-molly-ringwald-answers-questions-about-senator-byrd","url_text":"\"Not My Job: Molly Ringwald Answers Questions About Senator Byrd\""}]},{"reference":"\"Molly Ringwald on the cover of Time\". Time.com. Retrieved October 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19860526,00.html","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald on the cover of Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lost Projects of John Hughes\". Vulture. July 12, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vulture.com/2012/07/the-lost-projects-of-john-hughes.html","url_text":"\"The Lost Projects of John Hughes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Howard Deutch on John Hughes, Shooting Sex Scenes, and How Pretty in Pink Prepared Him for True Blood\". Vulture. August 18, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vulture.com/2014/08/howard-deutch-true-blood-john-hughes-chat.html","url_text":"\"Howard Deutch on John Hughes, Shooting Sex Scenes, and How Pretty in Pink Prepared Him for True Blood\""}]},{"reference":"Hinson, Hal. \"'The Pick-Up Artist' (PG-13)\". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved August 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/thepickupartistpg13hinson_a0c936.htm?noredirect=on","url_text":"\"'The Pick-Up Artist' (PG-13)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresh Horses reception\". RottenTomatoes.com. Retrieved October 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fresh_horses/","url_text":"\"Fresh Horses reception\""}]},{"reference":"\"Molly Ringwald Turned Down 'Pretty Woman' Role: It Was an 'Icky' Storyline\". IndieWire. Penske Media Corporation. April 28, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/molly-ringwald-turned-down-icky-pretty-woman-role-1234833355/","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald Turned Down 'Pretty Woman' Role: It Was an 'Icky' Storyline\""}]},{"reference":"Monica Corcoran (June 29, 2008). \"Molly Ringwald: Pretty in Pucci\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/features/lifestyle/la-ig-molly29-2008jun29,0,7763315.story","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald: Pretty in Pucci\""}]},{"reference":"\"Molly Ringwald Movies\". Archived from the original on March 10, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110310184034/http://www.blockbuster.com/browse/catalog/personDetails/53155","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald Movies\""},{"url":"http://www.blockbuster.com/browse/catalog/personDetails/53155","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bernardo, Melissa Rose (November 2, 2001). \"Tick, Tick...Boom\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2001/11/02/tick-tickboom/","url_text":"\"Tick, Tick...Boom\""}]},{"reference":"Simonson, Robert (April 28, 2002). \"Molly Ringwald Leaves Cabaret April 28\". Playbill. Retrieved March 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/molly-ringwald-leaves-cabaret-april-28-105381","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald Leaves Cabaret April 28\""}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Ernio (April 28, 2003). \"Expecting Molly Ringwald Exits Broadway's Enchanted April, June 15\". Playbill. Retrieved March 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/expecting-molly-ringwald-exits-broadways-enchanted-april-june-15-113785","url_text":"\"Expecting Molly Ringwald Exits Broadway's Enchanted April, June 15\""}]},{"reference":"Austerlitz, Saul (December 13, 2004). \"A comic Jewish duel\". Haaretz. 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Retrieved March 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/movies/molly-ringwald-joins-jem-and-the-holograms-cast/","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald Joins Jem and the Holograms Cast\""}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, John (September 12, 2014). \"Guardian revamps weekday and weekend editions\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/sep/12/guardian-revamps-weekday-weekend-editions","url_text":"\"Guardian revamps weekday and weekend editions\""}]},{"reference":"Krug, Nora (April 16, 2023). \"Why Molly Ringwald translated an infamous story of film exploitation: Ringwald talks about 'My Cousin Maria Schneider,' a book she translated from French about the life of Maria Schneider, who starred in 'Last Tango in Paris'\". Washington Post. 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Retrieved November 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://parade.com/news/molly-ringwald-1987-oscars-beastie-boys-adam-ad-rock-horovitz-photo-instagram","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald Looks Back at Attending the 1987 Oscars\""}]},{"reference":"Agger, Michael (May 21, 2005). \"Don't You Forget About Me\". nymag.com. Retrieved May 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://nymag.com/nymetro/arts/theater/10522/","url_text":"\"Don't You Forget About Me\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymag.com","url_text":"nymag.com"}]},{"reference":"\"This American Life: The Blunder Years\". November 3, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thisamericanlife.org/813/is-that-what-i-look-like/act-three-3","url_text":"\"This American Life: The Blunder Years\""}]},{"reference":"Wang, Cynthia; Michaud, Sarah (July 13, 2009). \"Molly Ringwald Welcomes Twins!\". People. Retrieved March 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/parents/molly-ringwald-welcomes-twins/","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald Welcomes Twins!\""}]},{"reference":"Warrick, Pamela (January 23, 2009). \"Molly Ringwald Expecting Twins!\". People. Retrieved March 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/parents/molly-ringwald-expecting-twins/","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald Expecting Twins!\""}]},{"reference":"Carmon, Irin (April 28, 2010). \"Molly Ringwald On Teen Pregnancy, Bristol Palin, And For Keeps\".","urls":[{"url":"http://jezebel.com/5526331/molly-ringwald-on-teen-pregnancy-bristol-palin-and-for-keeps","url_text":"\"Molly Ringwald On Teen Pregnancy, Bristol Palin, And For Keeps\""}]},{"reference":"Force, Thessaly La (April 16, 2023). \"For 'Last Tango' Actress, the Ugly Aftermath of Notoriety\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/16/books/my-cousin-maria-schneider-vanessa-schneider.html","url_text":"\"For 'Last Tango' Actress, the Ugly Aftermath of Notoriety\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Molly Ringwald translated an infamous story of film exploitation\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2023/04/16/molly-ringwald-interview-maria-schneider/","url_text":"\"Why Molly Ringwald translated an infamous story of film exploitation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"\"Montauk (2021)\". SSS Entertainment. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pop

Noise pop

["1 History and characteristics","2 See also","3 References"]

Subgenre of alternative and indie rock Noise popStylistic origins Alternative rock indie rock noise pop drone Cultural originsMid-1980s, United Kingdom and United StatesDerivative forms Shoegaze Other topics Dream pop experimental pop indie pop noise rock Noise pop is a subgenre of alternative and indie rock that developed in the mid-1980s in the United Kingdom and United States. It is defined by its mixture of dissonant noise or feedback with the songcraft more often found in pop music. Shoegaze, another noise-based genre that developed in the 1980s, drew from noise pop. History and characteristics Noise pop has been described by AllMusic as "the halfway point between bubblegum and the avant-garde"; the combination of conventional pop songwriting with experimental sounds of white noise, distorted guitars and drones. Accordingly, the style "often has a hazy, narcotic feel, as melodies drift through the swirling guitar textures. But it can also be bright and lively, or angular and challenging." AllMusic cites the Velvet Underground as the earliest roots of the genre, with their experiments with feedback and distortion on their early albums. Early American alternative rock bands like Sonic Youth, Yo La Tengo, Hüsker Dü and Dinosaur Jr., who mixed pop song structures with extreme guitar distortion and feedback, were immediate forerunners. The Jesus and Mary Chain's 1985 debut, Psychocandy, is considered by AllMusic to be the archetype for the noise pop genre ("pretty much birthed the style"). Kareem Estefan of Stylus Magazine cited the album for "transforming the use of distortion in indie rock with its screeching abrasion, yet managing to feature some of the catchiest melodies of the 80s." Later in the 1980s, noise pop was a major inspiration for the British shoegazing movement. Influenced by The Jesus and Mary Chain, My Bloody Valentine started to experiment with a fusion of 1960s pop music and noise on their EP, The New Record by My Bloody Valentine, paving way to their forthcoming shoegazing sound. Noise pop continued to be influential in the indie rock scene into the 1990s. See also No wave Noise Pop Festival References ^ a b c d e f "Noise Pop Music Genre Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 July 2012. ^ Estefan, Kareem (1 September 2003). "Jesus and Mary Chain - 21 Singles". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2013. ^ Abebe, Nitsuh. "My Bloody Valentine - The New Record by My Bloody Valentine". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 March 2015. vteAlternative rockPrecursors Jangle pop Punk rock Avant-punk Hardcore punk Post-hardcore Riot grrrl New wave Noise rock Proto-punk Post-punk Gothic rock Styles andfusion genres Alternative country Gothic country Alternative dance Britpop Post-Britpop Chamber pop Christian alternative rock College rock Dark cabaret Dolewave Emo Geek rock Wizard rock Grebo Grunge Post-grunge Indie rock Indie folk Jangle pop Dunedin Sound Paisley Underground Math rock New rave Slowcore Industrial rock Industrial metal Latin alternative Madchester Baggy Mangue bit Neo-psychedelia Dream pop Shoegaze Blackgaze Nu gaze New wave of new wave Noise pop Pagan rock Post-punk revival Post-rock Post-metal Slacker rock Alternative metal Funk metal Neue Deutsche Härte Nu metal Rap metal Related topics Alternative Airplay Anorak Artists C86 Campus radio Independent music Indie pop Independent record label Lo-fi music Lollapalooza Outsider music Category vtePop musicStylistic origins Tin Pan Alley Traditional pop Rock and roll Styles Adult contemporary Christian Quiet storm Rhythmic Urban Alternative Paisley Underground Ambient Art Avant Beach Beat Brill Building Bubblegum Chamber Contemporary Christian music Country Bro-country Cowboy Cringe Dancehall Dance Freestyle Disco polo Dream Experimental Folk Hyperpop Hypnagogic Indie Dunedin sound Twee Operatic Orchestral Baroque Pop rap Pop rock Emo Jangle Pop metal Pop-punk Power Progressive Psychedelic Sophisti-pop Space age Sunshine Swamp Synth-pop Electropop Futurepop Teen Traditional Wonky Regional variantsAfrica Africa Afrobeats Moroccan The Americas American Argentine Brazilian (MPB) Latin Tropipop Mexican Nueva ola Asia Arabic Assyrian Azerbaijani Chinese Cantopop Hakka Hokkien Mandopop French Xinyao Zhongguo feng Chinoiserie Hong Kong English Indian Bhangra Filmi Hindutva Indonesian Iranian Japanese City Kayōkyoku Ryūkōka Shibuya-kei Kazakhstani Korean North South Lao Malaysian Pakistani Philippine Thai Vietnamese Europe Austropop Balkan pop-folk Chalga Laïko Manele Tallava Turbo-folk British Dutch Nederbeat New pop Eurodance Europop French pop French Mandopop Yé-yé Hungarian Italian Macedonian Čalgija Romanian Manele Russian Schlager Serbian Swedish Turkish SFR Yugoslavia Soviet VIA music Ukrainian Related topics Celebrity Bobby soxer Sasaeng fan Teenybopper Wota Honorific nicknames Music and fashion Pop music automation Popular music pedagogy Rockism and poptimism Songwriter Talent manager Talent agent Teen idol Boy band Girl group Verse–chorus form Virtual band Worldbeat This rock music-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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[{"reference":"\"Noise Pop Music Genre Overview\". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/style/noise-pop-ma0000012156","url_text":"\"Noise Pop Music Genre Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Estefan, Kareem (1 September 2003). \"Jesus and Mary Chain - 21 Singles\". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215548/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/jesus-and-mary-chain/21-singles.htm","url_text":"\"Jesus and Mary Chain - 21 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus_Magazine","url_text":"Stylus Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/jesus-and-mary-chain/21-singles.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Abebe, Nitsuh. \"My Bloody Valentine - The New Record by My Bloody Valentine\". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-new-record-by-my-bloody-valentine-mw0000940802","url_text":"\"My Bloody Valentine - The New Record by My Bloody Valentine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland_Bus_Lines

Lakeland Bus Lines

["1 Routes","1.1 Commuter routes","1.2 Casino Line Service","2 References","3 External links"]

Bus company in New Jersey Lakeland Bus LinesLakeland MCI #8732 stops in Denville.Founded1952Headquarters425 E. Blackwell StDover, NJ 07801LocaleNorthwestern New JerseyService areaMorris, Sussex, Somerset, and Union Counties, NJService typeLine run and charter servicesRoutes5Fleet68WebsiteLakeland Bus Lines Lakeland Bus Lines, Inc is a privately chartered and apportioned bus company headquartered in Dover, New Jersey. Lakeland operates commuter routes from Morris, Sussex, Somerset and Essex Counties, New Jersey to New York City. Routes Lakeland Bus Lines provides service along three routes, each named for the corridor on which it travels. Commuter routes Route New York Terminal Via New Jersey Terminal 46 Port Authority Bus TerminalMidtown Manhattan US 46CR 513 Mount Arlington Dover 80(rush hours only, peak direction) I-80 Mount Arlington I-80NJ 183 Stanhope I-80NJ 15 Sparta I-80US 206 Newton 78(rush hours only, peak direction) I-78CR 512US 202 Bernardsville Downtown(rush hours only, peak direction) Wall StreetLower Manhattan I-80US 46 Mount Arlington Casino Line Service Lakeland Bus Lines provides service along routes for day or overnight trips to Atlantic City Casinos, Mount Airy Casino Resort in Mount Pocono, Pennsylvania, and Wind Creek Bethlehem in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Line North Jersey Terminal Via Casino Terminal Atlantic City (Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays Only) Sparta Jefferson, Rockaway Mall, Parsippany,Route 280, Garden State Parkway,Atlantic City Expressway Bally's or Harrah's Mount Airy Casino Resort (Saturdays through Mondays only) Parsippany Dover, Rockaway Mall, Mount Arlington, Netcong, Hackettstown, Interstate 80 Mount Airy Casino Resort Wind Creek Bethlehem (Wednesdays and Fridays only) Parsippany Dover, Rockaway Mall, Mount Arlington, Netcong, Hackettstown, Interstate 80 Wind Creek Bethlehem References ^ "SaferSys Query – Safersys.org". Retrieved 2023-03-27. ^ "Bus Schedules | Lakeland Bus Lines Inc". Retrieved 2023-03-27. ^ Lakeland schedules for Atlantic City ^ Mount Airy Casino Resort Schedule ^ Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem Schedule External links Lakeland Bus Lines website Fan Page vteGreater New York region bus transit Transportation in New York City OperatorsNew York Public MTA Regional Bus Clarkstown Dutchess Long Beach Huntington Nassau Putnam Roosevelt Island Suffolk Rockland Hudson Link Orange Ulster Westchester Private Academy Coach USA Community Olympia Rockland Short Line Suburban Columbia Hampton Jitney Hampton Luxury Liner Hudson Rail Link Liberty Monsey Trailways Spanish New Jersey /Pennsylvania Public NJ Transit Bus Monroe Hunterdon Private Academy Coach USA Community Olympia Rockland Short Line Suburban Greyhound Klein Lakeland Martz OurBus Rutgers Spanish Princeton Trans-Bridge Connecticut Public CT Transit Stamford New Haven Waterbury Bridgeport Housatonic Milford Northeast Northwest Norwalk River Valley Southeast Private Peter Pan RoutesNew York Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Express within NYC Dutchess Nassau Putnam Rockland Suffolk Ulster Westchester Columbia Transportation New Jersey Bergen / Passaic Essex / Hudson / Union Mercer Middlesex / Monmouth / Morris North Jersey to NYC Special event and park-ride Suburban Connecticut Bridgeport Danbury New Haven Norwalk Stamford Pennsylvania Monroe DefunctoperatorsNew York Atlantic Express Caravan Transit Poughkeepsie Varsity & Command Fifth Avenue Coach (earlier 5th Ave Transportation) Green Jamaica Liberty Madison Avenue Long Island New York Bus New York City Omnibus New York Transportation North Shore Queens Surface Soundview Steinway Surface Triboro Z & M New Jersey /Pennsylvania A&C Bieber DeCamp PABCO Public Service / Transport of New Jersey TransitcentersNew York City 165th Street Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue Eltingville Fordham Plaza George Washington Bridge Jamaica Center Port Authority Ridgewood Intermodal St. George Victor A. Moore Williamsburg Bridge Plaza Long Island Long Beach Mineola Intermodal Rosa Parks Hempstead Hudson Valley New Rochelle Mount Vernon-Petrillo Plaza White Plains Yonkers Spring Valley New Jersey Broadway (Paterson) Exchange Place Hackensack Hoboken Terminal Irvington Journal Square Lakewood Newark Passaic Red Bank Ridgewood Weehawken This article about a bus operating company in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about transportation in New Jersey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo

Nippon Sharyo

["1 Notable projects","1.1 Japan","1.2 Argentina","1.3 Brazil","1.4 Canada","1.5 Philippines","1.6 Singapore","1.7 Republic of China","1.8 United States","1.9 Venezuela","1.10 Indonesia","1.11 Thailand","1.12 Jordan","2 Wartime involvement","3 References","4 External links"]

Japanese rolling stock manufacturer This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nippon Sharyo, Ltd.Nippon Sharyo's headquartersNative name日本車輌製造株式会社Romanized nameNippon Sharyō Seizō kabushiki gaishaFormerlyNippon Sharyo Seizo Kaisha, Ltd.Company typePublic KKTraded asTYO: 7102NAG: 7102IndustryRailwaysFoundedSeptember 1896; 127 years ago (1896-09) JapanHeadquartersNagoya, JapanKey peopleTsutomu Morimura (President & CEO), Mikio Tsuge (Senior Managing Director of Nippon Sharyo, Ltd and Chairman of Nippon Sharyo USA, Inc.)ProductsRolling stockRevenue101,094,000,000 yen (2017) Operating income−5,104,000,000 yen (2017) Net income−5,114,000,000 yen (2017) Total assets129,194,000,000 yen (2017) Number of employees1,850 (September 2018)ParentJR Central (50.1%)Websitewww.n-sharyo.co.jp/index_e.html Nippon Sharyo rolling stock factory in Toyokawa, Aichi Nippon Sharyo builder's plate Nippon Sharyo built Odakyu 50000 series VSE EMU Taiwan High Speed Railway series 700T, made by a consortium including Nippon Sharyo Caltrain gallery car Highliner II car Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART) rolling stock, Nippon Sharyo DMU EMU Linea General Roca Argentina State Railway of Thailand C56 SL State Railway of Thailand THN DMU Hejaz railway CX50 SL Nippon Sharyo, Ltd. (日本車輌製造株式会社, Nippon Sharyō Seizō kabushiki gaisha, literally "Japan Vehicles Manufacture Company" and formerly known outside Japan as Nippon Sharyo Seizo Kaisha, Ltd.), formed in 1896, is a major rolling stock manufacturer based in Nagoya, Japan. In 1996, it abbreviated its name to "日本車両" Nippon Sharyō. Its shortest abbreviation is Nissha "日車". It was a listed company on Nikkei 225 until 2004. It is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Nagoya Stock Exchange as ticker 7102. In 2008, Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) became the majority shareholder (50.1%) of the financially struggling Nippon Sharyo making the firm a "consolidated subsidiary" of JR Central. In July 2012 Nippon Sharyo USA started production in their new facility in Rochelle, Illinois. The facility closed at the end of October 2018 due to a lack of orders. Notable projects  Japan Shinkansen ("bullet train") trainsets 0 series 100 series 200 series 300 series 500 series 700 series N700 series E2 series Odakyu Electric Railway trainsets Odakyu 1000 series Odakyu 2000 series Odakyu 3000 series Odakyu 4000 series Odakyu 30000 series EXE Odakyu 50000 series VSE Odakyu 60000 series MSE Odakyu 70000 series GSE Linimo maglev train Keisei Electric Railway trainsets Keisei 3000 series Keisei 3050 series Keisei AE100 series Keisei AE series Nearly all Meitetsu trains  Argentina Roca Line Toshiba EMU Buenos Aires Underground Nagoya 250/300/1200 series (Retired in 2019) Nagoya 5000 series  Brazil SuperVIA Série 500 Porto Alegre Metro EMUs  Canada Toronto Transit Commission work cars RT10 Garbage car 1967 – Tokyo Rose retired in 2000 and scrapped RT12 Electric locomotive 1968 (design similar to JNR Class DE locomotive), retired 2009 and scrapped RT13 Centre cab crane 1968 – with car and crane cabs RT22 Flat car 1973 – formerly wash car RT-17 and rebuilt 1996 RT54 flat car 1973 Union Pearson Express Diesel Multiple Units Nippon Sharyo DMU (jointly with Sumitomo Corporation) 2014  Philippines Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1 (jointly with Kinki Sharyo) LRTA 1200 class  Singapore Singapore MRT EMU C751B C151  Republic of China Taiwan Railway Administration EMU700 local/commuter train EMU800 local/commuter train DMU3100 express train TEMU 2000 Tilting trains Taipei Metro Taipei Metro C371 Taiwan High Speed Rail THSR 700T  United States Next Generation Bi-Level Passenger Rail Car Los Angeles County Metro Rail P865 and P2020 Northern Indiana South Shore Line EMUs Maryland MARC Train single-level push-pull coaches (jointly with Sumitomo Corporation) Bi-level gallery cars for Chicago Metra, Virginia VRE, and San Francisco Bay Area Caltrain Highliner bi-level EMUs for Metra and South Shore Line Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit Nippon Sharyo DMU (jointly with Sumitomo Corporation)  Venezuela I.F.E EMUs Working on Caracas-Cua commuter line Railway System Ezequiel Zamora (Central)  Indonesia Rheostatic series (KRL Rheostatik Mild Steel and Stainless) (The train was also made by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Hitachi): Built 1976: Has 2 doors and uses mild steel body types Built 1978,1983,1984: Has 3 doors and uses mild steel body types Built 1986,1987: Has 3 doors and uses stainless steel body types All Rheostatic EMUs have stopped operating in the Jabodetabek lines and is currently waiting to be scrapped. Shinko Diesel Multiple Units (a.k.a. KRD MCW 301 and KRD MCW 302) are used for short-distance lines such as Surabaya-Lamongan, Surabaya-Sidoarjo, etc. KRD MCW 301 Built 1976: Has 2 doors and uses mild steel body types KRD MCW 302 Built 1978,1980,1982,1987: Has 3 doors and uses mild steel body types KRD MCW 301 and 302 initially uses the Shinko DMH17H engine and Niigata TCR 2.5 transmission Note: The DMUs built in 1976 are now used as regular loco-hauled trains without engines. The DMUs made in 1978, 1980, & 1982 upwards are refurbished with a Cummins Engine (NT885-R) and Voith turbo (T211re.3) transmission. The new rolling stock, known as the MRTJ 1000, was built specifically for the Jakarta MRT  Thailand State Railway of Thailand SL C56 (Numbers 715-716 and 723-729 or formerly owned by Japanese Government Railways, numbers 17-18 ,28 ,30-32 ,34 and 36-37) DX50 (Numbers 351-352 and 363-364) CX50 (Numbers 288-292 ,821-834 ,837-841 and 850) DMU RHN (jointly with Hitachi) THN (Numbers 1128-1140) NKF (Numbers 1201-1212 and 1217-1224)  Jordan Nippon Sharyo Seso Kraisha Co., Ltd. originally built 5 CX50 Steam locomotives in 1953 and was ready to sell them to the State Railway of Thailand using numbers 851 - 855 as reserve vehicles. But the railway did not accept the locomotive, so it was sold to Hejaz railway in Jordan in 1959 CX50 (Numbers 81-85) Wartime involvement Nippon Sharyo-built C56 31 preserved at Yasukuni War Museum in Tokyo Nippon Sharyo, in 1936, built the JNR Class C56 steam locomotive number C56 31, which was used in 1943 to open the infamous Thai-Burma Railway, as stylized in the movie The Bridge Over the River Kwai, built by over 100,000 Allied POW and other slave labourers. This restored steam engine now sits in the foyer of the Yasukuni War Museum in Tokyo. Japanese veteran groups raised funds to return the locomotive from Thailand to Japan in 1979. During World War II, Nippon Sharyo, like many major Japanese companies, drew upon prisoner of war labour to maintain war production. The POW camp at Narumi provided Allied POW forced labour for Nippon Sharyo. References ^ "Home". International Railway Journal. ^ a b "JR Central takes majority stake in train builder". Railway Gazette International. 1 October 2008. ^ "Retirarán de servicio todos los trenes Nagoya". June 27, 2018. ^ "Finalmente serán 30 coches los nuevos Nagoya para la línea C". December 18, 2013. ^ "Subway Car for Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Corporation(MRT)". Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2012-03-11. ^ "Taiwan Railway Administration orders tilting trains". Railway Gazette International. 6 January 2011. ^ a b "Sonoma-Marin orders commuter DMU cars". Railway Gazette International. 20 December 2010. ^ "Nippon Sharyo, Produsen Shinkasen Sekaligus Kereta MRT Jakarta - Industri - Bisnis.com". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). 2019-08-20. Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2021-08-08. ^ "Steam Locomotives in Jordan, 2015". www.internationalsteam.co.uk. ^ Narumi POW Camp Retrieved 27 June 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nippon Sharyo. Official website (in English) Existing steam locomotives built by Nippon Sharyo Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan

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GSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_70000_series_GSE"},{"link_name":"Linimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linimo"},{"link_name":"maglev train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev_train"},{"link_name":"Keisei Electric Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisei_Electric_Railway"},{"link_name":"Keisei 3000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisei_3000_series"},{"link_name":"Keisei 3050 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisei_3050_series"},{"link_name":"Keisei AE100 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisei_AE100_series"},{"link_name":"Keisei AE series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisei_AE_series_(2009)"},{"link_name":"Meitetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitetsu"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"Shinkansen (\"bullet train\") trainsets\n0 series\n100 series\n200 series\n300 series\n500 series\n700 series[2]\nN700 series\nE2 series\nOdakyu Electric Railway trainsets\nOdakyu 1000 series\nOdakyu 2000 series\nOdakyu 3000 series\nOdakyu 4000 series\nOdakyu 30000 series EXE\nOdakyu 50000 series VSE\nOdakyu 60000 series MSE\nOdakyu 70000 series GSE\nLinimo maglev train\nKeisei Electric Railway trainsets\nKeisei 3000 series\nKeisei 3050 series\nKeisei AE100 series\nKeisei AE series\nNearly all Meitetsu trains","title":"Notable projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roca Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca_Line"},{"link_name":"Toshiba EMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba_EMU_(Roca_Line)"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Underground"},{"link_name":"Nagoya 250/300/1200 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nagoya_250/300/1200_(Buenos_Aires_Metro)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nagoya 5000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Municipal_Subway_5000_series"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Argentina","text":"Roca Line\nToshiba EMU\nBuenos Aires Underground\nNagoya 250/300/1200 series (Retired in 2019)[3]\nNagoya 5000 series[4]","title":"Notable projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SuperVIA Série 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SuperVIA_S%C3%A9rie_500&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Porto Alegre Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegre_Metro"}],"sub_title":"Brazil","text":"SuperVIA Série 500\nPorto Alegre Metro EMUs","title":"Notable projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto Transit Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Transit_Commission"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Rose_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Union Pearson Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pearson_Express"},{"link_name":"Diesel Multiple Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_Multiple_Units"},{"link_name":"Nippon Sharyo DMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo_DMU"},{"link_name":"Sumitomo Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Corporation"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Toronto Transit Commission work cars\nRT10 Garbage car 1967 – Tokyo Rose retired in 2000 and scrapped\nRT12 Electric locomotive 1968 (design similar to JNR Class DE locomotive), retired 2009 and scrapped\nRT13 Centre cab crane 1968 – with car and crane cabs\nRT22 Flat car 1973 – formerly wash car RT-17 and rebuilt 1996\nRT54 flat car 1973\nUnion Pearson Express Diesel Multiple Units\nNippon Sharyo DMU (jointly with Sumitomo Corporation) 2014","title":"Notable projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Light_Rail_Transit_System_Line_1"},{"link_name":"Kinki Sharyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinki_Sharyo"},{"link_name":"LRTA 1200 class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRTA_1200_class"}],"sub_title":"Philippines","text":"Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1 (jointly with Kinki Sharyo)\nLRTA 1200 class","title":"Notable projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"EMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_Multiple_Unit"},{"link_name":"C751B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries_%26_Nippon_Sharyo_C751B"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"C151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries_C151"}],"sub_title":"Singapore","text":"Singapore MRT EMU\nC751B[5]\nC151","title":"Notable projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiwan Railway Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Railway_Administration"},{"link_name":"EMU700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Railway_EMU700_series"},{"link_name":"EMU800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Railways_EMU800_series"},{"link_name":"TEMU 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyuma_Express"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Taipei Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Metro"},{"link_name":"Taipei Metro C371","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Metro_C371"},{"link_name":"Taiwan High Speed Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail"},{"link_name":"THSR 700T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THSR_700T"}],"sub_title":"Republic of China","text":"Taiwan Railway Administration\nEMU700 local/commuter train\nEMU800 local/commuter train\nDMU3100 express train\nTEMU 2000 Tilting trains[6]\nTaipei Metro\nTaipei Metro C371\nTaiwan High Speed Rail\nTHSR 700T","title":"Notable projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Next Generation Bi-Level Passenger Rail Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Bi-Level_Passenger_Rail_Car"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail"},{"link_name":"P865 and P2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo_P865"},{"link_name":"South Shore Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shore_Line"},{"link_name":"MARC Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARC_Train"},{"link_name":"push-pull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-pull_train"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rgi20101220-7"},{"link_name":"Metra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metra"},{"link_name":"VRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Railway_Express"},{"link_name":"Caltrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltrain"},{"link_name":"Highliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highliner"},{"link_name":"Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma%E2%80%93Marin_Area_Rail_Transit"},{"link_name":"Nippon Sharyo DMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo_DMU"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rgi20101220-7"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Next Generation Bi-Level Passenger Rail Car\nLos Angeles County Metro Rail P865 and P2020\nNorthern Indiana South Shore Line EMUs\nMaryland MARC Train single-level push-pull coaches (jointly with Sumitomo Corporation)\nBi-level gallery cars[7] for Chicago Metra, Virginia VRE, and San Francisco Bay Area Caltrain\nHighliner bi-level EMUs for Metra and South Shore Line\nSonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit Nippon Sharyo DMU (jointly with Sumitomo Corporation)[7]","title":"Notable projects"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Venezuela","text":"I.F.E EMUs Working on Caracas-Cua commuter line Railway System Ezequiel Zamora (Central)","title":"Notable projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KRL Rheostatik Mild Steel and Stainless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_rel_listrik_Rheostatik"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"KRD MCW 301 and KRD MCW 302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_rel_diesel_MCW"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"},{"link_name":"MRTJ 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRTJ_1000_series"},{"link_name":"Jakarta MRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_MRT"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Indonesia","text":"Rheostatic series (KRL Rheostatik Mild Steel and Stainless) (The train was also made by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Hitachi):Built 1976: Has 2 doors and uses mild steel body types\nBuilt 1978,1983,1984: Has 3 doors and uses mild steel body types\nBuilt 1986,1987: Has 3 doors and uses stainless steel body typesAll Rheostatic EMUs have stopped operating in the Jabodetabek lines and is currently waiting to be scrapped.Shinko Diesel Multiple Units (a.k.a. KRD MCW 301 and KRD MCW 302[circular reference]) are used for short-distance lines such as Surabaya-Lamongan, Surabaya-Sidoarjo, etc.KRD MCW 301 Built 1976: Has 2 doors and uses mild steel body types\nKRD MCW 302 Built 1978,1980,1982,1987: Has 3 doors and uses mild steel body typesKRD MCW 301 and 302 initially uses the Shinko DMH17H engine and Niigata TCR 2.5 transmissionNote: The DMUs built in 1976 are now used as regular loco-hauled trains without engines. The DMUs made in 1978, 1980, & 1982 upwards are refurbished with a Cummins Engine (NT885-R) and Voith turbo (T211re.3) transmission.The new rolling stock, known as the MRTJ 1000, was built specifically for the Jakarta MRT[8]","title":"Notable projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Railway of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"SL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"C56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_C56"},{"link_name":"Japanese Government Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Government_Railways"},{"link_name":"DX50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_50"},{"link_name":"CX50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_50"},{"link_name":"DMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"RHN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87)"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"THN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87)"},{"link_name":"NKF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F_(%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87)"}],"sub_title":"Thailand","text":"State Railway of Thailand\nSL\nC56 (Numbers 715-716 and 723-729 or formerly owned by Japanese Government Railways, numbers 17-18 ,28 ,30-32 ,34 and 36-37)\nDX50 (Numbers 351-352 and 363-364)\nCX50 (Numbers 288-292 ,821-834 ,837-841 and 850)\nDMU\nRHN (jointly with Hitachi)\nTHN (Numbers 1128-1140)\nNKF (Numbers 1201-1212 and 1217-1224)","title":"Notable projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hejaz railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz_railway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"CX50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_50"}],"sub_title":"Jordan","text":"Nippon Sharyo Seso Kraisha Co., Ltd. originally built 5 CX50 Steam locomotives in 1953 and was ready to sell them to the State Railway of Thailand using numbers 851 - 855 as reserve vehicles. But the railway did not accept the locomotive, so it was sold to Hejaz railway in Jordan in 1959[9]CX50 (Numbers 81-85)","title":"Notable projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yushukan07.JPG"},{"link_name":"JNR Class C56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_C56"},{"link_name":"C56 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C56_31"},{"link_name":"Thai-Burma Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-Burma_Railway"},{"link_name":"The Bridge Over the River Kwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridge_Over_the_River_Kwai"},{"link_name":"Yasukuni War Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABsh%C5%ABkan"},{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Nippon Sharyo-built C56 31 preserved at Yasukuni War Museum in TokyoNippon Sharyo, in 1936, built the JNR Class C56 steam locomotive number C56 31, which was used in 1943 to open the infamous Thai-Burma Railway, as stylized in the movie The Bridge Over the River Kwai, built by over 100,000 Allied POW and other slave labourers. This restored steam engine now sits in the foyer of the Yasukuni War Museum in Tokyo. Japanese veteran groups raised funds to return the locomotive from Thailand to Japan in 1979.During World War II, Nippon Sharyo, like many major Japanese companies, drew upon prisoner of war labour to maintain war production. The POW camp at Narumi provided Allied POW forced labour for Nippon Sharyo.[10]","title":"Wartime involvement"}]

[{"image_text":"Nippon Sharyo rolling stock factory in Toyokawa, Aichi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nippon_Sharyo_Toyokawa_Factory.jpg/220px-Nippon_Sharyo_Toyokawa_Factory.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nippon Sharyo builder's plate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nippon_Sharyo_builder%27s_plate.jpg/220px-Nippon_Sharyo_builder%27s_plate.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nippon Sharyo built Odakyu 50000 series VSE EMU","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/OER_50000_Hakone29_Kaisei7cross_20130306.jpg/220px-OER_50000_Hakone29_Kaisei7cross_20130306.jpg"},{"image_text":"Taiwan High Speed Railway series 700T, made by a consortium including Nippon Sharyo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Shinkansen_700T.jpg/220px-Shinkansen_700T.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caltrain gallery car","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/CalTrain_double_decker_exterior.jpg/220px-CalTrain_double_decker_exterior.jpg"},{"image_text":"Highliner II car","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bryn_Mawr_%28Jeffery_Blvd%29_Metra_Station.jpg/220px-Bryn_Mawr_%28Jeffery_Blvd%29_Metra_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART) rolling stock, Nippon Sharyo DMU","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/SMART_Rail_Rolling_Stock_%28Nippon_Sharyo_DMU%29.jpg/220px-SMART_Rail_Rolling_Stock_%28Nippon_Sharyo_DMU%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"EMU Linea General Roca Argentina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/M4007.jpg/220px-M4007.jpg"},{"image_text":"State Railway of Thailand C56 SL","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/SRT_C56_17_715_at_Bangkok_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-SRT_C56_17_715_at_Bangkok_Railway_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"State Railway of Thailand THN DMU","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SRT_THN_1130_at_Bangkok_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-SRT_THN_1130_at_Bangkok_Railway_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hejaz railway CX50 SL","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/JHR_Dampfsonderzug_Wadi_Rum-Aqaba.jpg/220px-JHR_Dampfsonderzug_Wadi_Rum-Aqaba.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nippon Sharyo-built C56 31 preserved at Yasukuni War Museum in Tokyo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yushukan07.JPG/220px-Yushukan07.JPG"}]

[{"reference":"\"Home\". International Railway Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railjournal.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"JR Central takes majority stake in train builder\". Railway Gazette International. 1 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/jr-central-takes-majority-stake-in-train-builder.html","url_text":"\"JR Central takes majority stake in train builder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International","url_text":"Railway Gazette International"}]},{"reference":"\"Retirarán de servicio todos los trenes Nagoya\". June 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enelsubte.com/noticias/retiraran-de-servicio-todos-los-trenes-nagoya/","url_text":"\"Retirarán de servicio todos los trenes Nagoya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finalmente serán 30 coches los nuevos Nagoya para la línea C\". December 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enelsubte.com/noticias/finalmente-seran-30-coches-los-nagoya-5000-la-linea-c-2997/","url_text":"\"Finalmente serán 30 coches los nuevos Nagoya para la línea C\""}]},{"reference":"\"Subway Car for Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Corporation(MRT)\". Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2012-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120716193155/http://www.n-sharyo.co.jp/business/tetsudo_e/pages/zsingapole.htm","url_text":"\"Subway Car for Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Corporation(MRT)\""},{"url":"http://www.n-sharyo.co.jp/business/tetsudo_e/pages/zsingapole.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Taiwan Railway Administration orders tilting trains\". Railway Gazette International. 6 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/taiwan-railway-administration-orders-tilting-trains.html","url_text":"\"Taiwan Railway Administration orders tilting trains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International","url_text":"Railway Gazette International"}]},{"reference":"\"Sonoma-Marin orders commuter DMU cars\". Railway Gazette International. 20 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/sonoma-marin-orders-commuter-dmu-cars.html","url_text":"\"Sonoma-Marin orders commuter DMU cars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International","url_text":"Railway Gazette International"}]},{"reference":"\"Nippon Sharyo, Produsen Shinkasen Sekaligus Kereta MRT Jakarta - Industri - Bisnis.com\". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). 2019-08-20. Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2021-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190820114537/http://industri.bisnis.com/read/20161023/98/595095/nippon-sharyo-produsen-shinkasen-sekaligus-kereta-mrt-jakarta","url_text":"\"Nippon Sharyo, Produsen Shinkasen Sekaligus Kereta MRT Jakarta - Industri - Bisnis.com\""},{"url":"https://industri.bisnis.com/read/20161023/98/595095/nippon-sharyo-produsen-shinkasen-sekaligus-kereta-mrt-jakarta","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Steam Locomotives in Jordan, 2015\". www.internationalsteam.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/jordan01.htm","url_text":"\"Steam Locomotives in Jordan, 2015\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Minor_(grandmother_of_Augustus)

Julia Minor (grandmother of Augustus)

["1 Biography","1.1 Bona Dea scandal","1.2 Marriage and offspring","2 References","3 Sources"]

Sister of Julius Caesar and grandmother of Augustus For the granddaughter of Augustus, see Julia the Younger. Julia MinorDied51 BCSpouseMarcus Atius BalbusChildrenAtia Balba "Prima" (possibly)Marcus Atius Balbus (possibly)Atia Balba "Secunda"Atia Balba "Tertia"Parent(s)Gaius Caesar Aurelia Julia Minor (before 100 BC – 51 BC) was the second of two daughters of Gaius Julius Caesar and Aurelia. She was an elder sister of the dictator Julius Caesar, and the maternal grandmother of Rome's first emperor Augustus. Biography Bona Dea scandal It is not known if it was the elder or the younger of the dictator's sisters who gave evidence against Publius Clodius Pulcher when he was impeached for impiety in 61 BC. Julia and her mother gave the legal courts a detailed account of the affair he had with Pompeia, Julius Caesar's wife. Caesar divorced Pompeia over the scandal. Marriage and offspring Julia married Marcus Atius Balbus, a praetor and commissioner who came from a senatorial family of plebeian status. Julia bore him three (or two, according to other sources) daughters and possibly a son named Marcus Atius Balbus. The second daughter was the mother of Octavia Minor (fourth wife of triumvir Mark Antony) and of Rome’s first Emperor Augustus. Her youngest daughter was the wife of Lucius Marcius Philippus, and they had a daughter named Marcia. Another Atia, who may have been her granddaughter through her son (probably from a marriage to a Claudia) may have been married to Gaius Junius Silanus. This Atia was the mother of Gaius Junius Silanus who became consul in AD 10. Sons of Silanus were Appius Junius Silanus (consul in 28), Decimus Junius Silanus (who was involved in the disgrace of Julia the Younger) and Marcus Junius Silanus (consul suffectus in 15). Balbus died in 51 BC along with Julia. At age 12, Octavius, her youngest grandson, the future Emperor Augustus, delivered her funeral oration. References ^ Suetonius, "The Life of Caesar", 74; Scholia Bobiensia, In Ciceronis In Publio Claudio, p. 337 (ed. Orelli). ^ Attius stemma. By Strachan ^ Wardle, D. (2014). Suetonius: Life of Augustus. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780199686452. ^ Syme, Ronald (1970). Ten Studies in Tacitus. Clarendon P. p. 63. ISBN 9780198143581. ^ Lovano, Michael (2014). All Things Julius Caesar: An Encyclopedia of Caesar's World and Legacy. ABC-CLIO. p. 72. ISBN 9781440804212. ^ Syme, Ronald (1989). The Augustan Aristocracy. Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-19-814731-2. A third Atia can now be conjured up. (Limited Previes: "Atia, wife of Marcius Philippus (suff. 38 BC)" and "A daughter (Atia) would supply a wife for C. Silanus" of this page in Google Books) Sources Suetonius - The Twelve Caesars - Caesar and Augustus. Julia, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology vteJulius CaesarMajor life events Early life and career First Triumvirate Gallic wars Caesar's civil war Crossing the Rubicon Assassination Military campaigns Mytilene Gallic Wars Arar Bibracte Vosges Axona Sabis Atuatuci Octodurus Morbihan Invasions of Britain Ambiorix's revolt Avaricum Gergovia Alesia Uxellodunum Civil War Corfinium Brundisium Ilerda Dyrrhachium Pharsalus Alexandrian war Siege Battle of the Nile Zela Ruspina Corduba Thapsus Munda Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire Legislation Lex Julia de maiestate Lex Roscia Constitutional reforms Dictator perpetuo Works Laudatio Iuliae amitae Anticato Commentarii de Bello Civili Commentarii de Bello Gallico De analogia Poems by Julius Caesar Quotes Alea iacta est Veni, vidi, vici Ut est rerum omnium magister usus Last words Buildings Forum of Caesar Curia Julia Basilica Julia Temple of Venus Genetrix Caesar's Rhine bridges Portraits Tusculum portrait Chiaramonti Caesar Green Caesar Arles bust FamilyWives Cossutia (disputed) Cornelia Pompeia Calpurnia Children Julia Caesarion Augustus (adopted) Other Gaius Julius Caesar (father) Aurelia (mother) Julia Major (sister) Julia Minor (sister) Legacy Life of Caesar by Plutarch Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Temple of Caesar Caesar's Comet Caesarism Julio-Claudian dynasty Caesar (title) Related Julia gens Mark Antony Cleopatra Servilia Marcus Junius Brutus Curia of Pompey Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julia the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Gaius Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Caesar_(governor_of_Asia)"},{"link_name":"Aurelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelia_(mother_of_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"}],"text":"For the granddaughter of Augustus, see Julia the Younger.Julia Minor (before 100 BC – 51 BC) was the second of two daughters of Gaius Julius Caesar and Aurelia. She was an elder sister of the dictator Julius Caesar, and the maternal grandmother of Rome's first emperor Augustus.","title":"Julia Minor (grandmother of Augustus)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publius Clodius Pulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher"},{"link_name":"Pompeia, Julius Caesar's wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeia_(wife_of_Julius_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Bona Dea scandal","text":"It is not known if it was the elder or the younger of the dictator's sisters who gave evidence against Publius Clodius Pulcher when he was impeached for impiety in 61 BC. Julia and her mother gave the legal courts a detailed account of the affair he had with Pompeia, Julius Caesar's wife. Caesar divorced Pompeia over the scandal.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Atius Balbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Atius_Balbus"},{"link_name":"plebeian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian"},{"link_name":"Marcus Atius Balbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Atius_Balbus_(proconsul_of_Sardinia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"second daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atia_(mother_of_Augustus)"},{"link_name":"Octavia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Mark Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"youngest daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atia_(wife_of_L._Philippus_consul_38_BC)"},{"link_name":"Lucius Marcius Philippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Marcius_Philippus_(consul_38_BC)"},{"link_name":"Marcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_(cousin_of_Augustus)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Claudia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_gens"},{"link_name":"Gaius Junius Silanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Junius_Silanus"},{"link_name":"Appius Junius Silanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Junius_Silanus"},{"link_name":"Decimus Junius Silanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decimus_Junius_Silanus_(exile)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Julia the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Marcus Junius Silanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Silanus_(consul_15)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RonaldSyme-6"},{"link_name":"Octavius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"}],"sub_title":"Marriage and offspring","text":"Julia married Marcus Atius Balbus, a praetor and commissioner who came from a senatorial family of plebeian status. Julia bore him three (or two, according to other sources) daughters and possibly a son named Marcus Atius Balbus.[2][3][4] The second daughter was the mother of Octavia Minor (fourth wife of triumvir Mark Antony) and of Rome’s first Emperor Augustus. Her youngest daughter was the wife of Lucius Marcius Philippus, and they had a daughter named Marcia.[5]Another Atia, who may have been her granddaughter through her son (probably from a marriage to a Claudia) may have been married to Gaius Junius Silanus. This Atia was the mother of Gaius Junius Silanus who became consul in AD 10. Sons of Silanus were Appius Junius Silanus (consul in 28), Decimus Junius Silanus (who was involved in the disgrace of Julia the Younger) and Marcus Junius Silanus (consul suffectus in 15).[6]Balbus died in 51 BC along with Julia. At age 12, Octavius, her youngest grandson, the future Emperor Augustus, delivered her funeral oration.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suetonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius"},{"link_name":"Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060630012612/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1748.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Early life and career","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"First Triumvirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Triumvirate"},{"link_name":"Gallic 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bust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arles_bust"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julii_Caesares"},{"link_name":"Cossutia (disputed)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossutia"},{"link_name":"Cornelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_(wife_of_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"Pompeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeia_(wife_of_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"Calpurnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpurnia_(wife_of_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(daughter_of_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"Caesarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarion"},{"link_name":"Augustus (adopted)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Gaius Julius Caesar (father)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Caesar_(proconsul_of_Asia)"},{"link_name":"Aurelia (mother)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelia_(mother_of_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"Julia Major (sister)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Major_(sister_of_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"Julia Minor (sister)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Life of Caesar by Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)"},{"link_name":"Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Temple of Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Caesar's Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet"},{"link_name":"Caesarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarism"},{"link_name":"Julio-Claudian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Caesar (title)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(title)"},{"link_name":"Julia gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_gens"},{"link_name":"Mark Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra"},{"link_name":"Servilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servilia_(mother_of_Brutus)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Junius Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus"},{"link_name":"Curia of Pompey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia_of_Pompey"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Julius_Caesar"}],"text":"Suetonius - The Twelve Caesars - Caesar and Augustus.\nJulia, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and MythologyvteJulius CaesarMajor life events\nEarly life and career\nFirst Triumvirate\nGallic wars\nCaesar's civil war\nCrossing the Rubicon\nAssassination\nMilitary campaigns\nMytilene\nGallic Wars\nArar\nBibracte\nVosges\nAxona\nSabis\nAtuatuci\nOctodurus\nMorbihan\nInvasions of Britain\nAmbiorix's revolt\nAvaricum\nGergovia\nAlesia\nUxellodunum\nCivil War\nCorfinium\nBrundisium\nIlerda\nDyrrhachium\nPharsalus\nAlexandrian war\nSiege\nBattle of the Nile\nZela\nRuspina\nCorduba\nThapsus\nMunda\n\nPlanned invasion of the Parthian Empire\nLegislation\nLex Julia de maiestate\nLex Roscia\nConstitutional reforms\nDictator perpetuo\nWorks\nLaudatio Iuliae amitae\nAnticato\nCommentarii de Bello Civili\nCommentarii de Bello Gallico\nDe analogia\nPoems by Julius Caesar\nQuotes\nAlea iacta est\nVeni, vidi, vici\nUt est rerum omnium magister usus\nLast words\nBuildings\nForum of Caesar\nCuria Julia\nBasilica Julia\nTemple of Venus Genetrix\nCaesar's Rhine bridges\nPortraits\nTusculum portrait\nChiaramonti Caesar\nGreen Caesar\nArles bust\nFamilyWives\nCossutia (disputed)\nCornelia\nPompeia\nCalpurnia\nChildren\nJulia\nCaesarion\nAugustus (adopted)\nOther\nGaius Julius Caesar (father)\nAurelia (mother)\nJulia Major (sister)\nJulia Minor (sister)\nLegacy\nLife of Caesar by Plutarch\nCultural depictions of Julius Caesar\nTemple of Caesar\nCaesar's Comet\nCaesarism\nJulio-Claudian dynasty\nCaesar (title)\nRelated\nJulia gens\nMark Antony\nCleopatra\nServilia\nMarcus Junius Brutus\nCuria of Pompey\n\n Category","title":"Sources"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Wardle, D. (2014). Suetonius: Life of Augustus. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780199686452.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199686452","url_text":"9780199686452"}]},{"reference":"Syme, Ronald (1970). Ten Studies in Tacitus. Clarendon P. p. 63. ISBN 9780198143581.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198143581","url_text":"9780198143581"}]},{"reference":"Lovano, Michael (2014). All Things Julius Caesar: An Encyclopedia of Caesar's World and Legacy. ABC-CLIO. p. 72. ISBN 9781440804212.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440804212","url_text":"9781440804212"}]},{"reference":"Syme, Ronald (1989). The Augustan Aristocracy. Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-19-814731-2. A third Atia can now be conjured up.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Syme","url_text":"Syme, Ronald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814731-2","url_text":"978-0-19-814731-2"}]}]

[{"Link":"http://www.strachan.dk/family/attius.htm","external_links_name":"Attius stemma"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fj8oQ4lzteIC&q=Atia&pg=PA194","external_links_name":"\"Atia, wife of Marcius Philippus (suff. 38 BC)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fj8oQ4lzteIC&q=Atia&pg=PA194","external_links_name":"\"A daughter (Atia) would supply a wife for C. Silanus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060630012612/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1748.html","external_links_name":"Julia"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_skiing_and_snowboarding_terms

Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms

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This glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms is a list of definitions of terms and jargon used in skiing, snowboarding, and related winter sports. Contents:  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References External links A aerial lift Also called a cable car. A class of cable-based transport for snow sports where skiers and snowboarders are carried uphill aboard chairs, cars, cabins, or gondolas suspended from a cable in the air, as opposed to surface lifts, where they remain on the ground. aerial skiing A sub-discipline of freestyle skiing and a competitive Winter Olympic event in which participants ski off of 2–4-metre (7–13 ft) jumps, propelling them into the air, and then attempt to perform various aerial maneuvers including multiple flips and twists before landing on a designated inclined landing hill. all mountain A type of ski or snowboard that is designed to be the jack of all trades and suitable for any terrain or style of skiing or snowboarding. From groomed runs and snowpark to powder and backcountry lines, with all-mountain skis or snowboard you’re ready for anything. alpine skiing Also called downhill skiing. A discipline of skiing that involves sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings, as opposed to other types of skiing (such as cross-country) which use skis with free-heel bindings. Alpine skiing is popular as a recreational activity and competitive sport, both at ski resorts and off-piste. alpine touring (AT) Also called randonnée. Ski touring through very steep, alpine terrain. Alpine touring makes use of a specialized binding that allows the heel to be raised when ascending steep slopes but locked down for full support when skiing downhill. après-ski Entertainment, nightlife, or other social activity that occurs at a ski resort after skiing finishes for the day. The culture originated in the Alps, where it remains most popular. Arlberg technique The first organized system of teaching the principles of skiing, developed by Hannes Schneider in the 1930s. avalament The way a skier bends and extends his legs by managing pressure such that the skier allows it to push their legs into their chest while maintaining good contact with the snow. B backcountry Often used interchangeably with off-piste. Any area outside of the boundaries of a ski resort, or else not patrolled, groomed, or cleared of avalanche danger. Backcountry areas are usually remote from roads and services and only accessible by long tours, hiking, snowmobile, or helicopter. backcountry skiing Also called off-piste skiing. Skiing in a backcountry area, generally over ungroomed, unmarked, and unpatrolled slopes. backcountry snowboarding Snowboarding in a backcountry area, generally over ungroomed, unmarked, and unpatrolled slopes. baseplate The bottom portion of a binding which acts as the point of direct contact between the boot and the ski or snowboard and therefore transfers all movement. basket A round or star-shaped piece of plastic located at the bottom of a ski pole and used to keep the pole from pushing too deeply into the snow. berm Another name for a snowbank. biathlon binding A device that connects a ski boot to a ski or snowboard, holding the boot firmly so as to allow the skier or snowboarder to transfer the motion of their legs and feet to the ski or snowboard. Most bindings automatically release the boot if certain force limits are exceeded in order to minimize injury during a fall or impact. boot A type of footwear designed specifically for skiing or snowboarding to provide a way to firmly attach the skier's feet to skis or a snowboard in combination with bindings. bowl A wide mountain basin with slopes on at least three sides that is generally free of trees and other obstacles and conducive to large, swooping turns or steep, speedy dives. bunny slope A flat or nearly flat, well-groomed area, usually located near the base of a slope, reserved for beginning skiers or snowboarders and those taking lessons. C carve turn A turning technique used in skiing in which the skier turns by tilting one or both skis onto their edges, whereupon the geometry of the ski's sidecut causes the ski to bend into an arc and naturally follow this arc shape to produce a turning motion. Performed most easily using specialized carving skis, carve turns allow skiers to retain much of their speed while turning because, unlike the stem christie and parallel turn, the skis do not create drag by sideslipping. carving ski A specialized type of ski designed specifically for efficient carve turns, typically with a wide tip and tail and a relatively narrow waist. chairlift A type of ski lift used for uphill transportation to the top of a ski slope, consisting of a series of chairs, each accommodating one to four skiers, suspended from a continuously moving cable. Skiers board the lift at the bottom of the slope and are deposited at the top, after which the empty chairs are returned to the bottom again. chatter Vibration of skis or snowboards caused by traveling at high speeds. Chatter can reduce contact between the ski and the snow and therefore the ability to stay in control. combined corduroy The parallel grooves visible on a trail or slope that has been recently groomed by a snowcat or other grooming machine. cross-country skiing Also called XC skiing, Nordic skiing, or simply cross-country. A type of skiing where skiers rely on their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain, rather than using ski lifts or other forms of assistance. Cross-country skiers propel themselves either by striding forward or side-to-side in a skating motion and by using their arms to push on ski poles against the snow. Cross-country skiing is popular as a competitive sport and recreational activity but is also used as a means of transportation. D DIN setting The tension-release setting which determines the amount of force required for a ski binding to release from the skier's boot during a fall or impact. DIN is an acronym for the German Deutsche Institut für Normung. downhill downhill ski The lower ski (i.e. lower on the hill than the uphill ski) or the one that will become the lower ski during a turn. downhill skiing See alpine skiing. dry ski slope E edge The sharpened metal strip on either side of a ski or snowboard, used for gaining control by "biting" into the snow. "Holding an edge" is a key technique to maintaining a smooth, stable turn. extreme skiing A style of skiing performed on very long, very steep slopes (often from 45 to 60+ degrees from horizontal) in remote and unmanaged mountainous terrain, where the likelihood and consequences of a fall or injury present inherently dangerous conditions for skiers. F free heel freeriding Also called big mountain or extreme riding. Often used interchangeably with backcountry snowboarding and freeskiing. A style of snowboarding and sometimes skiing performed on natural, off-piste, ungroomed terrain without a set course, goals, or rules, eschewing man-made features such as jumps, rails, and half-pipes and emphasizing the use of natural variation in terrain to perform tricks. freeskiing freestyle skiing Also called jibbing. Often used interchangeably with freeskiing. A competitive skiing event primarily focused on the performance of tricks and typically comprising aerial, mogul, half-pipe, ski cross, and slopestyle disciplines. freestyle snowboarding frontcountry G giant slalom glade skiing Also called glading. A type of alpine skiing through areas with many trees, either off-piste or on a defined woods trail. Glade skiing is inherently more difficult and dangerous than skiing in treeless areas because of the many additional natural obstacles, which may include fallen logs, stumps, tree wells, concealed root systems, or unmarked cliffs and streams. gondola grits Snow that is carried down a slope from the top of a hill or mountain by skiers and snowboarders throughout the day. It is similar to powder but usually comes from hardpack, and therefore is not smooth like fresh snow. grooming H half-pipe half-pipe skiing HangBoard hardpack Snow that has been densely compacted by repeated grooming or skiing and a lack of fresh snowfall, often found on the most popular trails and slopes within a ski resort's boundaries. heliskiing herringbone The act or technique of generating forward momentum on skis by spreading the tips apart widely (in a "V" shape) and striding the legs forward independently of each other, so named for the geometric pattern this motion leaves behind in the snow. The technique can be useful when climbing uphill or traversing flat ground on skis. I indoor skiing inrun A steep slope, frequently set on a high scaffolding, from which a ski jumper picks up speed prior to jumping. itineraire J jib Riding a snowboard or skis across a non-snow surface, such as a rail, funbox, or fallen log. jump turn An aerial maneuver, performed when moving at a relatively slow speed, during which a skier or snowboarder makes a complete turn while in the air. K kite skiing Also called snowkiting. L lift See ski lift. lift ticket Also called a lift pass. An identification tag which indicates that a skier or snowboarder has paid for the use of one or more ski lifts at a particular ski resort, usually attached to the ticketholder's outerwear for easy access. liftie A ski lift operator. loipe A route or trail that has been designed, built, and maintained specifically for cross-country skiing. M magic carpet mogul A large round protrusion carved out of a snow surface, especially a slope, and typically occurring in "fields" of multiple moguls. Moguls are created both naturally by the repeated turns of skiers and artificially. mogul skiing monoski N never-ever A first-time skier or snowboarder. new school skiing See freeskiing. night skiing Skiing or snowboarding at night, an activity offered by certain ski resorts for a limited time after sundown. It is usually permitted only on carefully groomed pistes illuminated by floodlights. Nordic combined Nordic skiing A discipline of skiing which involves the use of skis with free-heel bindings, in which only the toe of the ski boot is fixed to the binding, allowing the heel to rise off the ski independently, as opposed to alpine skiing and its variants, in which the boot is fixed to the ski from toe to heel. Nordic skiing is popular as a recreational activity and competitive sport, both at ski resorts and off-piste. Its many variants include cross-country skiing, Telemark skiing, and ski jumping. O off-piste Often used interchangeably with backcountry. Off a designated piste or trail; outside of the boundaries of a ski resort or other marked area reserved for use by skiers and snowboarders. outrigger ski P parallel turn piste A marked trail, run, or pathway down a mountain slope, reserved for skiing, snowboarding, or other alpine sports and generally within the boundaries of a ski resort. Pistes are usually groomed, marked with signage and indicated on maps, and rated by their difficulty, as opposed to off-piste areas. piste basher A machine used to groom pistes into ideal slopes for skiing and snowboarding, often a snowcat mounted with or towing specialized grooming equipment. pivot turn planker A slang term for a skier. poaching Snowboarding at a resort where snowboards are explicitly prohibited. pole planting powder Fresh, dry, loosely compacted, and lightweight snow, as opposed to densely compacted or repeatedly groomed snow such as hardpack. powder ski A type of ski with a very wide waist (generally between 105 and 130 mm), designed to "float" atop fresh powder by keeping the ski from sinking into the snow. powder surfing R randonnée See alpine touring. roller skiing running surface The bottom surface of a ski, designed to make contact with the snow. runout 1.  An expansive flat area at the base of a ski slope or the end of a run that allows skiers to slow down. 2.  A relatively flat section of a ski route used to link tougher trails back to a ski lift. S schussing Skiing straight downhill without turning, usually at high speed. shin-bang Pain or discomfort in the lower anterior portion of the tibia (the shin) caused by prolonged pressing of the shin against the tongue of a ski boot. Shin-bang is common among both skiers and snowboarders, though the condition is generally not serious and is easily remedied. sidecountry sidecut The inward curvature of a ski or snowboard, measured by the difference between the width of the ski or snowboard at the narrowest point of the waist and the width at the widest point of the tip or tail. The curvature of the sidecut greatly influences the ski or snowboard's turning radius: drastic sidecuts allow users to make sharper turns. sideslipping The slipping of skis sideways down a slope, perpendicular to the direction in which they are pointed. ski A narrow plank of semi-rigid material attached to the sole of the foot in order to allow the wearer to glide easily over snow, used in the sport of skiing. Skis are characteristically employed in pairs, one on each foot, and attached to specialized ski boots with bindings that secure the toe of the boot and in some disciplines also the heel. ski cross ski flying ski goggles A type of protective eyewear worn by skiers and snowboarders, designed for cold-weather use and to protect the eyes both from snow and from the glare of sunlight. ski helmet A type of helmet worn by skiers and snowboarders, specifically designed and constructed for winter sports. ski jumping ski lift Often simply called a lift. Any mechanism for transporting skiers and snowboarders up a slope. Lifts are typically a paid service operated by ski resorts. ski lodge A building located on the grounds of a ski resort that provides amenities such as food, drink, restrooms, and storage lockers, among others, for guests and patrons. ski marathon A long-distance, usually point-to-point race on skis, often covering more than 40 kilometres (25 mi). Racers may use a variety of skiing techniques depending on the rules of the competition. Participation is usually open to the public and major events may feature thousands of racers. ski mountaineering ski orienteering ski patrol Any team or organization, often employed by a ski resort, that promotes ski safety, enforces resort policies, and provides medical, rescue, and hazard prevention services to injured or disabled skiers and snowboarders, usually within the boundaries of a particular ski area but sometimes off-piste as well. Many ski patrollers have technical-medical certifications or EMS credentials, and may be trained in wilderness medicine, avalanche rescue, and/or evacuation by ski toboggan, snowmobile, or helicopter. ski pole Also called a stick or simply a pole. A lightweight handheld pole, often made from aluminum or carbon fiber, used by skiers for balance and propulsion, typically in pairs. Ski poles are commonly used in alpine, freestyle, and cross-country disciplines, but seldom in other disciplines such as ski jumping. ski resort A resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and/or other winter sports, typically situated within a naturally mountainous area and providing groomed pistes and one or more ski lifts to guests for a fee. The term may additionally include other amenities and services or even entire towns adjacent to but operated independently of the ski area. ski school An establishment or program that offers lessons in skiing or snowboarding, typically at a ski resort. Ski schools may teach a variety of disciplines and techniques to students at a wide range of skill levels, from first-time skiers to advanced or expert skiers. ski season The part of the year when skiing, snowboarding, or other alpine sports are viable at a particular ski resort, generally corresponding to the period between the resort's opening date and closing date, during which ski lifts are operating and lift passes can be purchased or used. Because these sports depend largely on the weather, the start and duration of a ski season can vary considerably between resorts due to latitude, altitude, and other climatic factors, and even for the same resort often varies somewhat from year to year. ski skins Also called climbing skins or simply skins. Removable strips of fabric that attach to the underside of skis, designed to allow the skis to slide forward on snow but not backward. Skins are often used in Nordic and touring disciplines to help skiers ascend backcountry slopes. ski suit A full-body suit, usually made of a lightweight but waterproof synthetic material, designed to be worn over normal clothing when skiing or snowboarding. ski touring A type of free-heel skiing done in the backcountry in unmarked or unpatrolled areas without the aid of ski lifts or other transport, often for long distances and multiple days. Ski touring combines elements of Nordic skiing and alpine skiing and embraces such sub-disciplines as Telemark and randonnée. Touring also typically requires independent navigation and route-finding skills. See also cross-country skiing. ski wax A material applied to the underside of snow runners such as skis and snowboards in order to improve their performance on various types of snow, typically either by minimizing kinetic friction with a so-called glide wax (used to make sliding easier in both alpine and cross-country disciplines) or by increasing static friction with a grip wax (used to increase traction in cross-country skiing). Both types of wax are designed to be specifically matched with the varying properties of snow, including crystal type and size and the moisture content of the snow surface. skier's left The general direction or area to the left of a skier moving or facing downhill. skier's right The general direction or area to the right of a skier moving or facing downhill. skiing A means of transport, a recreational activity, or a competitive winter sport in which the participant, known as a skier, glides across a snow-covered surface using skis attached to their feet. skijoring skwalling A hybrid sport that attempts to combine the carving of skiing with the riding feel of snowboarding using a special piece of equipment called a skwal, which is similar to a snowboard or monoski in that both feet are attached to the same board; unlike a snowboard or monoski, however, on a skwal the feet are positioned one in front of the other, in line with the direction of forward movement. slackcountry slalom A sub-discipline of alpine skiing and snowboarding and a competitive Winter Olympic event which involves skiing or snowboarding between marked poles or gates. In ordinary slalom events, the poles or gates are spaced more closely than those in giant slalom, super giant slalom, and downhill events, necessitating quicker and shorter turns. slopestyle snow cannon A machine used in snowmaking to create artificial snow by spraying pressurized water into the air above a ski slope. snowbank snowboard A round-edged board of semi-rigid material used in the sport of snowboarding, placed beneath and usually attached to the soles of both feet to allow the wearer to glide easily on snow. Snowboards are much wider than skis (typically between 6 and 12 inches (15 and 30 cm)) to accommodate both feet on the same board, and are differentiated from monoskis in that the rider stands with feet more or less transverse to the longitude of the board, perpendicular to the direction of travel. snowboard cross Also called boardercross. snowboard racing snowboarding A recreational activity or competitive winter sport in which the participant, known as a snowboarder or rider, descends a snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard attached to their feet. snowcat A closed-cab, truck-sized vehicle propelled by a continuous track that is designed to move on snow. Snowcats are employed for a wide variety of purposes from personal use to industrial applications; they are often used for grooming trails and for transporting skiers to off-piste slopes in a discipline known as "snowcat skiing". snowkiting See kite skiing. snowmaking snowpack Multiple layers of accumulated snowfall that persist where the climate is cold enough to prevent melting for extended periods during the year. snowplough turn Also called a wedge turn or pizza slice. snowskate A type of compact snowboard, conceived of as a hybrid of a snowboard and a skateboard, intended primarily to allow riders to perform skateboard-style tricks on the snow. speed skiing splitboard A snowboard that can be separated into two ski-like halves and fitted with climbing skins to allow the rider to ascend slopes in the same manner as randonnée and Telemark skis. Unlike normal snowboards, splitboards usually have nose and tail clips, split hooks, and touring mounts. Splitboarding allows for free-heel movement and, with skins attached, provides uphill traction; the two halves can later be reconnected to form a regular snowboard for descent. stem The technique of angling the tail of one ski away from the other ski, into a "V" position, while keeping the tips generally close together. Stemming is a fundamental movement in many techniques of turning and control. stem christie Also called the wedge christie. A basic turning technique used in skiing, initiated by stemming one ski outward at an angle to the direction of movement, which forces a change in direction opposite to the stemmed ski, and then bringing the other ski parallel to the angled ski for the duration of the turn. super giant slalom Also called the super-G. superpipe surface lift Also called a ski tow. A class of cable-based transport for snow sports where skiers and snowboarders remain on the ground as they are pulled uphill, as opposed to aerial lifts, where they are suspended in the air. swingweight A specification used in manufacturing skis defined as the resistance of an unweighted ski to being turned. Lighter skis tend to have a lower swingweight than heavy skis. T tail The back end of a ski or snowboard, situated behind the skier or snowboarder. Telemark skiing Also teleskiing. A skiing technique and competitive sport that combines elements of alpine skiing and Nordic skiing, in which skiers perform sharp, carving turns using a squatting and lunging motion with knees bent, typically on skis with deep sidecuts and specialized free-heel bindings. Telemark skiers perform fast, sharp turns with a unique motion that involves bending one knee and lunging forward terrain park An outdoor recreation area containing terrain and specially constructed obstacles (jumps, kickers, jibs, marked courses, etc.) designed to allow skiers and snowboarders to perform tricks. tindy A snowboarding trick in which the rider grabs the toe edge of the snowboard between the rear binding and the tail with his or her rear hand. It is a combination of an indy grab and a tail grab. tip The front end of a ski or snowboard, situated in front of the skier or snowboarder. toe edge The long edge of a snowboard toward which the rider's toes are pointed. tracked out The condition of a slope of once-fresh snow that has been ridden over repeatedly, discernible by the numerous visible tracks left by previous skiers or snowboarders. tree well Also spruce trap. A void or area of loose snow around a tree trunk and beneath its branches which forms because the branches prevent this space from receiving the same amount of snowfall as adjacent open spaces. Tree wells are a significant hazard to skiers and snowboarders because falling into one may result in serious injury, and they are often too deep to easily climb out. U uphill ski The upper ski (i.e. higher on the hill than the downhill ski) or the one that will become the upper ski during a turn. V vertical drop The difference in elevation between the base of a ski slope or mountain and its highest point. At ski resorts, this often refers to the highest point served by a ski lift rather than the geographical summit of a mountain. virgin snow W waist The narrowest width of a ski as viewed from above, usually the area beneath where the ski boot is positioned. X XC skiing See cross-country skiing. Y yard sale A fall or crash in which the skier's or snowboarder's gear – skis, poles, hat, gloves, etc. – end up scattered across the slope. See also Outline of skiing Winter sports References ^ "A-Z Snowboard Glossary of Terms". AWE365. Retrieved 12 February 2024. ^ Flower, Raymond (1976). The History of Skiing and Other Winter Sports. Toronto: Methuen Inc. pp. 132–141. ISBN 0-458-92780-5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Scharff, Robert (1974). Ski Magazine's Encyclopedia of Skiing. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0060139188. OL 5086616M. ^ Huntford, Roland (2009). Two Planks and a Passion: The Dramatic History of Skiing. A&C Black. p. 436. ISBN 9781441134011. Retrieved 2014-12-30. ^ a b "Ski Terms Dictionary", FlexiSki ^ Pfeiffer, Doug (January 1969). "Instruction Corner—Back to Basics: Edge Control". Skiing. 20 (4). Chicago: Ziff-Davis: 94. ISSN 0037-6264. Retrieved 2016-11-06. External links Glossary of Ski Terms by Skis.com Ski Terms Glossary A-Z: 200+ Skiing Terms Explained by thisisvermonting.com vteSkiing and snowboarding History of skiing Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms Nordic skiingCompetitive Cross-country skiing Paralympic Ski jumping Ski flying Nordic combined Endurance Ski marathon Ski orienteering Ski touring Recreational Cross-country skiing Backcountry skiing Roller skiing Skijoring Alpine skiingOlympic disciplines Slalom Giant slalom Super-G Downhill Combined Other disciplines Extreme skiing Glade skiing Heliskiing Para-alpine skiing Speed skiing Other skiing Biathlon Indoor skiing Night skiing Ski archery Ski mountaineering Telemark skiing Freestyle skiing Aerial skiing Big air Freeriding Freeskiing Half-pipe skiing Mogul Ski ballet Ski cross Slopestyle Snowboarding Alpine Backcountry Big air Freeriding Freestyle Half-pipe Slopestyle Snowboard cross Snowboard racing Technique / learning Carved turn Jump turn Parallel turn Pivot turn Snowplough Stem christie Ski school Ski simulator Equipment Bindings Boots Helmet Monoski Poles Skins Skis List of ski brands Snowboard Suit Wax Resort amenities Dry ski slope Half-pipe Superpipe Piste Ski area Ski tunnel Snow grooming Snowmaking Trail Ski lifts Aerial tramway Chairlift detachable Funicular Funifor Funitel Gondola lift bicable tricable Hybrid lift Surface lift Category:Skiing Category:Snowboarding vteGlossaries of sports Sports terms named after people American football Archery Association football Athletics Australian rules football Baseball derived idioms Basketball Board games Bowling Bowls Canadian football Chess chess problems computer chess Climbing Contract bridge Cricket Cue sports Curling Cycling parts Darts Disc golf Equestrian Australian and New Zealand punting North American horse racing Fencing Italian terms Figure skating Gaelic games Golf Gymnastics Ice hockey Kabaddi Kho kho Motorsport Pickleball Poker Professional wrestling Rowing Rugby league Rugby union Shooting sport Skiing and snowboarding Skiing and snowboarding Sumo Surfing Table tennis Tennis Trampolining Underwater diving Volleyball Water polo Wing Chun Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"},{"link_name":"See also","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#See_also"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"},{"link_name":"External links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#External_links"}],"text":"Contents: \n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ \n \n\nSee also\nReferences\nExternal links","title":"Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aerial lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_lift"},{"link_name":"chairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chairlift"},{"link_name":"gondolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gondola"},{"link_name":"surface lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#surface_lift"},{"link_name":"aerial skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing#aerial_skiing"},{"link_name":"freestyle skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#freestyle_skiing"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic"},{"link_name":"jumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_jumping"},{"link_name":"all mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_mountain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboarding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"bindings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#binding"},{"link_name":"cross-country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"free-heel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#free_heel"},{"link_name":"ski resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"off-piste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#off-piste"},{"link_name":"alpine touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_touring"},{"link_name":"Ski touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_touring"},{"link_name":"binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#binding"},{"link_name":"après-ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apr%C3%A8s-ski"},{"link_name":"ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arlberg technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlberg_technique"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"Hannes Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Schneider"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scharff-3"}],"text":"aerial lift\nAlso called a cable car.\nA class of cable-based transport for snow sports where skiers and snowboarders are carried uphill aboard chairs, cars, cabins, or gondolas suspended from a cable in the air, as opposed to surface lifts, where they remain on the ground.\n\naerial skiing\nA sub-discipline of freestyle skiing and a competitive Winter Olympic event in which participants ski off of 2–4-metre (7–13 ft) jumps, propelling them into the air, and then attempt to perform various aerial maneuvers including multiple flips and twists before landing on a designated inclined landing hill.\n\nall mountain\nA type of ski or snowboard that is designed to be the jack of all trades and suitable for any terrain or style of skiing or snowboarding. From groomed runs and snowpark to powder and backcountry lines, with all-mountain skis or snowboard you’re ready for anything.[1]\n\nalpine skiing\nAlso called downhill skiing.\nA discipline of skiing that involves sliding down snow-covered slopes on skis with fixed-heel bindings, as opposed to other types of skiing (such as cross-country) which use skis with free-heel bindings. Alpine skiing is popular as a recreational activity and competitive sport, both at ski resorts and off-piste.\n\nalpine touring (AT)\nAlso called randonnée.\nSki touring through very steep, alpine terrain. Alpine touring makes use of a specialized binding that allows the heel to be raised when ascending steep slopes but locked down for full support when skiing downhill.\n\naprès-ski\nEntertainment, nightlife, or other social activity that occurs at a ski resort after skiing finishes for the day. The culture originated in the Alps, where it remains most popular.[2]\n\nArlberg technique\nThe first organized system of teaching the principles of skiing, developed by Hannes Schneider in the 1930s.[3]\n\navalament\nThe way a skier bends and extends his legs by managing pressure such that the skier allows it to push their legs into their chest while maintaining good contact with the snow.","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"backcountry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcountry"},{"link_name":"off-piste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#off-piste"},{"link_name":"ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"groomed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grooming"},{"link_name":"avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#avalanche"},{"link_name":"tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_touring"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#heliskiing"},{"link_name":"backcountry skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcountry_skiing"},{"link_name":"Skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"backcountry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#backcountry"},{"link_name":"backcountry snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcountry_snowboarding"},{"link_name":"Snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboarding"},{"link_name":"backcountry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#backcountry"},{"link_name":"binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#binding"},{"link_name":"boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boot"},{"link_name":"ski pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_pole"},{"link_name":"snowbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowbank"},{"link_name":"biathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon"},{"link_name":"binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_binding"},{"link_name":"ski boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_boot"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"snowboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboard"},{"link_name":"boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_boot"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboarding"},{"link_name":"bindings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#binding"},{"link_name":"lessons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_school"}],"text":"backcountry\nOften used interchangeably with off-piste.\nAny area outside of the boundaries of a ski resort, or else not patrolled, groomed, or cleared of avalanche danger. Backcountry areas are usually remote from roads and services and only accessible by long tours, hiking, snowmobile, or helicopter.\n\nbackcountry skiing\nAlso called off-piste skiing.\nSkiing in a backcountry area, generally over ungroomed, unmarked, and unpatrolled slopes.\n\nbackcountry snowboarding\nSnowboarding in a backcountry area, generally over ungroomed, unmarked, and unpatrolled slopes.\n\nbaseplate\nThe bottom portion of a binding which acts as the point of direct contact between the boot and the ski or snowboard and therefore transfers all movement.\n\nbasket\nA round or star-shaped piece of plastic located at the bottom of a ski pole and used to keep the pole from pushing too deeply into the snow.\n\nberm\nAnother name for a snowbank.\n\nbiathlon\n\n\nbinding\nA device that connects a ski boot to a ski or snowboard, holding the boot firmly so as to allow the skier or snowboarder to transfer the motion of their legs and feet to the ski or snowboard. Most bindings automatically release the boot if certain force limits are exceeded in order to minimize injury during a fall or impact.\n\nboot\nA type of footwear designed specifically for skiing or snowboarding to provide a way to firmly attach the skier's feet to skis or a snowboard in combination with bindings.\n\nbowl\nA wide mountain basin with slopes on at least three sides that is generally free of trees and other obstacles and conducive to large, swooping turns or steep, speedy dives.\n\nbunny slope\nA flat or nearly flat, well-groomed area, usually located near the base of a slope, reserved for beginning skiers or snowboarders and those taking lessons.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carve turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carve_turn"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"edges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#edge"},{"link_name":"sidecut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sidecut"},{"link_name":"carving skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carving_ski"},{"link_name":"stem christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem_christie"},{"link_name":"parallel turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#parallel_turn"},{"link_name":"sideslipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sideslipping"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"carve turns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carve_turn"},{"link_name":"tip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tip"},{"link_name":"tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tail"},{"link_name":"waist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#waist"},{"link_name":"chairlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairlift"},{"link_name":"ski lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_lift"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scharff-3"},{"link_name":"combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_combined"},{"link_name":"groomed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grooming"},{"link_name":"snowcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowcat"},{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"ski lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_lift"},{"link_name":"ski poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_pole"}],"text":"carve turn\nA turning technique used in skiing in which the skier turns by tilting one or both skis onto their edges, whereupon the geometry of the ski's sidecut causes the ski to bend into an arc and naturally follow this arc shape to produce a turning motion. Performed most easily using specialized carving skis, carve turns allow skiers to retain much of their speed while turning because, unlike the stem christie and parallel turn, the skis do not create drag by sideslipping.\n\ncarving ski\nA specialized type of ski designed specifically for efficient carve turns, typically with a wide tip and tail and a relatively narrow waist.\n\nchairlift\nA type of ski lift used for uphill transportation to the top of a ski slope, consisting of a series of chairs, each accommodating one to four skiers, suspended from a continuously moving cable. Skiers board the lift at the bottom of the slope and are deposited at the top, after which the empty chairs are returned to the bottom again.[3]\n\nchatter\nVibration of skis or snowboards caused by traveling at high speeds. Chatter can reduce contact between the ski and the snow and therefore the ability to stay in control.\n\ncombined\n\n\ncorduroy\nThe parallel grooves visible on a trail or slope that has been recently groomed by a snowcat or other grooming machine.\n\ncross-country skiing\nAlso called XC skiing, Nordic skiing, or simply cross-country.\nA type of skiing where skiers rely on their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain, rather than using ski lifts or other forms of assistance. Cross-country skiers propel themselves either by striding forward or side-to-side in a skating motion and by using their arms to push on ski poles against the snow. Cross-country skiing is popular as a competitive sport and recreational activity but is also used as a means of transportation.","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#binding"},{"link_name":"downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"uphill ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#uphill_ski"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scharff-3"},{"link_name":"downhill skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_skiing"},{"link_name":"alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"dry ski slope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_ski_slope"}],"text":"DIN setting\nThe tension-release setting which determines the amount of force required for a ski binding to release from the skier's boot during a fall or impact. DIN is an acronym for the German Deutsche Institut für Normung.\n\ndownhill\n\n\ndownhill ski\nThe lower ski (i.e. lower on the hill than the uphill ski) or the one that will become the lower ski during a turn.[3]\n\ndownhill skiing\nSee alpine skiing.\n\ndry ski slope","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extreme skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_skiing"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"}],"text":"edge\nThe sharpened metal strip on either side of a ski or snowboard, used for gaining control by \"biting\" into the snow. \"Holding an edge\" is a key technique to maintaining a smooth, stable turn.\n\nextreme skiing\nA style of skiing performed on very long, very steep slopes (often from 45 to 60+ degrees from horizontal) in remote and unmanaged mountainous terrain, where the likelihood and consequences of a fall or injury present inherently dangerous conditions for skiers.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"freeriding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeriding_(winter_sport)"},{"link_name":"backcountry snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#backcountry_snowboarding"},{"link_name":"freeskiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#freeskiing"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboarding"},{"link_name":"off-piste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#off-piste"},{"link_name":"half-pipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#half-pipe"},{"link_name":"freeskiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeskiing"},{"link_name":"freestyle skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_skiing"},{"link_name":"freeskiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#freeskiing"},{"link_name":"aerial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aerial_skiing"},{"link_name":"mogul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#mogul_skiing"},{"link_name":"half-pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#half-pipe_skiing"},{"link_name":"ski cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_cross"},{"link_name":"slopestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#slopestyle"},{"link_name":"freestyle snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding#Freestyle"}],"text":"free heel\n\n\nfreeriding\nAlso called big mountain or extreme riding. Often used interchangeably with backcountry snowboarding and freeskiing.\nA style of snowboarding and sometimes skiing performed on natural, off-piste, ungroomed terrain without a set course, goals, or rules, eschewing man-made features such as jumps, rails, and half-pipes and emphasizing the use of natural variation in terrain to perform tricks.\n\nfreeskiing\n\n\nfreestyle skiing\nAlso called jibbing. Often used interchangeably with freeskiing.\nA competitive skiing event primarily focused on the performance of tricks and typically comprising aerial, mogul, half-pipe, ski cross, and slopestyle disciplines.\n\nfreestyle snowboarding\n\n\nfrontcountry","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"glade skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glade_skiing"},{"link_name":"alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"off-piste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#off-piste"},{"link_name":"tree wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tree_well"},{"link_name":"gondola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondola_lift"},{"link_name":"grits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grits"},{"link_name":"hardpack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hardpack"},{"link_name":"grooming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_grooming"}],"text":"giant slalom\n\n\nglade skiing\nAlso called glading.\nA type of alpine skiing through areas with many trees, either off-piste or on a defined woods trail. Glade skiing is inherently more difficult and dangerous than skiing in treeless areas because of the many additional natural obstacles, which may include fallen logs, stumps, tree wells, concealed root systems, or unmarked cliffs and streams.\n\ngondola\n\n\ngrits\nSnow that is carried down a slope from the top of a hill or mountain by skiers and snowboarders throughout the day. It is similar to powder but usually comes from hardpack, and therefore is not smooth like fresh snow.\n\ngrooming","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"half-pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-pipe"},{"link_name":"half-pipe skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-pipe_skiing"},{"link_name":"HangBoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HangBoard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"grooming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grooming"},{"link_name":"ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"heliskiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliskiing"}],"text":"half-pipe\n\n\nhalf-pipe skiing\n\n\nHangBoard\n\n\nhardpack\nSnow that has been densely compacted by repeated grooming or skiing and a lack of fresh snowfall, often found on the most popular trails and slopes within a ski resort's boundaries.\n\nheliskiing\n\n\nherringbone\nThe act or technique of generating forward momentum on skis by spreading the tips apart widely (in a \"V\" shape) and striding the legs forward independently of each other, so named for the geometric pattern this motion leaves behind in the snow. The technique can be useful when climbing uphill or traversing flat ground on skis.","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indoor skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_skiing"},{"link_name":"ski jumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_jumping"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scharff-3"}],"text":"indoor skiing\n\n\ninrun\nA steep slope, frequently set on a high scaffolding, from which a ski jumper picks up speed prior to jumping.[3]\n\nitineraire","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"funbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funbox"},{"link_name":"jump turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_turn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scharff-3"}],"text":"jib\nRiding a snowboard or skis across a non-snow surface, such as a rail, funbox, or fallen log.\n\njump turn\nAn aerial maneuver, performed when moving at a relatively slow speed, during which a skier or snowboarder makes a complete turn while in the air.[3]","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kite skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_skiing"}],"text":"kite skiing\nAlso called snowkiting.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ski lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_lift"},{"link_name":"lift ticket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_ticket"},{"link_name":"ski lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_lift"},{"link_name":"ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"ski lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_lift"},{"link_name":"loipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loipe"},{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"lift\nSee ski lift.\n\nlift ticket\nAlso called a lift pass.\nAn identification tag which indicates that a skier or snowboarder has paid for the use of one or more ski lifts at a particular ski resort, usually attached to the ticketholder's outerwear for easy access.\n\nliftie\nA ski lift operator.\n\nloipe\nA route or trail that has been designed, built, and maintained specifically for cross-country skiing.[4]","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magic carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_lift#Magic_carpet"},{"link_name":"mogul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_skiing"},{"link_name":"mogul skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_skiing"},{"link_name":"monoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoski"}],"text":"magic carpet\n\n\nmogul\nA large round protrusion carved out of a snow surface, especially a slope, and typically occurring in \"fields\" of multiple moguls. Moguls are created both naturally by the repeated turns of skiers and artificially.\n\nmogul skiing\n\n\nmonoski","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"new school skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_school_skiing"},{"link_name":"freeskiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#freeskiing"},{"link_name":"night skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_skiing"},{"link_name":"Skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboarding"},{"link_name":"ski resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"pistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piste"},{"link_name":"Nordic combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined"},{"link_name":"Nordic skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_skiing"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"free-heel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#free_heel"},{"link_name":"bindings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#binding"},{"link_name":"ski boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_boot"},{"link_name":"alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"ski resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"off-piste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#off-piste"},{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"Telemark skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#telemark_skiing"},{"link_name":"ski jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_jumping"}],"text":"never-ever\nA first-time skier or snowboarder.\n\nnew school skiing\nSee freeskiing.\n\nnight skiing\nSkiing or snowboarding at night, an activity offered by certain ski resorts for a limited time after sundown. It is usually permitted only on carefully groomed pistes illuminated by floodlights.\n\nNordic combined\n\n\nNordic skiing\nA discipline of skiing which involves the use of skis with free-heel bindings, in which only the toe of the ski boot is fixed to the binding, allowing the heel to rise off the ski independently, as opposed to alpine skiing and its variants, in which the boot is fixed to the ski from toe to heel. Nordic skiing is popular as a recreational activity and competitive sport, both at ski resorts and off-piste. Its many variants include cross-country skiing, Telemark skiing, and ski jumping.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"off-piste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-piste"},{"link_name":"backcountry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#backcountry"},{"link_name":"piste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piste"},{"link_name":"ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"outrigger ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrigger_ski"}],"text":"off-piste\nOften used interchangeably with backcountry.\nOff a designated piste or trail; outside of the boundaries of a ski resort or other marked area reserved for use by skiers and snowboarders.\n\noutrigger ski","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parallel turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_turn"},{"link_name":"piste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piste"},{"link_name":"ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"groomed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grooming"},{"link_name":"off-piste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#off-piste"},{"link_name":"piste basher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piste_basher"},{"link_name":"groom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grooming"},{"link_name":"pistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piste"},{"link_name":"snowcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowcat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FlexiSki-5"},{"link_name":"pivot turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivot_turn_(skiing)"},{"link_name":"skier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FlexiSki-5"},{"link_name":"Snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboarding"},{"link_name":"groomed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grooming"},{"link_name":"hardpack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hardpack"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"waist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#waist"},{"link_name":"powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#powder"},{"link_name":"powder surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_surfing"}],"text":"parallel turn\n\n\npiste\nA marked trail, run, or pathway down a mountain slope, reserved for skiing, snowboarding, or other alpine sports and generally within the boundaries of a ski resort. Pistes are usually groomed, marked with signage and indicated on maps, and rated by their difficulty, as opposed to off-piste areas.\n\npiste basher\nA machine used to groom pistes into ideal slopes for skiing and snowboarding, often a snowcat mounted with or towing specialized grooming equipment.[5]\n\npivot turn\n\n\nplanker\nA slang term for a skier.[5]\n\npoaching\nSnowboarding at a resort where snowboards are explicitly prohibited.\n\npole planting\n\n\npowder\nFresh, dry, loosely compacted, and lightweight snow, as opposed to densely compacted or repeatedly groomed snow such as hardpack.\n\npowder ski\nA type of ski with a very wide waist (generally between 105 and 130 mm), designed to \"float\" atop fresh powder by keeping the ski from sinking into the snow.\n\npowder surfing","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alpine touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alpine_touring"},{"link_name":"roller skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_skiing"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scharff-3"},{"link_name":"ski lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_lift"}],"text":"randonnée\nSee alpine touring.\n\nroller skiing\n\n\nrunning surface\nThe bottom surface of a ski, designed to make contact with the snow.[3]\n\nrunout\n1.  An expansive flat area at the base of a ski slope or the end of a run that allows skiers to slow down.\n2.  A relatively flat section of a ski route used to link tougher trails back to a ski lift.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shin-bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-bang"},{"link_name":"tibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibia"},{"link_name":"ski boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_boot"},{"link_name":"sidecut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidecut"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"snowboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboard"},{"link_name":"waist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#waist"},{"link_name":"tip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tip"},{"link_name":"tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tail"},{"link_name":"skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scharff-3"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"ski boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_boot"},{"link_name":"bindings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#binding"},{"link_name":"ski cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_cross"},{"link_name":"ski flying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_flying"},{"link_name":"ski goggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_goggles"},{"link_name":"ski helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_helmet"},{"link_name":"ski jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping"},{"link_name":"ski lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_lift"},{"link_name":"ski resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"ski lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_lodge"},{"link_name":"ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"ski marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_marathon"},{"link_name":"ski mountaineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_mountaineering"},{"link_name":"ski orienteering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_orienteering"},{"link_name":"ski patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_patrol"},{"link_name":"ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"off-piste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#off-piste"},{"link_name":"EMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services"},{"link_name":"wilderness medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_medicine"},{"link_name":"avalanche rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_rescue"},{"link_name":"ski toboggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_toboggan"},{"link_name":"snowmobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowmobile"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_medical_services"},{"link_name":"ski pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_pole"},{"link_name":"skiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#freestyle_skiing"},{"link_name":"cross-country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"ski jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_jumping"},{"link_name":"ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_resort"},{"link_name":"resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resort"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboarding"},{"link_name":"winter sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sports"},{"link_name":"groomed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grooming"},{"link_name":"pistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#piste"},{"link_name":"ski lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_lift"},{"link_name":"ski school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_school"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboarding"},{"link_name":"ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"first-time skiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#never-ever"},{"link_name":"ski season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_season"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboarding"},{"link_name":"ski resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"ski lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_lift"},{"link_name":"ski skins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_skins"},{"link_name":"skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#nordic_skiing"},{"link_name":"touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_touring"},{"link_name":"backcountry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#backcountry"},{"link_name":"ski suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_suit"},{"link_name":"ski touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_touring"},{"link_name":"free-heel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#free_heel"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"backcountry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#backcountry"},{"link_name":"ski lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_lift"},{"link_name":"Nordic skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#nordic_skiing"},{"link_name":"alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"Telemark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#telemark_skiing"},{"link_name":"randonnée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#randonn%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"ski wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_wax"},{"link_name":"alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"cross-country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"winter sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sport"},{"link_name":"snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow"},{"link_name":"skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"skijoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skijoring"},{"link_name":"skwalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skwal"},{"link_name":"carving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carve_turn"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboarding"},{"link_name":"snowboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboard"},{"link_name":"monoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monoski"},{"link_name":"slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboarding"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic"},{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"super giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#super_giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#downhill"},{"link_name":"slopestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopestyle"},{"link_name":"snow cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_cannon"},{"link_name":"snowmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowmaking"},{"link_name":"snowboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboarding"},{"link_name":"skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"monoskis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#monoski"},{"link_name":"snowboard cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard_cross"},{"link_name":"snowboard racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboard_racing"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding"},{"link_name":"winter sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sport"},{"link_name":"snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow"},{"link_name":"snowboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboard"},{"link_name":"snowcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowcat"},{"link_name":"continuous track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_track"},{"link_name":"grooming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grooming"},{"link_name":"off-piste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#off-piste"},{"link_name":"snowkiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowkiting"},{"link_name":"kite skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kite_skiing"},{"link_name":"snowmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmaking"},{"link_name":"snowpack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowpack"},{"link_name":"snowplough turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowplough_turn"},{"link_name":"snowskate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowskate"},{"link_name":"snowboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboard"},{"link_name":"skateboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboard"},{"link_name":"speed skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skiing"},{"link_name":"splitboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitboard"},{"link_name":"snowboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboard"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"skins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_skins"},{"link_name":"randonnée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alpine_touring"},{"link_name":"Telemark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#telemark_skiing"},{"link_name":"free-heel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#free-heel"},{"link_name":"tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tail"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"tips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tip"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scharff-3"},{"link_name":"stem christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_christie"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#skiing"},{"link_name":"stemming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stem"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pfeiffer-6"},{"link_name":"super giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"superpipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpipe"},{"link_name":"surface lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_lift"},{"link_name":"aerial lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aerial_lift"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scharff-3"}],"text":"schussing\nSkiing straight downhill without turning, usually at high speed.\n\nshin-bang\nPain or discomfort in the lower anterior portion of the tibia (the shin) caused by prolonged pressing of the shin against the tongue of a ski boot. Shin-bang is common among both skiers and snowboarders, though the condition is generally not serious and is easily remedied.\n\nsidecountry\n\n\nsidecut\nThe inward curvature of a ski or snowboard, measured by the difference between the width of the ski or snowboard at the narrowest point of the waist and the width at the widest point of the tip or tail. The curvature of the sidecut greatly influences the ski or snowboard's turning radius: drastic sidecuts allow users to make sharper turns.\n\nsideslipping\nThe slipping of skis sideways down a slope, perpendicular to the direction in which they are pointed.[3]\n\nski\nA narrow plank of semi-rigid material attached to the sole of the foot in order to allow the wearer to glide easily over snow, used in the sport of skiing. Skis are characteristically employed in pairs, one on each foot, and attached to specialized ski boots with bindings that secure the toe of the boot and in some disciplines also the heel.\n\nski cross\n\n\nski flying\n\n\nski goggles\nA type of protective eyewear worn by skiers and snowboarders, designed for cold-weather use and to protect the eyes both from snow and from the glare of sunlight.\n\nski helmet\nA type of helmet worn by skiers and snowboarders, specifically designed and constructed for winter sports.\n\nski jumping\n\n\nski lift\nOften simply called a lift.\nAny mechanism for transporting skiers and snowboarders up a slope. Lifts are typically a paid service operated by ski resorts.\n\nski lodge\nA building located on the grounds of a ski resort that provides amenities such as food, drink, restrooms, and storage lockers, among others, for guests and patrons.\n\nski marathon\nA long-distance, usually point-to-point race on skis, often covering more than 40 kilometres (25 mi). Racers may use a variety of skiing techniques depending on the rules of the competition. Participation is usually open to the public and major events may feature thousands of racers.\n\nski mountaineering\n\n\nski orienteering\n\n\nski patrol\nAny team or organization, often employed by a ski resort, that promotes ski safety, enforces resort policies, and provides medical, rescue, and hazard prevention services to injured or disabled skiers and snowboarders, usually within the boundaries of a particular ski area but sometimes off-piste as well. Many ski patrollers have technical-medical certifications or EMS credentials, and may be trained in wilderness medicine, avalanche rescue, and/or evacuation by ski toboggan, snowmobile, or helicopter.\n\nski pole\nAlso called a stick or simply a pole.\nA lightweight handheld pole, often made from aluminum or carbon fiber, used by skiers for balance and propulsion, typically in pairs. Ski poles are commonly used in alpine, freestyle, and cross-country disciplines, but seldom in other disciplines such as ski jumping.\n\nski resort\nA resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and/or other winter sports, typically situated within a naturally mountainous area and providing groomed pistes and one or more ski lifts to guests for a fee. The term may additionally include other amenities and services or even entire towns adjacent to but operated independently of the ski area.\n\nski school\nAn establishment or program that offers lessons in skiing or snowboarding, typically at a ski resort. Ski schools may teach a variety of disciplines and techniques to students at a wide range of skill levels, from first-time skiers to advanced or expert skiers.\n\nski season\nThe part of the year when skiing, snowboarding, or other alpine sports are viable at a particular ski resort, generally corresponding to the period between the resort's opening date and closing date, during which ski lifts are operating and lift passes can be purchased or used. Because these sports depend largely on the weather, the start and duration of a ski season can vary considerably between resorts due to latitude, altitude, and other climatic factors, and even for the same resort often varies somewhat from year to year.\n\nski skins\nAlso called climbing skins or simply skins.\nRemovable strips of fabric that attach to the underside of skis, designed to allow the skis to slide forward on snow but not backward. Skins are often used in Nordic and touring disciplines to help skiers ascend backcountry slopes.\n\nski suit\nA full-body suit, usually made of a lightweight but waterproof synthetic material, designed to be worn over normal clothing when skiing or snowboarding.\n\nski touring\nA type of free-heel skiing done in the backcountry in unmarked or unpatrolled areas without the aid of ski lifts or other transport, often for long distances and multiple days. Ski touring combines elements of Nordic skiing and alpine skiing and embraces such sub-disciplines as Telemark and randonnée. Touring also typically requires independent navigation and route-finding skills. See also cross-country skiing.\n\nski wax\nA material applied to the underside of snow runners such as skis and snowboards in order to improve their performance on various types of snow, typically either by minimizing kinetic friction with a so-called glide wax (used to make sliding easier in both alpine and cross-country disciplines) or by increasing static friction with a grip wax (used to increase traction in cross-country skiing). Both types of wax are designed to be specifically matched with the varying properties of snow, including crystal type and size and the moisture content of the snow surface.\n\nskier's left\nThe general direction or area to the left of a skier moving or facing downhill.\n\nskier's right\nThe general direction or area to the right of a skier moving or facing downhill.\n\nskiing\nA means of transport, a recreational activity, or a competitive winter sport in which the participant, known as a skier, glides across a snow-covered surface using skis attached to their feet.\n\nskijoring\n\n\nskwalling\nA hybrid sport that attempts to combine the carving of skiing with the riding feel of snowboarding using a special piece of equipment called a skwal, which is similar to a snowboard or monoski in that both feet are attached to the same board; unlike a snowboard or monoski, however, on a skwal the feet are positioned one in front of the other, in line with the direction of forward movement.\n\nslackcountry\n\n\nslalom\nA sub-discipline of alpine skiing and snowboarding and a competitive Winter Olympic event which involves skiing or snowboarding between marked poles or gates. In ordinary slalom events, the poles or gates are spaced more closely than those in giant slalom, super giant slalom, and downhill events, necessitating quicker and shorter turns.\n\nslopestyle\n\n\nsnow cannon\nA machine used in snowmaking to create artificial snow by spraying pressurized water into the air above a ski slope.\n\nsnowbank\n\n\nsnowboard\nA round-edged board of semi-rigid material used in the sport of snowboarding, placed beneath and usually attached to the soles of both feet to allow the wearer to glide easily on snow. Snowboards are much wider than skis (typically between 6 and 12 inches (15 and 30 cm)) to accommodate both feet on the same board, and are differentiated from monoskis in that the rider stands with feet more or less transverse to the longitude of the board, perpendicular to the direction of travel.\n\nsnowboard cross\nAlso called boardercross.\n\n\nsnowboard racing\n\n\nsnowboarding\nA recreational activity or competitive winter sport in which the participant, known as a snowboarder or rider, descends a snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard attached to their feet.\n\nsnowcat\nA closed-cab, truck-sized vehicle propelled by a continuous track that is designed to move on snow. Snowcats are employed for a wide variety of purposes from personal use to industrial applications; they are often used for grooming trails and for transporting skiers to off-piste slopes in a discipline known as \"snowcat skiing\".\n\nsnowkiting\nSee kite skiing.\n\nsnowmaking\n\n\nsnowpack\nMultiple layers of accumulated snowfall that persist where the climate is cold enough to prevent melting for extended periods during the year.\n\nsnowplough turn\nAlso called a wedge turn or pizza slice.\n\n\nsnowskate\nA type of compact snowboard, conceived of as a hybrid of a snowboard and a skateboard, intended primarily to allow riders to perform skateboard-style tricks on the snow.\n\nspeed skiing\n\n\nsplitboard\nA snowboard that can be separated into two ski-like halves and fitted with climbing skins to allow the rider to ascend slopes in the same manner as randonnée and Telemark skis. Unlike normal snowboards, splitboards usually have nose and tail clips, split hooks, and touring mounts. Splitboarding allows for free-heel movement and, with skins attached, provides uphill traction; the two halves can later be reconnected to form a regular snowboard for descent.\n\nstem\nThe technique of angling the tail of one ski away from the other ski, into a \"V\" position, while keeping the tips generally close together. Stemming is a fundamental movement in many techniques of turning and control.[3]\n\nstem christie\nAlso called the wedge christie.\nA basic turning technique used in skiing, initiated by stemming one ski outward at an angle to the direction of movement, which forces a change in direction opposite to the stemmed ski, and then bringing the other ski parallel to the angled ski for the duration of the turn.[6]\n\nsuper giant slalom\nAlso called the super-G.\n\n\nsuperpipe\n\n\nsurface lift\nAlso called a ski tow.\nA class of cable-based transport for snow sports where skiers and snowboarders remain on the ground as they are pulled uphill, as opposed to aerial lifts, where they are suspended in the air.\n\nswingweight\nA specification used in manufacturing skis defined as the resistance of an unweighted ski to being turned. Lighter skis tend to have a lower swingweight than heavy skis.[3]","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"snowboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboard"},{"link_name":"Telemark skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemark_skiing"},{"link_name":"alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"Nordic skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#nordic_skiing"},{"link_name":"carving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#carve_turn"},{"link_name":"sidecuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#sidecut"},{"link_name":"free-heel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#free-heel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telemark_competition_gate.png"},{"link_name":"Telemark skiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#telemark_skiing"},{"link_name":"terrain park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain_park"},{"link_name":"kickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kicker"},{"link_name":"jibs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jib"},{"link_name":"tindy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindy"},{"link_name":"snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboarding"},{"link_name":"toe edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#toe_edge"},{"link_name":"tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tail"},{"link_name":"indy grab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_grab"},{"link_name":"tail grab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_grab"},{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"snowboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboard"},{"link_name":"snowboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#snowboard"},{"link_name":"tree well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_well"}],"text":"tail\nThe back end of a ski or snowboard, situated behind the skier or snowboarder.\n\nTelemark skiing\nAlso teleskiing.\nA skiing technique and competitive sport that combines elements of alpine skiing and Nordic skiing, in which skiers perform sharp, carving turns using a squatting and lunging motion with knees bent, typically on skis with deep sidecuts and specialized free-heel bindings.\nTelemark skiers perform fast, sharp turns with a unique motion that involves bending one knee and lunging forward\nterrain park\nAn outdoor recreation area containing terrain and specially constructed obstacles (jumps, kickers, jibs, marked courses, etc.) designed to allow skiers and snowboarders to perform tricks.\n\ntindy\nA snowboarding trick in which the rider grabs the toe edge of the snowboard between the rear binding and the tail with his or her rear hand. It is a combination of an indy grab and a tail grab.\n\ntip\nThe front end of a ski or snowboard, situated in front of the skier or snowboarder.\n\ntoe edge\nThe long edge of a snowboard toward which the rider's toes are pointed.\n\ntracked out\nThe condition of a slope of once-fresh snow that has been ridden over repeatedly, discernible by the numerous visible tracks left by previous skiers or snowboarders.\n\ntree well\nAlso spruce trap.\nA void or area of loose snow around a tree trunk and beneath its branches which forms because the branches prevent this space from receiving the same amount of snowfall as adjacent open spaces. Tree wells are a significant hazard to skiers and snowboarders because falling into one may result in serious injury, and they are often too deep to easily climb out.","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"downhill ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#downhill_ski"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scharff-3"}],"text":"uphill ski\nThe upper ski (i.e. higher on the hill than the downhill ski) or the one that will become the upper ski during a turn.[3]","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ski resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_resort"},{"link_name":"ski lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_lift"}],"text":"vertical drop\nThe difference in elevation between the base of a ski slope or mountain and its highest point. At ski resorts, this often refers to the highest point served by a ski lift rather than the geographical summit of a mountain.\n\nvirgin snow","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"ski boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scharff-3"}],"text":"waist\nThe narrowest width of a ski as viewed from above, usually the area beneath where the ski boot is positioned.[3]","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XC skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cross-country_skiing"}],"text":"XC skiing\nSee cross-country skiing.","title":"X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski"},{"link_name":"poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ski_pole"}],"text":"yard sale\nA fall or crash in which the skier's or snowboarder's gear – skis, poles, hat, gloves, etc. – end up scattered across the slope.","title":"Y"}]

[{"image_text":"Telemark skiers perform fast, sharp turns with a unique motion that involves bending one knee and lunging forward","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Telemark_competition_gate.png/220px-Telemark_competition_gate.png"}]

[{"title":"Outline of skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_skiing"},{"title":"Winter sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sports"}]

[{"reference":"\"A-Z Snowboard Glossary of Terms\". AWE365. Retrieved 12 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://awe365.com/snowboard-a-z-glossary-of-snowboarding-terms-lingo-and-slang/","url_text":"\"A-Z Snowboard Glossary of Terms\""}]},{"reference":"Flower, Raymond (1976). The History of Skiing and Other Winter Sports. Toronto: Methuen Inc. pp. 132–141. ISBN 0-458-92780-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-458-92780-5","url_text":"0-458-92780-5"}]},{"reference":"Scharff, Robert (1974). Ski Magazine's Encyclopedia of Skiing. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0060139188. OL 5086616M.","urls":[{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5086616M/Ski_magazine%27s_encyclopedia_of_skiing.","url_text":"Ski Magazine's Encyclopedia of Skiing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060139188","url_text":"0060139188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5086616M","url_text":"5086616M"}]},{"reference":"Huntford, Roland (2009). Two Planks and a Passion: The Dramatic History of Skiing. A&C Black. p. 436. ISBN 9781441134011. Retrieved 2014-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IY7hYFesJe0C&q=%22cross+country+skiing%22+loipe&pg=PA388","url_text":"Two Planks and a Passion: The Dramatic History of Skiing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441134011","url_text":"9781441134011"}]},{"reference":"Pfeiffer, Doug (January 1969). \"Instruction Corner—Back to Basics: Edge Control\". Skiing. 20 (4). Chicago: Ziff-Davis: 94. ISSN 0037-6264. Retrieved 2016-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xjQV84MjHPoC&dq=stem+christie+turn+skiing&pg=PA94","url_text":"\"Instruction Corner—Back to Basics: Edge Control\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6264","url_text":"0037-6264"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://awe365.com/snowboard-a-z-glossary-of-snowboarding-terms-lingo-and-slang/","external_links_name":"\"A-Z Snowboard Glossary of Terms\""},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5086616M/Ski_magazine%27s_encyclopedia_of_skiing.","external_links_name":"Ski Magazine's Encyclopedia of Skiing"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5086616M","external_links_name":"5086616M"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IY7hYFesJe0C&q=%22cross+country+skiing%22+loipe&pg=PA388","external_links_name":"Two Planks and a Passion: The Dramatic History of Skiing"},{"Link":"https://www.flexiski.com/skiing-advice/skiing-blog/ski-terms-dictionary/","external_links_name":"\"Ski Terms Dictionary\", FlexiSki"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xjQV84MjHPoC&dq=stem+christie+turn+skiing&pg=PA94","external_links_name":"\"Instruction Corner—Back to Basics: Edge Control\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6264","external_links_name":"0037-6264"},{"Link":"https://www.skis.com/Glossary-of-Ski-Terms/article-12-18-2012,default,pg.html","external_links_name":"Glossary of Ski Terms by Skis.com"},{"Link":"https://thisisvermonting.com/ski-terms-glossary-a-z-200-skiing-terms-explained/","external_links_name":"Ski Terms Glossary A-Z: 200+ Skiing Terms Explained by thisisvermonting.com"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Royal_tube_station

Park Royal tube station

["1 History","2 Possible development","3 Services","4 Connections","5 Gallery","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°31′37″N 0°17′03″W / 51.52694°N 0.28417°W / 51.52694; -0.28417London Underground station For the former Great Western Railway stations, see Park Royal railway station and Park Royal West Halt railway station. Park Royal Park RoyalLocation of Park Royal in Greater LondonLocationPark RoyalLocal authorityLondon Borough of EalingManaged byLondon UndergroundNumber of platforms2Fare zone3OSIHanger LaneLondon Underground annual entry and exit2018 1.93 million2019 2.05 million2020 1.25 million2021 0.92 million2022 1.65 millionRailway companiesOriginal companyDistrict RailwayKey dates6 July 1931Station opened as Park Royal4 July 1932District line service replaced by Piccadilly line1 March 1936Renamed Park Royal (Hanger Hill)1947Renamed Park RoyalListed statusListing gradeIIEntry number1079328Added to list15 October 1987; 36 years ago (1987-10-15)Other informationExternal links TfL station info page Coordinates51°31′37″N 0°17′03″W / 51.52694°N 0.28417°W / 51.52694; -0.28417 London transport portal Park Royal is a London Underground station. It is on the Piccadilly line between North Ealing and Alperton stations and is in Travelcard Zone 3. It is situated on the south side of the east–west Western Avenue (A40), surrounded by residential Ealing and industrial Park Royal. There is a pedestrian subway under the A40 road near the station. The station's platforms have a continuous significant gradient (sloping up from south to north). History The District Railway (DR, now the District line) opened the line through Park Royal on its new extension to South Harrow on 23 June 1903. A station, Park Royal & Twyford Abbey, was opened at that time a short distance to the north of the current station to serve the Royal Agricultural Society's recently opened Park Royal show grounds. The current station was built for the extension of Piccadilly line services over the District line tracks to South Harrow. It opened on 6 July 1931 and replaced the earlier station which closed on the previous day. First opened as a temporary timber structure, the current station building was designed by Welch & Lander in an Art Deco/Streamline Moderne style influenced by the Underground's principal architect Charles Holden. The station buildings are formed from a series of simple interconnecting geometric shapes. Plain red brick masses are accented with strong horizontal and vertical glazed elements. A large circular ticket hall with high level windows gives access to the platform stairs. The enclosures for these form cascades of glazed steps down to the platforms. The most prominent feature of the station building is the tall square tower adjacent to the ticket hall. This is adorned with the Underground roundel; and represents a visible locator for the station from some distance. The permanent structure was opened in 1936. Attached to the station building and across the small open space of Hanger Green are two curved three-storey retail and office buildings built in the same style as the station. On 4 July 1932, the Piccadilly line was extended to run west of its original terminus at Hammersmith sharing the route with the District line to Ealing Common. From Ealing Common to South Harrow, the District line was replaced by the Piccadilly line. From 1 March 1936 until 1947 the station name was modified to Park Royal (Hanger Hill). The suffix was then dropped and the station returned to the unmodified version. Hanger Hill referred to a residential estate adjacent to the station. In August 2022 a woman died when the Range Rover she was travelling in crashed through a barrier, hit another vehicle and ended up on Piccadilly line tracks at Park Royal Tube station. The driver and another female passenger were injured also taken to hospital. The driver Rida Kazem admitted causing death by dangerous driving and was jailed. Possible development The Mayor's plans for the area include improvements to the station access. In 2018, it was announced that the station would gain step free access by 2022, as part of a £200m investment to increase the number of accessible stations on the Tube. The developers of the First Central business park at Park Royal were planning a new station between North Acton and Hanger Lane on the Central line. This would have served the business park and provide a walking distance interchange with Park Royal station. This is not being actively pursued. London Underground has said that the transport benefits of a Park Royal station on the Central line are not sufficiently high to justify the costs of construction. Services The off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is: 6tph to Cockfosters (Eastbound) 3tph to Rayners Lane (Westbound) 3tph to Uxbridge via Rayners Lane (Westbound) The peak time service in trains per hour (tph) is: 12tph to Cockfosters (Eastbound) 6tph to Rayners Lane (Westbound) 6tph to Uxbridge via Rayners Lane (Westbound) Connections London Buses routes 95 and 487 serve the station. Gallery Wikimedia Commons has media related to Park Royal tube station. Looking north from the eastbound platform (in the westbound direction) Looking south from the eastbound platform (in the eastbound direction) Platform shelter on the westbound platform – note slope of platform from south to north References ^ "Out of Station Interchanges" (XLSX). Transport for London. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020. ^ "Station Usage Data" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022. ^ "Station Usage Data" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023. ^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1079328)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 September 2015. ^ "Transport Plans for the London Area: West". See How They Run. Retrieved 20 May 2012. ^ a b c d Rose, Douglas (1999). The London Underground, A Diagrammatic History. Douglas Rose/Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-219-4. ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-65564073 ^ "Park Royal Opportunity Area Planning Framework (Chapter 10: The Gateways and the Heart)" (PDF). Greater London Authority. pp. 103, 107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2013. ^ "Huge boost for accessibility as further 13 stations to go step-free". London City Hall. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018. ^ First Central Business Park Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Proposed Park Royal Central Line station" (PDF). 20 October 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2012. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Park Royal tube station. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Temporary station, 1934 Ticket Hall in 1939 Station and attached shops, 1948 Park Royal station and platforms, 2000 External view of station, showing ticket hall and tower, 2001 First Central Business Park Preceding station London Underground Following station Alpertontowards Uxbridge or Rayners Lane Piccadilly lineUxbridge branch North Ealingtowards Cockfosters or Arnos Grove Former services Alpertontowards South Harrow or Uxbridge District line(1931–1932) North Ealingtowards Upminster vtePiccadilly lineStationsMainroute Cockfosters Oakwood Southgate Arnos Grove Bounds Green Wood Green Turnpike Lane Manor House Finsbury Park Arsenal Holloway Road Caledonian Road King's Cross St Pancras Russell Square Holborn Covent Garden Leicester Square Piccadilly Circus Green Park Hyde Park Corner Knightsbridge South Kensington Gloucester Road Earl's Court Barons Court Hammersmith Turnham Green Acton Town Heathrowbranch South Ealing Northfields Boston Manor Osterley Hounslow East Hounslow Central Hounslow West Hatton Cross Heathrow Terminal 4 Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 Heathrow Terminal 5 Uxbridgebranch Ealing Common North Ealing Park Royal Alperton Sudbury Town Sudbury Hill South Harrow Rayners Lane Eastcote Ruislip Manor Ruislip Ickenham Hillingdon Uxbridge Rolling stockCurrent 1973 Stock Future 2024 Stock Former 1906 Stock 1938 Stock 1956 Stock 1959 Stock Standard Stock HistoryFormer companies Brompton & Piccadilly Circus Railway Railway Great Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton Railway Great Northern & Strand Railway District Railway Underground Electric Railways Company of London Former stations Aldwych Brompton Road Down Street Osterley & Spring Grove York Road Rejected plans Angel Aldgate Alexandra Palace, Hornsey & Harringay Goldhawk Road & Acton Parsons Green Shepherd's Bush Waterloo London Underground Transport for London London transport portal vteDistrict lineStations Upminster Upminster Bridge Hornchurch Elm Park Dagenham East Dagenham Heathway Becontree Upney Barking East Ham Upton Park Plaistow West Ham Bromley-by-Bow Bow Road Mile End Stepney Green Whitechapel Aldgate East Tower Hill ( Tower Gateway) Monument ( Bank) Cannon Street Mansion House Blackfriars Temple Embankment Westminster St James's Park Victoria Sloane Square South Kensington Gloucester Road Earl's Court West Kensington Barons Court Hammersmith Ravenscourt Park Stamford Brook Turnham Green Richmond branch Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Ealing branch Chiswick Park Acton Town Ealing Common Ealing Broadway Wimbledon branch West Brompton Fulham Broadway Parsons Green Putney Bridge East Putney Southfields Wimbledon Park Wimbledon Edgware Road branch High Street Kensington Notting Hill Gate Bayswater Paddington Edgware Road Olympia branch Kensington (Olympia) Rolling stock S7 Stock History District Railway History of the District line Former stations Alperton Benfleet Boston Manor Castle Hill & Ealing Dene Chalkwell Deptford Road East Horndon Eastcote Hanwell Hayes Hillingdon Hounslow Central Hounslow East Hounslow Town Hounslow West Ickenham Laindon Langley Leigh-on-Sea Mark Lane New Cross Gate North Ealing Northfields Northfields & Little Ealing Osterley Osterley & Spring Grove Park Royal Park Royal & Twyford Abbey Pitsea Rayners Lane Rotherhithe Ruislip Ruislip Manor Shadwell Shoeburyness Slough South Acton South Ealing South Harrow Southall Southend Central Southend East St Mary's (Whitechapel Road) Sudbury Town Sudbury Hill Thorpe Bay Uxbridge Wapping Westcliff West Drayton Windsor Wimbledon & Sutton Railway Cannon Hill Cheam Collingwood Road Elm Farm Elm Grove Merton Park Morden Sutton Sutton Common Former stock C69 & C77 D78 A Stock B Stock C Stock D Stock E Stock F Stock G Stock H Stock K Stock L Stock O/P/CO/CP Stock Q Stock R Stock Depots Acton Ealing Common Lillie Bridge Upminster See alsoOther sub-surface lines Circle line Hammersmith & City line Metropolitan line London Underground Transport for London London transport portal vteCentral lineStationsEpping branch Epping Theydon Bois Debden Loughton Buckhurst Hill Woodford South Woodford Snaresbrook Hainault loop Roding Valley Chigwell Grange Hill Hainault Fairlop Barkingside Newbury Park Gants Hill Redbridge Wanstead Leytonstone Leyton Stratford Mile End Bethnal Green Liverpool Street Bank St Paul's Chancery Lane Holborn Tottenham Court Road Oxford Circus Bond Street Marble Arch Lancaster Gate Queensway Notting Hill Gate Holland Park Shepherd's Bush White City East Acton North Acton Ealing branch West Acton Ealing Broadway Ruislip branch Hanger Lane Perivale Greenford Northolt South Ruislip Ruislip Gardens West Ruislip Rolling stock 1992 Stock HistoryFormer stations Blake Hall British Museum North Weald Ongar Wood Lane Former companies Central London Railway Great Eastern Railway Great Western Railway Abandoned plansRichmond extension (1913) The Grove Paddenswick Road Rylett Road Emlyn Road Turnham Green Heathfield Terrace Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Richmond extension (1920) Hammersmith Ravenscourt Park Stamford Brook Turnham Green Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Denham extension Denham Harefield Road Former rolling stock 1900 Stock 1903 Stock 1915 Stock 1920 Stock Standard Stock 1935 Stock 1960 Stock 1962 Stock 1967 Stock Proposed stations First Central Uxbridge Shoreditch High Street Depots Hainault Ruislip White City London Underground Night Tube Transport for London London transport portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Park Royal railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Royal_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Park Royal West Halt railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Royal_West_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_line"},{"link_name":"North Ealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ealing_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Alperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alperton_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Travelcard Zone 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelcard_Zone_3"},{"link_name":"Western Avenue (A40)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A40_road"},{"link_name":"Ealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing"},{"link_name":"Park Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Royal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"London Underground stationFor the former Great Western Railway stations, see Park Royal railway station and Park Royal West Halt railway station.Park Royal is a London Underground station. It is on the Piccadilly line between North Ealing and Alperton stations and is in Travelcard Zone 3. It is situated on the south side of the east–west Western Avenue (A40), surrounded by residential Ealing and industrial Park Royal. There is a pedestrian subway under the A40 road near the station.The station's platforms have a continuous significant gradient (sloping up from south to north).[8]","title":"Park Royal tube station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"District Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Railway"},{"link_name":"District line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_line"},{"link_name":"South Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Harrow_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRose-9"},{"link_name":"Park Royal & Twyford Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Royal_%26_Twyford_Abbey_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Royal Agricultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_Society_of_England"},{"link_name":"Park Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Royal"},{"link_name":"District line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_line"},{"link_name":"South Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Harrow_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRose-9"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Streamline Moderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline_Moderne"},{"link_name":"Charles Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Holden"},{"link_name":"geometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_tube_station_(District_and_Piccadilly_lines)"},{"link_name":"Ealing Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing_Common_tube_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRose-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRose-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The District Railway (DR, now the District line) opened the line through Park Royal on its new extension to South Harrow on 23 June 1903.[9] A station, Park Royal & Twyford Abbey, was opened at that time a short distance to the north of the current station to serve the Royal Agricultural Society's recently opened Park Royal show grounds.The current station was built for the extension of Piccadilly line services over the District line tracks to South Harrow. It opened on 6 July 1931 and replaced the earlier station which closed on the previous day.[9]First opened as a temporary timber structure, the current station building was designed by Welch & Lander in an Art Deco/Streamline Moderne style influenced by the Underground's principal architect Charles Holden. The station buildings are formed from a series of simple interconnecting geometric shapes. Plain red brick masses are accented with strong horizontal and vertical glazed elements. A large circular ticket hall with high level windows gives access to the platform stairs. The enclosures for these form cascades of glazed steps down to the platforms.The most prominent feature of the station building is the tall square tower adjacent to the ticket hall. This is adorned with the Underground roundel; and represents a visible locator for the station from some distance. The permanent structure was opened in 1936. Attached to the station building and across the small open space of Hanger Green are two curved three-storey retail and office buildings built in the same style as the station.On 4 July 1932, the Piccadilly line was extended to run west of its original terminus at Hammersmith sharing the route with the District line to Ealing Common. From Ealing Common to South Harrow, the District line was replaced by the Piccadilly line.[9]From 1 March 1936 until 1947 the station name was modified to Park Royal (Hanger Hill).[9] The suffix was then dropped and the station returned to the unmodified version. Hanger Hill referred to a residential estate adjacent to the station.In August 2022 a woman died when the Range Rover she was travelling in crashed through a barrier, hit another vehicle and ended up on Piccadilly line tracks at Park Royal Tube station. The driver and another female passenger were injured also taken to hospital. The driver Rida Kazem admitted causing death by dangerous driving and was jailed. [10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"North Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Acton_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Hanger Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanger_Lane_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Central line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_line_(London_Underground)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Mayor's plans for the area include improvements to the station access.[11] In 2018, it was announced that the station would gain step free access by 2022, as part of a £200m investment to increase the number of accessible stations on the Tube.[12]The developers of the First Central business park at Park Royal were planning a new station between North Acton and Hanger Lane on the Central line. This would have served the business park and provide a walking distance interchange with Park Royal station.[13] This is not being actively pursued. London Underground has said that the transport benefits of a Park Royal station on the Central line are not sufficiently high to justify the costs of construction.[14]","title":"Possible development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-15"}],"text":"The off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:[15]6tph to Cockfosters (Eastbound)\n3tph to Rayners Lane (Westbound)\n3tph to Uxbridge via Rayners Lane (Westbound)The peak time service in trains per hour (tph) is:[15]12tph to Cockfosters (Eastbound)\n6tph to Rayners Lane (Westbound)\n6tph to Uxbridge via Rayners Lane (Westbound)","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_95"},{"link_name":"487","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_487"}],"text":"London Buses routes 95 and 487 serve the station.","title":"Connections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Park Royal tube station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Park_Royal_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Park_Royal_stn_look_north.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Park_Royal_stn_look_south.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Park_Royal_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_318545.jpg"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Park Royal tube station.Looking north from the eastbound platform (in the westbound direction)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLooking south from the eastbound platform (in the eastbound direction)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlatform shelter on the westbound platform – note slope of platform from south to north","title":"Gallery"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Out of Station Interchanges\" (XLSX). Transport for London. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/out-of-station-interchanges.xlsx","url_text":"\"Out of Station Interchanges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (CSV). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2018. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230114012549/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2018/AnnualisedEntryExit_2018.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2019. Transport for London. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109221122/http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2019/AnnualisedEntryExit_2019.xlsx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2020. Transport for London. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2020/AC2020_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2021. Transport for London. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2021/AC2021_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Usage Data\" (XLSX). Usage Statistics for London Stations, 2022. Transport for London. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://crowding.data.tfl.gov.uk/Annual%20Station%20Counts/2022/AC2022_AnnualisedEntryExit.xlsx","url_text":"\"Station Usage Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1079328)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1079328","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1079328)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Transport Plans for the London Area: West\". See How They Run. Retrieved 20 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://husk.org/www.geocities.com/athens/acropolis/7069/tpftla_w.html#PkRoyalCentral","url_text":"\"Transport Plans for the London Area: West\""}]},{"reference":"Rose, Douglas (1999). The London Underground, A Diagrammatic History. Douglas Rose/Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-219-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85414-219-4","url_text":"1-85414-219-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Park Royal Opportunity Area Planning Framework (Chapter 10: The Gateways and the Heart)\" (PDF). Greater London Authority. pp. 103, 107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130926051736/http://london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/park-royal-oapf-chaps10-12.pdf","url_text":"\"Park Royal Opportunity Area Planning Framework (Chapter 10: The Gateways and the Heart)\""},{"url":"http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/park-royal-oapf-chaps10-12.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Huge boost for accessibility as further 13 stations to go step-free\". London City Hall. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/further-13-stations-to-go-step-free","url_text":"\"Huge boost for accessibility as further 13 stations to go step-free\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proposed Park Royal Central Line station\" (PDF). 20 October 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brent.gov.uk/tps.nsf/Files/LBBA-674/$FILE/London%20Regional%20Diageo%20Cov%20Let.pdf","url_text":"\"Proposed Park Royal Central Line station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160701100216/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/wtt-56-piccadilly.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://content.tfl.gov.uk/wtt-56-piccadilly.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_Raskin

Jonah Raskin

["1 Early life","2 Into the Seventies","3 Return to the university in the 1980s","4 Current work","5 Publications by Jonah Raskin","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

American writer (born 1942) Jonah RaskinPhotograph by Daniel Raskin, May 2005Born (1942-01-03) January 3, 1942 (age 82)New York City, U.S.Alma materColumbia University (BA, MA)University of Manchester (PhD)Occupation(s)Writer, professorEmployerSonoma State UniversitySpouseEleanor Raskin Jonah Raskin (born January 3, 1942) is an American writer who left an East Coast university teaching position to participate in the 1970s radical counterculture as a freelance journalist, then returned to the academy in California in the 1980s to write probing studies of Abbie Hoffman and Allen Ginsberg and reviews of northern California writers whom he styled as "natives, newcomers, exiles and fugitives." Beginning as a lecturer in English at Sonoma State University in 1981, he moved to chair of the Communications Studies Department from 1988 to 2007, while serving as a book reviewer for the San Francisco Chronicle and the Santa Rosa Press-Democrat. He retired from his teaching position in 2011. Early life Born in New York City to a secular Jewish family, Raskin was raised in Huntington, Long Island. His parents were Communists in the 1930s and 1940s, but as his father became a successful attorney in the 1950s, they concealed their radical politics and were careful to blend into their middle-class community. Hiding, dissembling, and disguising would become persistent themes in Raskin's writing, along with the personas of the exile and the fugitive. Raskin gave every appearance of being the all-American teenager; he was co-captain of his high school football team, and named to Newsday's All-Suffolk Football Squad in 1958. He also worked as a sports reporter for The Long Islander in his last year of high school. Raskin attended Columbia College, studying literature with Lionel Trilling, receiving a B.A. degree in 1963, and an M.A. in American Literature in 1964. He taught at Winston-Salem State College in the summer of 1964, then married and moved to England in the fall to study British and American literature at the University of Manchester. He received his Ph.D. in 1967 with a dissertation on the mythology of imperialism in the work of Rudyard Kipling and Joseph Conrad, and obtained his first full-time teaching position in the English Department at the State University of New York at Stony Brook from 1967 to 1972. Raskin turned his Ph.D. thesis into a book entitled The Mythology of Imperialism, which Random House published in 1971. The New York Times called it "Maoist" literary criticism. Edward Said, the author of Orientalism and Culture and Imperialism, wrote in 1984 that it was "one of the genuinely important handful of books on modern literature published in the last two decades", and that "Raskin's quite unique feat was to have connected the genuine aesthetic power of the novelists to the political power of the culture abroad." The Mythology of Imperialism has since been republished in a new edition by Monthly Review Press, with a new introduction and conclusion by Raskin and a foreword by Columbia literature professor Bruce Robbins. Into the Seventies Identifying with the growing social movements of the late 1960s, Raskin joined the building occupation led by Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) at Columbia University in 1968. His wife, Eleanor Raskin, became involved with the Weatherman faction of SDS, and he followed with some ambivalence. He was arrested and beaten by New York police in December 1969 after smashing windows in a street demonstration organized by Weatherman. Failing to get tenure at Stony Brook because of his militant activity, Raskin abandoned his academic career for the life of a radical free-lance journalist. He joined Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin and Paul Krassner in the Youth International Party (the Yippies) in 1967, and was designated its Minister of Education in 1970. He traveled to Algiers with Jennifer Dohrn (sister of Weather Underground leader Bernardine Dohrn) as part of a Yippie delegation in October 1970 to meet with Eldridge Cleaver and Timothy Leary, whom the Weather Underground had helped escape from a low-security prison in California. Their plan, to link the anti-war movement in the United States with global protests, came to naught when Cleaver attempted to arrest Leary, and Leary and his wife fled to Switzerland. Raskin later interviewed Leary for High Times magazine shortly before Leary's death in 1996. In 1974, Raskin received a grant from the Rabinowitz Foundation in N.Y. for research on the Cold War and American culture in the literature of the period from 1945 to 1960, reading and interviewing that would inform his later book on Allen Ginsberg and the Beat Generation, American Scream. Raskin helped Abbie Hoffman go underground in 1974, and traveled with him when he was a fugitive for much of the 1970s, coming into contact once again with the Weather Underground, a subject he addressed in an autobiographical novel, Underground. His wife Eleanor had become a fugitive, and he made an unsuccessful effort to preserve their floundering marriage by making contact with her. In 1974 Raskin compiled and wrote an introduction to a collection of Weather Underground communiqués, The Weather Eye, and set up an imprint, Union Square Press, to publish the work. His introduction was academic in tone, and gave no hint that he'd had a hand in drafting the statement, "New Morning, Changing Weather", that adopted a more moderate tone and began the process of Weather leaders resurfacing from the underground. During this period Raskin lived on fees and advances from articles and books, writing for a variety of publications including Monthly Review, the San Francisco Review of Books, The International Herald Tribune, The Los Angeles Times and the Village Voice, and for various alternative newspapers and magazines, including Liberation News Service, The Seed, University Review, Liberation, The San Francisco Bay Guardian, L.A. Weekly, and the northern California Bohemian. He covered the trial of the Panther 21 in New York in 1970, and wrote about such fugitives and prisoners as Dennis Banks of the American Indian Movement and Oscar Collazo, the Puerto Rican nationalist. He traveled to Mexico in 1975 in search of the elusive writer B. Traven, a journey that became the subject of My Search for B. Traven. Raskin settled in Sonoma County, California, in the winter of 1976, where he had come to visit his parents, who had retired to the rural community of Occidental. Gradually detaching himself from New York and the radical left, Raskin began to meet such California writers as Tillie Olsen and Jessica Mitford, and pitched ideas for movies to Hollywood producers. He created the characters and the story about marijuana cultivation in northern California for the movie Homegrown, eventually produced in 1996 and directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal; Raskin appears in a crowd scene at the end of the film. Return to the university in the 1980s Raskin returned to academics as a lecturer in the English Department at Sonoma State University from 1981 to 1987, and became chair of the Communication Studies Department from 1988 to date (2007). He has taught media law, the history of communications, film noir, and writing for newspapers, magazines, radio, the movies and memoirs. He was a Fulbright Professor at the University of Ghent and University of Antwerp, Belgium, in 1986–1987, teaching 19th and 20th century American literature and culture. During the 1980s and 1990s, Raskin wrote scores of book reviews for the Santa Rosa Press Democrat, the San Francisco Chronicle, the Los Angeles Times, and a variety of other publications. His signature format coupled his reviews with separate in-depth interviews that often evoked wide-ranging conversations with the authors, including writers from Doris Lessing and Kurt Vonnegut to Alice Walker and Greg Sarris. Raskin's biography of Abbie Hoffman, For the Hell of It, captures the genius and the flaws of the Yippie spokesman and his place in the tumultuous sixties, follows him as he flees underground to avoid prison on drug charges, and is straightforward in acknowledging the bipolar disorder that led to Hoffman's suicide in 1989. In American Scream, Raskin studies Allen Ginsberg's development as a poet in the context of the poem, "Howl". Raskin traces Ginsberg's studies with Lionel Trilling, his relationship with his father (a schoolteacher and poet), and his Beat Generation colleagues. Raskin explores the consequences of Ginsberg's mother's mental illness on the theme of societal insanity in "Howl", and relates the court case that set a new direction for artistic freedom at the end of the repressive 1950s. Raskin has subjected his radicalism of the 1960s and 1970s to a searching and thoughtful analysis, and he now views his affiliation with the Weather Underground and his endorsement of its politics as largely self-dramatization that wasted the energy and resources of the above-ground enablers as well as the underground fugitives. A final moment of political disillusionment with the radical left and dreams of Third World socialism came with a visit to Hanoi in 1995, where he experienced Vietnam as a country run by a Communist elite rapidly enriching themselves from a freewheeling capitalist economy. Raskin's distance from his former comrades is apparent in his new introduction to the collection of Weather Underground communiqués republished, along with his original introduction, in Sing a Battle Song. Raskin allowed his introduction to be edited for the collection, but he published an expanded version in a left journal. To anyone who wants to go underground and commit acts of violence in America today, Raskin advises, "Don’t do it. Be visible. Talk openly. Go out and meet people. Organize. Educate. Avoid violence. Democracy is in the streets, on the Internet, and wherever people meet." Current work In the 1990s, Raskin began writing poetry and publishing it in chapbooks. His poems are unpredictable – alternately satiric, droll, and tender. He often performs his poems with musicians. Continuing his work on northern California authors, Raskin edited a book of Jack London's political writing, The Radical Jack London, adding a significant interpretive essay. His latest books are Field Days: A Year of Farming, Eating and Drinking Wine in California (2009); Marijuanaland: Dispatches from an American War (2011), and A Terrible Beauty: The Wilderness of American Literature (2014). He began reviewing with New York Journal of Books in 2015. He contributed a commentary column and a negative review of Barbara Kingsolver's novel Demon Copperhead to County Highway, a print-only publication created by David Samuels and Walter Kirn, for its debut edition of July-August 2023. Publications by Jonah Raskin Books The Mythology of Imperialism: Rudyard Kipling, Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, D. H. Lawrence, and Joyce Cary (New York: Random House, 1971). ISBN 0-394-46837-6. (New edition published by Monthly Review Press, 2009.) Out of the Whale: Growing up in the American Left (New York: Links, 1974). ISBN 0-8256-3039-8 Editor, The Weather Eye: Communiques from the Weather Underground (New York: Union Square Press, 1974). Puerto Rico: The Flame of Resistance, co-author with Lincoln Bergman et al. (San Francisco: Peoples Press, 1976/7?) ISBN 0-914750-05-4 Oscar Collazo: Portrait of a Puerto Rican Patriot (New York: New York Committee to Free the Puerto Rican Nationalist Prisoners, 1978). Underground: In Pursuit of B. Traven and Kenny Love (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1978). ISBN 0-672-52382-5 My Search for B. Traven (New York: Methuen, 1980). ISBN 0-416-00741-4 Translated into French by Virgine Girard, A la recherche de B. Traven (Arles: Les Fondeurs de Briques, 2007). James D. Houston (Boise, Idaho: Boise State University, 1991). ISBN 0-88430-098-6 For the Hell of It: The Life and Times of Abbie Hoffman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). ISBN 0-520-20575-8 American Scream: Allen Ginsberg's "Howl" and the Making of the Beat Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004). ISBN 0-520-24015-4 Natives, Newcomers, Exiles and Fugitives (Healdsburg, California: Running Wolf Press, 2004). ISBN 0-9701333-8-3 editor, The Radical Jack London: Writings on War and Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008). ISBN 0-520-25546-1 Field Days: A Year of Farming, Eating and Drinking Wine in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009). ISBN 978-0-520-26803-6 Marijuanaland: Dispatches from an American War (New York: High Times Books, 2011). ISBN 978-1-893010-30-7 James McGrath: In a Class by Himself (Santa Rosa, CA: McCaa Books, 2012). ISBN 978-0-9838892-9-8 Rock 'n' Roll Women (Santa Rosa, CA: McCaa Books, 2012). ISBN 978-0983889236 A Terrible Beauty: The Wilderness of American Literature (Berkeley: Regent Press, 2014). ISBN 978-1587902789 Poetry chapbooks Jonah Raskin's Greatest Hits: Poems 1996-1998 (Healdsburg, California: Running Wolf Press, 1999). More Poems, Better Poems (Healdsburg, California: Running Wolf Press, 2001). Bone Love (San Francisco: Alexander Book Company, 2004). Public Spaces, Private Places: New Poems (Salt Spring Island, BC: Running Wolf Press, 2007). ISBN 0-9746680-7-9 See also Eleanor Raskin References ^ Jonah Raskin, Out of the Whale, (New York: Links, 1974), pp. 11-37. ^ Out of the Whale, pp. 80-91. ^ "Monthly Review | the Mythology of Imperialism: A Revolutionary Critique of British Literature and Society in the Modern Age". ^ Ron Jacobs, The Way the Wind Blew: A History of the Weather Underground (London: Verso, 1997), p. 207. ^ Thomas P. Ronan, "2 Arrested at Anti-Nixon Protests Say They Were Beaten by Police", The New York Times, December 14, 1969. ^ Out of the Whale, pp. 161-179. ^ Jonah Raskin, Underground, (Bobbs-Merrill, 1978). ^ Jonah Raskin,"Looking Backward: Reflections on Language, Gesture and Mythology in the Weather Underground", in Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiques of the Weather Underground, 1970-1974, ed. by Bernardine Dohrn, Bill Ayers, and Jeff Jones (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2006), pp. 121-129. ^ Jonah Raskin, My Search for B. Traven (New York: Methuen, 1980); Richard Elman, "Mysterious Treasure", The Nation, November 1, 1980, pp. 450-451; Shepherd Bliss, "Who was B. Traven?" Guardian, September 17, 1980, p. 21. ^ Tina Barni, "Sonoma State Professor Cultivates ‘Homegrown’ for Big Screen", San Francisco Chronicle, June 19, 1998, p. NB 3. ^ Jonah Raskin, For the Hell of It (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1996), pp. 234-258; Vivian Gornick, "Wildman", The Nation, January 6, 1997, pp. 25-27; Jonathan Rieder, "The Groucho Marxist", The New York Times Book Review, February 2, 1997, p. 13; Sarah Peyton, "Free Radical", The Sonoma County Independent, February 13–19, 1997, pp. 17-18. ^ Jonah Raskin, American Scream (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2004), pp. 44-64; Vivian Gornick, "Wild at Heart", The Nation, June 14, 2004, pp. 34-36. ^ Jonah Raskin, "Vietnam Now: Land of Sadness & Survival", Sonoma Mandala, Vol. 22 (Fall 1994/ Spring 1995). ^ Jonah Raskin, "Looking Backward: Reflections on Language, Gesture and Mythology in the Weather Underground", Socialism and Democracy, Vol. 20, No. 2, (July 2006), pp. 121-135; and Sing A Battle Song, p. 129. ^ "Author Jonah Raskin: appearance, excerpt". What's Happening. Sonoma Valley Sun. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015. ^ "New York Journal of Books". Retrieved 2018-12-11. External links Jonah Raskin's home page at Sonoma State University The new edition of The Mythology of Imperialism from Monthly Review Press (2009) Articles by Jonah Raskin at The Rag Blog Thorne Dreyer's March 30, 2010 and Oct. 7, 2011 Rag Radio interviews with Jonah Raskin Interview with Jonah Raskin  by Stephen McKiernan, Binghamton University Libraries Center for the Study of the 1960s, November 2, 2009 vteWeather UndergroundBackground Anti-Vietnam War movement Counterculture of the 1960s New Left (New Communist movement· Maoism) Students for a Democratic Society (Revolutionary Youth Movement) 1968 Democratic National Convention (riots) Flint War Council Domestic terrorism in the United States Women's Brigade of Weather Underground Seattle Weather Collective FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1970s Bill Clinton pardon controversy Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy Members Jane Alpert Bill Ayers Kit Bakke Alan Berkman Silas Bissell Kathy Boudin Scott Braley Judith Alice Clark Bernardine Dohrn Dianne Donghi Elizabeth Ann Duke Linda Evans Brian Flanagan Larry Grathwohl (informant) David Gilbert Ted Gold Phoebe Hirsch John Jacobs Naomi Jaffe Jeff Jones Michael Justesen Michael Kazin Sharon Krebs Nancy Kurshan Roger Lippman Howard Machtinger Eric Mann Sam Melville Mark D. Naison Diana Oughton Robin Palmer Eleanor Raskin Jonah Raskin Terry Robbins Susan Rosenberg Robert Roth Mark Rudd Matthew Steen Susan Stern Laura Whitehorn Cathlyn Platt Wilkerson Attacks Days of Rage (Weather High School Jailbreaks) Greenwich Village townhouse explosion Bombing of the National Guard Bombing of the Presidio of San Francisco Bombing of the Bank of America HQ Timothy Leary escape from California Men's Colony Bombing of Marin County Courthouse Bombing at Harvard University Bombing of the United States Capitol Bombings of the Office of California Prisons Bombing of the New York Department of Corrections Bombing of the Pentagon Brink's robbery 1983 United States Senate bombing (Resistance Conspiracy case) Derivatives Prairie Fire Organizing Committee (May 19th Communist Organization) Associates Seattle Liberation Front (Michael Lerner) Media The Weather Underground Katherine Underground The Company You Keep American Pastoral Osawatomie Mother Right Fugitive Days The Anarchist Columbus Free Press See also Protests of 1968 Communist terrorism Yippies Rainbow Coalition John Brown Anti-Klan Committee Michael Klonsky and Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) Tate–LaBianca murders (Charles Manson) Attica Prison riot Bob Dylan's Subterranean Homesick Blues Black Power movement Jewish left Student activism White privilege theory (Critical race theory) COINTELPRO United States portal Communism portal Category WikiProject Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics CiNii Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbie Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"Allen Ginsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg"},{"link_name":"Sonoma State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_State_University"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa Press-Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Press-Democrat"}],"text":"Jonah Raskin (born January 3, 1942) is an American writer who left an East Coast university teaching position to participate in the 1970s radical counterculture as a freelance journalist, then returned to the academy in California in the 1980s to write probing studies of Abbie Hoffman and Allen Ginsberg and reviews of northern California writers whom he styled as \"natives, newcomers, exiles and fugitives.\" Beginning as a lecturer in English at Sonoma State University in 1981, he moved to chair of the Communications Studies Department from 1988 to 2007, while serving as a book reviewer for the San Francisco Chronicle and the Santa Rosa Press-Democrat. He retired from his teaching position in 2011.","title":"Jonah Raskin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huntington, Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communists"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Columbia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Lionel Trilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Trilling"},{"link_name":"University of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Joseph Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conrad"},{"link_name":"State University of New York at Stony Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Stony_Brook"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Edward Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said"},{"link_name":"Monthly Review Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Review"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Born in New York City to a secular Jewish family, Raskin was raised in Huntington, Long Island. His parents were Communists in the 1930s and 1940s, but as his father became a successful attorney in the 1950s, they concealed their radical politics and were careful to blend into their middle-class community. Hiding, dissembling, and disguising would become persistent themes in Raskin's writing, along with the personas of the exile and the fugitive. Raskin gave every appearance of being the all-American teenager; he was co-captain of his high school football team, and named to Newsday's All-Suffolk Football Squad in 1958. He also worked as a sports reporter for The Long Islander in his last year of high school.[1]Raskin attended Columbia College, studying literature with Lionel Trilling, receiving a B.A. degree in 1963, and an M.A. in American Literature in 1964. He taught at Winston-Salem State College in the summer of 1964, then married and moved to England in the fall to study British and American literature at the University of Manchester. He received his Ph.D. in 1967 with a dissertation on the mythology of imperialism in the work of Rudyard Kipling and Joseph Conrad, and obtained his first full-time teaching position in the English Department at the State University of New York at Stony Brook from 1967 to 1972.[2] Raskin turned his Ph.D. thesis into a book entitled The Mythology of Imperialism, which Random House published in 1971. The New York Times called it \"Maoist\" literary criticism. Edward Said, the author of Orientalism and Culture and Imperialism, wrote in 1984 that it was \"one of the genuinely important handful of books on modern literature published in the last two decades\", and that \"Raskin's quite unique feat was to have connected the genuine aesthetic power of the novelists to the political power of the culture abroad.\" The Mythology of Imperialism has since been republished in a new edition by Monthly Review Press, with a new introduction and conclusion by Raskin and a foreword by Columbia literature professor Bruce Robbins.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Students for a Democratic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(1960_organization)"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Raskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Raskin"},{"link_name":"Weatherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherman_(organization)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jerry Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Rubin"},{"link_name":"Paul Krassner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krassner"},{"link_name":"Youth International Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_International_Party"},{"link_name":"Bernardine Dohrn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardine_Dohrn"},{"link_name":"Eldridge Cleaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver"},{"link_name":"Timothy Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"High Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Times"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Beat Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Generation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Monthly Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Review"},{"link_name":"The International Herald Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Herald_Tribune"},{"link_name":"The Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"Liberation News Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_News_Service"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Panther 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_21"},{"link_name":"Dennis Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Banks"},{"link_name":"American Indian Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Movement"},{"link_name":"Oscar Collazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Collazo"},{"link_name":"B. Traven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._Traven"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sonoma County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental,_California"},{"link_name":"Tillie Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillie_Olsen"},{"link_name":"Jessica Mitford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Mitford"},{"link_name":"Homegrown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homegrown_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Gyllenhaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gyllenhaal"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Identifying with the growing social movements of the late 1960s, Raskin joined the building occupation led by Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) at Columbia University in 1968. His wife, Eleanor Raskin, became involved with the Weatherman faction of SDS,[4] and he followed with some ambivalence. He was arrested and beaten by New York police in December 1969 after smashing windows in a street demonstration organized by Weatherman.[5] Failing to get tenure at Stony Brook because of his militant activity, Raskin abandoned his academic career for the life of a radical free-lance journalist.He joined Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin and Paul Krassner in the Youth International Party (the Yippies) in 1967, and was designated its Minister of Education in 1970. He traveled to Algiers with Jennifer Dohrn (sister of Weather Underground leader Bernardine Dohrn) as part of a Yippie delegation in October 1970 to meet with Eldridge Cleaver and Timothy Leary, whom the Weather Underground had helped escape from a low-security prison in California. Their plan, to link the anti-war movement in the United States with global protests, came to naught when Cleaver attempted to arrest Leary, and Leary and his wife fled to Switzerland.[6] Raskin later interviewed Leary for High Times magazine shortly before Leary's death in 1996.In 1974, Raskin received a grant from the Rabinowitz Foundation in N.Y. for research on the Cold War and American culture in the literature of the period from 1945 to 1960, reading and interviewing that would inform his later book on Allen Ginsberg and the Beat Generation, American Scream.Raskin helped Abbie Hoffman go underground in 1974, and traveled with him when he was a fugitive for much of the 1970s, coming into contact once again with the Weather Underground, a subject he addressed in an autobiographical novel, Underground.[7] His wife Eleanor had become a fugitive, and he made an unsuccessful effort to preserve their floundering marriage by making contact with her. In 1974 Raskin compiled and wrote an introduction to a collection of Weather Underground communiqués, The Weather Eye, and set up an imprint, Union Square Press, to publish the work. His introduction was academic in tone, and gave no hint that he'd had a hand in drafting the statement, \"New Morning, Changing Weather\", that adopted a more moderate tone and began the process of Weather leaders resurfacing from the underground.[8]During this period Raskin lived on fees and advances from articles and books, writing for a variety of publications including Monthly Review, the San Francisco Review of Books, The International Herald Tribune, The Los Angeles Times and the Village Voice, and for various alternative newspapers and magazines, including Liberation News Service, The Seed, University Review, Liberation, The San Francisco Bay Guardian, L.A. Weekly, and the northern California Bohemian. He covered the trial of the Panther 21 in New York in 1970, and wrote about such fugitives and prisoners as Dennis Banks of the American Indian Movement and Oscar Collazo, the Puerto Rican nationalist. He traveled to Mexico in 1975 in search of the elusive writer B. Traven, a journey that became the subject of My Search for B. Traven.[9]Raskin settled in Sonoma County, California, in the winter of 1976, where he had come to visit his parents, who had retired to the rural community of Occidental. Gradually detaching himself from New York and the radical left, Raskin began to meet such California writers as Tillie Olsen and Jessica Mitford, and pitched ideas for movies to Hollywood producers. He created the characters and the story about marijuana cultivation in northern California for the movie Homegrown, eventually produced in 1996 and directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal; Raskin appears in a crowd scene at the end of the film.[10]","title":"Into the Seventies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghent"},{"link_name":"University of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Doris Lessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Lessing"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"Alice Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Walker"},{"link_name":"Greg Sarris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Sarris"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Howl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howl_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Beat Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Generation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Raskin returned to academics as a lecturer in the English Department at Sonoma State University from 1981 to 1987, and became chair of the Communication Studies Department from 1988 to date (2007). He has taught media law, the history of communications, film noir, and writing for newspapers, magazines, radio, the movies and memoirs. He was a Fulbright Professor at the University of Ghent and University of Antwerp, Belgium, in 1986–1987, teaching 19th and 20th century American literature and culture.During the 1980s and 1990s, Raskin wrote scores of book reviews for the Santa Rosa Press Democrat, the San Francisco Chronicle, the Los Angeles Times, and a variety of other publications. His signature format coupled his reviews with separate in-depth interviews that often evoked wide-ranging conversations with the authors, including writers from Doris Lessing and Kurt Vonnegut to Alice Walker and Greg Sarris.Raskin's biography of Abbie Hoffman, For the Hell of It, captures the genius and the flaws of the Yippie spokesman and his place in the tumultuous sixties, follows him as he flees underground to avoid prison on drug charges, and is straightforward in acknowledging the bipolar disorder that led to Hoffman's suicide in 1989.[11]In American Scream, Raskin studies Allen Ginsberg's development as a poet in the context of the poem, \"Howl\". Raskin traces Ginsberg's studies with Lionel Trilling, his relationship with his father (a schoolteacher and poet), and his Beat Generation colleagues. Raskin explores the consequences of Ginsberg's mother's mental illness on the theme of societal insanity in \"Howl\", and relates the court case that set a new direction for artistic freedom at the end of the repressive 1950s.[12]Raskin has subjected his radicalism of the 1960s and 1970s to a searching and thoughtful analysis, and he now views his affiliation with the Weather Underground and his endorsement of its politics as largely self-dramatization that wasted the energy and resources of the above-ground enablers as well as the underground fugitives. A final moment of political disillusionment with the radical left and dreams of Third World socialism came with a visit to Hanoi in 1995, where he experienced Vietnam as a country run by a Communist elite rapidly enriching themselves from a freewheeling capitalist economy.[13]Raskin's distance from his former comrades is apparent in his new introduction to the collection of Weather Underground communiqués republished, along with his original introduction, in Sing a Battle Song. Raskin allowed his introduction to be edited for the collection, but he published an expanded version in a left journal. To anyone who wants to go underground and commit acts of violence in America today, Raskin advises, \"Don’t do it. Be visible. Talk openly. Go out and meet people. Organize. Educate. Avoid violence. Democracy is in the streets, on the Internet, and wherever people meet.\"[14]","title":"Return to the university in the 1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SVS1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Demon Copperhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_Copperhead"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.countyhighway.com/"},{"link_name":"David Samuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Samuels_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Walter Kirn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kirn"}],"text":"In the 1990s, Raskin began writing poetry and publishing it in chapbooks. His poems are unpredictable – alternately satiric, droll, and tender. He often performs his poems with musicians. Continuing his work on northern California authors, Raskin edited a book of Jack London's political writing, The Radical Jack London, adding a significant interpretive essay. His latest books are Field Days: A Year of Farming, Eating and Drinking Wine in California (2009); Marijuanaland: Dispatches from an American War (2011), and A Terrible Beauty: The Wilderness of American Literature (2014).[15] He began reviewing with New York Journal of Books in 2015.[16] He contributed a commentary column and a negative review of Barbara Kingsolver's novel Demon Copperhead to County Highway[1], a print-only publication created by David Samuels and Walter Kirn, for its debut edition of July-August 2023.","title":"Current work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Joseph Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conrad"},{"link_name":"E. M. Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._M._Forster"},{"link_name":"D. H. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._H._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Joyce Cary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Cary"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-394-46837-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-46837-6"},{"link_name":"Monthly Review Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Review"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8256-3039-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8256-3039-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-914750-05-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914750-05-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-672-52382-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-52382-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-416-00741-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-00741-4"},{"link_name":"James D. Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Houston"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88430-098-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88430-098-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-20575-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20575-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-24015-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24015-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9701333-8-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9701333-8-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-25546-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-25546-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-26803-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26803-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-893010-30-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893010-30-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9838892-9-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9838892-9-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0983889236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0983889236"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1587902789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1587902789"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9746680-7-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9746680-7-9"}],"text":"BooksThe Mythology of Imperialism: Rudyard Kipling, Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, D. H. Lawrence, and Joyce Cary (New York: Random House, 1971). ISBN 0-394-46837-6. (New edition published by Monthly Review Press, 2009.)\nOut of the Whale: Growing up in the American Left (New York: Links, 1974). ISBN 0-8256-3039-8\nEditor, The Weather Eye: Communiques from the Weather Underground (New York: Union Square Press, 1974).\nPuerto Rico: The Flame of Resistance, co-author with Lincoln Bergman et al. (San Francisco: Peoples Press, 1976/7?) ISBN 0-914750-05-4\nOscar Collazo: Portrait of a Puerto Rican Patriot (New York: New York Committee to Free the Puerto Rican Nationalist Prisoners, 1978).\nUnderground: In Pursuit of B. Traven and Kenny Love (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1978). ISBN 0-672-52382-5\nMy Search for B. Traven (New York: Methuen, 1980). ISBN 0-416-00741-4 Translated into French by Virgine Girard, A la recherche de B. Traven (Arles: Les Fondeurs de Briques, 2007).\nJames D. Houston (Boise, Idaho: Boise State University, 1991). ISBN 0-88430-098-6\nFor the Hell of It: The Life and Times of Abbie Hoffman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). ISBN 0-520-20575-8\nAmerican Scream: Allen Ginsberg's \"Howl\" and the Making of the Beat Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004). ISBN 0-520-24015-4\nNatives, Newcomers, Exiles and Fugitives (Healdsburg, California: Running Wolf Press, 2004). ISBN 0-9701333-8-3\neditor, The Radical Jack London: Writings on War and Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008). ISBN 0-520-25546-1\nField Days: A Year of Farming, Eating and Drinking Wine in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009). ISBN 978-0-520-26803-6\nMarijuanaland: Dispatches from an American War (New York: High Times Books, 2011). ISBN 978-1-893010-30-7\nJames McGrath: In a Class by Himself (Santa Rosa, CA: McCaa Books, 2012). ISBN 978-0-9838892-9-8\nRock 'n' Roll Women (Santa Rosa, CA: McCaa Books, 2012). ISBN 978-0983889236\nA Terrible Beauty: The Wilderness of American Literature (Berkeley: Regent Press, 2014). ISBN 978-1587902789Poetry chapbooksJonah Raskin's Greatest Hits: Poems 1996-1998 (Healdsburg, California: Running Wolf Press, 1999).\nMore Poems, Better Poems (Healdsburg, California: Running Wolf Press, 2001).\nBone Love (San Francisco: Alexander Book Company, 2004).\nPublic Spaces, Private Places: New Poems (Salt Spring Island, BC: Running Wolf Press, 2007). ISBN 0-9746680-7-9","title":"Publications by Jonah Raskin"}]

[]

[{"title":"Eleanor Raskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Raskin"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82odnica

Kłodnica

[]

Coordinates: 50°19′47″N 18°09′44″E / 50.3297°N 18.1621°E / 50.3297; 18.1621River in Upper Silesia For other places with the same name, see Kłodnica (disambiguation). This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kłodnica" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kłodnica RiverThe Kłodnica in downtown GliwiceLocationCountryPolandPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationKatowice (southern district) • elevation305 meters (1,001 ft)165 meters (541 ft) (at mouth) Mouth  • locationOdra river at Kędzierzyn-Koźle • coordinates50°19′47″N 18°09′44″E / 50.3297°N 18.1621°E / 50.3297; 18.1621Length75 km (47 mi)Basin size1,125.8 km2 (434.7 sq mi)Basin featuresProgressionOder→ Baltic Sea The Kłodnica (German: Klodnitz) is a river in the Upper Silesia region. It is about 75 km long and a right tributary of the Odra river. Along Kłodnica's shore are Polish cities of Katowice, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Ruda Śląska, Gliwice, and Zabrze. There was also a Kłodnica Canal that opened in 1806. This water transport facility has been replaced by the Gliwice Canal. vteTributaries of the OderMain tributaries of the left bank Budišovka Čermná Opava Psina (Cyna) Cisek Olszówka Stradunia Osobłoga Nysa Kłodzka Oława Ślęza Bystrzyca Średzka Woda Cicha Woda Kaczawa Ślepca Zimnica Dębniak Biała Woda Czarna Struga Śląska Ochla Zimny Potok Bóbr Olcha Racza Lusatian Neisse Finow Canal Gręziniec Gunica Main tributaries of the right bank Suchá Luha Jičínka Sedlnice Lubina Ostravice Olza Ruda Bierawka Kłodnica Gliwice Canal Czarnka Mała Panew Stobrawa Widawa Jezierzyca Barycz Krzycki Rów Obrzyca Jablonna Pliszka Ołobok Gryżyński Potok Warta Myśla Kurzyca Stubia Rurzyca Tywa Płonia Ina Gowienica Distributary East Oder (Regalica) West Oder Szczecin Lagoon Dziwna Świna Peene Cities Ostrava Bohumín Racibórz Kędzierzyn-Koźle Krapkowice Opole Brzeg Oława Jelcz-Laskowice Wrocław Brzeg Dolny Ścinawa Szlichtyngowa Głogów Bytom Odrzański Nowa Sól Krosno Odrzańskie Eisenhüttenstadt Frankfurt (Oder) Słubice Lebus Kostrzyn nad Odrą Cedynia Schwedt Gartz Gryfino Szczecin Police vteSilesia topicsHistory Offensives Uprisings Wars (First, Second, Third) 1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite Treaty of Dresden Treaty of Teschen Book of Henryków Battle of Legnica Battle of Leuthen more... GeographyAreas Jelenia Góra valley Kłodzko Valley Lower Silesian Wilderness Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie Ostrava Valley Oświęcim Basin Przedgórze Sudeckie Silesian Walls Silesian Foothills Silesian Lowlands Silesian Przesieka Silesian Upland Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands Silesian-Moravian Foothills Wał Trzebnicki Zielona Góra Acclivity Lakes Jezioro Goczałkowickie Jezioro Otmuchowskie Jezioro Sławskie Nyskie Slezská Harta Reservoir Mountains Carpathian Silesian Beskids Moravian-Silesian Beskids Sudetes Eastern Central Western RiversElbe Divoká Orlice Jizera Úpa Oder Barycz Bóbr Kaczawa Kłodnica Kwisa Liswarta Mała Panew Nysa Kłodzka Olza Ślęza Vistula Biała Brynica Gostynia Przemsza Pszczynka Rawa PoliticsSubdivisionsFormer Duchies Piasts dukes Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39) parliament politicians treasury State country Silesia Province Upper Silesia Lower Silesia Sudetenland New Silesia Austrian Silesia Eastern Silesia Current Jeseník District Moravian–Silesian Region Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis / Görlitz Voivodeships Lower Silesian Lubusz Voivodeships Opole Silesian EP constituencies Lower Silesian and Opole Silesian EconomySocioeconomics Katowice urban area Metropolis GZM Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area Industry Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy Lower Silesian Coal Basin Upper Silesian Coal Basin Industrial Region Ostrava-Karviná / Rybnik Coal Areas Tourism Tourism SocietyCulture Architecture Familŏk Regional costume Upper Silesian Museum Silesian Museum (Opava) Silesian Museum (Katowice) Cuisine Black noodles Bryja Panczkraut (ciapkapusta) Klōzki Galert Hauskyjza Karminadle Kołŏcz Kopalnioki Kreple Krupniok Makōwki Moczka Modrŏ kapusta Siymiyniotka Szałŏt Wodziōnka Żur Religion Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland Roman Catholic Church Pentecostal Church in Poland Sport Football Association Moravian–Silesian Football League National football team Silesian Stadium Languages Czech German Silesian German (Lower Silesian) Lach dialects Silesian Moravian Polish Symbols Coats of arms Flags Unofficial anthems Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat Schlesierlied Slezská hymna Other topics Demographics Landsmannschaft Schlesien Silesian Autonomy Movement Marsz Autōnōmije Silesians Category This Silesian Voivodeship location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a river in Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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Dolny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzeg_Dolny"},{"link_name":"Ścinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Acinawa"},{"link_name":"Szlichtyngowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlichtyngowa"},{"link_name":"Głogów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Bytom Odrzański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytom_Odrza%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Nowa Sól","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_S%C3%B3l"},{"link_name":"Krosno Odrzańskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krosno_Odrza%C5%84skie"},{"link_name":"Eisenhüttenstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenh%C3%BCttenstadt"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt (Oder)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)"},{"link_name":"Słubice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82ubice"},{"link_name":"Lebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebus"},{"link_name":"Kostrzyn nad Odrą","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostrzyn_nad_Odr%C4%85"},{"link_name":"Cedynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedynia"},{"link_name":"Schwedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwedt"},{"link_name":"Gartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartz"},{"link_name":"Gryfino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryfino"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police,_West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Silesia_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Silesia_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silesia_topics"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Offensives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Offensives"},{"link_name":"Uprisings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings"},{"link_name":"Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Wars"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Silesian_War"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Silesian_War"},{"link_name":"Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Silesian_War"},{"link_name":"1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Upper_Silesia_plebiscite"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Dresden"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Teschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Teschen"},{"link_name":"Book of Henryków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Battle of Legnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leuthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen"},{"link_name":"more...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Jelenia Góra valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra_valley"},{"link_name":"Kłodzko Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82odzko_Valley"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesian Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obni%C5%BCenie_Milicko-G%C5%82ogowskie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ostrava Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrava_Valley"},{"link_name":"Oświęcim Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_Basin"},{"link_name":"Przedgórze Sudeckie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przedg%C3%B3rze_Sudeckie"},{"link_name":"Silesian Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Walls"},{"link_name":"Silesian Foothills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Foothills"},{"link_name":"Silesian Lowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Lowlands"},{"link_name":"Silesian Przesieka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Przesieka"},{"link_name":"Silesian Upland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Upland"},{"link_name":"Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian-Lusatian_Lowlands"},{"link_name":"Silesian-Moravian Foothills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian-Moravian_Foothills"},{"link_name":"Wał Trzebnicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wa%C5%82_Trzebnicki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zielona Góra Acclivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zielona_G%C3%B3ra_Acclivity&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jezioro Goczałkowickie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezioro_Gocza%C5%82kowickie"},{"link_name":"Jezioro Otmuchowskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezioro_Otmuchowskie"},{"link_name":"Jezioro Sławskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jezioro_S%C5%82awskie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nyskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyskie_Lake"},{"link_name":"Slezská Harta Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slezsk%C3%A1_Harta_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Carpathian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Silesian Beskids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Beskids"},{"link_name":"Moravian-Silesian Beskids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian-Silesian_Beskids"},{"link_name":"Sudetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetes"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Sudetes"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Sudetes"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sudetes"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"Divoká Orlice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divok%C3%A1_Orlice"},{"link_name":"Jizera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizera_(river)"},{"link_name":"Úpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Apa"},{"link_name":"Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder"},{"link_name":"Barycz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barycz_(river)"},{"link_name":"Bóbr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3br"},{"link_name":"Kaczawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczawa"},{"link_name":"Kłodnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kwisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwisa"},{"link_name":"Liswarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liswarta"},{"link_name":"Mała Panew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82a_Panew"},{"link_name":"Nysa Kłodzka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nysa_K%C5%82odzka"},{"link_name":"Olza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olza_(river)"},{"link_name":"Ślęza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%99za"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"Biała","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_(Vistula)"},{"link_name":"Brynica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynica"},{"link_name":"Gostynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gostynia"},{"link_name":"Przemsza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemsza"},{"link_name":"Pszczynka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszczynka"},{"link_name":"Rawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawa_(river)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png"},{"link_name":"Duchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchies_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Piasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Piasts"},{"link_name":"dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%9339)"},{"link_name":"parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"politicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politicians_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Treasury"},{"link_name":"State country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_country"},{"link_name":"Silesia Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia_Province"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia_Province"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesia_Province_(Prussia)"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"New Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Austrian Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Eastern Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Jeseník District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesen%C3%ADk_District"},{"link_name":"Moravian–Silesian Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian%E2%80%93Silesian_Region"},{"link_name":"Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederschlesischer_Oberlausitzkreis"},{"link_name":"Görlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz_(district)"},{"link_name":"Voivodeships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Lubusz Voivodeships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Opole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Silesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesian and Opole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesian_and_Opole_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Silesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg"},{"link_name":"Katowice urban area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice_urban_area"},{"link_name":"Metropolis GZM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_GZM"},{"link_name":"Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice-Ostrava_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bielski_Okr%C4%99g_Przemys%C5%82owy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legnicko-G%C5%82ogowski_Okr%C4%99g_Miedziowy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesian Coal Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_Silesian_Coal_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesian Coal Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Coal_Basin"},{"link_name":"Industrial Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Region"},{"link_name":"Ostrava-Karviná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostrava-Karvin%C3%A1_Coal_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rybnik Coal Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybnik_Coal_Area"},{"link_name":"Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Silesia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Familŏk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familok"},{"link_name":"Regional costume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_regional_costume"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesian_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silesian Museum (Opava)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Museum_(Opava)"},{"link_name":"Silesian Museum (Katowice)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Museum"},{"link_name":"Cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Black noodles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_noodles"},{"link_name":"Bryja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryja"},{"link_name":"Panczkraut (ciapkapusta)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panczkraut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Klōzki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_dumplings"},{"link_name":"Galert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hauskyjza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauskyjza"},{"link_name":"Karminadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karminadle"},{"link_name":"Kołŏcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ko%C5%82%C5%8Fcz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kopalnioki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopalnioki"},{"link_name":"Kreple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreple"},{"link_name":"Krupniok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaszanka"},{"link_name":"Makōwki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki"},{"link_name":"Moczka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moczka"},{"link_name":"Modrŏ kapusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modr%C5%8F_kapusta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Siymiyniotka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemieniotka"},{"link_name":"Szałŏt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sza%C5%82ot"},{"link_name":"Wodziōnka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodzionka"},{"link_name":"Żur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBur"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Berlin,_Brandenburg_and_Silesian_Upper_Lusatia"},{"link_name":"Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal Church in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Football_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moravian–Silesian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian%E2%80%93Silesian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"National football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Silesian Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Silesian German (Lower Silesian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_German"},{"link_name":"Lach dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lach_dialects"},{"link_name":"Silesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_language"},{"link_name":"Moravian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_dialects"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Coats of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schlesien_Unvergessene_Heimat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schlesierlied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schlesierlied&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slezská hymna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slezsk%C3%A1_hymna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Landsmannschaft Schlesien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsmannschaft_Schlesien"},{"link_name":"Silesian Autonomy Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement"},{"link_name":"Marsz Autōnōmije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy_March"},{"link_name":"Silesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Silesia.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Silesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg"},{"link_name":"Silesian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C5%82odnica&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Silesian-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Silesian-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silesian-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C5%82odnica&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Poland-river-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Poland-river-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poland-river-stub"}],"text":"River in Upper SilesiaFor other places with the same name, see Kłodnica (disambiguation).The Kłodnica (German: Klodnitz) is a river in the Upper Silesia region. It is about 75 km long and a right tributary of the Odra river.Along Kłodnica's shore are Polish cities of Katowice, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Ruda Śląska, Gliwice, and Zabrze.There was also a Kłodnica Canal that opened in 1806. This water transport facility has been replaced by the Gliwice Canal.vteTributaries of the OderMain tributaries of the left bank\nBudišovka\nČermná\nOpava\nPsina (Cyna)\nCisek\nOlszówka\nStradunia\nOsobłoga\nNysa Kłodzka\nOława\nŚlęza\nBystrzyca\nŚredzka Woda\nCicha Woda\nKaczawa\nŚlepca\nZimnica\nDębniak\nBiała Woda\nCzarna Struga\nŚląska Ochla\nZimny Potok\nBóbr\nOlcha\nRacza\nLusatian Neisse\nFinow Canal\nGręziniec\nGunica\nMain tributaries of the right bank\nSuchá\nLuha\nJičínka\nSedlnice\nLubina\nOstravice\nOlza\nRuda\nBierawka\nKłodnica\nGliwice Canal\nCzarnka\nMała Panew\nStobrawa\nWidawa\nJezierzyca\nBarycz\nKrzycki Rów\nObrzyca\nJablonna\nPliszka\nOłobok\nGryżyński Potok\nWarta\nMyśla\nKurzyca\nStubia\nRurzyca\nTywa\nPłonia\nIna\nGowienica\nDistributary\nEast Oder (Regalica)\nWest Oder\nSzczecin Lagoon\nDziwna\nŚwina\nPeene\nCities\nOstrava\nBohumín\nRacibórz\nKędzierzyn-Koźle\nKrapkowice\nOpole\nBrzeg\nOława\nJelcz-Laskowice\nWrocław\nBrzeg Dolny\nŚcinawa\nSzlichtyngowa\nGłogów\nBytom Odrzański\nNowa Sól\nKrosno Odrzańskie\nEisenhüttenstadt\nFrankfurt (Oder)\nSłubice\nLebus\nKostrzyn nad Odrą\nCedynia\nSchwedt\nGartz\nGryfino\nSzczecin\nPolicevteSilesia topicsHistory\nOffensives\nUprisings\nWars (First, Second, Third)\n1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite\nTreaty of Dresden\nTreaty of Teschen\nBook of Henryków\nBattle of Legnica\nBattle of Leuthen\nmore...\nGeographyAreas\nJelenia Góra valley\nKłodzko Valley\nLower Silesian Wilderness\nObniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie\nOstrava Valley\nOświęcim Basin\nPrzedgórze Sudeckie\nSilesian Walls\nSilesian Foothills\nSilesian Lowlands\nSilesian Przesieka\nSilesian Upland\nSilesian-Lusatian Lowlands\nSilesian-Moravian Foothills\nWał Trzebnicki\nZielona Góra Acclivity\nLakes\nJezioro Goczałkowickie\nJezioro Otmuchowskie\nJezioro Sławskie\nNyskie\nSlezská Harta Reservoir\nMountains\nCarpathian\nSilesian Beskids\nMoravian-Silesian Beskids\nSudetes\nEastern\nCentral\nWestern\nRiversElbe\nDivoká Orlice\nJizera\nÚpa\nOder\nBarycz\nBóbr\nKaczawa\nKłodnica\nKwisa\nLiswarta\nMała Panew\nNysa Kłodzka\nOlza\nŚlęza\nVistula\nBiała\nBrynica\nGostynia\nPrzemsza\nPszczynka\nRawa\nPoliticsSubdivisionsFormer\nDuchies\nPiasts\ndukes\nSilesian Voivodeship (1920–39)\nparliament\npoliticians\ntreasury\nState country\nSilesia Province\nUpper Silesia\nLower Silesia\nSudetenland\nNew Silesia\nAustrian Silesia\nEastern Silesia\nCurrent\nJeseník District\nMoravian–Silesian Region\nNiederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis / Görlitz\nVoivodeships\nLower Silesian\nLubusz Voivodeships\nOpole\nSilesian\nEP constituencies\nLower Silesian and Opole\nSilesian\nEconomySocioeconomics\nKatowice urban area\nMetropolis GZM\nKatowice-Ostrava metropolitan area\nIndustry\nBielski Okręg Przemysłowy\nLegnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy\nLower Silesian Coal Basin\nUpper Silesian Coal Basin\nIndustrial Region\nOstrava-Karviná / Rybnik Coal Areas\nTourism\nTourism\nSocietyCulture\nArchitecture\nFamilŏk\nRegional costume\nUpper Silesian Museum\nSilesian Museum (Opava)\nSilesian Museum (Katowice)\nCuisine\nBlack noodles\nBryja\nPanczkraut (ciapkapusta)\nKlōzki\nGalert\nHauskyjza\nKarminadle\nKołŏcz\nKopalnioki\nKreple\nKrupniok\nMakōwki\nMoczka\nModrŏ kapusta\nSiymiyniotka\nSzałŏt\nWodziōnka\nŻur\nReligion\nEvangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia\nSilesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession\nEvangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland\nRoman Catholic Church\nPentecostal Church in Poland\nSport\nFootball Association\nMoravian–Silesian Football League\nNational football team\nSilesian Stadium\nLanguages\nCzech\nGerman\nSilesian German (Lower Silesian)\nLach dialects\n Silesian\nMoravian\nPolish\nSymbols\nCoats of arms\nFlags\nUnofficial anthems\nSchlesien Unvergessene Heimat\nSchlesierlied\nSlezská hymna\nOther topics\nDemographics\nLandsmannschaft Schlesien\nSilesian Autonomy Movement\nMarsz Autōnōmije\nSilesians\n\n CategoryThis Silesian Voivodeship location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article related to a river in Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Kłodnica"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Santa_Maria_do_Olival

Church of Santa Maria do Olival

["1 History","2 Overview","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 39°36′05″N 8°24′26″W / 39.6015°N 8.4073°W / 39.6015; -8.4073Roman Catholic church in Tomar, Portugal 39°36′05″N 8°24′26″W / 39.6015°N 8.4073°W / 39.6015; -8.4073The Church of Santa Maria do Olival at Tomar The Church of Santa Maria do Olival (English: Saint Mary of the Olive Grove) is a Roman Catholic church in the city of Tomar, in Portugal. The Church has been characterized as National Monument since 1910. History The church was built in the second half of the 12th century by the provincial master of the Order of the Knights Templar in Portugal, Gualdim Pais. It was used as a burial place for the Knights Templar of Tomar and, later, by the Knights of the Order of Christ, which succeeded the Templars in the 14th century. Gualdim Pais is buried in the church, and his original tomb slab, dated from 1195 and bearing a gothic inscription, is still preserved inside. Overview The current building is mostly the result of a reconstruction carried out in the 13th century in early Gothic style. The main façade has a beautiful rose window and a simple portal with several archivolts, and is flanked by a free-standing bell tower. The interior is very simple. The church has three naves covered by a wooden roof, and the columns of the pointed arches of the naves are devoid of capitals. The main chapel of the apse is covered by a Gothic ribbed vault. The tracery of the small rose window in the Eastern wall of the nave has the shape of a pentagram. In the 16th century the church was restored and several chapels were added to the southern side of the church. Notable are the polychromed statue of the Virgin Mary and Child (early 16th century) in the main altar and the funerary monument of Diogo Pinheiro, first Bishop of Funchal, a fine Renaissance work dated from 1525, located on the wall of the main chapel. On the left side nave, in front of the chapel displaying the statue "Virgin Mary" there is a slab carved with the arms of two (2) families whose faded Latin inscription reads, immediately under the arms, "T.DA.CUNHA" appearing to indicate that one of the persons buried under it was a relation of the famous commander Tristão da Cunha. See also Knights Templar Knights Templar in Portugal Tomar Convent of the Order of Christ References ^ "Igreja de Santa Maria do Olival". www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-03-16. Portuguese Institute for Architectural Heritage General Bureau for National Buildings and Monuments (Portugal) External links Media related to Igreja de Santa Maria dos Olivais at Wikimedia Commons

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Dismantle_an_Atomic_Bomb

How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb

["1 Writing and recording","2 Composition","3 Promotion","3.1 Formats","3.2 Singles","4 Reception","4.1 Critical reaction","4.2 Commercial performance","4.3 Accolades","5 Vertigo Tour","6 Track listing","7 Personnel","8 Charts","8.1 Weekly charts","8.2 Year-end charts","8.3 Decade-end charts","8.4 Weekly singles charts","9 Certifications","10 References","11 External links"]

2004 studio album by U2How to Dismantle an Atomic BombStudio album by U2Released22 November 2004RecordedFebruary 2003 – July 2004Studio Hanover Quay (Dublin) South of France Genre Rock Length49:03Label Island Interscope ProducerSteve LillywhiteU2 chronology U2 Go Home: Live from Slane Castle, Ireland(2003) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb(2004) The Complete U2(2004) Singles from How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb "Vertigo"Released: 8 November 2004 "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own"Released: 7 February 2005 "City of Blinding Lights"Released: 6 June 2005 "All Because of You"Released: 10 October 2005 How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb is the eleventh studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 22 November 2004 in the United Kingdom by Island Records and a day later in the United States by Interscope Records. Much like their previous album All That You Can't Leave Behind (2000), the record exhibits a more mainstream rock sound after the band experimented with alternative rock and dance music in the 1990s. It was produced by Steve Lillywhite, with additional production from Chris Thomas, Jacknife Lee, Nellee Hooper, Flood, Daniel Lanois, Brian Eno, and Carl Glanville. Looking for a more hard-hitting sound than that of their previous album, U2 began recording How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb in February 2003 with Thomas. After nine months of work, the band had an album's worth of material ready for release, but they were not satisfied with the results. The group subsequently enlisted Lillywhite to take over as producer in Dublin in January 2004. Lillywhite, along with his assistant Lee, spent six months with the band reworking songs and encouraging better performances. U2 lead singer Bono described the album as "our first rock album. It's taken us twenty years or whatever it is, but this is our first rock album." Thematically, the record touches on life, death, love, war, faith, and family. How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb received generally positive reviews from critics and reached number one in 30 countries, including the US, where first-week sales of 840,000 copies nearly doubled the band's previous personal best. The album and its singles won all eight Grammy Awards for which they were nominated. It was also the fourth-highest-selling album of 2004, with almost ten million copies sold, and it yielded several successful singles, such as "Vertigo", "City of Blinding Lights", and "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own". The album was included on Rolling Stone's list of the "100 Best Albums of the Decade" at number 68. Writing and recording Lead singer Bono explained that he had to ask himself a few hard questions before carrying on recording: "I wanted to check where I was to where I am. So I went back and listened to all the music that made me want to be in a band, right from the Buzzcocks, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Echo & The Bunnymen, all that stuff. And what was interesting is, that was what a lot of people in bands now are listening to anyway. So in a funny way, it made us completely contemporary." Looking for a harder-hitting rock sound than that of their previous record, All That You Can't Leave Behind, U2 began recording How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb in February 2003 with producer Chris Thomas. After nine months of work, the band had completed an album's worth of songs. In October, they met in Dublin to review their work. Bono and guitarist the Edge believed it was good enough to release; Bono said, "All we needed was the assent of the politburo and the record would have been out for Christmas." Bassist Adam Clayton and drummer Larry Mullen Jr., however, disagreed with their bandmates and voted against releasing the record. Mullen said that the songs "had no magic", while Clayton said, "When it comes to signing off on a project, you ask questions like, 'Have we got a first single to open the campaign?' Frankly, we were missing more than just a first single." Clayton and Mullen also had a nagging feeling that All That You Can't Leave Behind had been overpraised when it only produced one hit—"Beautiful Day". Clayton thought that if U2's goal was to continue to be the world's biggest band, they needed three or four hits from their album that could attract new fans. Steve Lillywhite (pictured) took over as producer of the album after U2's dissatisfaction with their work with Chris Thomas. The group brought in their long-time producer Steve Lillywhite to mediate the disagreement. After they played him the album, Lillywhite assessed that it felt like "it had the weight of the world on its shoulders. It certainly wasn't any fun." After lengthy discussions, Bono and the Edge were convinced that the album needed more work. Bono thought their songs were good but admitted "good won't bring you to tears or make you want to leave your house and tour for a year". The group subsequently dismissed Thomas and enlisted Lillywhite to take over as the album's producer in Dublin in January 2004. Lillywhite, along with his assistant Jacknife Lee, spent six months with the band reworking songs and encouraging better performances. Several other producers received credits on the album, including Daniel Lanois, Brian Eno, Flood, Carl Glanville, and Nellee Hooper; Bono acknowledged that the involvement of multiple producers affected the record's "sonic cohesion". A demo version of the album (guitarist the Edge's copy) was stolen while the band were having their photo taken for a magazine in France in July 2004. It contained unfinished versions of several songs that made it onto the album. The band publicly announced that if those tracks were leaked online, they would release the album immediately via the iTunes Store. Several months later, the finished album was leaked online, but the band did not release it earlier, despite previous comments. In late 2004, "Mercy", an unreleased track taken from the How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb sessions, surfaced on the Internet through a fan who had been given a copy of the album containing the extra track. The track is of less than standard audio quality, but managed to become a favorite on fan websites. It was cut from the final release, but was described by Blender as "a six-and-a-half-minute outpouring of U2 at its most uninhibitedly U2-ish". The lyrics to the song can be found in the booklet for the Special Limited Edition. A significantly revised version of the song was performed during the European leg of the U2 360° Tour; it made its live debut on 12 September 2010 during the second Zürich concert, and was officially released as the opening track on the band's Wide Awake in Europe vinyl-only live EP that November. Composition As with All That You Can't Leave Behind, this album finds U2 returning to "more 'stripped down' rock and pop sounds", according to musicologist Susan Fast. Adam Clayton said of Atomic Bomb, "It's very much a guitar record. "Vertigo", "Love and Peace", "City of Blinding Lights", "All Because of You", all pretty up, rocky tunes. A lot of them are a kick-back to our very early days, so it's like with each year we have gathered a little bit more and this is what we are now." In 2003, Bono said one of their new songs called "Full Metal Jacket" was "the mother of all rock songs" and "the reason to make a new album". A similar demo called "Native Son" was also recorded. Both of these demos would later become "Vertigo". Contemporary Christian artist Michael W. Smith joined the band in the studio during the Atomic Bomb sessions and worked on at least one track with them, entitled "North Star". That track, which was a tribute to Johnny Cash, has not yet surfaced officially or unofficially in any form. A song introduced by Bono as "North Star" was played in Turin during the U2 360° Tour; however, it is unknown whether or not this is the same song that was worked on during the sessions. Other tracks, such as "Shark Soup" (another version of "Vertigo"), "Lead Me In The Way I Should Go", and "You Can't Give Away Your Heart", were referenced in the media and by the band themselves, but have not been released. "City of Blinding Lights" (2004) "City of Blinding Lights" is one of the tracks which reflects back to the band's earlier work. Problems playing this file? See media help. The very earliest versions of "Love and Peace or Else" originated during the recording sessions for All That You Can't Leave Behind. It serves as Atomic Bomb's "big plea for peace" song, following in the footsteps of "Sunday Bloody Sunday", "Miss Sarajevo", "Please", and "Peace on Earth". During performances on the Vertigo Tour, "Love and Peace Or Else" featured Mullen moving out to the center of the ellipse-shaped ramp, where he played a floor tom and crash cymbal for the majority of the song. Near the end, Bono took over and played the drum until the song segued into the opening drumbeat of "Sunday Bloody Sunday". Most live performances of the song also saw Mullen singing the "release, release, release, release" part during the chorus alongside Bono. "Crumbs from Your Table" is about the relationship between Western countries and developing countries. The verses and chorus address the relationship from the perspective of citizens from the developing world, focusing on the disparity between the long-term socioeconomic planning stressed by the West ("You speak in signs and wonders") and the developing world's immediate need for sustenance ("But I'm begging for the crumbs from your table"). One line ("You speak in signs and wonders") was meant as a criticism of the Catholic Church. The bridge ("Where you live should not decide / Whether you live or whether you die") is statement from Bono that follows with the theme in his speeches in which he tries to raise awareness about African poverty. Bono stated on a bonus DVD included with special editions of the album that the band has no recollection of writing the song, as they were intoxicated at the time. A studio performance is also included on the aforementioned bonus DVD. It was only played a handful on times during the third leg of the Vertigo Tour. "One Step Closer" is a slow tempo song, with Bono's lyrics centered around traffic images, leading to the singer being stranded on a refuge island. The origins of the song go back to the All That You Can't Leave Behind sessions. It was revived for Atomic Bomb, with Lanois introducing a pedal steel guitar, in addition to guitars from the Edge and Bono, and musical influences varying from country music to The Velvet Underground making themselves felt. One recording of the song ran for more than 15 minutes, with Bono adding many verses that were subsequently dropped. Jacknife Lee also contributed to the final form of the recording. "One Step Closer" is billed in the album with thanks to Noel Gallagher of Oasis. The title of the song comes from a conversation Bono had with Gallagher about Bono's dying father, Bob Hewson. Bono asked, "Do you think he believes in God?" to which Gallagher replied, "Well, he's one step closer to knowing." Through the end of the Vertigo Tour, the song had never been performed in any U2 concert. The title of the album derives from a lyric in the song "Fast Cars", which was only available on some versions of the album. Promotion U2, their manager Paul McGuinness, and concert promoters Gérard Drouot and Michael Deeny pose with copies of the album before a 2005 concert in France For the album release, U2 partnered with Apple Inc. for several cross-promotions. "Vertigo" was featured on a widely aired television advertisement for the company's iPod music player. Additionally, a special edition U2-branded iPod was released bearing the black and red color scheme of the album, as well as laser-engraved autographs of each member on the back. The Complete U2, an iTunes Store-exclusive box set featuring 448 tracks, including previously unreleased content was also released. Proceeds from the iPod and iTunes partnerships were donated to charity. A live version of "Original of the Species" from the concert film Vertigo 2005: Live from Chicago was later featured in commercials for the video iPod. Several CD copies of the album have the message "Miss You Sugar" on the bottom of the CD near the matrix number. The compilation Medium, Rare & Remastered and the EP Unreleased and Rare, included in The Complete U2 box set, contains previously unreleased tracks, six of which were from the recording sessions for How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb: "Xanax and Wine" (alternate early version of "Fast Cars") "Native Son" (alternate early version of "Vertigo") "Smile" (outtake from the How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb Sessions) "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" (early version) "All Because of You" (alternate version) "Yahweh" (alternate mix by Chris Thomas) U2 made various promotional appearances on television. On 20 November 2004, U2 appeared as the musical guests on Saturday Night Live, performing "Vertigo", "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own", and "I Will Follow". Two days later, on the day of the album's release, U2 performed on a flat-bed truck, which drove through much of downtown New York City. Footage of the flat-bed performance was used for the music video of "All Because of You". The drive ended at the Brooklyn Bridge, under which the band performed a "secret gig" in Empire Fulton Ferry State Park. Part of the concert was broadcast in an MTV television programme and released in the EP Live from Under the Brooklyn Bridge. Formats How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb was released in four different formats: Standard Edition – with album CD Double CD/DVD Edition – with album CD and bonus DVD, featuring making of the album footage and bonus performances Special Limited Edition – with album CD, bonus DVD, and a hardcover book, featuring extracts from band members, song lyrics, original paintings, illustrations and photography Vinyl LP Singles The album was preceded by the lead single "Vertigo", which was released on 24 September 2004. The song topped the charts in several countries, including the UK, reached number 31 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and topped the Modern Rock Tracks chart. It also topped the digital downloads chart in both the US and the UK, becoming U2's best-selling digital single ever in the US, with 2× Platinum status (note that for downloads, Platinum status was obtained at 200,000 copies sold). Upon release the song received extensive airplay and was an international hit, being featured in a popular iPod television commercial. The song lent its namesake to the band's Vertigo Tour. The second single in the UK was "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own", released on 7 February 2005. The song is about Bono's relationship with his dying father. The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming U2's first-ever follow-up single to top the charts. On US adult contemporary radio, it reached number 15 on the Adult Top 40 and also appeared on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, the Pop 100, and the Hot 100. "City of Blinding Lights" was the third UK release. It peaked at number 2 and spent nine weeks on the chart. It also placed on the US Adult Top 40. The second single in the US was "All Because of You". Although it received some airplay on rock radio, reaching number 6 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 20 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, the song had little mainstream exposure. When released in the UK, it peaked at number 4 but only spent four weeks on the chart. "Original of the Species" was released as a promotional single in the US. It peaked at number 6 on the Triple A Chart according to mediaguide.com and the video has reached number 12 on VH1's top 20 video countdown. The track has also made brief appearances on the Hot AC charts according to Radio and Records and MediaGuide. Reception Critical reaction Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic79/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBlenderEntertainment WeeklyBThe GuardianLos Angeles TimesNME9/10Pitchfork6.9/10QRolling StoneUncut How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score out of 100 to ratings from critics, the album received an average score of 79 based on 26 reviews. Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone described it as "grandiose music from grandiose men, sweatlessly confident in the execution of their duties", believing the album was well served by not tamping down Bono's ego or ambitions. Sheffield praised "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own", calling it "a reminder that what makes U2 so big isn't really their clever ideas, or even their intelligence — it's the warmth that all too few rock stars have any idea how to turn into music". Johnny Davis of Q said that the Edge's guitar playing "makes this record" with his "arsenal of guitar noises that bring to mind a particularly impatient boy with a new box of indoor fireworks". Responding to Bono's quote about the group wanting to stave off a decline, Davis said, "They've succeeded in not becoming crap quite admirably." Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times called the album "triumphant", praising U2's "journey from adolescence to maturity" over their career as one that few groups could make "with their creative vision so fully intact". He said that Bono lyrically "explores epic themes, from faith to family, with such indelible grace that the CD stands with 'The Joshua Tree' and 'Achtung Baby' as one of the Irish quartet's essential works". Dan Martin of NME called it "a classic U2 album, but also a breathtakingly modern heavy fucker", adding that "Bono's genius is that his inner monologue is so huge and heroic that it matches the scale of the music". Steve Morse of The Boston Globe called it a "nakedly honest, uplifting album" and their most personal one since The Joshua Tree. He called it "a joy to see the group rekindle its shimmering '80s guitar-pop sound" and was encouraged that their music "comes so strongly from the gut once again, without the latest techno-experimental production techniques." Ann Powers of Blender called the album a "tour de force of tune and mood", adding, "because U2's sound has come to signify an open heart... it nearly always feels fresh, the way a new flame does". She thought that Bono lyrically "wields sentimentality like a switchblade" but also said that "U2's music is so broad and welcoming it can express ardor equally well for Christ, wives, supermodels, children or Bishop Desmond Tutu". Stephen Troussé of Uncut called it "their most unabashedly strident record since The Unforgettable Fire" and said that songs such as "City of Blinding Lights" and "All Because of You" gave "the sense of a band flexing muscles they haven't used in years". He remarked about the melancholic undertow of Bono's lyrics, believing that the "lines that stay with you speak of a creeping malaise". Alexis Petridis of The Guardian said that the album "may be unadventurous and melodramatic, but it is packed with disarming moments". He thought the group had embraced the clichéd elements of their 1980s music but said, "Driven by a ferociously powerful rhythm section, U2 sound pleasingly raw, particularly next to the current wave of stadium rock pretenders". He lamented the abandonment of their 1990s experimentation, but appreciated their retention of self-awareness, concluding, "it seems highly unlikely anyone will laugh at U2 again". David Browne of Entertainment Weekly questioned U2's motivations for back-pedaling musically but called them "one of the few remaining bands who can make pop-chart lust work for them, as Atomic Bomb intermittently demonstrates". Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune said that the record "marks a retreat from innovation and daring, and re-immerses the Irish quartet in the comfort zone of its earliest successes". He believed the band had "settl into middle age by recycling its best riffs and ideas" and that those musical ideas were "destined to pale in coming years as second-hand versions of those classic albums". Amanda Petrusich of Pitchfork called the record "brash, grungy, and loud" but not "especially surprising", judging it to contain a "tiny handful of outstanding tracks and a whole mess of schmaltzy filler". She criticised Bono's "vague, cliched observations, his sentiments always awkwardly bombastic or hopelessly maudlin" and thought the album's biggest issue was "that it sounds so much like U2". Keith Harris of The Village Voice said that the lyrics were marred by "legions of rampant clichés" and that the album's producers "simply construct a U2 album in miniature, mixing in the Edge's processed-guitar trademark whenever you fear they're straying into unforgivable un-U2ness. That's just not enough." Commercial performance Following its 22 November 2004 release, the album debuted at number one in 34 countries, including the US Billboard 200 (with sales of 840,000), the UK Albums Chart, and the Australian ARIA Charts. The album has sold 9 million copies worldwide. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the album has sold 3.3 million copies in the US through March 2014. Accolades How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb was rated the best album of 2004 by USA Today, Paste, and The New York Times. Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times called it the second-best album of the year, and it was ranked fourth respectively by Q in its list of the best albums of the year. The Village Voice rated it the eighth-best album of 2004, while PopMatters ranked it 25th. It was included in Rolling Stone's Top 50 Albums of 2004. How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and its songs won eight Grammy Awards overall in 2005 and 2006, sweeping all of the categories in which they were nominated. In 2005, "Vertigo" won in three categories: Best Rock Song, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, and Best Short Form Music Video. In 2006, "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" was awarded Song of the Year and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, "City of Blinding Lights" was awarded Best Rock Song, and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb won for Best Rock Album and Album of the Year. The album producer's Steve Lillywhite was also awarded Producer of the Year, Non Classical in 2006. Rolling Stone rated it the 68th-best album of the decade, while "Vertigo" was ranked the 64th-best song. Despite all of the critical acclaim for the album, Bono would later state that "here are no weak songs. But as an album, the whole isn't greater than the sum of its parts, and it fucking annoys me." Vertigo Tour Main article: Vertigo Tour The indoor legs of the Vertigo Tour featured an ellipse-shaped ramp encircling the main stage, along with LED curtains. In support of the album, U2 launched the Vertigo Tour, which featured five legs and a total of 131 shows. The first and third legs featured indoor concerts in North America, while the second and fourth legs featured outdoor concerts in Europe, Mexico and South America, respectively. The final leg, which saw the band touring the Pacific, was delayed due to an illness suffered by The Edge's daughter Sian. The stage design of the indoor Vertigo Tour shows was a stripped-down, intimate affair for the fans and featured an ellipse-shaped B-stage extending from the main stage. In total, the Vertigo Tour had sold 4,619,021 tickets for a total gross of $389 million; the gross was the second-highest such figure ever. Three concert films depicting the tour, Vertigo 2005: Live from Chicago, Vertigo: Live from Milan, and U2 3D, were recorded. Track listing All lyrics are written by Bono except where noted; all music is composed by U2No.TitleLyricsProducerLength1."Vertigo"Bono and the EdgeSteve Lillywhite3:142."Miracle Drug"Bono and the EdgeLillywhite; Carl Glanville, Jacknife Lee3:593."Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" Chris Thomas; Lillywhite, Nellee Hooper5:084."Love and Peace or Else"Bono and the EdgeBrian Eno, Daniel Lanois; Thomas, Lee, Flood4:505."City of Blinding Lights" Flood; Thomas, Lee5:476."All Because of You" Lillywhite3:397."A Man and a Woman" Lee; Lillywhite, Glanville4:308."Crumbs from Your Table" Lillywhite; Lee5:039."One Step Closer" Thomas, Lanois; Lee3:5110."Original of the Species" Lillywhite; Lee4:4111."Yahweh"Bono and the EdgeThomas4:21Total length:49:03 UK, Ireland and Japan CD bonus trackNo.TitleLyricsProducerLength12."Fast Cars"Bono and the EdgeLillywhite3:43Total length:53:09 Notes ^ – additional production "Fast Cars" is a bonus track on the Japan, UK and Ireland CD edition, Special Limited Edition in all regions, and the digital version, included in The Complete U2. A new mix was featured on the "All Because of You" single. Double CD/DVD and Special Limited editions, bonus DVDNo.TitleLength1."U2 and 3 Songs" (The Documentary)20:022."Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" (Studio Performance)5:093."Crumbs from Your Table" (live in studio)5:004."Vertigo" (Temple Bar Mix)3:085."Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" (Acoustic Couch Mix)4:436."Vertigo"3:23Total length:43:00 Note Handwritten lyrics for "Sometimes You Can't Make It On Your Own" are included on the DVD as an Easter egg. Personnel U2 Bono – lead vocals, additional guitar (tracks 2, 9, 11), piano (5) The Edge – guitar, backing/additional vocals (1–7, 9, 11), piano (2, 4–5, 10–11), keyboards (3), additional percussion (7), synthesiser (10–11) Adam Clayton – bass guitar Larry Mullen Jr. – drums, percussion, backing vocal (2) Additional performers Jacknife Lee – synthesisers/additional synthesisers (1–2, 4–5, 7–10), programming (2, 4), keyboards (6), additional guitar atmospherics (8) Daniel Lanois – additional guitar and pedal steel (9), mandolin (11), shaker (4) Carl Glanville – additional percussion and synthesisers (2) Brian Eno – synthesisers (4) Fabien Waltmann – programming (3, 5) Charts Weekly charts Chart (2004–2006) Peakposition Argentine Albums (CAPIF) 1 Australian Albums (ARIA) 1 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 1 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 1 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 2 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 1 Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI) 1 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 1 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 1 European Albums (Billboard) 1 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 1 French Albums (SNEP) 1 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 1 Greek Albums (IFPI) 1 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 4 Irish Albums (IRMA) 1 Italian Albums (FIMI) 1 Japanese Albums (Oricon) 4 Mexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico) 3 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 1 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 1 Polish Albums (ZPAV) 1 Portuguese Albums (AFP) 1 Scottish Albums (OCC) 1 Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 1 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 1 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 1 UK Albums (OCC) 1 US Billboard 200 1 US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) 12 Chart (2017) Peakposition US Vinyl Albums (Billboard) 25 Year-end charts Chart (2004) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) 23 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 18 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 8 Belgian Alternative Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 2 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 20 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 16 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 7 Finnish Albums (Suomen viralinen lista) 12 French Albums (SNEP) 18 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 81 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 42 Irish Albums (IRMA) 1 Italian Albums (FIMI) 10 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 24 Portuguese Albums (AFP) 4 Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 20 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 2 Swedish Albums & Compilations (Sverigetopplistan) 3 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 20 UK Albums (OCC) 14 Worldwide Albums (IFPI) 4 Chart (2005) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) 26 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 15 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 8 Belgian Alternative Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 6 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 5 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 23 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 11 European Albums (Billboard) 4 French Albums (SNEP) 48 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 29 Italian Albums (FIMI) 20 Japanese Albums (Oricon) 97 Mexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico) 38 Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 34 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 50 Swedish Albums & Compilations (Sverigetopplistan) 58 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 12 UK Albums (OCC) 54 US Billboard 200 8 Chart (2006) Position Argentine Albums (CAPIF) 5 Mexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico) 77 Decade-end charts Chart (2000–09) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) 71 UK Albums (OCC) 97 US Billboard 200 124 Weekly singles charts Singles charts (weekly) Year Song Peak IRE AUS BE (Wal) CAN UK US US Pop 2004 "Vertigo" 1 5 9 2 1 31 10 2005 "All Because of You" 4 23 36 1 4 — — "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" 3 19 32 1 1 97 87 "City of Blinding Lights" 8 31 23 2 2 — — "—" denotes a release that did not chart. Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Argentina (CAPIF) 3× Platinum 120,000^ Australia (ARIA) 4× Platinum 280,000^ Austria (IFPI Austria) Platinum 30,000* Belgium (BEA) Platinum 50,000* Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) 2× Platinum 250,000* Canada (Music Canada) 5× Platinum 500,000^ Denmark (IFPI Danmark) 4× Platinum 80,000‡ Finland (Musiikkituottajat) Gold 21,348 France (SNEP) Platinum 300,000* Germany (BVMI) 3× Gold 300,000^ Greece (IFPI Greece) Platinum 20,000^ Hungary (MAHASZ) Gold 10,000^ Ireland (IRMA) 10× Platinum 150,000^ Japan (RIAJ) Platinum 250,000^ Mexico (AMPROFON) Platinum 100,000^ Netherlands (NVPI) Gold 40,000^ New Zealand (RMNZ) 3× Platinum 45,000^ Poland (ZPAV) Gold 20,000* Portugal (AFP) 3× Platinum 120,000^ Russia (NFPF) Gold 10,000* Spain (PROMUSICAE) 2× Platinum 200,000^ Sweden (GLF) Platinum 60,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) 4× Platinum 1,200,000^ United States (RIAA) 3× Platinum 3,300,000 Summaries Europe (IFPI) 3× Platinum 3,000,000* Worldwide — 9,000,000 * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. 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"How to dismantle an atomic bomb", dos U2, já editado em Novembro, surge em quarto lugar e "Feels Like Home", de Norah Jones, figura em sétimo. ^ "Top 50 Albumes 2004" (PDF) (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2021. ^ "Årslista Album – År 2004" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 16 January 2021. ^ "Årslista Album (inkl samlingar), 2004" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 27 February 2021. ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2004" (in German). hitparade.ch. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2004". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2004" (PDF). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2020. ^ "ARIA Top 100 Albums 2005". ARIA. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "Jahreshitparade Alben 2005" (in German). austriancharts.at. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2005: Albums" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2005: Alternative Albums" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "Rapports Annuels 2005: Albums" (in French). Ultratop. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "Chart of the Year 2005" (in Danish). TOP20.dk. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2020. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Album 2005" (in Dutch). dutchchartsnl. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "Year End European Top 100 Albums Chart 2005 01 - 2005 52" (PDF). Billboard. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2006. Retrieved 9 June 2021. ^ "Tops de l'Année - Top Albums 2005" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 20 December 2020. ^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts 2005" (in German). Offizielle Deutsche Charts. Retrieved 16 November 2020. ^ "Classifica annuale 2005 (dal 03.01.2005 al 01.01.2006) – Album & Compilation" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 28 January 2021. ^ "年間 アルバムランキング 2005年度" (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2020. ^ a b "Spanish album certifications" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 23 August 2022. Select Álbumes under "Categoría", select 2005 under "Año". Select 33 under "Semana". Click on "BUSCAR LISTA". ^ "Årslista Album – År 2005" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 16 January 2021. ^ "Årslista Album (inkl samlingar), 2005" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 27 February 2021. ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2005" (in German). hitparade.ch. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2005". Official Charts Company. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2005". Billboard. Retrieved 8 August 2018. ^ "Ranking Venta Mayorista de Discos – Anual" (in Spanish). Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2020. ^ "TOP 100 ALBUM DE ENERO A DICIEMBRE DE 2006" (PDF) (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2021. ^ "ARIA Top 100 Albums of the 00's". ARIA. January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2020. ^ "The Noughties' Official UK Albums Chart Top 100". Music Week. London, England: United Business Media. 30 January 2010. p. 19. ^ "The Decade in Music - Charts - Top Billboard 200 Albums" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 121, no. 50. 19 December 2009. p. 164. Retrieved 20 December 2020 – via World Radio History. Digit page 168 on the PDF archive. ^ "Search the charts". Irishcharts.ie. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2009. Note: U2 must be searched manually ^ "1ste Ultratop-hitquiz". Ultratop. Retrieved 29 October 2009. ^ "U2 Singles Positions Search" (in French). Ultratop. ^ a b c "U2: Charts and Awards". Allmusic. Archived from the original on 21 November 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2010. ^ "U2 singles". Everyhit.com. Retrieved 29 October 2009. Note: U2 must be searched manually. ^ "Discos de Oro y Platino - U2" (in Spanish). Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2006 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 26 November 2009. ^ "Austrian album certifications – U2 – How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 10 August 2011. ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – albums 2004". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020. ^ "Brazilian album certifications – U2 – How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 18 November 2014. ^ "Canadian album certifications – U2 – How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb". Music Canada. Retrieved 29 August 2011. ^ "Danish album certifications – U2 – How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb". IFPI Danmark. ^ a b "U2" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "French album certifications – U2 – How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2011. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (U2; 'How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 9 December 2017. ^ "Adatbázis – Arany- és platinalemezek – 2004" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved 24 June 2020. ^ "The Irish Charts - 2005 Certification Awards - Multi Platinum". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved 18 August 2013. ^ "Japanese album certifications – U2 – How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved 12 November 2010. Select 2005年8月 on the drop-down menu ^ "Certificaciones" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Retrieved 27 February 2019. Type U2 in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb in the box under the TÍTULO column heading. ^ "Dutch album certifications – U2 – How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 9 August 2011. Enter How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb in the "Artiest of titel" box. ^ "New Zealand album certifications – U2 – How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 23 February 2014. ^ "Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2004 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. 30 November 2004. Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^ "Portuguese album certifications – U2 – How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb" (in Portuguese). Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2020. ^ "Russian album certifications – U2 – How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb" (in Russian). National Federation of Phonogram Producers (NFPF). Retrieved 20 May 2019. ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 2004" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2019. ^ "British album certifications – U2 – How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 26 November 2020. ^ "American album certifications – U2 – How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 21 August 2020. ^ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 2004". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 22 August 2020. Bibliography U2 (2006). McCormick, Neil (ed.). U2 by U2. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-719668-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) McGee, Matt (2008). U2: A Diary. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84772-108-2. External links How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb at U2.com How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb at Discogs (list of releases) vteHow to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb track listing "Vertigo" "Miracle Drug" "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" "Love and Peace or Else" "City of Blinding Lights" "All Because of You" "A Man and a Woman" "Crumbs from Your Table" "One Step Closer" "Original of the Species" "Yahweh" "Fast Cars" All That You Can't Leave BehindNo Line on the Horizon vteU2 Bono The Edge Adam Clayton Larry Mullen Jr. Dik Evans Ivan McCormick Studio albums Boy October War The Unforgettable Fire The Joshua Tree Rattle and Hum Achtung Baby Zooropa Pop All That You Can't Leave Behind How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb No Line on the Horizon Songs of Innocence Songs of Experience Songs of Surrender Compilations The Best of 1980–1990 The Best of 1990–2000 The Complete U2 U218 Singles Extended plays Three Wide Awake in America Please: PopHeart Live EP 7 Live from Under the Brooklyn Bridge Wide Awake in Europe Live albums, fan-clubreleases, and other albums Under a Blood Red Sky Melon: Remixes for Propaganda Original Soundtracks 1 Hasta la Vista Baby! U2 Live from Mexico City Live from the Point Depot U2.Communication Zoo TV Live U2 Go Home: Live from Slane Castle, Ireland Live from Paris Medium, Rare & Remastered Artificial Horizon Duals U22 From the Ground Up: Edge's Picks from U2360° Videos and films U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky The Unforgettable Fire Collection Rattle and Hum Zoo TV: Live from Sydney PopMart: Live from Mexico City Elevation 2001: Live from Boston U2 Go Home: Live from Slane Castle, Ireland Vertigo 2005: Live from Chicago Vertigo 05: Live from Milan U218 Videos Live from Paris U2 3D Linear U2360° at the Rose Bowl From the Sky Down Innocence + Experience: Live in Paris Concert tours October Tour War Tour The Unforgettable Fire Tour A Conspiracy of Hope The Joshua Tree Tour Lovetown Tour Zoo TV Tour PopMart Tour Elevation Tour Vertigo Tour U2 360° Tour Innocence + Experience Tour The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 Experience + Innocence Tour The Joshua Tree Tour 2019 Performances Live Aid 1987 Vaillancourt Fountain performance 1997 concert in Sarajevo Super Bowl XXXVI halftime show Live 8 Glastonbury Festival 2011 U2:UV Achtung Baby Live at Sphere Lists Discography Songs recorded Awards and nominations Covers Tribute albums Pride: The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Plays U2 We Will Follow: A Tribute to U2 With or Without You In the Name of Love: Artists United for Africa Even Better Than the Real Thing Vol. 3 AHK-toong BAY-bi Covered Belong Related The Million Dollar Hotel soundtrack Mother Records U2 by U2 U2 Tower Paul McGuinness Guy Oseary Irving Azoff Bram van den Berg Category Timeline vteGrammy Award for Album of the Year1950s The Music from Peter Gunn – Henry Mancini (1958) Come Dance with Me! – Frank Sinatra (1959) 1960s The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart – Bob Newhart (1960) Judy at Carnegie Hall – Judy Garland (1961) The First Family – Vaughn Meader (1962) The Barbra Streisand Album – Barbra Streisand (1963) Getz/Gilberto – Stan Getz & João Gilberto (1964) September of My Years – Frank Sinatra (1965) A Man and His Music – Frank Sinatra (1966) Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – The Beatles (1967) By the Time I Get to Phoenix – Glen Campbell (1968) Blood, Sweat & Tears – Blood, Sweat & Tears (1969) 1970s Bridge over Troubled Water – Simon & Garfunkel (1970) Tapestry – Carole King (1971) The Concert for Bangladesh – George Harrison & Friends (1972) Innervisions – Stevie Wonder (1973) Fulfillingness' First Finale – Stevie Wonder (1974) Still Crazy After All These Years – Paul Simon (1975) Songs in the Key of Life – Stevie Wonder (1976) Rumours – Fleetwood Mac (1977) Saturday Night Fever – Various Artists (1978) 52nd Street – Billy Joel (1979) 1980s Christopher Cross – Christopher Cross (1980) Double Fantasy – John Lennon & Yoko Ono (1981) Toto IV – Toto (1982) Thriller – Michael Jackson (1983) Can't Slow Down – Lionel Richie (1984) No Jacket Required – Phil Collins (1985) Graceland – Paul Simon (1986) The Joshua Tree – U2 (1987) Faith – George Michael (1988) Nick of Time – Bonnie Raitt (1989) 1990s Back on the Block – Quincy Jones and Various Artists (1990) Unforgettable... with Love – Natalie Cole (1991) Unplugged – Eric Clapton (1992) The Bodyguard – Whitney Houston (1993) MTV Unplugged – Tony Bennett (1994) Jagged Little Pill – Alanis Morissette (1995) Falling into You – Celine Dion (1996) Time Out of Mind – Bob Dylan (1997) The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill – Lauryn Hill (1998) Supernatural – Santana (1999) 2000s Two Against Nature – Steely Dan (2000) O Brother, Where Art Thou? – Various Artists (2001) Come Away with Me – Norah Jones (2002) Speakerboxxx/The Love Below – Outkast (2003) Genius Loves Company – Ray Charles & Various Artists (2004) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb – U2 (2005) Taking the Long Way – Dixie Chicks (2006) River: The Joni Letters – Herbie Hancock (2007) Raising Sand – Robert Plant & Alison Krauss (2008) Fearless – Taylor Swift (2009) 2010s The Suburbs – Arcade Fire (2010) 21 – Adele (2011) Babel – Mumford & Sons (2012) Random Access Memories – Daft Punk (2013) Morning Phase – Beck (2014) 1989 – Taylor Swift (2015) 25 – Adele (2016) 24K Magic – Bruno Mars (2017) Golden Hour – Kacey Musgraves (2018) When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? – Billie Eilish (2019) 2020s Folklore – Taylor Swift (2020) We Are – Jon Batiste (2021) Harry's House – Harry Styles (2022) Midnights – Taylor Swift (2023) vteGrammy Award for Best Rock Album1990s Voodoo Lounge – The Rolling Stones (1994) Jagged Little Pill – Alanis Morissette (1995) Sheryl Crow – Sheryl Crow (1996) Blue Moon Swamp – John Fogerty (1997) The Globe Sessions – Sheryl Crow (1998) Supernatural – Santana (1999) 2000s There Is Nothing Left to Lose – Foo Fighters (2000) All That You Can't Leave Behind – U2 (2001) The Rising – Bruce Springsteen (2002) One by One – Foo Fighters (2003) American Idiot – Green Day (2004) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb – U2 (2005) Stadium Arcadium – Red Hot Chili Peppers (2006) Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace – Foo Fighters (2007) Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends – Coldplay (2008) 21st Century Breakdown – Green Day (2009) 2010s The Resistance – Muse (2010) Wasting Light – Foo Fighters (2011) El Camino – The Black Keys (2012) Celebration Day – Led Zeppelin (2013) Morning Phase – Beck (2014) Drones – Muse (2015) Tell Me I'm Pretty – Cage the Elephant (2016) A Deeper Understanding – The War on Drugs (2017) From the Fires – Greta Van Fleet (2018) Social Cues – Cage the Elephant (2019) 2020s The New Abnormal – The Strokes (2020) Medicine at Midnight – Foo Fighters (2021) Patient Number 9 – Ozzy Osbourne (2022) This Is Why – Paramore (2023) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"},{"link_name":"Interscope Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"All That You Can't Leave Behind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_That_You_Can%27t_Leave_Behind"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"Steve Lillywhite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lillywhite"},{"link_name":"Chris Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Thomas_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Jacknife Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacknife_Lee"},{"link_name":"Nellee Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellee_Hooper"},{"link_name":"Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lanois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lanois"},{"link_name":"Brian Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno"},{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_(U2_song)"},{"link_name":"City of Blinding Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Blinding_Lights"},{"link_name":"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sometimes_You_Can%27t_Make_It_on_Your_Own"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"}],"text":"2004 studio album by U2How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb is the eleventh studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 22 November 2004 in the United Kingdom by Island Records and a day later in the United States by Interscope Records. Much like their previous album All That You Can't Leave Behind (2000), the record exhibits a more mainstream rock sound after the band experimented with alternative rock and dance music in the 1990s. It was produced by Steve Lillywhite, with additional production from Chris Thomas, Jacknife Lee, Nellee Hooper, Flood, Daniel Lanois, Brian Eno, and Carl Glanville.Looking for a more hard-hitting sound than that of their previous album, U2 began recording How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb in February 2003 with Thomas. After nine months of work, the band had an album's worth of material ready for release, but they were not satisfied with the results. The group subsequently enlisted Lillywhite to take over as producer in Dublin in January 2004. Lillywhite, along with his assistant Lee, spent six months with the band reworking songs and encouraging better performances. U2 lead singer Bono described the album as \"our first rock album. It's taken us twenty years or whatever it is, but this is our first rock album.\"[1] Thematically, the record touches on life, death, love, war, faith, and family.How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb received generally positive reviews from critics and reached number one in 30 countries, including the US, where first-week sales of 840,000 copies nearly doubled the band's previous personal best. The album and its singles won all eight Grammy Awards for which they were nominated. It was also the fourth-highest-selling album of 2004,[2] with almost ten million copies sold,[3] and it yielded several successful singles, such as \"Vertigo\", \"City of Blinding Lights\", and \"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own\". The album was included on Rolling Stone's list of the \"100 Best Albums of the Decade\" at number 68.","title":"How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono"},{"link_name":"Buzzcocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzcocks"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie and the Banshees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees"},{"link_name":"Echo & The Bunnymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_%26_The_Bunnymen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"All That You Can't Leave Behind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_That_You_Can%27t_Leave_Behind"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccorm317-5"},{"link_name":"Chris Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Thomas_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"the Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Edge"},{"link_name":"politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo"},{"link_name":"Adam Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Clayton"},{"link_name":"Larry Mullen Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Mullen_Jr."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mystways-time-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccorm317-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mystways-time-7"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Day"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mystways-time-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Lillywhite_during_interview.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steve Lillywhite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lillywhite"},{"link_name":"Chris Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Thomas_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Steve Lillywhite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lillywhite"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mystways-time-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jacknife Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacknife_Lee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccorm317-5"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lanois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lanois"},{"link_name":"Brian Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno"},{"link_name":"Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Nellee Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellee_Hooper"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-earlier-14"},{"link_name":"Blender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"U2 360° Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2_360%C2%B0_Tour"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Wide Awake in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Awake_in_Europe"}],"text":"Lead singer Bono explained that he had to ask himself a few hard questions before carrying on recording: \"I wanted to check where I was to where I am. So I went back and listened to all the music that made me want to be in a band, right from the Buzzcocks, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Echo & The Bunnymen, all that stuff. And what was interesting is, that was what a lot of people in bands now are listening to anyway. So in a funny way, it made us completely contemporary.\"[4]Looking for a harder-hitting rock sound than that of their previous record, All That You Can't Leave Behind,[5] U2 began recording How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb in February 2003 with producer Chris Thomas.[6] After nine months of work, the band had completed an album's worth of songs. In October, they met in Dublin to review their work. Bono and guitarist the Edge believed it was good enough to release; Bono said, \"All we needed was the assent of the politburo and the record would have been out for Christmas.\" Bassist Adam Clayton and drummer Larry Mullen Jr., however, disagreed with their bandmates and voted against releasing the record.[7] Mullen said that the songs \"had no magic\",[5] while Clayton said, \"When it comes to signing off on a project, you ask questions like, 'Have we got a first single to open the campaign?' Frankly, we were missing more than just a first single.\"[7] Clayton and Mullen also had a nagging feeling that All That You Can't Leave Behind had been overpraised when it only produced one hit—\"Beautiful Day\". Clayton thought that if U2's goal was to continue to be the world's biggest band, they needed three or four hits from their album that could attract new fans.[7]Steve Lillywhite (pictured) took over as producer of the album after U2's dissatisfaction with their work with Chris Thomas.The group brought in their long-time producer Steve Lillywhite to mediate the disagreement. After they played him the album, Lillywhite assessed that it felt like \"it had the weight of the world on its shoulders. It certainly wasn't any fun.\" After lengthy discussions, Bono and the Edge were convinced that the album needed more work. Bono thought their songs were good but admitted \"good won't bring you to tears or make you want to leave your house and tour for a year\".[7] The group subsequently dismissed Thomas and enlisted Lillywhite to take over as the album's producer in Dublin in January 2004.[8] Lillywhite, along with his assistant Jacknife Lee, spent six months with the band reworking songs and encouraging better performances.[5] Several other producers received credits on the album, including Daniel Lanois, Brian Eno, Flood, Carl Glanville, and Nellee Hooper;[9] Bono acknowledged that the involvement of multiple producers affected the record's \"sonic cohesion\".[10]A demo version of the album (guitarist the Edge's copy) was stolen while the band were having their photo taken for a magazine in France in July 2004. It contained unfinished versions of several songs that made it onto the album.[11] The band publicly announced that if those tracks were leaked online, they would release the album immediately via the iTunes Store.[12] Several months later, the finished album was leaked online,[13] but the band did not release it earlier, despite previous comments.[14]In late 2004, \"Mercy\", an unreleased track taken from the How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb sessions, surfaced on the Internet through a fan who had been given a copy of the album containing the extra track. The track is of less than standard audio quality, but managed to become a favorite on fan websites. It was cut from the final release, but was described by Blender as \"a six-and-a-half-minute outpouring of U2 at its most uninhibitedly U2-ish\".[15] The lyrics to the song can be found in the booklet for the Special Limited Edition. A significantly revised version of the song was performed during the European leg of the U2 360° Tour; it made its live debut on 12 September 2010 during the second Zürich concert,[16] and was officially released as the opening track on the band's Wide Awake in Europe vinyl-only live EP that November.","title":"Writing and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Adam Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Clayton"},{"link_name":"Vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_(U2_song)"},{"link_name":"City of Blinding Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Blinding_Lights"},{"link_name":"All Because of You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Because_of_You_(U2_song)"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_music"},{"link_name":"Michael W. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_W._Smith"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cash"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"\"City of Blinding Lights\" (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U2cityofblindinglights.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Sunday Bloody Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Bloody_Sunday_(song)"},{"link_name":"Miss Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Please","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please_(U2_song)"},{"link_name":"Peace on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_on_Earth_(U2_song)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Vertigo Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_Tour"},{"link_name":"ellipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipse"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"refuge island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuge_island"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-u2byu2-23"},{"link_name":"pedal steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-u2byu2-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-u2byu2-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-int-24"},{"link_name":"Noel Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-u2byu2-23"}],"text":"As with All That You Can't Leave Behind, this album finds U2 returning to \"more 'stripped down' rock and pop sounds\", according to musicologist Susan Fast.[17]Adam Clayton said of Atomic Bomb, \"It's very much a guitar record. \"Vertigo\", \"Love and Peace\", \"City of Blinding Lights\", \"All Because of You\", all pretty up, rocky tunes. A lot of them are a kick-back to our very early days, so it's like with each year we have gathered a little bit more and this is what we are now.\"In 2003, Bono said one of their new songs called \"Full Metal Jacket\" was \"the mother of all rock songs\" and \"the reason to make a new album\". A similar demo called \"Native Son\" was also recorded. Both of these demos would later become \"Vertigo\".Contemporary Christian artist Michael W. Smith joined the band in the studio during the Atomic Bomb sessions and worked on at least one track with them, entitled \"North Star\". That track, which was a tribute to Johnny Cash, has not yet surfaced officially or unofficially in any form. A song introduced by Bono as \"North Star\" was played in Turin during the U2 360° Tour; however, it is unknown whether or not this is the same song that was worked on during the sessions.[18][19] Other tracks, such as \"Shark Soup\" (another version of \"Vertigo\"), \"Lead Me In The Way I Should Go\", and \"You Can't Give Away Your Heart\", were referenced in the media and by the band themselves, but have not been released.\"City of Blinding Lights\" (2004)\n\n\"City of Blinding Lights\" is one of the tracks which reflects back to the band's earlier work.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.The very earliest versions of \"Love and Peace or Else\" originated during the recording sessions for All That You Can't Leave Behind. It serves as Atomic Bomb's \"big plea for peace\" song, following in the footsteps of \"Sunday Bloody Sunday\", \"Miss Sarajevo\", \"Please\", and \"Peace on Earth\".[20] During performances on the Vertigo Tour, \"Love and Peace Or Else\" featured Mullen moving out to the center of the ellipse-shaped ramp, where he played a floor tom and crash cymbal for the majority of the song. Near the end, Bono took over and played the drum until the song segued into the opening drumbeat of \"Sunday Bloody Sunday\". Most live performances of the song also saw Mullen singing the \"release, release, release, release\" part during the chorus alongside Bono.\"Crumbs from Your Table\" is about the relationship between Western countries and developing countries. The verses and chorus address the relationship from the perspective of citizens from the developing world, focusing on the disparity between the long-term socioeconomic planning stressed by the West (\"You speak in signs and wonders\") and the developing world's immediate need for sustenance (\"But I'm begging for the crumbs from your table\"). One line (\"You speak in signs and wonders\") was meant as a criticism of the Catholic Church.[21] The bridge (\"Where you live should not decide / Whether you live or whether you die\") is statement from Bono that follows with the theme in his speeches in which he tries to raise awareness about African poverty. Bono stated on a bonus DVD included with special editions of the album that the band has no recollection of writing the song, as they were intoxicated at the time. A studio performance is also included on the aforementioned bonus DVD. It was only played a handful on times during the third leg of the Vertigo Tour.[22]\"One Step Closer\" is a slow tempo song, with Bono's lyrics centered around traffic images, leading to the singer being stranded on a refuge island. The origins of the song go back to the All That You Can't Leave Behind sessions.[23] It was revived for Atomic Bomb, with Lanois introducing a pedal steel guitar, in addition to guitars from the Edge and Bono, and musical influences varying from country music to The Velvet Underground making themselves felt.[23] One recording of the song ran for more than 15 minutes, with Bono adding many verses that were subsequently dropped.[23] Jacknife Lee also contributed to the final form of the recording.[24] \"One Step Closer\" is billed in the album with thanks to Noel Gallagher of Oasis. The title of the song comes from a conversation Bono had with Gallagher about Bono's dying father, Bob Hewson. Bono asked, \"Do you think he believes in God?\" to which Gallagher replied, \"Well, he's one step closer to knowing.\"[23] Through the end of the Vertigo Tour, the song had never been performed in any U2 concert. The title of the album derives from a lyric in the song \"Fast Cars\", which was only available on some versions of the album.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerard-drouot-U2-stade-de-france.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul McGuinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGuinness"},{"link_name":"Michael Deeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Deeny"},{"link_name":"Apple Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"iPod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod"},{"link_name":"The Complete U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_U2"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Vertigo 2005: Live from Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_2005:_Live_from_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Medium, Rare & Remastered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium,_Rare_%26_Remastered"},{"link_name":"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sometimes_You_Can%27t_Make_It_on_Your_Own"},{"link_name":"All Because of You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Because_of_You_(U2_song)"},{"link_name":"Yahweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh_(song)"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"I Will Follow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Will_Follow"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Empire Fulton Ferry State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge_Park"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Live from Under the Brooklyn Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Under_the_Brooklyn_Bridge"}],"text":"U2, their manager Paul McGuinness, and concert promoters Gérard Drouot and Michael Deeny pose with copies of the album before a 2005 concert in FranceFor the album release, U2 partnered with Apple Inc. for several cross-promotions. \"Vertigo\" was featured on a widely aired television advertisement for the company's iPod music player. Additionally, a special edition U2-branded iPod was released bearing the black and red color scheme of the album, as well as laser-engraved autographs of each member on the back. The Complete U2, an iTunes Store-exclusive box set featuring 448 tracks, including previously unreleased content was also released. Proceeds from the iPod and iTunes partnerships were donated to charity.[25] A live version of \"Original of the Species\" from the concert film Vertigo 2005: Live from Chicago was later featured in commercials for the video iPod. Several CD copies of the album have the message \"Miss You Sugar\" on the bottom of the CD near the matrix number.The compilation Medium, Rare & Remastered and the EP Unreleased and Rare, included in The Complete U2 box set, contains previously unreleased tracks, six of which were from the recording sessions for How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb:\"Xanax and Wine\" (alternate early version of \"Fast Cars\")\n\"Native Son\" (alternate early version of \"Vertigo\")\n\"Smile\" (outtake from the How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb Sessions)\n\"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own\" (early version)\n\"All Because of You\" (alternate version)\n\"Yahweh\" (alternate mix by Chris Thomas)U2 made various promotional appearances on television. On 20 November 2004, U2 appeared as the musical guests on Saturday Night Live, performing \"Vertigo\", \"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own\", and \"I Will Follow\". Two days later, on the day of the album's release, U2 performed on a flat-bed truck, which drove through much of downtown New York City. Footage of the flat-bed performance was used for the music video of \"All Because of You\". The drive ended at the Brooklyn Bridge, under which the band performed a \"secret gig\" in Empire Fulton Ferry State Park. Part of the concert was broadcast in an MTV television programme and released in the EP Live from Under the Brooklyn Bridge.","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"}],"sub_title":"Formats","text":"How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb was released in four different formats:Standard Edition – with album CD\nDouble CD/DVD Edition – with album CD and bonus DVD, featuring making of the album footage and bonus performances\nSpecial Limited Edition – with album CD, bonus DVD, and a hardcover book, featuring extracts from band members, song lyrics, original paintings, illustrations and photography\nVinyl LP","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Modern Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Rock_Tracks"},{"link_name":"iPod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod"},{"link_name":"television commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_commercial"},{"link_name":"Vertigo Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_Tour"},{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_Tracks"},{"link_name":"Original of the Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_of_the_Species"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"The album was preceded by the lead single \"Vertigo\", which was released on 24 September 2004. The song topped the charts in several countries, including the UK, reached number 31 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and topped the Modern Rock Tracks chart. It also topped the digital downloads chart in both the US and the UK, becoming U2's best-selling digital single ever in the US, with 2× Platinum status (note that for downloads, Platinum status was obtained at 200,000 copies sold). Upon release the song received extensive airplay and was an international hit, being featured in a popular iPod television commercial. The song lent its namesake to the band's Vertigo Tour.The second single in the UK was \"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own\", released on 7 February 2005. The song is about Bono's relationship with his dying father. The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming U2's first-ever follow-up single to top the charts. On US adult contemporary radio, it reached number 15 on the Adult Top 40 and also appeared on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, the Pop 100, and the Hot 100.\"City of Blinding Lights\" was the third UK release. It peaked at number 2 and spent nine weeks on the chart. It also placed on the US Adult Top 40.The second single in the US was \"All Because of You\". Although it received some airplay on rock radio, reaching number 6 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 20 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, the song had little mainstream exposure. When released in the UK, it peaked at number 4 but only spent four weeks on the chart.\"Original of the Species\" was released as a promotional single in the US. It peaked at number 6 on the Triple A Chart according to mediaguide.com and the video has reached number 12 on VH1's top 20 video countdown. The track has also made brief appearances on the Hot AC charts according to Radio and Records and MediaGuide.","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"normalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-26"},{"link_name":"Rob Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_review-35"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-q-rev-34"},{"link_name":"Robert Hilburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hilburn"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-rev-31"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme-rev-32"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Ann Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Powers"},{"link_name":"Blender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Desmond Tutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blender-rev-28"},{"link_name":"Uncut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Unforgettable Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unforgettable_Fire"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uncut-rev-36"},{"link_name":"Alexis Petridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Petridis"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-rev-30"},{"link_name":"David Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Browne_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew-rev-29"},{"link_name":"Greg Kot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kot"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Amanda Petrusich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Petrusich"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchfork-rev-33"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Critical reaction","text":"How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score out of 100 to ratings from critics, the album received an average score of 79 based on 26 reviews.[26] Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone described it as \"grandiose music from grandiose men, sweatlessly confident in the execution of their duties\", believing the album was well served by not tamping down Bono's ego or ambitions. Sheffield praised \"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own\", calling it \"a reminder that what makes U2 so big isn't really their clever ideas, or even their intelligence — it's the warmth that all too few rock stars have any idea how to turn into music\".[35] Johnny Davis of Q said that the Edge's guitar playing \"makes this record\" with his \"arsenal of guitar noises that bring to mind a particularly impatient boy with a new box of indoor fireworks\". Responding to Bono's quote about the group wanting to stave off a decline, Davis said, \"They've succeeded in not becoming crap quite admirably.\"[34] Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times called the album \"triumphant\", praising U2's \"journey from adolescence to maturity\" over their career as one that few groups could make \"with their creative vision so fully intact\". He said that Bono lyrically \"explores epic themes, from faith to family, with such indelible grace that the CD stands with 'The Joshua Tree' and 'Achtung Baby' as one of the Irish quartet's essential works\".[31] Dan Martin of NME called it \"a classic U2 album, but also a breathtakingly modern heavy fucker\", adding that \"Bono's genius is that his inner monologue is so huge and heroic that it matches the scale of the music\".[32] Steve Morse of The Boston Globe called it a \"nakedly honest, uplifting album\" and their most personal one since The Joshua Tree. He called it \"a joy to see the group rekindle its shimmering '80s guitar-pop sound\" and was encouraged that their music \"comes so strongly from the gut once again, without the latest techno-experimental production techniques.\"[37] Ann Powers of Blender called the album a \"tour de force of tune and mood\", adding, \"because U2's sound has come to signify an open heart... it nearly always feels fresh, the way a new flame does\". She thought that Bono lyrically \"wields sentimentality like a switchblade\" but also said that \"U2's music is so broad and welcoming it can express ardor equally well for Christ, wives, supermodels, children or Bishop Desmond Tutu\".[28]Stephen Troussé of Uncut called it \"their most unabashedly strident record since The Unforgettable Fire\" and said that songs such as \"City of Blinding Lights\" and \"All Because of You\" gave \"the sense of a band flexing muscles they haven't used in years\". He remarked about the melancholic undertow of Bono's lyrics, believing that the \"lines that stay with you speak of a creeping malaise\".[36] Alexis Petridis of The Guardian said that the album \"may be unadventurous and melodramatic, but it is packed with disarming moments\". He thought the group had embraced the clichéd elements of their 1980s music but said, \"Driven by a ferociously powerful rhythm section, U2 sound pleasingly raw, particularly next to the current wave of stadium rock pretenders\". He lamented the abandonment of their 1990s experimentation, but appreciated their retention of self-awareness, concluding, \"it seems highly unlikely anyone will laugh at U2 again\".[30] David Browne of Entertainment Weekly questioned U2's motivations for back-pedaling musically but called them \"one of the few remaining bands who can make pop-chart lust work for them, as Atomic Bomb intermittently demonstrates\".[29] Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune said that the record \"marks a retreat from innovation and daring, and re-immerses the Irish quartet in the comfort zone of its earliest successes\". He believed the band had \"settl[ed] into middle age by recycling its best riffs and ideas\" and that those musical ideas were \"destined to pale in coming years as second-hand versions of those classic albums\".[38] Amanda Petrusich of Pitchfork called the record \"brash, grungy, and loud\" but not \"especially surprising\", judging it to contain a \"tiny handful of outstanding tracks and a whole mess of schmaltzy filler\". She criticised Bono's \"vague, cliched observations, his sentiments always awkwardly bombastic or hopelessly maudlin\" and thought the album's biggest issue was \"that it sounds so much like U2\".[33] Keith Harris of The Village Voice said that the lyrics were marred by \"legions of rampant clichés\" and that the album's producers \"simply construct a U2 album in miniature, mixing in the Edge's processed-guitar trademark whenever you fear they're straying into unforgivable un-U2ness. That's just not enough.\"[39]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"ARIA Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-totalsales-42"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardu2-43"}],"sub_title":"Commercial performance","text":"Following its 22 November 2004 release, the album debuted at number one in 34 countries,[40] including the US Billboard 200 (with sales of 840,000),[41] the UK Albums Chart, and the Australian ARIA Charts. The album has sold 9 million copies worldwide.[42] According to Nielsen SoundScan, the album has sold 3.3 million copies in the US through March 2014.[43]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"Paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Song"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group_with_Vocal"},{"link_name":"Best Short Form Music Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Short_Form_Music_Video"},{"link_name":"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sometimes_You_Can%27t_Make_It_on_Your_Own"},{"link_name":"Song of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Album"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Producer of the Year, Non Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Producer_of_the_Year,_Non-Classical"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb was rated the best album of 2004 by USA Today, Paste, and The New York Times. Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times called it the second-best album of the year, and it was ranked fourth respectively by Q in its list of the best albums of the year. The Village Voice rated it the eighth-best album of 2004, while PopMatters ranked it 25th. It was included in Rolling Stone's Top 50 Albums of 2004.How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and its songs won eight Grammy Awards overall in 2005 and 2006, sweeping all of the categories in which they were nominated. In 2005, \"Vertigo\" won in three categories: Best Rock Song, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, and Best Short Form Music Video. In 2006, \"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own\" was awarded Song of the Year and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, \"City of Blinding Lights\" was awarded Best Rock Song, and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb won for Best Rock Album and Album of the Year.[44] The album producer's Steve Lillywhite was also awarded Producer of the Year, Non Classical in 2006.Rolling Stone rated it the 68th-best album of the decade,[45] while \"Vertigo\" was ranked the 64th-best song.[46] Despite all of the critical acclaim for the album, Bono would later state that \"[t]here are no weak songs. But as an album, the whole isn't greater than the sum of its parts, and it fucking annoys me.\"","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U2_Vertigo_Tour_Toronto_2005_stage.jpg"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Vertigo 2005: Live from Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_2005:_Live_from_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Vertigo: Live from Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo:_Live_from_Milan"},{"link_name":"U2 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2_3D"}],"text":"The indoor legs of the Vertigo Tour featured an ellipse-shaped ramp encircling the main stage, along with LED curtains.In support of the album, U2 launched the Vertigo Tour, which featured five legs and a total of 131 shows. The first and third legs featured indoor concerts in North America, while the second and fourth legs featured outdoor concerts in Europe, Mexico and South America, respectively. The final leg, which saw the band touring the Pacific, was delayed due to an illness suffered by The Edge's daughter Sian. The stage design of the indoor Vertigo Tour shows was a stripped-down, intimate affair for the fans and featured an ellipse-shaped B-stage extending from the main stage. In total, the Vertigo Tour had sold 4,619,021 tickets for a total gross of $389 million; the gross was the second-highest such figure ever.[47] Three concert films depicting the tour, Vertigo 2005: Live from Chicago, Vertigo: Live from Milan, and U2 3D, were recorded.","title":"Vertigo Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono"},{"link_name":"Vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_(U2_song)"},{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono"},{"link_name":"the Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Edge"},{"link_name":"Steve Lillywhite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lillywhite"},{"link_name":"Miracle Drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Drug"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Jacknife Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacknife_Lee"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sometimes_You_Can%27t_Make_It_on_Your_Own"},{"link_name":"Chris Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Thomas_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Nellee Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellee_Hooper"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Brian Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lanois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lanois"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"City of Blinding Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Blinding_Lights"},{"link_name":"Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"All Because of You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Because_of_You_(U2_song)"},{"link_name":"A Man and a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_and_a_Woman_(song)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"One Step Closer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Step_Closer_(U2_song)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Original of the Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_of_the_Species"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Yahweh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh_(song)"},{"link_name":"^[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"bonus track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_track"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_data"},{"link_name":"The Complete U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_U2"},{"link_name":"Easter egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)"}],"text":"All lyrics are written by Bono except where noted; all music is composed by U2No.TitleLyricsProducerLength1.\"Vertigo\"Bono and the EdgeSteve Lillywhite3:142.\"Miracle Drug\"Bono and the EdgeLillywhite; Carl Glanville,[a] Jacknife Lee[a]3:593.\"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own\" Chris Thomas; Lillywhite,[a] Nellee Hooper[a]5:084.\"Love and Peace or Else\"Bono and the EdgeBrian Eno, Daniel Lanois; Thomas,[a] Lee,[a] Flood[a]4:505.\"City of Blinding Lights\" Flood; Thomas,[a] Lee[a]5:476.\"All Because of You\" Lillywhite3:397.\"A Man and a Woman\" Lee; Lillywhite,[a] Glanville[a]4:308.\"Crumbs from Your Table\" Lillywhite; Lee[a]5:039.\"One Step Closer\" Thomas, Lanois; Lee[a]3:5110.\"Original of the Species\" Lillywhite; Lee[a]4:4111.\"Yahweh\"Bono and the EdgeThomas4:21Total length:49:03UK, Ireland and Japan CD bonus trackNo.TitleLyricsProducerLength12.\"Fast Cars\"Bono and the EdgeLillywhite3:43Total length:53:09Notes^[a] – additional production\n\"Fast Cars\" is a bonus track on the Japan, UK and Ireland CD edition, Special Limited Edition in all regions, and the digital version, included in The Complete U2. A new mix was featured on the \"All Because of You\" single.Double CD/DVD and Special Limited editions, bonus DVDNo.TitleLength1.\"U2 and 3 Songs\" (The Documentary)20:022.\"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own\" (Studio Performance)5:093.\"Crumbs from Your Table\" (live in studio)5:004.\"Vertigo\" (Temple Bar Mix)3:085.\"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own\" (Acoustic Couch Mix)4:436.\"Vertigo\"3:23Total length:43:00NoteHandwritten lyrics for \"Sometimes You Can't Make It On Your Own\" are included on the DVD as an Easter egg.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-album-notes-48"},{"link_name":"Bono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono"},{"link_name":"The Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Edge"},{"link_name":"Adam Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Clayton"},{"link_name":"Larry Mullen Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Mullen_Jr."},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-album-notes-48"},{"link_name":"Jacknife Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacknife_Lee"},{"link_name":"synthesisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesiser"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lanois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lanois"},{"link_name":"pedal steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"shaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaker_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"Brian Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno"}],"text":"U2[48]Bono – lead vocals, additional guitar (tracks 2, 9, 11), piano (5)\nThe Edge – guitar, backing/additional vocals (1–7, 9, 11), piano (2, 4–5, 10–11), keyboards (3), additional percussion (7), synthesiser (10–11)\nAdam Clayton – bass guitar\nLarry Mullen Jr. – drums, percussion, backing vocal (2)Additional performers[48]Jacknife Lee – synthesisers/additional synthesisers (1–2, 4–5, 7–10), programming (2, 4), keyboards (6), additional guitar atmospherics (8)\nDaniel Lanois – additional guitar and pedal steel (9), mandolin (11), shaker (4)\nCarl Glanville – additional percussion and synthesisers (2)\nBrian Eno – synthesisers (4)\nFabien Waltmann – programming (3, 5)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Dismantle_an_Atomic_Bomb&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"CAPIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Phonograms_and_Videograms_Producers"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_U2-50"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_U2-51"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_U2-52"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_U2-53"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_U2-54"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Hitlisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Denmark_U2-56"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_U2-57"},{"link_name":"European Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Top_100_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Finland_U2-59"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_U2-60"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_U2-61"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRE-62"},{"link_name":"MAHASZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Hungary_U2-63"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland_U2-64"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Italy_U2-65"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Top 100 Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_100_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mex2005-67"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_U2-68"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_U2-69"},{"link_name":"ZPAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Poland_U2-70"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Portugal_U2-71"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-72"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_U2-74"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_U2-75"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_U2-76"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_U2-77"},{"link_name":"Top Rock Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Rock_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRock_U2-78"},{"link_name":"Vinyl Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardVinyl_U2-79"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Dismantle_an_Atomic_Bomb&action=edit&section=15"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mex2005-67"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Promusicae-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argentina_Year-end-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Dismantle_an_Atomic_Bomb&action=edit&section=16"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARIA_end_of_Decade-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2004–2006)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nArgentine Albums (CAPIF)[49]\n\n1\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[50]\n\n1\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[51]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[52]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[53]\n\n2\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[54]\n\n1\n\n\nCzech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[55]\n\n1\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[56]\n\n1\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[57]\n\n1\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Billboard)[58]\n\n1\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[59]\n\n1\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[60]\n\n1\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[61]\n\n1\n\n\nGreek Albums (IFPI)[62]\n\n1\n\n\nHungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[63]\n\n4\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[64]\n\n1\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[65]\n\n1\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[66]\n\n4\n\n\nMexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico)[67]\n\n3\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[68]\n\n1\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[69]\n\n1\n\n\nPolish Albums (ZPAV)[70]\n\n1\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[71]\n\n1\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[72]\n\n1\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[73]\n\n1\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[74]\n\n1\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[75]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[76]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[77]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Top Rock Albums (Billboard)[78]\n\n12\n\n\n\n\nChart (2017)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Vinyl Albums (Billboard)[79]\n\n25\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2004)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[80]\n\n23\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[81]\n\n18\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[82]\n\n8\n\n\nBelgian Alternative Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[83]\n\n2\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[84]\n\n20\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[85]\n\n16\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[86]\n\n7\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen viralinen lista)[87]\n\n12\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[88]\n\n18\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[89]\n\n81\n\n\nHungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[90]\n\n42\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[91]\n\n1\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[92]\n\n10\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[93]\n\n24\n\n\nPortuguese Albums (AFP)[94]\n\n4\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[95]\n\n20\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[96]\n\n2\n\n\nSwedish Albums & Compilations (Sverigetopplistan)[97]\n\n3\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[98]\n\n20\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[99]\n\n14\n\n\nWorldwide Albums (IFPI)[100]\n\n4\n\n\n\n\nChart (2005)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[101]\n\n26\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[102]\n\n15\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[103]\n\n8\n\n\nBelgian Alternative Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[104]\n\n6\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[105]\n\n5\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[106]\n\n23\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[107]\n\n11\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Billboard)[108]\n\n4\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[109]\n\n48\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[110]\n\n29\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[111]\n\n20\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[112]\n\n97\n\n\nMexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico)[67]\n\n38\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[113]\n\n34\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[114]\n\n50\n\n\nSwedish Albums & Compilations (Sverigetopplistan)[115]\n\n58\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[116]\n\n12\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[117]\n\n54\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[118]\n\n8\n\n\n\n\nChart (2006)\n\nPosition\n\n\nArgentine Albums (CAPIF)[119]\n\n5\n\n\nMexican Albums (Top 100 Mexico)[120]\n\n77\n\nDecade-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2000–09)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[121]\n\n71\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[122]\n\n97\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[123]\n\n124","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly singles charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]

[{"image_text":"Steve Lillywhite (pictured) took over as producer of the album after U2's dissatisfaction with their work with Chris Thomas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Steve_Lillywhite_during_interview.jpg/220px-Steve_Lillywhite_during_interview.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"U2, their manager Paul McGuinness, and concert promoters Gérard Drouot and Michael Deeny pose with copies of the album before a 2005 concert in France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gerard-drouot-U2-stade-de-france.jpg/280px-Gerard-drouot-U2-stade-de-france.jpg"},{"image_text":"The indoor legs of the Vertigo Tour featured an ellipse-shaped ramp encircling the main stage, along with LED curtains.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/U2_Vertigo_Tour_Toronto_2005_stage.jpg/220px-U2_Vertigo_Tour_Toronto_2005_stage.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_(statue_in_Helsinki)

Alexander II (statue in Helsinki)

["1 History","1.1 Context","1.2 Celebration of the emperor","2 Statue","2.1 The sculpture Law","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 60°10′10.18″N 24°57′08″E / 60.1694944°N 24.95222°E / 60.1694944; 24.95222Alexander IIThe statue of Alexander II in front of the Helsinki Cathedral.ArtistJohannes TakanenWalter RunebergYearApril 1894MediumStatuesculptureSubjectGrand Duke of Finland Alexander IILocationHelsinki, Finland Alexander II is a monumental statue located at the Senate Square in central Helsinki, Finland. The main figure in the statue depicts the Grand Duke of Finland Alexander II giving a speech at the 1863 Diet of Finland that he had assembled, wearing the uniform of an officer of the Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion. The statue also includes four allegorical sculptures, representing four different virtues - Law (Latin: Lex), Work (Labor), Peace (Pax) and Light (Lux). Ordered by the Estates and designed by Johannes Takanen and Walter Runeberg, the monument was revealed in April 1894. The revelation was a great patriotic demonstration to the memory of emperor Alexander II, who was instrumental in establishing Finnish statehood, the first constitution of Finland, granting Finnish an official status for the first time in history, and who is remembered by the Finns as a liberal ruler supporting limits on the autocracy of the emperor. During the Russification of Finland started in 1899 by Nicholas II of Russia - the grandson of Alexander II - the statue became established as the site of anti-Russian demonstrations, remembering Alexander II who had become popularised as the "liberator emperor". There are currently only two monuments to Alexander II outside Russia on public spaces. The other one is the Monument to the Tsar Liberator in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. A sculpture by Mark Antokolsky is located on the courtyard of the Kyiv National Picture Gallery  in Kyiv, Ukraine. There is a monumental column in Shevchenko Park, Odesa, Ukraine. History Context Johannes Takanen's design. Walter Runeberg's design. Emperor Alexander II (1818–1881) was a ruler beloved by the Finns, whose reign and influence helped to produce significant societal changes. He died in 1881 as a victim of a bombing assassination, and in 1884 the Diet of Finland held a design contest for a monument placed at the Senate Square. All notable Finnish sculptors at the time were invited to the contest. This was the first sculpture design contest in Finland. Supported by the estate of the peasants, it was won by Johannes Takanen, with Walter Runeberg at second place, so the board of the contest decided to award the task of the final sculpture to both contestants. However, Johannes Takanen died in 1885, so the task of finishing the sculpture fell entirely on Runeberg, who combined Takanen's ideas with his own. Placing the statue at its exact location required precise work. According to experts, the statue should be located in the centre of the square in line with the main entrance doors to the Senate and to the University of Helsinki. Thus the matter had to be settled in the City Council of Helsinki, which appointed a 211 square metre space in the centre of the square for the statue. Celebration of the emperor The revelation on 29 April 1894. The statue was revealed on the emperor's birthday on 29 April 1894. The newspapers assured the public already a few days before the revelation that "The celebration of the emperor has become a common celebration throughout the country. All meaningless bickering has now been cast aside; the entire people now stands as one to show their respect to the memory of the noble emperor." The day of the revelation became a widespread patriotic demonstration. Three hundred cities and rural municipalities sent their representatives to the revelation event with floral greetings. The event was attended by 30 thousand people, and the event was also celebrated in many other places. Statue A close-up of the figure of the emperor himself. A colour photograph taken between 1890 and 1905. A picture from 2001. The monument represents realism typical of its era. The bronze statue consists of the figure of Alexander II and four allegorical figures at the base of the sculpture, representing Law (Latin: Lex), Work (Labor), Peace (Pax) and Light (Lux). The pedestal has a total of eight human and animal figures. The figure of Alexander II standing on top of the red granite pedestal is depicted in the uniform of an officer of the Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion, giving a speech at the 1863 Diet of Finland. As the contest board had liked both Takanen's sketch of the figure of the emperor and Runeberg's ideas for the pedestal figures, Runeberg sculpted the actual statue according to Takanen's sketch, but added the secondary characters he had designed himself and the pedestal to it. On the southern edge of the pedestal is Law, the goddess of justice with her lions, holding a sword and a shield. On the western edge, facing the main building of the University of Helsinki is Work, a farmer couple, of which the man is holding an axe and the woman is holding a scythe and a wheat bundle. On the northern edge facing the Helsinki Cathedral is Peace, the goddess of peace surrounded by doves. On the eastern edge, facing the Government Palace is Light consisting of two figures: a goddess holding a spectrometer, symbolising science, and a cherub holding a lyre, symbolising the arts. The year 1863 written on the pedestal is a reminder of the reinstantiation of the Diet of Finland after a pause of half a century. Among the ten coats of arms representing the historical regions of Finland is also the coat of arms of Kexholm County depicting a burning castle. Coats of arms on each side of the plinth are oriented geographically: to the south under Lex: Uusimaa and Tavastia; to the west under Labor: Satakunta, Finland Proper and Åland; to the north under Pax: Laponia and Ostrobothnia; and to the east under Lux: Kexholm (current Priozersk in Russia), Savonia and Karelia. The figure of Alexander II is 3.23 metres tall and the secondary figures at the pedestal are 2.3 metres tall. The total height of the monument is 10.67 metres. The entire statue. The sculpture Peace on the northern edge of the pedestal. The sculpture Work on the western edge of the pedestal. The statue seen from the north. The sculpture Law The most famous part of the monument is the sculpture Law at the pedestal, whose figures have later been interpreted as the Finnish Maiden and the lion of the coat of arms of Finland. A similar female figure clad in a bear skin cape as a personification of Finland had been previously featured at the pedestal of the statue of Johan Ludvig Runeberg sculpted by Walter Runeberg in 1885 at the Esplanadi park in Helsinki. The statue protecting the constitution at the pedestal of the statue of Alexander II was a politically daring allegory which annoyed the Fennoman movement. Two gypsum copies were later made of the statue in the same size, of which one was placed in the main stairway of the House of the Estates and the other at the site of the Parliament of Finland at the time, first at the house of the Helsinki voluntary fire brigade and then at the Heinola house. The statue was located in the chamber behind the seat of the speaker. It was originally intended to be located also in the new Parliament House, but it was decided that it should not contain artwork dating to Grand Duchy period. So the Law sculpture of the parliament was moved to the government assembly hall of the Presidential Palace in place of the former throne of the ruler, where it remains to this day. During transport the head of the Finnish Maiden had to be sawn off. An illustration in the 1893 book Suomi 19:llä vuosisadalla. The sculpture Law on the southern side of the pedestal. Leaders of the government assembled in the government hall of the Presidential Palace in 2001. In the background is the sculpture Lex by Runeberg. The version of the Lex statue in the House of the Estates. Reception A sea of flowers at the statue of Alexander II on 13 March 1899 to remember the date of the death of the emperor. As well as the 1894 revelation, the statue of Alexander II also became a stage for large demonstration during the Russification of Finland starting from 1899. Helsinkians protested against the Russification attempts of Nicholas II by placing excessive amounts of flowers on the statue of the "good emperor" Alexander II. Alexander II was made into a popular emperor through posters, postcards and framed photographs of pictures of the statue. After Finland became fully independent, nationalist movements sought to erase traces of Russian influence in Helsinki. A column published in Uusi Suomi in summer 1918 demanded the removal of the statue of the Russian "conqueror hostile to our fatherland" and that it should be placed in a museum. These demands were not carried out. In January 1931 the Lapua Movement threatened to remove the monument to the Russian-era Grand Duke. This threat was connected to the Lapua Movement's goal to manipulate the presidential elections by inciting intense nationalism, but this was met with widespread resistance. The press parodied this by saying, that it would be consistent to also remove the picture of king Gustaf III of Sweden from the Vaasa district court and the Per Brahe Statue, the Turku Castle and the Turku Cathedral from Turku as reminders of Swedish rule. In 1935 it was suggested that the statue of Alexander II should be removed from the Senate Square and replaced with a statue of Aleksis Kivi in front of the main building of the university and a statue of Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim in front of the Government Palace. The statue of Alexander II was in group 1 in the protection hierarchy made during the Winter War. In 1942 high-volume groups of the student body of the University of Helsinki demanded that the statue of Alexander II should be moved away from the Senate Square and replaced with a national statue of liberty. The vandalised bust of Alexander I had previously been removed from the celebration hall of the university, where it had been replaced with a marble relief by Wäinö Aaltonen, later destroyed in the bombing of Helsinki in World War II in 1944. According to Erik Kruskopf "A lot of things were said in that conversation, including that we could perhaps accept a Russian in front of the church seeing as there are twelve Jews on its roof." References ^ a b c d e f Aleksanteri II, art museum of the city of Helsinki. Accessed on 19 February 2011. ^ Monument to Alexander II , BaikalNature. ^ "Helsinki's Talking Statues". Discover Helsinki. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2023. ^ a b c d e f g h Lindgren, Liisa: Monumentum, muistomerkkien aatteita ja aikaa, Finnish Literature Society 2000. ^ Virtanen, Kari O.: Kansakunnan historia 5: ahdistettu kansakunta, p. 56. WSOY, 1974. ISBN 951-0-06476-9. ^ Aleksanteri II:n patsaan paljastus Helsingissä huhtik. 29 p. 1894 (kuva), Uusi Kuvalehti 30 March 1899, issue #6, p. 3. Accessed on 18 December 2018. ^ Ollila, Anne: Suurmiesjuhlat 1800-luvun lopussa, Ennen ja nyt, historian tietosanomat 25 June 2014. ^ Heimolan talosta jäi eduskunnan puhujapönttö, Helsingin Sanomat 11 November 2006. Accessed on 9 July 2017. ^ Presidentinlinna Archived 2017-06-17 at the Wayback Machine (photograph on page 4), office of the President of the Republic. Accessed on 9 July 2017. ^ Aleksanteri II:n patsas pois Suurtorilta. Aleksis Kiven ja Mannerheimin patsaat torille, Käkisalmen Sanomat 13 July 1935, p. 2. Digital archives of the National Library of Finland. ^ Kruskopf, Erik: Veistosten kaupunki. Taidetta Helsingin katukuvassa, p. 9. Schildts, 2000. ISBN 951-50-1240-6. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monumental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument"},{"link_name":"Senate Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Square,_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Alexander II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Guards%27_Rifle_Battalion"},{"link_name":"allegorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"the Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Estates"},{"link_name":"Johannes Takanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Takanen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walter Runeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Runeberg"},{"link_name":"statehood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statehood"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"autocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aleksanteri-1"},{"link_name":"Russification of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"anti-Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment"},{"link_name":"Monument to the Tsar Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_Tsar_Liberator"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aleksanteri-1"},{"link_name":"Mark Antokolsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antokolsky"},{"link_name":"Kyiv National Picture Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyiv_National_Picture_Gallery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398581"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"a monumental column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_Column_in_Odesa"},{"link_name":"Shevchenko Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevchenko_Park_(Odesa)"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"}],"text":"Alexander II is a monumental statue located at the Senate Square in central Helsinki, Finland.The main figure in the statue depicts the Grand Duke of Finland Alexander II giving a speech at the 1863 Diet of Finland that he had assembled, wearing the uniform of an officer of the Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion. The statue also includes four allegorical sculptures, representing four different virtues - Law (Latin: Lex), Work (Labor), Peace (Pax) and Light (Lux).Ordered by the Estates and designed by Johannes Takanen and Walter Runeberg, the monument was revealed in April 1894. The revelation was a great patriotic demonstration to the memory of emperor Alexander II, who was instrumental in establishing Finnish statehood, the first constitution of Finland, granting Finnish an official status for the first time in history, and who is remembered by the Finns as a liberal ruler supporting limits on the autocracy of the emperor.[1]During the Russification of Finland started in 1899 by Nicholas II of Russia - the grandson of Alexander II - the statue became established as the site of anti-Russian demonstrations, remembering Alexander II who had become popularised as the \"liberator emperor\".There are currently only two monuments to Alexander II outside Russia on public spaces. The other one is the Monument to the Tsar Liberator in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria.[1] A sculpture by Mark Antokolsky is located on the courtyard of the Kyiv National Picture Gallery [wikidata] in Kyiv, Ukraine.[2] There is a monumental column in Shevchenko Park, Odesa, Ukraine.","title":"Alexander II (statue in Helsinki)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johannes_Takanen_-_Ehdotus_Aleksanteri_IIn_muistomerkiksi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_Runeberg_-_Ehdotus_Aleksanteri_IIn_muistomerkiksi.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"a bombing assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Diet of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lindgren-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lindgren-4"},{"link_name":"University of Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"City Council of Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Council_of_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Context","text":"Johannes Takanen's design.Walter Runeberg's design.Emperor Alexander II (1818–1881) was a ruler beloved by the Finns, whose reign and influence helped to produce significant societal changes.[3] He died in 1881 as a victim of a bombing assassination, and in 1884 the Diet of Finland held a design contest for a monument placed at the Senate Square. All notable Finnish sculptors at the time were invited to the contest.[4]This was the first sculpture design contest in Finland. Supported by the estate of the peasants, it was won by Johannes Takanen, with Walter Runeberg at second place, so the board of the contest decided to award the task of the final sculpture to both contestants.[4] However, Johannes Takanen died in 1885, so the task of finishing the sculpture fell entirely on Runeberg, who combined Takanen's ideas with his own.Placing the statue at its exact location required precise work. According to experts, the statue should be located in the centre of the square in line with the main entrance doors to the Senate and to the University of Helsinki. Thus the matter had to be settled in the City Council of Helsinki, which appointed a 211 square metre space in the centre of the square for the statue.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slsa1105_292.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aleksanteri-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lindgren-4"}],"sub_title":"Celebration of the emperor","text":"The revelation on 29 April 1894.The statue was revealed on the emperor's birthday on 29 April 1894.[1][6] The newspapers assured the public already a few days before the revelation that \"The celebration of the emperor has become a common celebration throughout the country. All meaningless bickering has now been cast aside; the entire people now stands as one to show their respect to the memory of the noble emperor.\"[7]The day of the revelation became a widespread patriotic demonstration. Three hundred cities and rural municipalities sent their representatives to the revelation event with floral greetings. The event was attended by 30 thousand people, and the event was also celebrated in many other places.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Alexander_II_in_Helsinki_-_DSC03935.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_Cathedral_and_statue_of_Alexander_II_(1890-1900).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_Lutheran_Chathedral_and_the_statue.jpg"},{"link_name":"realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"allegorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Guards%27_Rifle_Battalion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aleksanteri-1"},{"link_name":"University of Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Government Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Palace_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"spectrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrometer"},{"link_name":"cherub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherub"},{"link_name":"Kexholm County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kexholm_County"},{"link_name":"Uusimaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusimaa"},{"link_name":"Tavastia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4me"},{"link_name":"Satakunta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satakunta"},{"link_name":"Finland Proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Proper"},{"link_name":"Åland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land"},{"link_name":"Laponia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laponia_(historical_province_of_Finland)"},{"link_name":"Ostrobothnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)"},{"link_name":"Kexholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kexholm"},{"link_name":"Priozersk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priozersk"},{"link_name":"Savonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savonia_(historical_province)"},{"link_name":"Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aleksanteri-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksanteri_II,_Senaatintori,_Kruununhaka_-_RalfR-2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Alexander_II_in_Helsinki_-_DSC03939.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_II_statue_detail_work.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_Runeberg_Aleksanteri_II_1894_pohjoisesta.jpg"}],"text":"A close-up of the figure of the emperor himself.A colour photograph taken between 1890 and 1905.A picture from 2001.The monument represents realism typical of its era. The bronze statue consists of the figure of Alexander II and four allegorical figures at the base of the sculpture, representing Law (Latin: Lex), Work (Labor), Peace (Pax) and Light (Lux). The pedestal has a total of eight human and animal figures. The figure of Alexander II standing on top of the red granite pedestal is depicted in the uniform of an officer of the Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion, giving a speech at the 1863 Diet of Finland. As the contest board had liked both Takanen's sketch of the figure of the emperor and Runeberg's ideas for the pedestal figures, Runeberg sculpted the actual statue according to Takanen's sketch, but added the secondary characters he had designed himself and the pedestal to it.[1]On the southern edge of the pedestal is Law, the goddess of justice with her lions, holding a sword and a shield. On the western edge, facing the main building of the University of Helsinki is Work, a farmer couple, of which the man is holding an axe and the woman is holding a scythe and a wheat bundle. On the northern edge facing the Helsinki Cathedral is Peace, the goddess of peace surrounded by doves. On the eastern edge, facing the Government Palace is Light consisting of two figures: a goddess holding a spectrometer, symbolising science, and a cherub holding a lyre, symbolising the arts.The year 1863 written on the pedestal is a reminder of the reinstantiation of the Diet of Finland after a pause of half a century.Among the ten coats of arms representing the historical regions of Finland is also the coat of arms of Kexholm County depicting a burning castle. Coats of arms on each side of the plinth are oriented geographically: to the south under Lex: Uusimaa and Tavastia; to the west under Labor: Satakunta, Finland Proper and Åland; to the north under Pax: Laponia and Ostrobothnia; and to the east under Lux: Kexholm (current Priozersk in Russia), Savonia and Karelia.The figure of Alexander II is 3.23 metres tall and the secondary figures at the pedestal are 2.3 metres tall. The total height of the monument is 10.67 metres.[1]The entire statue.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe sculpture Peace on the northern edge of the pedestal.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe sculpture Work on the western edge of the pedestal.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe statue seen from the north.","title":"Statue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Maiden"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"statue of Johan Ludvig Runeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aleksanteri-1"},{"link_name":"allegory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"link_name":"Fennoman movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennoman_movement"},{"link_name":"why?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lindgren-4"},{"link_name":"House of the Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_the_Estates"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Parliament House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Presidential Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MECHELIN(1894)_p165_LAW.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lex_Alexander_II.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_Finland_2-3_September_2001-16.jpg"},{"link_name":"Presidential Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Helsinki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:House_of_the_Estates.jpg"},{"link_name":"House of the Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_the_Estates"}],"sub_title":"The sculpture Law","text":"The most famous part of the monument is the sculpture Law at the pedestal, whose figures have later been interpreted as the Finnish Maiden and the lion of the coat of arms of Finland. A similar female figure clad in a bear skin cape as a personification of Finland had been previously featured at the pedestal of the statue of Johan Ludvig Runeberg sculpted by Walter Runeberg in 1885 at the Esplanadi park in Helsinki.[1]The statue protecting the constitution at the pedestal of the statue of Alexander II was a politically daring allegory which annoyed the Fennoman movement.[why?][4]Two gypsum copies were later made of the statue in the same size, of which one was placed in the main stairway of the House of the Estates and the other at the site of the Parliament of Finland at the time, first at the house of the Helsinki voluntary fire brigade and then at the Heinola house. The statue was located in the chamber behind the seat of the speaker. It was originally intended to be located also in the new Parliament House, but it was decided that it should not contain artwork dating to Grand Duchy period. So the Law sculpture of the parliament was moved to the government assembly hall of the Presidential Palace in place of the former throne of the ruler, where it remains to this day. During transport the head of the Finnish Maiden had to be sawn off.[8][9]An illustration in the 1893 book Suomi 19:llä vuosisadalla.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe sculpture Law on the southern side of the pedestal.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeaders of the government assembled in the government hall of the Presidential Palace in 2001. In the background is the sculpture Lex by Runeberg.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe version of the Lex statue in the House of the Estates.","title":"Statue"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slsa1237_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russification of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Russification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lindgren-4"},{"link_name":"Uusi Suomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusi_Suomi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lindgren-4"},{"link_name":"Lapua Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapua_Movement"},{"link_name":"Gustaf III of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_III_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Vaasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaasa"},{"link_name":"Per Brahe Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Brahe_Statue"},{"link_name":"Turku Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_Castle"},{"link_name":"Turku Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lindgren-4"},{"link_name":"Aleksis Kivi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksis_Kivi"},{"link_name":"Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lindgren-4"},{"link_name":"Alexander I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Wäinö Aaltonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4in%C3%B6_Aaltonen"},{"link_name":"bombing of Helsinki in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Helsinki_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Erik Kruskopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Kruskopf"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"A sea of flowers at the statue of Alexander II on 13 March 1899 to remember the date of the death of the emperor.As well as the 1894 revelation, the statue of Alexander II also became a stage for large demonstration during the Russification of Finland starting from 1899. Helsinkians protested against the Russification attempts of Nicholas II by placing excessive amounts of flowers on the statue of the \"good emperor\" Alexander II. Alexander II was made into a popular emperor through posters, postcards and framed photographs of pictures of the statue.[4]After Finland became fully independent, nationalist movements sought to erase traces of Russian influence in Helsinki. A column published in Uusi Suomi in summer 1918 demanded the removal of the statue of the Russian \"conqueror hostile to our fatherland\" and that it should be placed in a museum. These demands were not carried out.[4]In January 1931 the Lapua Movement threatened to remove the monument to the Russian-era Grand Duke. This threat was connected to the Lapua Movement's goal to manipulate the presidential elections by inciting intense nationalism, but this was met with widespread resistance. The press parodied this by saying, that it would be consistent to also remove the picture of king Gustaf III of Sweden from the Vaasa district court and the Per Brahe Statue, the Turku Castle and the Turku Cathedral from Turku as reminders of Swedish rule.[4] In 1935 it was suggested that the statue of Alexander II should be removed from the Senate Square and replaced with a statue of Aleksis Kivi in front of the main building of the university and a statue of Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim in front of the Government Palace.[10]The statue of Alexander II was in group 1 in the protection hierarchy made during the Winter War.[4]In 1942 high-volume groups of the student body of the University of Helsinki demanded that the statue of Alexander II should be moved away from the Senate Square and replaced with a national statue of liberty. The vandalised bust of Alexander I had previously been removed from the celebration hall of the university, where it had been replaced with a marble relief by Wäinö Aaltonen, later destroyed in the bombing of Helsinki in World War II in 1944. According to Erik Kruskopf \"A lot of things were said in that conversation, including that we could perhaps accept a Russian in front of the church seeing as there are twelve Jews on its roof.\"[11]","title":"Reception"}]

[{"image_text":"Johannes Takanen's design.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Johannes_Takanen_-_Ehdotus_Aleksanteri_IIn_muistomerkiksi.jpg/220px-Johannes_Takanen_-_Ehdotus_Aleksanteri_IIn_muistomerkiksi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Walter Runeberg's design.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walter_Runeberg_-_Ehdotus_Aleksanteri_IIn_muistomerkiksi.jpg/220px-Walter_Runeberg_-_Ehdotus_Aleksanteri_IIn_muistomerkiksi.jpg"},{"image_text":"The revelation on 29 April 1894.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Slsa1105_292.jpg/220px-Slsa1105_292.jpg"},{"image_text":"A close-up of the figure of the emperor himself.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Statue_of_Alexander_II_in_Helsinki_-_DSC03935.JPG/220px-Statue_of_Alexander_II_in_Helsinki_-_DSC03935.JPG"},{"image_text":"A colour photograph taken between 1890 and 1905.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Helsinki_Cathedral_and_statue_of_Alexander_II_%281890-1900%29.jpg/220px-Helsinki_Cathedral_and_statue_of_Alexander_II_%281890-1900%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A picture from 2001.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Helsinki_Lutheran_Chathedral_and_the_statue.jpg/220px-Helsinki_Lutheran_Chathedral_and_the_statue.jpg"},{"image_text":"A sea of flowers at the statue of Alexander II on 13 March 1899 to remember the date of the death of the emperor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Slsa1237_2.jpg/220px-Slsa1237_2.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Helsinki's Talking Statues\". Discover Helsinki. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://discoverhelsinki.fi/sightseeing/helsinkis-talking-statues/","url_text":"\"Helsinki's Talking Statues\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages

Central Solomon languages

["1 Classification","2 Pronoun reconstructions","3 Numerals","4 Vocabulary comparison","5 Syntax","6 See also","7 Further reading","8 References","9 External links"]

Papuan language family of Solomon Islands Central Solomons(tentative)GeographicdistributionSolomon IslandsLinguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families within Papuan languagesProto-languageProto-Central SolomonsSubdivisions Bilua Touo Lavukaleve Savosavo GlottologNoneLanguage families of the Solomon Islands.   Central Solomons The Central Solomon languages are the four Papuan languages spoken in the state of Solomon Islands. The four languages are, listed from northwest to southeast, Bilua of Vella Lavella and Ghizo islands, Touo (also known as Baniata) of Rendova Island, Lavukaleve of the Russell Islands, and Savosavo of Savo Island. Classification The four Central Solomon languages were identified as a family by Wilhelm Schmidt in 1908. The languages are at best distantly related, and evidence for their relationship is meager. Dunn and Terrill (2012) argue that the lexical evidence vanishes when Oceanic loanwords are excluded. Ross (2005) and Pedrós (2015), however, accept a connection, based on similarities among pronouns and other grammatical forms. Pedrós (2015) suggests, tentatively, that the branching of the family is as follows. Central Solomons Lavukaleve–Touo Savosavo–Bilua Savosavo and Bilua, despite being the most distant languages geographically, both split more recently than Lavukaleve and Touo according to Pedrós. Palmer (2018) regards the evidence for Central Solomons as tentative but promising. An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013) grouped Touo, Savosavo, and Bilua together. Lavukaleve was not included. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance. Pronoun reconstructions Pedrós (2015) argues for the existence of the family through comparison of pronouns and other gender, person and number morphemes and based on the existence of a common syncretism between 2nd person nonsingular and inclusive. He performs an internal reconstruction for the pronominal morphemes of each language and then proposes a reconstruction of some of the pronouns of the claimed family. The reconstructions are the following: 1 singular 2 singular inclusive/2 non-singular 1 exclusive Pre-Savosavo *a-ɲi *no *me a- Pre-Touo e̤ noe *me e̤- Pre-Lavukaleve *ŋai *ŋo *me e Pre-Bilua *ani/*aŋai *ŋo me e- Proto-Central Solomons *ani/*aŋai *ŋo *me *e Numerals Central Solomon numerals from Pedrós (2015): numeral Savosavo Touo Lavukaleve Bilua 1 ˈela, ˈpade / pa aɺo / azo ˈtelakom, ˈtelako ˈomadeu, ˈmadeu 2 ˈedo e̤ɺi ˈlelemal, ˈlelaol, ˈlelaɰel, ˈlemal ˈomuga, ˈmuga 3 iˈɰiβa / iˈɰia hie ˈeŋa ˈzouke, ke 4 ˈaɰaβa a̤vo nun ˈariku 5 ˈara sodu ˈsie ˈsike, ke As the comparisons indicate, lexical evidence for the relatedness of the four languages is limited. Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from Tryon & Hackman (1982), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database. The Savosavo data is from Claudia Wegener's field notes. gloss Lavukaleve Mbaniata (Lokuru dialect) Mbilua (Ndovele dialect) Savosavo head vatu uɔ lezu batu hair memea zufu tou luta; sivuɰa ear hovul ōŋgoto taliŋa tagalu eye lemi mberɔ vilu nito nose sisi emɔ ŋgame ɲoko tooth neo nāne taka nale tongue let ānl leño lapi leg tau furime ɔe kiti louse kea; lai lisa; vutu sipi; tiŋgau dole dog mitakeu sie siele misu bird malaɣul mānozo mbiaŋambiaŋa kosu egg keruv āndena tɔruru kolei; si blood ravu vo ndara ɰabu bone sosokio minu piza tovolo skin keut zuɔna tupu korakora breast ɔfu susu susu susu man ali finɔzɔ mamba tada woman aira ŋgohe reko adaki sky totoās uzia au oka moon kua īndi kamboso kuɰe water lafi fiɔ nĵu piva fire lake hirɔ uza keda stone mbeko; veko hɛŋga lando kato road, path lake e keve keva name laŋi nini ŋi nini eat eu; eui; oune azafe vuato l-ou; samu one dom; tetelom āroŋo; thufi mandeu ela; pade two lelal; lemal ēri omuŋga edo Syntax All Central Solomon languages have SOV word order except for Bilua, which has SVO word order due to Oceanic influence. See also Papuan languages Temotu languages, Oceanic but with heavy Papuan substrate influence Reefs-Santa Cruz languages Further reading Simon J Greenhill, & Robert Forkel. (2019). lexibank/tryonsolomon: Solomon Islands Languages (Version v3.0) . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3535809 References ^ Michael Dunn & Angela Terrill (2012) Assessing the lexical evidence for a Central Solomons Papuan family using the Oswalt Monte Carlo test. Diachronica 29:1–27. ^ Palmer, Bill (2018). "Language families of the New Guinea Area". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7. ^ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013). ^ Tryon, D.T. and Hackman, B.D. Solomon Islands languages: An internal classification. C-72, viii + 493 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1982. doi:10.15144/PL-C72 ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05. ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05. ^ Stebbins, Tonya; Evans, Bethwyn; Terrill, Angela (2018). "The Papuan languages of Island Melanesia". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 775–894. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7. Ross, Malcolm, 2001. "Is there an East Papuan phylum? Evidence from pronouns", in The boy from Bundaberg. Studies in Melanesian linguistics in honour of Tom Dutton, ed. by Andrew Pawley, Malcolm Ross and Darrell Tryon: 301-322. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History. Michael Dunn, Angela Terrill, Ger Reesink, Robert A. Foley, Stephen C. Levinson. Science magazine, 23 Sept. 2005, vol. 309, p 2072. Ross, Malcolm, 2005. "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages", in Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan speaking peoples, ed. by Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson: 15-65. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Pedrós, Toni, 2015. "New arguments for a Central Solomons family based on evidence from pronominal morphemes". Oceanic Linguistics, vol. 54, no. 2 (358-395). External links Central Solomons languages database at TransNewGuinea.org Central Solomons word lists (Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database) vtePapuan language families (Palmer 2018 classification)Trans-New Guinea subgroupsCentral Papua, Indonesia Ok-Oksapmin Dani Asmat-Kamoro Mek Paniai Lakes West Bomberai Somahai Southeast Papua, Indonesia Anim Greater Awyu Kayagaric Kolopom Marori Southwest Papua New Guinea Gogodala-Suki Turama-Kikori Kiwaian Awin-Pa Central Papua New Guinea Madang Finisterre-Huon Kainantu-Goroka Chimbu-Wahgi Enga-Kewa-Huli Bosavi East Strickland Kutubu Duna-Bogaya Wiru Papuan Peninsula Angan Greater Binanderean Dagan Mailuan Koiarian Goilalan Yareban Kwalean Manubaran Eastern Nusantara families and isolates Timor-Alor-Pantar North Halmahera Tambora† Bird's Head Peninsula families and isolates South Bird's Head Nuclear South Bird's Head Inanwatan–Duriankere Konda–Yahadian East Bird's Head Nuclear East Bird's Head Hatam–Mansim West Bird's Head Abun Mpur Maybrat Mor Tanah Merah Northern Western New Guinea families and isolates Tor-Kwerba Lakes Plain Border Sko East Cenderawasih Bay Pauwasi East West Nimboran Sentani Mairasi Kaure Lepki-Murkim Senagi (Angor-Dera) Tofanma-Namla Yapen Abinomn Burmeso Elseng Kapauri Kembra Keuw Kimki Massep Mawes Molof Usku Yetfa Central Western New Guinea families and isolates Bayono-Awbono Dem Uhunduni Sepik-Ramu basin families and isolates Torricelli Sepik Lower Sepik-Ramu Lower Sepik Ramu Kwomtari Leonhard Schultze (Walio-Papi) Upper Yuat (Arafundi-Piawi) Yuat Left May Amto-Musan Busa Tayap Yadë Torricelli subgroups Marienberg Arapesh Urim Maimai Wapei Palei One (West Wapei) Monumbo? Sepik subgroups Middle Sepik Ndu Nukuma Yellow River Yerakai Upper Sepik Wogamus Iwam Abau Sepik Hill Tama Ram Amal Ramu subgroups Lower Ramu Ottilien Misegian Middle Ramu Grass? Tamolan Ataitan (Tanggu) Gulf of Papua and southern New Guinea families and isolates Yam Pahoturi River Eleman Oriomo Teberan Doso-Turumsa Komolom Yelmek-Maklew Dibiyaso Kaki Ae Kamula Karami Pawaia Porome Purari Tabo Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands families and isolates Baining North Bougainville South Bougainville Central Solomons Butam-Taulil Anêm Ata Kol Kuot Makolkol Sulka Rossel Island isolate Yélî Dnye Proposed groupings West Papuan Northwest Papuan South Pauwasi East Papuan Southeast Papuan Papuan Gulf Binanderean–Goilalan Arai–Samaia Asmat–Mombum Trans-Fly–Bulaka River Trans-Fly Dani–Kwerba East Bird's Head – Sentani Kwomtari–Fas Left May – Kwomtari Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran West Trans–New Guinea West Papuan Highlands Central and South New Guinea Central West New Guinea East New Guinea Highlands Yele – West New Britain Sepik–Ramu Indo-Pacific Proto-language Proto-Trans–New Guinea vteLanguages of the Solomon IslandsOfficial language English Lingua franca Pijin IndigenouslanguagesMicronesian Gilbertese NorthwestSolomonic Babatana Blablanga Cheke Holo Duke Gao Ghanongga Hoava Kazukuru Kokota Kusaghe Laghu Lungga Marovo Mono Ririo Roviana Simbo Ughele Vaghua Vangunu Varisi Zabana Zazao Papuan Bilua Lavukaleve Savosavo Touo Polynesian Anuta Luangiua Rennellese Sikaiana Tikopia Vaeakau-Taumako SoutheastSolomonic 'Are'are Arosi Baeggu Baelelea Bauro Birao Bughotu Dori'o Fagani Fataleka Gela Ghari Gula'alaa Kahua Kwaio Kwara'ae Lau Lengo Longgu Malango Oroha Owa Sa'a Talise To’abaita Wala Temotu Amba Asubuo Äiwoo Lovono Nanggu Natügu Tanema Tanimbili Teanu vtePrimary language familiesAfrica Afroasiatic Austronesian Khoe–Kwadi Kx'a Niger–Congo Nilo-Saharan? Tuu Mande? Songhay? Ijaw? Ubangian? Kadu? Isolates Bangime Hadza Jalaa Sandawe Laal? Shabo? Eurasia(Europeand Asia) Afroasiatic Ainu Austroasiatic Austronesian Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dravidian Eskaleut Great Andamanese Hmong–Mien Hurro-Urartian Indo-European Japonic Kartvelian Koreanic Kra–Dai Mongolic Nivkh Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Ongan Sino-Tibetan Tungusic Turkic Tyrsenian Uralic Yeniseian Yukaghir Digaro? Hrusish? Kho-Bwa? Mijiic? Miju? Siangic? Isolates Basque Burushaski Elamite Hattic Kenaboi? Kusunda Minoan? Nihali Shompen? Sumerian Tambora? New Guineaand the Pacific Arai–Samaia Austronesian Binanderean–Goilalan Border Bulaka River Central Solomons Chimbu–Wahgi Demta–Sentani Doso–Turumsa East Geelvink Bay East New Britain East Strickland Eleman Engan Fas Foja Range Kaure–Kosare Kiwaian Kutubuan Lakes Plain Lower Mamberamo Lower Sepik Madang Mairasi North Bougainville Pauwasi Ramu Senagi Senu River Sepik Skou South Bougainville Teberan Torricelli Trans-Fly Trans–New Guinea Turama–Kikorian Upper Yuat West Papuan Yam Yawa Yuat Northwest Papuan? Papuan Gulf? Isolates Abinomn Abun Anêm? Ata? Kol Kuot Maybrat Mpur Pawaia Porome Sulka? Taiap? Tambora? Wiru Australia Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan? Bunuban Darwin Region? Eastern Daly Eastern Tasmanian Garawan Iwaidjan Jarrakan Marrku–Wurrugu? Mirndi Northern Tasmanian Northeastern Tasmanian Nyulnyulan Pama–Nyungan Southern Daly? Tangkic Wagaydyic Western Daly Western Tasmanian Worrorran Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)? Isolates Giimbiyu Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?) Tiwi NorthAmerica Algic Alsea Caddoan Chimakuan Chinookan Chumashan Comecrudan Coosan Eskaleut Iroquoian Kalapuyan Keres Maiduan Muskogean Na-Dene Palaihnihan Plateau Penutian Pomoan Salishan Shastan Siouan Tanoan Tsimshianic Utian Uto-Aztecan Wakashan Wintuan Yukian Yuman–Cochimí Isolates Chimariko Esselen Haida Karuk Kutenai Seri Siuslaw Takelma Timucua Tonkawa Waikuri Washo Yana Yokuts Yuchi Zuni Mesoamerica Chibchan Jicaquean Lencan Mayan Misumalpan Mixe–Zoque Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totonacan Uto-Aztecan Xincan Isolates Cuitlatec Huave Tarascan/Purépecha SouthAmerica Andoque–Urequena Arauan Araucanian Arawakan Arutani–Sape Aymaran Barbacoan Boran Cahuapanan Cariban Catacaoan Chapacuran Charruan Chibchan Choco Chonan Guaicuruan Guajiboan Harákmbut–Katukinan Jirajaran Jivaroan Katembri–Taruma Mascoian Matacoan Nadahup Nambikwaran Otomákoan Pano-Tacanan Peba–Yaguan Quechuan Piaroa–Saliban Ticuna–Yuri Timotean Tiniguan Tucanoan Tupian Uru–Chipaya Witotoan Yanomaman Zamucoan Zaparoan Bora-Witoto? Chimuan? Esmeralda–Yaruro? Hibito–Cholón? Lule–Vilela? Macro-Jê? Tequiraca–Canichana? Isolates (extant in 2000) Aikanã? Alacalufan Camsá Candoshi Chimane Chiquitano Cofán? Fulniô Guató Hodï/Joti Irantxe? Itonama Kunza Leco Maku (Maku-Auari/Jukude) Movima Mura-Pirahã Nukak? Páez Puinave Huaorani/Waorani Trumai Urarina Warao Yamana Yuracaré Signlanguages Arab BANZSL Chinese Francosign Germanosign Indo-Pakistani Japanese Original Thai Swedish Tanzanian? Isolates See list of sign languages See also Constructed languages Creoles Language isolates Mixed languages Pidgins Unclassified languages Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.Families in italics have no living members.Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papuan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Bilua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilua_language"},{"link_name":"Vella Lavella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vella_Lavella"},{"link_name":"Ghizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghizo_Island"},{"link_name":"Touo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touo_language"},{"link_name":"Rendova Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendova_Island"},{"link_name":"Lavukaleve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavukaleve_language"},{"link_name":"Russell Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Islands"},{"link_name":"Savosavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savosavo_language"},{"link_name":"Savo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savo_Island"}],"text":"The Central Solomon languages are the four Papuan languages spoken in the state of Solomon Islands.The four languages are, listed from northwest to southeast,Bilua of Vella Lavella and Ghizo islands,\nTouo (also known as Baniata) of Rendova Island,\nLavukaleve of the Russell Islands, and\nSavosavo of Savo Island.","title":"Central Solomon languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lavukaleve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavukaleve_language"},{"link_name":"Touo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touo_language"},{"link_name":"Savosavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savosavo_language"},{"link_name":"Bilua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilua_language"},{"link_name":"Savosavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savosavo_language"},{"link_name":"Bilua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilua_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer-LLNGA-2"},{"link_name":"ASJP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Similarity_Judgment_Program"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASJP-4-3"},{"link_name":"Touo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touo_language"},{"link_name":"Savosavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savosavo_language"},{"link_name":"Bilua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilua_language"},{"link_name":"Lavukaleve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavukaleve_language"}],"text":"The four Central Solomon languages were identified as a family by Wilhelm Schmidt in 1908. The languages are at best distantly related, and evidence for their relationship is meager. Dunn and Terrill (2012) argue that the lexical evidence vanishes when Oceanic loanwords are excluded.[1] Ross (2005) and Pedrós (2015), however, accept a connection, based on similarities among pronouns and other grammatical forms.Pedrós (2015) suggests, tentatively, that the branching of the family is as follows.Central SolomonsLavukaleve–Touo\nSavosavo–BiluaSavosavo and Bilua, despite being the most distant languages geographically, both split more recently than Lavukaleve and Touo according to Pedrós.Palmer (2018) regards the evidence for Central Solomons as tentative but promising.[2]An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[3] grouped Touo, Savosavo, and Bilua together. Lavukaleve was not included. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"morphemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemes"},{"link_name":"syncretism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"inclusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivity"},{"link_name":"internal reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_reconstruction"},{"link_name":"reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_reconstruction"}],"text":"Pedrós (2015) argues for the existence of the family through comparison of pronouns and other gender, person and number morphemes and based on the existence of a common syncretism between 2nd person nonsingular and inclusive. He performs an internal reconstruction for the pronominal morphemes of each language and then proposes a reconstruction of some of the pronouns of the claimed family. The reconstructions are the following:","title":"Pronoun reconstructions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savosavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savosavo_language"},{"link_name":"Touo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touo_language"},{"link_name":"Lavukaleve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavukaleve_language"},{"link_name":"Bilua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilua_language"}],"text":"Central Solomon numerals from Pedrós (2015):numeral\nSavosavo\nTouo\nLavukaleve\nBilua\n\n\n1\n\nˈela, ˈpade / pa\naɺo / azo\nˈtelakom, ˈtelako\nˈomadeu, ˈmadeu\n\n\n2\n\nˈedo\ne̤ɺi\nˈlelemal, ˈlelaol, ˈlelaɰel, ˈlemal\nˈomuga, ˈmuga\n\n\n3\n\niˈɰiβa / iˈɰia\nhie\nˈeŋa\nˈzouke, ke\n\n\n4\n\nˈaɰaβa\na̤vo\nnun\nˈariku\n\n\n5\n\nˈara\nsodu\nˈsie\nˈsike, keAs the comparisons indicate, lexical evidence for the relatedness of the four languages is limited.","title":"Numerals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lavukaleve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:lvk"},{"link_name":"Mbaniata (Lokuru dialect)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:tqu"},{"link_name":"Mbilua (Ndovele dialect)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:blb"},{"link_name":"Savosavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:svs"}],"text":"The following basic vocabulary words are from Tryon & Hackman (1982),[4] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.[5] The Savosavo data is from Claudia Wegener's field notes.[6]gloss\nLavukaleve\nMbaniata (Lokuru dialect)\nMbilua (Ndovele dialect)\nSavosavo\n\n\nhead\n\nvatu\nuɔ\nlezu\nbatu\n\n\nhair\n\nmemea\nzufu\ntou\nluta; sivuɰa\n\n\near\n\nhovul\nōŋgoto\ntaliŋa\ntagalu\n\n\neye\n\nlemi\nmberɔ\nvilu\nnito\n\n\nnose\n\nsisi\nemɔ\nŋgame\nɲoko\n\n\ntooth\n\nneo\nnāne\ntaka\nnale\n\n\ntongue\n\nlet\nānl\nleño\nlapi\n\n\nleg\n\ntau furime\nɔe\nkiti\n\n\n\nlouse\n\nkea; lai\nlisa; vutu\nsipi; tiŋgau\ndole\n\n\ndog\n\nmitakeu\nsie\nsiele\nmisu\n\n\nbird\n\nmalaɣul\nmānozo\nmbiaŋambiaŋa\nkosu\n\n\negg\n\nkeruv\nāndena\ntɔruru\nkolei; si\n\n\nblood\n\nravu\nvo\nndara\nɰabu\n\n\nbone\n\nsosokio\nminu\npiza\ntovolo\n\n\nskin\n\nkeut\nzuɔna\ntupu\nkorakora\n\n\nbreast\n\nɔfu\nsusu\nsusu\nsusu\n\n\nman\n\nali\nfinɔzɔ\nmamba\ntada\n\n\nwoman\n\naira\nŋgohe\nreko\nadaki\n\n\nsky\n\ntotoās\nuzia\nau\noka\n\n\nmoon\n\nkua\nīndi\nkamboso\nkuɰe\n\n\nwater\n\nlafi\nfiɔ\nnĵu\npiva\n\n\nfire\n\nlake\nhirɔ\nuza\nkeda\n\n\nstone\n\nmbeko; veko\nhɛŋga\nlando\nkato\n\n\nroad, path\n\nlake\ne\nkeve\nkeva\n\n\nname\n\nlaŋi\nnini\nŋi\nnini\n\n\neat\n\neu; eui; oune\nazafe\nvuato\nl-ou; samu\n\n\none\n\ndom; tetelom\nāroŋo; thufi\nmandeu\nela; pade\n\n\ntwo\n\nlelal; lemal\nēri\nomuŋga\nedo","title":"Vocabulary comparison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOV word order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOV_word_order"},{"link_name":"Bilua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilua_language"},{"link_name":"SVO word order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVO_word_order"},{"link_name":"Oceanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_languages"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stebbins-Island-7"}],"text":"All Central Solomon languages have SOV word order except for Bilua, which has SVO word order due to Oceanic influence.[7]","title":"Syntax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5281/zenodo.3535809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3535809"}],"text":"Simon J Greenhill, & Robert Forkel. (2019). lexibank/tryonsolomon: Solomon Islands Languages (Version v3.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3535809","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"title":"Papuan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages"},{"title":"Temotu languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temotu_languages"},{"title":"Reefs-Santa Cruz languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefs-Santa_Cruz_languages"}]

[{"reference":"Palmer, Bill (2018). \"Language families of the New Guinea Area\". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7","url_text":"978-3-11-028642-7"}]},{"reference":"Greenhill, Simon (2016). \"TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea\". Retrieved 2020-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://transnewguinea.org/family/centralsolomons","url_text":"\"TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea\""}]},{"reference":"Greenhill, Simon (2016). \"TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea\". Retrieved 2020-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://transnewguinea.org/language/savosavo","url_text":"\"TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea\""}]},{"reference":"Stebbins, Tonya; Evans, Bethwyn; Terrill, Angela (2018). \"The Papuan languages of Island Melanesia\". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 775–894. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7","url_text":"978-3-11-028642-7"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3535809","external_links_name":"10.5281/zenodo.3535809"},{"Link":"https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip","external_links_name":"ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-C72","external_links_name":"10.15144/PL-C72"},{"Link":"http://transnewguinea.org/family/centralsolomons","external_links_name":"\"TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea\""},{"Link":"http://transnewguinea.org/language/savosavo","external_links_name":"\"TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea\""},{"Link":"http://transnewguinea.org/family/centralsolomons","external_links_name":"Central Solomons languages database at TransNewGuinea.org"},{"Link":"https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/classification.php?node=Central%20Solomons","external_links_name":"Central Solomons word lists"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidic

Davidic line

["1 Historicity","2 Kings of Israel and Judah","3 The Exilarchate","4 The Hasmonean and Herodian periods","5 Middle Ages","6 Modern legacy","7 Jewish interpretations","8 Christian interpretations","8.1 Latter Day Saint interpretations","9 Islamic interpretations","10 See also","11 References","12 Notes","13 External links"]

Lineage of the Israelite king David "House of David" redirects here. For other uses, see House of David (disambiguation). House of Davidבית דוד‎Parent houseTribe of JudahCountryUnited Kingdom of Israel and JudahKingdom of JudahFounderDavid (traditional)Final rulerZedekiahTitlesKing of IsraelKing of JudahEstate(s)IsraelCadet branchesHouse of Solomon The Davidic line or House of David (Hebrew: בֵּית דָּוִד, romanized: Bēt Dāvīḏ) is the lineage of the Israelite king David. In Judaism it is based on texts from the Hebrew Bible and through the succeeding centuries based on later traditions. According to the Bible, David, of the Tribe of Judah, was the third king of the United Monarchy of Israel and Judah. He was later succeeded by his son, Solomon. After Solomon's death, the ten northern tribes rejected the Davidic line, refusing to accept Solomon's son, Rehoboam, and instead chose Jeroboam as king and formed the northern Kingdom of Israel. The southern tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained loyal to the House of David, and this kingdom came to be known as the Kingdom of Judah. All subsequent monarchs of Judah, except Athaliah, are said to be direct descendants of David. The kingdom fell to the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 587/6 BCE. The Hasmoneans, who established their own monarchy in Judea in the 2nd century BCE, were not considered connected to the Davidic line nor to the Tribe of Judah. In Judaism, the Davidic Line is the bloodline from which the Hebrew Messiah has a patrilineal descent. In Jewish eschatology, the Messiah is a future Jewish king from the Davidic line, who is expected to rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age and world to come. Historicity The Tel Dan Stele, with mention of the "House of David" highlighted in white. Very little is conclusively known about the House of David. The Tel Dan Stele mentions the death of the reigning king from "BYTDWD", (interpreted as "House of David") and thus far is the only extrabiblical explicit mention of David himself. The stele is dated to circa 840 BCE; however, the name of the Davidic king is not totally preserved, as much of the stele has not survived since the 9th century BCE. All that remains of the name is the final syllable, the extremely common theophoric suffix -yahū. Because the stele coincides the death of the Davidic king with the death of ram, the king of the Kingdom of Samaria, scholars have reconstructed the second slain king as Ahaziah of Judah, the only king contemporary to Jehoram with a name ending in -yahū. The earliest unambiguously attested king from the Davidic line is Uzziah, who reigned in the 8th century BCE, about 75 years after Ahaziah, who is named on bullae seals belonging to his servants Abijah and Shubnayahu. Uzziah may also be mentioned in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser III; however, the texts are largely fragmentary. Additionally, a tombstone dated to the Second Temple Period claiming to mark the grave (or, reburial) site of Uzziah, was discovered in a convent on the Mount of Olives in 1931, but there is no way of determining if the remains were genuinely Uzziah's as the stone had to have been carved more than 700 years after Uzziah died and was originally interred, and the tablet's provenance remains a mystery. A controversial artifact called the Jehoash Tablet recalls deeds performed by Jehoash of Judah, who reigned about 44 years before Uzziah; however, scholars are tensely divided on whether or not the inscription is genuine. After Uzziah, each successive king of Judah is attested to in some form, with the exception of Amon of Judah: Jotham, Uzziah's successor, is named on the seals of his own son and successor, Ahaz, who ruled from 732 to 716 BCE. Hezekiah, Ahaz's son, is attested to by numerous royal seals and Sennacherib's Annals; Manasseh is recorded giving tribute to Esarhaddon; Josiah has no relics explicitly naming him; however, seals belonging to his son Eliashib and officials Nathan-melech and Asaiah have been discovered; and the kings Jehoahaz II, Jehoiakim, and Zedekiah are never explicitly named in historical records but are instead alluded to; however, Jeconiah is mentioned by name in Babylonian documents detailing the rations he and his sons were given while held prisoner during the Babylonian captivity. The origins of the dynasty, on the other hand, are shrouded in mystery. The Tel Dan Stele, as aforementioned, remains the only mention of David himself outside the Bible, and the historical reliability of the United Monarchy of Israel is archaeologically weak. The Stepped Stone Structure and Large Stone Structure in Jerusalem, assuming Eilat Mazar's contested stratigraphic dating of the structures to the Iron Age I is accurate, show that Jerusalem was at least somewhat populated in King David's time, and lends some credence to the biblical claim that Jerusalem was originally a Canaanite fortress; however, Jerusalem seems to have been barely developed until long after David's death, bringing into question the possibility that it could have been the imperial capital described in the Bible. In David's time, the capital probably served as little more than a formidable citadel, and the Davidic "kingdom" was most likely closer to a loosely-confederated regional polity, albeit a relatively substantial one. On the other hand, excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa and Eglon, as well as structures from Hazor, Gezer, Megiddo and other sites conventionally dated to the 10th century BCE, are interpreted by many scholars to show that Judah was capable of accommodating large-scale urban societies centuries before minimalist scholars claim, and some have taken the physical archaeology of tenth-century Canaan as consistent with the former existence of a unified state on its territory, as archaeological findings demonstrate substantial development and growth at several sites, plausibly related to the tenth century. Even so, as for David and his immediate descendants themselves, the position of some scholars, as described by Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, authors of The Bible Unearthed, espouses that David and Solomon may well be based on "certain historical kernels", and probably did exist in their own right, but their historical counterparts simply could not have ruled over a wealthy lavish empire as described in the Bible, and were more likely chieftains of a comparatively modest Israelite society in Judah and not regents over a kingdom proper. Kings of Israel and Judah Main article: Kings of Israel and Judah The genealogy of the kings of Judah, along with the kings of Israel. According to the Tanakh, upon being chosen and becoming king, one was customarily anointed with holy oil poured on one's head. In David's case, this was done by the prophet Samuel. Initially, David was king over the Tribe of Judah only and ruled from Hebron, but after seven and a half years, the other Israelite tribes, who found themselves leaderless after the death of Ish-bosheth, chose him to be their king as well. All subsequent kings in both the ancient first united Kingdom of Israel and the later Kingdom of Judah claimed direct descent from King David to validate their claim to the throne in order to rule over the Israelite tribes. After the death of David's son, King Solomon, the ten northern tribes of the Kingdom of Israel rejected the Davidic line, refusing to accept Solomon's son, Rehoboam, and instead chose as king Jeroboam and formed the northern Kingdom of Israel. This kingdom was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BCE which exiled much of the Northern Kingdom population and ended its sovereign status. The bulk population of the Northern Kingdom of Israel was forced to relocate to Mesopotamia and mostly disappeared from history as The Ten Lost Tribes or intermixed with exiled Judean populations two centuries later, while the remaining Israelite peoples in Samaria highlands have become known as Samaritans during the classic era and to modern times. The Exilarchate Main article: Exilarch Later rabbinical authorities grant the office of exilarch to family members that traced its patrilineal descent from David, King of Israel. The highest official of Babylonian Jewry was the exilarch (Reish Galuta, "Head of the Diaspora"). Those who held the position traced their ancestry to the House of David in the male line. The position holder was regarded as a king-in-waiting, residing in Babylonia in the Achaemenid Empire as well as during the classic era. The Seder Olam Zutta attributes the office to Zerubbabel, a member of the Davidic line, who is mentioned as one of the leaders of the Jewish community in the 6th century BC, holding the title of Achaemenid Governor of Yehud Medinata. The Hasmonean and Herodian periods Further information: Hasmonean dynasty and Herodian dynasty The Hasmoneans, also known as the Maccabees, established their own monarchy in Judea following their revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucid dynasty. The Hasmoneans were not considered connected to the Davidic line nor to the Tribe of Judah. The Levites had always been excluded from the Israelite monarchy, so when the Maccabees assumed the throne in order to rededicate the defiled Second Temple, a cardinal rule was broken. According to scholars within Orthodox Judaism, this is considered to have contributed to their downfall and the eventual downfall of Judea; internal strife allowing for Roman occupation and the violent installation of Herod the Great as client king over the Roman province of Judea; and the subsequent destruction of the Second Temple by the future Emperor Titus. During the Hasmonean period the Davidic line was largely excluded from the royal house in Judea, but some members had risen to prominence as religious and communal leaders. One of the most notable of those was Hillel the Elder, who moved to Judea from his birthplace in Babylon. His great-grandson Simeon ben Gamliel became one of the Jewish leaders during the First Jewish–Roman War. Middle Ages Main article: Exilarchate The Exilarchate in the Sasanian Empire was briefly abolished as a result of revolt by the Mar-Zutra II in the late 5th century CE, with his son Mar-Zutra III being denied the office and relocating to Tiberias, then within the Byzantine Empire. Mar Ahunai lived in the period succeeding Mar Zutra II, but for almost fifty years after the failed revolt he did not dare to appear in public, and it is not known whether even then (c. 550) he really acted as Exilarch. The names of Kafnai and his son Haninai, who were Exilarchs in the second half of the 6th century, have been preserved. The Exilarchate in Mesopotamia was officially restored after the Arab conquest in the 7th century and continued to function during the early Caliphates. Exilarchs continued to be appointed until the 11th century, with some members of the Davidic line dispersing across the Islamic world. There are conflicting accounts of the fate of the Exilarch family in the 11th century; according to one version Hezekiah ben David, who was the last Exilarch and also the last Gaon, was imprisoned and tortured to death. Two of his sons fled to Al-Andalus, where they found refuge with Joseph, the son and successor of Samuel ibn Naghrillah. However, The Jewish Quarterly Review mentions that Hezekiah was liberated from prison, and became head of the academy, and is mentioned as such by a contemporary in 1046. An unsuccessful attempt of David ben Daniel of the Davidic line to establish an Exilarchate in the Fatimid Caliphate failed and ended with his downfall in 1094. In the 11th–15th century, families that descended from the Exilarchs that lived in the South of France (Narbonne and Provence) and in northern Iberian peninsula (Barcelona, Aragon and Castile) received the title "Nasi" in the communities and were called "free men". They had a special economic and social status in the Jewish community, and they were close to their respective governments, some serving as advisers and tax collectors/finance ministers. These families had special rights in Narbonne, Barcelona, and Castile. They possessed real estate and received the title "Don" and  de la Kblriih (De la Cavalleria). Among the families of the "Sons of the Free" are the families of Abravanel and Benveniste. In his book, A Jewish Princedom in Feudal France, Arthur J. Zuckerman proposes a theory that from 768 to 900 CE a Jewish Princedom ruled by members of the Exilarchs existed in feudal France. However, this theory has been widely contested. Descendants of the house of exilarchs were living in various places long after the office became extinct. The grandson of Hezekiah ben David through his eldest son David ben Chyzkia, Hiyya al-Daudi, died in 1154 in Castile according to Abraham ibn Daud and is the ancestor of the ibn Yahya family. Several families, as late as the 14th century, traced their descent back to Josiah, the brother of David ben Zakkai who had been banished to Chorasan (see the genealogies in pp. 180 et seq.). The descendants of the Karaite Exilarchs have been referred to above. A number of Jewish families in the Iberian peninsula and within Mesopotamia continued to preserve the tradition of descent from Exilarchs in the Late Middle Ages, including the families of Abravanel, ibn Yahya and Ben-David. Several Ashkenazi scholars also claimed descent from King David. On his father's side, Rashi has been claimed to be a 33rd-generation descendant of Johanan HaSandlar, who was a fourth-generation descendant of Gamaliel, who was reputedly descended from the Davidic line. Similarly Maimonides claimed 37 generations between him and Simeon ben Judah ha-Nasi, who was also a fourth-generation descendant of Gamaliel. Meir Perels traced the ancestry of Judah Loew ben Bezalel to the Hai Gaon through Judah Loew's alleged great-great-grandfather Judah Leib the Elder and therefore also from the Davidic dynasty; however, this claim is widely disputed, by many scholars such as Otto Muneles. Hai Gaon was the son of Sherira Gaon, who claimed descent from Rabbah b. Abuha, who belonged to the family of the exilarch, thereby claiming descent from the Davidic line. Sherira's son-in-law was Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken. The patriarch of the Meisels family, Yitskhak Eizik Meisels, was an alleged 10th generation descendant of the Exilarch, Mar Ukba. The Berduga family of Meknes claim paternal descent from the Exilarch, Bostanai. The Jewish banking family Louis Cahen d'Anvers claimed descent from the Davidic Line Rabbi Yosef Dayan, who is a modern-day claimant to the Davidic throne in Israel and the founder of the Monarchist party Malchut Israel, descends from the Dayan family of Aleppo, who paternally descend from Hasan ben Zakkai, the younger brother of the Exilarch David I (d. 940). One of Hasan's descendants Solomon ben Azariah ha-Nasi settled in Aleppo were the family became Dayan's (judges) of the city and thus adopted the surname Dayan. Modern legacy In 2012, The Jerusalem Post reported that philanthropist Susan Roth created Davidic Dynasty as subsidiary of her Eshet Chayil Foundation, dedicated to finding, databasing, and connecting Davidic descendants and running the King David Legacy Center in Jerusalem. In 2020, Roth chose Brando Crawford, a descendant from both grandfathers, to represent the organization internationally. The King David Legacy Center has seen support from Haredi Jews in Jerusalem. Jewish interpretations In Jewish eschatology, the term mashiach, or "Messiah", came to refer to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line, who is expected to be anointed with holy anointing oil and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age. The Messiah is often referred to as "King Messiah", or, in Hebrew, מלך משיח (melekh mashiach), and, in Aramaic, malka meshiḥa. Orthodox views have generally held that the Messiah will be a patrilineal descendant of King David, and will gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel, usher in an era of peace, build the Third Temple, father a male heir, re-institute the Sanhedrin, and so on. Jewish tradition alludes to two redeemers, both of whom are called mashiach and are involved in ushering in the Messianic age: Mashiach ben David; and Mashiach ben Yosef. In general, the term Messiah unqualified refers to Mashiach ben David (Messiah, son of David). Christian interpretations In the Christian interpretation the "Davidic covenant" of a Davidic line in 2 Samuel 7 is understood in various ways, traditionally referring to the genealogies of Jesus in the New Testament. One Christian interpretation of the Davidic line counts the line as continuing to Jesus son of Joseph, according to the genealogies which are written in Matthew 1:1-16 descendants of Solomon and Luke 3:23-38 descendants of Nathan son of David through the line of Mary. Because Jews have historically believed that the Messiah will be a male-line descendant of David, the lineage of Jesus is sometimes cited as a reason why Jews do not believe that he was the Messiah. As the proposed son of God, he could not have been a male descendant of David because according to the genealogy of his earthly parents, Mary and Joseph, he did not have the proper lineage, because he would not have been a male descendant of Mary, and Joseph, who was a descendant of Jeconiah, because Jeconiah's descendants are explicitly barred from ever ruling Israel by God. Another Christian interpretation emphasizes the minor, non-royal, line of David through Solomon's brother Nathan as it is recorded in the Gospel of Luke chapter 3 (entirely undocumented in the Hebrew Bible), which is often understood to be the family tree of Mary's father. A widely spread traditional Christian interpretation relates the non-continuation of the main Davidic line from Solomon to the godlessness of the line of Jehoiachin which started in the early 500s BC, when Jeremiah cursed the main branch of the Solomonic line, by saying that no descendant of "Coniah" would ever reign on the throne of Israel again (Jeremiah 22:30). Some Christian commentators also believe that this same "curse" is the reason why Zerubbabel, the rightful Solomonic king during the time of Nehemiah, was not given a kingship under the Persian empire. The Tree of Jesse (a reference to David' father) is a traditional Christian artistic representation of Jesus' genealogical connection to David. Latter Day Saint interpretations The Latter Day Saint movement accepts Christ as the "Stem of Jesse" and the Messiah. In addition, Mormon eschatology includes multiple references to other prophesied Davidic figures, including one by the name of David who would come in the last days to inherit the throne and kingdom of David. Islamic interpretations The Quran mentions the House of David once: "Work, O family of David, in gratitude. And few of My servants are grateful." and mentions David himself sixteen times. According to some Islamic sources, some of the Jewish settlers in Arabia were of the Davidic line, Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi recorded: "A Jewish man from the Davidic line entered Medina and found the people in deep sorrow. He enquired the people, 'What is wrong?' Some of the people replied: Prophet Muhammad passed away". See also Abravanel family Babylonian captivity Bagrationi dynasty § Origins Claim of the biblical descent of the Bagrationi dynasty Christ History of ancient Israel and Judah Solomonic dynasty Jewish principles of faith § The messiah Kebra Nagast Kings of Israel and Judah LMLK seal Nasi Tree of life Tree of Jesse References ^ Carr, David M. (2011). An Introduction to the Old Testament: Sacred Texts and Imperial Contexts of the Hebrew Bible. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-44435623-6. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020. ^ Falk, Avner (1996). A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-83863660-2. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020. ^ Schochet, Rabbi Prof. Dr. Jacob Immanuel. "Moshiach ben Yossef". Tutorial. moshiach.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2002. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ Blidstein, Prof. Dr. Gerald J. "Messiah in Rabbinic Thought". MESSIAH. Jewish Virtual Library and Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ Telushkin, Joseph. "The Messiah". The Jewish Virtual Library Jewish Literacy. NY: William Morrow and Co., 1991. Reprinted by permission of the author. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ Pioske 2015, p. 180. ^ Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. N. Avigad and B. Sass. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1997, nos. 4 and 3 respectively; Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E. Lawrence J. Mykytiuk. SBL Academia Biblica 12. Atlanta, 2004, 153–59, 219. ^ Haydn, Howell M. Azariah of Judah and Tiglath-Pileser III in Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 28, No. 2 (1909), pp. 182–199 ^ Deutsch, Robert. "First Impression: What We Learn from King Ahaz's Seal Archived 4 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine". Biblical Archaeology Review, July 1998, pp. 54–56, 62 ^ Heilpern, Will (4 December 2015). "Biblical King's seal discovered in dump site". CNN. Retrieved 3 May 2016. ^ Cross, Frank Moore (March–April 1999). "King Hezekiah's Seal Bears Phoenician Imagery". Biblical Archaeology Review. ^ Oppenheim, A. L. in Pritchard 1969, pp. 287–288 ^ Oppenheim, A. L. in Pritchard 1969, p. 291 ^ Albright, W. F. in Pritchard 1969, p. 569 ^ Weiss, Bari.The Story Behind a 2,600-Year-Old Seal Who was Natan-Melech, the king's servant?. New York Times. March 30, 2019 ^ 2,600-year old seal discovered in City of David. Jerusalem Post. April 1, 2019 ^ Heltzer, Michael, THE SEAL OF ˓AŚAYĀHŪ. In Hallo, 2000, Vol. II p. 204 ^ James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969) 308. ^ a b Mazar, Amihai. "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy". One God – One Cult – One Nation. Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives, Edited by Reinhard G. Kratz and Hermann Spieckermann in Collaboration with Björn Corzilius and Tanja Pilger, (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 405). Berlin/ New York: 29–58. Retrieved 12 October 2018. ^ Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Sa'ar; Hasel, Michael (19 April 2012). "Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa preliminary report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2018. ^ "Proof of King David? Not yet. But riveting site shores up roots of Israelite era". Times of Israel. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2019. ^ Halpern, Baruch (2017). "The United Monarchy: David between Saul and Solomon". In Ebeling, Jennie R.; Wright, J. Edward; Elliott, Mark Adam; Flesher, Paul V. McCracken (eds.). The Old Testament in Archaeology and History. Baylor University Press. pp. 337–62. ISBN 978-1-4813-0743-7. ^ Johnson, Benjamin J. M. (2021). "Israel at the time of the united monarchy". In Dell, Katharine J. (ed.). The Biblical World (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 498–519. ISBN 978-1-317-39255-2. ^ Dever, William G. (2021). "Solomon, Scripture, and Science: The Rise of the Judahite State in the 10th Century BCE". Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology. 1: 102–125. doi:10.52486/01.00001.4. ^ Kitchen, Kenneth (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-80280-396-2. ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East, c. 3000-330 BC, Band 1. New York: Routledge. p. 438. ISBN 978-0-41516-762-8. ^ ———; Silberman, Neil Asher (2006). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-4362-9. p. 20 ^ Mandel, David. Who's Who in the Jewish Bible. Jewish Publication Society, 1 Jan 2010, p. 85 ^ a b Max A Margolis and Alexander Marx, A History of the Jewish People (1927), p. 235. ^ Wilhelm Bacher, Jacob Zallel Lauterbach (1906). "Simeon II. (Ben Gamaliel I.)", Jewish Encyclopedia. N.b.: the Jewish Encyclopedia speaks of "his grandfather Hillel", but he sequence was Hillel the Elder-Simeon ben Hillel-Gamaliel the Elder-Simeon ben Gamliel, thus great-grandson is correct. ^ Jewish Quarterly Review, hereafter "J. Q. R.", xv. 80. ^ Zuckerman, Arthur J. (1972). A Jewish princedom in feudal France, 768-900. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-03298-6. OCLC 333768. ^ "Rabbi Yehiel Ben Shlomo Heilprin - (Circa 5420-5506; 1660-1746)". www.chabad.org. Retrieved 28 June 2020. ^ "Early Years". www.chabad.org. Retrieved 21 May 2020. ^ See The Maharal of Prague's Descent from King David, by Chaim Freedman, published in Avotaynu Vol 22 No 1, Spring 2006 ^ "SHERIRA B. ḤANINA - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "HAI BEN SHERIRA - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "Meizels family tree" (PDF). Davidicdynasty.org. ^ Bar-Asher, Moshe (1 October 2010). "Berdugo Family". Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. ^ "Jews of Turkey Archives • Point of No Return". Point of No Return. ^ "Dayyan | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 27 November 2020. ^ Harel, Yaron (1 October 2010). "Dayan Family". Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. ^ "Are you a descendant of the House of David?". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020. ^ "Leadership". Davidic Dynasty is dedicated to uniting the Jewish descendants of King David. Retrieved 15 October 2020. ^ Twersky, David (10 November 2008). "We Are Family: King David's Descendants Gather for 'Reunion'". The Forward. Retrieved 15 October 2020. ^ "Grapevine: Yes, Prime Minister…". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020. ^ a b Schochet, Jacob Immanuel. "Moshiach ben Yossef". Tutorial. Moshiach.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2002. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ a b Blidstein, Prof. Dr. Gerald J. "Messiah in Rabbinic Thought". MESSIAH. Jewish Virtual Library and Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ Telushkin, Joseph (1991). "The Messiah". William Morrow and Co. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ Flusser, David. "Second Temple Period". Messiah. Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ See Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan: "The Real Messiah A Jewish Response to Missionaries" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2012. ^ This is what the LORD says: 'Record this man as if he is childless, a man who will not prosper in his lifetime, for none of his offspring will prosper, none of them will sit on the throne of David or rule in Judah anymore.— Jeremiah 22:30, NIV ^ H. Wayne House Israel: Land and the People 1998 114 "And yet, Judah has also been without a king of the Solomonic line since the Babylonian exile. Because of Jeremiah's curse on Jehoiachin (Coniah) in the early 500s BC (Jer. 22:30), the high priests of Israel, while serving as the ..." ^ Warren W. Wiersbe -The Wiersbe Bible Commentary: The Complete Old Testament - 2007 p. 1497 "Zerubbabel was the grandson of King Jehoiachin (Jeconiah, Matt. 1:12; Coniah, Jer. 22:24, 28), and therefore of the royal line of David. But instead of wearing a crown and sitting on a throne, Zerubbabel was the humble governor of a ..." ^ "Doctrine and Covenants 113". www.churchofjesuschrist.org. ^ Ludlow, Victor L. (1992). "David, Prophetic Figure of the Last Days". In Ludlow, Daniel H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019. ^ Quran 34:13 ^ Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi, Bihār al-Anwār, Dar Al-Rida Publication, Beirut, (1983), volume 30 page 99 Sources Pioske, Daniel (2015). David's Jerusalem: Between Memory and History. Routledge Studies in Religion. Vol. 45. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317548911. The Holy Bible: 1611 Edition (Thos. Nelson, 1993) Notes ^ Jehoram's reign in Israel saw three kings of Judah — Jehoshaphat, his son Jehoram of Judah, and his son, Ahaziah ^ 'Unambiguous' as Ahaziah's name on the Tel Dan Stele is incomplete, and there is no explicit confirmation that the apical ancestor David of Bayt-David was a king ^ The name in the annals is Azariah, not "Uzziah". While Uzziah is called "Azariah" several times in the Bible, scholars consider this to be the result of a later scribal error. Thus it is unlikely that Tiglath-Pileser's scribes would have used this name to refer to Uzziah. External links "King David Dynasty" Jewish Encyclopedia.com: "Exilarchs" A genealogy of the Exilarchs: "From Judah to Bustanai" Davidic Dynasty House of David Judaica Rabbinic Sources and Seder Olam Zuta: "Seder Olam Zuta" & "Rav-SIG" vteRulers of Israel and Judah Davidic line Kings of Israel and Judah Kings of Judah Maccabees Israel(united monarchy) Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon Israel(northern kingdom) Jeroboam I Nadab Baasha Elah Zimri Tibni Omri Ahab (Jezebel) Ahaziah Jehoram Jehu Jehoahaz Jehoash Jeroboam II Zechariah Shallum Menahem Pekahiah Pekah Hoshea Judah(southern kingdom) Rehoboam Abijam Asa Jehoshaphat Jehoram Ahaziah Athaliah Jehoash Amaziah Uzziah Jotham Ahaz Hezekiah Manasseh Amon Josiah Jehoahaz Jehoiakim Jeconiah Zedekiah Judea(Hasmonean dynasty) Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias See also Jewish leadership List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel vteSolomonFamily andreputed relations David Davidic line Menelik I Solomonic dynasty Naamah Pharaoh's daughter Queen of Sheba Rehoboam Occurrences Judgement of Solomon Solomon and Marcolf Solomon in Islam Solomon's shamir Solomon's Temple Throne of Solomon Valley of the ants Reputed works Protocanonical Ecclesiastes Proverbs Psalm 72 Psalm 127 Song of Songs Deuterocanonical Book of Wisdom Apocryphal Odes of Solomon Prayer of Solomon Psalms of Solomon Testament of Solomon Grimoires Key of Solomon The Lesser Key of Solomon Magical Treatise of Solomon Related articles Boaz and Jachin King Solomon's Mines Seal of Solomon Solomonic column Solomon's knot Solomon's Pools Sorcery (goetia) United Monarchy vteDynasties of Israel and JudahIsrael(united monarchy) House of Saul House of David Israel(northern kingdom) House of Jeroboam House of Baasha House of Zimri House of Omri House of Jehu House of Shallum House of Gadi House of Pekah House of Hoshea Judah(southern kingdom) House of David House of Omri Judea Hasmonean dynasty Herodian dynasty

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of David (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_David_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"lineage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)"},{"link_name":"Israelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"United Monarchy of Israel and Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"Rehoboam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehoboam"},{"link_name":"Jeroboam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroboam"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Athaliah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athaliah"},{"link_name":"Neo-Babylonian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hasmoneans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah"},{"link_name":"patrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineality"},{"link_name":"Jewish eschatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_eschatology"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Jewish people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Messianic Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Age"},{"link_name":"world to come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_to_come"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVL_messiah2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVL_The_Messiah2-5"}],"text":"\"House of David\" redirects here. For other uses, see House of David (disambiguation).The Davidic line or House of David (Hebrew: בֵּית דָּוִד, romanized: Bēt Dāvīḏ) is the lineage of the Israelite king David. In Judaism it is based on texts from the Hebrew Bible and through the succeeding centuries based on later traditions.According to the Bible, David, of the Tribe of Judah, was the third king of the United Monarchy of Israel and Judah.[1][2] He was later succeeded by his son, Solomon. After Solomon's death, the ten northern tribes rejected the Davidic line, refusing to accept Solomon's son, Rehoboam, and instead chose Jeroboam as king and formed the northern Kingdom of Israel. The southern tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained loyal to the House of David, and this kingdom came to be known as the Kingdom of Judah. All subsequent monarchs of Judah, except Athaliah, are said to be direct descendants of David. The kingdom fell to the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 587/6 BCE. The Hasmoneans, who established their own monarchy in Judea in the 2nd century BCE, were not considered connected to the Davidic line nor to the Tribe of Judah.In Judaism, the Davidic Line is the bloodline from which the Hebrew Messiah has a patrilineal descent. In Jewish eschatology, the Messiah is a future Jewish king from the Davidic line, who is expected to rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age and world to come.[3][4][5]","title":"Davidic line"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tel Dan Stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele"},{"link_name":"Tel Dan Stele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPioske2015180-6"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"theophoric suffix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophoric_name#Yahweh"},{"link_name":"[Jeho]ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Samaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria"},{"link_name":"Ahaziah of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Uzziah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzziah"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tiglath-Pileser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"tombstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzziah#%22Uzziah_Tablet%22_funerary_inscription"},{"link_name":"Second Temple Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple_Period"},{"link_name":"Mount of Olives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_of_Olives"},{"link_name":"Jehoash Tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoash_Tablet"},{"link_name":"Jehoash of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Amon of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Jotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotham"},{"link_name":"Ahaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hezekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sennacherib's 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II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Jehoiakim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiakim"},{"link_name":"Zedekiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekiah"},{"link_name":"Jeconiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeconiah"},{"link_name":"Babylonian documents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiachin%27s_Rations_Tablets"},{"link_name":"Babylonian captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Stepped Stone Structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepped_Stone_Structure"},{"link_name":"Large Stone Structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Stone_Structure"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Eilat Mazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilat_Mazar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mazar-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mazar-22"},{"link_name":"Khirbet Qeiyafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Eglon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglon_(Canaan)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hazor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Hazor"},{"link_name":"Gezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezer"},{"link_name":"Megiddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Megiddo"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Israel Finkelstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein"},{"link_name":"Neil Silberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman"},{"link_name":"The Bible Unearthed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bible_Unearthed"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The Tel Dan Stele, with mention of the \"House of David\" highlighted in white.Very little is conclusively known about the House of David. The Tel Dan Stele mentions the death of the reigning king from \"BYTDWD\",[6] (interpreted as \"House of David\") and thus far is the only extrabiblical explicit mention of David himself. The stele is dated to circa 840 BCE; however, the name of the Davidic king is not totally preserved, as much of the stele has not survived since the 9th century BCE. All that remains of the name is the final syllable, the extremely common theophoric suffix -yahū. Because the stele coincides the death of the Davidic king with the death of [Jeho]ram, the king of the Kingdom of Samaria, scholars have reconstructed the second slain king as Ahaziah of Judah, the only king contemporary to Jehoram with a name ending in -yahū.[a]The earliest unambiguously[b] attested king from the Davidic line is Uzziah, who reigned in the 8th century BCE, about 75 years after Ahaziah, who is named on bullae seals belonging to his servants Abijah and Shubnayahu.[7] Uzziah may also be mentioned in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser III; however, the texts are largely fragmentary.[8][c] Additionally, a tombstone dated to the Second Temple Period claiming to mark the grave (or, reburial) site of Uzziah, was discovered in a convent on the Mount of Olives in 1931, but there is no way of determining if the remains were genuinely Uzziah's as the stone had to have been carved more than 700 years after Uzziah died and was originally interred, and the tablet's provenance remains a mystery. A controversial artifact called the Jehoash Tablet recalls deeds performed by Jehoash of Judah, who reigned about 44 years before Uzziah; however, scholars are tensely divided on whether or not the inscription is genuine. After Uzziah, each successive king of Judah is attested to in some form, with the exception of Amon of Judah: Jotham, Uzziah's successor, is named on the seals of his own son and successor, Ahaz,[9] who ruled from 732 to 716 BCE. Hezekiah, Ahaz's son, is attested to by numerous royal seals[10][11] and Sennacherib's Annals;[12] Manasseh is recorded giving tribute to Esarhaddon;[13] Josiah has no relics explicitly naming him; however, seals belonging to his son Eliashib[14] and officials Nathan-melech[15][16] and Asaiah[17] have been discovered; and the kings Jehoahaz II, Jehoiakim, and Zedekiah are never explicitly named in historical records but are instead alluded to; however, Jeconiah is mentioned by name in Babylonian documents detailing the rations he and his sons were given while held prisoner during the Babylonian captivity.[18]The origins of the dynasty, on the other hand, are shrouded in mystery. The Tel Dan Stele, as aforementioned, remains the only mention of David himself outside the Bible, and the historical reliability of the United Monarchy of Israel is archaeologically weak. The Stepped Stone Structure and Large Stone Structure in Jerusalem, assuming Eilat Mazar's contested stratigraphic dating of the structures to the Iron Age I is accurate, show that Jerusalem was at least somewhat populated in King David's time, and lends some credence to the biblical claim that Jerusalem was originally a Canaanite fortress; however, Jerusalem seems to have been barely developed until long after David's death,[19] bringing into question the possibility that it could have been the imperial capital described in the Bible. In David's time, the capital probably served as little more than a formidable citadel, and the Davidic \"kingdom\" was most likely closer to a loosely-confederated regional polity,[19] albeit a relatively substantial one. On the other hand, excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa[20] and Eglon,[21] as well as structures from Hazor, Gezer, Megiddo and other sites conventionally dated to the 10th century BCE, are interpreted by many scholars to show that Judah was capable of accommodating large-scale urban societies centuries before minimalist scholars claim,[22][23][24] and some have taken the physical archaeology of tenth-century Canaan as consistent with the former existence of a unified state on its territory,[25] as archaeological findings demonstrate substantial development and growth at several sites, plausibly related to the tenth century.[26] Even so, as for David and his immediate descendants themselves, the position of some scholars, as described by Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, authors of The Bible Unearthed, espouses that David and Solomon may well be based on \"certain historical kernels\", and probably did exist in their own right, but their historical counterparts simply could not have ruled over a wealthy lavish empire as described in the Bible, and were more likely chieftains of a comparatively modest Israelite society in Judah and not regents over a kingdom proper.[27]","title":"Historicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genealogy_of_the_kings_of_Israel_and_Judah.svg"},{"link_name":"kings of Judah, along with the kings of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah"},{"link_name":"Tanakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh"},{"link_name":"holy oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil"},{"link_name":"prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_(Bible)"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"},{"link_name":"Israelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite"},{"link_name":"Ish-bosheth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ish-bosheth"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"King Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)"},{"link_name":"Rehoboam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehoboam"},{"link_name":"Jeroboam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroboam"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"The Ten Lost Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Ten_Tribes"},{"link_name":"Samaritans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans"}],"text":"The genealogy of the kings of Judah, along with the kings of Israel.According to the Tanakh, upon being chosen and becoming king, one was customarily anointed with holy oil poured on one's head. In David's case, this was done by the prophet Samuel.Initially, David was king over the Tribe of Judah only and ruled from Hebron, but after seven and a half years, the other Israelite tribes, who found themselves leaderless after the death of Ish-bosheth, chose him to be their king as well.[28]All subsequent kings in both the ancient first united Kingdom of Israel and the later Kingdom of Judah claimed direct descent from King David to validate their claim to the throne in order to rule over the Israelite tribes.After the death of David's son, King Solomon, the ten northern tribes of the Kingdom of Israel rejected the Davidic line, refusing to accept Solomon's son, Rehoboam, and instead chose as king Jeroboam and formed the northern Kingdom of Israel. This kingdom was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BCE which exiled much of the Northern Kingdom population and ended its sovereign status. The bulk population of the Northern Kingdom of Israel was forced to relocate to Mesopotamia and mostly disappeared from history as The Ten Lost Tribes or intermixed with exiled Judean populations two centuries later, while the remaining Israelite peoples in Samaria highlands have become known as Samaritans during the classic era and to modern times.","title":"Kings of Israel and Judah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-32"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"exilarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilarch"},{"link_name":"Reish Galuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reish_Galuta"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-32"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Seder Olam Zutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seder_Olam_Zutta"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"Yehud Medinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_Medinata"}],"text":"Later rabbinical authorities grant the office of exilarch to family members that traced its patrilineal[29] descent from David, King of Israel. The highest official of Babylonian Jewry was the exilarch (Reish Galuta, \"Head of the Diaspora\"). Those who held the position traced their ancestry to the House of David in the male line.[29] The position holder was regarded as a king-in-waiting, residing in Babylonia in the Achaemenid Empire as well as during the classic era. The Seder Olam Zutta attributes the office to Zerubbabel, a member of the Davidic line, who is mentioned as one of the leaders of the Jewish community in the 6th century BC, holding the title of Achaemenid Governor of Yehud Medinata.","title":"The Exilarchate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hasmonean dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Herodian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Maccabees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabees"},{"link_name":"Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea"},{"link_name":"revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic"},{"link_name":"Seleucid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tribe of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"Levites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levites"},{"link_name":"Second Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Herod the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great"},{"link_name":"client king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_state"},{"link_name":"Roman province of Judea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)"},{"link_name":"Second Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple"},{"link_name":"Emperor Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Titus"},{"link_name":"Hillel the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Simeon ben Gamliel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_ben_Gamliel"},{"link_name":"First Jewish–Roman War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Further information: Hasmonean dynasty and Herodian dynastyThe Hasmoneans, also known as the Maccabees, established their own monarchy in Judea following their revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucid dynasty. The Hasmoneans were not considered connected to the Davidic line nor to the Tribe of Judah. The Levites had always been excluded from the Israelite monarchy, so when the Maccabees assumed the throne in order to rededicate the defiled Second Temple, a cardinal rule was broken. According to scholars within Orthodox Judaism, this is considered to have contributed to their downfall and the eventual downfall of Judea; internal strife allowing for Roman occupation and the violent installation of Herod the Great as client king over the Roman province of Judea; and the subsequent destruction of the Second Temple by the future Emperor Titus.During the Hasmonean period the Davidic line was largely excluded from the royal house in Judea, but some members had risen to prominence as religious and communal leaders. One of the most notable of those was Hillel the Elder, who moved to Judea from his birthplace in Babylon. His great-grandson Simeon ben Gamliel became one of the Jewish leaders during the First Jewish–Roman War.[30]","title":"The Hasmonean and Herodian periods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sasanian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mar-Zutra II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar-Zutra_II"},{"link_name":"Mar-Zutra III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar-Zutra_III"},{"link_name":"Tiberias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberias"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Arab conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"Caliphates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Hezekiah ben David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah_ben_David"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_(Hebrew)"},{"link_name":"Samuel ibn Naghrillah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Naghrillah"},{"link_name":"The Jewish Quarterly Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Quarterly_Review"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Fatimid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Narbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narbonne"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Nasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_(honorific)"},{"link_name":"Abravanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abravanel"},{"link_name":"Benveniste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benveniste"},{"link_name":"A Jewish Princedom in Feudal France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Jewish_Princedom_in_Feudal_France"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-35"},{"link_name":"Hiyya al-Daudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiyya_al-Daudi"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Abraham ibn Daud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud"},{"link_name":"ibn Yahya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaish_Ibn_Yahya"},{"link_name":"David ben Zakkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_ben_Zakkai"},{"link_name":"Iberian peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Late Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Abravanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abravanel"},{"link_name":"ibn Yahya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaish_Ibn_Yahya"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"},{"link_name":"Johanan HaSandlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanan_HaSandlar"},{"link_name":"Gamaliel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Maimonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"Simeon ben Judah ha-Nasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_ben_Judah_ha-Nasi"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Judah Loew ben Bezalel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel"},{"link_name":"Hai Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_Gaon"},{"link_name":"Judah Leib the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Leib_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sherira Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherira_Gaon"},{"link_name":"Rabbah b. Abuha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbah_b._Abuha"},{"link_name":"Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_ben_Menahem_HaZaken"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Meisels family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meisel_family"},{"link_name":"Mar Ukba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Ukba"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-41"},{"link_name":"Berduga family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berduga_family&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meknes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meknes"},{"link_name":"Bostanai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostanai"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Louis Cahen d'Anvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Cahen_d%27Anvers"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Yosef Dayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Dayan"},{"link_name":"Malchut Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malchut_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dayan family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayan_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"David I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_ben_Zakkai"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"The Exilarchate in the Sasanian Empire was briefly abolished as a result of revolt by the Mar-Zutra II in the late 5th century CE, with his son Mar-Zutra III being denied the office and relocating to Tiberias, then within the Byzantine Empire. Mar Ahunai lived in the period succeeding Mar Zutra II, but for almost fifty years after the failed revolt he did not dare to appear in public, and it is not known whether even then (c. 550) he really acted as Exilarch. The names of Kafnai and his son Haninai, who were Exilarchs in the second half of the 6th century, have been preserved.The Exilarchate in Mesopotamia was officially restored after the Arab conquest in the 7th century and continued to function during the early Caliphates. Exilarchs continued to be appointed until the 11th century, with some members of the Davidic line dispersing across the Islamic world. There are conflicting accounts of the fate of the Exilarch family in the 11th century; according to one version Hezekiah ben David, who was the last Exilarch and also the last Gaon, was imprisoned and tortured to death. Two of his sons fled to Al-Andalus, where they found refuge with Joseph, the son and successor of Samuel ibn Naghrillah. However, The Jewish Quarterly Review mentions that Hezekiah was liberated from prison, and became head of the academy, and is mentioned as such by a contemporary in 1046.[31] An unsuccessful attempt of David ben Daniel of the Davidic line to establish an Exilarchate in the Fatimid Caliphate failed and ended with his downfall in 1094.In the 11th–15th century, families that descended from the Exilarchs that lived in the South of France (Narbonne and Provence) and in northern Iberian peninsula (Barcelona, Aragon and Castile) received the title \"Nasi\" in the communities and were called \"free men\". They had a special economic and social status in the Jewish community, and they were close to their respective governments, some serving as advisers and tax collectors/finance ministers.These families had special rights in Narbonne, Barcelona, and Castile. They possessed real estate and received the title \"Don\" and  de la Kblriih (De la Cavalleria). Among the families of the \"Sons of the Free\" are the families of Abravanel and Benveniste.In his book, A Jewish Princedom in Feudal France, Arthur J. Zuckerman proposes a theory that from 768 to 900 CE a Jewish Princedom ruled by members of the Exilarchs existed in feudal France. However, this theory has been widely contested.[32] Descendants of the house of exilarchs were living in various places long after the office became extinct. The grandson of Hezekiah ben David through his eldest son David ben Chyzkia, Hiyya al-Daudi, died in 1154 in Castile according to Abraham ibn Daud and is the ancestor of the ibn Yahya family. Several families, as late as the 14th century, traced their descent back to Josiah, the brother of David ben Zakkai who had been banished to Chorasan (see the genealogies in [Lazarus 1890] pp. 180 et seq.). The descendants of the Karaite Exilarchs have been referred to above.A number of Jewish families in the Iberian peninsula and within Mesopotamia continued to preserve the tradition of descent from Exilarchs in the Late Middle Ages, including the families of Abravanel, ibn Yahya and Ben-David. Several Ashkenazi scholars also claimed descent from King David. On his father's side, Rashi has been claimed to be a 33rd-generation descendant of Johanan HaSandlar, who was a fourth-generation descendant of Gamaliel, who was reputedly descended from the Davidic line.[33] Similarly Maimonides claimed 37 generations between him and Simeon ben Judah ha-Nasi, who was also a fourth-generation descendant of Gamaliel.[34] Meir Perels traced the ancestry of Judah Loew ben Bezalel to the Hai Gaon through Judah Loew's alleged great-great-grandfather Judah Leib the Elder and therefore also from the Davidic dynasty; however, this claim is widely disputed, by many scholars such as Otto Muneles.[35] Hai Gaon was the son of Sherira Gaon, who claimed descent from Rabbah b. Abuha, who belonged to the family of the exilarch, thereby claiming descent from the Davidic line. Sherira's son-in-law was Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken.[36][37] The patriarch of the Meisels family, Yitskhak Eizik Meisels, was an alleged 10th generation descendant of the Exilarch, Mar Ukba.[38] The Berduga family of Meknes claim paternal descent from the Exilarch, Bostanai.[39] The Jewish banking family Louis Cahen d'Anvers claimed descent from the Davidic Line[40] Rabbi Yosef Dayan, who is a modern-day claimant to the Davidic throne in Israel and the founder of the Monarchist party Malchut Israel, descends from the Dayan family of Aleppo, who paternally descend from Hasan ben Zakkai, the younger brother of the Exilarch David I (d. 940). One of Hasan's descendants Solomon ben Azariah ha-Nasi settled in Aleppo were the family became Dayan's (judges) of the city and thus adopted the surname Dayan.[41][42]","title":"Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Jerusalem Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Haredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"In 2012, The Jerusalem Post reported that philanthropist Susan Roth created Davidic Dynasty as subsidiary of her Eshet Chayil Foundation, dedicated to finding, databasing, and connecting Davidic descendants and running the King David Legacy Center in Jerusalem.[43] In 2020, Roth chose Brando Crawford, a descendant from both grandfathers, to represent the organization internationally.[44][45] The King David Legacy Center has seen support from Haredi Jews in Jerusalem.[46]","title":"Modern legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish eschatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_eschatology"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch"},{"link_name":"holy anointing oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil"},{"link_name":"Messianic Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Age"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVL_messiah-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVL_The_Messiah-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVL_Flusser-53"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"patrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineality"},{"link_name":"King David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Land of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Third Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Temple"},{"link_name":"Sanhedrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin"},{"link_name":"Messianic age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianic_Age#Judaism"},{"link_name":"Mashiach ben Yosef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashiach_ben_Joseph"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef-50"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVL_messiah-51"}],"text":"In Jewish eschatology, the term mashiach, or \"Messiah\", came to refer to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line, who is expected to be anointed with holy anointing oil and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age.[47][48][49] The Messiah is often referred to as \"King Messiah\", or, in Hebrew, מלך משיח (melekh mashiach), and, in Aramaic, malka meshiḥa.[50]Orthodox views have generally held that the Messiah will be a patrilineal descendant of King David,[51] and will gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel, usher in an era of peace, build the Third Temple, father a male heir, re-institute the Sanhedrin, and so on. Jewish tradition alludes to two redeemers, both of whom are called mashiach and are involved in ushering in the Messianic age: Mashiach ben David; and Mashiach ben Yosef. In general, the term Messiah unqualified refers to Mashiach ben David (Messiah, son of David).[47][48]","title":"Jewish interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Davidic covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)#Davidic_covenant"},{"link_name":"2 Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Samuel"},{"link_name":"genealogies of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Matthew 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_1"},{"link_name":"Luke 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_3"},{"link_name":"Jeconiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeconiah"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"},{"link_name":"Nathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_(son_of_David)"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke"},{"link_name":"chapter 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_3"},{"link_name":"Jehoiachin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiachin"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah 22:30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_22:30"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Zerubbabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Persian empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_empire"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Tree of Jesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse"}],"text":"In the Christian interpretation the \"Davidic covenant\" of a Davidic line in 2 Samuel 7 is understood in various ways, traditionally referring to the genealogies of Jesus in the New Testament. One Christian interpretation of the Davidic line counts the line as continuing to Jesus son of Joseph, according to the genealogies which are written in Matthew 1:1-16 descendants of Solomon and Luke 3:23-38 descendants of Nathan son of David through the line of Mary.Because Jews have historically believed that the Messiah will be a male-line descendant of David, the lineage of Jesus is sometimes cited as a reason why Jews do not believe that he was the Messiah. As the proposed son of God, he could not have been a male descendant of David because according to the genealogy of his earthly parents, Mary and Joseph, he did not have the proper lineage, because he would not have been a male descendant of Mary, and Joseph, who was a descendant of Jeconiah, because Jeconiah's descendants are explicitly barred from ever ruling Israel by God.[52]Another Christian interpretation emphasizes the minor, non-royal, line of David through Solomon's brother Nathan as it is recorded in the Gospel of Luke chapter 3 (entirely undocumented in the Hebrew Bible), which is often understood to be the family tree of Mary's father. A widely spread traditional Christian interpretation relates the non-continuation of the main Davidic line from Solomon to the godlessness of the line of Jehoiachin which started in the early 500s BC, when Jeremiah cursed the main branch of the Solomonic line, by saying that no descendant of \"[Je]Coniah\" would ever reign on the throne of Israel again (Jeremiah 22:30).[53] Some Christian commentators also believe that this same \"curse\" is the reason why Zerubbabel, the rightful Solomonic king during the time of Nehemiah, was not given a kingship under the Persian empire.[54]The Tree of Jesse (a reference to David' father) is a traditional Christian artistic representation of Jesus' genealogical connection to David.","title":"Christian interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latter Day Saint movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"Mormon eschatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Latter Day Saint interpretations","text":"The Latter Day Saint movement accepts Christ as the \"Stem of Jesse\" and the Messiah. In addition, Mormon eschatology includes multiple references to other prophesied Davidic figures,[55] including one by the name of David who would come in the last days to inherit the throne and kingdom of David.[56]","title":"Christian interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"Prophet Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"The Quran mentions the House of David once: \"Work, O family of David, in gratitude. And few of My servants are grateful.\"[57] and mentions David himself sixteen times.According to some Islamic sources, some of the Jewish settlers in Arabia were of the Davidic line, Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi recorded: \"A Jewish man from the Davidic line entered Medina and found the people in deep sorrow. He enquired the people, 'What is wrong?' Some of the people replied: Prophet Muhammad passed away\".[58]","title":"Islamic interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Jehoshaphat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoshaphat"},{"link_name":"Jehoram of Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"}],"text":"^ Jehoram's reign in Israel saw three kings of Judah — Jehoshaphat, his son Jehoram of Judah, and his son, Ahaziah\n\n^ 'Unambiguous' as Ahaziah's name on the Tel Dan Stele is incomplete, and there is no explicit confirmation that the apical ancestor David of Bayt-David was a king\n\n^ The name in the annals is Azariah, not \"Uzziah\". While Uzziah is called \"Azariah\" several times in the Bible, scholars consider this to be the result of a later scribal error. Thus it is unlikely that Tiglath-Pileser's scribes would have used this name to refer to Uzziah.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"The Tel Dan Stele, with mention of the \"House of David\" highlighted in white.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg/220px-JRSLM_300116_Tel_Dan_Stele_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The genealogy of the kings of Judah, along with the kings of Israel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Genealogy_of_the_kings_of_Israel_and_Judah.svg/500px-Genealogy_of_the_kings_of_Israel_and_Judah.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Abravanel family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abravanel"},{"title":"Babylonian captivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity"},{"title":"Bagrationi dynasty § Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty#Origins"},{"title":"Claim of the biblical descent of the Bagrationi dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claim_of_the_biblical_descent_of_the_Bagrationi_dynasty"},{"title":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"title":"History of ancient Israel and Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah"},{"title":"Solomonic dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty"},{"title":"Jewish principles of faith § The messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith#The_messiah"},{"title":"Kebra Nagast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebra_Nagast"},{"title":"Kings of Israel and Judah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah"},{"title":"LMLK seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMLK_seal"},{"title":"Nasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)"},{"title":"Tree of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)"},{"title":"Tree of Jesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse"}]

[{"reference":"Carr, David M. (2011). An Introduction to the Old Testament: Sacred Texts and Imperial Contexts of the Hebrew Bible. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-44435623-6. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OzHhuvuEQxQC&pg=PA58","url_text":"An Introduction to the Old Testament: Sacred Texts and Imperial Contexts of the Hebrew Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44435623-6","url_text":"978-1-44435623-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201011131758/https://books.google.com/books?id=OzHhuvuEQxQC&pg=PA58","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Falk, Avner (1996). A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-83863660-2. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. 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MESSIAH. Jewish Virtual Library and Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0014_0_13744.html","url_text":"\"Messiah in Rabbinic Thought\""}]},{"reference":"Telushkin, Joseph. \"The Messiah\". The Jewish Virtual Library Jewish Literacy. NY: William Morrow and Co., 1991. Reprinted by permission of the author. Retrieved 2 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/messiah.html","url_text":"\"The Messiah\""}]},{"reference":"Heilpern, Will (4 December 2015). \"Biblical King's seal discovered in dump site\". CNN. Retrieved 3 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/03/middleeast/king-hezekiah-royal-seal/","url_text":"\"Biblical King's seal discovered in dump site\""}]},{"reference":"Mazar, Amihai. \"Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy\". One God – One Cult – One Nation. Archaeological and Biblical Perspectives, Edited by Reinhard G. Kratz and Hermann Spieckermann in Collaboration with Björn Corzilius and Tanja Pilger, (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 405). Berlin/ New York: 29–58. Retrieved 12 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2503754","url_text":"\"Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy\""}]},{"reference":"Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Sa'ar; Hasel, Michael (19 April 2012). \"Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa preliminary report\". Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. 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The Ancient Near East, c. 3000-330 BC, Band 1. New York: Routledge. p. 438. ISBN 978-0-41516-762-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Kuhrt","url_text":"Kuhrt, Amélie"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V_sfMzRPTgoC&q=Kuhrt%2C+Amiele+%281995%29.+The+Ancient+Near+East.","url_text":"The Ancient Near East, c. 3000-330 BC, Band 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41516-762-8","url_text":"978-0-41516-762-8"}]},{"reference":"———; Silberman, Neil Asher (2006). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. Free Press. 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Retrieved 17 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080529164304/http://www.jewsforjudaism.org/web/pdf/RealMessiahBookPages_v4ab.pdf","url_text":"\"The Real Messiah A Jewish Response to Missionaries\""},{"url":"http://www.jewsforjudaism.org/web/pdf/RealMessiahBookPages_v4ab.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Doctrine and Covenants 113\". www.churchofjesuschrist.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/113.8?lang=eng","url_text":"\"Doctrine and Covenants 113\""}]},{"reference":"Ludlow, Victor L. (1992). \"David, Prophetic Figure of the Last Days\". In Ludlow, Daniel H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Mormonism. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/digital/collection/EoM/id/5659","url_text":"\"David, Prophetic Figure of the Last Days\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190820074831/https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/digital/collection/EoM/id/5659","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pioske, Daniel (2015). David's Jerusalem: Between Memory and History. Routledge Studies in Religion. Vol. 45. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317548911.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IrKgBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"David's Jerusalem: Between Memory and History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317548911","url_text":"978-1317548911"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debase

Debasement

["1 Examples","1.1 Roman Empire","1.2 Ottoman Empire","2 Effects","3 Methods","3.1 Coin clipping","3.2 Sweating","3.3 Plugging","4 Related uses","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

Practice of lowering the intrinsic value of coins This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Debasement" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Starting with Nero in AD 64, the Romans continuously debased their silver coins until, by the end of the 3rd century, hardly any silver was left. A debasement of coinage is the practice of lowering the intrinsic value of coins, especially when used in connection with commodity money, such as gold or silver coins, while continuing to circulate it at face value. A coin is said to be debased if the quantity of gold, silver, copper or nickel in the coin is reduced. Debasement is a practice of governments, and in government debasement, governments make their debased coins legal tender, which is not something private minters can do given that the practice cannot be easily engaged in without a government requiring that people accept debased coins. Examples Roman Empire In Roman currency, the value of the denarius was gradually decreased over time as the Roman government altered both the size and the silver content of the coin. Originally, the silver used was nearly pure, weighing about 4.5 grams. From time to time, this was reduced. During the Julio-Claudian dynasty, the denarius contained approximately 4 grams of silver, and then was reduced to 3.8 grams under Nero. The denarius continued to shrink in size and purity, until by the second half of the third century, it was only about 2% silver, and was replaced by the Argenteus. Ottoman Empire Weight of akçe in grams of silver and index. Year Silver (g) Index 1450–60 0.85 100 1490–1500 0.68 80 1600 0.29 34 1700 0.13 15 1800 0.048 6 Effects Debasement lowers the intrinsic value of the coinage and so more coins can be made with the same quantity of precious metal. If done too frequently, debasement may lead to a new coin being adopted as a standard currency, as when the Ottoman akçe was replaced by the kuruş (1 kuruş = 120 akçe), with the para (1/40 kuruş) as a subunit. The kuruş in turn later became a subdivision of the lira. Methods See also: Coin counterfeiting and Counterfeit money An administrative method to debase currency is for the mint to start issuing coins of a certain face value, but with less metal content than previous issues. There will be an incentive to bring the old coins to the mint for re-minting – see Gresham's law. A revenue, called seigniorage, is made on this minting process. A 16th or 17th century hoard of coin clippings discovered in Derbyshire and recorded in the Portable Antiquities Scheme. When done by an individual, precious metal was physically removed from the coin, which could then be passed on at the original face value, leaving the debaser with a profit. This physical debasement was effected by several methods, including clipping (shaving metal from the coin's circumference) and sweating (shaking the coins in a bag and collecting the dust worn off). Until the mid-20th century, coins were often made of silver or (rarely) gold, which were quite soft and prone to wear. This meant coins naturally got lighter (and thus less valuable) as they aged, so coins that had lost a small amount of bullion would go unnoticed. Modern coins used as currency are made of hard, cheap metals such as steel, copper, or a copper-nickel alloy, reducing wear and making it difficult and unprofitable to debase them. Coin clipping Shears used for coin clipping in the 17th century Clipping is the act of shaving off a small portion of a precious metal coin for profit. Over time, the precious metal clippings could be saved up and melted into bullion or used to make new coins. Coin clipping was usually considered by the law to be of a similar magnitude to counterfeiting, and was occasionally punished by death, a fate which befell English counterfeiters Thomas Rogers and Anne Rogers in 1690. Even among pirates, clipping coins was considered a serious breach of trust. Henry Avery's pirate fleet attacked the treasure ship Gunsway in 1695 and netted one of the largest pirate captures in history. When fellow pirate William May's crew were found to have traded clipped coins to Avery's crew, Avery took back nearly all the treasure he had shared with May and his men and sent them away. Coin clipping is why many coins have the rim of the coin marked with stripes (milling or reeding), text (engraving) or some other pattern that would be destroyed if the coin were clipped. This practice is attributed to Isaac Newton, who was appointed Master of the Royal Mint 1699. Although the metal used in most modern fiat coins has insignificant intrinsic value, modern milling can be a deterrent to counterfeiting, an aid to the blind to distinguish different denominations, or purely decorative. Comparison of unclipped and clipped Siliqua from the Hoxne Hoard An unclipped siliqua A clipped siliqua A further clipped siliqua Sweating Modern example of a sweated silver coin In the process of sweating, coins were placed in a bag and shaken. The bits of metal that had worn off the coins were recovered from the bottom of the bag. Sweating tended to wear the coin in a more natural way than clipping, and so was harder to detect. Plugging If the coin was large, a hole could be punched out of the middle, and the face of the coin hammered to close up the hole. Or the coin could be sawn in half, and a plug of metal extracted from the interior. After filling the hole with a cheaper metal, the two halves would be welded back together again. Verbal references to plugged quarters and plugged dimes eventually yielded the common phrase "not worth a plugged nickel" (or 'plug nickel', or even a plugged cent), emphasizing the worthlessness of such a tampered coin. Related uses "Debasement" is also sometimes used to refer to the tendency of silver or gold coins to be "shaved", that is, to have small amounts shaved off the edges of the coins by unscrupulous users, thereby reducing the actual precious metal content of the coin. In order to prevent this, silver and gold coins began to be produced with milled edges, as many coins still do by tradition, although they no longer contain valuable metals. For example, the U.S. quarter and dime have milled edges. Coins that have traditionally been made purely of base metals, such as the U.S. nickel or the penny, are more likely to have unmilled edges. By analogy, "debased currency" is sometimes used for anything whose value has been reduced, such as "Stardom is an utterly debased currency" See also Money portal Devaluation Inflation Inflationism Inflation hedge Financial repression, similar process via different mechanism Money burning William Wood, center of a political controversy involving the possible debasement of coins Shrinkflation References ^ Wenzel, Robert (26 August 2011). "Another Anti-Gold Howler from Nouriel Roubini". Economic Policy Journal. ^ "This infographic shows how currency debasement contributed to the fall of Rome", Insider. ^ Malanima, Paolo (2009). Pre-Modern European Economy: One Thousand Years (10th-19th Centuries). BRILL. p. 198. ISBN 9789004178229. Retrieved 19 June 2014. ^ a b Cooper, George (2008). The origin of financial crises. Harriman House. p. 46. ISBN 9780857190376. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. ^ Redish, Angela (2000). Bimetallism: an economic and historical analysis. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-521-57091-3. ^ See for example the English Treason Act 1415. ^ Allen 2009, p. 71. ^ "Thomas Rogers, Anne Rogers". Proceedings of the Old Bailey. October 1690. Retrieved 3 June 2019. ^ Jameson, John Franklin (1923). Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period by J. Franklin Jameson. New York: Macmillan. pp. 165–171. Retrieved 26 June 2017. ^ Great Britain. Treasury. Information Division (1986). Economic Progress Report. Information Division of the Treasury. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. ^ Sherwood 1893, p. 70. ^ Allen 2009, p. 72. ^ Sherwood 1893, p. 70–71. ^ Sherwood 1893, p. 71. ^ "The meaning and origin of the expression: Not worth a plugged nickel". Phrase Dictionary. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. ^ Kirk, David (23 November 2003). "Star no longer a big enough word for peerless Wilkinson". Telegraph. Further reading Allen, Larry (2009). The encyclopedia of money (2 ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-251-7. Sherwood, Sidney (1893). The history and theory of money. Lippincott. External links Debasement of Coinage at dictionary.cambridge.org "Fun Facts". U.S. Mint. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.

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The kuruş in turn later became a subdivision of the lira.","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coin counterfeiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_counterfeiting"},{"link_name":"Counterfeit money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit_money"},{"link_name":"mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint_(coin)"},{"link_name":"Gresham's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham%27s_law"},{"link_name":"seigniorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post_Medieval_Hoard_of_Coin_Clippings_(FindID_532965).jpg"},{"link_name":"hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoard"},{"link_name":"Portable Antiquities Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"bullion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullion"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"copper-nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper-nickel"}],"text":"See also: Coin counterfeiting and Counterfeit moneyAn administrative method to debase currency is for the mint to start issuing coins of a certain face value, but with less metal content than previous issues. There will be an incentive to bring the old coins to the mint for re-minting – see Gresham's law. A revenue, called seigniorage, is made on this minting process.A 16th or 17th century hoard of coin clippings discovered in Derbyshire and recorded in the Portable Antiquities Scheme.When done by an individual, precious metal was physically removed from the coin, which could then be passed on at the original face value, leaving the debaser with a profit. This physical debasement was effected by several methods, including clipping (shaving metal from the coin's circumference) and sweating (shaking the coins in a bag and collecting the dust worn off).Until the mid-20th century, coins were often made of silver or (rarely) gold, which were quite soft and prone to wear. This meant coins naturally got lighter (and thus less valuable) as they aged, so coins that had lost a small amount of bullion would go unnoticed. Modern coins used as currency are made of hard, cheap metals such as steel, copper, or a copper-nickel alloy, reducing wear and making it difficult and unprofitable to debase them.","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:17th_century_coin_clipping_shears.JPG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooper-2008-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redish-2000-5"},{"link_name":"counterfeiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooper-2008-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200971-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rogers_-_bailey-8"},{"link_name":"pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy"},{"link_name":"Henry Avery's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Every"},{"link_name":"Gunsway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai"},{"link_name":"William May's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_May_(pirate)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jameson-9"},{"link_name":"marked with stripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeding"},{"link_name":"engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"Isaac Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"},{"link_name":"Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_the_Mint"},{"link_name":"Royal Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mint"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Division1986-10"},{"link_name":"fiat coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_money"},{"link_name":"Siliqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliqua"},{"link_name":"Hoxne Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxne_Hoard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoxne_Hoard_coins_6a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoxne_Hoard_coins_6b.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoxne_Hoard_coins_6c.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Coin clipping","text":"Shears used for coin clipping in the 17th centuryClipping is the act of shaving off a small portion of a precious metal coin for profit. Over time, the precious metal clippings could be saved up and melted into bullion or used to make new coins.[4][5]Coin clipping was usually considered by the law to be of a similar magnitude to counterfeiting, and was occasionally punished by death,[4][6][7] a fate which befell English counterfeiters Thomas Rogers and Anne Rogers in 1690.[8] Even among pirates, clipping coins was considered a serious breach of trust. Henry Avery's pirate fleet attacked the treasure ship Gunsway in 1695 and netted one of the largest pirate captures in history. When fellow pirate William May's crew were found to have traded clipped coins to Avery's crew, Avery took back nearly all the treasure he had shared with May and his men and sent them away.[9]Coin clipping is why many coins have the rim of the coin marked with stripes (milling or reeding), text (engraving) or some other pattern that would be destroyed if the coin were clipped. This practice is attributed to Isaac Newton, who was appointed Master of the Royal Mint 1699.[10] Although the metal used in most modern fiat coins has insignificant intrinsic value, modern milling can be a deterrent to counterfeiting, an aid to the blind to distinguish different denominations, or purely decorative.Comparison of unclipped and clipped Siliqua from the Hoxne Hoard\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn unclipped siliqua\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA clipped siliqua\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA further clipped siliqua","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20_cent_Napoleon_3_superposition_de_2_pieces_15_et_16_mm_face.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood189370-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200972-12"}],"sub_title":"Sweating","text":"Modern example of a sweated silver coinIn the process of sweating, coins were placed in a bag and shaken. The bits of metal that had worn off the coins were recovered from the bottom of the bag.[11] Sweating tended to wear the coin in a more natural way than clipping, and so was harder to detect.[12]","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood189370%E2%80%9371-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood189371-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Plugging","text":"If the coin was large, a hole could be punched out of the middle, and the face of the coin hammered to close up the hole.[13] Or the coin could be sawn in half, and a plug of metal extracted from the interior. After filling the hole with a cheaper metal, the two halves would be welded back together again.[14] Verbal references to plugged quarters and plugged dimes eventually yielded the common phrase \"not worth a plugged nickel\" (or 'plug nickel', or even a plugged cent), emphasizing the worthlessness of such a tampered coin.[15]","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shaved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_clipping"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_(U.S._coin)"},{"link_name":"dime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dime_(U.S._coin)"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_(U.S._coin)"},{"link_name":"penny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_(U.S._coin)"},{"link_name":"Stardom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stardom"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"\"Debasement\" is also sometimes used to refer to the tendency of silver or gold coins to be \"shaved\", that is, to have small amounts shaved off the edges of the coins by unscrupulous users, thereby reducing the actual precious metal content of the coin. In order to prevent this, silver and gold coins began to be produced with milled edges, as many coins still do by tradition, although they no longer contain valuable metals. For example, the U.S. quarter and dime have milled edges. Coins that have traditionally been made purely of base metals, such as the U.S. nickel or the penny, are more likely to have unmilled edges.\nBy analogy, \"debased currency\" is sometimes used for anything whose value has been reduced, such as \"Stardom is an utterly debased currency\" [16]","title":"Related uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The encyclopedia of money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=X4kgDkYxGrcC"},{"link_name":"ABC-CLIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59884-251-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-251-7"},{"link_name":"The history and theory of money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Q0USAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Lippincott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Lippincott_%26_Co."}],"text":"Allen, Larry (2009). The encyclopedia of money (2 ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-251-7.\nSherwood, Sidney (1893). The history and theory of money. Lippincott.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Starting with Nero in AD 64, the Romans continuously debased their silver coins until, by the end of the 3rd century, hardly any silver was left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fineness_of_early_Roman_Imperial_silver_coins.png/400px-Fineness_of_early_Roman_Imperial_silver_coins.png"},{"image_text":"A 16th or 17th century hoard of coin clippings discovered in Derbyshire and recorded in the Portable Antiquities Scheme.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Post_Medieval_Hoard_of_Coin_Clippings_%28FindID_532965%29.jpg/220px-Post_Medieval_Hoard_of_Coin_Clippings_%28FindID_532965%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shears used for coin clipping in the 17th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/17th_century_coin_clipping_shears.JPG/220px-17th_century_coin_clipping_shears.JPG"},{"image_text":"Modern example of a sweated silver coin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/20_cent_Napoleon_3_superposition_de_2_pieces_15_et_16_mm_face.jpg/220px-20_cent_Napoleon_3_superposition_de_2_pieces_15_et_16_mm_face.jpg"}]

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ISBN 0-521-57091-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bimetallismecono0000redi","url_text":"Bimetallism: an economic and historical analysis"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bimetallismecono0000redi/page/54","url_text":"54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-57091-3","url_text":"0-521-57091-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Rogers, Anne Rogers\". Proceedings of the Old Bailey. October 1690. Retrieved 3 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t16901015-36","url_text":"\"Thomas Rogers, Anne Rogers\""}]},{"reference":"Jameson, John Franklin (1923). Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period by J. Franklin Jameson. New York: Macmillan. pp. 165–171. Retrieved 26 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/24882/24882-h/24882-h.htm","url_text":"Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period by J. Franklin Jameson"}]},{"reference":"Great Britain. Treasury. Information Division (1986). Economic Progress Report. Information Division of the Treasury. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eq20AAAAIAAJ&q=the+origin+of+the+process+is+attributed+to+%5B%5BIsaac+Newton%5D%5D,+after+being+appointed+%5B%5BMaster+of+the+Mint%5D%5D+%28charge+he+held","url_text":"Economic Progress Report"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170823210524/https://books.google.com/books?id=eq20AAAAIAAJ&q=the+origin+of+the+process+is+attributed+to+%5B%5BIsaac+Newton%5D%5D,+after+being+appointed+%5B%5BMaster+of+the+Mint%5D%5D+%28charge+he+held&dq=the+origin+of+the+process+is+attributed+to+%5B%5BIsaac+Newton%5D%5D,+after+being+appointed+%5B%5BMaster+of+the+Mint%5D%5D+%28charge+he+held&hl=ca&sa=X&ei=mGS-VKGZKYOqU7HiguAH&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The meaning and origin of the expression: Not worth a plugged nickel\". Phrase Dictionary. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/260800.html","url_text":"\"The meaning and origin of the expression: Not worth a plugged nickel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160410020340/http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/260800.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kirk, David (23 November 2003). \"Star no longer a big enough word for peerless Wilkinson\". Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2425642/Star-no-longer-a-big-enough-word-for-peerless-Wilkinson.html","url_text":"\"Star no longer a big enough word for peerless Wilkinson\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Larry (2009). The encyclopedia of money (2 ed.). ABC-CLIO. 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Retrieved 3 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmint.gov/learn/kids/coins/fun-facts/page/10","url_text":"\"Fun Facts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220519013552/https://www.usmint.gov/learn/kids/coins/fun-facts/page/10","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahdagh_people

Shahdagh people

["1 Ethnic groups","2 History and culture","3 Gallery","4 References"]

Several small ethnic groups around Mount Shahdagh in northern Azerbaijan You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Azerbaijani. (September 2015) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Azerbaijani article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Azerbaijani Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|az|Şahdağ xalqları}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Shahdagh people (also spelt Shah Dagh, Shakhdag, Shakhdagh and Shadag; Şahdağ in Azerbaijani orthography) is a generic term for several small ethnic groups living in the vicinity of Mount Shahdagh in northern Azerbaijan, particularly in three major villages of the district of Konakhkent (Quba) near the Daghestani border. The Shahdagh ethnic groups generally speak Samur languages of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family. Ethnic groups Several ethnic groups are included within the term "Shahdagh people". The name of each ethnic group's village has historically corresponded to the name of the ethnic group: The Budukh (also spelt Budug or Buduq) (2,000 in the 1926 Soviet census) live mainly in the village of Buduq but also live in Deli Gaya and Guney Budug (South Buduq) as well as scattered groups in Khudat, Ismailly, Khachmass, Kuba, Kutkashen and Zardob. Budukhs are Sunni Muslim and speak the Budukh language, a Southern Samur language. The Dzhek (also spelt Jek or Get) (2,600 in the 1926 Soviet census) live mainly in the village of Kryz but also live in Alik, Jek and Gapuk (Haput). Like the Budugs, Dzheks could also be found in Khudat, Ismailly, Khachmass, Kuba, Kutkashen and Zardob. Ethnolinguists have identified three subgroups of the Dzhek: the Dzhek, Kryz and Gaput. The Dzhek are Sunni Muslim, specifically favouring the Shafi school, and speak the Jek language, a Southern Samur language. The Khinalug (also spelt Khinalugh or Khinalugh) (100 in the 1926 Soviet census) live in the village of Khinalug. They call themselves the Kattitturdur, Ketsh or Khalkh. The Khinalug are Sunni Muslims also of the Shafi school and speak the Khinalug language, an isolate within the Northeast Caucasian language family. The Yerguj (also spelt Yergyudzh or Ergyudzhtsy) people live in Yergüc. History and culture The supposed ancestors of these peoples are the Caucasian Albanians, and each group has its own specific traditions, culture and language. Shahdagh peoples have specific characteristic family and cultural traditions. It is possible to find many similarities and varieties between the wedding and mourning traditions of Shahdagh people and those of other historical groups, especially Oghuz Turks. The economic lifestyle of the people of Konakhkent (Quba) district is based on animal husbandry (sheep and goats in the highlands, cattle in the lowlands), gold and silver smithing, weaving, pottery and rug manufacturing. Because of the need to trade goods within the region of Dagestan, many Shahdaghs had to learn to speak Azeri. For literary purposes, the Shahdagh peoples utilize the Azeri language. Traditionally, the Shahdaghs were governed by rigid endogamous patriarchal clan systems, in which young people were encouraged to marry first or second cousins. That sense of clan cohesion was strengthened by the fact that all land was owned communally by the extended family unit. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Soviet government also succeeded in establishing cooperatives and collectivising many Shah Dagh herds and pasture lands; this policy aroused resentment among the local people. Even though many Shahdaghs are still aware of their heritage, the Budugs, Khinalugs and Dzheks did not appear in the Soviet censuses of 1959, 1970 and 1979. Ever since the 1920s, they have listed their nationality as Azerbaijani, even though they spoke their own native languages. The fact that they were bilingual in Azeri and were surrounded and vastly outnumbered by Azerbaijanis contributed to their assimilation. Most Russian ethnologists today believe that the Shahdaghs have been all but completely assimilated by Azerbaijanis. Gallery Jek people, 1880 Jek people, 1880 Jek people, 20 August 2012 Khinalug residents of the village of Quba, Azerbaijan Khinalugs in the village of Khinalug, Azerbaijan Khinalug resident of the village of Quba, Azerbaijan Khinalugian Suleyman 2007 Khinalug resident of Quba District Budukh women from the village of Buduq Buduq village at the beginning of the 20th century References ^ a b c Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1 January 1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 590. ISBN 9780313274978. ^ (in Russian) Будухцы. Terra.su. Retrieved on 21 January 2012. ^ "Tərxan Paşazadə. "Azərbaycanın milli etnik nümayəndələri – ceklilər", "Azərbaycan Müəllimlər İnstitutunun Xəbərləri", No. 1, Bakı, "Müəllim" – 2009, səh.35–43." ^ Əlhəddin Cekli və Tərxan Paşazadə, «Biz CAN deyirik! Yəni Ceklilər Azərbaycan Naminə!», «Kamal» jurnalı, No. 3 (7), iyun 2010, səhifə 44–48. ^ Большая Энциклопедия в 62 томах: Джеки Archived 27 July 2012 at archive.today. Soyuzkniga.ru. Retrieved on 21 January 2012. ^ (in Russian) Джеки. Terra.su. Retrieved on 21 January 2012. ^ "ТЕРРА - TERRA (under Хапутлинцы / Haputlintsy)". 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b c d e Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1 January 1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 591. ISBN 9780313274978. ^ Большая Энциклопедия в 62 томах: Хиналугцы Archived 27 August 2011 at archive.today. Soyuzkniga.ru. Retrieved on 21 January 2012. ^ (in Russian) Хиналугцы. Terra.su. Retrieved on 21 January 2012. ^ Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1 January 1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 383. ISBN 9780313274978. ^ "ТЕРРА - TERRA (under Ергюджцы / Ergyudzhtsy)". 6 September 2014. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Shahdagh people: wedding habits, mourning ceremonies" (SUMMARY), "Dövlət və Din" İctimai fikir toplusu, (No. 5 (19)), Azərbaycan Respublikası Dini Qurumlarla İş üzrə Dövlət Komitəsi, Bakı – sentyabr-oktyabr 2010, səhifə: 46–56. ^ A., Bennigsen, Alexandre (1987). Muslims of the Soviet empire : a guide. Indiana Univ. Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-253-33958-8. OCLC 257109256.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Ермаков Дмитрий Иванович. Группа мужчин и мальчиков из селения Джег. Джеки". Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2013. ^ "Ермаков Дмитрий Иванович. Группа девочек и старуха из селения Джег. Джеки". Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2013. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shahdagh people. vte Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan Afshars Arabs Armenians Baku Nakhchivan Armeno-Tats Akhvakhs Ayrums Azerbaijanis Avars Georgians Garachi Germans Greeks Jews Ashkenazi Mountain Karadaghis Kurds Sheylanli Lezgins Meskhetian Turks Padars Poles Qarapapaqs Russians Rutul Serbs Talysh Tatars Tats Terekemes Tsakhur Turks Shahdagh people Budukh Jek Khinalug Kryts Udi See Also: Demographics of Azerbaijan

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azerbaijani orthography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Mount Shahdagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Shahdagh"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Quba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quba_District_(Azerbaijan)"},{"link_name":"Daghestani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Samur languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samur_languages"},{"link_name":"Lezgic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezgic_languages"},{"link_name":"Northeast Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages"}],"text":"Shahdagh people (also spelt Shah Dagh, Shakhdag, Shakhdagh and Shadag; Şahdağ in Azerbaijani orthography) is a generic term for several small ethnic groups living in the vicinity of Mount Shahdagh in northern Azerbaijan, particularly in three major villages of the district of Konakhkent (Quba) near the Daghestani border.[1] The Shahdagh ethnic groups generally speak Samur languages of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family.","title":"Shahdagh people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budukh_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1926 Soviet census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_All-Union_Census_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Buduq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buduq"},{"link_name":"Deli Gaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal%C4%B1qaya"},{"link_name":"Khudat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khudat"},{"link_name":"Ismailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smay%C4%B1ll%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Khachmass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khachmaz_(city)"},{"link_name":"Kuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quba"},{"link_name":"Kutkashen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabala"},{"link_name":"Zardob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zardab_District"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"Budukh language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budukh_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Dzhek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jek_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kryz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qr%C4%B1z"},{"link_name":"Alik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Flik"},{"link_name":"Jek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jek_(Quba)"},{"link_name":"Gapuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haput"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"Shafi school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i"},{"link_name":"Jek language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jek_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Khinalug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khinalug_people"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Khinalug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khinalug"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Khinalug language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khinalug_language"},{"link_name":"isolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Yerguj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yerguj_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Yergüc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerg%C3%BCc,_Quba"}],"text":"Several ethnic groups are included within the term \"Shahdagh people\". The name of each ethnic group's village has historically corresponded to the name of the ethnic group:The Budukh[2] (also spelt Budug or Buduq) (2,000 in the 1926 Soviet census) live mainly in the village of Buduq but also live in Deli Gaya and Guney Budug (South Buduq) as well as scattered groups in Khudat, Ismailly, Khachmass, Kuba, Kutkashen and Zardob. Budukhs are Sunni Muslim and speak the Budukh language, a Southern Samur language.[1]\nThe Dzhek[3][4][5][6] (also spelt Jek or Get) (2,600 in the 1926 Soviet census) live mainly in the village of Kryz but also live in Alik, Jek and Gapuk (Haput). Like the Budugs, Dzheks could also be found in Khudat, Ismailly, Khachmass, Kuba, Kutkashen and Zardob. Ethnolinguists have identified three subgroups of the Dzhek: the Dzhek, Kryz and Gaput.[7] The Dzhek are Sunni Muslim, specifically favouring the Shafi school, and speak the Jek language, a Southern Samur language.[1][8]\nThe Khinalug[9][10] (also spelt Khinalugh or Khinalugh) (100 in the 1926 Soviet census) live in the village of Khinalug. They call themselves the Kattitturdur, Ketsh or Khalkh.[11] The Khinalug are Sunni Muslims also of the Shafi school and speak the Khinalug language, an isolate within the Northeast Caucasian language family.[8]\nThe Yerguj[12] (also spelt Yergyudzh or Ergyudzhtsy) people live in Yergüc.","title":"Ethnic groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caucasian Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albanians"},{"link_name":"Oghuz Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan"},{"link_name":"Azeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Azeri language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"endogamous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogamy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1959)"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1970)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"text":"The supposed ancestors of these peoples are the Caucasian Albanians, and each group has its own specific traditions, culture and language.Shahdagh peoples have specific characteristic family and cultural traditions. It is possible to find many similarities and varieties between the wedding and mourning traditions of Shahdagh people and those of other historical groups, especially Oghuz Turks.[13]The economic lifestyle of the people of Konakhkent (Quba) district is based on animal husbandry (sheep and goats in the highlands, cattle in the lowlands), gold and silver smithing, weaving, pottery and rug manufacturing. Because of the need to trade goods within the region of Dagestan, many Shahdaghs had to learn to speak Azeri.[8]For literary purposes, the Shahdagh peoples utilize the Azeri language.[14]Traditionally, the Shahdaghs were governed by rigid endogamous patriarchal clan systems, in which young people were encouraged to marry first or second cousins. That sense of clan cohesion was strengthened by the fact that all land was owned communally by the extended family unit. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Soviet government also succeeded in establishing cooperatives and collectivising many Shah Dagh herds and pasture lands; this policy aroused resentment among the local people.[8]Even though many Shahdaghs are still aware of their heritage, the Budugs, Khinalugs and Dzheks did not appear in the Soviet censuses of 1959, 1970 and 1979. Ever since the 1920s, they have listed their nationality as Azerbaijani, even though they spoke their own native languages. The fact that they were bilingual in Azeri and were surrounded and vastly outnumbered by Azerbaijanis contributed to their assimilation. Most Russian ethnologists today believe that the Shahdaghs have been all but completely assimilated by Azerbaijanis.[8]","title":"History and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceklil%C9%99r_Cek_k%C9%99ndind%C9%99,_1880_(ki%C5%9Fil%C9%99r)-Yermakov_Dmitriy_Ivanovich.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jek people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jek_people"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceklil%C9%99r_Cek_k%C9%99ndind%C9%99,_1880_(qad%C4%B1nlar)-Yermakov_Dmitriy_Ivanovich.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jek people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jek_people"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceklil%C9%99r_(20_avqust,_2012).JPG"},{"link_name":"Jek people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jek_people"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X%C4%B1nal%C4%B1q_k%C9%99ndinin_atl%C4%B1_sakinl%C9%99ri.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:My_adventure_in_Xinaliq.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:X%C4%B1nal%C4%B1q_sakini_%C5%9E%C3%BCkuf%C9%99_%C6%8Fzimova.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khinalugian_Suleyman_2007.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3_401.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Women_from_Buduq.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buduq_k%C9%99ndi_XX_%C9%99srin_%C9%99vv%C9%99ll%C9%99rind%C9%99._Buduqlular_milli_geyimd%C9%99.png"}],"text":"Jek people, 1880[15]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJek people, 1880[16]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJek people, 20 August 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhinalug residents of the village of Quba, Azerbaijan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhinalugs in the village of Khinalug, Azerbaijan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhinalug resident of the village of Quba, Azerbaijan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhinalugian Suleyman 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhinalug resident of Quba District\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBudukh women from the village of Buduq\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuduq village at the beginning of the 20th century","title":"Gallery"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Airlines_Flight_143

Philippine Airlines Flight 143

["1 Accident","2 Probable cause","3 See also","4 References"]

1990 aviation accident Philippine Airlines Flight 143A Boeing 737-300 similar to the one involved.AccidentDateMay 11, 1990SummaryFuel tank explosion while on groundSiteManila Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Manila, Philippines 14°30′31″N 121°01′10″E / 14.50861°N 121.01944°E / 14.50861; 121.01944AircraftAircraft typeBoeing 737-3Y0OperatorPhilippine AirlinesRegistrationEI-BZGFlight originManila Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Manila, PhilippinesDestinationIloilo Mandurriao Airport, Iloilo CityOccupants120Passengers114Crew6Fatalities8Injuries82Survivors112 Philippine Airlines Flight 143 (PR143) was a domestic flight from Manila Ninoy Aquino Airport, Manila, to Mandurriao Airport, Iloilo City, Philippines. On May 11, 1990, at Manila Ninoy Aquino International Airport the Boeing 737-300 (C/N 24466, MSN 1771) assigned to the route suffered an explosion in the central fuel tank and was consumed by fire in as little as four minutes. This accident marked the first hull loss of a 737-300. Accident The air temperature had been high at the time of the accident, about 35 °C (95 °F), while the Boeing 737-300 was parked at Manila. The air conditioning packs, located beneath the center wing fuel tank of the 737, had been running on the ground before pushback (approximately 30 to 45 minutes). The center wing fuel tank, which had not been filled in two months, likely contained some fuel vapors. Shortly after pushback a powerful explosion in the center fuel tank pushed the cabin floor violently upward. The wing tanks ruptured, causing the airplane to burst into flames. The majority of the 112 survivors managed to escape via the emergency escape ropes and emergency exits. Probable cause It is thought the vapors ignited due to damaged wiring, because no bomb, incendiary device, or detonator had been found at the scene. The airline had fitted logo lights after delivery which required passing additional wires through the vapor seals in the fuel tanks. The NTSB recommended to the FAA that an Airworthiness Directive be issued requiring inspections of the fuel boost pumps, float switch, and wiring looms because signs of chafing had been found. The FAA declined to issue the Airworthiness Directive. The NTSB would later determine the same causes had resulted in the crash of TWA Flight 800 on July 17, 1996, where all 230 passengers and crew on the Boeing 747 were killed in the accident. Ignition of the vapors within the center wing tank is also believed by the NTSB to be the cause behind the explosion of another Boeing 737 on March 3, 2001, which was operating as Thai Airways International Flight 114. Seven of the eight crew members aboard survived, the accident occurring before the boarding of passengers had taken place. The FAA would not mandate any changes to prevent center wing tank ignition aboard aircraft until July 2008, after which, the FAA required all passenger aircraft built after 1991 needed to implement or install preventative technology to avoid future center wing tank ignition, with a deadline set for 2010. The mandate also required all aircraft constructed in future be fitted with the same equipment. See also TWA Flight 800 Thai Airways International Flight 114 Pan Am Flight 214 References ^ a b Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network ^ "Filipino jet explodes on takeoff, 8 killed". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. 12 May 1990. Retrieved 26 May 2013. ^ Goglia, John (27 January 2011). "FAA finally takes action on fuel inerting". Aviation International News. Retrieved 27 May 2013. ^ "In-flight Breakup Over the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines Flight 800 Boeing 747-131, N93119 Near East Moriches, New York July 17, 1996" (PDF). Aircraft Accident Report. National Transportation Safety Board. 23 August 2000. NTSB/AAR-00/03. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2023. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-4D7 HS-TDC Bangkok International Airport (BKK)." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 29 March 2023. ^ "FAA Mandates Center Fuel Tank Inerting Technology". Occupational Health & Safety. July 17, 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2023. vteAviation accidents and incidents in the Philippines1940s Cebu Philippine Air Lines DC-3 crash (May 1948) 1950s Cebu Douglas C-47 crash (March 1957) Philippine Air Lines DHC-3 Otter crash (December 1957) 1960s Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 1-11 (July 1960) Philippine Air Lines Flight S26 (November 1960) Philippine Air Lines Flight S85 (December 1960) Philippine Air Lines Flight 984 (March 1963) Philippine Air Lines Flight F26 (May 1964) Philippine Air Lines Flight 741 (October 1965) Philippine Air Lines Flight 785 (June 1966) Philippine Air Lines Flight 345 (February 1967) Philippine Air Lines Flight 385 (July 1967) Philippine Air Lines Flight 158 (September 1969) 1970s Philippine Airlines Flight 215 (April 1970) 1980s China Airlines Flight 811 (February 1980) Philippine Airlines Flight 206 (June 1987) Philippine Airlines Flight 443 (December 1987) Philippine Airlines Flight 124 (July 1989) 1990s Philippine Airlines Flight 143 (May 1990) Aerolift Philippines Flight 075 (May 1990) Cebu Pacific Flight 387 (February 1998) Philippine Airlines Flight 137 (March 1998) Asian Spirit Flight 100 (December 1999) 2000s Air Philippines Flight 541 (April 2000) Philippine Airlines Flight 812 (May 2000) Laoag International Airlines Flight 585 (November 2002) Philippine Airlines Flight 475 (October 2007) Qantas Flight 30 (July 2008) 2010s December 2011 Manila Beechcraft Queen Air crash August 2012 Piper Seneca crash March 2018 Piper PA-23 crash XiamenAir Flight 8667 (August 2018) September 2019 Beechcraft King Air crash 2020s July 2021 Philippine Air Force C-130 crash Korean Air Flight 631 (October 2022) January 2023 Philippine airspace closure vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1990 (1990) Jan 4 Northwest Airlines Flight 5Jan 16 SANSA Flight 32Jan 25 Avianca Flight 052Feb 11 British Army Gazelle shootdownFeb 14 Indian Airlines Flight 605Apr 9 Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2254Apr 12 Widerøe Flight 839Apr 30 RAF Shackleton crashMay 11 Philippine Airlines Flight 143May 18 Aerolift Philippines Flight 075Jun 10 British Airways Flight 5390Aug 2 British Airways Flight 149Aug 27 Stevie Ray Vaughan helicopter crashSep 11 1990 Faucett Perú Boeing 727 disappearanceOct 2 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisionsNov 14 Alitalia Flight 404Nov 21 Bangkok Airways Flight 125Dec 3 Wayne County Airport runway collisionDec 6 Italian Air Force MB-326 crash 1989   ◄    ►   1991

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_practice_of_Bach%27s_music

Performance practice of Bach's music

["1 In Bach's time","1.1 Keyboard","1.2 Organ","1.3 Continuo","1.4 Choir and orchestra","2 Galant period","3 Classical period","4 Romantic period","4.1 Arrangements","4.2 Organ","4.3 Continuo","4.4 Vocal and instrumental forces","5 Modern approaches","5.1 In other genres","5.2 Organ","5.3 Symphonic arrangements","5.4 Orchestra, soloists and voices","5.5 Using modern and alternative instruments","6 Historically informed performance practice","6.1 Voices","6.2 Instruments","6.3 Ensembles","6.4 Tempo","7 References"]

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Performance practice of Bach's music" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Performance practice of Bach's music" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Johann Sebastian Bach's music has been performed by musicians of his own time (including himself), and in the second half of the eighteenth century by his sons and students, and by the next generations of musicians and composers such as the young Beethoven. Felix Mendelssohn renewed the attention for Bach's music by his performances in the 19th century. In the 20th century Bach's music was performed and recorded by artists specializing in the music of the composer, such as Albert Schweitzer, Helmut Walcha and Karl Richter. With the advent of the historically informed performance practice Bach's music was prominently featured by artists such as Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Gustav Leonhardt and Sigiswald Kuijken. In Bach's time In Bach's time his music was experienced as exceptionally demanding for singers and instrumentalists, while he expected the same virtuosity of them as he could accomplish on organ and other keyboard instruments. That level of virtuosity was deemed "impossible", especially as he detailed how and with which ornamentation the music was to be executed. Keyboard Bach indicating fingering in W. F. Bach's Klavierbüchlein For his keyboard-playing Bach is largely considered an autodidact. In 1716 François Couperin's L'art de toucher le clavecin had appeared. Bach knew Couperin's harpsichord music: one of his pieces ended up in the Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach. The Applicatio in C major BWV 994, the first piece in the Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, is one of a very few instances where Bach indicates fingering. Apart from such minute indications there are no direct descriptions by the composer of how he taught his students to play the keyboard. Generally, however, it is assumed that the indications in L'art de toucher le clavecin are not too far from how Bach played the harpsichord. Organ The earliest printed report about Johann Sebastian Bach qualifies him as a "famous organist". In 1737 Johann Adolf Scheibe gives a description of his organ-playing: " is as astonishly accomplished. It is hard to understand how wonderful and agile he can manage his fingers and feet to come together and move apart again, making the widest jumps, without a single false note, and without, with such a violent movement, moving his body around." Continuo A document written in 1738 documents Bach's ideas about performance of the figured bass. Choir and orchestra See also: Bach's choir and orchestra From documents written by Bach in his Leipzig period it can be seen that the expected at least three (but preferably four) singers per voice group in a SATB choir. There were no separate vocal soloists: vocal solo parts were performed by choristers. An orchestra for performing his church music would consist of two to three first violins, and as many second violins, two times two viola players, two cellists, a violone, two to three oboists, one or two bassoons, three trumpets and timpani. The composition of his orchestra varied widely depending on piece, for instance for the Passions there were no trumpets or timpani (while these festive instruments were deemed unsuitable for the time of Lent). Many of his pieces require flutes (traverso and/or recorder), and sometimes more exceptional instruments such as the lute. Four-part chorales and motets were mostly performed with a colla parte instrumentation and/or continuo. Galant period See also: List of students of Johann Sebastian Bach The first decades after the composer's death his music lived on mostly in keyboard music used for teaching by his students. By the time his son Carl Philipp Emanuel wrote his keyboard method the piano was replacing the harpsichord as standard keyboard instrument. Johann Christoph Altnickol, Johann Kirnberger, Johann Friedrich Agricola and Johann Peter Kellner performed Bach's music and taught it to the next generations. Carl Philipp Emanuel and his older brother Wilhelm Friedemann performed their fathers church music in liturgical settings. Also performances in Leipzig under Kantor Doles appear to have been limited to such setting. Public concerts with Bach's music outside a liturgical setting were near to non-existent. Four-part chorales published in this period were stripped of their instrumentation and continuo parts, retaining only the four vocal lines. Classical period By the time the composers of the classical period, such as Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, encountered Bach's music performance practice had largely changed: keyboard music was performed on the piano, and what little of his vocal music that was still performed was limited to a cappella music. The figured bass was being replaced by written-out scores for all instruments. Bach's larger organ compositions were for the most part untraceable, and likewise his orchestral music and larger vocal compositions remained unperformed. Performances of Bach's music were mostly limited to private salons such as those of Sarah Itzig Levy and Gottfried van Swieten, where for instance Beethoven played excerpts of the Well-Tempered Clavier. Mozart had arranged some of Bach's music for string trio and quartet. The Sing-Akademie zu Berlin, founded in 1791, included some of Bach's music in their public concerts. Romantic period The transformations of the way Bach's music was performed that had taken place in the galant and classical periods were continued in the romantic period: piano instead of harpsichord, motets as a cappella music, etc. With the renewed interest in his larger vocal works and in his orchestral and organ music, also these pieces were adapted to 19th-century performance practices, and contemporary instrumentation. Felix Mendelssohn performed Bach's music on the organ and conducted the first 19th-century performance of the St Matthew Passion: this 1829 performance set off the Bach Revival. Romantic composers featuring Bach's music in their public performances included Franz Liszt and Carl Tausig. Arrangements When the Bach Revival resulted in a higher demand for pieces by Bach to be performed in concerts, these were often presented in an arranged version. Organ music, for instance, could be performed in an orchestral arrangement, or as a bravura piano piece. Score publications took into account that the music could be performed on the piano, and various piano arrangements were published, for instance in the Bach-Busoni Editions. Bach himself rearranged many of his pieces to suit the performing situation. For example, the Prelude to his Partita for solo violin in E Major was transposed down to D Major with the solo violin part given to the organ, with oboes, trumpets, tympani, and strings added to provide the Sinfonia for his Cantata No.29. His Concerto for clavier and strings in F Minor was adapted with the treble line of the clavier arranged for solo violin. And, of course, Bach arranged many concertos by other composers (notably Vivaldi) for organ or harpsichord. As the keyboard works are not specified for harpsichord, being written for the "clavier" (literally, "keyboard") any suitable keyboard instrument can be used to perform it and be historically legitimate. Organ The build of organs had considerably changed in the 19th century. In the late 19th century André Pirro published his book on Bach's organ music. Continuo In the Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe, published in the second half of the 19th century, the basso continuo was again rendered as a figured bass. Performance editions, such as those by Robert Franz, expanded the continuo in separate written out parts for multiple instruments. Philipp Spitta, siding with the Bach Ausgabe, disagreed with such overdone expansions of the continuo. Vocal and instrumental forces Mendelssohn's performance version of the St Matthew Passion For his 1829 performance of the St Matthew Passion Felix Mendelssohn had produced a performance version of Bach's composition. By this time choirs had more than three or four singers per part, and solo parts were performed by vocal soloists separate from the choir. Also orchestras were larger than the 18 instrumentists Bach mentioned. Some instruments, such as the oboe d'amore, had largely fallen in disuse, or had a modified build compared to the instruments Bach used. Modern approaches In the 20th century performances building on the late romantic performance practices for Bach's music remained standard for a long time, including performance of arrangements, but many more ways of performing and presenting Bach's music were added. In other genres Bach's music was often adopted in other genres, for instance in Jazz music, by musicians such as Jacques Loussier, Ian Anderson and Uri Caine and the Swingle Singers. Organ Harvey Grace described ways of performing Bach's organ music adapted to the possibilities of 20th-century instruments. Such instruments were for instance used by G. D. Cunningham, E. Power Biggs and Albert Schweitzer for their performances of Bach's organ music. Symphonic arrangements Edward Elgar, Leopold Stokowski and Eugene Ormandy adapted Bach's organ music to full modern symphonic orchestras. Orchestra, soloists and voices Orchestral and vocal forces used for performance of Bach's work remained indebted to the romantic tradition for the larger part of the 20th century. Using modern and alternative instruments New instruments were deployed for performing Bach's music, for instance performances on the Moog synthesiser by Wendy Carlos. Virtually all of Bach's keyboard music, and much else besides, has been transcribed for one or two guitars. These are often performed on recordings using overdubbing techniques. Historically informed performance practice When Nikolaus Harnoncourt started adopting the historically informed performance practice he prominently featured Bach's music, such as the Brandenburg Concertos and the cantatas. Performers following in that tradition, such as Gustav Leonhardt, Ton Koopman, Philippe Herreweghe and musicians of the Kuijken family invariably had a large part of their repertoire devoted to Bach. Voices See also: Evangelist (Bach) § Evangelist singers, and Vox Christi § Vox Christi performers Peter Kooy and Dorothee Mields became known for their soloist performances of Bach's vocal music such as his Passions. Instruments Wanda Landowska was the first to start performing Bach's keyboard music on harpsichord again. The instrument used by Landowska was however still far from the instruments used in Bach's day. Landowska had the piano manufacturer Pleyel create harpsichords for her to use in performing Bach. These instruments did not follow historical models, and have been derisively called "plucking pianos". These instruments are more commonly referred to as "revival" harpsichords, and still have their place in performance today, particularly with modern works expressly written for them. After performing Bach's music on various organs, Marie-Claire Alain had an instrument built closer to the baroque instruments Bach played. Ensembles The size of the ensembles performing Bach's music became smaller again: for instance I Musici started performing baroque music, including Bach's with a smaller ensemble again. Tempo Performance tempo generally became more vivid than in the period dominated by the romantic approach to the performance of Bach's music. Today the tempos are much more relaxed, in keeping with Baroque performance practice. References ^ a b Johann Adolf Scheibe. pp. 46–47 in Critischer Musicus VI, 14 May 1737. ^ Bach Digital Work 01494 at www.bachdigital.de ^ Bach Digital Work 01172 at www.bachdigital.de ^ Johann Mattheson. Das Beschützte Orchestre, oder desselben Zweyte Eröffnung, footnote p. 222 Hamburg: Schiller, 1717. ^ Spitta, Philipp (1899). Johann Sebastian Bach: His Work and Influence on the Music of Germany, 1685–1750 (Volume 3). London: Novello & Co., Appendix XII p. 315 ^ Bach, Johann Sebastian. Kurtzer; iedoch höchstnöthiger Entwurff einer wohlbestallten Kirchen Music; nebst einigem unvorgreiflichen Bedencken von dem Verfall derselben. Leipzig: Johann Sebastian Bach, 23 August 1730. Retrieved on 17 May 2011 from http://www.bach.de/leben/kirchenmusik.html. ^ Johann Nikolaus Forkel. Ueber Johann Sebastian Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke: Für patriotische Verehrer echter musikalischer Kunst. Leipzig: Hoffmeister und Kühnel. 1802, pp. 59–60 ^ "Statistik der Concerte im Saale des Gewandhauses zu Leipzig", p. 3, in Dörffel, Alfred (1884). Geschichte der Gewandhausconcerte zu Leipzig vom 25. November 1781 bis 25. November 1881: Im Auftrage der Concert-Direction verfasst. Leipzig. ^ Marx, Adolph Bernhard, editor. Johann Sebastian Bach's noch wenig bekannte Orgelcompositionen: auch am Pianoforte von einem oder zwei Spielern ausführbar. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1833. ^ Pirro, André (1895). L'orgue de Jean-Sébastien Bach. Paris: Fischbacher ^ Grace, Harvey (1922). The Organ Works of Bach. London: Novello & Co ^ Ellen Segeren. "Voor Herreweghe gaat de tijd dringen: 'Ik wil alleen nog topmuziek'", pp. 61–64 in www.luister.nl, summer 2010 vteJohann Sebastian BachCompositionsby BWV Cantatas Motets Masses, Mass movements, Magnificats, Passions and Oratorios Chorale harmonisations Songs and arias Organ compositions Keyboard and lute Chamber music Orchestral works Fugal works Anh. More info Bach cantata Church music in Latin Passions Bach's choir and orchestra Performance practice of Bach's music BACH motif Printed during Bach's lifetime Reception Reconstructions Transcriptions New Bach Edition People Family Students Biographersand scholars Basso Dadelsen Dürr Forkel Glöckner Hofmann Jones Maul Neumann Riemenschneider Rust Schmieder Schulze Spitta Terry Williams Wolf Wolff Wollny Zehnder Organizations Bach Society Bach Gesellschaft Neue Bachgesellschaft Bach Archive (Leipzig) Johann Sebastian Bach Institute (Göttingen) Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart J.S. Bach Foundation (St. Gallen) List of Bach choirs Places Bach House (Eisenach) Bach House (Köthen) Café Zimmermann St. Thomas Church, Leipzig Other topics Bach festivals Bach Medal and Competition (Leipzig) Bach Prize (Hamburg) Bach Prize (Royal Academy of Music) Three Bs Portraits Bach quadrangle crater Category Audio

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Felix Mendelssohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn"},{"link_name":"Albert Schweitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer"},{"link_name":"Helmut Walcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Walcha"},{"link_name":"Karl Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Richter_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"historically informed performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_informed_performance"},{"link_name":"Nikolaus Harnoncourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Harnoncourt"},{"link_name":"Gustav Leonhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Leonhardt"},{"link_name":"Sigiswald Kuijken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiswald_Kuijken"}],"text":"Johann Sebastian Bach's music has been performed by musicians of his own time (including himself), and in the second half of the eighteenth century by his sons and students, and by the next generations of musicians and composers such as the young Beethoven. Felix Mendelssohn renewed the attention for Bach's music by his performances in the 19th century. In the 20th century Bach's music was performed and recorded by artists specializing in the music of the composer, such as Albert Schweitzer, Helmut Walcha and Karl Richter. With the advent of the historically informed performance practice Bach's music was prominently featured by artists such as Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Gustav Leonhardt and Sigiswald Kuijken.","title":"Performance practice of Bach's music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ornamentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament_(music)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheibe-1"}],"text":"In Bach's time his music was experienced as exceptionally demanding for singers and instrumentalists, while he expected the same virtuosity of them as he could accomplish on organ and other keyboard instruments. That level of virtuosity was deemed \"impossible\", especially as he detailed how and with which ornamentation the music was to be executed.[1]","title":"In Bach's time"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bach-applicatio-autograph.jpg"},{"link_name":"W. F. Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach"},{"link_name":"François Couperin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin"},{"link_name":"L'art de toucher le clavecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27art_de_toucher_le_clavecin"},{"link_name":"Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebook_for_Anna_Magdalena_Bach"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"BWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWV"},{"link_name":"Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavierb%C3%BCchlein_f%C3%BCr_Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach"},{"link_name":"fingering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingering_(music)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"harpsichord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord"}],"sub_title":"Keyboard","text":"Bach indicating fingering in W. F. Bach's KlavierbüchleinFor his keyboard-playing Bach is largely considered an autodidact. In 1716 François Couperin's L'art de toucher le clavecin had appeared. Bach knew Couperin's harpsichord music: one of his pieces ended up in the Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach.[2] The Applicatio in C major BWV 994, the first piece in the Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, is one of a very few instances where Bach indicates fingering.[3] Apart from such minute indications there are no direct descriptions by the composer of how he taught his students to play the keyboard. Generally, however, it is assumed that the indications in L'art de toucher le clavecin are not too far from how Bach played the harpsichord.","title":"In Bach's time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Johann Adolf Scheibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Adolf_Scheibe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheibe-1"}],"sub_title":"Organ","text":"The earliest printed report about Johann Sebastian Bach qualifies him as a \"famous organist\".[4] In 1737 Johann Adolf Scheibe gives a description of his organ-playing: \"[Bach] is as astonishly accomplished. It is hard to understand how wonderful and agile he can manage his fingers and feet to come together and move apart again, making the widest jumps, without a single false note, and without, with such a violent movement, moving his body around.\"[1]","title":"In Bach's time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"figured bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figured_bass"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Continuo","text":"A document written in 1738 documents Bach's ideas about performance of the figured bass.[5]","title":"In Bach's time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bach's choir and orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach%27s_choir_and_orchestra"},{"link_name":"SATB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SATB"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"Passions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passions_(Bach)"},{"link_name":"Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent"},{"link_name":"traverso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverso"},{"link_name":"recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"lute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute"},{"link_name":"colla parte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colla_parte"}],"sub_title":"Choir and orchestra","text":"See also: Bach's choir and orchestraFrom documents written by Bach in his Leipzig period it can be seen that the expected at least three (but preferably four) singers per voice group in a SATB choir. There were no separate vocal soloists: vocal solo parts were performed by choristers. An orchestra for performing his church music would consist of two to three first violins, and as many second violins, two times two viola players, two cellists, a violone, two to three oboists, one or two bassoons, three trumpets and timpani.[6]The composition of his orchestra varied widely depending on piece, for instance for the Passions there were no trumpets or timpani (while these festive instruments were deemed unsuitable for the time of Lent). Many of his pieces require flutes (traverso and/or recorder), and sometimes more exceptional instruments such as the lute.Four-part chorales and motets were mostly performed with a colla parte instrumentation and/or continuo.","title":"In Bach's time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of students of Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_students_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Carl Philipp Emanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach"},{"link_name":"Johann Christoph Altnickol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Altnickol"},{"link_name":"Johann Kirnberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Kirnberger"},{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Agricola"},{"link_name":"Johann Peter Kellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Peter_Kellner"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Friedemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach"},{"link_name":"Doles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Doles"}],"text":"See also: List of students of Johann Sebastian BachThe first decades after the composer's death his music lived on mostly in keyboard music used for teaching by his students. By the time his son Carl Philipp Emanuel wrote his keyboard method the piano was replacing the harpsichord as standard keyboard instrument. Johann Christoph Altnickol, Johann Kirnberger, Johann Friedrich Agricola and Johann Peter Kellner performed Bach's music and taught it to the next generations.Carl Philipp Emanuel and his older brother Wilhelm Friedemann performed their fathers church music in liturgical settings. Also performances in Leipzig under Kantor Doles appear to have been limited to such setting. Public concerts with Bach's music outside a liturgical setting were near to non-existent. Four-part chorales published in this period were stripped of their instrumentation and continuo parts, retaining only the four vocal lines.","title":"Galant period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydn"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven"},{"link_name":"a cappella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_cappella"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gottfried van Swieten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_van_Swieten"},{"link_name":"Well-Tempered Clavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-Tempered_Clavier"},{"link_name":"Sing-Akademie zu Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing-Akademie_zu_Berlin"}],"text":"By the time the composers of the classical period, such as Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, encountered Bach's music performance practice had largely changed: keyboard music was performed on the piano, and what little of his vocal music that was still performed was limited to a cappella music. The figured bass was being replaced by written-out scores for all instruments. Bach's larger organ compositions were for the most part untraceable,[7] and likewise his orchestral music and larger vocal compositions remained unperformed.Performances of Bach's music were mostly limited to private salons such as those of Sarah Itzig Levy and Gottfried van Swieten, where for instance Beethoven played excerpts of the Well-Tempered Clavier. Mozart had arranged some of Bach's music for string trio and quartet. The Sing-Akademie zu Berlin, founded in 1791, included some of Bach's music in their public concerts.","title":"Classical period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Matthew Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt"},{"link_name":"Carl Tausig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Tausig"}],"text":"The transformations of the way Bach's music was performed that had taken place in the galant and classical periods were continued in the romantic period: piano instead of harpsichord, motets as a cappella music, etc. With the renewed interest in his larger vocal works and in his orchestral and organ music, also these pieces were adapted to 19th-century performance practices, and contemporary instrumentation.Felix Mendelssohn performed Bach's music on the organ and conducted the first 19th-century performance of the St Matthew Passion: this 1829 performance set off the Bach Revival. Romantic composers featuring Bach's music in their public performances included Franz Liszt and Carl Tausig.","title":"Romantic period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bach-Busoni Editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach-Busoni_Editions"}],"sub_title":"Arrangements","text":"When the Bach Revival resulted in a higher demand for pieces by Bach to be performed in concerts, these were often presented in an arranged version. Organ music, for instance, could be performed in an orchestral arrangement, or as a bravura piano piece.[8]Score publications took into account that the music could be performed on the piano,[9] and various piano arrangements were published, for instance in the Bach-Busoni Editions.Bach himself rearranged many of his pieces to suit the performing situation. For example, the Prelude to his Partita for solo violin in E Major was transposed down to D Major with the solo violin part given to the organ, with oboes, trumpets, tympani, and strings added to provide the Sinfonia for his Cantata No.29. His Concerto for clavier and strings in F Minor was adapted with the treble line of the clavier arranged for solo violin. And, of course, Bach arranged many concertos by other composers (notably Vivaldi) for organ or harpsichord.As the keyboard works are not specified for harpsichord, being written for the \"clavier\" (literally, \"keyboard\") any suitable keyboard instrument can be used to perform it and be historically legitimate.","title":"Romantic period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"André Pirro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Pirro"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Organ","text":"The build of organs had considerably changed in the 19th century. In the late 19th century André Pirro published his book on Bach's organ music.[10]","title":"Romantic period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach-Gesellschaft_Ausgabe"},{"link_name":"Robert Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Franz"},{"link_name":"Philipp Spitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Spitta"}],"sub_title":"Continuo","text":"In the Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe, published in the second half of the 19th century, the basso continuo was again rendered as a figured bass. Performance editions, such as those by Robert Franz, expanded the continuo in separate written out parts for multiple instruments. Philipp Spitta, siding with the Bach Ausgabe, disagreed with such overdone expansions of the continuo.","title":"Romantic period"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:23a_Mendelssohn.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Vocal and instrumental forces","text":"Mendelssohn's performance version of the St Matthew PassionFor his 1829 performance of the St Matthew Passion Felix Mendelssohn had produced a performance version of Bach's composition. By this time choirs had more than three or four singers per part, and solo parts were performed by vocal soloists separate from the choir. Also orchestras were larger than the 18 instrumentists Bach mentioned. Some instruments, such as the oboe d'amore, had largely fallen in disuse, or had a modified build compared to the instruments Bach used.","title":"Romantic period"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the 20th century performances building on the late romantic performance practices for Bach's music remained standard for a long time, including performance of arrangements, but many more ways of performing and presenting Bach's music were added.","title":"Modern approaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques Loussier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Loussier"},{"link_name":"Ian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Uri Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Caine"},{"link_name":"Swingle Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swingle_Singers"}],"sub_title":"In other genres","text":"Bach's music was often adopted in other genres, for instance in Jazz music, by musicians such as Jacques Loussier, Ian Anderson and Uri Caine and the Swingle Singers.","title":"Modern approaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvey Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Grace"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"G. D. Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._D._Cunningham"},{"link_name":"E. Power Biggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Power_Biggs"}],"sub_title":"Organ","text":"Harvey Grace described ways of performing Bach's organ music adapted to the possibilities of 20th-century instruments.[11] Such instruments were for instance used by G. D. Cunningham, E. Power Biggs and Albert Schweitzer for their performances of Bach's organ music.","title":"Modern approaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Elgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar"},{"link_name":"Leopold Stokowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski"},{"link_name":"Eugene Ormandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy"}],"sub_title":"Symphonic arrangements","text":"Edward Elgar, Leopold Stokowski and Eugene Ormandy adapted Bach's organ music to full modern symphonic orchestras.","title":"Modern approaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Orchestra, soloists and voices","text":"Orchestral and vocal forces used for performance of Bach's work remained indebted to the romantic tradition for the larger part of the 20th century.","title":"Modern approaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moog synthesiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesiser"},{"link_name":"Wendy Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Carlos"}],"sub_title":"Using modern and alternative instruments","text":"New instruments were deployed for performing Bach's music, for instance performances on the Moog synthesiser by Wendy Carlos.Virtually all of Bach's keyboard music, and much else besides, has been transcribed for one or two guitars. These are often performed on recordings using overdubbing techniques.","title":"Modern approaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brandenburg Concertos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos"},{"link_name":"cantatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach_cantata"},{"link_name":"Ton Koopman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_Koopman"},{"link_name":"Philippe Herreweghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Herreweghe"}],"text":"When Nikolaus Harnoncourt started adopting the historically informed performance practice he prominently featured Bach's music, such as the Brandenburg Concertos and the cantatas. Performers following in that tradition, such as Gustav Leonhardt, Ton Koopman, Philippe Herreweghe and musicians of the Kuijken family invariably had a large part of their repertoire devoted to Bach.","title":"Historically informed performance practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evangelist (Bach) § Evangelist singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelist_(Bach)#Evangelist_singers"},{"link_name":"Vox Christi § Vox Christi performers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Christi#Vox_Christi_performers"},{"link_name":"Peter Kooy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kooy"},{"link_name":"Dorothee Mields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothee_Mields"},{"link_name":"Passions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passions_(Bach)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Voices","text":"See also: Evangelist (Bach) § Evangelist singers, and Vox Christi § Vox Christi performersPeter Kooy and Dorothee Mields became known for their soloist performances of Bach's vocal music such as his Passions.[12]","title":"Historically informed performance practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wanda Landowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Landowska"},{"link_name":"Pleyel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleyel"},{"link_name":"Marie-Claire Alain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Claire_Alain"}],"sub_title":"Instruments","text":"Wanda Landowska was the first to start performing Bach's keyboard music on harpsichord again. The instrument used by Landowska was however still far from the instruments used in Bach's day. Landowska had the piano manufacturer Pleyel create harpsichords for her to use in performing Bach. These instruments did not follow historical models, and have been derisively called \"plucking pianos\". These instruments are more commonly referred to as \"revival\" harpsichords, and still have their place in performance today, particularly with modern works expressly written for them.After performing Bach's music on various organs, Marie-Claire Alain had an instrument built closer to the baroque instruments Bach played.","title":"Historically informed performance practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Musici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Musici"}],"sub_title":"Ensembles","text":"The size of the ensembles performing Bach's music became smaller again: for instance I Musici started performing baroque music, including Bach's with a smaller ensemble again.","title":"Historically informed performance practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Tempo","text":"Performance tempo generally became more vivid than in the period dominated by the romantic approach to the performance of Bach's music. Today the tempos are much more relaxed, in keeping with Baroque performance practice.[citation needed]","title":"Historically informed performance practice"}]

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[{"reference":"Spitta, Philipp (1899). Johann Sebastian Bach: His Work and Influence on the Music of Germany, 1685–1750 (Volume 3). London: Novello & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Spitta","url_text":"Spitta, Philipp"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb03spituoft","url_text":"Johann Sebastian Bach: His Work and Influence on the Music of Germany, 1685–1750 (Volume 3)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novello_%26_Co","url_text":"Novello & Co"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash_and_Perlmutter

Potash and Perlmutter

["1 Cast","2 Preservation","3 References","4 External links"]

1923 film by Clarence G. Badger Potash and PerlmutterLantern slideDirected byClarence G. BadgerWritten byFrances Marion (screenplay)Montague Glass (titles)Based onPotash and Perlmutterby Montague Glass and Charles KleinProduced bySamuel GoldwynProductioncompanySamuel Goldwyn ProductionsDistributed byAssociated First NationalRelease date September 6, 1923 (1923-09-06) Running time80 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles) Potash and Perlmutter is a 1923 American silent comedy film directed by Clarence G. Badger. The film is based on an ethnic Jewish comedy with characters created by Montague Glass and Charles Klein for a 1913 Broadway play of the same name which ran for 441 performances. The play is based on the 1909 book of the same name by Montague Glass. This film is notable as the first release of Samuel Goldwyn's independent production company. Stage stars Alexander Carr and Barney Bernard reprise their famous roles from the play in this film. The film's success would inspire two Goldwyn sequels, In Hollywood with Potash and Perlmutter (1924) and Partners Again (1926). In 1927, the UK division of Phonofilm produced a short film with Augustus Yorke (1860-1939) and Nicholas Adams playing Potash and Perlmutter. Cast Alexander Carr as Morris Perlmutter Barney Bernard as Abe Potash Vera Gordon as Rosie Potash Martha Mansfield as The Head Model Ben Lyon as Boris Andrieff Edouard Durand as Feldman Hope Sutherland as Irma Potash De Sacia Mooers as Ruth Goldman Jerry Devine as The Office Boy Lee Kohlmar as Pasinsky Leo Donnelly as The Wide-Awake Salesman Preservation With no prints of Potash and Perlmutter located in any film archives, it is considered a lost film. References ^ Internet Broadway Database entry ^ IMDB entry ^ Marill, Alvin H. (1976). Samuel Goldwyn presents. A.S. Barnes. p. 39. ISBN 0498016587. ^ The Library of Congress American Silent Feature Film Survival Catalog: Potash and Perlmutter External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potash and Perlmutter. Potash and Perlmutter at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Potash and Perlmutter at IMDb Synopsis at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Clarence G. Badger A Social Cub (1916) The Danger Girl (1916) Haystacks and Steeples (1916) The Nick of Time Baby (1916) Teddy at the Throttle (1917) Whose Baby? (1917) The Sultan's Wife (1917) The Pullman Bride (1917) The Venus Model (1918) The Kingdom of Youth (1918) Sis Hopkins (1919) Through the Wrong Door (1919) Almost a Husband (1919) Jubilo (1919) Water, Water, Everywhere (1920) The Strange Boarder (1920) The Man Who Lost Himself (1920) Jes' Call Me Jim (1920) Cupid the Cowpuncher (1920) Honest Hutch (1920) Guile of Women (1921) Boys Will Be Boys (1921) An Unwilling Hero (1921) Doubling for Romeo (1921) A Poor Relation (1921) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Quincy Adams Sawyer (1922) Potash and Perlmutter (1923) Red Lights (1923) Your Friend and Mine (1923) Painted People (1924) The Shooting of Dan McGrew (1924) One Night in Rome (1924) New Lives for Old (1925) Eve's Secret (1925) Paths to Paradise (1925) The Golden Princess (1925) Hands Up! (1926) Miss Brewster's Millions (1926) The Rainmaker (1926) The Campus Flirt (1926) It (1927) A Kiss in a Taxi (1927) Senorita (1927) Man Power (1927) Swim Girl, Swim (1927) She's a Sheik (1927) Red Hair (1928) The Fifty-Fifty Girl (1928) Hot News (1928) Three Week-Ends (1928) Paris (1929) No, No, Nanette (1930) Murder Will Out (1930) Sweethearts and Wives (1930) The Bad Man (1930) The Hot Heiress (1931) Woman Hungry (1931) Party Husband (1931) When Strangers Marry (1933) Rangle River (1936) That Certain Something (1941) vteFilms produced by Samuel Goldwyn The Pest (1919) Slave of Desire (1923) Potash and Perlmutter (1923) The Eternal City (1923) Cytherea (1924) In Hollywood with Potash and Perlmutter (1924) A Thief in Paradise (1925) His Supreme Moment (1925) The Dark Angel (1925) Stella Dallas (1925) The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926) Partners Again (1926) The Night of Love (1927) The Magic Flame (1927) The Devil Dancer (1927) Two Lovers (1928) The Awakening (1928) Condemned (1929) The Rescue (1929) This Is Heaven (1929) Bulldog Drummond (1929) Raffles (1930) Whoopee! (1930) The Devil to Pay! (1930) One Heavenly Night (1931) Street Scene (1931) Palmy Days (1931) The Unholy Garden (1931) Arrowsmith (1931) Tonight or Never (1931) The Greeks Had a Word for Them (1932) The Kid from Spain (1932) Cynara (1932) The Masquerader (1933) Roman Scandals (1933) We Live Again (1934) Nana (1934) Kid Millions (1934) The Dark Angel (1935) The Wedding Night (1935) Barbary Coast (1935) Splendor (1935) These Three (1936) Dodsworth (1936) Come and Get It (1936) Strike Me Pink (1936) Beloved Enemy (1936) Woman Chases Man (1937) Stella Dallas (1937) Dead End (1937) The Hurricane (1937) The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) The Goldwyn Follies (1938) They Shall Have Music (1939) Wuthering Heights (1939) The Real Glory (1939) The Westerner (1940) The Little Foxes (1941) Ball of Fire (1941) The Pride of the Yankees (1942) They Got Me Covered (1943) The North Star (1943) Up in Arms (1944) The Princess and the Pirate (1944) Wonder Man (1945) The Kid From Brooklyn (1946) The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) The Bishop's Wife (1947) The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947) A Song Is Born (1948) Enchantment (1948) Roseanna McCoy (1949) My Foolish Heart (1949) Our Very Own (1950) Edge of Doom (1950) I Want You (1951) Hans Christian Andersen (1952) Guys and Dolls (1955) Porgy and Bess (1959) This article about a silent comedy film from the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit-synchronous_operation

Bit-synchronous operation

["1 References"]

Bit-synchronous operation is a type of digital communication in which the data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE), data terminal equipment (DTE), and transmitting circuits are all operated in bit synchronism with a clock signal. In bit-synchronous operation, clock timing is usually delivered at twice the modulation rate, and one bit is transmitted or received during each clock cycle. Bit-synchronous operation is sometimes erroneously referred to as digital synchronization. References ^ Martin H. Weik (2000). Computer science and communications dictionary, Volume 2. Springer. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7923-8425-0.  This article incorporates public domain material from Bit synchronous operation. General Services Administration. (Federal Standard 1037C in support of MIL-STD-188). This article relating to communication is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Denis_Godley

A. D. Godley

["1 References","2 External links"]

British classical scholar and poet (1856-1925) Alfred Denis Godley (22 January 1856 – 27 June 1925) was an Anglo-Irish classical scholar and author of humorous poems. Godley was born in Ashfield, County Cavan, to Rev James Godley and his wife Eliza La Touche. James was the Church of Ireland Rector of Ashfield from 1849 to 1861, then Rector of Lavey. From 1866 to 1904 he served as Rector of Carrigallen, County Leitrim. From 1910 to 1920, A. D. Godley was Public Orator at the University of Oxford, a post that involved composing citations in Latin for the recipients of honorary degrees. One of these was for Thomas Hardy who received an Honorary D. Litt. in 1920, and whose treatment of rural themes Godley compared to Virgil. He is known for his humorous verse, including macaronic pieces such as The Motor Bus, in which the English phrase "motor bus" is declined as though it were Latin. He was a contributor to several periodicals, especially The Oxford Magazine, which he edited from 1890, and published several collections of his poems. Godley's published works include: Verses to Order (1892) Aspects of Modern Oxford (1894) Socrates and Athenian Society in His Day (1896) Lyra Frivola (1899) Second Strings (1902) Oxford in the Eighteenth Century (1908) The Casual Ward (1912) Reliquiae A. D. Godley (1926) He also published translations of Herodotus (1921) and Horace's Odes (1898). Godley was a first-cousin of The 1st Baron Kilbracken, who, as Sir Arthur Godley, was the long-serving Permanent Under-Secretary of State for India. References ^ Mosley, Charles (2003). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd. p. 2149. ^ "GODLEY, Alfred Denis". Who's Who. 59: 691. 1907. ^ "Part 1: A. D. Godley, Doyen of Magdalen College, Oxford". The Anglo-Celt. Cavan. 5 April 2021. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2023. ^ "Godley, Alfred Denis". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. External links Media related to Alfred Denis Godley at Wikimedia Commons Works related to A. D. Godley at Wikisource Works by A. D. Godley at Project Gutenberg Works by or about A. D. Godley at Internet Archive Works by A. D. Godley at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Ireland Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Church_Mound_and_Village_Site

Brick Church Mound and Village Site

["1 Site","2 Excavations","2.1 Important finds","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Brick Church Mound and Village Site(40 DV 39)A small section of undeveloped landLocation within Tennessee today, marker is former position of Mound ALocationNashville, Tennessee, Davidson County, Tennessee,  USARegionDavidson County, TennesseeCoordinates36°14′50.89″N 86°46′32.48″W / 36.2474694°N 86.7756889°W / 36.2474694; -86.7756889HistoryFounded1000 CEAbandoned1499CulturesMississippian cultureSite notesExcavation dates1877, 1969, 1971-2001ArchaeologistsFrederic Ward PutnamArchitectureArchitectural stylesPlatform mounds, palisade,Responsible body: private The Brick Church Mound and Village Site (40DV39) (also known as the Love Mounds and the Brick Church Pike Mound Site) is a Mississippian culture archaeological site located in Nashville in Davidson County, Tennessee. It was excavated in the late nineteenth century by Frederic Ward Putnam. During excavations in the early 1970s, the site produced a unique cache of ceramic figurines very similar in style to Mississippian stone statuary which are now on display at the Frank H. McClung Museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on May 7, 1973 as NRIS number 73001759 although this did not save the site from being almost totally destroyed by residential development. Site Like many other sites in central Tennessee during the Mississippian period the Brick Church Pike Mounds Site was a multi-mound village with an encircling defensive palisade. The site had a large platform mound (Mound A) 23 feet (7.0 m) high and 155 feet (47 m) on the north–south axis by 147 feet (45 m)on the east–west axis and several smaller mounds. On a ridge next to the mound were many stone box graves of a type found throughout the Cumberland region. Most sites during this time and in this general area were located along tributary streams of major rivers. Larger sites such as this were not drastically different from the dispersed hamlets of their hinterlands but they did offer increased protection during times of instability. While politically autonomous from each other, sites in the area still shared a material cultural with other sites in the region such as Sellars, Old Town, and Mound Bottom. Brick Church Pike Mounds was first described and excavated in 1877 by Frederic Ward Putnam and given a brief mention in the writings of William E. Myer in the early twentieth century though it is unclear if he actually visited it. After this the site remained mostly undisturbed except for farming until the latter half of the twentieth century. During the last 30 years of the twentieth century the site was almost completely destroyed, razed for the building of a residential area and the Ewing Baptist Church, although salvage archaeology did take place. Excavations In 1877 a crew of 6 to 8 men led by Putnam tunneled into Mound A looking for an interior burial chamber. Upon not finding one, they then filled in their excavations and restored the shape of the mound. Putnam noted many of the features of the site when he published his findings in 1878. The site would not be professionally investigated again for almost a century. In the summer of 1969 Dr. Charle Fletcher of Vanderbilt University conducted a field school and did limited archaeological sampling at the site, although the results of his studies remain unpublished. A few years later in the summer of 1971 a local youth discovered a unique set of ceramic figurines at the site. John Dowd, a respected avocational archaeologist from Nashville, was contacted and after visiting the location started the first photographically recorded excavations at the site. In the fall 1971 Mack Prichard the State of Tennessee's first modern state archaeologist visited the site and was instrumental in getting it added to the NRHP but was not able to raise the funds need to buy and save the site form residential development. In 1983 the rest of the site not already destroyed was purchased for the purposes of building a new residential neighborhood. Over the next several years a series of salvage archaeology operations were undertaken by Robert Jolley and later the Division of Archaeology. Throughout the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s periodic excavations took place as the site was further developed, especially after changes in state law afforded Native American graves protections equal to Euro-American graves and forced the construction companies to do archaeological surveys to find possible grave sites. Important finds In 1971 an unusual and unique set of ceramic figurines was discovered in the platform-like ridge adjacent to Mound A. Excavations by John Dowd at the site of their discovery revealed a 17 feet (5.2 m) by 8 feet (2.4 m) clay floor from a Mississippian period house that had burned down. The figurines themselves were of an adult male and adult female pair and two children of each sex, as well as pieces from additional figurines. In total, pieces of 11 whole or partial figures were discovered in the house floor. The male has an elaborate hair style which includes the beaded forelock seen on figures in Southeastern Ceremonial Complex warrior images. The figures sit in a cross-legged fashion, with their hands on their knees, similar to Mississippian stone statuary found throughout the Tennessee-Cumberland region. Dowd was eventually able to acquire the figurines from the young man who had discovered them and has loaned them to the Frank H. McClung Museum of the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, where they are on display. Excavations throughout the 1970s by Jolley turned up many examples of Mississippian culture pottery, including two common varieties Mississippi Plain or Neelys Ferry Plain. Other finer wares were also found including examples Bell Plain, Kimmswick Fabric Impressed, Manly Punctate, Matthews Incised, a hooded water bottle fragment, one plate fragment with a grooved rim, several ceramic disks and a ceramic cylinder. Numerous examples of stone tools were found, including several hoes and a dagger of Dover chert. Excavations of a midden deposit in October 1999 produced a wealth of cultural material, including a unique perforated owl effigy rattle. See also Mississippian stone statuary List of Mississippian sites Southeastern Ceremonial Complex References ^ "National Register of Historic Places". Archived from the original on August 3, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2011. ^ a b Harle, Michaelyn; Koerner, Shannon D.; Bral, Bobby R. "Chapter 12: The Late Mississippian Period (AD 1350-1500)" (PDF). Retrieved February 18, 2011. ^ a b c d e f Barker, Gary; Kuttruff, Carl (Summer 2010). Michael C. Moore (ed.). "A Summary of Exploratory and Salvage Archaeological Investigations at the Brick Church Pike Mound Site (40DV39), Davidson County, Tennessee" (PDF). Tennessee Archaeology. Editors Corner. 5 (1). Tennessee Council for Professional Archaeology. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2011. ^ Kevin E. Smith; James V. Miller (2009). Speaking with the Ancestors-Mississippian Stone Statuary of the Tennessee-Cumberland region. University of Alabama Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-8173-5465-7. External links vte Mississippian and related cultures List of Mississippian sites Timeline of Mississippi valley MiddleMississippianAmerican Bottomand Upper Mississippi Aztalan Big Eddy Cahokia Monks Mound Mound 34 Mound 72 Ramey state Woodhenge Cloverdale Dickson Mounds Emerald Acropolis Emmons Cemetery Horseshoe Lake John Chapman Kuhn Station Larson Lunsford-Pulcher McCune Mitchell Orendorf Sleeth Starr Steed-Kisker culture Sugarloaf Mound Lower Ohio River and Confluence area Adams site Dogtooth Bend Mounds Kincaid Mounds Marshall Site Millstone Bluff Orr-Herl Rowlandton Mound Towosahgy Turk Site Twin Mounds Ware Mounds Wickliffe Mounds Middle Ohio River Angel Mounds Angel phase Annis Mound Bone Bank Caborn-Welborn culture Ellerbusch Hovey Lake-Klein Hovey Lake District Murphy Prather Slack Farm Tolu Welborn Village Yankeetown Tennessee andCumberland Backusburg Beasley Mounds Brentwood Library Brick Church Castalian Springs Dunbar Cave Fewkes Group Hiwassee Island Link Farm Mound Bottom Riverview Sellars Obion Old Town Swallow Bluff Central and Lower Mississippi Belle Meade Boone's Boyd Campbell Carson Chucalissa Denmark Eaker Janet's Menard-Hodges Murphy Nodena Nodena phase Owl Creek Parkin Quigualtam Tipton phase Tunica Koroa Yazoo Walls phase South AppalachianMississippian Adamson Avery Beaverdam Creek Bell Field Mound Bessemer Biltmore Blair Bussell Island Chauga Chiaha Chota Citico Coosa Dallas phase Dyar Etowah Garden Creek Hoojah Branch Irene Jere Shine Joara Joe Bell King Lamar Lamar phase Liddell Little Egypt Long Swamp Mabila Mandeville McMahan Moccasin Bend Moundville Mouse Creek phase Mulberry Muscogee (Creek) Nacoochee Nikwasi Ocmulgee Park Mound Pisgah phase Punk Rock Shelter Rembert Roods Landing Rucker's Bottom Savannah Shiloh Sixtoe Summerour Taskigi Tomotley Toqua Town Creek Waddells Mill Pond Wilbanks Fort Walton culture Anhaica Apalachee Apalachee Province Cayson Corbin–Tucker Fort Walton Mound Lake Jackson Leon-Jefferson culture Letchworth Velda Yon Pensacola culture Bottle Creek Dauphin Island Fort Walton Hickory Ridge Cemetery Naval Live Oaks Cemetery Pensacola people PlaquemineMississippian Anna Atchafalaya Basin Emerald Fitzhugh Flowery Fosters Ghost Glass Grand Village of the Natchez Holly Bluff Jaketown Jordan Julice Mangum Mazique Medora Mott Natchez Taensa Pocahontas Routh Scott Place Sims Transylvania Venable Winterville CaddoanMississippian Battle Belcher Blue Spring Shelter Bluffton Caddo Caddoan Mounds Gahagan Hughes Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village Keller Spiro Upper MississippianculturesOneota Anker Beattie Park Blood Run Carcajou Point Fifield Fisher Mound Group Gentleman Farm Grand Village of the Illinois Griesmer Hartley Fort Hotel Plaza Hoxie Farm Huber Juntunen Knoll Spring Mero site Moccasin Bluff Oak Forest Palos Plum Island Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs Schwerdt Summer Island Fort Ancient culture Alligator Effigy Mound Clover Dodge Leo Petroglyph Serpent Mound SunWatch Indian Village CultureAgriculture Beans Chenopodium Little barley Maize Marshelder Pumpkin Squash Sunflower Three Sisters Tobacco Artwork Emmons mask Copper plates Rogan plates Spiro plates Wulfing cache Duck River cache Long-nosed god maskette Mill Creek chert Pottery Shell gorget Stone statuary Languages Caddoan Central Algonquian Cherokee Mobilian Jargon Muskogean Natchez Taensa Siouan Timucuan Tunican Yuchi Religion Ballgame (Southeastern) Northern Black drink Burial mound Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Chunkey Earth/fertility cult Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Platform mound Red Horn Sacred bundle Village bundle Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stone box grave Thunderbird Underwater panther Related topics Chevron bead Clarksdale bell Mound Builders de Soto Expedition vte Pre-Columbian North America Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Beringian Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) Avonlea Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek complex Caborn-Welborn Cades Pond Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Maritime Archaic Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo-Arctic Paleo-Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Safety Harbor Santa Rosa-Swift Creek St. Johns Steed-Kisker Suwannee Valley Tchefuncte Troyville Weeden Island Archaeologicalsites Angel Mounds Anzick site Bandelier National Monument Bastian Benson Blue Spring Shelter Bluefish Caves The Bluff Point Stoneworks Brewster Cahokia Candelaria Cave Casa Grande Chaco Canyon Coso Rock Art District Crystal River Cuarenta Casas Cueva de la Olla Cutler Eaker El Fin del Mundo El Vallecito Effigy Mounds Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Center Fort Juelson Four Mounds Gila Cliff Dwellings Glenwood Grimes Point Helen Blazes Holly Bluff Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Horr's Island Huápoca Key Marco Kimball Village Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Mounds Lake Jackson Mounds Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site L'Anse aux Meadows Lynch Quarry Site Marksville Marmes Rockshelter Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moaning Cavern Moorehead Circle Morrison Mounds Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena site Ocmulgee Mounds Old Stone Fort Orwell site Paquime Painted Bluff Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Plum Bayou Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Recapture Canyon River Styx Roberts Island Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Rosenstock Village Russell Cave Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Sierra de San Francisco Shell ring sites Spiro Mounds Stallings Island SunWatch Taos Pueblo Town Creek Indian Mound Turkey River Mounds Upward Sun River Velda Mound West Oak Forest Earthlodge Wickiup Hill Windover Winterville WupatkiHumanremains Anzick-1 Arlington Springs Man Buhl Woman Kennewick Man La Brea Woman Leanderthal Lady Melbourne Man Minnesota Woman Peñon woman Spirit Cave mummy Vero man Miscellaneous Aridoamerica Ballgame Black drink Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kiva Medicine wheel Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Mound Builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Norse colonization of North America Oasisamerica Piasa Projectile point Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stickball Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Transoceanic contact Underwater panther Water glyphs Related Genetic history Pre-Columbian era vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture"},{"link_name":"archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Davidson County, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Frederic Ward Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Ward_Putnam"},{"link_name":"Mississippian stone statuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_stone_statuary"},{"link_name":"Frank H. McClung Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_H._McClung_Museum"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Brick Church Mound and Village Site (40DV39) (also known as the Love Mounds and the Brick Church Pike Mound Site) is a Mississippian culture archaeological site located in Nashville in Davidson County, Tennessee. It was excavated in the late nineteenth century by Frederic Ward Putnam. During excavations in the early 1970s, the site produced a unique cache of ceramic figurines very similar in style to Mississippian stone statuary which are now on display at the Frank H. McClung Museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on May 7, 1973 as NRIS number 73001759[1] although this did not save the site from being almost totally destroyed by residential development.","title":"Brick Church Mound and Village Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_mound"},{"link_name":"palisade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHAPTER12-2"},{"link_name":"stone box graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_box_grave"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOORE-3"},{"link_name":"Sellars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellars_Indian_Mound"},{"link_name":"Old Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town_(Franklin,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Mound Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_Bottom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHAPTER12-2"},{"link_name":"Frederic Ward Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Ward_Putnam"},{"link_name":"William E. Myer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_E._Myer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOORE-3"}],"text":"Like many other sites in central Tennessee during the Mississippian period the Brick Church Pike Mounds Site was a multi-mound village with an encircling defensive palisade.[2] The site had a large platform mound (Mound A) 23 feet (7.0 m) high and 155 feet (47 m) on the north–south axis by 147 feet (45 m)on the east–west axis and several smaller mounds. On a ridge next to the mound were many stone box graves of a type found throughout the Cumberland region.[3] Most sites during this time and in this general area were located along tributary streams of major rivers. Larger sites such as this were not drastically different from the dispersed hamlets of their hinterlands but they did offer increased protection during times of instability. While politically autonomous from each other, sites in the area still shared a material cultural with other sites in the region such as Sellars, Old Town, and Mound Bottom.[2] Brick Church Pike Mounds was first described and excavated in 1877 by Frederic Ward Putnam and given a brief mention in the writings of William E. Myer in the early twentieth century though it is unclear if he actually visited it. After this the site remained mostly undisturbed except for farming until the latter half of the twentieth century. During the last 30 years of the twentieth century the site was almost completely destroyed, razed for the building of a residential area and the Ewing Baptist Church, although salvage archaeology did take place.[3]","title":"Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charle Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Fletcher_(archaeologist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University"},{"link_name":"Mack Prichard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mack_Prichard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NRHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Robert Jolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jolley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOORE-3"}],"text":"In 1877 a crew of 6 to 8 men led by Putnam tunneled into Mound A looking for an interior burial chamber. Upon not finding one, they then filled in their excavations and restored the shape of the mound. Putnam noted many of the features of the site when he published his findings in 1878. The site would not be professionally investigated again for almost a century. In the summer of 1969 Dr. Charle Fletcher of Vanderbilt University conducted a field school and did limited archaeological sampling at the site, although the results of his studies remain unpublished. A few years later in the summer of 1971 a local youth discovered a unique set of ceramic figurines at the site. John Dowd, a respected avocational archaeologist from Nashville, was contacted and after visiting the location started the first photographically recorded excavations at the site. In the fall 1971 Mack Prichard the State of Tennessee's first modern state archaeologist visited the site and was instrumental in getting it added to the NRHP but was not able to raise the funds need to buy and save the site form residential development. In 1983 the rest of the site not already destroyed was purchased for the purposes of building a new residential neighborhood. Over the next several years a series of salvage archaeology operations were undertaken by Robert Jolley and later the Division of Archaeology. Throughout the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s periodic excavations took place as the site was further developed, especially after changes in state law afforded Native American graves protections equal to Euro-American graves and forced the construction companies to do archaeological surveys to find possible grave sites.[3]","title":"Excavations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOORE-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TENNCUMBSTONESTAT-4"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Ceremonial Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex"},{"link_name":"Mississippian stone statuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_stone_statuary"},{"link_name":"Frank H. McClung Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_H._McClung_Museum"},{"link_name":"University of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOORE-3"},{"link_name":"Mississippian culture pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture_pottery"},{"link_name":"chert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chert"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MOORE-3"}],"sub_title":"Important finds","text":"In 1971 an unusual and unique set of ceramic figurines was discovered in the platform-like ridge adjacent to Mound A. Excavations by John Dowd at the site of their discovery revealed a 17 feet (5.2 m) by 8 feet (2.4 m) clay floor from a Mississippian period house that had burned down. The figurines themselves were of an adult male and adult female pair and two children of each sex, as well as pieces from additional figurines.[3] In total, pieces of 11 whole or partial figures were discovered in the house floor.[4] The male has an elaborate hair style which includes the beaded forelock seen on figures in Southeastern Ceremonial Complex warrior images. The figures sit in a cross-legged fashion, with their hands on their knees, similar to Mississippian stone statuary found throughout the Tennessee-Cumberland region. Dowd was eventually able to acquire the figurines from the young man who had discovered them and has loaned them to the Frank H. McClung Museum of the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, where they are on display.[3]Excavations throughout the 1970s by Jolley turned up many examples of Mississippian culture pottery, including two common varieties Mississippi Plain or Neelys Ferry Plain. Other finer wares were also found including examples Bell Plain, Kimmswick Fabric Impressed, Manly Punctate, Matthews Incised, a hooded water bottle fragment, one plate fragment with a grooved rim, several ceramic disks and a ceramic cylinder. Numerous examples of stone tools were found, including several hoes and a dagger of Dover chert. Excavations of a midden deposit in October 1999 produced a wealth of cultural material, including a unique perforated owl effigy rattle.[3]","title":"Excavations"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Integrated_Defense_Systems

Boeing Defense, Space & Security

["1 History","2 Organization","3 Products","3.1 Bomber aircraft","3.2 Rotorcraft","3.3 Fighter and attack aircraft","3.4 Experimental aircraft","3.5 Tankers and transport aircraft","3.6 Trainer aircraft","3.7 Electronic warfare, surveillance and other military variants","3.8 Utility aircraft","3.9 Unmanned aerial vehicles","3.10 Missiles","3.11 Space launch and spacecraft","3.12 Spaceplanes","3.13 Satellites","3.14 Space probes","3.15 Other","4 Facilities","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Division of the Boeing Company that builds military aircraft, weapons and space systems Boeing Defense, Space & SecurityBoeing Defense, Space & Security headquarters in Arlington, VirginiaFormerly Boeing Military Airplane Company Boeing Integrated Defense Systems Company typeDivisionIndustryDefense and spaceFounded1939; 85 years ago (1939)HeadquartersArlington, Virginia, United StatesArea servedWorldwideKey peopleTheodore Colbert III (President and CEO)Revenue US$24.9 billion (2023)Operating income US$(1.8) billion (2023)Total assets US$14.9 billion (2023)Number of employees 17,925 (2023)ParentThe Boeing CompanyWebsiteboeing.com/defenseFootnotes / referencesFinancials as of December 31, 2023.References: Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS) is a division of The Boeing Company based in Arlington, Virginia, near Washington, D.C. The division builds military airplanes, rotorcraft, and missiles, as well as space systems for both commercial and military customers, including satellites, spacecraft, and rockets. It was formerly known as Boeing Integrated Defense Systems (IDS), which was formed in 2002 by combining the former "Military Aircraft and Missile Systems" and "Space and Communications" divisions. The group that brought together major names in aerospace; Boeing Military Airplane Company; Hughes Satellite Systems; Hughes Helicopters (the civilian helicopter line was divested as MD Helicopters); Piasecki Helicopter (subsequently known as Boeing Vertol and Boeing Helicopters); the McDonnell division of McDonnell Douglas; and the former North American Aviation division of Rockwell International. Boeing Defense, Space & Security made Boeing the third-largest defense contractor in the world in 2021 and helped make Boeing the second-largest U.S. federal government contractor in fiscal year 2019. History Boeing Defense, Space & Security was headquartered in Greater St. Louis north of St. Louis Lambert International Airport in the northern St. Louis suburb of Berkeley, Missouri, until January 2017, when top executives and support staff were relocated to Arlington, Virginia. There are also significant operations in nearby Missouri communities, such as Hazelwood and St. Charles. It remains one of the largest employers in Greater St. Louis with 13,707 local employees as of 2018. Other major locations of BDS are in California and Washington state. Boeing chose to locate the defense systems offices in the St. Louis area because of the role of the space and aircraft programs of the former McDonnell Douglas location, and bipartisan support from area politicians. In 2016, Boeing moved the division headquarters from St. Louis to Arlington, Virginia in the Washington, D.C. area and located close to The Pentagon. Organization Boeing BDS was reorganized in June 2018: In November 2022, Boeing consolidated its defense, space and security business from eight divisions into four, according to a company statement. Those reorganized divisions now focus on vertical lift; mobility, surveillance and bombers; air dominance; and space, intelligence and weapons systems, led by Ted Colbert, president and chief executive officer of BDS. Vertical Lift – The world's largest provider of military rotorcraft with a diverse portfolio of cargo, tiltrotor, and attack platforms, led by Vice President and General Manager Mark Cherry Mobility, Surveillance & Bombers – Includes KC-46, SAOC, E-7, VC-25B, P-8, Bombers, AWACS/AEW&C, 777X components and all executive transport programs, led by Vice President and General Manager Dan Gillian. Air Dominance – Includes classified programs; the F/A-18, F-15, T-7, MQ-25 and MQ-28 programs; and the non-space Phantom Works portfolio, including the Virtual Warfare Centers, led by Vice President and General Manager Steve Nordlund Space, Intelligence & Weapon Systems – Includes space exploration and launch programs, satellites, munitions, missiles, weapon system deterrents, maritime undersea, Phantom Works Space and subsidiaries (BI&A, Millennium, Insitu, Liquid Robotics, Spectrolab, Argon and DRT), led by Vice President and General Manager Kay Sears. Products Bomber aircraft Boeing YB-9 Boeing XB-15 (1 prototype) Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress Boeing XB-38 Flying Fortress Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress Boeing C-108 Flying Fortress List of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants Boeing Y1B-20 Boeing B-29 Superfortress Boeing KB-29 Superfortress Boeing XB-39 Superfortress B-29 Superfortress variants Boeing B-47 Stratojet Boeing B-50 Superfortress Boeing B-52 Stratofortress Boeing B-54 Boeing XB-55 Boeing XB-56 Boeing XB-59 Boeing TB – torpedo bomber Rockwell B-1 Lancer — from acquisition of North American Aviation division of Rockwell International Rotorcraft Boeing AH-6 Boeing AH-64 Apache Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight (Vertol Aircraft Corp.) Boeing Vertol CH-47 Chinook (Vertol Aircraft Corp.) Boeing Chinook (UK variants) Boeing Vertol YUH-61 Boeing Vertol XCH-62 MH-139 Grey Wolf (with Leonardo S.p.A.) V-22 Osprey (with Bell Helicopter) Quad TiltRotor (with Bell Helicopter) RAH-66 Comanche (with Sikorsky), reconnaissance and light attack helicopter, canceled SkyHook JHL-40 Fighter and attack aircraft X-32B Joint Strike Fighter F-15E Strike Eagle Boeing Model 15 Boeing F2B Boeing F3B Boeing XF6B Boeing XF8B Boeing F-15E Strike Eagle Boeing F-15SE Silent Eagle Boeing F-15EX Eagle II Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet Boeing EA-18G Growler Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor (partner with prime contractor Lockheed Martin) Boeing GA-1 Boeing XP-4 Boeing XP-7 Boeing XP-8 Boeing XP-9 Boeing P-12 Boeing XP-15 Boeing P-26 Peashooter Boeing P-29 Boeing X-32, Boeing's entry for the Joint Strike Fighter program Experimental aircraft Boeing Bird of Prey Boeing X-40 Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing Tankers and transport aircraft KC-135 Stratotanker refuels F-15C Eagle Boeing YC-14 Boeing C-17 Globemaster III Boeing C-22 Boeing VC-25 Boeing C-32 Boeing C-40 Clipper Boeing KC-46 Pegasus Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter Boeing C-127 Boeing C-135 Stratolifter Boeing EC-135 Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker Boeing NC-135 Boeing OC-135B Open Skies – (3 Treaty on Open Skies observation aircraft) Boeing RC-135 Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix Boeing C-137 Stratoliner Boeing CC-137 Boeing KC-767 Boeing Pelican Trainer aircraft Boeing Model 2 Boeing XAT-15 Boeing NB Boeing T-43 navigator trainer Boeing Skyfox Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk Electronic warfare, surveillance and other military variants E-3 Sentry Boeing 737 AEW&C (E-7 Wedgetail) Boeing Model 42 Boeing YAL-1 Airborne Laser Boeing E-3 Sentry (an Airborne Early Warning and Control or AWACS surveillance aircraft) Boeing E-4 (Advanced Airborne Command Post) Boeing E-6 Mercury Boeing E-767 (AWACS) Boeing P-8 Poseidon (Anti-submarine warfare) Boeing XPB Boeing XP3B Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger Boeing RC-135 Utility aircraft Boeing Model 1 Boeing L-15 Scout Unmanned aerial vehicles The X-45A UAV, a prototype for the significantly larger X-45C Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack Boeing YQM-94 Boeing CQM-121 Pave Tiger – anti-radar drone Boeing X-45//Phantom Ray – technology demonstrators Boeing X-46 Boeing X-48 Boeing X-50 Dragonfly – experimental Gyrodyne UAV Boeing X-51 Boeing A160 Hummingbird – development UAV helicopter Boeing Condor Boeing DARPA Vulture Boeing HALE Boeing Insitu ScanEagle Boeing MQ-25 Stingray Boeing Phantom Eye – a high altitude, long range UAV Boeing Persistent Munition Technology Demonstrator Boeing SolarEagle GQM-163 Coyote MA-31 Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat – previously known as Airpower Teaming System Missiles Arrow 3 CIM-10 Bomarc LGM-30 Minuteman AGM-69 SRAM AGM-86 ALCM cruise missile MGM-118 Peacekeeper Ground-Based Midcourse Defense Ground-Based Interceptor UUM-125 Sea Lance AGM-131 SRAM II Boeing Ground-to-Air Pilotless Aircraft Harpoon (missile) Standoff Land Attack Missile AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER Space launch and spacecraft Delta rocket family Boeing Launch Services Inc. (BLS) is Boeing's commercial launch service provider. On behalf of its commercial customers, BLS administers launch service contracts for Delta II and Delta IV launches conducted by United Launch Alliance. In November 2010, Boeing Defense, Space & Security was selected by NASA for consideration for potential contract awards for heavy lift launch vehicle system concepts, and propulsion technologies. S-IC first stage Lunar Roving Vehicle X-38 Crew Return Vehicle Inertial Upper Stage (Titan IV and Space Shuttle) International Space Station Space Shuttle orbiter (Rockwell) Delta (rocket family) (aka Thor-Delta) Delta II rocket Delta III rocket Delta IV rocket Sea Launch (with Energia, Aker Kværner, and Yuzhnoe) Starliner crewed space capsule Space Launch System core stage Human Landing System Spaceplanes Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar (canceled) Boeing X-37 Boeing X-40 Satellites ARGOS (satellite) Autonomous Space Transport Robotic Operations (ASTRO) GPS Satellites (Rockwell) Integrated Solar Upper Stage Kinetic Energy Anti-Satellite Weapon System XSS Micro-satellite 376 (formerly Hughes Satellite Systems – HSS) 601 (formerly HSS) 702 (formerly HSS) Space probes Lunar Orbiter program Surveyor program Mariner 10 Mars Science Laboratory Other the Pegasus-class hydrofoils AN/TWQ-1 Avenger – lightweight air defense vehicle Pegasus-class hydrofoil – patrol craft (6 built by Boeing Marine) GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb – 250 lb glide bomb Compact Laser weapon system Tactical Laser weapon system Facilities On July 21, 2006, Boeing announced that it would be consolidating its Southern California locations. The Boeing facility in Anaheim will be moving to Huntington Beach, California. Huntsville, Alabama (Spacelab, International Space Station, Delta, Ground-based Midcourse Defense) Mesa, Arizona (AH-64, AH-6i) Anaheim, California El Segundo, California (satellite complex: 601, 702) Long Beach, California (C-17 until 2015) Palmdale, California (Space Shuttle) Pleasanton, California Seal Beach, California Saturn V rocket and Apollo Capsule (original contractor North American later Rockwell International) Huntington Beach, California (Saturn V, X-51A, Apollo, Skylab, Space Shuttle, Delta, and ISS) Kennedy Space Center, Florida (as part of United Space Alliance and United Launch Alliance) Macon, Georgia (C-17, a-10, ch-47) Closing down December 2016 New Orleans, Louisiana (S-IC stage – Boeing was the prime contractor where the Michoud Assembly Facility was used for the final assembly) St. Louis, Missouri (F-15, F/A-18) St. Charles, Missouri (weapons) Tulsa, Oklahoma (F-15/F-15E) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (H-47, V-22) H-46 production ended. El Paso, Texas (B-1B, PAC-3, power and electronics components for ISS, F-22, and F-15, assembly and test for Minuteman III missile guidance system) Houston, Texas San Antonio, Texas (military aircraft maintenance) Puget Sound region, Washington Washington, D.C. area See also United States portalCompanies portal Boeing Rotorcraft Systems Airbus Defence and Space Lockheed Martin Space Systems NewSpace Northrop Grumman References ^ "Executive Biography of Leanne Caret". Boeing.com. Retrieved Dec 19, 2016. ^ "Boeing: The Boeing Company: General Information". ^ "The Boeing Co. 2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. January 31, 2024. ^ Boeing Realigns Defense, Intelligence and Space Businesses ^ "Top 100 | Defense News, News about defense programs, business, and technology". Defensenews.com. Retrieved 2 February 2023. ^ Brown, Lisa (13 December 2016). "Boeing moving defense HQ from St. Louis to D.C. area". STLtoday.com. ^ "St. Louis' Largest Employers, as of August 2018". St. Louis Business Journal. Retrieved 2018-12-09. ^ "St. Louis Lands $23 Billion Boeing Defense, Space & Security Headquarters". St. Louis Commerce Magazine. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2009. ^ Brown, Lisa (2016-12-13). "Boeing moving defense HQ from St. Louis to D.C. area". St Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 2024-03-29. ^ "Boeing: About Boeing Defense, Space & Security". Boeing. Retrieved 2018-06-13. ^ Boeing Reorganizes Defense, Space & Security Business Unit, Boeing (Media), 2022-11-17 ^ "GOES-O Mission Overview" (PDF). National Aeronautic and Space Administration. ^ "Delta II Launch Vehicle". National Aeronautic and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016. ^ "NASA Selects Companies for Heavy-Lift Vehicle Studies". NASA. Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010. ^ to Consolidate Southern California Facilities Archived November 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Boeing (2006-07-21). Retrieved on 2013-08-16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Boeing Defense, Space & Security locations in the U.S.. Boeing, December 2009. Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine External links Boeing Defense, Space & Security official site Boeing Defense, Space & Security - About BDS vteBoeing military aircraftFighters/attack aircraft PW-9/FB F2B F3B F4B F5B XF6B XF7B XF8B XP-4 XP-7 XP-8 XP-9 P-12 XP-15 P-26 P-29 XP-32 818 F-15E F-15EX YF-22 F-22 AV-8B F/A-18E/F EA-18G Bombers YB-9 XB-15 B-17 Y1B-20 B-29 XB-38 XB-39 YB-40 XB-44 B-47 B-50 B-52 B-54 XB-55 XB-56 XB-59 B-1 Piston-engined transports C-73 C-75 C-97 C-98 C-108 Jet transports C-135 C-137 CC-137 YC-14 C-17 C-22 VC-25 C-32 C-40 CT-43 Tanker-transports KB-29 KB-50 KC-97 KC-135 KC-137 KC-10 KC-46 KC-767 Trainers PT-13 PT-17 PT-18 PT-27 XAT-15 T-43 T-45 T-7 Patrol and surveillance XPB XPBB XP3B P-8 EC-135 EC-18 E-3 E-4 E-6 E-8 E-10 E-767 737 AEW&C Reconnaissance NC-135 OC-135B RC-135 WC-135 Drones/UAVs YQM-94 CQM-121 MQ-18 RQ-21 MQ-25 MQ-27 MQ-28 X-50 Experimental/prototypes AFTI/F-111A Bird of Prey Phantom Eye Phantom Ray Skyfox X-20 X-32 X-36 X-37 X-40 X-45 X-48 X-50 X-51 X-53 YAL-1 vteBoeing Vertol/Boeing Helicopters/Boeing RotorcraftTransport rotorcraft CH-46/BV-107 Sea Knight CH-47/Model 234 Chinook/Chinook (UK) BV-347 Model 360 YUH-61 (Model 179) XCH-62 (Model 301) V-22 Osprey SB-1 Attack/reconnaissance helicopters ACH-47A AH-64 Apache/WAH-64 Apache RAH-66 Comanche MELB/AH-6 vteBoeingDivisions Boeing Commercial Airplanes Boeing Defense, Space & Security Boeing Global Services Subsidiaries Argon ST Aurora Flight Sciences Boeing Australia Boeing Canada Boeing Capital Boeing Phantom Works Boeing Rotorcraft Systems Boeing UK HRL Laboratories Insitu Jeppesen McDonnell Douglas Narus Spectrolab United Launch Alliance Wisk Aero Projects BCT Modernization Boeing Black Boeing hydrofoils Boeing Jetfoils Connexion by Boeing Future Combat Systems Facilities Commercial Airplane Factories Everett Renton South Carolina Future of Flight Aviation Center & Boeing Tour Boeing Store Historic Plant 1 Plant 2 People William E. Boeing (founder) James Albaugh William M. Allen James A. Bell John H. Biggs Robert A. Bradway John Bryson Dave Calhoun Leanne Caret Arthur D. Collins Jr. Philip M. Condit Raymond Conner William M. Daley Kenneth Duberstein Edmund Giambastiani Lynn Good Edgar Gott Philip G. Johnson Larry Kellner Caroline Kennedy Ed Liddy Kevin G. McAllister John McDonnell James McNerney Dennis Muilenburg Alan Mulally Brendan Nelson Susan Schwab Patrick M. Shanahan Frank Shrontz Harry Stonecipher Malcolm T. Stamper Ron Williams Thornton Wilson Mike Zafirovski Other History of Boeing 1948 Boeing strike Boeing Field Boeing Technical Fellowship Boeing–Embraer joint venture Boeing 737 MAX groundings Boeing 737 rudder issues 2013 Boeing 787 Dreamliner grounding Competition between Airbus and Boeing List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System Manufacturing issues Authority control databases ISNI

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Boeing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"airplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aircraft"},{"link_name":"rotorcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_helicopter"},{"link_name":"missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft"},{"link_name":"rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hughes Satellite Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Satellite_Systems"},{"link_name":"Hughes Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Helicopters"},{"link_name":"MD Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD_Helicopters"},{"link_name":"Piasecki Helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piasecki_Helicopter"},{"link_name":"Boeing Helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Helicopters"},{"link_name":"McDonnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Aircraft_Corporation"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas"},{"link_name":"North American Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Rockwell International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_International"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defensenews_2021_ranking-5"},{"link_name":"the second-largest U.S. federal government contractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_100_Contractors_of_the_U.S._federal_government"}],"text":"Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS) is a division of The Boeing Company based in Arlington, Virginia, near Washington, D.C. The division builds military airplanes, rotorcraft, and missiles, as well as space systems for both commercial and military customers, including satellites, spacecraft, and rockets.It was formerly known as Boeing Integrated Defense Systems (IDS), which was formed in 2002 by combining the former \"Military Aircraft and Missile Systems\" and \"Space and Communications\" divisions.[4] The group that brought together major names in aerospace; Boeing Military Airplane Company; Hughes Satellite Systems; Hughes Helicopters (the civilian helicopter line was divested as MD Helicopters); Piasecki Helicopter (subsequently known as Boeing Vertol and Boeing Helicopters); the McDonnell division of McDonnell Douglas; and the former North American Aviation division of Rockwell International.Boeing Defense, Space & Security made Boeing the third-largest defense contractor in the world in 2021[5] and helped make Boeing the second-largest U.S. federal government contractor in fiscal year 2019.","title":"Boeing Defense, Space & Security"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Lambert International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hazelwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazelwood,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"St. Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Charles,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"The Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Boeing Defense, Space & Security was headquartered in Greater St. Louis north of St. Louis Lambert International Airport in the northern St. Louis suburb of Berkeley, Missouri, until January 2017, when top executives and support staff were relocated to Arlington, Virginia.[6] There are also significant operations in nearby Missouri communities, such as Hazelwood and St. Charles. It remains one of the largest employers in Greater St. Louis with 13,707 local employees as of 2018.[7]Other major locations of BDS are in California and Washington state. Boeing chose to locate the defense systems offices in the St. Louis area because of the role of the space and aircraft programs of the former McDonnell Douglas location, and bipartisan support from area politicians.[8]In 2016, Boeing moved the division headquarters from St. Louis to Arlington, Virginia in the Washington, D.C. area and located close to The Pentagon.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boeing-10"},{"link_name":"Ted Colbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Colbert_III"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022-11-17_Boeing-Mediaroom-11"},{"link_name":"Mark Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cherry"},{"link_name":"KC-46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-46_Pegasus"},{"link_name":"E-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-7_Wedgetail"},{"link_name":"VC-25B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_VC-25"},{"link_name":"P-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon"},{"link_name":"AWACS/AEW&C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWACS_aircraft_list"},{"link_name":"777X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777X"},{"link_name":"Dan Gillian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Gillian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"F/A-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"F-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle"},{"link_name":"MQ-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_MQ-25_Stingray"},{"link_name":"MQ-28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_MQ-28_Ghost_Bat"},{"link_name":"Phantom Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Works"},{"link_name":"Steve Nordlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Nordlund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kay Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kay_Sears&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Boeing BDS was reorganized in June 2018:[10]In November 2022, Boeing consolidated its defense, space and security business from eight divisions into four, according to a company statement. Those reorganized divisions now focus on vertical lift; mobility, surveillance and bombers; air dominance; and space, intelligence and weapons systems, led by Ted Colbert, president and chief executive officer of BDS.[11]Vertical Lift – The world's largest provider of military rotorcraft with a diverse portfolio of cargo, tiltrotor, and attack platforms, led by Vice President and General Manager Mark Cherry\nMobility, Surveillance & Bombers – Includes KC-46, SAOC, E-7, VC-25B, P-8, Bombers, AWACS/AEW&C, 777X components and all executive transport programs, led by Vice President and General Manager Dan Gillian.\nAir Dominance – Includes classified programs; the F/A-18, F-15, T-7, MQ-25 and MQ-28 programs; and the non-space Phantom Works portfolio, including the Virtual Warfare Centers, led by Vice President and General Manager Steve Nordlund\nSpace, Intelligence & Weapon Systems – Includes space exploration and launch programs, satellites, munitions, missiles, weapon system deterrents, maritime undersea, Phantom Works Space and subsidiaries (BI&A, Millennium, Insitu, Liquid Robotics, Spectrolab, Argon and DRT), led by Vice President and General Manager Kay Sears.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing YB-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_YB-9"},{"link_name":"Boeing XB-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XB-15"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Boeing XB-38 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XB-38_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_YB-40_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Boeing C-108 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-108_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"List of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress_variants"},{"link_name":"Boeing Y1B-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Y1B-20"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"Boeing KB-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KB-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"Boeing XB-39 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XB-39_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"B-29 Superfortress variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29_Superfortress_variants"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-47 Stratojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-50 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-50_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-52 Stratofortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-54"},{"link_name":"Boeing XB-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XB-55"},{"link_name":"Boeing XB-56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XB-56"},{"link_name":"Boeing XB-59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XB-59"},{"link_name":"Boeing TB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_TB"},{"link_name":"Rockwell B-1 Lancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_B-1_Lancer"},{"link_name":"Rockwell International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_International"}],"sub_title":"Bomber aircraft","text":"Boeing YB-9\nBoeing XB-15 (1 prototype)\nBoeing B-17 Flying Fortress\nBoeing XB-38 Flying Fortress\nBoeing YB-40 Flying Fortress\nBoeing C-108 Flying Fortress\nList of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress variants\nBoeing Y1B-20\nBoeing B-29 Superfortress\nBoeing KB-29 Superfortress\nBoeing XB-39 Superfortress\nB-29 Superfortress variants\nBoeing B-47 Stratojet\nBoeing B-50 Superfortress\nBoeing B-52 Stratofortress\nBoeing B-54\nBoeing XB-55\nBoeing XB-56\nBoeing XB-59\nBoeing TB – torpedo bomber\nRockwell B-1 Lancer — from acquisition of North American Aviation division of Rockwell International","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing AH-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_AH-6"},{"link_name":"Boeing AH-64 Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache"},{"link_name":"Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_CH-46_Sea_Knight"},{"link_name":"Boeing Vertol CH-47 Chinook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_CH-47_Chinook"},{"link_name":"Boeing Chinook (UK variants)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Chinook_(UK_variants)"},{"link_name":"Boeing Vertol YUH-61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_YUH-61"},{"link_name":"Boeing Vertol XCH-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_XCH-62"},{"link_name":"MH-139 Grey Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW139"},{"link_name":"Leonardo S.p.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_S.p.A."},{"link_name":"V-22 Osprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-22_Osprey"},{"link_name":"Bell Helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Helicopter"},{"link_name":"Quad TiltRotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Boeing_Quad_TiltRotor"},{"link_name":"RAH-66 Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAH-66_Comanche"},{"link_name":"SkyHook JHL-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyHook_JHL-40"}],"sub_title":"Rotorcraft","text":"Boeing AH-6\nBoeing AH-64 Apache\nBoeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight (Vertol Aircraft Corp.)\nBoeing Vertol CH-47 Chinook (Vertol Aircraft Corp.)\nBoeing Chinook (UK variants)\nBoeing Vertol YUH-61\nBoeing Vertol XCH-62\nMH-139 Grey Wolf (with Leonardo S.p.A.)\nV-22 Osprey (with Bell Helicopter)\nQuad TiltRotor (with Bell Helicopter)\nRAH-66 Comanche (with Sikorsky), reconnaissance and light attack helicopter, canceled\nSkyHook JHL-40","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_X-32B_Patuxent.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-15E_-_Controlling_The_Sky.JPG"},{"link_name":"Boeing Model 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Model_15"},{"link_name":"Boeing F2B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_F2B"},{"link_name":"Boeing F3B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_F3B"},{"link_name":"Boeing XF6B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XF6B"},{"link_name":"Boeing XF8B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XF8B"},{"link_name":"Boeing F-15E Strike Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_F-15E_Strike_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Boeing F-15SE Silent Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_F-15SE_Silent_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Boeing F-15EX Eagle II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_F-15EX_Eagle_II"},{"link_name":"Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet"},{"link_name":"Boeing EA-18G Growler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_EA-18G_Growler"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"Boeing GA-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_GA-1"},{"link_name":"Boeing XP-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XP-4"},{"link_name":"Boeing XP-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XP-7"},{"link_name":"Boeing XP-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XP-8"},{"link_name":"Boeing XP-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XP-9"},{"link_name":"Boeing P-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_P-12"},{"link_name":"Boeing XP-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XP-15"},{"link_name":"Boeing P-26 Peashooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_P-26_Peashooter"},{"link_name":"Boeing P-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_P-29"},{"link_name":"Boeing X-32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-32"},{"link_name":"Joint Strike Fighter program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Strike_Fighter_program"}],"sub_title":"Fighter and attack aircraft","text":"X-32B Joint Strike FighterF-15E Strike EagleBoeing Model 15\nBoeing F2B\nBoeing F3B\nBoeing XF6B\nBoeing XF8B\nBoeing F-15E Strike Eagle\nBoeing F-15SE Silent Eagle\nBoeing F-15EX Eagle II\nBoeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet\nBoeing EA-18G Growler\nLockheed Martin F-22 Raptor (partner with prime contractor Lockheed Martin)\nBoeing GA-1\nBoeing XP-4\nBoeing XP-7\nBoeing XP-8\nBoeing XP-9\nBoeing P-12\nBoeing XP-15\nBoeing P-26 Peashooter\nBoeing P-29\nBoeing X-32, Boeing's entry for the Joint Strike Fighter program","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing Bird of Prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Bird_of_Prey"},{"link_name":"Boeing X-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-40"},{"link_name":"Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing"}],"sub_title":"Experimental aircraft","text":"Boeing Bird of Prey\nBoeing X-40\nBoeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-15C_Eagle_from_the_67th_Fighter_Squadron_at_Kadena_AB_is_refueled_by_a_KC-135R_Stratotanker_from_the_909th_Air_Refueling_Squadron_.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing YC-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_YC-14"},{"link_name":"Boeing C-17 Globemaster III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III"},{"link_name":"Boeing C-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-22"},{"link_name":"Boeing VC-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_VC-25"},{"link_name":"Boeing C-32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-32"},{"link_name":"Boeing C-40 Clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-40_Clipper"},{"link_name":"Boeing KC-46 Pegasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-46_Pegasus"},{"link_name":"Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-97_Stratofreighter"},{"link_name":"Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-97_Stratofreighter"},{"link_name":"Boeing C-127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-127"},{"link_name":"Boeing C-135 Stratolifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-135_Stratolifter"},{"link_name":"Boeing EC-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_EC-135"},{"link_name":"Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker"},{"link_name":"Boeing NC-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_NC-135"},{"link_name":"Boeing OC-135B Open Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_OC-135B_Open_Skies"},{"link_name":"Treaty on Open Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_Open_Skies"},{"link_name":"Boeing RC-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_RC-135"},{"link_name":"Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_WC-135_Constant_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Boeing C-137 Stratoliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-137_Stratoliner"},{"link_name":"Boeing CC-137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_CC-137"},{"link_name":"Boeing KC-767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-767"},{"link_name":"Boeing Pelican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Pelican"}],"sub_title":"Tankers and transport aircraft","text":"KC-135 Stratotanker refuels F-15C EagleBoeing YC-14\nBoeing C-17 Globemaster III\nBoeing C-22\nBoeing VC-25\nBoeing C-32\nBoeing C-40 Clipper\nBoeing KC-46 Pegasus\nBoeing C-97 Stratofreighter\nBoeing KC-97 Stratofreighter\nBoeing C-127\nBoeing C-135 Stratolifter\nBoeing EC-135\nBoeing KC-135 Stratotanker\nBoeing NC-135\nBoeing OC-135B Open Skies – (3 Treaty on Open Skies observation aircraft)\nBoeing RC-135\nBoeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix\nBoeing C-137 Stratoliner\nBoeing CC-137\nBoeing KC-767\nBoeing Pelican","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing Model 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Model_2"},{"link_name":"Boeing XAT-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XAT-15"},{"link_name":"Boeing NB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_NB"},{"link_name":"Boeing T-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_T-43"},{"link_name":"Boeing Skyfox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Skyfox"},{"link_name":"Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%E2%80%93Saab_T-7_Red_Hawk"}],"sub_title":"Trainer aircraft","text":"Boeing Model 2\nBoeing XAT-15\nBoeing NB\nBoeing T-43 navigator trainer\nBoeing Skyfox\nBoeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Usaf.e3sentry.750pix.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737 AEW&C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_AEW%26C"},{"link_name":"Boeing Model 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Model_42"},{"link_name":"Boeing YAL-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_YAL-1"},{"link_name":"Boeing E-3 Sentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-3_Sentry"},{"link_name":"Airborne Early Warning and Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_Early_Warning_and_Control"},{"link_name":"Boeing E-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-4"},{"link_name":"Boeing E-6 Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-6_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Boeing E-767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-767"},{"link_name":"Boeing P-8 Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Anti-submarine warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"Boeing XPB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XPB"},{"link_name":"Boeing XP3B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XP3B"},{"link_name":"Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_XPBB_Sea_Ranger"},{"link_name":"Boeing RC-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_RC-135"}],"sub_title":"Electronic warfare, surveillance and other military variants","text":"E-3 SentryBoeing 737 AEW&C (E-7 Wedgetail)\nBoeing Model 42\nBoeing YAL-1 Airborne Laser\nBoeing E-3 Sentry (an Airborne Early Warning and Control or AWACS surveillance aircraft)\nBoeing E-4 (Advanced Airborne Command Post)\nBoeing E-6 Mercury\nBoeing E-767 (AWACS)\nBoeing P-8 Poseidon (Anti-submarine warfare)\nBoeing XPB\nBoeing XP3B\nBoeing XPBB Sea Ranger\nBoeing RC-135","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing Model 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Model_1"},{"link_name":"Boeing L-15 Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_L-15_Scout"}],"sub_title":"Utility aircraft","text":"Boeing Model 1\nBoeing L-15 Scout","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_X-45A_UCAV.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Insitu_RQ-21_Blackjack"},{"link_name":"Boeing YQM-94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_YQM-94"},{"link_name":"Boeing CQM-121 Pave Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_CQM-121_Pave_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Boeing X-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-45"},{"link_name":"Phantom Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Phantom_Ray"},{"link_name":"Boeing X-46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-46"},{"link_name":"Boeing X-48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-48"},{"link_name":"Boeing X-50 Dragonfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-50_Dragonfly"},{"link_name":"Boeing X-51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-51"},{"link_name":"Boeing A160 Hummingbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_A160_Hummingbird"},{"link_name":"Boeing Condor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Condor"},{"link_name":"DARPA Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Vulture"},{"link_name":"Boeing HALE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_HALE"},{"link_name":"Boeing Insitu ScanEagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Insitu_ScanEagle"},{"link_name":"Boeing MQ-25 Stingray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_MQ-25_Stingray"},{"link_name":"Boeing Phantom Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Phantom_Eye"},{"link_name":"Boeing Persistent Munition Technology Demonstrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Persistent_Munition_Technology_Demonstrator"},{"link_name":"Boeing SolarEagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_SolarEagle"},{"link_name":"GQM-163 Coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQM-163_Coyote"},{"link_name":"MA-31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MA-31"},{"link_name":"Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_MQ-28_Ghost_Bat"}],"sub_title":"Unmanned aerial vehicles","text":"The X-45A UAV, a prototype for the significantly larger X-45CBoeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack\nBoeing YQM-94\nBoeing CQM-121 Pave Tiger – anti-radar drone\nBoeing X-45//Phantom Ray – technology demonstrators\nBoeing X-46\nBoeing X-48\nBoeing X-50 Dragonfly – experimental Gyrodyne UAV\nBoeing X-51\nBoeing A160 Hummingbird – development UAV helicopter\nBoeing Condor\nBoeing DARPA Vulture\nBoeing HALE\nBoeing Insitu ScanEagle\nBoeing MQ-25 Stingray\nBoeing Phantom Eye – a high altitude, long range UAV\nBoeing Persistent Munition Technology Demonstrator\nBoeing SolarEagle\nGQM-163 Coyote\nMA-31\nBoeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat – previously known as Airpower Teaming System","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arrow 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_3"},{"link_name":"CIM-10 Bomarc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIM-10_Bomarc"},{"link_name":"LGM-30 Minuteman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGM-30_Minuteman"},{"link_name":"AGM-69 SRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-69_SRAM"},{"link_name":"AGM-86 ALCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-86_ALCM"},{"link_name":"cruise missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"link_name":"MGM-118 Peacekeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-118_Peacekeeper"},{"link_name":"Ground-Based Midcourse Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-Based_Midcourse_Defense"},{"link_name":"Ground-Based Interceptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-Based_Interceptor"},{"link_name":"UUM-125 Sea Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUM-125_Sea_Lance"},{"link_name":"AGM-131 SRAM II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-131_SRAM_II"},{"link_name":"Boeing Ground-to-Air Pilotless Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Ground-to-Air_Pilotless_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Harpoon (missile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpoon_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Standoff Land Attack Missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standoff_Land_Attack_Missile"},{"link_name":"AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-84H/K_SLAM-ER"}],"sub_title":"Missiles","text":"Arrow 3\nCIM-10 Bomarc\nLGM-30 Minuteman\nAGM-69 SRAM\nAGM-86 ALCM cruise missile\nMGM-118 Peacekeeper\nGround-Based Midcourse Defense\nGround-Based Interceptor\nUUM-125 Sea Lance\nAGM-131 SRAM II\nBoeing Ground-to-Air Pilotless Aircraft\nHarpoon (missile)\nStandoff Land Attack Missile\nAGM-84H/K SLAM-ER","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delta_EELV_family.png"},{"link_name":"launch service provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_service_provider"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"United Launch Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance"},{"link_name":"heavy lift launch vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_lift_launch_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"S-IC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-IC"},{"link_name":"Lunar Roving Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"X-38 Crew Return Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew_Return_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Inertial Upper Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle orbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter"},{"link_name":"Delta (rocket family)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)"},{"link_name":"Delta II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_II"},{"link_name":"Delta III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_III"},{"link_name":"Delta IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_IV"},{"link_name":"Sea Launch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Launch"},{"link_name":"Energia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.P._Korolev_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation_Energia"},{"link_name":"Aker Kværner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aker_Kv%C3%A6rner"},{"link_name":"Yuzhnoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzhnoe_Design_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Starliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Starliner"},{"link_name":"Space Launch System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System"},{"link_name":"Human Landing System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Lunar_Lander"}],"sub_title":"Space launch and spacecraft","text":"Delta rocket familyBoeing Launch Services Inc. (BLS) is Boeing's commercial launch service provider. On behalf of its commercial customers, BLS administers launch service contracts for Delta II and Delta IV launches[12][13] conducted by United Launch Alliance. In November 2010, Boeing Defense, Space & Security was selected by NASA for consideration for potential contract awards for heavy lift launch vehicle system concepts, and propulsion technologies.[14]S-IC first stage\nLunar Roving Vehicle\nX-38 Crew Return Vehicle\nInertial Upper Stage (Titan IV and Space Shuttle)\nInternational Space Station\nSpace Shuttle orbiter (Rockwell)\nDelta (rocket family) (aka Thor-Delta)\nDelta II rocket\nDelta III rocket\nDelta IV rocket\nSea Launch (with Energia, Aker Kværner, and Yuzhnoe)\nStarliner crewed space capsule\nSpace Launch System core stage\nHuman Landing System","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar"},{"link_name":"Boeing X-37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-37"},{"link_name":"Boeing X-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-40"}],"sub_title":"Spaceplanes","text":"Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar (canceled)\nBoeing X-37\nBoeing X-40","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARGOS (satellite)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARGOS_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Space Transport Robotic Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Space_Transport_Robotic_Operations&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GPS Satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"Integrated Solar Upper Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Solar_Upper_Stage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kinetic Energy Anti-Satellite Weapon System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinetic_Energy_Anti-Satellite_Weapon_System&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"XSS Micro-satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XSS_Micro-satellite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_376"},{"link_name":"Hughes Satellite Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Satellite_Systems"},{"link_name":"601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_601"},{"link_name":"702","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_702"}],"sub_title":"Satellites","text":"ARGOS (satellite)\nAutonomous Space Transport Robotic Operations (ASTRO)\nGPS Satellites (Rockwell)\nIntegrated Solar Upper Stage\nKinetic Energy Anti-Satellite Weapon System\nXSS Micro-satellite\n376 (formerly Hughes Satellite Systems – HSS)\n601 (formerly HSS)\n702 (formerly HSS)","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lunar Orbiter program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program"},{"link_name":"Surveyor program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_program"},{"link_name":"Mariner 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_10"},{"link_name":"Mars Science Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory"}],"sub_title":"Space probes","text":"Lunar Orbiter program\nSurveyor 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_sporadic_group

Thompson sporadic group

["1 History","2 Representations","3 Generalized monstrous moonshine","4 Maximal subgroups","5 References","6 External links"]

Sporadic simple group This article is about the sporadic simple group. For the three unusual infinite groups F, T and V found by Thompson, see Thompson groups. Algebraic structure → Group theoryGroup theory Basic notions Subgroup Normal subgroup Quotient group (Semi-)direct product Group homomorphisms kernel image direct sum wreath product simple finite infinite continuous multiplicative additive cyclic abelian dihedral nilpotent solvable action Glossary of group theory List of group theory topics Finite groups Cyclic group Zn Symmetric group Sn Alternating group An Dihedral group Dn Quaternion group Q Cauchy's theorem Lagrange's theorem Sylow theorems Hall's theorem p-group Elementary abelian group Frobenius group Schur multiplier Classification of finite simple groups cyclic alternating Lie type sporadic Discrete groupsLattices Integers ( Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } ) Free group Modular groups PSL(2, Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } )SL(2, Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } ) Arithmetic group Lattice Hyperbolic group Topological and Lie groups Solenoid Circle General linear GL(n) Special linear SL(n) Orthogonal O(n) Euclidean E(n) Special orthogonal SO(n) Unitary U(n) Special unitary SU(n) Symplectic Sp(n) G2 F4 E6 E7 E8 Lorentz Poincaré Conformal Diffeomorphism Loop Infinite dimensional Lie group O(∞)SU(∞)Sp(∞) Algebraic groups Linear algebraic group Reductive group Abelian variety Elliptic curve vte In the area of modern algebra known as group theory, the Thompson group Th is a sporadic simple group of order    215 · 310 · 53 · 72 · 13 · 19 · 31 = 90745943887872000 ≈ 9×1016. History Th is one of the 26 sporadic groups and was found by John G. Thompson (1976) and constructed by Smith (1976). They constructed it as the automorphism group of a certain lattice in the 248-dimensional Lie algebra of E8. It does not preserve the Lie bracket of this lattice, but does preserve the Lie bracket mod 3, so is a subgroup of the Chevalley group E8(3). The subgroup preserving the Lie bracket (over the integers) is a maximal subgroup of the Thompson group called the Dempwolff group (which unlike the Thompson group is a subgroup of the compact Lie group E8). Representations The centralizer of an element of order 3 of type 3C in the Monster group is a product of the Thompson group and a group of order 3, as a result of which the Thompson group acts on a vertex operator algebra over the field with 3 elements. This vertex operator algebra contains the E8 Lie algebra over F3, giving the embedding of Th into E8(3). The full nomralizer of a 3C element in the Monster group is S3 × Th, so Th centralizes 3 involutions alongside the 3-cycle. These involutions are centralized by the Baby monster group, which therefore contains Th as a subgroup. The Schur multiplier and the outer automorphism group of the Thompson group are both trivial. Generalized monstrous moonshine Conway and Norton suggested in their 1979 paper that monstrous moonshine is not limited to the monster, but that similar phenomena may be found for other groups. Larissa Queen and others subsequently found that one can construct the expansions of many Hauptmoduln from simple combinations of dimensions of sporadic groups. For Th, the relevant McKay-Thompson series is T 3 C ( τ ) {\displaystyle T_{3C}(\tau )} (OEIS: A007245), T 3 C ( τ ) = ( j ( 3 τ ) ) 1 / 3 = 1 q + 248 q 2 + 4124 q 5 + 34752 q 8 + 213126 q 11 + 1057504 q 14 + ⋯ {\displaystyle T_{3C}(\tau )={\Big (}j(3\tau ){\Big )}^{1/3}={\frac {1}{q}}\,+\,248q^{2}\,+\,4124q^{5}\,+\,34752q^{8}\,+\,213126q^{11}\,+\,1057504q^{14}+\cdots \,} and j(τ) is the j-invariant. Maximal subgroups Linton (1989) found the 16 conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of Th as follows: 2+1+8 · A9 25 · L5(2)   This is the Dempwolff group (3 x G2(3)) : 2 (33 × 3+1+2) · 3+1+2 : 2S4 32 · 37 : 2S4 (3 × 34 : 2 · A6) : 2 5+1+2 : 4S4 52 : GL2(5) 72 : (3 × 2S4) 31 : 15 3D4(2) : 3 U3(8) : 6 L2(19) L3(3) M10 S5 References Linton, Stephen A. (1989), "The maximal subgroups of the Thompson group", Journal of the London Mathematical Society, Second Series, 39 (1): 79–88, doi:10.1112/jlms/s2-39.1.79, ISSN 0024-6107, MR 0989921 Smith, P. E. (1976), "A simple subgroup of M? and E8(3)", The Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, 8 (2): 161–165, doi:10.1112/blms/8.2.161, ISSN 0024-6093, MR 0409630 Thompson, John G. (1976), "A conjugacy theorem for E8", Journal of Algebra, 38 (2): 525–530, doi:10.1016/0021-8693(76)90235-0, ISSN 0021-8693, MR 0399193 External links MathWorld: Thompson group Atlas of Finite Group Representations: Thompson group

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Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Thompson"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThompson1976"},{"link_name":"Smith (1976)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith1976"},{"link_name":"automorphism group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphism_group"},{"link_name":"Chevalley group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevalley_group"},{"link_name":"Dempwolff group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dempwolff_group"}],"text":"Th is one of the 26 sporadic groups and was found by John G. Thompson (1976) and constructed by Smith (1976). They constructed it as the automorphism group of a certain lattice in the 248-dimensional Lie algebra of E8. It does not preserve the Lie bracket of this lattice, but does preserve the Lie bracket mod 3, so is a subgroup of the Chevalley group E8(3). The subgroup preserving the Lie bracket (over the integers) is a maximal subgroup of the Thompson group called the Dempwolff group (which unlike the Thompson group is a subgroup of the compact Lie group E8).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monster group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_group"},{"link_name":"vertex operator algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_operator_algebra"},{"link_name":"Baby monster group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_monster_group"},{"link_name":"Schur multiplier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_multiplier"},{"link_name":"outer automorphism group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_automorphism_group"}],"text":"The centralizer of an element of order 3 of type 3C in the Monster group is a product of the Thompson group and a group of order 3, as a result of which the Thompson group acts on a vertex operator algebra over the field with 3 elements. This vertex operator algebra contains the E8 Lie algebra over F3, giving the embedding of Th into E8(3).The full nomralizer of a 3C element in the Monster group is S3 × Th, so Th centralizes 3 involutions alongside the 3-cycle. These involutions are centralized by the Baby monster group, which therefore contains Th as a subgroup.The Schur multiplier and the outer automorphism group of the Thompson group are both trivial.","title":"Representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monstrous moonshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstrous_moonshine"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A007245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A007245"},{"link_name":"j-invariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-invariant"}],"text":"Conway and Norton suggested in their 1979 paper that monstrous moonshine is not limited to the monster, but that similar phenomena may be found for other groups. Larissa Queen and others subsequently found that one can construct the expansions of many Hauptmoduln from simple combinations of dimensions of sporadic groups. \nFor Th, the relevant McKay-Thompson series is \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n 3\n C\n \n \n (\n τ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{3C}(\\tau )}\n \n (OEIS: A007245),T\n \n 3\n C\n \n \n (\n τ\n )\n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n j\n (\n 3\n τ\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n q\n \n \n \n +\n \n 248\n \n q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n +\n \n 4124\n \n q\n \n 5\n \n \n \n +\n \n 34752\n \n q\n \n 8\n \n \n \n +\n \n 213126\n \n q\n \n 11\n \n \n \n +\n \n 1057504\n \n q\n \n 14\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{3C}(\\tau )={\\Big (}j(3\\tau ){\\Big )}^{1/3}={\\frac {1}{q}}\\,+\\,248q^{2}\\,+\\,4124q^{5}\\,+\\,34752q^{8}\\,+\\,213126q^{11}\\,+\\,1057504q^{14}+\\cdots \\,}and j(τ) is the j-invariant.","title":"Generalized monstrous moonshine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linton (1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLinton1989"},{"link_name":"Dempwolff group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dempwolff_group"}],"text":"Linton (1989) found the 16 conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of Th as follows:2+1+8 · A9\n25 · L5(2)   This is the Dempwolff group\n(3 x G2(3)) : 2\n(33 × 3+1+2) · 3+1+2 : 2S4\n32 · 37 : 2S4\n(3 × 34 : 2 · A6) : 2\n5+1+2 : 4S4\n52 : GL2(5)\n72 : (3 × 2S4)\n31 : 15\n3D4(2) : 3\nU3(8) : 6\nL2(19)\nL3(3)\nM10\nS5","title":"Maximal subgroups"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_Ben%C3%ADtez

José de Guzmán Benítez

["1 Early years","2 Mayoral term","3 Death","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading"]

Puerto Rican politician (1857–1923) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is de Guzmán and the second or maternal family name is Benítez. José de Guzmán BenítezDetail of drawing of José de Guzmán Benítez (by Mario Brau de Zuzuárregui)106th Mayor of Ponce, Puerto RicoIn office28 February 1901 – 1902Preceded byPedro Juan RosalySucceeded byEnrique Chevalier Personal detailsBorn1857Ponce, Puerto RicoDied28 October 1923San Juan, Puerto RicoSpouseCarmen Soto RodriguezChildrenJose Ignacio (1884–1941)ProfessionAttorney José de Guzmán Benítez (1857 – 28 October 1923) was Mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico, from 28 February 1901 until 1902. José de Guzmán Benítez is best known for his 1899 campaign initiative, presented to the people of Puerto Rico, asking for the creation of a pro-American political party. Early years Guzmán Benítez was born in 1857 to Manuel De Guzman and Modesta Benitez. He married Carmen Soto Rodriguez, from Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico, with whom he had a son named Jose Ignacio (1884–1941). Mayoral term Fans carry Mayor De Guzmán Benítez upon his winning the 1900 elections Guzmán Benítez, along with his chief of police Rodulfo Figueroa were regarded by the Federal Party as "highly controversial" figures due to their association with members of Ponce's lower class. The Republican side of Ponce's Municipal Assembly, meanwhile, demanded Guzmán Benítez's resignation but a crowd of Ponce residents, numbering some two thousand, took over the halls of the Assembly building, coming to Guzmán Benítez's defense. A caricature was made of De Guzmán Benítez of his 1900 election win that is well preserved. The 1900 election was significant in that it was the first election since the United States invaded the Island in 1898. With the arrival of the Americans in Puerto Rico in 1898, De Guzmán Benítez proposed the creation of a pro-American political party. The proposal caught the attention of Jose Celso Barbosa, leader of the Partido Ortodoxo de Puerto Rico (Orthodox Party of Puerto Rico). Celso Barbosa held a party assembly in San Juan to which De Guzmán Benítez was invited. The 4 July 1899 assembly resulted in the creation of the Partido Republicano de Puerto Rico (Republican Party of Puerto Rico). Death De Guzmán Benítez died in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on 28 October 1923, as a result of a cardiac arrest, more specifically an asystole. He was 67 years old. See also Puerto Rico portal List of Puerto Ricans List of mayors of Ponce, Puerto Rico Notes ^ His Death Certificate ("Acta de Defunción") states his was born in Fajardo, Puerto Rico (See Puerto Rico, Civil Registrations, 1885-2001 for José De Guzmán Benitez. Defunciones (Deaths), Santurce, Defunciones 1918-1924. Folio 235. Acta Numero 824. Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico. Registro Civil de San Juan. Tomo 1. Julio 1 de 1918 a Marzo 27 del 1919. Santurce, Puerto Rico.) References ^ Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, et al., Brevario sobre la historia de Ponce y sus principales lugares de interés. 1991. Museo de la Historia de Ponce. Secretaría de Arte y Cultura. Government of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. Ponce, Puerto Rico. p. 62. ^ Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, et al., Brevario sobre la historia de Ponce y sus principales lugares de interés. 1991. Museo de la Historia de Ponce. Secretaria de Arte y Cultura. Government of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. Ponce, Puerto Rico. p. 62. ^ José De Guzman Benitez in the 1910 United States Federal Census. ^ Puerto Rico, Civil Registrations, 1885-2001. Registro Civil, 1836–2001. Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Accessed 6 February 2019. ^ Socorro Giron. Ponce, el teatro La Perla y La Campana de la Almudaina. Ponce Municipal Government. 1992. Page 414. ^ Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, et al., Brevario sobre la historia de Ponce y sus principales lugares de interés. 1991. Museo de la Historia de Ponce. Secretaria de Arte y Cultura. Government of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. Ponce, Puerto Rico. p. 62. ^ Puerto Rico, Civil Registrations, 1885-2001. Registro Civil, 1836–2001. Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Accessed 6 February 2019. ^ Ileana M. Rodriguez-Silva. Silencing Race: Disentangling Blackness, Colonialism, and National Identities in Puerto Rico. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2012. p. 177. ^ Univ. of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras. Biblioteca Digital Puertorriqueña. Caricatura Becqueriana. By Mario Brau de Zuzuárregui. c. 1910. See also http://136.145.174.31/u?/Dibujos,247 ^ Reinaldo E. Gonzalez Blanco. El Turismo Cultural en Ponce durante el Plan Ponce en Marcha, 1900-2000. Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, Editor. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Professional Editions. 2018. p.13. ISBN 978-1-64131-139-7 ^ Luis Fortuño Janeiro. Album Histórico de Ponce: Contenido de los más importantes datos históricos y de una exposición gráfica de su cultura y progreso. 1963. pp.16-18. ^ Luis Fortuño Janeiro. Album Histórico de Ponce: Contenido de los más importantes datos históricos y de una exposición gráfica de su cultura y progreso. 1963. pp.16-18. ^ Reinaldo E. Gonzalez Blanco. El Turismo Cultural en Ponce durante el Plan Ponce en Marcha , 1900-2000. Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, Editor. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Professional Editions. 2018. pp.13-14. ISBN 978-1-64131-139-7 ^ Puerto Rico, Civil Registrations, 1885-2001 for José De Guzmán Benitez. Defunciones (Deaths), Santurce, Defunciones 1918-1924. Folio 235. Acta Numero 824. Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico. Registro Civil de San Juan. Tomo 1. Julio 1 de 1918 a Marzo 27 del 1919. Santurce, Puerto Rico. Further reading Fay Fowlie de Flores. Ponce, Perla del Sur: Una Bibliográfica Anotada. Second Edition. 1997. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico en Ponce. pp. 319-320. Item 1603. LCCN 92-75480 "Las ultimas elecciones en Puerto Rico: el gobierno americano protegiendo a los ladrones de voto." Puerto Rico Herald. 27 Noviembre 1902. pp. 295-298. Fay Fowlie de Flores. Ponce, Perla del Sur: Una Bibliográfica Anotada. Second Edition. 1997. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico en Ponce. p. 109. Item 560. LCCN 92-75480 The Representative Men of Puerto Rico. Compiled and edited by F.E. Jackson & Son. C. Frederiksen, artist and photographer. s.l.: F.E. Jackson & Son. 1901. (PUCPR; Universidad Puerto Rico - Rio Piedras, UPR). Fay Fowlie de Flores. Ponce, Perla del Sur: Una Bibliográfica Anotada. Second Edition. 1997. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico en Ponce. p. 116. Item 589. LCCN 92-75480 Felix Bernier Matos. Cromos ponceños. (por Fray Justo) Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta "La Libertad." 1896. (Colegio Universitario Tecnológico de Ponce, CUTPO) Fay Fowlie de Flores. Ponce, Perla del Sur: Una Bibliografía Anotada. Segunda Edición. 1997. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico en Ponce. p. 339. Item 1687. LCCN 92-75480 Jose G. del Valle. "A través de diez años (1897-1907): trabajos políticos, económicos, históricos y sociales. Barcelona, España: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Feliú y Susanna. 1907. (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ponce.) Political offices Preceded byPedro Juan Rosaly Mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico 28 February 1901 - 1902 Succeeded byEnrique Chevalier vtePonce, Puerto Rico Buildings Education Geography Government Mayors History Timeline People Sports Tourism Landmarks Attractions Transportation Airport Roads Streets Barrios Anón Bucaná Canas Canas Urbano Capitanejo Cerrillos Coto Laurel Cuarto Guaraguao Machuelo Abajo Machuelo Arriba Magueyes Magueyes Urbano Maragüez Marueño Montes Llanos Playa Portugués Portugués Urbano Primero Quebrada Limón Quinto Real Sabanetas San Antón San Patricio Segundo Sexto Tercero Tibes Vayas Beaches El Tuque Punta Salinera Las Salinas Playa de Ponce El Malecón Playa del Club Náutico de Ponce La Guancha Isla de Ratones Isla Cardona Pelícano Guardia Costanera Blanca Carrucho Ensenadita Larga Museums Museo de Arte de Ponce Museo Parque de Bombas Museo Castillo Serrallés Centro Ceremonial Indígena de Tibes Museo Hacienda Buena Vista Museo Casa Paoli Museo de la Masacre de Ponce Museo de la Música Puertorriqueña Museo del Deporte Museo de la Historia de Ponce Museo de la Arquitectura Ponceña Museo del Autonomismo Puertorriqueño Museo Biblioteca RHC Panteón Nacional Román Baldorioty de Castro Hotels Ponce Hilton Golf & Casino Resort Holiday Inn & Tropical Casino Ponce Plaza Hotel & Casino Hotel Meliá The Fox Hotel Hotel Ponce Intercontinental Solace by the Sea Caribe Hotel Events Carnaval de Ponce Feria de Artesanías de Ponce Ponce Jazz Festival Fiesta Nacional de la Danza Día Mundial de Ponce Festival Nacional de la Quenepa Bienal de Arte de Ponce Nightlife in Ponce, Puerto Rico Las Justas Cruce a Nado Internacional Theaters Teatro La Perla Teatro Fox Delicias Ponce Towne Center Caribbean Cinemas Teatro Antono Paoli Teatro Vicente Murga Concha Acústica de Ponce Parks Parque de la Abolición Parque de la Ceiba Parque del Tricentenario Parque Ecológico Urbano Parque Familiar Julio Enrique Monagas Parque Luis A. "Wito" Morales Parque Pedro Albizu Campos Parque Urbano Dora Colón Clavell Plaza Las Delicias La Guancha Hospitals Hospital Damas Hospital San Lucas Hospital Dr. Pila Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca Hospital San Cristóbal Steven Anthony Children's Hospital Universities Ana G. Méndez University Caribbean University Universidad Interamericana Ponce Health Sciences University Pontificia Universidad Católica PUCPR School of Architecture PUCPR School of Law Universidad de Puerto Rico Islands Cardona Ratones Frío Caja de Muertos Morrillito Gatas Jueyes Rivers Anón Bayagán Blanco Bucaná Canas Cerrillos Chiquito Inabón Jacaguas Matilde Pastillo Portugués Prieto San Patricio Mountains Cerro de Punta Peñón de Ponce Cerro del Vigía Cerro del Diablo Monte Jayuya Cerro Maravilla

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ponce, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is de Guzmán and the second or maternal family name is Benítez.José de Guzmán Benítez (1857[3] – 28 October 1923[4]) was Mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico, from 28 February 1901 until 1902.[5] José de Guzmán Benítez is best known for his 1899 campaign initiative, presented to the people of Puerto Rico, asking for the creation of a pro-American political party.[6]","title":"José de Guzmán Benítez"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabana_Grande,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Guzmán Benítez was born in 1857 to Manuel De Guzman and Modesta Benitez. He married Carmen Soto Rodriguez, from Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico, with whom he had a son named Jose Ignacio (1884–1941).[7]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_Ben%C3%ADtez,_Alcalde_de_Ponce,_PR,_es_cargado_en_hombros_para_celebrar_la_victoria_de_la_elecci%C3%B3n_de_1900_(DP23).jpg"},{"link_name":"Federal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Party_(Puerto_Rico)"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico_(1899)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"caricature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caricature"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election"},{"link_name":"Jose Celso Barbosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Celso_Barbosa"},{"link_name":"Partido Ortodoxo de Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partido_Ortodoxo_de_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Partido Republicano de Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico_(1899)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Fans carry Mayor De Guzmán Benítez upon his winning the 1900 electionsGuzmán Benítez, along with his chief of police Rodulfo Figueroa were regarded by the Federal Party as \"highly controversial\" figures due to their association with members of Ponce's lower class. The Republican side of Ponce's Municipal Assembly, meanwhile, demanded Guzmán Benítez's resignation but a crowd of Ponce residents, numbering some two thousand, took over the halls of the Assembly building, coming to Guzmán Benítez's defense.[8]A caricature was made of De Guzmán Benítez of his 1900 election win that is well preserved.[9] The 1900 election was significant in that it was the first election since the United States invaded the Island in 1898.With the arrival of the Americans in Puerto Rico in 1898, De Guzmán Benítez proposed the creation of a pro-American political party. The proposal caught the attention of Jose Celso Barbosa, leader of the Partido Ortodoxo de Puerto Rico (Orthodox Party of Puerto Rico).[10] Celso Barbosa held a party assembly in San Juan to which De Guzmán Benítez was invited.[11] The 4 July 1899 assembly resulted in the creation of the Partido Republicano de Puerto Rico (Republican Party of Puerto Rico).[12][13]","title":"Mayoral term"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"asystole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asystole"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"De Guzmán Benítez died in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on 28 October 1923, as a result of a cardiac arrest, more specifically an asystole.[14] He was 67 years old.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ His Death Certificate (\"Acta de Defunción\") states his was born in Fajardo, Puerto Rico (See Puerto Rico, Civil Registrations, 1885-2001 for José De Guzmán Benitez. Defunciones (Deaths), Santurce, Defunciones 1918-1924. Folio 235. Acta Numero 824. Departamento de Salud de Puerto Rico. Registro Civil de San Juan. Tomo 1. Julio 1 de 1918 a Marzo 27 del 1919. Santurce, Puerto Rico.)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"92-75480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/item/92075480"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"92-75480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/item/92075480"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"92-75480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/item/92075480"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"92-75480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/item/92075480"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Ponce, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico#Education"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico#Geography"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico#Government"},{"link_name":"Mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico#History"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sports_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico#Tourism"},{"link_name":"Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico#Landmarks"},{"link_name":"Attractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transportation_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedita_Airport"},{"link_name":"Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highways_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Barrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico#Barrios"},{"link_name":"Anón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Bucaná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucan%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Canas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canas,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Canas Urbano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canas_Urbano"},{"link_name":"Capitanejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitanejo,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Cerrillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrillos,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Coto Laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coto_Laurel"},{"link_name":"Cuarto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarto,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Guaraguao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaraguao"},{"link_name":"Machuelo Abajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machuelo_Abajo"},{"link_name":"Machuelo Arriba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machuelo_Arriba"},{"link_name":"Magueyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magueyes,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Magueyes Urbano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magueyes_Urbano"},{"link_name":"Maragüez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marag%C3%BCez"},{"link_name":"Marueño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marue%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Montes Llanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Llanos"},{"link_name":"Playa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Portugués","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugu%C3%A9s_(Ponce)"},{"link_name":"Portugués Urbano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugu%C3%A9s_Urbano"},{"link_name":"Primero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primero,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Quebrada Limón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebrada_Lim%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Quinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinto,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Sabanetas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabanetas,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"San Antón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ant%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"San Patricio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Patricio,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Segundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Sexto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexto,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Tercero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercero,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Tibes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibes"},{"link_name":"Vayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ponce,_Puerto_Rico_Escudo.svg"},{"link_name":"Beaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"El Tuque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Tuque"},{"link_name":"Punta Salinera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_Natural_Punta_Cucharas"},{"link_name":"Las Salinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserva_Natural_Punta_Cucharas"},{"link_name":"Playa de Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruce_a_Nado_Internacional"},{"link_name":"El Malecón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Playa del Club Náutico de Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_N%C3%A1utico_de_Ponce"},{"link_name":"La Guancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complejo_Recreativo_y_Cultural_La_Guancha"},{"link_name":"Isla de Ratones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_Ratones_(Ponce,_Puerto_Rico)"},{"link_name":"Isla Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Cardona"},{"link_name":"Pelícano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_de_Muertos"},{"link_name":"Guardia Costanera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_de_Muertos"},{"link_name":"Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_de_Muertos"},{"link_name":"Carrucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_de_Muertos"},{"link_name":"Ensenadita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_de_Muertos"},{"link_name":"Larga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_de_Muertos"},{"link_name":"Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Museo de Arte de Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_de_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Museo Parque de Bombas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Parque_de_Bombas"},{"link_name":"Museo Castillo Serrallés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Castillo_Serrall%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Centro Ceremonial Indígena de Tibes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibes_Indigenous_Ceremonial_Center"},{"link_name":"Museo Hacienda Buena Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Hacienda_Buena_Vista"},{"link_name":"Museo Casa Paoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Paoli"},{"link_name":"Museo de la Masacre de Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_la_Masacre_de_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Museo de la Música Puertorriqueña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_Puertorrique%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Museo del Deporte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Francisco_%22Pancho%22_Coimbre"},{"link_name":"Museo de la Historia de Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_la_Historia_de_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Museo de la Arquitectura Ponceña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_la_Arquitectura_Ponce%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Museo del Autonomismo Puertorriqueño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Autonomismo_Puertorrique%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Museo Biblioteca RHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3n_Biblioteca_Rafael_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Col%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Panteón Nacional Román Baldorioty de Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pante%C3%B3n_Nacional_Rom%C3%A1n_Baldorioty_de_Castro"},{"link_name":"Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Ponce Hilton Golf & Casino Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Hotels_%26_Resorts"},{"link_name":"Holiday Inn & Tropical Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Inn"},{"link_name":"Ponce Plaza Hotel & Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce_Plaza_Hotel_%26_Casino"},{"link_name":"Hotel Meliá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Meli%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"The Fox Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Fox_Delicias"},{"link_name":"Hotel Ponce Intercontinental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Ponce_Intercontinental"},{"link_name":"Solace by the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice_Hotels_International"},{"link_name":"Caribe Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson%27s"},{"link_name":"Events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_events_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Carnaval de Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnaval_de_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Feria de Artesanías de Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feria_de_Artesan%C3%ADas_de_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Ponce Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Fiesta Nacional de la Danza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiesta_Nacional_de_la_Danza"},{"link_name":"Día Mundial de Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_Mundial_de_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Festival Nacional de la Quenepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Nacional_de_la_Quenepa"},{"link_name":"Bienal de Arte de Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienal_de_Arte_de_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Nightlife in Ponce, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightlife_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Las Justas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Justas"},{"link_name":"Cruce a Nado Internacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruce_a_Nado_Internacional"},{"link_name":"Theaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theaters_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Teatro La Perla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_La_Perla"},{"link_name":"Teatro Fox Delicias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Fox_Delicias"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"Teatro Antono Paoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interamerican_University_of_Puerto_Rico_at_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Teatro Vicente Murga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Concha Acústica de Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concha_Ac%C3%BAstica_de_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Parque de la Abolición","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_de_la_Abolici%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Parque de la Ceiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_de_la_Ceiba"},{"link_name":"Parque del Tricentenario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_del_Tricentenario_(Ponce,_Puerto_Rico)"},{"link_name":"Parque Ecológico Urbano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Ecol%C3%B3gico_Urbano"},{"link_name":"Parque Familiar Julio Enrique Monagas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Familiar_Julio_Enrique_Monagas"},{"link_name":"Parque Luis A. \"Wito\" Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Luis_A._%22Wito%22_Morales"},{"link_name":"Parque Pedro Albizu Campos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Pedro_Albizu_Campos"},{"link_name":"Parque Urbano Dora Colón Clavell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Urbano_Dora_Col%C3%B3n_Clavell"},{"link_name":"Plaza Las Delicias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Las_Delicias"},{"link_name":"La Guancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complejo_Recreativo_y_Cultural_La_Guancha"},{"link_name":"Hospitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Hospital Damas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Damas"},{"link_name":"Hospital San Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_M%C3%A9dico_Episcopal_San_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Hospital Dr. Pila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Metropolitano_Dr._Pila"},{"link_name":"Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Oncol%C3%B3gico_Andr%C3%A9s_Grillasca"},{"link_name":"Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Ana G. Méndez University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_G._M%C3%A9ndez_University"},{"link_name":"Caribbean University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_University"},{"link_name":"Universidad Interamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interamerican_University_of_Puerto_Rico_at_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Ponce Health Sciences University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce_Health_Sciences_University"},{"link_name":"Pontificia Universidad Católica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"PUCPR School of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Puerto_Rico_School_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"PUCPR School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Puerto_Rico_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Universidad de Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico_at_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Cardona"},{"link_name":"Ratones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_Ratones_(Ponce,_Puerto_Rico)"},{"link_name":"Frío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_del_Fr%C3%ADo"},{"link_name":"Caja de Muertos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_de_Muertos"},{"link_name":"Morrillito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrillito"},{"link_name":"Gatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatas_(Ponce)"},{"link_name":"Jueyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_Jueyes"},{"link_name":"Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Anón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%B3n_River"},{"link_name":"Bayagán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayag%C3%A1n_River"},{"link_name":"Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Blanco_(Ponce,_Puerto_Rico)"},{"link_name":"Bucaná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucan%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Canas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1as_River_(Ponce,_Puerto_Rico)"},{"link_name":"Cerrillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrillos_River"},{"link_name":"Chiquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquito_River_(Ponce,_Puerto_Rico)"},{"link_name":"Inabón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Inab%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Jacaguas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacaguas_River"},{"link_name":"Matilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Matilde"},{"link_name":"Pastillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastillo_River"},{"link_name":"Portugués","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugu%C3%A9s_River"},{"link_name":"Prieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prieto_River_(Ponce,_Puerto_Rico)"},{"link_name":"San Patricio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Patricio_River"},{"link_name":"Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Cerro de Punta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_de_Punta"},{"link_name":"Peñón de Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Cerro del Vigía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_del_Vig%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Cerro del Diablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_del_Diablo"},{"link_name":"Monte Jayuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Jayuya"},{"link_name":"Cerro Maravilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Maravilla"}],"text":"Fay Fowlie de Flores. Ponce, Perla del Sur: Una Bibliográfica Anotada. Second Edition. 1997. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico en Ponce. pp. 319-320. Item 1603. LCCN 92-75480\n\"Las ultimas elecciones en Puerto Rico: el gobierno americano protegiendo a los ladrones de voto.\" Puerto Rico Herald. 27 Noviembre 1902. pp. 295-298.\nFay Fowlie de Flores. Ponce, Perla del Sur: Una Bibliográfica Anotada. Second Edition. 1997. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico en Ponce. p. 109. Item 560. LCCN 92-75480\nThe Representative Men of Puerto Rico. Compiled and edited by F.E. Jackson & Son. C. Frederiksen, artist and photographer. s.l.: F.E. Jackson & Son. 1901. (PUCPR; Universidad Puerto Rico - Rio Piedras, UPR).\nFay Fowlie de Flores. Ponce, Perla del Sur: Una Bibliográfica Anotada. Second Edition. 1997. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico en Ponce. p. 116. Item 589. LCCN 92-75480\nFelix Bernier Matos. Cromos ponceños. (por Fray Justo) Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta \"La Libertad.\" 1896. (Colegio Universitario Tecnológico de Ponce, CUTPO)\nFay Fowlie de Flores. Ponce, Perla del Sur: Una Bibliografía Anotada. Segunda Edición. 1997. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico en Ponce. p. 339. Item 1687. LCCN 92-75480\nJose G. del Valle. \"A través de diez años (1897-1907): trabajos políticos, económicos, históricos y sociales. Barcelona, España: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Feliú y Susanna. 1907. (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ponce.)vtePonce, Puerto Rico\nBuildings\nEducation\nGeography\nGovernment\nMayors\nHistory\nTimeline\nPeople\nSports\nTourism\nLandmarks\nAttractions\nTransportation\nAirport\nRoads\nStreets\nBarrios\nAnón\nBucaná\nCanas\nCanas Urbano\nCapitanejo\nCerrillos\nCoto Laurel\nCuarto\nGuaraguao\nMachuelo Abajo\nMachuelo Arriba\nMagueyes\nMagueyes Urbano\nMaragüez\nMarueño\nMontes Llanos\nPlaya\nPortugués\nPortugués Urbano\nPrimero\nQuebrada Limón\nQuinto\nReal\nSabanetas\nSan Antón\nSan Patricio\nSegundo\nSexto\nTercero\nTibes\nVayas\nBeaches\nEl Tuque\nPunta Salinera\nLas Salinas\nPlaya de Ponce\nEl Malecón\nPlaya del Club Náutico de Ponce\nLa Guancha\nIsla de Ratones\nIsla Cardona\nPelícano\nGuardia Costanera\nBlanca\nCarrucho\nEnsenadita\nLarga\nMuseums\nMuseo de Arte de Ponce\nMuseo Parque de Bombas\nMuseo Castillo Serrallés\nCentro Ceremonial Indígena de Tibes\nMuseo Hacienda Buena Vista\nMuseo Casa Paoli\nMuseo de la Masacre de Ponce\nMuseo de la Música Puertorriqueña\nMuseo del Deporte\nMuseo de la Historia de Ponce\nMuseo de la Arquitectura Ponceña\nMuseo del Autonomismo Puertorriqueño\nMuseo Biblioteca RHC\nPanteón Nacional Román Baldorioty de Castro\nHotels\nPonce Hilton Golf & Casino Resort\nHoliday Inn & Tropical Casino\nPonce Plaza Hotel & Casino\nHotel Meliá\nThe Fox Hotel\nHotel Ponce Intercontinental\nSolace by the Sea\nCaribe Hotel\nEvents\nCarnaval de Ponce\nFeria de Artesanías de Ponce\nPonce Jazz Festival\nFiesta Nacional de la Danza\nDía Mundial de Ponce\nFestival Nacional de la Quenepa\nBienal de Arte de Ponce\nNightlife in Ponce, Puerto Rico\nLas Justas\nCruce a Nado Internacional\nTheaters\nTeatro La Perla\nTeatro Fox Delicias\nPonce Towne Center\nCaribbean Cinemas\nTeatro Antono Paoli\nTeatro Vicente Murga\nConcha Acústica de Ponce\nParks\nParque de la Abolición\nParque de la Ceiba\nParque del Tricentenario\nParque Ecológico Urbano\nParque Familiar Julio Enrique Monagas\nParque Luis A. \"Wito\" Morales\nParque Pedro Albizu Campos\nParque Urbano Dora Colón Clavell\nPlaza Las Delicias\nLa Guancha\nHospitals\nHospital Damas\nHospital San Lucas\nHospital Dr. Pila\nHospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca\nHospital San Cristóbal\nSteven Anthony Children's Hospital\nUniversities\nAna G. Méndez University\nCaribbean University\nUniversidad Interamericana\nPonce Health Sciences University\nPontificia Universidad Católica\nPUCPR School of Architecture\nPUCPR School of Law\nUniversidad de Puerto Rico\nIslands\nCardona\nRatones\nFrío\nCaja de Muertos\nMorrillito\nGatas\nJueyes\nRivers\nAnón\nBayagán\nBlanco\nBucaná\nCanas\nCerrillos\nChiquito\nInabón\nJacaguas\nMatilde\nPastillo\nPortugués\nPrieto\nSan Patricio\nMountains\nCerro de Punta\nPeñón de Ponce\nCerro del Vigía\nCerro del Diablo\nMonte Jayuya\nCerro Maravilla","title":"Further reading"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_MacNeill

Jim MacNeill

["1 Background","2 Career","3 Relationship to Maurice Strong","4 Awards","5 Honours","6 References"]

James William MacNeill, OC (April 22, 1928 – March 5, 2016) was a Canadian consultant, environmentalist, and international public servant. He was Director of Environment at OECD in Paris (1978–1984), Secretary General of the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) and lead author of its landmark report Our Common Future (1984–1987), and member and Chairman of the World Bank's Inspection Panel (1997–2002). He was a member of the Caspian Development Advisory Panel, the jury of the Volvo Foundation’s Environment Prize, and a member of several boards including the Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Background MacNeill was born in Saskatchewan and received Bachelor of Science degrees for both physics and mathematics in 1949 and a Bachelors in Mechanical Engineering in 1958 from the University of Saskatchewan and a Graduate Diploma in Economics and Political Science in 1951 from the University of Stockholm, Sweden. Career On his return from graduate studies in Sweden, MacNeill began his public service career in Saskatchewan in 1952 as a research economist in T. C. Douglas' cabinet's Economic Advisory and Planning Board. In 1959, he became Executive Director of the South Saskatchewan River Development Commission with responsibility for coordinating the power, irrigation, and other aspects of that project. In 1964, as Vice Chairman and Executive Director of the Saskatchewan Water Resources Commission, his responsibilities were broadened to include management of all of the Province's water resources. Between 1965 and 1976, he held various senior positions with the Government of Canada. He was Director of Policy and Planning in the then new Canadian Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (1965–1968), moving on to Acting Assistant Deputy Minister, Water and Renewable Resources in 1968. He was appointed Special Advisor on the Constitution and Environment in the Privy Council Office in 1969. Over the next two years, he developed the Government's basic position on the environment and the constitution and wrote his first book, Environmental Management. In 1971, he joined Canada's then new Department of Environment as Director General of Intergovernmental Affairs where he led much of Canada's substantive preparations for the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. In 1972, he became Assistant Secretary and, in 1974, Secretary (or Deputy Minister) of the new Ministry of State for Urban Affairs, Canada's first attempt to intervene nationally in the process of urban growth and development. In 1975, he was additionally appointed Canadian Commissioner General and Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary with responsibility for Canada's national and international preparations for the first United Nations Conference on Human Settlements held in Vancouver in May, 1976. Moving to the international arena in 1977, Jim MacNeill served for seven years in Paris as Director of Environment for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). While at OECD, he oversaw a program of empirical research on the relationships between the environment and the economy. In 1984, this work resulted in OECD finding that "the environment and the economy could be made mutually reinforcing," a concept that has since moved into the mainstream. In 1984, he became a member and Secretary General of the World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission). He was the chief architect and principal author of the Commission's world-acclaimed report Our Common Future, which was presented to the UN General Assembly in 1987. Setting out a new global agenda for sustainable development, the report recommended what became the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio (the Earth Summit). From 1989 to 1992, he acted as a Special Advisor to the Secretary General of the Conference, Maurice Strong. He also established and chaired the EcoFund, which raised special funding for preparations of the Conference. Between 1988 and 2006, MacNeill served in a number of Canadian and international positions: Senior Fellow, Institute for Research on Public Policy (1988–1993); Senior Advisor to the President of the International Development Research Center (IDRC) (1992–1997); and Senior Advisor to the Administrator, United Nations Development Programme (1994–1999) where he carried through a fundamental reorganization of UNDP's work on environment and sustainable development. From 1994-1997, he served as a member on the Board of Directors of Ontario Hydro, then the largest electrical power utility in North America. In 1990, he was asked by Per Gyllenhammar, Chief Executive of Volvo, to assist him in designing the Volvo Foundation’s Environment Prize and has served as a member (and now Chairman) of the Prize Jury ever since. In 1994, as an advisor to Netherlands Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers, he negotiated an agreement between Mikhail Gorbachev as the Chairman of Green Cross International and Maurice Strong as the Chairman of the Earth Council to undertake the development of an Earth Charter, a code of ethical principles which has now been endorsed by over 8,000 organizations representing more than 100 million people worldwide. In 1990, he was one of three founding members of the International Institute for Sustainable Development, an initiative of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada and Premier Gary Filmon of Manitoba, and served as Chairman between 1994 and 1999. In 1997, MacNeill became a member and in 1999 full-time Chairman of the World Banks Independent Inspection Panel to which people affected by a Bank-financed project can appeal for an investigation of their complaints over the heads of their government and of Bank Management. Since 2003, he has been a member of the Caspian Development Advisory Panel, an independent body commissioned by Lord John Browne, Group Chief Executive Officer of BP, to advise him on the economic, environmental and social impacts of the 1,700 km (1,100 mi) Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline and other related BP activities in Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey. Relationship to Maurice Strong In 2005 the New York Sun ran a front page special edition in which it reported that Jim MacNeill was a close associate of fellow Canadian Maurice Strong, and that MacNeill's career in the United Nations benefited from that relationship. Maurice Strong was a close adviser to former UN Secretary General Koffi Annan and became embroiled in what is now known as the Oil for Food Program Scandal and reportedly received millions of dollars from North Korean and Iraqi lobbyists. Since Strong left the UN in 2005 following the scandal, there appears to be little linking the two men. However Jim MacNeill's relationship with Maurice Strong is well-documented before then - their shared background includes activities ranging from sharing high-profile awards, to sitting on the Board of Directors of the same non-profit corporation to transferring million of dollars of charity money raised by MacNeill in the US to an organization created by Strong in Canada. Strong is credited in assisting with the creation and submission of the 1987 Brundtland Report (called "Our Common Future") that would be presented to the UN General Assembly and become the basis for the 1992 Earth Summit. In 1992 when Maurice Strong launched the Earth Council Foundation (now the Earth Council Alliance) from his position as Secretary General of the U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, Jim MacNeill had a seat on the first Board of Directors. An independent auditor's report for the Earth Council Foundation's operations ending in October 31, 1993 revealed that a charity based in the United States and run by MacNeill called EcoFund '92 (now called Earth Council Foundation U.S.) had sent $1.3 million of its own funds to Maurice Strong's Earth Council Foundation in Canada, which is not a charity but a non-profit corporation. In 2002, the two were the sole recipients of the United Nations Candlelight Award, which was presented to them personally by Kofi Annan. Awards In 1983, he received the City of Paris' Silver Medal. In 1984, he received the highest achievement award of his native Province of Saskatchewan. In 1991, he received the Merit Award of the Climate Institute. In 1991, he received the WASA Environmental Award from the King of Sweden. In 1994, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award of Environment Canada. In 1995, he was appointed is an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2002, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan presented MacNeill and his colleague Maurice Strong with the Candlelight Award for his distinguished service to the United Nations and his key role in promoting and advancing sustainable development. In 2006 he received the Elizabeth Haub Award for environmental diplomacy. Honours In 1988, he received an honorary Doctorate of Laws from the University of Saskatchewan. In 1992, he received an honorary Doctorate of Science from McGill University. In 1993, he received an honorary Doctorate of Environmental Studies from the University of Waterloo. In 1994, he received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Lakehead University. References ^ Montgomery, Sue (22 March 2016). "Environmentalist Jim MacNeill was an early warrior against climate change". The Globe and Mail. ^ "Honours - Order of Canada". The Governor General of Canada Archives. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ a b "Sustainable Community Development - Jim MacNeill". Community Research Connections. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ a b "Dr. Jim MacNeill". Volvo Environment Prize Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ a b "Honorary Degrees". University of Saskatchewan University Library. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ "Friends of the Institute". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ Gupte, Maurice (April 29, 2005). "Embroiled in a United Nations Scandal Is an 'International Man of Mystery'". New York Sun. Two SL LLC. Retrieved 22 March 2014. Still another Strong associate to become an official of an international group is Jim MacNeill, who became head of the environment department of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development. Its director general, Donald Johnston, is another Canadian and another Strong ally. Mr. MacNeill went on to serve as secretary general of the so-called Brundtland Commission, named after its chairman, Gro Harlem Brundtland, then Norway's prime minister. Dr. Brundtland later won appointment as head of the World Health Organization, and her name often crops up as a possible successor to Mr. Annan. ^ McLeod, Judy (December 9, 2005). "Congressional report calls for investigation of Maurice Strong's role in Oil-for-Food scandal". Canada Free Press. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ Taylor, Duncan (1994). Off Course: Restoring Balance Between Canadian Society and the Environment. International Development Research Centre. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0889367108. Jim MacNeill, who, along with Maurice Strong, made a significant contribution to the 1987 Brundtland Report (Our Common Future) has suggested that a major failure of the Rio Earth Summit was to isolate the concepts of "sustainable" and "development." This polarized the debate and made environmental protection and economic development mutually exclusive. ^ "History - As the Secretary General of that conference, Maurice Strong recognized that the Rio Summit was just the beginning". Earth Council Alliance. Retrieved 22 March 2014. ^ Dewar, Elaine (Jan 1, 1995). Cloak of Green: The Links Between Key Environmental Groups, Government and Big Business. James Lorimer & Company. pp. 8–9. ISBN 1550284509. I read the auditor's report of the ear ended October 31, 1993 for the Earth Council Foundation with interest. The audit said $1.3 million in revenue had come to the Canadian non-profit controlled by Jack Austin, Maurice Strong and board member (Jim MacNeill, Peter Thacher and executive director Alicia Barcena Ibarra). This money mostly came from the Earth Council Foundation U.S. - controlled essentially by Thacher and MacNeill. Although Peter Thacher had insisted to me that none of the Ecofund '92 funds had left the U.S., in fact the audit said $1.3 million had been transferred from Earth Council Foundation U.S. to the Canadian non-profit Earth Council Foundation which is not a registered charity. In sum, charity money gathered for the Rio Summit Secretariat in the U.S. had been put to the use of a new global organization based in two other countries. ^ a b "Annan presents Candlelight Award to Maurice Strong and Jim MacNeill" (Press release). UN News Service. UN News Centre. 6 December 2002. Retrieved 2014-03-22. Canadian Who's Who 1997 World Bank Inspection Panel Caspian Development Advisory Panel University of Saskatchewan Engineering Alumni Wall of Distinction Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Brundtland Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brundtland_Commission"},{"link_name":"Our Common Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Common_Future"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orderofcanada-2"},{"link_name":"World Bank's Inspection Panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank%27s_Inspection_Panel"},{"link_name":"Caspian Development Advisory Panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Development_Advisory_Panel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crcresearch-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-volvoprize-4"},{"link_name":"Woods Hole Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"Woods Hole, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Hole,_Massachusetts"}],"text":"He was Director of Environment at OECD in Paris (1978–1984), Secretary General of the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) and lead author of its landmark report Our Common Future (1984–1987),[2] and member and Chairman of the World Bank's Inspection Panel (1997–2002).He was a member of the Caspian Development Advisory Panel, the jury of the Volvo Foundation’s Environment Prize,[3][4] and a member of several boards including the Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.","title":"Jim MacNeill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"University of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uofsaskweb-5"},{"link_name":"University of Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"}],"text":"MacNeill was born in Saskatchewan and received Bachelor of Science degrees for both physics and mathematics in 1949 and a Bachelors in Mechanical Engineering in 1958 from the University of Saskatchewan[5] and a Graduate Diploma in Economics and Political Science in 1951 from the University of Stockholm, Sweden.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"T. C. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._C._Douglas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Saskatchewan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Saskatchewan_River"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"water resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources"},{"link_name":"Government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Conference"},{"link_name":"Ministry of State for Urban Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_State_for_Urban_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canadian Commissioner General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Commissioner_General&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"Brundtland Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brundtland_Commission"},{"link_name":"UN General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Earth Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit"},{"link_name":"Maurice Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Strong"},{"link_name":"Institute for Research on Public Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Research_on_Public_Policy"},{"link_name":"International Development Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"United Nations Development Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme"},{"link_name":"Ontario Hydro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Hydro"},{"link_name":"Per Gyllenhammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Per_Gyllenhammar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chief Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive"},{"link_name":"Volvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crcresearch-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-volvoprize-4"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Ruud Lubbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"Green Cross International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Cross_International"},{"link_name":"Earth Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Earth Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Charter"},{"link_name":"ethical principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"International Institute for Sustainable Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Sustainable_Development"},{"link_name":"Brian Mulroney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mulroney"},{"link_name":"Gary Filmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Filmon"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iisd-6"},{"link_name":"World Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"Lord John Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_John_Browne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP"},{"link_name":"Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"}],"text":"On his return from graduate studies in Sweden, MacNeill began his public service career in Saskatchewan in 1952 as a research economist in T. C. Douglas' cabinet's Economic Advisory and Planning Board. In 1959, he became Executive Director of the South Saskatchewan River Development Commission with responsibility for coordinating the power, irrigation, and other aspects of that project. In 1964, as Vice Chairman and Executive Director of the Saskatchewan Water Resources Commission, his responsibilities were broadened to include management of all of the Province's water resources.Between 1965 and 1976, he held various senior positions with the Government of Canada. He was Director of Policy and Planning in the then new Canadian Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (1965–1968), moving on to Acting Assistant Deputy Minister, Water and Renewable Resources in 1968. He was appointed Special Advisor on the Constitution and Environment in the Privy Council Office in 1969. Over the next two years, he developed the Government's basic position on the environment and the constitution and wrote his first book, Environmental Management. In 1971, he joined Canada's then new Department of Environment as Director General of Intergovernmental Affairs where he led much of Canada's substantive preparations for the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. In 1972, he became Assistant Secretary and, in 1974, Secretary (or Deputy Minister) of the new Ministry of State for Urban Affairs, Canada's first attempt to intervene nationally in the process of urban growth and development. In 1975, he was additionally appointed Canadian Commissioner General and Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary with responsibility for Canada's national and international preparations for the first United Nations Conference on Human Settlements held in Vancouver in May, 1976.Moving to the international arena in 1977, Jim MacNeill served for seven years in Paris as Director of Environment for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). While at OECD, he oversaw a program of empirical research on the relationships between the environment and the economy. In 1984, this work resulted in OECD finding that \"the environment and the economy could be made mutually reinforcing,\" a concept that has since moved into the mainstream.In 1984, he became a member and Secretary General of the World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission). He was the chief architect and principal author of the Commission's world-acclaimed report Our Common Future, which was presented to the UN General Assembly in 1987. Setting out a new global agenda for sustainable development, the report recommended what became the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio (the Earth Summit). From 1989 to 1992, he acted as a Special Advisor to the Secretary General of the Conference, Maurice Strong. He also established and chaired the EcoFund, which raised special funding for preparations of the Conference.Between 1988 and 2006, MacNeill served in a number of Canadian and international positions: Senior Fellow, Institute for Research on Public Policy (1988–1993); Senior Advisor to the President of the International Development Research Center (IDRC) (1992–1997); and Senior Advisor to the Administrator, United Nations Development Programme (1994–1999) where he carried through a fundamental reorganization of UNDP's work on environment and sustainable development. From 1994-1997, he served as a member on the Board of Directors of Ontario Hydro, then the largest electrical power utility in North America. In 1990, he was asked by Per Gyllenhammar, Chief Executive of Volvo, to assist him in designing the Volvo Foundation’s Environment Prize and has served as a member (and now Chairman) of the Prize Jury ever since.[3][4]In 1994, as an advisor to Netherlands Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers, he negotiated an agreement between Mikhail Gorbachev as the Chairman of Green Cross International and Maurice Strong as the Chairman of the Earth Council to undertake the development of an Earth Charter, a code of ethical principles which has now been endorsed by over 8,000 organizations representing more than 100 million people worldwide. In 1990, he was one of three founding members of the International Institute for Sustainable Development, an initiative of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada and Premier Gary Filmon of Manitoba, and served as Chairman between 1994 and 1999.[6]In 1997, MacNeill became a member and in 1999 full-time Chairman of the World Banks Independent Inspection Panel to which people affected by a Bank-financed project can appeal for an investigation of their complaints over the heads of their government and of Bank Management. Since 2003, he has been a member of the Caspian Development Advisory Panel, an independent body commissioned by Lord John Browne, Group Chief Executive Officer of BP, to advise him on the economic, environmental and social impacts of the 1,700 km (1,100 mi) Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline and other related BP activities in Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nysun2005-7"},{"link_name":"Oil for Food Program Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil-for-Food_Programme#Abuse"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cafreepress2005-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDRC1994-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecaweb2014-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greencloak-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unnews2002-12"}],"text":"In 2005 the New York Sun ran a front page special edition in which it reported that Jim MacNeill was a close associate of fellow Canadian Maurice Strong, and that MacNeill's career in the United Nations benefited from that relationship.[7] Maurice Strong was a close adviser to former UN Secretary General Koffi Annan and became embroiled in what is now known as the Oil for Food Program Scandal and reportedly received millions of dollars from North Korean and Iraqi lobbyists.[8]Since Strong left the UN in 2005 following the scandal, there appears to be little linking the two men. However Jim MacNeill's relationship with Maurice Strong is well-documented before then - their shared background includes activities ranging from sharing high-profile awards, to sitting on the Board of Directors of the same non-profit corporation to transferring million of dollars of charity money raised by MacNeill in the US to an organization created by Strong in Canada. Strong is credited in assisting with the creation and submission of the 1987 Brundtland Report (called \"Our Common Future\") that would be presented to the UN General Assembly and become the basis for the 1992 Earth Summit.[9] In 1992 when Maurice Strong launched the Earth Council Foundation (now the Earth Council Alliance) from his position as Secretary General of the U.N. Conference on Environment and Development, Jim MacNeill had a seat on the first Board of Directors.[10] An independent auditor's report for the Earth Council Foundation's operations ending in October 31, 1993 revealed that a charity based in the United States and run by MacNeill called EcoFund '92 (now called Earth Council Foundation U.S.) had sent $1.3 million of its own funds to Maurice Strong's Earth Council Foundation in Canada, which is not a charity but a non-profit corporation.[11] In 2002, the two were the sole recipients of the United Nations Candlelight Award, which was presented to them personally by Kofi Annan.[12]","title":"Relationship to Maurice Strong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silver Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Medal"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Climate Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"King of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"UN Secretary General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Secretary_General"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"sustainable development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unnews2002-12"}],"text":"In 1983, he received the City of Paris' Silver Medal.\nIn 1984, he received the highest achievement award of his native Province of Saskatchewan.\nIn 1991, he received the Merit Award of the Climate Institute.\nIn 1991, he received the WASA Environmental Award from the King of Sweden.\nIn 1994, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award of Environment Canada.\nIn 1995, he was appointed is an Officer of the Order of Canada.\nIn 2002, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan presented MacNeill and his colleague Maurice Strong with the Candlelight Award for his distinguished service to the United Nations and his key role in promoting and advancing sustainable development.[12]\nIn 2006 he received the Elizabeth Haub Award for environmental diplomacy.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctorate of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"University of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uofsaskweb-5"},{"link_name":"Doctorate of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate_of_Science"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"University of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Lakehead University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehead_University"}],"text":"In 1988, he received an honorary Doctorate of Laws from the University of Saskatchewan.[5]\nIn 1992, he received an honorary Doctorate of Science from McGill University.\nIn 1993, he received an honorary Doctorate of Environmental Studies from the University of Waterloo.\nIn 1994, he received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Lakehead University.","title":"Honours"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Montgomery, Sue (22 March 2016). \"Environmentalist Jim MacNeill was an early warrior against climate change\". The Globe and Mail.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/environmentalist-jim-macneill-was-an-early-warrior-against-climate-change/article29345345/","url_text":"\"Environmentalist Jim MacNeill was an early warrior against climate change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honours - Order of Canada\". The Governor General of Canada Archives. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=3456","url_text":"\"Honours - Order of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sustainable Community Development - Jim MacNeill\". Community Research Connections. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://crcresearch.org/biography/jim-macneill","url_text":"\"Sustainable Community Development - Jim MacNeill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Jim MacNeill\". Volvo Environment Prize Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140322165829/http://www.environment-prize.com/content/view/13/13","url_text":"\"Dr. Jim MacNeill\""},{"url":"http://www.environment-prize.com/content/view/13/13","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary Degrees\". University of Saskatchewan University Library. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.usask.ca/archives/campus-history/honorary-degrees.php?id=403&view=detail&keyword=&campuses=0","url_text":"\"Honorary Degrees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friends of the Institute\". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121205085626/http://www.iisd.org/about/staffbio.aspx?id=386","url_text":"\"Friends of the Institute\""},{"url":"http://www.iisd.org/about/staffbio.aspx?id=386","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gupte, Maurice (April 29, 2005). \"Embroiled in a United Nations Scandal Is an 'International Man of Mystery'\". New York Sun. Two SL LLC. Retrieved 22 March 2014. Still another Strong associate to become an official of an international group is Jim MacNeill, who became head of the environment department of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development. Its director general, Donald Johnston, is another Canadian and another Strong ally. Mr. MacNeill went on to serve as secretary general of the so-called Brundtland Commission, named after its chairman, Gro Harlem Brundtland, then Norway's prime minister. Dr. Brundtland later won appointment as head of the World Health Organization, and her name often crops up as a possible successor to Mr. Annan.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nysun.com/foreign/embroiled-in-a-united-nations-scandal-is/13025/","url_text":"\"Embroiled in a United Nations Scandal Is an 'International Man of Mystery'\""}]},{"reference":"McLeod, Judy (December 9, 2005). \"Congressional report calls for investigation of Maurice Strong's role in Oil-for-Food scandal\". Canada Free Press. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadafreepress.com/2005/cover120905.htm","url_text":"\"Congressional report calls for investigation of Maurice Strong's role in Oil-for-Food scandal\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Duncan (1994). Off Course: Restoring Balance Between Canadian Society and the Environment. International Development Research Centre. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0889367108. Jim MacNeill, who, along with Maurice Strong, made a significant contribution to the 1987 Brundtland Report (Our Common Future) has suggested that a major failure of the Rio Earth Summit was to isolate the concepts of \"sustainable\" and \"development.\" This polarized the debate and made environmental protection and economic development mutually exclusive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/offcourserestori0000tayl/page/8","url_text":"Off Course: Restoring Balance Between Canadian Society and the Environment"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/offcourserestori0000tayl/page/8","url_text":"8–9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0889367108","url_text":"0889367108"}]},{"reference":"\"History - As the Secretary General of that conference, Maurice Strong recognized that the Rio Summit was just the beginning\". Earth Council Alliance. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://earthcouncilalliance.org/history/","url_text":"\"History - As the Secretary General of that conference, Maurice Strong recognized that the Rio Summit was just the beginning\""}]},{"reference":"Dewar, Elaine (Jan 1, 1995). Cloak of Green: The Links Between Key Environmental Groups, Government and Big Business. James Lorimer & Company. pp. 8–9. ISBN 1550284509. I read the auditor's report of the ear ended October 31, 1993 for the Earth Council Foundation with interest. The audit said $1.3 million in revenue had come to the Canadian non-profit controlled by Jack Austin, Maurice Strong and board member (Jim MacNeill, Peter Thacher and executive director Alicia Barcena Ibarra). This money mostly came from the Earth Council Foundation U.S. - controlled essentially by Thacher and MacNeill. Although Peter Thacher had insisted to me that none of the Ecofund '92 funds had left the U.S., in fact the audit said $1.3 million had been transferred from Earth Council Foundation U.S. to the Canadian non-profit Earth Council Foundation which is not a registered charity. In sum, charity money gathered for the Rio Summit Secretariat in the U.S. had been put to the use of a new global organization based in two other countries.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1550284509","url_text":"1550284509"}]},{"reference":"\"Annan presents Candlelight Award to Maurice Strong and Jim MacNeill\" (Press release). UN News Service. UN News Centre. 6 December 2002. Retrieved 2014-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=5582&Cr=xxx&Cr1=#.Uy2eGPldWjI","url_text":"\"Annan presents Candlelight Award to Maurice Strong and Jim MacNeill\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_(band)

Styx (band)

["1 History","1.1 Band formation and the Wooden Nickel Years (1961–1974)","1.2 Early A&M Years and addition of Tommy Shaw (1975–1978)","1.3 1980s and Superstardom","1.4 Kilroy Was Here and first disbandment (1983–1984)","1.5 Reformation, Edge of the Century, second disbandment and reformation (1990–1996)","1.6 Brave New World and departure of DeYoung (1999–2000)","1.7 Cyclorama and Big Bang Theory (2003–2009)","1.8 Continued touring, The Mission, and Crash of the Crown (2010–present)","2 Band members","2.1 Timeline","3 Discography","4 Consecutive multi-platinum albums","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

American rock band This article is about the American rock band. For other uses, see Styx (disambiguation). StyxStyx in 2017. L-R: Lawrence Gowan, Ricky Phillips, Todd Sucherman, James "JY" Young, and Tommy ShawBackground informationOriginChicago, Illinois, U.S.Genres Progressive rock hard rock arena rock art rock soft rock pop rock DiscographyStyx discographyYears active 1972–1984 1990–1992 1995–present Labels Wooden Nickel A&M Sanctuary CMC International New Door Members Chuck Panozzo James "J.Y." Young Tommy Shaw Todd Sucherman Lawrence Gowan Will Evankovich Terry Gowan Past members John "J.C." Curulewski Dennis DeYoung John Panozzo Glen Burtnik Ricky Phillips Websitestyxworld.com Styx (/ˈstɪks/) is an American rock band formed in Chicago, Illinois, in 1972. They are known for blending melodic hard rock guitar with acoustic guitar, synthesizers mixed with acoustic piano, upbeat tracks with power ballads, and incorporating elements of international musical theatre. The band established themselves with a progressive rock sound during the 1970s, and began to incorporate pop rock and soft rock elements in the 1980s. The original line-up comprised Dennis DeYoung, James "J.Y." Young, John "J.C." Curulewski and brothers Chuck and John Panozzo. Debuting with Styx in 1972, the band usually released an album every year throughout the 1970s. Styx II (1973) had the sleeper hit "Lady", a power ballad, which reached No. 6 in the US, helping the album make the top 20. "Lady" was also a top 20 hit in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Equinox (1975) and Crystal Ball (1976) reached the US top 70 with Equinox featuring "Lorelei", a No. 6 hit in Canada. Crystal Ball was the first album with Tommy Shaw, who replaced Curulewski in late 1975. Styx's commercial breakthrough in North America came with The Grand Illusion (1977), which peaked at No. 6 in both the US and Canada, and became the first of four straight multi-platinum albums in the US for Styx. It featured the single "Come Sail Away", a top 10 hit in both countries. The band's follow-up, Pieces of Eight (1978), was another No. 6 hit in the US, but peaked higher in Canada due to the top 10 hits "Renegade" and "Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)". In 1979, Styx's Cornerstone went to No. 2 in both countries on the strength of the cross-border No. 1 hit ballad "Babe". The album became their breakthrough album in Australia and New Zealand, with "Babe" peaking at No. 3. "Babe" was a No. 6 hit in the UK, and Cornerstone charted at No. 36. In 1981, Styx's Paradise Theatre was a No. 1 album in the US and Canada, while also reaching the top 10 in Scandinavia and the UK (their biggest album there) and the top 30 in Australia and New Zealand. "The Best of Times" from the album reached No. 1 in Canada, No. 3 in the US, and the top 30 in several other countries, while "Too Much Time on My Hands" was also a top 10 hit in North America. Kilroy Was Here (1983) was Styx's last major hit album, reaching the top 3 in North America and the top 10 in Scandinavia, although it was less successful elsewhere. Its lead single, "Mr. Roboto", became Styx's third chart-topper in Canada, was a No. 3 hit in the US, and was their biggest hit in Germany (No. 8). After a six-year break, Styx returned with Edge of the Century (1990), which reached No. 63 in the US with its single, "Show Me the Way", becoming a top 3 hit in North America in early 1991. Overall, Styx had eight songs that hit the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100, as well as 16 top 40 singles. Seven of their eight top 10 singles were written and sung by founding member and lead singer Dennis DeYoung, who has not been part of the band since 1999. Styx sold over 20 million records for A&M between their signing in 1975 and 1984. History Band formation and the Wooden Nickel Years (1961–1974) In August 1961, at 12 years of age, twin brothers Chuck (guitar) and John Panozzo (drums) first played music together with their 14-year-old neighbor Dennis DeYoung who played accordion and sang, while living in the Roseland, Chicago area, eventually using the band name The Tradewinds. Chuck left to attend seminary for a year but returned to the group by 1964. Tom Nardini had been brought in to replace Chuck Panozzo on guitar, so he decided to play bass when he returned to the band. John Panozzo was the drummer, while DeYoung had switched from accordion to keyboards. In 1965, the Tradewinds name was changed to TW4 (There Were 4) after another band, the Trade Winds, achieved fame nationally. By 1966, the Panozzo brothers had joined DeYoung at Chicago State College and kept the group together by performing at high schools and fraternity parties while studying to be teachers. In 1969 they added a college friend, folk guitarist John Curulewski, after Nardini departed. Hard rock guitarist James "J.Y." Young came aboard in 1970, making TW4 a quintet. In 1972 the band members decided to choose a new name when they signed to Wooden Nickel Records after being spotted by a talent scout at a concert at St. John of the Cross Parish in Western Springs, Illinois (Young's hometown). Several suggestions were made and, according to DeYoung, the name Styx was chosen because it was "the only one that none of us hated." The band released four albums with Wooden Nickel: Styx (1972), Styx II (1973), The Serpent Is Rising (1973), and Man of Miracles (1974). These albums contained straight-ahead rockers mixed with prog rock flourish with a lot of guitars, drums, keyboards, percussion, and vocal solos. They established a fan base in the Chicago area, but were unable to break into the mainstream, though the song "Best Thing" from Styx charted on September 16, 1972, and stayed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 6 weeks, peaking at No. 82. Then, the power ballad "Lady" (from Styx II), began to earn some radio time, first on WLS in Chicago in 1974 and then nationwide. In the spring of 1975, nearly two years after the album had been released, "Lady" hit No. 6 in the US, and Styx II went gold soon after. "Lady" is considered by many classic rock critics as being the first power ballad with Dennis DeYoung being referred to as the "father of the power ballad". With the success of "Lady," a follow-up single on Styx II, "You Need Love", was re-released, but only barely cracked the hot 100. Early A&M Years and addition of Tommy Shaw (1975–1978) On the heels of its belated hit single, Styx signed with A&M Records and released Equinox (1975), which sold well and yielded a minor hit in "Lorelei", which reached No. 27 in the U.S. More importantly, it contained the rock anthem "Suite Madame Blue", which gained the band considerable recognition and airplay on FM radio in the relatively-new Album Oriented Rock (AOR) format. Following the move to A&M, guitarist John Curulewski suddenly left the band as they were to embark on a nationwide tour in December 1975, due to his desire to spend time with his family. After a frantic last-minute search, the band brought in guitarist Tommy Shaw as Curulewski's replacement. Crystal Ball (1976), the first album to feature Shaw, was moderately successful, but was overall a disappointment, failing to achieve the sales of its predecessor. The album showcased the band's newest member, as Shaw's "Mademoiselle" reached No. 36. Styx's seventh album, The Grand Illusion, was released on July 7, 1977, and became their breakthrough album, reaching Triple Platinum certification. It spawned a top-ten hit and AOR radio staple in the DeYoung-written "Come Sail Away", which reached No. 8 in 1978. Shaw's "Fooling Yourself (The Angry Young Man)" was a second radio hit and reached No. 29 the same year. Through the late 1970s and early 1980s, the band enjoyed its greatest success. Their 1978 album Pieces of Eight found the group moving in a more straight-ahead hard-rock direction and spawned three Shaw sung hit singles "Renegade" (No. 16 in the US) and "Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)" (No. 21 in the US), plus "Sing for the Day" that reached No. 41. 1980s and Superstardom Their 1979 album Cornerstone yielded their first No. 1 hit, the DeYoung ballad "Babe". By early 1980, "Babe" had become the band's biggest international hit and first million-selling single, reaching No. 6 in the United Kingdom. The album also included the No. 26 DeYoung hit upbeat "Why Me" and the rocker "Borrowed Time" (U.S. No. 64), which was co-written with Shaw, plus Shaw's folksy "Boat on the River" (1980), which was a hit in much of Europe and Japan. The popularity of the album, which reached No. 2 on the Billboard 200, helped win the band a People's Choice Award for Best New Song in 1980. At the 22nd Grammy Awards, Styx was a nominee for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group and Cornerstone's engineers Gary Loizzo and Rob Kingsland were nominated for a Grammy for Best Engineered Recording. The band was also named the most popular rock band in the U.S. in the 1980 year end Gallup Poll. With the success of "Babe," DeYoung's push for a more mainstream direction gained momentum, while Shaw and Young favored a more rock oriented approach. This arguing over musical direction led to ongoing tension in early 1980 after Shaw objected to the ballad "First Time" being released as the second single from Cornerstone. Although the song was generating substantial airplay in some major markets, A&M pulled the plug on the single's official release, replacing it with "Why Me". The argument resulted in DeYoung being briefly fired. However, things were quickly smoothed over. While “First Time” did not chart in the U.S. (because it was not released), it became a huge hit single in the Philippines in 1981. In January 1981, Styx released Paradise Theatre, a concept album that became their biggest hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard pop albums chart and yielding five singles, including the top ten hits "The Best of Times" by DeYoung (No. 3 Billboard, No. 1 Radio & Records) and "Too Much Time on My Hands" by Shaw (No. 9), his only top 10 single as a member of the band. Paradise Theatre became the band's fourth consecutive multi-platinum album. Based on yet another Dennis DeYoung concept, the Paradise Theatre was a historic Chicago theatre that had been built in the 20s only to fall on hard times and close a mere 30 years after it opened. DeYoung used the Paradise as a metaphor for the United States in the late 1970s/early 1980s. An ambitious year long world tour commenced in 1981 in support of the album and was one of the top-grossing tours of the year. The tour had numerous Broadway and movie infused elements, including a dramatic opening featuring a theatre sweep and DeYoung by himself next to a player piano and the show ending with traditional movie credits. Throughout the tour and throughout the 1980s and beyond, the band would open their shows with "Rockin' the Paradise", the opening track from Paradise Theatre which charted at No. 8 on the Top Rocks Track Chart and aired on the MTV cable channel. The band was accused by a California religious group and later the Parents Music Resource Center of backmasking Satanic messages in their anti-cocaine anthem, "Snowblind". James "JY" Young has denied this charge during his introduction for "Snowblind" when played live. Dennis DeYoung has denied the accusation as well, joking on the In the Studio with Redbeard program "we had enough trouble to make the music sound right forward." Also, Young quotes, "If we were going to put some message in our songs, we would have put it so it was in the song forward. Not so you would have to buy some $400 tape recorder to hear it." Kilroy Was Here and first disbandment (1983–1984) Styx in a 1983 publicity shot The band continued to follow DeYoung's lead with their next project, Kilroy Was Here (1983), another more fully realized concept album, embracing the rock opera form. It is set in a future where performing and playing rock music has been outlawed due to the efforts of a charismatic evangelist, Dr. Everett Righteous, played by James "JY" Young. Kilroy Was Here featured DeYoung in the part of Kilroy, an unjustly imprisoned rock star. Tommy Shaw played the part of Jonathan Chance, a younger rocker who fights for Kilroy's freedom and the lifting of the ban on rock music. This future society is served by robots. Called Robotos, these automatons perform many jobs and several serve as Kilroy's prison guards. Part of the impetus for the Kilroy story was the band's reaction to the backmasking accusation. The album included Young's song "Heavy Metal Poisoning", which includes lyrics sarcastically mocking the allegations against the group. Its introduction intentionally included a backward message, the Latin phrases, "annuit coeptis" and "novus ordo seclorum", from the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States. Referring to the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776, these are translated, "Annuit cœptis - He (God) favors our undertakings, and Novus ordo seclorum - A new order of the ages." Both choices also served the Kilroy story because the villain is an evangelist that seeks to expand his Vision of Morality movement via mass demonstrations. The album Kilroy Was Here went Platinum in 1983, boasting two Top Ten hits written and sung by DeYoung, the synthesizer-based "Mr. Roboto" (No. 3 US) and power ballad "Don't Let It End" (No. 6 US). The album earned a nomination as Best Engineered Recording for engineer and long-time friend Gary Loizzo and fellow engineers on the album Will Rascati and Rob Kingsland, for the 26th Grammy Awards (1983). In 1983 the band mounted an ambitious stage show in support of Kilroy Was Here featuring theatrical presentations of three songs utilizing instrumental backing tracks, including "Mr. Roboto", which featured DeYoung singing live while disguised as a Roboto, "Heavy Metal Poisoning" with Young as the evangelist Dr. Righteous singing while the Panozzo brothers acted as his henchmen on stage and "Haven't We Been Here Before" with Shaw as Jonathan Chance and DeYoung (as Kilroy in Roboto costume) duetting. The elaborate show was expensive to produce and was not as profitable as previous tours. Kilroy Was Here brought the creative and competitive tensions within the band beyond the breaking point; this was further exacerbated following the band's performance of the Kilroy show at that year's Texxas Jam, an all day, multi-band rock festival held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas. While most of the other acts on the bill, in comparison, put forth their "hardest rockers" the theatrics of the Kilroy show were not well received and they were basically booed off the stage. A disillusioned Shaw departed the band for a solo career at the conclusion of the tour. In 1984 the band released its first live album, Caught in the Act. The project featured one studio track, "Music Time", which became a Top 40 hit. The concert was also filmed and released on VHS under the same title (and on DVD in 2007). By the time of the album's release, they had already parted ways. Reformation, Edge of the Century, second disbandment and reformation (1990–1996) After the group members began discussing a reunion in the late '80s, this was delayed due to DeYoung's recording and the release of his solo album, Boomchild, which got pushed back to February 1989. Styx finally reformed in 1990, bringing in Glen Burtnik as a new guitarist since Shaw was by then committed to Damn Yankees. The new line-up released one album, Edge of the Century, featuring the Dennis DeYoung ballad "Show Me the Way", which received an additional boost just prior to the first Persian Gulf War. Some radio stations edited the Top Three hit to include the voices of children, whose parents were deployed in Saudi Arabia between 1990 and 1991. The song went all the way to No. 3 on both the Hot 100 and at Adult Contemporary radio and notably remained in the top 40 for 23 weeks and AC for 31 weeks. With the huge success of the song "Show Me the Way", Styx joined a handful of musical acts to have top 10 singles in three decades and under four different presidential administrations. A follow-up single, “Love At First Sight", peaked at No. 25 on the Hot 100 and No. 13 on the Adult Contemporary chart. Styx toured across the US in the spring and summer of 1991 but their success was short-lived as they were dropped in 1992 after A&M Records was purchased by PolyGram Records, ending an over-fifteen-year relationship. The band reunited once again in 1995, with guitarist Tommy Shaw returning to the fold to re-record "Lady" for Styx Greatest Hits. Session drummer Todd Sucherman filled in for John Panozzo, who was unable to participate due to liver problems caused by years of excessive drinking, which eventually claimed his life the following year on July 16. The 1996 "Return to Paradise" tour, with Sucherman as a full member, was successful. The reunion tour was documented with a two-disc live set, 1997's Return to Paradise, which featured three new studio tracks: "On My Way", "Paradise" (a soft rock ballad that also appears in another version on Dennis DeYoung's 1996 The Hunchback of Notre Dame album), and "Dear John", a tribute to the late Panozzo that has become a cult favorite among Styx fans. Later on, the concert was documented on DVD. The Return to Paradise album was a surprise success in 1997, achieving gold status and the single “Paradise” briefly charting on the Adult Contemporary chart at No. 27. Following the release of the album, Styx embarked on another tour, this one to mark the 20th anniversary of The Grand Illusion. Brave New World and departure of DeYoung (1999–2000) Two years later, in 1999, the band released its first new studio album in almost a decade: Brave New World. But then, due to illness, DeYoung was unable to commit to touring, so he was replaced by Lawrence Gowan, a classically trained pianist, who had achieved platinum success as a solo act on Sony Canada. Gowan's 1985 solo hit "A Criminal Mind" was incorporated into their tour set list and was still performed into the 2010s. Bassist Chuck Panozzo was sidelined in 1999 due to health problems related to his battle with HIV/AIDS. His public "coming out" occurred in 2001 at the annual Human Rights Campaign banquet, with James "JY" Young in attendance for support. On June 6, 1999, the group reunited briefly to perform for the Children's Miracle Network Telethon as DeYoung's final performance with the band. Glen Burtnik filled in for Chuck Panozzo on bass. On June 9, 2000, Styx appeared with REO Speedwagon at the Riverport Amphitheatre. A 2-CD recording of the concert was released as Arch Allies: Live at Riverport, with one disc of each band's set and both discs concluding with performances of the two bands collaborating on jam versions of Styx's "Blue Collar Man" and REO's "Roll with the Changes". Each band also released their set as a separate album, with additional tracks: Styx's version was At the River's Edge: Live in St. Louis. Cyclorama and Big Bang Theory (2003–2009) Styx performing in 2009 Styx's new lineup released several live albums and released the studio album Cyclorama in February 2003, which reached No. 127 on the Billboard 200 album charts. A single "Waiting for Our Time" hit No. 37 on the Billboard mainstream rock chart for 1 week. Styx toured extensively during this period and released additional live albums. Styx also was part of the Super Bowl pre game entertainment in San Diego prior to the Oakland Raiders vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers. They played a short set in the parking lot, as well as on the field right before the game, playing Queen's "We Are the Champions". Burtnik left Styx in September 2003, to spend time with his family and to pursue a solo career and release the album Welcome to Hollywood. He was replaced by Ricky Phillips, formerly of the Babys and Bad English. Panozzo remains in the band but is featured in concerts playing bass on about four songs, including a duet with Lawrence Gowan. Burtnik would go on to join up with DeYoung for numerous tour dates over the next several years. On June 5, 2004, Styx participated in Eric Clapton's Crossroads Guitar Festival covering songs by Jimi Hendrix, B.B. King, and Slim Harpo with Jeff Baxter as a special guest. In 2005, Styx released an album of cover tunes, Big Bang Theory, which reached the Billboard Top 50 on the album charts, their highest-charting album since 1990. Their version of the Beatles song "I Am the Walrus" received some radio play, and a video was made for the song. As of April 21, 2006, according to the RIAA, which awards artists and groups gold/platinum status, Styx ranks number 127 with 17.5 million records sold within the United States. The blurb on Amazon.com about Panozzo's book The Grand Illusion: Love, Lies, and My Life with Styx states that Styx has sold over 54 million albums. Continued touring, The Mission, and Crash of the Crown (2010–present) On February 21, 2010, the current incarnation of the band performed before the Sprint Cup Auto Club 500 In Fontana, California. In a North American tour beginning in May 2010, Styx was a co-headliner of United in Rock with Foreigner and special guests Kansas. In July 2010, Styx announced the forthcoming release of Regeneration: Volume 1, a new release featuring six re-recorded hits and a new song entitled "Difference in the World". This coincided with "The Grand Illusion / Pieces of Eight Tour", on which both albums were played in their entirety. In November 2010 Styx announced that they would be filming their concert in Memphis on November 9 for a DVD. The landmark concert was recorded at the historic Orpheum Theater, where Styx performed both of their classic albums, 1977's The Grand Illusion and 1978's Pieces of Eight. They also announced that they'd be touring the UK with Journey and Foreigner for five dates in June 2011. In early April 2011, it was announced that Styx would join up with Yes for a "Progressive US Tour" that began on July 4, 2011, with Los Angeles-based singer/songwriter Shane Alexander opening. On December 15, 2011, they participated in the figure skating show Improv-Ice, which was broadcast on television January 15, 2012. On January 26, 2013, the Palladia Channel premiered the concert filmed in November 2010. On November 22, 2013, they announced a benefit concert with REO Speedwagon titled "Rock to the Rescue" to raise money for the affected families of the tornado in central Illinois. The summer of 2014 found the band back on the road in a new touring package called Soundtrack of Summer, with Foreigner and ex-Eagle Don Felder. Styx's 2015 summer tour saw them re-uniting with Def Leppard. Along with Tesla, the groups played outdoor venues across the United States. In 2016, Styx announced a series of performances to be held at the Venetian in Las Vegas in early 2017 with Felder. In February 2017, it was announced that Styx and REO Speedwagon would join forces in a tour entitled "United We Rock" with special guest Felder, which was in large concert venues throughout the US. On April 21, 2017, Styx announced a studio album entitled The Mission, simultaneously releasing the single "Gone Gone Gone". The album was released on June 16, 2017, and is a concept album about a mission to Mars. On April 7, 2021, Styx announced via social media that they would be releasing an EP titled The Same Stardust EP, which would feature two new tracks, as well as some live recordings. The EP was released on vinyl on June 12, 2021, exclusively in indie record stores as a part of RSD Drops for Record Store Day 2021. This is the first Styx release to use their original band logo since The Complete Wooden Nickel Recordings in 2005. From April 30, 2021, through May 5, 2021, Styx posted artwork on social media that included a countdown in the corner that would eventually lead to the revealing of their new album Crash of the Crown, revealed on May 6, 2021. With the reveal, they released the album's title track on streaming platforms. The Prog Report reviewed the album saying it "stands as one of the very finest in their catalogue." Despite positive reviews, Crash of the Crown charted for only one week on the Billboard 200, peaking at 114. After first producing The Mission and Crash of the Crown and joining Styx on stage in Las Vegas to play The Mission in its entirety on January 23, 2019, guitarist Will Evankovich joined Styx for their 2021 summer tour that found them back on the road. On June 5, 2022, Styx was inducted into the Illinois Rock & Roll Museum Hall of Fame. That same night Dennis DeYoung was additionally inducted as a songwriter. On March 20, 2024, it was announced via social media that Ricky Phillips would be leaving the band to spend more time at home and away from the road. On March 22, 2024, Lawrence Gowan's younger brother Terry debuted as the new touring bass player for Styx at their show in Wallingford, CT. On May 17 he was announced as an official member. Band members This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Current members James "J.Y." Young – guitars, backing and lead vocals, occasional keyboards (1972–1984, 1990–1991, 1995–present) Chuck Panozzo – bass, occasional backing vocals (1972–1984, 1990–1991, 1995–present; does not perform full concerts since 1999) Tommy Shaw – guitars, lead and backing vocals, occasional mandolin and banjo (1975–1984, 1995–present) Todd Sucherman – drums, percussion, occasional backing vocals (1995–present) Lawrence Gowan – keyboards, lead and backing vocals, occasional acoustic guitar (1999–present) Will Evankovich – guitar, backing vocals, occasional mandolin and keyboards (2021–present; session musician, guest, and producer 2015–2021) Terry Gowan – bass, backing vocals (2024–present) Former members John "J.C." Curulewski – guitar, backing and lead vocals, keyboards (1972–1975; died 1988) Dennis DeYoung – keyboards, lead and backing vocals (1972–1984, 1990–1991, 1995–1999) John Panozzo – drums, percussion, occasional backing vocals (1972–1984, 1990–1991; died 1996) Glen Burtnik – guitar, backing and lead vocals (1990–1991, 1999–2003); bass (1999–2003) Ricky Phillips – bass, backing vocals, part-time guitar (2003–2024) Timeline Discography Main article: Styx discography Studio albums Styx (1972) Styx II (1973) The Serpent Is Rising (1973) Man of Miracles (1974) Equinox (1975) Crystal Ball (1976) The Grand Illusion (1977) Pieces of Eight (1978) Cornerstone (1979) Paradise Theatre (1981) Kilroy Was Here (1983) Edge of the Century (1990) Brave New World (1999) Cyclorama (2003) Big Bang Theory (2005) The Mission (2017) Crash of the Crown (2021) Consecutive multi-platinum albums From 1977 to 1981, Styx released four consecutive albums that have been certified Multi-Platinum, for at least 2 million units sold apiece, by the RIAA: The Grand Illusion (1977), Pieces of Eight (1978), Cornerstone (1979) and Paradise Theatre (1981). A longstanding, oft-repeated claim in the music industry and the mainstream press is that Styx was the first band to release four consecutive Triple-Platinum albums, signifying at least 3 million units sold. During the period when these albums charted, the RIAA's only certifications were for Gold (500,000 units sold) and Platinum (1 million). Multi-Platinum awards were introduced in late October 1984. Following this development, record companies submitted their most popular artists' sales records to accountants in order to achieve the new thresholds. Styx did score three Triple-Platinum albums—The Grand Illusion (1977), Pieces of Eight (1978) and Paradise Theatre (1981)—and one Double-Platinum album—Cornerstone (1979)—on the same date, November 14, 1984. Complete and detailed historical sales figures for record albums are not readily available to the public, but the certifications, which can be found at the RIAA site, show that the feat the band actually achieved was being the first group to be awarded four consecutive Multi-Platinum albums with three of those ranking better than Double Platinum. Styx achieved another Double-Platinum album—Greatest Hits (Volume I)—on August 23, 2005. See also List of best-selling music artists References ^ Cateforis, Theo (2011). Are We Not New Wave? : Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s. University of Michigan Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-472-03470-3. ^ Knowles, Christopher (2010). The Secret History of Rock 'n' Roll. Viva Editions. p. 111. ISBN 978-1573444057. ^ a b Prato, Greg. "Styx – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved September 15, 2017. ^ Buckley, Peter (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock. Rough Guides. p. 550. ISBN 9781843531050. ^ Talevski, Nick (2006). 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September 12, 2008. ^ "John Panozzo - Styx Drummer". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. July 16, 1996. ^ Waddell, Ray (August 4, 2001). "Touring like never before". Billboard. Vol. 113, no. 31. p. S8. ^ Go, Justin (July 10, 2012). "Styx singer Lawrence Gowan is still a strange animal". National Post. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014. ^ Panozzo, Chuck (2007). The Grand Illusion: Love, Lies, and My Life With Styx. AMACOM,2007, p. 185. ^ "Crossroads Guitar Festival : June 4–6, 2004 : Dallas, TX". zrock.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2010. ^ "RIAA - Gold & Platinum - March 28, 2010". Riaa.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2010. ^ "Foreigner, Styx and Kansas United in Rock Tour". Antimusic.com. Retrieved April 1, 2011. ^ "STYX Re-Record Six Songs for New Album, Brand New Song Available for Free Download". Bravewords.com. Retrieved April 1, 2011. ^ "STYX to Launch The Grand Illusion / Pieces of Eight Tour Performing Both Album in Their Entirety; EP of Re-Recorded Classics/ New Track for Sale at Shows". Bravewords.com. Retrieved April 1, 2011. ^ "Niet compatibele browser". Facebook. Retrieved April 1, 2011. ^ a b "Styx, 'The Grand Illusion/Pieces of Eight': Landmark Concert to Air on TV". Noisecreep.com. January 1, 2013. ^ a b "Welcome to StyxWorld.com". Styxworld.com. Retrieved June 24, 2011. ^ "Improv-Ice: Improvising on Ice Show | Pandora NBC Skating Series". Dissonskating.com. Retrieved April 10, 2012. ^ "Styx and Don Felder Announce Las Vegas Concert Residency". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved January 24, 2017. ^ Graff, Gary (April 21, 2017). "Styx Flies to Mars with New Album 'The Mission': Exclusive Premiere of 'Gone Gone Gone' Track". Billboard.com. Retrieved April 21, 2017. ^ Lifton, Dave (April 21, 2017). "Styx Set to Launch 'The Mission,' First New Studio Album in 14 Years". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved May 8, 2017. ^ Munro, Scott (April 24, 2017). "Styx detail new album The Mission". Teamrock.com. Retrieved May 8, 2017. ^ "Styx - Crash of the Crown (Album Review)". Progreport.com. June 11, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021. ^ "Styx - Billboard 200 chart history". Billboard.com. May 2023. Retrieved May 17, 2023. ^ Mettler, Mike. "SoundBard – Keepin' It Styxy: My Exclusive Interview With Styx Producer Will Evankovich". Soundbard.com. Retrieved October 13, 2021. ^ "Illinois Rock & Roll Museum on Route 66". Roadtorock.org. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ "Facebook: Ricky Phillips announces his departure from Styx". Facebook.com. Retrieved April 3, 2024. ^ "Styx Setlist at Toyota Presents the Oakdale Theatre, Wallingford". setlist.fm. Retrieved April 3, 2024. ^ "STYX Announces TERRY GOWAN As New Bass Player". Blabbermouth.net. May 17, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2024. ^ "Gold & Platinum - August 08, 2008". RIAA. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2011. ^ "Cumberland Times-News - Styx, Kansas Concert, August 11". Times-news.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2011. ^ "Styx, Foreigner and Foghat coming to Ford Amphitheatre". Tampa Bay Newspapers. September 7, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2011. ^ "Behind The Music : Styx | VSPOT Video Clips, Photos, Episodes and Online Message Boards from the Reality TV Show". VH1. Archived from the original on February 10, 2003. Retrieved April 1, 2011. ^ Sharpe-Young, Garry (March 20, 2007). "Styx (USA)". Rock Detector. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2015. ^ liveDaily Interview: Tommy Shaw of Styx Archived October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Gold & Platinum - August 08, 2008". RIAA. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2011. External links Media related to Styx (band) at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Styx (band) at Wikiquote Official website Styx biography by Greg Prato, discography and album reviews, credits & releases at AllMusic.com vteStyx Chuck Panozzo James "J.Y." Young Tommy Shaw Todd Sucherman Lawrence Gowan Ricky Phillips Will Evankovich John "J.C." Curulewski Dennis DeYoung John Panozzo Glen Burtnik Studio albums Styx Styx II The Serpent Is Rising Man of Miracles Equinox Crystal Ball The Grand Illusion Pieces of Eight Cornerstone Paradise Theatre Kilroy Was Here Edge of the Century Brave New World Cyclorama Big Bang Theory The Mission Crash of the Crown Extended plays Regeneration: Volume I Regeneration: Volume II Live albums Caught in the Act Return to Paradise Arch Allies: Live at Riverport Styx World: Live 2001 At the River's Edge: Live in St. Louis 21st Century Live One with Everything: Styx and the Contemporary Youth Orchestra Compilations Best of Styx Lady Styx - Classics, Volume 15 Styx Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Part 2 Extended Versions Styx Yesterday & Today Rockers Come Sail Away – The Styx Anthology The Complete Wooden Nickel Recordings Songs "Best Thing" "Lies" "Lady" "You Need Love" "Lorelei" "Mademoiselle" "Crystal Ball" "The Grand Illusion" "Come Sail Away" "Fooling Yourself (The Angry Young Man)" "Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)" "Sing for the Day" "Renegade" "Babe" "Why Me" "Boat on the River" "Borrowed Time" "The Best of Times" "Too Much Time on My Hands" "Nothing Ever Goes as Planned" "Rockin' the Paradise" "Snowblind" "Mr. Roboto" "Don't Let It End" "High Time" "Music Time" / "Heavy Metal Poisoning" "Love Is the Ritual" "Show Me the Way" "Love at First Sight" "Paradise" "I Am the Walrus" Related articles Discography Kilroy Was Here Category vteDamn Yankees Tommy Shaw Jack Blades Ted Nugent Michael Cartellone Studio albums Damn Yankees Don't Tread Singles "High Enough" "Where You Goin' Now" Associated Acts Styx Night Ranger The Amboy Dukes Shaw Blades Authority control databases International FAST ISNI 2 VIAF 2 National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic 2 3 Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Styx (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈstɪks/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"acoustic piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"power ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"musical theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"soft rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_rock"},{"link_name":"Dennis DeYoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_DeYoung"},{"link_name":"James \"J.Y.\" Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Young_(American_musician)"},{"link_name":"John \"J.C.\" Curulewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curulewski"},{"link_name":"Chuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Panozzo"},{"link_name":"John Panozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Panozzo"},{"link_name":"Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_(album)"},{"link_name":"Styx II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_II"},{"link_name":"Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"Equinox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"Crystal Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Ball_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"Lorelei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorelei_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Shaw"},{"link_name":"The Grand Illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Illusion_(album)"},{"link_name":"Come Sail Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Sail_Away"},{"link_name":"Pieces of Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieces_of_Eight"},{"link_name":"Renegade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renegade_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Collar_Man_(Long_Nights)"},{"link_name":"Cornerstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerstone_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"Paradise Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Theatre_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Best of Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Times_(song)"},{"link_name":"Too Much Time on My Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Much_Time_on_My_Hands"},{"link_name":"Kilroy Was Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilroy_Was_Here_(album)"},{"link_name":"Mr. Roboto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Roboto"},{"link_name":"Edge of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_the_Century"},{"link_name":"Show Me the Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Me_the_Way_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"This article is about the American rock band. For other uses, see Styx (disambiguation).Styx (/ˈstɪks/) is an American rock band formed in Chicago, Illinois, in 1972. They are known for blending melodic hard rock guitar with acoustic guitar, synthesizers mixed with acoustic piano, upbeat tracks with power ballads, and incorporating elements of international musical theatre.[6] The band established themselves with a progressive rock sound during the 1970s, and began to incorporate pop rock and soft rock elements in the 1980s.The original line-up comprised Dennis DeYoung, James \"J.Y.\" Young, John \"J.C.\" Curulewski and brothers Chuck and John Panozzo. Debuting with Styx in 1972, the band usually released an album every year throughout the 1970s. Styx II (1973) had the sleeper hit \"Lady\", a power ballad, which reached No. 6 in the US, helping the album make the top 20. \"Lady\" was also a top 20 hit in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Equinox (1975) and Crystal Ball (1976) reached the US top 70 with Equinox featuring \"Lorelei\", a No. 6 hit in Canada. Crystal Ball was the first album with Tommy Shaw, who replaced Curulewski in late 1975.Styx's commercial breakthrough in North America came with The Grand Illusion (1977), which peaked at No. 6 in both the US and Canada, and became the first of four straight multi-platinum albums in the US for Styx. It featured the single \"Come Sail Away\", a top 10 hit in both countries. The band's follow-up, Pieces of Eight (1978), was another No. 6 hit in the US, but peaked higher in Canada due to the top 10 hits \"Renegade\" and \"Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)\". In 1979, Styx's Cornerstone went to No. 2 in both countries on the strength of the cross-border No. 1 hit ballad \"Babe\". The album became their breakthrough album in Australia and New Zealand, with \"Babe\" peaking at No. 3. \"Babe\" was a No. 6 hit in the UK, and Cornerstone charted at No. 36.In 1981, Styx's Paradise Theatre was a No. 1 album in the US and Canada, while also reaching the top 10 in Scandinavia and the UK (their biggest album there) and the top 30 in Australia and New Zealand. \"The Best of Times\" from the album reached No. 1 in Canada, No. 3 in the US, and the top 30 in several other countries, while \"Too Much Time on My Hands\" was also a top 10 hit in North America. Kilroy Was Here (1983) was Styx's last major hit album, reaching the top 3 in North America and the top 10 in Scandinavia, although it was less successful elsewhere. Its lead single, \"Mr. Roboto\", became Styx's third chart-topper in Canada, was a No. 3 hit in the US, and was their biggest hit in Germany (No. 8). After a six-year break, Styx returned with Edge of the Century (1990), which reached No. 63 in the US with its single, \"Show Me the Way\", becoming a top 3 hit in North America in early 1991.[citation needed]Overall, Styx had eight songs that hit the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100, as well as 16 top 40 singles. Seven of their eight top 10 singles were written and sung by founding member and lead singer Dennis DeYoung, who has not been part of the band since 1999. Styx sold over 20 million records for A&M between their signing in 1975 and 1984.[7]","title":"Styx (band)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Panozzo"},{"link_name":"John Panozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Panozzo"},{"link_name":"Dennis DeYoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_DeYoung"},{"link_name":"Roseland, Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseland,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-9"},{"link_name":"the Trade Winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trade_Winds"},{"link_name":"Chicago State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_State_College"},{"link_name":"John Curulewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curulewski"},{"link_name":"James \"J.Y.\" Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Young_(American_musician)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayne-12"},{"link_name":"Wooden Nickel Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden_Nickel_Records"},{"link_name":"Western Springs, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Springs,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_(album)"},{"link_name":"Styx II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_II"},{"link_name":"The Serpent Is Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Serpent_Is_Rising"},{"link_name":"Man of Miracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_Miracles"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-9"},{"link_name":"power ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_ballad"},{"link_name":"Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"WLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Band formation and the Wooden Nickel Years (1961–1974)","text":"In August 1961, at 12 years of age, twin brothers Chuck (guitar) and John Panozzo (drums) first played music together with their 14-year-old neighbor Dennis DeYoung who played accordion and sang, while living in the Roseland, Chicago area,[8] eventually using the band name The Tradewinds. Chuck left to attend seminary for a year but returned to the group by 1964. Tom Nardini had been brought in to replace Chuck Panozzo on guitar, so he decided to play bass when he returned to the band. John Panozzo was the drummer, while DeYoung had switched from accordion to keyboards. In 1965, the Tradewinds name was changed to TW4 (There Were 4)[9] after another band, the Trade Winds, achieved fame nationally. By 1966, the Panozzo brothers had joined DeYoung at Chicago State College and kept the group together by performing at high schools and fraternity parties while studying to be teachers. In 1969 they added a college friend, folk guitarist John Curulewski, after Nardini departed. Hard rock guitarist James \"J.Y.\" Young came aboard in 1970, making TW4 a quintet.[9][10][11][12]In 1972 the band members decided to choose a new name when they signed to Wooden Nickel Records after being spotted by a talent scout at a concert at St. John of the Cross Parish in Western Springs, Illinois (Young's hometown). Several suggestions were made and, according to DeYoung, the name Styx was chosen because it was \"the only one that none of us hated.\"[13]The band released four albums with Wooden Nickel: Styx (1972), Styx II (1973), The Serpent Is Rising (1973), and Man of Miracles (1974). These albums contained straight-ahead rockers mixed with prog rock flourish with a lot of guitars, drums, keyboards, percussion, and vocal solos. They established a fan base in the Chicago area, but were unable to break into the mainstream, though the song \"Best Thing\" from Styx charted on September 16, 1972, and stayed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 6 weeks, peaking at No. 82.[9] Then, the power ballad \"Lady\" (from Styx II), began to earn some radio time, first on WLS in Chicago in 1974[14] and then nationwide. In the spring of 1975, nearly two years after the album had been released, \"Lady\" hit No. 6 in the US, and Styx II went gold soon after. \"Lady\" is considered by many classic rock critics as being the first power ballad with Dennis DeYoung being referred to as the \"father of the power ballad\".[15] With the success of \"Lady,\" a follow-up single on Styx II, \"You Need Love\", was re-released, but only barely cracked the hot 100.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"Equinox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"Lorelei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorelei_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"Suite Madame Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite_Madame_Blue"},{"link_name":"FM radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_radio"},{"link_name":"Album Oriented Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-oriented_rock"},{"link_name":"John Curulewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curulewski"},{"link_name":"Tommy Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Shaw"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-9"},{"link_name":"Crystal Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Ball_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"Mademoiselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mademoiselle_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Grand Illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Illusion_(album)"},{"link_name":"Triple Platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_album"},{"link_name":"certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"DeYoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_DeYoung"},{"link_name":"Come Sail Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Sail_Away"},{"link_name":"Fooling Yourself (The Angry Young Man)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fooling_Yourself_(The_Angry_Young_Man)"},{"link_name":"Pieces of Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieces_of_Eight_(album)"},{"link_name":"Renegade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renegade_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Collar_Man_(Long_Nights)"},{"link_name":"Sing for the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_for_the_Day"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Early A&M Years and addition of Tommy Shaw (1975–1978)","text":"On the heels of its belated hit single, Styx signed with A&M Records and released Equinox (1975), which sold well and yielded a minor hit in \"Lorelei\", which reached No. 27 in the U.S. More importantly, it contained the rock anthem \"Suite Madame Blue\", which gained the band considerable recognition and airplay on FM radio in the relatively-new Album Oriented Rock (AOR) format. Following the move to A&M, guitarist John Curulewski suddenly left the band as they were to embark on a nationwide tour in December 1975, due to his desire to spend time with his family. After a frantic last-minute search, the band brought in guitarist Tommy Shaw as Curulewski's replacement.[9]Crystal Ball (1976), the first album to feature Shaw, was moderately successful, but was overall a disappointment, failing to achieve the sales of its predecessor. The album showcased the band's newest member, as Shaw's \"Mademoiselle\" reached No. 36.Styx's seventh album, The Grand Illusion, was released on July 7, 1977, and became their breakthrough album, reaching Triple Platinum certification. It spawned a top-ten hit and AOR radio staple in the DeYoung-written \"Come Sail Away\", which reached No. 8 in 1978. Shaw's \"Fooling Yourself (The Angry Young Man)\" was a second radio hit and reached No. 29 the same year.Through the late 1970s and early 1980s, the band enjoyed its greatest success. Their 1978 album Pieces of Eight found the group moving in a more straight-ahead hard-rock direction and spawned three Shaw sung hit singles \"Renegade\" (No. 16 in the US) and \"Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)\" (No. 21 in the US), plus \"Sing for the Day\" that reached No. 41.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornerstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerstone_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Why Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Me_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"Borrowed Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrowed_Time_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"Boat on the River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_on_the_River"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"People's Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"22nd Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Rock_Vocal_Performance_by_a_Duo_or_Group"},{"link_name":"Gary Loizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Loizzo"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Paradise Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Theatre_(album)"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"The Best of Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Times_(song)"},{"link_name":"Too Much Time on My Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Much_Time_on_My_Hands"},{"link_name":"multi-platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-platinum"},{"link_name":"Rockin' the Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockin%27_the_Paradise"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Parents Music Resource Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_Music_Resource_Center"},{"link_name":"backmasking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backmasking"},{"link_name":"Satanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"Snowblind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowblind_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"James \"JY\" Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Young_(American_musician)"},{"link_name":"Dennis DeYoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_DeYoung"},{"link_name":"In the Studio with Redbeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Studio_with_Redbeard"}],"sub_title":"1980s and Superstardom","text":"Their 1979 album Cornerstone yielded their first No. 1 hit, the DeYoung ballad \"Babe\". By early 1980, \"Babe\" had become the band's biggest international hit and first million-selling single, reaching No. 6 in the United Kingdom.[16] The album also included the No. 26 DeYoung hit upbeat \"Why Me\" and the rocker \"Borrowed Time\" (U.S. No. 64), which was co-written with Shaw, plus Shaw's folksy \"Boat on the River\" (1980), which was a hit in much of Europe and Japan. The popularity of the album, which reached No. 2 on the Billboard 200, helped win the band a People's Choice Award for Best New Song in 1980. At the 22nd Grammy Awards, Styx was a nominee for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group and Cornerstone's engineers Gary Loizzo and Rob Kingsland were nominated for a Grammy for Best Engineered Recording. The band was also named the most popular rock band in the U.S. in the 1980 year end Gallup Poll.[17]With the success of \"Babe,\" DeYoung's push for a more mainstream direction gained momentum, while Shaw and Young favored a more rock oriented approach. This arguing over musical direction led to ongoing tension in early 1980 after Shaw objected to the ballad \"First Time\" being released as the second single from Cornerstone. Although the song was generating substantial airplay in some major markets, A&M pulled the plug on the single's official release, replacing it with \"Why Me\". The argument resulted in DeYoung being briefly fired. However, things were quickly smoothed over.[18] While “First Time” did not chart in the U.S. (because it was not released), it became a huge hit single in the Philippines in 1981.In January 1981, Styx released Paradise Theatre, a concept album that became their biggest hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard pop albums chart and yielding five singles, including the top ten hits \"The Best of Times\" by DeYoung (No. 3 Billboard, No. 1 Radio & Records) and \"Too Much Time on My Hands\" by Shaw (No. 9), his only top 10 single as a member of the band. Paradise Theatre became the band's fourth consecutive multi-platinum album. Based on yet another Dennis DeYoung concept, the Paradise Theatre was a historic Chicago theatre that had been built in the 20s only to fall on hard times and close a mere 30 years after it opened. DeYoung used the Paradise as a metaphor for the United States in the late 1970s/early 1980s.An ambitious year long world tour commenced in 1981 in support of the album and was one of the top-grossing tours of the year. The tour had numerous Broadway and movie infused elements, including a dramatic opening featuring a theatre sweep and DeYoung by himself next to a player piano and the show ending with traditional movie credits. Throughout the tour and throughout the 1980s and beyond, the band would open their shows with \"Rockin' the Paradise\", the opening track from Paradise Theatre which charted at No. 8 on the Top Rocks Track Chart and aired on the MTV cable channel.[citation needed]The band was accused by a California religious group and later the Parents Music Resource Center of backmasking Satanic messages in their anti-cocaine anthem, \"Snowblind\".[9][19] James \"JY\" Young has denied this charge during his introduction for \"Snowblind\" when played live. Dennis DeYoung has denied the accusation as well, joking on the In the Studio with Redbeard program \"we had enough trouble to make the music sound right forward.\" Also, Young quotes, \"If we were going to put some message in our songs, we would have put it so it was in the song forward. Not so you would have to buy some $400 tape recorder to hear it.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Styx_(1983_A%26M_publicity_photo).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kilroy Was Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilroy_Was_Here_(album)"},{"link_name":"rock opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_opera"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"backmasking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backmasking"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-9"},{"link_name":"Heavy Metal Poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Metal_Poisoning"},{"link_name":"Great Seal of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Annuit cœptis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis"},{"link_name":"Novus ordo seclorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novus_ordo_seclorum"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_certification"},{"link_name":"synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Mr. Roboto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Roboto"},{"link_name":"Don't Let It End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Let_It_End"},{"link_name":"Gary Loizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Loizzo"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-9"},{"link_name":"Texxas Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texxas_Jam"},{"link_name":"Cotton Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Bowl_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Caught in the Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught_in_the_Act_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"Music Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Time_(song)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Kilroy Was Here and first disbandment (1983–1984)","text":"Styx in a 1983 publicity shotThe band continued to follow DeYoung's lead with their next project, Kilroy Was Here (1983), another more fully realized concept album, embracing the rock opera form. It is set in a future where performing and playing rock music has been outlawed due to the efforts of a charismatic evangelist, Dr. Everett Righteous, played by James \"JY\" Young. Kilroy Was Here featured DeYoung in the part of Kilroy, an unjustly imprisoned rock star. Tommy Shaw played the part of Jonathan Chance, a younger rocker who fights for Kilroy's freedom and the lifting of the ban on rock music. This future society is served by robots. Called Robotos, these automatons perform many jobs and several serve as Kilroy's prison guards.[citation needed]Part of the impetus for the Kilroy story was the band's reaction to the backmasking accusation.[9] The album included Young's song \"Heavy Metal Poisoning\", which includes lyrics sarcastically mocking the allegations against the group. Its introduction intentionally included a backward message, the Latin phrases, \"annuit coeptis\" and \"novus ordo seclorum\", from the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States. Referring to the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776, these are translated, \"Annuit cœptis - He (God) favors our undertakings, and Novus ordo seclorum - A new order of the ages.\"[20] Both choices also served the Kilroy story because the villain is an evangelist that seeks to expand his Vision of Morality movement via mass demonstrations.The album Kilroy Was Here went Platinum in 1983, boasting two Top Ten hits written and sung by DeYoung, the synthesizer-based \"Mr. Roboto\" (No. 3 US) and power ballad \"Don't Let It End\" (No. 6 US). The album earned a nomination as Best Engineered Recording for engineer and long-time friend Gary Loizzo and fellow engineers on the album Will Rascati and Rob Kingsland, for the 26th Grammy Awards (1983).[21]In 1983 the band mounted an ambitious stage show in support of Kilroy Was Here[9] featuring theatrical presentations of three songs utilizing instrumental backing tracks, including \"Mr. Roboto\", which featured DeYoung singing live while disguised as a Roboto, \"Heavy Metal Poisoning\" with Young as the evangelist Dr. Righteous singing while the Panozzo brothers acted as his henchmen on stage and \"Haven't We Been Here Before\" with Shaw as Jonathan Chance and DeYoung (as Kilroy in Roboto costume) duetting. The elaborate show was expensive to produce and was not as profitable as previous tours.Kilroy Was Here brought the creative and competitive tensions within the band beyond the breaking point; this was further exacerbated following the band's performance of the Kilroy show at that year's Texxas Jam, an all day, multi-band rock festival held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas. While most of the other acts on the bill, in comparison, put forth their \"hardest rockers\" the theatrics of the Kilroy show were not well received and they were basically booed off the stage. A disillusioned Shaw departed the band for a solo career at the conclusion of the tour.In 1984 the band released its first live album, Caught in the Act. The project featured one studio track, \"Music Time\", which became a Top 40 hit. The concert was also filmed and released on VHS under the same title (and on DVD in 2007). By the time of the album's release, they had already parted ways.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boomchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomchild"},{"link_name":"Glen Burtnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Burtnik"},{"link_name":"Damn Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damn_Yankees_(band)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Edge of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_the_Century"},{"link_name":"Show Me the Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Me_the_Way_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Love At First Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_At_First_Sight_(Styx_song)"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"PolyGram Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolyGram_Records"},{"link_name":"Styx Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_Greatest_Hits"},{"link_name":"drinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-24"},{"link_name":"Return to Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Paradise_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"The Hunchback of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(Dennis_DeYoung_album)"},{"link_name":"The Grand Illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Illusion_(album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Reformation, Edge of the Century, second disbandment and reformation (1990–1996)","text":"After the group members began discussing a reunion in the late '80s, this was delayed due to DeYoung's recording and the release of his solo album, Boomchild, which got pushed back to February 1989. Styx finally reformed in 1990, bringing in Glen Burtnik as a new guitarist since Shaw was by then committed to Damn Yankees.[22]The new line-up released one album, Edge of the Century, featuring the Dennis DeYoung ballad \"Show Me the Way\", which received an additional boost just prior to the first Persian Gulf War. Some radio stations edited the Top Three hit to include the voices of children, whose parents were deployed in Saudi Arabia between 1990 and 1991. The song went all the way to No. 3 on both the Hot 100 and at Adult Contemporary radio and notably remained in the top 40 for 23 weeks and AC for 31 weeks.[23] With the huge success of the song \"Show Me the Way\", Styx joined a handful of musical acts to have top 10 singles in three decades and under four different presidential administrations.A follow-up single, “Love At First Sight\", peaked at No. 25 on the Hot 100 and No. 13 on the Adult Contemporary chart.[citation needed]Styx toured across the US in the spring and summer of 1991 but their success was short-lived as they were dropped in 1992 after A&M Records was purchased by PolyGram Records, ending an over-fifteen-year relationship.The band reunited once again in 1995, with guitarist Tommy Shaw returning to the fold to re-record \"Lady\" for Styx Greatest Hits. Session drummer Todd Sucherman filled in for John Panozzo, who was unable to participate due to liver problems caused by years of excessive drinking, which eventually claimed his life the following year on July 16.[24]The 1996 \"Return to Paradise\" tour, with Sucherman as a full member, was successful. The reunion tour was documented with a two-disc live set, 1997's Return to Paradise, which featured three new studio tracks: \"On My Way\", \"Paradise\" (a soft rock ballad that also appears in another version on Dennis DeYoung's 1996 The Hunchback of Notre Dame album), and \"Dear John\", a tribute to the late Panozzo that has become a cult favorite among Styx fans. Later on, the concert was documented on DVD. The Return to Paradise album was a surprise success in 1997, achieving gold status and the single “Paradise” briefly charting on the Adult Contemporary chart at No. 27. Following the release of the album, Styx embarked on another tour, this one to mark the 20th anniversary of The Grand Illusion.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brave New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Gowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Gowan"},{"link_name":"Sony Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Canada"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"A Criminal Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Criminal_Mind"},{"link_name":"set list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_list"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Children's Miracle Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Miracle_Network_Hospitals"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"REO Speedwagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REO_Speedwagon"},{"link_name":"Riverport Amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Casino_Amphitheatre_(Maryland_Heights,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Arch Allies: Live at Riverport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Allies:_Live_at_Riverport"},{"link_name":"Roll with the Changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_with_the_Changes"},{"link_name":"At the River's Edge: Live in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_River%27s_Edge:_Live_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Brave New World and departure of DeYoung (1999–2000)","text":"Two years later, in 1999, the band released its first new studio album in almost a decade: Brave New World. But then, due to illness, DeYoung was unable to commit to touring, so he was replaced by Lawrence Gowan, a classically trained pianist, who had achieved platinum success as a solo act on Sony Canada.[25] Gowan's 1985 solo hit \"A Criminal Mind\" was incorporated into their tour set list and was still performed into the 2010s.[26]Bassist Chuck Panozzo was sidelined in 1999 due to health problems related to his battle with HIV/AIDS. His public \"coming out\" occurred in 2001 at the annual Human Rights Campaign banquet, with James \"JY\" Young in attendance for support.[27]On June 6, 1999, the group reunited briefly to perform for the Children's Miracle Network Telethon as DeYoung's final performance with the band. Glen Burtnik filled in for Chuck Panozzo on bass.[citation needed]On June 9, 2000, Styx appeared with REO Speedwagon at the Riverport Amphitheatre. A 2-CD recording of the concert was released as Arch Allies: Live at Riverport, with one disc of each band's set and both discs concluding with performances of the two bands collaborating on jam versions of Styx's \"Blue Collar Man\" and REO's \"Roll with the Changes\". Each band also released their set as a separate album, with additional tracks: Styx's version was At the River's Edge: Live in St. Louis.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Styx_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cyclorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclorama_(album)"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"We Are the Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_the_Champions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ricky Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Phillips"},{"link_name":"the Babys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Babys"},{"link_name":"Bad English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_English"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Crossroads Guitar Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads_Guitar_Festival"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Slim Harpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Harpo"},{"link_name":"Jeff Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Baxter"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Big Bang Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_Theory_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"I Am the Walrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_the_Walrus"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Cyclorama and Big Bang Theory (2003–2009)","text":"Styx performing in 2009Styx's new lineup released several live albums and released the studio album Cyclorama in February 2003, which reached No. 127 on the Billboard 200 album charts. A single \"Waiting for Our Time\" hit No. 37 on the Billboard mainstream rock chart for 1 week. Styx toured extensively during this period and released additional live albums. Styx also was part of the Super Bowl pre game entertainment in San Diego prior to the Oakland Raiders vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers. They played a short set in the parking lot, as well as on the field right before the game, playing Queen's \"We Are the Champions\".[citation needed]Burtnik left Styx in September 2003, to spend time with his family and to pursue a solo career and release the album Welcome to Hollywood. He was replaced by Ricky Phillips, formerly of the Babys and Bad English. Panozzo remains in the band but is featured in concerts playing bass on about four songs, including a duet with Lawrence Gowan. Burtnik would go on to join up with DeYoung for numerous tour dates over the next several years.[citation needed]On June 5, 2004, Styx participated in Eric Clapton's Crossroads Guitar Festival covering songs by Jimi Hendrix, B.B. King, and Slim Harpo with Jeff Baxter as a special guest.[28]In 2005, Styx released an album of cover tunes, Big Bang Theory, which reached the Billboard Top 50 on the album charts, their highest-charting album since 1990. Their version of the Beatles song \"I Am the Walrus\" received some radio play, and a video was made for the song.As of April 21, 2006, according to the RIAA, which awards artists and groups gold/platinum status, Styx ranks number 127 with 17.5 million records sold within the United States.[29] The blurb on Amazon.com about Panozzo's book The Grand Illusion: Love, Lies, and My Life with Styx states that Styx has sold over 54 million albums.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sprint Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"Auto Club 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_Club_500"},{"link_name":"Fontana, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana,_California"},{"link_name":"Foreigner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreigner_(band)"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_(band)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Regeneration: Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration:_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Grand Illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Illusion_(album)"},{"link_name":"Pieces of Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieces_of_Eight"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noisecreep20130123-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-styxworld1-35"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Palladia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladia"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noisecreep20130123-34"},{"link_name":"REO Speedwagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REO_Speedwagon"},{"link_name":"Don Felder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Felder"},{"link_name":"Tesla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_(band)"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Venetian_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"REO Speedwagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REO_Speedwagon"},{"link_name":"The Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mission_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"The Complete Wooden Nickel Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Wooden_Nickel_Recordings"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Crash of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_of_the_Crown"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Will Evankovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Evankovich"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Continued touring, The Mission, and Crash of the Crown (2010–present)","text":"On February 21, 2010, the current incarnation of the band performed before the Sprint Cup Auto Club 500 In Fontana, California. In a North American tour beginning in May 2010, Styx was a co-headliner of United in Rock with Foreigner and special guests Kansas.[30] In July 2010, Styx announced the forthcoming release of Regeneration: Volume 1, a new release featuring six re-recorded hits and a new song entitled \"Difference in the World\".[31] This coincided with \"The Grand Illusion / Pieces of Eight Tour\", on which both albums were played in their entirety.[32]In November 2010 Styx announced that they would be filming their concert in Memphis on November 9 for a DVD.[33] The landmark concert was recorded at the historic Orpheum Theater, where Styx performed both of their classic albums, 1977's The Grand Illusion and 1978's Pieces of Eight.[34] They also announced that they'd be touring the UK with Journey and Foreigner for five dates in June 2011.[35]In early April 2011, it was announced that Styx would join up with Yes for a \"Progressive US Tour\" that began on July 4, 2011, with Los Angeles-based singer/songwriter Shane Alexander opening. On December 15, 2011, they participated in the figure skating show Improv-Ice, which was broadcast on television January 15, 2012.[36] On January 26, 2013, the Palladia Channel premiered the concert filmed in November 2010.[34] On November 22, 2013, they announced a benefit concert with REO Speedwagon titled \"Rock to the Rescue\" to raise money for the affected families of the tornado in central Illinois.The summer of 2014 found the band back on the road in a new touring package called Soundtrack of Summer, with Foreigner and ex-Eagle Don Felder. Styx's 2015 summer tour saw them re-uniting with Def Leppard. Along with Tesla, the groups played outdoor venues across the United States. In 2016, Styx announced a series of performances to be held at the Venetian in Las Vegas in early 2017 with Felder.[37]In February 2017, it was announced that Styx and REO Speedwagon would join forces in a tour entitled \"United We Rock\" with special guest Felder, which was in large concert venues throughout the US. On April 21, 2017, Styx announced a studio album entitled The Mission, simultaneously releasing the single \"Gone Gone Gone\".[38] The album was released on June 16, 2017, and is a concept album about a mission to Mars.[39][40]On April 7, 2021, Styx announced via social media that they would be releasing an EP titled The Same Stardust EP, which would feature two new tracks, as well as some live recordings. The EP was released on vinyl on June 12, 2021, exclusively in indie record stores as a part of RSD Drops for Record Store Day 2021. This is the first Styx release to use their original band logo since The Complete Wooden Nickel Recordings in 2005.[citation needed]From April 30, 2021, through May 5, 2021, Styx posted artwork on social media that included a countdown in the corner that would eventually lead to the revealing of their new album Crash of the Crown, revealed on May 6, 2021. With the reveal, they released the album's title track on streaming platforms. The Prog Report reviewed the album saying it \"stands as one of the very finest in their catalogue.\"[41]Despite positive reviews, Crash of the Crown charted for only one week on the Billboard 200, peaking at 114.[42]After first producing The Mission and Crash of the Crown and joining Styx on stage in Las Vegas to play The Mission in its entirety on January 23, 2019, guitarist Will Evankovich joined Styx for their 2021 summer tour that found them back on the road.[43]On June 5, 2022, Styx was inducted into the Illinois Rock & Roll Museum Hall of Fame. That same night Dennis DeYoung was additionally inducted as a songwriter.[44]On March 20, 2024, it was announced via social media that Ricky Phillips would be leaving the band to spend more time at home and away from the road.[45] On March 22, 2024, Lawrence Gowan's younger brother Terry debuted as the new touring bass player for Styx at their show in Wallingford, CT.[46] On May 17 he was announced as an official member.[47]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James \"J.Y.\" Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Young_(American_musician)"},{"link_name":"Chuck Panozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Panozzo"},{"link_name":"Tommy Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Todd Sucherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Sucherman"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Gowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Gowan"},{"link_name":"Will Evankovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Evankovich"},{"link_name":"John \"J.C.\" Curulewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curulewski"},{"link_name":"Dennis DeYoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_DeYoung"},{"link_name":"John Panozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Panozzo"},{"link_name":"Glen Burtnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Burtnik"},{"link_name":"Ricky Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Phillips"}],"text":"Current members\n\nJames \"J.Y.\" Young – guitars, backing and lead vocals, occasional keyboards (1972–1984, 1990–1991, 1995–present)\nChuck Panozzo – bass, occasional backing vocals (1972–1984, 1990–1991, 1995–present; does not perform full concerts since 1999)\nTommy Shaw – guitars, lead and backing vocals, occasional mandolin and banjo (1975–1984, 1995–present)\nTodd Sucherman – drums, percussion, occasional backing vocals (1995–present)\nLawrence Gowan – keyboards, lead and backing vocals, occasional acoustic guitar (1999–present)\nWill Evankovich – guitar, backing vocals, occasional mandolin and keyboards (2021–present; session musician, guest, and producer 2015–2021)\nTerry Gowan – bass, backing vocals (2024–present)\n\n\nFormer members\n\nJohn \"J.C.\" Curulewski – guitar, backing and lead vocals, keyboards (1972–1975; died 1988)\nDennis DeYoung – keyboards, lead and backing vocals (1972–1984, 1990–1991, 1995–1999)\nJohn Panozzo – drums, percussion, occasional backing vocals (1972–1984, 1990–1991; died 1996)\nGlen Burtnik – guitar, backing and lead vocals (1990–1991, 1999–2003); bass (1999–2003)\nRicky Phillips – bass, backing vocals, part-time guitar (2003–2024)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_(album)"},{"link_name":"Styx II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_II"},{"link_name":"The Serpent Is Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Serpent_Is_Rising"},{"link_name":"Man of Miracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_Miracles"},{"link_name":"Equinox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"Crystal Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Ball_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"The Grand Illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Illusion"},{"link_name":"Pieces of Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieces_of_Eight"},{"link_name":"Cornerstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerstone_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"Paradise Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Theatre_(album)"},{"link_name":"Kilroy Was Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilroy_Was_Here_(album)"},{"link_name":"Edge of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_the_Century"},{"link_name":"Brave New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"Cyclorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclorama_(album)"},{"link_name":"Big Bang Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_Theory_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"The Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mission_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"Crash of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_of_the_Crown"}],"text":"Studio albumsStyx (1972)\nStyx II (1973)\nThe Serpent Is Rising (1973)\nMan of Miracles (1974)\nEquinox (1975)\nCrystal Ball (1976)\nThe Grand Illusion (1977)\nPieces of Eight (1978)\nCornerstone (1979)\nParadise Theatre (1981)\nKilroy Was Here (1983)\nEdge of the Century (1990)\nBrave New World (1999)\nCyclorama (2003)\nBig Bang Theory (2005)\nThe Mission (2017)\nCrash of the Crown (2021)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA"},{"link_name":"The Grand Illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Illusion"},{"link_name":"Pieces of Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieces_of_Eight"},{"link_name":"Cornerstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerstone_(Styx_album)"},{"link_name":"Paradise Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Theatre_(album)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-styxworld1-35"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"From 1977 to 1981, Styx released four consecutive albums that have been certified Multi-Platinum, for at least 2 million units sold apiece, by the RIAA: The Grand Illusion (1977), Pieces of Eight (1978), Cornerstone (1979) and Paradise Theatre (1981).[48]A longstanding, oft-repeated claim in the music industry and the mainstream press is that Styx was the first band to release four consecutive Triple-Platinum albums, signifying at least 3 million units sold.[35][49][50][51][52][53] During the period when these albums charted, the RIAA's only certifications were for Gold (500,000 units sold) and Platinum (1 million). Multi-Platinum awards were introduced in late October 1984.[54] Following this development, record companies submitted their most popular artists' sales records to accountants in order to achieve the new thresholds.\nStyx did score three Triple-Platinum albums—The Grand Illusion (1977), Pieces of Eight (1978) and Paradise Theatre (1981)—and one Double-Platinum album—Cornerstone (1979)—on the same date, November 14, 1984. Complete and detailed historical sales figures for record albums are not readily available to the public, but the certifications, which can be found at the RIAA site, show that the feat the band actually achieved was being the first group to be awarded four consecutive Multi-Platinum albums with three of those ranking better than Double Platinum. Styx achieved another Double-Platinum album—Greatest Hits (Volume I)—on August 23, 2005.","title":"Consecutive multi-platinum albums"}]

[{"image_text":"Styx in a 1983 publicity shot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Styx_%281983_A%26M_publicity_photo%29.jpg/220px-Styx_%281983_A%26M_publicity_photo%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Styx performing in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Styx_2009.jpg/220px-Styx_2009.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of best-selling music artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists"}]

[{"reference":"Cateforis, Theo (2011). Are We Not New Wave? : Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s. University of Michigan Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-472-03470-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press","url_text":"University of Michigan Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03470-3","url_text":"978-0-472-03470-3"}]},{"reference":"Knowles, Christopher (2010). The Secret History of Rock 'n' Roll. Viva Editions. p. 111. ISBN 978-1573444057.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofr00know/page/111","url_text":"The Secret History of Rock 'n' Roll"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofr00know/page/111","url_text":"111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1573444057","url_text":"978-1573444057"}]},{"reference":"Prato, Greg. \"Styx – Artist Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/styx-mn0000923033/biography","url_text":"\"Styx – Artist Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Buckley, Peter (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock. Rough Guides. p. 550. 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Retrieved February 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080430220635/http://www.rockdetector.com/artist,8683.sm","url_text":"\"Styx (USA)\""},{"url":"http://www.rockdetector.com/artist,8683.sm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum - August 08, 2008\". RIAA. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070701162808/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinum.php?content_selector=historyx","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum - August 08, 2008\""},{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinum.php?content_selector=historyx","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross_parcel

Red Cross parcel

["1 First World War","1.1 New Zealand","1.2 American","2 Second World War","2.1 British food parcels","2.2 American food parcels","2.3 Canadian food parcels","2.4 New Zealand food parcels","2.5 Indian food parcels","2.6 Argentinian bulk parcel","2.7 South African parcels","2.8 Invalid food parcels","2.9 Food parcels in the Pacific theatre","2.10 Food parcels in the German concentration camps","2.11 German POWs after the Second World War","2.12 Postwar study on Red Cross parcels and Canadian POWs","2.13 Parcels from Red Cross organisations in occupied countries","3 Red Cross medical kits","3.1 American","3.2 British","4 Release parcels","5 Modern Red Cross parcels","6 See also","7 References","7.1 books","8 External links"]

Packages sent to World War prisoners of war British Red Cross parcel from the First World War Red Cross parcel refers to packages containing mostly food, tobacco and personal hygiene items sent by the International Association of the Red Cross to prisoners of war (POWs) during the First and Second World Wars, as well as at other times. It can also refer to medical parcels and so-called "release parcels" provided during the Second World War. The Red Cross arranged them in accordance with the provisions of the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929). During the Second World War these packages augmented the often-meagre and deficient diets in the prisoner-of-war camps, contributing greatly to prisoner survival and an increase in morale. Modern Red Cross food parcels provide basic food and sanitary needs for persons affected by natural disasters, wars, political upheavals or similar events. More recent catastrophes involving delivery of Red Cross parcels include events in Georgia, Thailand and Great Britain. First World War The Australian Red Cross reported dispatching a total of 395,695 food parcels and 36,339 clothing parcels to Allied POWs in Germany and Turkey during the course of the First World War. Food parcels were also sent to needy civilians in Belgium and France. British POWs during the First World War were supplied with food parcels by the British Central Prisoners of War Committee of the Joint War Organisation, the combined Red Cross and Order of St John. When the Central Powers refused to allow food to be sent to prisoners of war by the British government, the British Red Cross had stepped forward. Packages containing food and conveniences were sent fortnightly to POWs. Donations collected from the public for these parcels reached £674,908 19s 1d. A total of £5,145,458 16s 9d was spent. By the end of the war, some 9,000,000 food parcels and 800,000 clothing parcels had been despatched by various organisations to British prisoners abroad. French POWs were required to pay for parcels sent to them through a French commission; these packages included potted chicken, various pâtés, and even bottled wine. Indigent French POWs could receive parcels with lower-quality food for free, from the "Vetement du Prisonnier" which liaised actively with the Croix-Rouge française. New Zealand New Zealand relatives had to buy parcels and were given a choice: A - 4 shillings 1 Alp milk chocolate 1 condensed milk 1 cheese 1 block chocolate 2 packets tobacco 2 packets citrol 1 tin Liebig Handkerchiefs or towel or sewing kit B - 4 shillings 1⁄4 pound (110 g) tea 1 condensed milk 1⁄4 pound (110 g) sugar 1 jam 1 pound (450 g) biscuits 1 block chocolate 6 Maggi soups 1 packet tobacco 1 pack cigarettes C - 6 shillings 1 day shirt 1 vest 1 under drawers 1 pair socks 1 towel 2 handkerchiefs 1 toothbrush 1 toothpowder 1 washrag 1 soap D - For invalids - 6 shillings 1 pound (450 g) condensed milk 1 pound (450 g) cocoa 1/2 pound (225 g) sugar 1 pound (450 g) Quaker Oats 1 pound (450 g) cod liver capsules 1 box extract of malt, Ovomaltine or "Mellins Food" Relatives could send a specific parcel or a package made up of A & C or B & C American The American Red Cross commenced delivery of food parcels to American POWs in German camps in November 1917. The first parcel received by a POW included the following items: One pound (450 g) tin of corned beef One pound (450 g) tin of roast beef One pound (450 g) tin of salmon Two pounds (900 g) of hash One pound (450 g) of jam One bar of soap Four packages of tobacco One overshirt One undershirt Two cans of pork and beans One can each of tomatoes, corn and peas One pair of drawers Two pairs of socks Three handkerchiefs Two towels One tube of toothpaste Two pounds (900 g) of hard bread 1 US pint (0.47 L; 0.83 imp pt) of evaporated milk One pound (450 g) of sugar One-half (225 g) pound of coffee One toothbrush, comb, shaving brush and "housewife" kit (sewing kit), plus shaving soap. Thereafter, further parcels were sent once per week. These were rotated on a four-week schedule between packages labeled "A", "B", "C" and "D". Each parcel contained meat, fish, vegetable, bread and fruit items, together with eighty cigarettes or other tobacco products. Items of clothing were also provided for American POWs through the American Red Cross. Toward the end of the war, German camp guards and other personnel would sometimes steal the contents of these packages, often leaving only bread for the helpless prisoner. In such events, American camp representatives attempted to make up the loss through stores kept for this purpose in the POW camps. A special agreement between the YMCA and the American Red Cross resulted in the YMCA providing athletic equipment, books and games for American prisoners in German POW camps. Second World War Red Cross food parcels during the Second World War were mostly provided from the United Kingdom, Canada and America (after 1941). An Allied POW might receive any of these packages at any one given time, regardless of his or her own nationality. This was because all such packages were sent from their country of origin to central collection points, where they were subsequently distributed to Axis POW camps by the International Committee of the Red Cross. For POWs held by Axis forces in Europe the parcel route through Lisbon required escorted ships to bring the crates of parcels, or for British, mail bags full of parcels, to Lisbon, there being no safe conduct agreement. In Portugal, parcels would be loaded onto Red Cross marked ships with many taken through the port of Marseilles, for onward freighting by rail to Geneva, from where they would be sent to various camps by the International Committee of the Red Cross. Barcelona was also used as an Iberian transit port, with Toulon as an alternative French port. The returning ships sometimes carried allied civilians and wounded being repatriated.: 69  The route from Iberia to the South of France was not safe. The Red Cross ship SS Padua was damaged by British bombing in Genoa in 1942 and then sunk by a mine outside Marseilles in October 1943. The SS Embla was bombed by British aircraft on 6 April 1944 causing a fire, and the same ship was attacked again on 20 April 1944, by American B-26 bombers, who this time sank the ship and killed the ICRC agent. On 6 May the "Christina" was attacked while at anchor in Sete. This latest act resulted in the ICRC suspending the route. The Operation Dragoon invasion of Southern France, preliminary bombing in July and the actual invasion in August 1944 put a stop to rail transport and then Marseilles being used by the Red Cross. The SS Vega sailed to the alternative port of Toulon with parcels in November 1944. On 8 May 1945, it was reported that 7,000,000 parcels, weighing 35,000 tonnes (34,000 long tons; 39,000 short tons) were at sea or in warehouses in Britain, Lisbon, Barcelona, Marseilles, Toulon, Geneva and Gothenburg. A Red Cross representative said that they were not perishable and could be used for distressed civilians and as a flexible reserve. British food parcels During the Second World War, the British Joint War Organisation sent standard food parcels, invalid food parcels, medical supplies, educational books and recreational materials to prisoners of war worldwide. During the conflict, over 20 million standard food parcels were sent. Typical contents of such a parcel included: 4 oz (110 g) packet of tea Tin of cocoa powder Bar of milk or plain chocolate (often Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut chocolate, or a similar product) Tinned pudding Tin of meat roll Tin of processed cheese Tin of condensed milk (Klim—a Canadian instant milk beverage—or else Carnation or Nestle brand) Tin of dried eggs Tin of sardines or herrings Tin of preserve Tin of margarine Tin of sugar Tin of vegetables Tin of biscuits Bar of soap Tin of 50 cigarettes or tobacco (sent separately—usually Player's brand cigarettes, or Digger flake pipe tobacco). The Scottish Red Cross parcels were the only ones to contain rolled oats. Approximately 163,000 parcels were made up each week during the Second World War. Sometimes, due to the shortage of parcels, two or even four prisoners would be compelled to share the contents of one Red Cross parcel. American food parcels The American Red Cross produced 27,000,000 parcels. Even before America entered the war in late 1941, they were supplying, through Geneva, parcels to British, Belgian, French, Polish, Yugoslav, Dutch, Greek, Norwegian, and Soviet prisoners of war. The Philadelphia centre alone was producing 100,000 parcels a month in 1942. A list of the contents of a typical Red Cross parcel received by an American airman held prisoner in Stalag Luft I near Barth, Germany on the Baltic Sea: One pound (450 g) can of powdered milk One package ten assorted cookies One pound (450 g) can of oleo margarine Eight-ounce (230 g) package of cube sugar Eight-ounce (230 g) package of Kraft cheese Six-ounce (170 g) package of K-ration biscuits Four-ounce (110 g) can of coffee Two D-ration chocolate bars Six-ounce (170 g) can of jam or peanut butter Twelve-ounce (340 g) can of salmon or tuna One pound (450 g) can of Spam or corned beef One pound (450 g) can of liver paté One pound (450 g) package of raisins or prunes Five packages of cigarettes Seven vitamin-C tablets Two bars of soap Twelve-ounce (340 g) of C-ration vegetable soup concentrate. According to this airman, recipients of these parcels were permitted to keep only the cigarettes and chocolate bars; the remainder of the parcel was turned over to the camp cook, who combined them with the contents of other parcels and German POW rations (usually bread, barley, potatoes, cabbage and horse meat) to create daily meals for the prisoners. Cigarettes in the parcels became the preferred medium of exchange within the camp, with each individual cigarette valued at 27 cents within Stalag Luft I. Similar practices were followed in other POW camps, as well. Cigarettes were also used to bribe German guards to provide the prisoners with outside items that would otherwise have been unavailable to them. Tins of coffee, which were hard to come by in Germany late in the war, served this same purpose in many camps. Contents of these packages were sometimes pilfered by German guards or other camp personnel, especially toward the end of the war. Canadian food parcels The Canadian Red Cross reported assembling and shipping nearly 16,500,000 food parcels during the Second World War, at a cost of $47,529,000. The Canadian Red Cross Prisoners of War Parcels Committee was led by Chairman Harold H. Leather, M.B.E., of Hamilton, Ontario and Vice Chairman John Draper Perrin of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Contents of the Canadian parcel included: One pound (450 g) of milk powder One pound (450 g) of butter Four ounces (110 g) of cheese Twelve ounces (340 g) of corned beef Ten ounces (280 g) of pork luncheon meat Eight ounces (230 g) of salmon Four ounces (110 g) of sardines or kippers Eight ounces (230 g) of dried apples Eight ounces (230 g) of dried prunes or raisins Eight ounces (230 g) of sugar One pound (450 g) of jam or honey One pound (450 g) of pilot biscuits Eight ounces (230 g) of chocolate One ounce (28 g) of salt and pepper (mustard, onion powder and other condiments were also sometimes enclosed) Four ounces (110 g) of tea or coffee Two ounces (57 g) of soap. Parcels did vary; those delivered to the Channel Islands by the SS Vega in 1945 contained slightly different quantities, both eight oz (230 g) raisins and six oz (170 g) prunes, and marmalade instead of jam. New Zealand food parcels The New Zealand Red Cross Society provided 1,139,624 parcels during the war period, packed by 1,500 volunteers. Prisoners parcels included: Six ounces (170 g) of tea Nineteen-ounce (540 g) can of corned mutton Fifteen-ounce (430 g) can of lamb and green peas Eight ounces (230 g) of chocolate Twenty ounces (570 g) of butter Fifteen ounces (430 g) of coffee and milk Ten ounces (280 g) of sugar Nine ounces (260 g) of peas One pound (450 g) of jam One pound (450 g) of condensed milk Fifteen ounces (430 g) of cheese Six ounces (170 g) of raisins. Unlike the American and British parcels, Canadian and New Zealand Red Cross parcels did not include cigarettes or tobacco. Indian food parcels Indian parcels, supplied by the Indian Red Cross Society, contained: Eight ounces (230 g) fruit in syrup One pound (450 g) lentils Two ounces (57 g) toilet soap One pound (450 g) flour 8 biscuits Eight ounces (230 g) margarine Twelve ounces (340 g) Nestle's Milk Fourteen ounces (400 g) rice One pound (450 g) pilchard Two ounces (57 g) curry powder Eight ounces (230 g) sugar One ounce (28 g) dried eggs Two ounces (57 g) tea One ounce (28 g) salt Four ounces (110 g) chocolate Indian parcels did not contain meat or tobacco products. Argentinian bulk parcel The Argentinian Red Cross provided parcels containing: Three ounces (85 g) bully beef Five ounces (140 g) meat and veg Three ounces (85 g) ragout Two ounces (57 g) corned mutton Four ounces (110 g) pork and beans Five ounces (140 g) butter Two ounces (57 g) lard Two ounces (57 g) honey Five ounces (140 g) jam Two ounces (57 g) milk jam Four ounces (110 g) condensed milk Eight ounces (230 g) sugar Seven ounces (200 g) cheese Eight ounces (230 g) biscuits One ounce (28 g) pea and lentil flour Three ounces (85 g) chocolate Two ounces (57 g) cocoa One ounce (28 g) tea 1 soap Three ounces (85 g) dried fruit South African parcels From the British South African Red Cross. Invalid food parcels Invalid parcels were specifically designed for invalids, i.e. disabled or ill prisoners. The contents varied, but what appears to be a British one contained: 2 tins Yeatex 3 tins concentrated soup powder 1 tin gooseberries 1 tin Horlicks 1 tin Ovaltine 1 tin milk powder 2 tins dried eggs 1 block of chocolate 1 tin cheese 1 tin condensed milk 2 tins compressed oats 4 ounces (110 g) tea 1 tin creamed rice 1 tin Rowntree's cocoa 1 tin lemon curd Food parcels in the Pacific theatre In 1942, permission was granted by Japan for a diplomatically neutral ship, after Japan refused to permit a Red Cross ship to be deployed, to be dispatched to distribute the parcels. A Swedish vessel, the MS Gripsholm delivered 20,000 Red Cross parcels from Canada, America and South Africa and in addition a consignment of 1,000,000 cigarettes. A second voyage was refused. The Japanese government in August 1942 announced that no neutral ship, even a Red Cross ship, would be allowed to enter Japanese waters. Red Cross parcels intended for Allied POWs in Japan were accordingly stockpiled in Vladivostok, Soviet Union, and a single ship was ultimately permitted to transport some of these to Japan in November 1944, which, in turn were carried by the Japanese vessel Awa Maru, carrying Red Cross markings, in March, 1945, to Singapore. How many of these actually reached the POWs is not known, and the sinking of the Awa Maru on the return trip by a US submarine prevented any future shipments from being made. At the Changi prison camp run by the Japanese in Singapore, an average POW received a fraction of one food parcel in the three-and-a half years that the camp was open. Food parcels in the German concentration camps In November 1943, the Red Cross received permission from Nazi German authorities to send Red Cross parcels to inmates of concentration camps, but only to those whose names and specific locations were known. By May 1945, 105,000 specific individuals had been identified. About 1,112,000 parcels containing 4,500 tons of food were ultimately sent to the camps, including those at Dachau, Buchenwald, Ravensbrück, Sachsenhausen, Theresienstadt and Auschwitz. In addition to food, these parcels also contained clothing and pharmaceutical items. German POWs after the Second World War Three months after the surrender of Germany in May 1945, General Dwight Eisenhower issued an order classifying all surrendered soldiers within the American Zone of Occupation as Disarmed Enemy Forces, rather than Prisoners of War. Accordingly, the Red Cross was denied the right to visit German POWs in American prison camps, and delivery of Red Cross parcels to them was forbidden. In the spring of 1946, the International Red Cross was finally allowed to provide limited amounts of food aid to prisoners of war in the U.S. occupation zone. Postwar study on Red Cross parcels and Canadian POWs The Canadian government conducted a detailed study of the effect of the Red Cross parcels on the health and morale of Canadian POWs shortly after the end of the Second World War. Over 5,000 former POWs were interviewed, and Canadian authorities determined that a significant number of soldiers did not get the intended one parcel per man per week; most had to make do with one-half of a parcel per week, or even less on some occasions. Soldiers were asked to state their preferences with regard to specific contents of the parcels: the most popular item turned out to be the biscuits, with butter a close second, followed (in order) by meat, milk (powdered and other), chocolate, cigarettes, tea, jam, cereals, cheese and coffee. The Canadian parcel was preferred to British, American or New Zealand-issued parcels, claiming that the Canadian parcels had "greater bulk", "lasted longer", and/or had "more food". With regard to especially disliked foods, the Canadian respondents (over 4,200 of the interviewed POWs) expressed the greatest distaste for the vegetables and fish enclosed in the food parcels (about fifteen per cent of the total number of respondents), followed (in order) by condiments, egg powder, cereals, fat, cheese, desserts, sweets, beverages, jams, biscuits and milk. However, except for the first two items on that list, all of these were named by only a minuscule percentage of the total number of respondents. Parcels from Red Cross organisations in occupied countries Belgium sent parcels to their POWs and in addition, family members could send parcels. Denmark sent parcels to Danish citizens incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps. France sent parcels to their POWs and in addition, family members could send parcels. Red Cross medical kits American A second type of parcel delivered through the Red Cross during the Second World War was the Red Cross Prisoner of War First Aid Safety Kit, which was supplied by the American Red Cross for distribution through the International Committee. Such parcels generally held the following items: A twelve-page booklet with instructions on the use of the enclosed medical supplies, printed in English, French, German, Polish and Serbo-Croatian Ten packages of sterilised gauze, in two different sizes One package containing 500 laxative pills Two packages containing 500 aspirin tablets each Twelve gauze bandages Two cans of insecticide powder Four tubes of boric acid antiseptic ointment Two packages containing 500 sodium bicarbonate tablets each Two tubes of Salicylic ointment (for treatment of athlete's foot and similar fungal diseases) Two tubes of Mercuric antiseptic ointment Four tubes of sulphur ointment (for treatment of skin diseases) One box containing 100 Band-Aids Two rolls of adhesive tape Two 1-ounce (28 g) packages of absorbent cotton Safety pins, forceps, soap, disinfectants and scissors. Other kits issued to some POWs through the American Red Cross contained a few differences in contents, but were generally similar to the above. British The British Red Cross also supplied Medical Parcels to Allied PoWs during the war. Prior to 15 June 1942, these kits generally consisted of: A general parcel containing cotton wool, safety pins, soap, aspirin tablets and ointment A disinfectant parcel Special parcels containing thermometers and dressing scissors. After 15 June 1942, the British kits' contents changed. The new kits contained: An invalid food unit consisting of two parcels – milk and food A medical stores unit consisting of four parcels: "Medical 1" contained soap and disinfectant "Medical 2" contained sodium bicarbonate, Dover's powder, lung balsam, ferric subsulfate solution, zinc ointment, cascara, zinc oxide powder, formalin throat tablets, ammoniated mercury ointment, flexoplast, lint, cotton wool, gauze, vitamin-C tablets, pile ointment, sulphapyridine tablets, magnesium trisilicate, and oxide plaster "Medical 3 and 4" contained additional quantities of the supplies found in "Medical 2", adding to them kaoline poultice, vitamin A and vitamin D tablets, TCP (antiseptic), aspirin, Bemax, sulphanilamide and toilet paper. In addition, German and Italian authorities sometimes permitted British prisoner hospitals to procure equipment from England via the Red Cross, including microscopes, sterilisers, material for manufacturing artificial limbs, medical instruments, vaccines, drugs and even games and other recreational materials. Release parcels The American Red Cross provided a special "release parcel" to some Allied POWs upon their initial release from enemy captivity. These parcels included: Razor Razor blades Shaving cream Toothbrush Toothpaste Pencil Comb Socks Cigarettes Handkerchiefs Playing cards Stationery Book Hard candy Chewing gum Face cloth Cigarette case with the American Red Cross emblem imprinted on it. These kits were distributed as follows: 71,400 to France; 10,000 to the Soviet Union; 9,500 to Italy; 5,000 to Egypt; and 4,000 to the Philippines. Modern Red Cross parcels Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, many pensioners in the newly independent nation of Georgia were left destitute by the resulting collapse of the Georgian economy and the inability of their small pensions to keep up with inflation. The Red Cross, with the financial support of the German government, assisted approximately 500,000 of these mostly elderly people with food parcels over a seven-year period during the 1990s. As of 2001, more than 12,000 were still dependent upon Red Cross food assistance. Food parcels were also distributed by the Red Cross of Thailand during Red Shirt Movement disturbances in 2006 in Bangkok, and to British victims of flooding in Gloucestershire in 2007. The British package contained: Five tins of canned fruit One loaf of longlife bread Two packets of rye crackers Three cartons of long-life milk One jar of savoury spread Three packets of plain biscuits Three tins of fish Three tins of meat Five tins of potatoes Two jars of sandwich spread Two packs of cereal bars One flashlight, batteries, toilet paper, and one tube of sanitiser hand gel. See also A. Y. G. Campbell, contributed to the creation of Red Cross Food Parcels Disaster relief References ^ Video: Santo Tomas Prisoners Liberated, 1945/03/01 (1945). Universal Newsreel. 1945. Retrieved 21 February 2012. ^ Red Cross Records From the First World War. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ "Fundraising during the First World War" (PDF). Red Cross. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015. ^ Yarnall (2011), p. 107. ^ Carl P. Dennett, Prisoners of the Great War, pp. 14-15. ^ "Helping prisoners of war". Red Cross New Zealand. ^ Carl P. Dennett, Prisoners of the Great War, pg. 16. ^ Carl P. Dennett, Prisoners of the Great War, pg. 28. ^ Carl P. Dennett, Prisoners of the Great War, pp. 29-30. The contents of each package are contained in the reference. ^ Carl P. Dennett, Prisoners of the Great War, pp. 30-32. ^ Carl P. Dennett, Prisoners of the Great War, pp. 32-33. ^ Carl P. Dennett, Prisoners of the Great War, pp. 52-53. ^ a b c d e Taylor, Keith (1996). A tribute to the "SS Vega". CISS Pub. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-0-946806-18-8. ^ a b British Red Cross: Food Parcels. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ a b "AMERICAN. PRISONEES OF WAR IN GERMANY Prepared by MILITARY INTELLIGENCB SERVICE WAR DEPARTMENT 15 July 1944". 486th. ^ Coles, Joan (1985). Three years behind barbed wire. La Haule Books. ISBN 086120-008-X. ^ Crossland, James (27 May 2014). Britain and the International Committee of the Red Cross, 1939-1945. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. ISBN 9781137399571. ^ "Red Cross Parcels Surplus". The Examiner. 8 May 1945. p. 7. ^ "Food parcels in the Second World War". British Red Cross. ^ a b c Memories of PTE Tom Barker, 1st Btn. Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ "World War II Specialized War-time Services". American Red Cross. ^ a b Foreign War Relief 1939-1942. American Red Cross. ^ a b c d e Eat, Drink, Smoke and Be Creative: Red Cross Parcels. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ a b The Prisoner of War First Aid Safety Kit. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ a b c d e Tisdall, FF; Wilson, M (1949). "Final report on the Canadian Red Cross food parcels for prisoners-of-war". Can Med Assoc J. 60 (3): 279–86. PMC 1591471. PMID 18123897. ^ "New Zealand Red Cross and WWII". New Zealand Red Cross. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. ^ "Contents of Red Cross Parcels". ^ Heimbuch, Raymond (May 2008). 5 Brothers in Arms. Xlibris Corporation, 2008. p. 80. ISBN 9781453501986. ^ The Red Cross in World War II. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ "The Red Cross and World War Two". History learning site. ^ "The Red Cross and World War Two". The History Learning Site. ^ A Letter from Auschwitz: 1943. Retrieved 2010-09-28. Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ ICRC Commentaries on the Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War Article 5 "One category of military personnel which was refused the advantages of the Convention in the course of the Second World War comprised German and Japanese troops who fell into enemy hands on the capitulation of their countries in 1945 (6). The German capitulation was both political, involving the dissolution of the Government, and military, whereas the Japanese capitulation was only military. Moreover, the situation was different since Germany was a party to the 1929 Convention and Japan was not. Nevertheless, the German and Japanese troops were considered as surrendered enemy personnel and were deprived of the protection provided by the 1929 Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. The Allied authorities took the view that unconditional surrender amounted to giving a free hand to the Detaining Powers as to the treatment they might give to military personnel who fell into their hands following the capitulation. In fact, these men were frequently in a very different situation from that of their comrades who had been taken prisoner during the hostilities, since very often they had not even gone into action against the enemy. Although on the whole the treatment given to surrendered enemy personnel was fairly favourable, it presented certain disadvantages: prisoners in this category had their personal property impounded without any receipt being given; they had no spokesman to represent them before the Detaining Power; officers received no pay and other ranks, although compelled to work, got no wages; in any penal proceedings they had the benefit of none of the guarantees provided by the Convention. Most important of all, these men had no legal status and were at the entire mercy of the victor. Fortunately, they were well treated but this is no reason to overlook the fact that they were deprived of any status and all guarantees." ^ ICRC in WW II: German prisoners of war in Allied hands International Red Cross 2 February 2005 ^ a b Cook, Denys (October 2013). Missing in action. Trafford Publishing, 2013. p. 100. ISBN 9781490716008. ^ "Rescue, Expulsion, and Collaboration:Denmark's Difficulties with its World War II Past". JCPA. ^ The Prisoner of War First Aid Safety Kit. See kit mentioned as being provided by Parke, Davis and Co. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ a b British Red Cross Medical Supplies. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ Prisoner of War Bulletin Vol. 31. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ Prisoner of War Bulletin Vol. 36. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ Lone Pensioners in Georgia receive food parcels from the Red Cross. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ Thai Red Cross Provides Relief During Bangkok Protests. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ "United Kingdom – Floods: Information Bulletin no. 04/2007" (PDF). Information Bulletin. Red Cross. 30 July 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2020. books Yarnall, John (2011). Barbed Wire Disease: British & German Prisoners of War, 1914-19. Stroud: Spellmount. ISBN 9780752456904. External links Final Report on the Canadian Red Cross Food Parcels for Prisoners of War Contains detailed information on particular "likes" and "dislikes" expressed by a group of Canadian Second World War ex-PoWs with regard to the contents of Red Cross parcels.

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Cross_Parcel.jpg"},{"link_name":"food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene"},{"link_name":"International Association of the Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Second World Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War_(1929)"},{"link_name":"prisoner-of-war camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"}],"text":"British Red Cross parcel from the First World WarRed Cross parcel refers to packages containing mostly food, tobacco and personal hygiene items sent by the International Association of the Red Cross to prisoners of war (POWs) during the First and Second World Wars,[1] as well as at other times. It can also refer to medical parcels and so-called \"release parcels\" provided during the Second World War.The Red Cross arranged them in accordance with the provisions of the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929). During the Second World War these packages augmented the often-meagre and deficient diets in the prisoner-of-war camps, contributing greatly to prisoner survival and an increase in morale. Modern Red Cross food parcels provide basic food and sanitary needs for persons affected by natural disasters, wars, political upheavals or similar events.More recent catastrophes involving delivery of Red Cross parcels include events in Georgia, Thailand and Great Britain.","title":"Red Cross parcel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Joint War Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_War_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"pâtés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Indigent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigent"},{"link_name":"Croix-Rouge française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix-Rouge_fran%C3%A7aise"}],"text":"The Australian Red Cross reported dispatching a total of 395,695 food parcels and 36,339 clothing parcels to Allied POWs in Germany and Turkey during the course of the First World War.[2] Food parcels were also sent to needy civilians in Belgium and France.British POWs during the First World War were supplied with food parcels by the British Central Prisoners of War Committee of the Joint War Organisation, the combined Red Cross and Order of St John. When the Central Powers refused to allow food to be sent to prisoners of war by the British government, the British Red Cross had stepped forward. Packages containing food and conveniences were sent fortnightly to POWs. Donations collected from the public for these parcels reached £674,908 19s 1d. A total of £5,145,458 16s 9d was spent.[3] By the end of the war, some 9,000,000 food parcels and 800,000 clothing parcels had been despatched by various organisations to British prisoners abroad.[4]French POWs were required to pay for parcels sent to them through a French commission; these packages included potted chicken, various pâtés, and even bottled wine.[5] Indigent French POWs could receive parcels with lower-quality food for free, from the \"Vetement du Prisonnier\" which liaised actively with the Croix-Rouge française.","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liebig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebig%27s_Extract_of_Meat_Company"},{"link_name":"Maggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggi"},{"link_name":"Quaker Oats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oatmeal"},{"link_name":"cod liver capsules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_liver_oil"},{"link_name":"Ovomaltine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovaltine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"New Zealand relatives had to buy parcels and were given a choice:A - 4 shillings\n\n1 Alp milk chocolate\n1 condensed milk\n1 cheese\n1 block chocolate\n2 packets tobacco\n2 packets citrol\n1 tin Liebig\nHandkerchiefs or towel or sewing kit\n\n\nB - 4 shillings\n\n1⁄4 pound (110 g) tea\n1 condensed milk\n1⁄4 pound (110 g) sugar\n1 jam\n1 pound (450 g) biscuits\n1 block chocolate\n6 Maggi soups\n1 packet tobacco\n1 pack cigarettes\n\n\nC - 6 shillings\n\n1 day shirt\n1 vest\n1 under drawers\n1 pair socks\n1 towel\n2 handkerchiefs\n1 toothbrush\n1 toothpowder\n1 washrag\n1 soap\n\n\nD - For invalids - 6 shillings\n\n1 pound (450 g) condensed milk\n1 pound (450 g) cocoa\n1/2 pound (225 g) sugar\n1 pound (450 g) Quaker Oats\n1 pound (450 g) cod liver capsules\n1 box extract of malt, Ovomaltine or \"Mellins Food\"Relatives could send a specific parcel or a package made up of A & C or B & C[6]","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"corned beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corned_beef"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"cigarettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"American","text":"The American Red Cross commenced delivery of food parcels to American POWs in German camps in November 1917.[7] The first parcel received by a POW included the following items:One pound (450 g) tin of corned beef\nOne pound (450 g) tin of roast beef\nOne pound (450 g) tin of salmon\nTwo pounds (900 g) of hash\nOne pound (450 g) of jam\nOne bar of soap\nFour packages of tobacco\nOne overshirt\nOne undershirt\nTwo cans of pork and beans\nOne can each of tomatoes, corn and peas\nOne pair of drawers\nTwo pairs of socks\nThree handkerchiefs\nTwo towels\nOne tube of toothpaste\nTwo pounds (900 g) of hard bread\n1 US pint (0.47 L; 0.83 imp pt) of evaporated milk\nOne pound (450 g) of sugar\nOne-half (225 g) pound of coffee\nOne toothbrush, comb, shaving brush and \"housewife\" kit (sewing kit), plus shaving soap.[8]Thereafter, further parcels were sent once per week. These were rotated on a four-week schedule between packages labeled \"A\", \"B\", \"C\" and \"D\". Each parcel contained meat, fish, vegetable, bread and fruit items, together with eighty cigarettes or other tobacco products.[9] Items of clothing were also provided for American POWs through the American Red Cross.[10] Toward the end of the war, German camp guards and other personnel would sometimes steal the contents of these packages, often leaving only bread for the helpless prisoner. In such events, American camp representatives attempted to make up the loss through stores kept for this purpose in the POW camps.[11]A special agreement between the YMCA and the American Red Cross resulted in the YMCA providing athletic equipment, books and games for American prisoners in German POW camps.[12]","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"port of Marseilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille-Fos_Port"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"International Committee of the Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KTVega-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Red_Cross:_Food_Parcels-14"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MISWD-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"SS Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Padua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"SS Embla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Embla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B-26 bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder"},{"link_name":"Sete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sete"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Operation Dragoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MISWD-15"},{"link_name":"Marseilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille-Fos_Port"},{"link_name":"SS Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Vega_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_port_of_Toulon"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Red Cross food parcels during the Second World War were mostly provided from the United Kingdom, Canada and America (after 1941). An Allied POW might receive any of these packages at any one given time, regardless of his or her own nationality. This was because all such packages were sent from their country of origin to central collection points, where they were subsequently distributed to Axis POW camps by the International Committee of the Red Cross.For POWs held by Axis forces in Europe the parcel route through Lisbon required escorted ships to bring the crates of parcels, or for British, mail bags full of parcels, to Lisbon, there being no safe conduct agreement. In Portugal, parcels would be loaded onto Red Cross marked ships with many taken through the port of Marseilles, for onward freighting by rail to Geneva, from where they would be sent to various camps by the International Committee of the Red Cross.[13][14] Barcelona was also used as an Iberian transit port, with Toulon as an alternative French port.[15] The returning ships sometimes carried allied civilians and wounded being repatriated.[16]: 69The route from Iberia to the South of France was not safe. The Red Cross ship SS Padua was damaged by British bombing in Genoa in 1942 and then sunk by a mine outside Marseilles in October 1943. The SS Embla was bombed by British aircraft on 6 April 1944 causing a fire, and the same ship was attacked again on 20 April 1944, by American B-26 bombers, who this time sank the ship and killed the ICRC agent. On 6 May the \"Christina\" was attacked while at anchor in Sete. This latest act resulted in the ICRC suspending the route.[17] The Operation Dragoon invasion of Southern France, preliminary bombing in July and the actual invasion in August 1944 put a stop to rail transport[15] and then Marseilles being used by the Red Cross. The SS Vega sailed to the alternative port of Toulon with parcels in November 1944.On 8 May 1945, it was reported that 7,000,000 parcels, weighing 35,000 tonnes (34,000 long tons; 39,000 short tons) were at sea or in warehouses in Britain, Lisbon, Barcelona, Marseilles, Toulon, Geneva and Gothenburg. A Red Cross representative said that they were not perishable and could be used for distressed civilians and as a flexible reserve.[18]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joint War Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_War_Organisation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"cocoa powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_solids"},{"link_name":"Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadbury_Dairy_Milk_Fruit_%26_Nut"},{"link_name":"processed cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processed_cheese"},{"link_name":"condensed milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_milk"},{"link_name":"Klim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klim_(Nestl%C3%A9)"},{"link_name":"Nestle brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"dried eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_eggs"},{"link_name":"Player's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player%27s"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Red_Cross:_Food_Parcels-14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warlinks.com-20"},{"link_name":"rolled oats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolled_oats"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warlinks.com-20"}],"sub_title":"British food parcels","text":"During the Second World War, the British Joint War Organisation sent standard food parcels, invalid food parcels, medical supplies, educational books and recreational materials to prisoners of war worldwide. During the conflict, over 20 million standard food parcels were sent.[19] Typical contents of such a parcel included:4 oz (110 g) packet of tea\nTin of cocoa powder\nBar of milk or plain chocolate (often Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut chocolate, or a similar product)\nTinned pudding\nTin of meat roll\nTin of processed cheese\nTin of condensed milk (Klim—a Canadian instant milk beverage—or else Carnation or Nestle brand)\nTin of dried eggs\nTin of sardines or herrings\nTin of preserve\nTin of margarine\nTin of sugar\nTin of vegetables\nTin of biscuits\nBar of soap\nTin of 50 cigarettes or tobacco (sent separately—usually Player's brand cigarettes, or Digger flake pipe tobacco).[14][20]The Scottish Red Cross parcels were the only ones to contain rolled oats. Approximately 163,000 parcels were made up each week during the Second World War.Sometimes, due to the shortage of parcels, two or even four prisoners would be compelled to share the contents of one Red Cross parcel.[20]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FWR-22"},{"link_name":"airman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"Stalag Luft I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_I"},{"link_name":"Barth, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barth,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"oleo margarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleomargarine"},{"link_name":"Kraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Foods"},{"link_name":"K-ration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-ration"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_coffee#As_food"},{"link_name":"D-ration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-ration"},{"link_name":"peanut butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut_butter"},{"link_name":"tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna#Canned"},{"link_name":"Spam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_(food)"},{"link_name":"liver paté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_pat%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"vitamin-C tablets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C#Supplements"},{"link_name":"C-ration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-ration"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillipsamoore.com-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillipsamoore.com-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillipsamoore.com-23"},{"link_name":"preferred medium of exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillipsamoore.com-23"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillipsamoore.com-23"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warlinks.com-20"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-med-dept.com-24"}],"sub_title":"American food parcels","text":"The American Red Cross produced 27,000,000 parcels.[21] Even before America entered the war in late 1941, they were supplying, through Geneva, parcels to British, Belgian, French, Polish, Yugoslav, Dutch, Greek, Norwegian, and Soviet prisoners of war. The Philadelphia centre alone was producing 100,000 parcels a month in 1942.[22] A list of the contents of a typical Red Cross parcel received by an American airman held prisoner in Stalag Luft I near Barth, Germany on the Baltic Sea:One pound (450 g) can of powdered milk\nOne package ten assorted cookies\nOne pound (450 g) can of oleo margarine\nEight-ounce (230 g) package of cube sugar\nEight-ounce (230 g) package of Kraft cheese\nSix-ounce (170 g) package of K-ration biscuits\nFour-ounce (110 g) can of coffee\nTwo D-ration chocolate bars\nSix-ounce (170 g) can of jam or peanut butter\nTwelve-ounce (340 g) can of salmon or tuna\nOne pound (450 g) can of Spam or corned beef\nOne pound (450 g) can of liver paté\nOne pound (450 g) package of raisins or prunes\nFive packages of cigarettes\nSeven vitamin-C tablets\nTwo bars of soap\nTwelve-ounce (340 g) of C-ration vegetable soup concentrate.[23]According to this airman, recipients of these parcels were permitted to keep only the cigarettes and chocolate bars; the remainder of the parcel was turned over to the camp cook, who combined them with the contents of other parcels and German POW rations (usually bread, barley, potatoes, cabbage and horse meat)[23] to create daily meals for the prisoners.[23]Cigarettes in the parcels became the preferred medium of exchange within the camp, with each individual cigarette valued at 27 cents within Stalag Luft I.[23] Similar practices were followed in other POW camps, as well. Cigarettes were also used to bribe German guards to provide the prisoners with outside items that would otherwise have been unavailable to them.[23] Tins of coffee, which were hard to come by in Germany late in the war, served this same purpose in many camps.[20] Contents of these packages were sometimes pilfered by German guards or other camp personnel, especially toward the end of the war.[24]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-25"},{"link_name":"John Draper Perrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Draper_Perrin"},{"link_name":"corned beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corned_beef"},{"link_name":"pork luncheon meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_(food)"},{"link_name":"kippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipper"},{"link_name":"pilot biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtack"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-25"},{"link_name":"Channel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands"},{"link_name":"SS Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Vega_(1913)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KTVega-13"}],"sub_title":"Canadian food parcels","text":"The Canadian Red Cross reported assembling and shipping nearly 16,500,000 food parcels during the Second World War, at a cost of $47,529,000.[25] The Canadian Red Cross Prisoners of War Parcels Committee was led by Chairman Harold H. Leather, M.B.E., of Hamilton, Ontario and Vice Chairman John Draper Perrin of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Contents of the Canadian parcel included:One pound (450 g) of milk powder\nOne pound (450 g) of butter\nFour ounces (110 g) of cheese\nTwelve ounces (340 g) of corned beef\nTen ounces (280 g) of pork luncheon meat\nEight ounces (230 g) of salmon\nFour ounces (110 g) of sardines or kippers\nEight ounces (230 g) of dried apples\nEight ounces (230 g) of dried prunes or raisins\nEight ounces (230 g) of sugar\nOne pound (450 g) of jam or honey\nOne pound (450 g) of pilot biscuits\nEight ounces (230 g) of chocolate\nOne ounce (28 g) of salt and pepper (mustard, onion powder and other condiments were also sometimes enclosed)\nFour ounces (110 g) of tea or coffee\nTwo ounces (57 g) of soap.[25]Parcels did vary; those delivered to the Channel Islands by the SS Vega in 1945 contained slightly different quantities, both eight oz (230 g) raisins and six oz (170 g) prunes, and marmalade instead of jam.[13]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"mutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton"},{"link_name":"lamb and green peas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton"},{"link_name":"condensed milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_milk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KTVega-13"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand food parcels","text":"The New Zealand Red Cross Society provided 1,139,624 parcels during the war period, packed by 1,500 volunteers.[26] Prisoners parcels included:Six ounces (170 g) of tea\nNineteen-ounce (540 g) can of corned mutton\nFifteen-ounce (430 g) can of lamb and green peas\nEight ounces (230 g) of chocolate\nTwenty ounces (570 g) of butter\nFifteen ounces (430 g) of coffee and milk\nTen ounces (280 g) of sugar\nNine ounces (260 g) of peas\nOne pound (450 g) of jam\nOne pound (450 g) of condensed milk\nFifteen ounces (430 g) of cheese\nSix ounces (170 g) of raisins.[13]Unlike the American and British parcels, Canadian and New Zealand Red Cross parcels did not include cigarettes or tobacco.","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Red Cross Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Red_Cross_Society"},{"link_name":"lentils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentil"},{"link_name":"pilchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilchard"},{"link_name":"curry powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_powder"},{"link_name":"dried eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_eggs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KTVega-13"}],"sub_title":"Indian food parcels","text":"Indian parcels, supplied by the Indian Red Cross Society, contained:Eight ounces (230 g) fruit in syrup\nOne pound (450 g) lentils\nTwo ounces (57 g) toilet soap\nOne pound (450 g) flour\n8 biscuits\nEight ounces (230 g) margarine\nTwelve ounces (340 g) Nestle's Milk\nFourteen ounces (400 g) rice\nOne pound (450 g) pilchard\nTwo ounces (57 g) curry powder\nEight ounces (230 g) sugar\nOne ounce (28 g) dried eggs\nTwo ounces (57 g) tea\nOne ounce (28 g) salt\nFour ounces (110 g) chocolate[13]Indian parcels did not contain meat or tobacco products.","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bully beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bully_beef"},{"link_name":"ragout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragout"},{"link_name":"pork and beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_and_beans"},{"link_name":"milk jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_jam"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Argentinian bulk parcel","text":"The Argentinian Red Cross provided parcels containing:Three ounces (85 g) bully beef\nFive ounces (140 g) meat and veg\nThree ounces (85 g) ragout\nTwo ounces (57 g) corned mutton\nFour ounces (110 g) pork and beans\nFive ounces (140 g) butter\nTwo ounces (57 g) lard\nTwo ounces (57 g) honey\nFive ounces (140 g) jam\nTwo ounces (57 g) milk jam\nFour ounces (110 g) condensed milk\nEight ounces (230 g) sugar\nSeven ounces (200 g) cheese\nEight ounces (230 g) biscuits\nOne ounce (28 g) pea and lentil flour\nThree ounces (85 g) chocolate\nTwo ounces (57 g) cocoa\nOne ounce (28 g) tea\n1 soap\nThree ounces (85 g) dried fruit[27]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"self-published source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"}],"sub_title":"South African parcels","text":"From the British South African Red Cross.[28][self-published source]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yeatex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_extract"},{"link_name":"gooseberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooseberries"},{"link_name":"Horlicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horlicks"},{"link_name":"Ovaltine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovaltine"},{"link_name":"dried eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powdered_eggs"},{"link_name":"condensed milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_milk"},{"link_name":"Rowntree's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowntree%27s"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KTVega-13"}],"sub_title":"Invalid food parcels","text":"Invalid parcels were specifically designed for invalids, i.e. disabled or ill prisoners. The contents varied, but what appears to be a British one contained:2 tins Yeatex\n3 tins concentrated soup powder\n1 tin gooseberries\n1 tin Horlicks\n1 tin Ovaltine\n1 tin milk powder\n2 tins dried eggs\n1 block of chocolate\n1 tin cheese\n1 tin condensed milk\n2 tins compressed oats\n4 ounces (110 g) tea\n1 tin creamed rice\n1 tin Rowntree's cocoa\n1 tin lemon curd[13]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"MS Gripsholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Gripsholm_(1924)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FWR-22"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Awa Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Awa_Maru_(1942)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Changi prison camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changi_Prison"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Food parcels in the Pacific theatre","text":"In 1942, permission was granted by Japan for a diplomatically neutral ship, after Japan refused to permit a Red Cross ship to be deployed, to be dispatched to distribute the parcels. A Swedish vessel, the MS Gripsholm delivered 20,000 Red Cross parcels from Canada, America and South Africa and in addition a consignment of 1,000,000 cigarettes. A second voyage was refused.[22]The Japanese government in August 1942 announced that no neutral ship, even a Red Cross ship, would be allowed to enter Japanese waters. Red Cross parcels intended for Allied POWs in Japan were accordingly stockpiled in Vladivostok, Soviet Union, and a single ship was ultimately permitted to transport some of these to Japan in November 1944, which, in turn were carried by the Japanese vessel Awa Maru, carrying Red Cross markings, in March, 1945, to Singapore. How many of these actually reached the POWs is not known, and the sinking of the Awa Maru on the return trip by a US submarine prevented any future shipments from being made.[29]At the Changi prison camp run by the Japanese in Singapore, an average POW received a fraction of one food parcel in the three-and-a half years that the camp was open.[30]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_Camp"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Dachau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Buchenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchenwald"},{"link_name":"Ravensbrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Sachsenhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Theresienstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresienstadt"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Food parcels in the German concentration camps","text":"In November 1943, the Red Cross received permission from Nazi German authorities to send Red Cross parcels to inmates of concentration camps, but only to those whose names and specific locations were known. By May 1945, 105,000 specific individuals had been identified. About 1,112,000 parcels containing 4,500 tons of food were ultimately sent to the camps,[31] including those at Dachau, Buchenwald, Ravensbrück, Sachsenhausen, Theresienstadt and Auschwitz. In addition to food, these parcels also contained clothing and pharmaceutical items.[32]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surrender of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Dwight Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"American Zone of Occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Zone_of_Occupation"},{"link_name":"Disarmed Enemy Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarmed_Enemy_Forces"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"German POWs after the Second World War","text":"Three months after the surrender of Germany in May 1945, General Dwight Eisenhower issued an order classifying all surrendered soldiers within the American Zone of Occupation as Disarmed Enemy Forces, rather than Prisoners of War. Accordingly, the Red Cross was denied the right to visit German POWs in American prison camps, and delivery of Red Cross parcels to them was forbidden.[33] In the spring of 1946, the International Red Cross was finally allowed to provide limited amounts of food aid to prisoners of war in the U.S. occupation zone.[34]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-25"}],"sub_title":"Postwar study on Red Cross parcels and Canadian POWs","text":"The Canadian government conducted a detailed study of the effect of the Red Cross parcels on the health and morale of Canadian POWs shortly after the end of the Second World War. Over 5,000 former POWs were interviewed, and Canadian authorities determined that a significant number of soldiers did not get the intended one parcel per man per week; most had to make do with one-half of a parcel per week, or even less on some occasions. Soldiers were asked to state their preferences with regard to specific contents of the parcels: the most popular item turned out to be the biscuits, with butter a close second, followed (in order) by meat, milk (powdered and other), chocolate, cigarettes, tea, jam, cereals, cheese and coffee.[25] The Canadian parcel was preferred to British, American or New Zealand-issued parcels, claiming that the Canadian parcels had \"greater bulk\", \"lasted longer\", and/or had \"more food\".[25]With regard to especially disliked foods, the Canadian respondents (over 4,200 of the interviewed POWs) expressed the greatest distaste for the vegetables and fish enclosed in the food parcels (about fifteen per cent of the total number of respondents), followed (in order) by condiments, egg powder, cereals, fat, cheese, desserts, sweets, beverages, jams, biscuits and milk. However, except for the first two items on that list, all of these were named by only a minuscule percentage of the total number of respondents.[25]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCMissing-35"},{"link_name":"Nazi concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCMissing-35"}],"sub_title":"Parcels from Red Cross organisations in occupied countries","text":"Belgium sent parcels to their POWs and in addition, family members could send parcels.[35]\nDenmark sent parcels to Danish citizens incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps.[36]\nFrance sent parcels to their POWs and in addition, family members could send parcels.[35]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Red Cross medical kits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gauze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauze#Uses_and_types"},{"link_name":"laxative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative"},{"link_name":"aspirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin"},{"link_name":"boric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boric_acid"},{"link_name":"sodium bicarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate"},{"link_name":"Salicylic ointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylic_acid"},{"link_name":"athlete's foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot"},{"link_name":"Mercuric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merbromin#Mercurochrome"},{"link_name":"sulphur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur#Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"Band-Aids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-Aids"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-med-dept.com-24"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"American","text":"A second type of parcel delivered through the Red Cross during the Second World War was the Red Cross Prisoner of War First Aid Safety Kit, which was supplied by the American Red Cross for distribution through the International Committee. Such parcels generally held the following items:A twelve-page booklet with instructions on the use of the enclosed medical supplies, printed in English, French, German, Polish and Serbo-Croatian\nTen packages of sterilised gauze, in two different sizes\nOne package containing 500 laxative pills\nTwo packages containing 500 aspirin tablets each\nTwelve gauze bandages\nTwo cans of insecticide powder\nFour tubes of boric acid antiseptic ointment\nTwo packages containing 500 sodium bicarbonate tablets each\nTwo tubes of Salicylic ointment (for treatment of athlete's foot and similar fungal diseases)\nTwo tubes of Mercuric antiseptic ointment\nFour tubes of sulphur ointment (for treatment of skin diseases)\nOne box containing 100 Band-Aids\nTwo rolls of adhesive tape\nTwo 1-ounce (28 g) packages of absorbent cotton\nSafety pins, forceps, soap, disinfectants and scissors.[24]Other kits issued to some POWs through the American Red Cross contained a few differences in contents, but were generally similar to the above.[37]","title":"Red Cross medical kits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disinfectant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant"},{"link_name":"Dover's powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover%27s_powder"},{"link_name":"ferric subsulfate solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferric_subsulfate_solution"},{"link_name":"zinc ointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide#Medicine"},{"link_name":"cascara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamnus_purshiana"},{"link_name":"formalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde#Disinfectant_and_biocide"},{"link_name":"vitamin-C tablets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C#Supplements"},{"link_name":"sulphapyridine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphapyridine"},{"link_name":"magnesium trisilicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_trisilicate"},{"link_name":"kaoline poultice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_clay#Skin_conditions"},{"link_name":"vitamin A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A"},{"link_name":"vitamin D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D"},{"link_name":"TCP (antiseptic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_(antiseptic)"},{"link_name":"sulphanilamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphanilamide"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Red_Cross_Medical_Supplies-38"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922-1943)"},{"link_name":"microscopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope"},{"link_name":"sterilisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilizer"},{"link_name":"artificial limbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_limb"},{"link_name":"vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Red_Cross_Medical_Supplies-38"}],"sub_title":"British","text":"The British Red Cross also supplied Medical Parcels to Allied PoWs during the war. Prior to 15 June 1942, these kits generally consisted of:A general parcel containing cotton wool, safety pins, soap, aspirin tablets and ointment\nA disinfectant parcel\nSpecial parcels containing thermometers and dressing scissors.After 15 June 1942, the British kits' contents changed. The new kits contained:An invalid food unit consisting of two parcels – milk and food\nA medical stores unit consisting of four parcels:\"Medical 1\" contained soap and disinfectant\n\"Medical 2\" contained sodium bicarbonate, Dover's powder, lung balsam, ferric subsulfate solution, zinc ointment, cascara, zinc oxide powder, formalin throat tablets, ammoniated mercury ointment, flexoplast, lint, cotton wool, gauze, vitamin-C tablets, pile ointment, sulphapyridine tablets, magnesium trisilicate, and oxide plaster\n\"Medical 3 and 4\" contained additional quantities of the supplies found in \"Medical 2\", adding to them kaoline poultice, vitamin A and vitamin D tablets, TCP (antiseptic), aspirin, Bemax, sulphanilamide and toilet paper.[38]In addition, German and Italian authorities sometimes permitted British prisoner hospitals to procure equipment from England via the Red Cross, including microscopes, sterilisers, material for manufacturing artificial limbs, medical instruments, vaccines, drugs and even games and other recreational materials.[38]","title":"Red Cross medical kits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Playing cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_card"},{"link_name":"Cigarette case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_case"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"The American Red Cross provided a special \"release parcel\" to some Allied POWs upon their initial release from enemy captivity. These parcels included:Razor\nRazor blades\nShaving cream\nToothbrush\nToothpaste\nPencil\nComb\nSocks\nCigarettes\nHandkerchiefs\nPlaying cards\nStationery\nBook\nHard candy\nChewing gum\nFace cloth\nCigarette case with the American Red Cross emblem imprinted on it.[39]These kits were distributed as follows: 71,400 to France; 10,000 to the Soviet Union; 9,500 to Italy; 5,000 to Egypt; and 4,000 to the Philippines.[40]","title":"Release parcels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collapse of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Red Shirt Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shirt_Movement_(Thailand)"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, many pensioners in the newly independent nation of Georgia were left destitute by the resulting collapse of the Georgian economy and the inability of their small pensions to keep up with inflation. The Red Cross, with the financial support of the German government, assisted approximately 500,000 of these mostly elderly people with food parcels over a seven-year period during the 1990s. As of 2001, more than 12,000 were still dependent upon Red Cross food assistance.[41]Food parcels were also distributed by the Red Cross of Thailand during Red Shirt Movement disturbances in 2006 in Bangkok,[42] and to British victims of flooding in Gloucestershire in 2007. The British package contained:[43]Five tins of canned fruit\nOne loaf of longlife bread\nTwo packets of rye crackers\nThree cartons of long-life milk\nOne jar of savoury spread\nThree packets of plain biscuits\nThree tins of fish\nThree tins of meat\nFive tins of potatoes\nTwo jars of sandwich spread\nTwo packs of cereal bars\nOne flashlight, batteries, toilet paper, and one tube of sanitiser hand gel.","title":"Modern Red Cross parcels"}]

[{"image_text":"British Red Cross parcel from the First World War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Red_Cross_Parcel.jpg/250px-Red_Cross_Parcel.jpg"}]

[{"title":"A. Y. G. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Y._G._Campbell"},{"title":"Disaster relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_relief"}]

[{"reference":"Video: Santo Tomas Prisoners Liberated, 1945/03/01 (1945). Universal Newsreel. 1945. Retrieved 21 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/1945-03-01_Santo_Tomas_Prisoners_Liberated","url_text":"Video: Santo Tomas Prisoners Liberated, 1945/03/01 (1945)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Newsreel","url_text":"Universal Newsreel"}]},{"reference":"\"Fundraising during the First World War\" (PDF). Red Cross. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151001115628/http://www.redcross.org.uk/~/media/BritishRedCross/Documents/Who%20we%20are/History%20and%20archives/Fundraising%20during%20the%20First%20World%20War.pdf","url_text":"\"Fundraising during the First World War\""},{"url":"http://www.redcross.org.uk/~/media/BritishRedCross/Documents/Who%20we%20are/History%20and%20archives/Fundraising%20during%20the%20First%20World%20War.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Helping prisoners of war\". Red Cross New Zealand.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redcross.org.nz/100/world-war-one/helping-prisoners-of-war/","url_text":"\"Helping prisoners of war\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Keith (1996). A tribute to the \"SS Vega\". CISS Pub. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-0-946806-18-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946806-18-8","url_text":"978-0-946806-18-8"}]},{"reference":"\"AMERICAN. PRISONEES OF WAR IN GERMANY Prepared by MILITARY INTELLIGENCB SERVICE WAR DEPARTMENT 15 July 1944\". 486th.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.486th.org/Photos/Stammlager/KU3738/POWs.htm","url_text":"\"AMERICAN. PRISONEES OF WAR IN GERMANY Prepared by MILITARY INTELLIGENCB SERVICE WAR DEPARTMENT 15 July 1944\""}]},{"reference":"Coles, Joan (1985). Three years behind barbed wire. La Haule Books. ISBN 086120-008-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/086120-008-X","url_text":"086120-008-X"}]},{"reference":"Crossland, James (27 May 2014). Britain and the International Committee of the Red Cross, 1939-1945. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. ISBN 9781137399571.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137399571","url_text":"9781137399571"}]},{"reference":"\"Red Cross Parcels Surplus\". The Examiner. 8 May 1945. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Food parcels in the Second World War\". British Red Cross.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redcross.org.uk/About-us/Who-we-are/Museum-and-archives/Historical-factsheets/Food-parcels","url_text":"\"Food parcels in the Second World War\""}]},{"reference":"\"World War II Specialized War-time Services\". American Red Cross.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redcross.org/about-us/history/red-cross-american-history/WWII/specialized-services","url_text":"\"World War II Specialized War-time Services\""}]},{"reference":"Foreign War Relief 1939-1942. American Red Cross.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tisdall, FF; Wilson, M (1949). \"Final report on the Canadian Red Cross food parcels for prisoners-of-war\". Can Med Assoc J. 60 (3): 279–86. PMC 1591471. PMID 18123897.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1591471","url_text":"\"Final report on the Canadian Red Cross food parcels for prisoners-of-war\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1591471","url_text":"1591471"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18123897","url_text":"18123897"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Red Cross and WWII\". New Zealand Red Cross. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054613/https://www.redcross.org.nz/100/world-war-two/new-zealand-red-cross-and-wwii/","url_text":"\"New Zealand Red Cross and WWII\""},{"url":"https://www.redcross.org.nz/100/world-war-two/new-zealand-red-cross-and-wwii/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Contents of Red Cross Parcels\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ww2talk.com/forums/topic/38878-contents-of-red-cross-parcels/","url_text":"\"Contents of Red Cross Parcels\""}]},{"reference":"Heimbuch, Raymond (May 2008). 5 Brothers in Arms. Xlibris Corporation, 2008. p. 80. ISBN 9781453501986.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781453501986","url_text":"9781453501986"}]},{"reference":"\"The Red Cross and World War Two\". History learning site.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-red-cross-and-world-war-two/","url_text":"\"The Red Cross and World War Two\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Red Cross and World War Two\". The History Learning Site.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/the-red-cross-and-world-war-two/","url_text":"\"The Red Cross and World War Two\""}]},{"reference":"Cook, Denys (October 2013). Missing in action. Trafford Publishing, 2013. p. 100. ISBN 9781490716008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490716008","url_text":"9781490716008"}]},{"reference":"\"Rescue, Expulsion, and Collaboration:Denmark's Difficulties with its World War II Past\". JCPA.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-vilhjalmsson-f06.htm","url_text":"\"Rescue, Expulsion, and Collaboration:Denmark's Difficulties with its World War II Past\""}]},{"reference":"\"United Kingdom – Floods: Information Bulletin no. 04/2007\" (PDF). Information Bulletin. Red Cross. 30 July 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/rpts07/UKFloodsIB0407.pdf","url_text":"\"United Kingdom – Floods: Information Bulletin no. 04/2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross","url_text":"Red Cross"}]},{"reference":"Yarnall, John (2011). Barbed Wire Disease: British & German Prisoners of War, 1914-19. Stroud: Spellmount. ISBN 9780752456904.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752456904","url_text":"9780752456904"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokil

Mokil

["1 See also","2 References"]

Coordinates: 6°41′29″N 159°45′49″E / 6.6915°N 159.7635°E / 6.6915; 159.7635Mokil Atoll, Pohnpei State, Micronesia, Pacific Ocean Mokil, or known to the locals as Mwoakilloa, is one of 6 outer-island municipalities on Mokil Atoll in the state of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. Almost 200 people live on a land area of about 1 square km. The atoll was formerly known as Wellington Island. The atoll is home to a local legend of a Princess Eti, who could speak in many tongues, and communicated with the first French explorers to the island. See also Madolenihmw Kitti (municipality) U, Pohnpei Nett Kapingamarangi Pingelap Sapwuahfik Nukuoro Sokehs Kolonia Oroluk Palikir References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mokil. Statoids.com, retrieved December 8, 2010 6°41′29″N 159°45′49″E / 6.6915°N 159.7635°E / 6.6915; 159.7635 This Federated States of Micronesia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[{"image_text":"Mokil Atoll, Pohnpei State, Micronesia, Pacific Ocean","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mokil.jpg/220px-Mokil.jpg"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-41-B

STS-41-B

["1 Crew","1.1 Spacewalks","1.2 Crew seating arrangements","2 Mission summary","2.1 Crew","2.2 Launch and satellite deployment","2.3 Untethered EVA","2.4 Scientific experiments","2.5 Issues with the orbiter","2.6 Return to Earth","3 Mission insignia","4 Wake-up calls","5 After the mission","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]

1984 American crewed spaceflight STS-41-BBruce McCandless II demonstrates the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU), floating in space above a clouded Earth.NamesSpace Transportation System-41BSTS-11Mission typeCommunications satellites deploymentEquipment testingOperatorNASACOSPAR ID1984-011A SATCAT no.14681Mission duration7 days, 23 hours, 15 minutes, 55 seconds (achieved)Distance travelled5,329,150 km (3,311,380 mi)Orbits completed128 Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftSpace Shuttle ChallengerLaunch mass113,603 kg (250,452 lb)Landing mass91,280 kg (201,240 lb)Payload mass12,815 kg (28,252 lb) CrewCrew size5MembersVance D. BrandRobert L. GibsonBruce McCandless IIRobert L. StewartRonald E. McNairEVAs2EVA duration12 hours, 12 minutesFirst: 5 hours, 55 minutesSecond: 6 hours, 17 minutes Start of missionLaunch dateFebruary 3, 1984, 13:00:00 UTCRocketSpace Shuttle ChallengerLaunch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39AContractorRockwell International End of missionLanding dateFebruary 11, 1984, 12:15:55 UTCLanding siteKennedy Space Center, Runway 15 Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentric orbitRegimeLow Earth orbitPerigee altitude307 km (191 mi)Apogee altitude317 km (197 mi)Inclination28.50°Period90.80 minutes InstrumentsGet Away Special (GAS) canistersSTS-41-B mission patch Standing: Mission Specialists Robert L. Stewart, Ronald McNair and Bruce McCandless II. Stewart and McCandless are wearing Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMUs).Seated: Vance D. Brand and Robert L. GibsonSpace Shuttle program← STS-9STS-41-C (11) →  STS-41-B was NASA's tenth Space Shuttle mission and the fourth flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger. It launched on February 3, 1984 and landed on February 11, 1984, after deploying two communications satellites. It was also notable for including the first untethered spacewalk. Following STS-9, the flight numbering system for the Space Shuttle program was changed. Because the original successor to STS-9, STS-10, was canceled due to payload delays, the next flight, originally and internally designated STS-11, became STS-41-B as part of the new numbering system. Crew Position Astronaut Commander Vance D. BrandThird spaceflight Pilot Robert L. GibsonFirst spaceflight Mission Specialist 1 Bruce McCandless IIFirst spaceflight Mission Specialist 2 Robert L. StewartFirst spaceflight Mission Specialist 3 Ronald E. McNairOnly spaceflight Spacewalks EVA 1 Personnel: McCandless and Stewart Date: February 7, 1984 Duration: 5 hours, 55 minutes EVA 2 Personnel: McCandless and Stewart Date: February 9, 1984 Duration: 6 hours, 17 minutes Crew seating arrangements Seat Launch Landing Seats 1–4 are on the Flight Deck. Seats 5–7 are on the Middeck. S1 Brand Brand S2 Gibson Gibson S3 McNair McCandless S4 Stewart Stewart S5 McCandless McNair Mission summary STS-41B launch Palapa B2 after deployment Astronaut Bruce McCandless exercises the Manned Maneuvering Unit. McCandless approaches his maximum distance from Challenger. Crew The STS-41-B crew included commander Vance D. Brand, making his second Shuttle flight; pilot Robert L. Gibson; and mission specialists Bruce McCandless II, Ronald E. McNair, and Robert L. Stewart. Launch and satellite deployment Challenger lifted off from Kennedy Space Center at 08:00:00 a.m. EST on February 3, 1984. It was estimated that 100,000 people attended the launch. Two communications satellites were deployed about 8 hours after launch; one, Westar 6, was for America's Western Union, and the other, Palapa B2, for Indonesia; both were Hughes-built HS-376-series satellites. However, the Payload Assist Modules (PAM) for both satellites malfunctioned, placing them into a lower-than-planned orbit. Both satellites were retrieved successfully in November 1984 during STS-51-A, which was conducted by the orbiter Discovery. Untethered EVA On February 7, the fourth day of the mission, astronauts McCandless and Stewart performed the first untethered spacewalk, operating the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) for the first time. At 8:25 a.m. EST, pulsing the MMU's thrusters, McCandless ventured out of Challenger's payload bay, and reached 98 m (322 ft) from the orbiter. Stewart tested the "work station" foot restraint at the end of the Remote Manipulator System (Canadarm). On the seventh day of the mission, both astronauts performed another extravehicular activity (EVA) to practice capture procedures for the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) satellite retrieval and repair operation, which was planned for the next mission, STS-41-C. Scientific experiments STS-41-B also achieved the reflight of the West German-sponsored SPAS-1 pallet/satellite, which had originally flown on STS-7. This time, however, it remained in the payload bay due to an electrical problem in the RMS (Canadarm). The mission also carried five Get Away Special (GAS) canisters, six live rats in the middeck area, a Cinema-360 camera and a continuation of the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System and Monodisperse Latex Reactor experiments. Included in one of the GAS canisters was the first experiment designed and built by a high school team to fly in space. The experiment, on seed germination and growth in zero gravity, was created and built by a team of four students from Brighton High School in Utah through a partnership with Utah State University. Brighton High School STS-11 Decal Issues with the orbiter During the mission, the nozzles of Challenger's supply and wastewater venting systems experienced below-freezing temperatures; subsequently, the supply water dump valve failed to open, so excess water was dumped through the flash evaporator for the remainder of the mission.: 6  During re-entry, ice from the dump valves broke off their nozzles situated near the nose of the orbiter and struck the left Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) pod, damaging three Thermal Protection System (TPS) tiles and leading to a burn-through,: 4  but the damage was minimal enough that Challenger and its crew were unharmed.: 19  During the post-flight inspection it was found that the dump line upstream of the two nozzles had ruptured due to the wastewater expanding as it froze, and insulation was missing around both nozzles.: 6, 17  The TPS tiles near the nozzles were also discolored, indicating ice had built up prior to re-entry.: 19  Return to Earth The 7 days, 23 hours, 15 minutes, and 55 seconds flight ended on February 11, 1984 with a successful landing at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility. This marked the first landing of a spacecraft at its launch site. Challenger completed 128 orbits and traveled 5,329,150 km (3,311,380 mi). Mission insignia Designed by artist Robert McCall, the eleven stars in the blue field symbolize the mission's original designation as STS-11. The left panel shows the deployment of a satellite, and the right panel shows an astronaut using the MMU. Wake-up calls NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities. Flight day Song Artist/composer Played for Day 2 Garbled during the broadcast, title unknown Contraband Ronald E. McNair Day 3 "A Train" Contraband Day 4 "Glory, Glory, Colorado""Ride High You Mustangs" The University of Colorado BandCal Poly San Luis Obispo / H.P. Davidson Vance D. BrandRobert L. Gibson Day 5 "Armed Forces Medley" Vance D. BrandBruce McCandlessRobert L. GibsonRobert L. Stewart Day 6 "North Carolina A&T University alma mater""Southern Mississippi to the Top" North Carolina A&T UniversityUniversity of Southern Mississippi Ronald E. McNairRobert L. Stewart Day 7 "Theme from The Greatest American Hero" Joey Scarbury A planned EVA Day 8 "The Air Force Song" U.S. Air Force CAPCOMs Day 9 "In the Mood" Contraband After the mission Astronaut Bruce McCandless II sued singer Dido in 2010 over the use of a public domain photo of him in space on this mission on her 2008 album Safe Trip Home. Two years after this mission, Ronald E. McNair was a crew member of the ill-fated STS-51-L. He and his six colleagues were killed when Challenger disintegrated 14 km (8.7 mi) above the Atlantic Ocean 73 seconds after liftoff. See also Spaceflight portal List of human spaceflights List of Space Shuttle missions Lists of spacewalks and moonwalks Notes ^ "Contraband" was the name of a music group of NASA employees, among them Ron McNair on the tenor sax. References ^ "NASA shuttle cargo summary" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2000. Retrieved August 15, 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "SATCAT". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved March 23, 2014. ^ a b Legler, Robert D.; Bennett, Floyd V. (September 2011). "Space Shuttle Missions Summary" (PDF). Mission Operations Johnson Space Center. p. 2-10. Retrieved December 21, 2023. ^ Barton, Dick; Cometa, Sue; Gordon, Bob; Green, Bill; Howard, Bob; Schilder, Shirley (January 1984). "41-B Press Information" (PDF). Rockwell International Office of Public Relations. p. 1. Retrieved December 21, 2023. ^ a b c d "Feb. 7, 1984: NASA Astronauts Perform First Untethered Spacewalk". The New York Times. February 7, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2013. ^ "STS-41B". Spacefacts. Retrieved February 26, 2014. ^ Stanley, Rick (February 4, 1984). "Backed Up Cars; Broken Down Bus; a Beautiful Launch". Florida Today. Cocoa, Florida. p. 3A – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b ""It'll Be A Miracle": The Rescue of Palapa and Westar (Part 1)". AmericaSpace. November 12, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2013. ^ ""More Favored than the Birds": The Manned Maneuvering Unit in Space". NASA. 1998. Retrieved July 20, 2013. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b Noble, John Wilfred (February 8, 1984). "2 ASTRONAUTS FLOAT FREE IN SPACE, 170 MILES UP". New York Times. pp. A1, B10. Retrieved February 7, 2024. ^ a b c "STS-41-B". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on April 15, 2002. Retrieved July 20, 2013. ^ Winkler, H. Eugene (July 1, 1992). Shuttle Orbiter Environmental Control and Life Support System - Flight Experience (PDF). International Conference On Environmental Systems, July 13-16 1992, Seattle, Washington. SAE International. p. 7. doi:10.4271/921348. ISSN 0148-7191 – via SAE Mobilus. On flight STS-41 B in January 1984, during a simultaneous supply and wastewater dump, the temperature of both dump nozzles became very cold, well below freezing. Later in the mission, the supply water dump valve failed to open and excess water had to be dumped through the flash evaporator. After the flight, the dump line near the dump nozzle was found to be ruptured, apparently by ice formation. ^ a b c d e Collins, Jr., Michael A.; Aldrich, A. D.; Lunney, G.S. (March 1984). "STS-41B National Space Transportation Systems Mission Program Report" (PDF). NASA Technical Reports Server. National Aeronautics and Space Administration - Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. pp. 4, 6, 17, 19. Retrieved December 21, 2023. ^ a b Fries, Colin (June 25, 2007). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ Cal Poly San Luis Obispo Mustang Band. "Band Handbook - School Songs". Mustang Band - The Pride of the Pacific. Cal Poly University Bands. Retrieved December 21, 2023. ^ Michael Zhang (October 8, 2010). "NASA Astronaut Sues Dido Over Album Cover Photograph". ^ "Astronaut Bio: Ronald McNair 12/03". jsc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. External links Mission summary Archived 4 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine and additional information Archived 16 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine NASA STS-41-B Post-flight video summary with crew narration NASA Video - Astronaut Bruce McCandless II Floats Free in Space STS-41-B In-flight Photographs at the National Archives and Records Administration vteSpace Shuttle Challenger (OV-099)Flights STS-6 STS-7 STS-8 STS-41-B STS-41-C STS-41-G STS-51-B STS-51-F STS-61-A STS-51-L Status Out of service - Challenger disaster (destroyed) - January 28, 1986 (STS-51-L) Related Rogers Commission STS-61-F STS-61-M Challenger flag The Dream Is Alive (1985 documentary) Challenger (1990 film) When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions (2008 documentary miniseries) The Challenger Disaster (2013 film) Challenger: The Final Flight (2020 documentary miniseries) vteU.S. Space Shuttle missionsCompleted(crews)1970s 1977 Approach and Landing Tests 1980s 1981 STS-1 STS-2 1982 STS-3 STS-4 STS-5 1983 STS-6 STS-7 STS-8 STS-9 1984 STS-41-B STS-41-C STS-41-D STS-41-G STS-51-A 1985 STS-51-C STS-51-D STS-51-B STS-51-G STS-51-F STS-51-I STS-51-J STS-61-A STS-61-B 1986 STS-61-C STS-51-L† 1988 STS-26 STS-27 1989 STS-29 STS-30 STS-28 STS-34 STS-33 1990s 1990 STS-32 STS-36 STS-31 STS-41 STS-38 STS-35 1991 STS-37 STS-39 STS-40 STS-43 STS-48 STS-44 1992 STS-42 STS-45 STS-49 STS-50 STS-46 STS-47 STS-52 STS-53 1993 STS-54 STS-56 STS-55 STS-57 STS-51 STS-58 STS-61 1994 STS-60 STS-62 STS-59 STS-65 STS-64 STS-68 STS-66 1995 STS-63 STS-67 STS-71 STS-70 STS-69 STS-73 STS-74 1996 STS-72 STS-75 STS-76 STS-77 STS-78 STS-79 STS-80 1997 STS-81 STS-82 STS-83 STS-84 STS-94 STS-85 STS-86 STS-87 1998 STS-89 STS-90 STS-91 STS-95 STS-88 1999 STS-96 STS-93 STS-103 2000s 2000 STS-99 STS-101 STS-106 STS-92 STS-97 2001 STS-98 STS-102 STS-100 STS-104 STS-105 STS-108 2002 STS-109 STS-110 STS-111 STS-112 STS-113 2003 STS-107† 2005 STS-114 2006 STS-121 STS-115 STS-116 2007 STS-117 STS-118 STS-120 2008 STS-122 STS-123 STS-124 STS-126 2009 STS-119 STS-125 STS-127 STS-128 STS-129 2010s 2010 STS-130 STS-131 STS-132 2011 STS-133 STS-134 STS-135 Cancelled STS-41-F STS-61-E STS-61-F STS-61-G STS-61-H STS-62-A STS-61-M STS-61-J STS-144 STS-3xx STS-400 Others Orbiters Atlantis Challenger disaster report Columbia disaster investigation Discovery Endeavour Enterprise † indicates failure missions. vte← 1983Orbital launches in 19841985 →January OPS 0441 February STS-41-B (Westar 6, Palapa B2, IRT, SPAS-1A) OPS 8737 OPS 8737 SSU-1 OPS 8737 SSU-2 OPS 8737 SSU-3 Soyuz T-10 Progress 19 March Intelsat V F-8 April Soyuz T-11 STS-41-C (LDEF) OPS 7641 Progress 20 OPS 8424 May Progress 21 Spacenet 1 Progress 22 June Intelsat V F-9 USA-1 USA-2 USA-3 July Soyuz T-12 August ECS-2 Telecom 1A Progress 23 USA-4 STS-41-D (SBS-4, Leasat 2, Telstar 3C) September USA-5 October STS-41-G (ERBS, OSTA-3) November STS-51-A (Anik D2, Leasat 1) Spacenet 2 MARECS-2 December USA-6 NOAA-9 USA-7 Unknownmonth Kosmos 1522 Kosmos 1523 Kosmos 1524 Kosmos 1525 Kosmos 1526 Kosmos 1527 Kosmos 1528 Kosmos 1529 Kosmos 1530 Kosmos 1531 Kosmos 1532 Yuri 2a Kosmos 1533 Kosmos 1534 Shiyan Tongbu Tongxing Weixing 1 Kosmos 1535 Kosmos 1536 Ōzora Gran' No.25L Kosmos 1537 Kosmos 1538 Kosmos 1539 Landsat 5 UoSAT-2 Kosmos 1540 Kosmos 1541 Kosmos 1542 Kosmos 1543 Kosmos 1544 Ekran No.26L Molniya-1 No.51 Kosmos 1545 Kosmos 1546 Kosmos 1547 Shiyan Tongbu Tongxing Weixing 2 Kosmos 1548 Kosmos 1549 Gorizont No.19L Kosmos 1550 Kosmos 1551 Kosmos 1552 Kosmos 1553 Kosmos 1554 Kosmos 1555 Kosmos 1556 Kosmos 1557 Kosmos 1558 Kosmos 1559 Kosmos 1560 Kosmos 1561 Kosmos 1562 Kosmos 1563 Kosmos 1564 Kosmos 1565 Kosmos 1566 Kosmos 1567 Kosmos 1568 Kosmos 1569 Kosmos 1570 Kosmos 1571 Kosmos 1572 Kosmos 1573 Kosmos 1574 Gran' No.27L Kosmos 1575 Kosmos 1576 Kosmos 1577 Kosmos 1578 Kosmos 1579 Kosmos 1580 Kosmos 1581 Meteor-2 No.16 Kosmos 1582 Kosmos 1583 Kosmos 1584 Kosmos 1585 Gorizont No.20L Kosmos 1586 Himawari 3 Kosmos 1587 Kosmos 1588 Kosmos 1589 Molniya-1 No.53 Kosmos 1590 CCE IRM UKS SCE Molniya-1 No.54 Ekran No.27L Kosmos 1591 Kosmos 1592 Kosmos 1593 Kosmos 1594 Kosmos 1595 Kosmos 1596 Fanhui Shi Weixing 7 Kosmos 1597 Kosmos 1598 Galaxy 3 Kosmos 1599 Kosmos 1600 Kosmos 1601 Kosmos 1602 Kosmos 1603 Kosmos 1604 Kosmos 1605 Nova 3 Kosmos 1606 Kosmos 1607 NATO 3D Kosmos 1608 Kosmos 1609 Kosmos 1610 Kosmos 1611 Kosmos 1612 Kosmos 1613 Molniya-1 No.55 Vega 1 Kosmos 1614 Kosmos 1615 Vega 2 Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).

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It launched on February 3, 1984 and landed on February 11, 1984, after deploying two communications satellites. It was also notable for including the first untethered spacewalk.Following STS-9, the flight numbering system for the Space Shuttle program was changed. Because the original successor to STS-9, STS-10, was canceled due to payload delays, the next flight, originally and internally designated STS-11,[3][4] became STS-41-B as part of the new numbering system.","title":"STS-41-B"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"}],"sub_title":"Spacewalks","text":"EVA 1Personnel: McCandless and Stewart\nDate: February 7, 1984\nDuration: 5 hours, 55 minutes[5]EVA 2Personnel: McCandless and Stewart\nDate: February 9, 1984\nDuration: 6 hours, 17 minutes[5]","title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Crew seating arrangements","title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS-41-B_Launch_(20071535339).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS-41-B_Palapa_B-2_deployment.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS-41-B_EVA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manned Maneuvering Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Maneuvering_Unit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EVAtion_-_GPN-2000-001087.jpg"}],"text":"STS-41B launch\nPalapa B2 after deployment\nAstronaut Bruce McCandless exercises the Manned Maneuvering Unit.\nMcCandless approaches his maximum distance from Challenger.","title":"Mission summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vance D. Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_D._Brand"},{"link_name":"Robert L. Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Gibson"},{"link_name":"Bruce McCandless II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II"},{"link_name":"Ronald E. McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_E._McNair"},{"link_name":"Robert L. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Stewart"}],"sub_title":"Crew","text":"The STS-41-B crew included commander Vance D. Brand, making his second Shuttle flight; pilot Robert L. Gibson; and mission specialists Bruce McCandless II, Ronald E. McNair, and Robert L. Stewart.","title":"Mission summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kennedy Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"EST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Westar 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westar"},{"link_name":"Western Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Union"},{"link_name":"Palapa B2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palapa"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericaSpace-8"},{"link_name":"Payload Assist Modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module"},{"link_name":"STS-51-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-51-A"},{"link_name":"Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmericaSpace-8"}],"sub_title":"Launch and satellite deployment","text":"Challenger lifted off from Kennedy Space Center at 08:00:00 a.m. EST on February 3, 1984. It was estimated that 100,000 people attended the launch.[7] Two communications satellites were deployed about 8 hours after launch; one, Westar 6, was for America's Western Union, and the other, Palapa B2, for Indonesia;[8] both were Hughes-built HS-376-series satellites. However, the Payload Assist Modules (PAM) for both satellites malfunctioned, placing them into a lower-than-planned orbit. Both satellites were retrieved successfully in November 1984 during STS-51-A, which was conducted by the orbiter Discovery.[8]","title":"Mission summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manned Maneuvering Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Maneuvering_Unit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMU_to_98_m-10"},{"link_name":"Canadarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadarm"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMU_to_98_m-10"},{"link_name":"Solar Maximum Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Maximum_Mission"},{"link_name":"STS-41-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-41-C"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-5"}],"sub_title":"Untethered EVA","text":"On February 7, the fourth day of the mission, astronauts McCandless and Stewart performed the first untethered spacewalk, operating the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) for the first time.[5][9] At 8:25 a.m. EST, pulsing the MMU's thrusters, McCandless ventured out of Challenger's payload bay, and reached 98 m (322 ft) from the orbiter.[10] Stewart tested the \"work station\" foot restraint at the end of the Remote Manipulator System (Canadarm).[10] On the seventh day of the mission, both astronauts performed another extravehicular activity (EVA) to practice capture procedures for the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) satellite retrieval and repair operation, which was planned for the next mission, STS-41-C.[5]","title":"Mission summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"STS-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ency-11"},{"link_name":"Get Away Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Away_Special"},{"link_name":"rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ency-11"},{"link_name":"zero gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlessness"},{"link_name":"Brighton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_High_School_(Cottonwood_Heights,_Utah)"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Utah State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ency-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_High_School_STS-11_Payload_Decal.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Scientific experiments","text":"STS-41-B also achieved the reflight of the West German-sponsored SPAS-1 pallet/satellite, which had originally flown on STS-7.[11] This time, however, it remained in the payload bay due to an electrical problem in the RMS (Canadarm). The mission also carried five Get Away Special (GAS) canisters, six live rats in the middeck area, a Cinema-360 camera and a continuation of the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System and Monodisperse Latex Reactor experiments.[11] Included in one of the GAS canisters was the first experiment designed and built by a high school team to fly in space. The experiment, on seed germination and growth in zero gravity, was created and built by a team of four students from Brighton High School in Utah through a partnership with Utah State University.[11]Brighton High School STS-11 Decal","title":"Mission summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STS-41B_Mission_Report-13"},{"link_name":"Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_Maneuvering_System"},{"link_name":"Thermal Protection System (TPS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_thermal_protection_system"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STS-41B_Mission_Report-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shuttle_Missions_Summary-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STS-41B_Mission_Report-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STS-41B_Mission_Report-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STS-41B_Mission_Report-13"}],"sub_title":"Issues with the orbiter","text":"During the mission, the nozzles of Challenger's supply and wastewater venting systems experienced below-freezing temperatures; subsequently, the supply water dump valve failed to open, so excess water was dumped through the flash evaporator for the remainder of the mission.[12][13]: 6  During re-entry, ice from the dump valves broke off their nozzles situated near the nose of the orbiter and struck the left Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) pod, damaging three Thermal Protection System (TPS) tiles and leading to a burn-through,[13]: 4  but the damage was minimal enough that Challenger and its crew were unharmed.[3][13]: 19  During the post-flight inspection it was found that the dump line upstream of the two nozzles had ruptured due to the wastewater expanding as it froze, and insulation was missing around both nozzles.[13]: 6, 17  The TPS tiles near the nozzles were also discolored, indicating ice had built up prior to re-entry.[13]: 19","title":"Mission summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shuttle Landing Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility"}],"sub_title":"Return to Earth","text":"The 7 days, 23 hours, 15 minutes, and 55 seconds flight ended on February 11, 1984 with a successful landing at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility. This marked the first landing of a spacecraft at its launch site. Challenger completed 128 orbits and traveled 5,329,150 km (3,311,380 mi).","title":"Mission summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert McCall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCall_(artist)"}],"text":"Designed by artist Robert McCall, the eleven stars in the blue field symbolize the mission's original designation as STS-11. The left panel shows the deployment of a satellite, and the right panel shows an astronaut using the MMU.","title":"Mission insignia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Project Gemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini"},{"link_name":"Apollo 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronology-14"}],"text":"NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.[14]","title":"Wake-up calls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Safe Trip Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Trip_Home"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"STS-51-L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-51-L"},{"link_name":"disintegrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Astronaut Bruce McCandless II sued singer Dido in 2010 over the use of a public domain photo of him in space on this mission on her 2008 album Safe Trip Home.[16]Two years after this mission, Ronald E. McNair was a crew member of the ill-fated STS-51-L. He and his six colleagues were killed when Challenger disintegrated 14 km (8.7 mi) above the Atlantic Ocean 73 seconds after liftoff.[17]","title":"After the mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chronology-14"}],"text":"^ \"Contraband\" was the name of a music group of NASA employees, among them Ron McNair on the tenor sax.[14]","title":"Notes"}]

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[{"title":"Spaceflight portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight"},{"title":"List of human spaceflights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights"},{"title":"List of Space Shuttle missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions"},{"title":"Lists of spacewalks and moonwalks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_spacewalks_and_moonwalks"}]

[{"reference":"\"NASA shuttle cargo summary\" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2000. Retrieved August 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000831011509/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/green/cargsumm.pdf","url_text":"\"NASA shuttle cargo summary\""},{"url":"http://www.spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/green/cargsumm.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McDowell, Jonathan. \"SATCAT\". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved March 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt","url_text":"\"SATCAT\""}]},{"reference":"Legler, Robert D.; Bennett, Floyd V. (September 2011). \"Space Shuttle Missions Summary\" (PDF). Mission Operations Johnson Space Center. p. 2-10. Retrieved December 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sma.nasa.gov/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf","url_text":"\"Space Shuttle Missions Summary\""}]},{"reference":"Barton, Dick; Cometa, Sue; Gordon, Bob; Green, Bill; Howard, Bob; Schilder, Shirley (January 1984). \"41-B Press Information\" (PDF). Rockwell International Office of Public Relations. p. 1. Retrieved December 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/shuttle_pk/mrk/FLIGHT_010_STS-41B_MRK.pdf","url_text":"\"41-B Press Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feb. 7, 1984: NASA Astronauts Perform First Untethered Spacewalk\". The New York Times. February 7, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/07/feb-7-1984-nasa-astronauts-perform-first-untethered-spacewalk/","url_text":"\"Feb. 7, 1984: NASA Astronauts Perform First Untethered Spacewalk\""}]},{"reference":"\"STS-41B\". Spacefacts. Retrieved February 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-41b.htm","url_text":"\"STS-41B\""}]},{"reference":"Stanley, Rick (February 4, 1984). \"Backed Up Cars; Broken Down Bus; a Beautiful Launch\". Florida Today. Cocoa, Florida. p. 3A – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27543551/florida_today/","url_text":"\"Backed Up Cars; Broken Down Bus; a Beautiful Launch\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"It'll Be A Miracle\": The Rescue of Palapa and Westar (Part 1)\". AmericaSpace. November 12, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americaspace.com/?p=27134","url_text":"\"\"It'll Be A Miracle\": The Rescue of Palapa and Westar (Part 1)\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"More Favored than the Birds\": The Manned Maneuvering Unit in Space\". NASA. 1998. Retrieved July 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4219/Chapter13.html","url_text":"\"\"More Favored than the Birds\": The Manned Maneuvering Unit in Space\""}]},{"reference":"Noble, John Wilfred (February 8, 1984). \"2 ASTRONAUTS FLOAT FREE IN SPACE, 170 MILES UP\". New York Times. pp. A1, B10. Retrieved February 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyti.ms/42D6j1p","url_text":"\"2 ASTRONAUTS FLOAT FREE IN SPACE, 170 MILES UP\""}]},{"reference":"\"STS-41-B\". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on April 15, 2002. Retrieved July 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020415042717/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/sts41b.htm","url_text":"\"STS-41-B\""},{"url":"http://www.astronautix.com/flights/sts41b.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Winkler, H. Eugene (July 1, 1992). Shuttle Orbiter Environmental Control and Life Support System - Flight Experience (PDF). International Conference On Environmental Systems, July 13-16 1992, Seattle, Washington. SAE International. p. 7. doi:10.4271/921348. ISSN 0148-7191 – via SAE Mobilus. On flight STS-41 B in January 1984, during a simultaneous supply and wastewater dump, the temperature of both dump nozzles became very cold, well below freezing. Later in the mission, the supply water dump valve failed to open and excess water had to be dumped through the flash evaporator. After the flight, the dump line near the dump nozzle was found to be ruptured, apparently by ice formation.","urls":[{"url":"https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/921348","url_text":"Shuttle Orbiter Environmental Control and Life Support System - Flight Experience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4271%2F921348","url_text":"10.4271/921348"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0148-7191","url_text":"0148-7191"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Jr., Michael A.; Aldrich, A. D.; Lunney, G.S. (March 1984). \"STS-41B National Space Transportation Systems Mission Program Report\" (PDF). NASA Technical Reports Server. National Aeronautics and Space Administration - Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. pp. 4, 6, 17, 19. Retrieved December 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19850015588/downloads/19850015588.pdf","url_text":"\"STS-41B National Space Transportation Systems Mission Program Report\""}]},{"reference":"Fries, Colin (June 25, 2007). \"Chronology of Wakeup Calls\" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220093919/https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf","url_text":"\"Chronology of Wakeup Calls\""},{"url":"https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cal Poly San Luis Obispo Mustang Band. \"Band Handbook - School Songs\". Mustang Band - The Pride of the Pacific. Cal Poly University Bands. Retrieved December 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://mband.calpoly.edu/handbook/resources/schoolsongs.html","url_text":"\"Band Handbook - School Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Zhang (October 8, 2010). \"NASA Astronaut Sues Dido Over Album Cover Photograph\".","urls":[{"url":"https://petapixel.com/2010/10/08/nasa-astronaut-sues-dido-over-album-cover-photograph/","url_text":"\"NASA Astronaut Sues Dido Over Album Cover Photograph\""}]},{"reference":"\"Astronaut Bio: Ronald McNair 12/03\". jsc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090321072013/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/mcnair.html","url_text":"\"Astronaut Bio: Ronald McNair 12/03\""},{"url":"http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/mcnair.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pago

Battle of Pago

["1 Context","2 The Battle of Pago","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References"]

Successful Portuguese siege on Bintan Battle of PagoPart of Malay-Portuguese conflictsDate1520LocationPagohResult Portuguese victoryBelligerents Portuguese Empire Sultanate of BintanCommanders and leaders António Correia Sultan MahmudStrength 2 carracks, 1 caravel, 2–4 galliots 150 Portuguese soldiers 300 Malay auxiliaries 2,000 men100 lancharasCasualties and losses Few Unknown vtePortuguese battlesin the Indian Ocean Cannanore (1501) Calicut (1503) Pandarane (1504) Cochin (1504) Mombasa (1505) Cannanore (1506) Anjadiva (1506) Barawa (1507) Socotra (1507) Hormuz (1507) Cannanore (1507) Chaul (1508) Dabul (1508) Diu (1509) Goa (1510) Malacca (1511) Aden (1513) Jeddah (1517) Goa (1517) Zeila (1517) Pago (1520) Aceh (1521) Bahrain (1521) Bintan (1521) Pedir (1522) Ash-Shihr (1523) Muar river (1523) Pasai (1523–24) Lingga (1525) Calicut (1526) Mombasa (1528) Aceh (1528) Bahrain (1529) Diu (1531) Ugentana (1535) Ugentana (1536) Diu (1538) Suakin (1541) Jeddah (1541) El Tor (1541) Suez (1541) Benadir (1542) Diu (1546) Perlis River (1547) Aden (1548) Al-Shihr (1548) Qatif (1551) Malacca (1551) Muscat (1552) Strait of Hormuz (1553) Gulf of Oman (1554) Bahrain (1559) Jaffna (1560) Malacca (1568) Aceh (1569) Muscat (1581) Daman (1581) Leitao Coast (1586) Johor (1587) Jaffna (1591) Kottakkal (1599–1600) Bantam (1601) Aceh (1606) Malacca (1606) Cape Rachado (1606) Swally (1612) Gulf of Mannar (1612–13) Cambarão (1614) Formoso River (1615) Jaffna (1619) Qeshm (1621–22) Hormuz (1622) Persian Gulf (1625) Langat River (1628) Duyon River (1629) Hooghly (1632) Julfar (1633) Sohar (1633–1643) Goa (1638) Daman (1638–39) Mormugão (1639) Malacca (1641) Muscat (1650) Colombo (1654) Colombo (1654) Mombasa (1696–98) Surat (1704) Calicut (1752) Portuguese colonial campaigns vtePortuguese colonial campaigns 15th century Morocco (1415) Morocco (1419) Morocco (1437) Morocco (1458) Morocco (1463-64) Morocco (1468) Morocco (1471) Guinea (1478) Morocco (1487) Morocco (1490) 16th century India (1500-1513) Algeria (1501) East Africa (1505) Indian Ocean (1505–17) India (1506) East Africa (1507) Socotra (1507) Persian Gulf (1507–15) India (1508) India (1509) India (1510) Malaysia (1511) Morocco (1513) Morocco (1514) Morocco (1514) Morocco (1515) Morocco (1515) East Africa (1517) Goa (1517) Malaysia (1520) Sri Lanka (1520–1658) Sumatra (1521) Bahrain (1521) Insulindia (1521) China (1521) Sumatra (1522) Arabia (1523) Malaysia (1523) Sumatra (1523-24) Insulindia (1525) Insulindia (1526) India (1526) Java (1527) Sumatra (1528) East Africa (1528) Persian Gulf (1529) Moluccas (1530–1607) India (1531) Tunis (1535) Malaysia (1535) Malaysia (1536) Moluccas (1536) Brazil (1534-1536) Indian Ocean (1538–60) Red Sea (1541) Red Sea (1541) Red Sea (1541) Red Sea (1541) Ethiopia (1541) Ethiopia (1542) East Africa (1542) Insulindia (1545) India (1546) Malaysia (1547) Arabia (1548) Arabia (1548) Persian Gulf (1551) Malaysia (1551) Arabia (1552–54) Gulf of Oman (1554) Pakistan (1557) Brazil (1558) Jaffna (1560) Japan (1561) Morocco (1562) Japan (1565) Brazil (1567) Malacca (1568) Sumatra (1569) India (1570–75) Morocco (1578) Atlantic Ocean (1580–83) India (1581) Arabia (1581) Indian Ocean (1586–89) Persian Gulf (1586) Malaysia (1587) Jaffna (1591) India (1599) 17th century Java (1601) Sumatra (1606) Malaysia (1606) Malaysia (1606) India (1612) Brazil (1612-1615) Persian Gulf (1614) Malaysia (1615) Jaffna (1619) Coromandel Coast (1619) Persian Gulf (1621-22) Trincomalee (1622) Persian Gulf (1622) China (1622) Angola (1622) Angola (1623) Brazil (1624) Persian Gulf (1625) Brazil (1625) Gold Coast (1625) Malaysia (1628) Malacca (1629) Cape of Good Hope (1630) Brazil (1630) Brazil (1631) East Africa (1632) Bengal (1632) Arabia (1633) Arabia (1633-43) Brazil (1636) Gold Coast (1637) India (1638) Brazil (1638) India (1638–39) India (1639) Brazil (1640) Morocco (1640) Malaysia (1640–41) Angola (1641–48) Brazil (1641) Brazil (1645) Angola (1647) Brazil (1648) Brazil (1649) Arabia (1650) Brazil (1652–54) 1st Sri Lanka (1654) 2nd Sri Lanka (1654) Malabar (1658-63) Angola (1665) Angola (1670) Angola (1670) Angola (1671) Angola (1681) India (1693) East Africa (1696–98) 18th century India (1704) Brazil (1710) Brazil (1711) India (1729-32) Banda Oriental (1735–37) India (1746) India (1746) India (1752) Brazil (1756) Brazil (1762–63) Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63) Morocco (1769) Banda Oriental (1776–77) 19th century French Guiana (1809) China (1809-10) Banda Oriental (1816–20) Brazil (1821–23) China (1846) China (1849) Mozambique (1895) 20th century Angola (1902–03) Angola (1907) Angola (1914–15) Mozambique (1917–18) Timor (1942–43) India (1954) India (1961) Africa (1961–74) Angola (1961–74) Guinea-Bissau (1963–74) Mozambique (1964–74) The Battle of Pago was a military operation that took place in 1520, in which Portuguese forces successfully attacked Pago, where the former Sultan of Malacca Mahmud Shah had built a fortified camp to harass Portuguese Malacca. Context The second governor of Portuguese India Afonso de Albuquerque captured the Malay city of Malacca in 1511, but the Sultan of Malacca Mahmud Shah survived the battle and fled with his Court and army. He later built a base at Pago, upstream of the Muar River, from where he harassed the city of Malacca by land and sea, in the hopes of recovering it. To deal with the threat, governor Lopo Soares de Albergaria, dispatched three ships and 300 soldiers to Malacca under the command of Dom Aleixo de Meneses, which arrived in June 1518. He blockaded the mouth of the Muar River and so the sultan sought terms. Inexperienced, Dom Aleixo naively accepted a peace treaty, but after he departed with his men to Goa, the Mahmud Shah laid siege to Malacca on land, while 85 lancharas attacked from the sea. He was unable to overcome Portuguese defenses and after 17 days called off the attack, having suffering 600 dead to the Portuguese's 15. A Javanese captain whose wife the sultan had apparently taken defected to the Portuguese, and revealed the sultan's defenses at Muar. The Portuguese directed an expedition to the mouth of the river, where they destroyed a fortified stockade the sultan had built across the water, capturing 60 cannons. Aerial photograph of the mouth of the Muar river in Malaysia. When Dom Aleixo informed the governor of the situation at Malacca, he dispatched two carracks, a caravel, a brigantine and 150 soldiers under the command of António Correia to the city, while Garcia de Sá was appointed as new captain of Malacca. With these reinforcements, the Portuguese were able to force all of the Sultans men still in the vicinity of Malacca to withdraw to Pago in September 1519, after two months fighting. On July 15 1520 António Correia set out to disperse Mahmud Shah's camp at Pago, with 150 Portuguese and 300 Malay auxiliaries on a small flotilla of 2 carracks, 1 caravel, 2–4 galliots and a number of Malay lancharas. The Battle of Pago Model of a Portuguese caravel. Sailing up the Muar, the Portuguese found another fortified stockade built across the river close to Pago. Correia had it attacked by a caravel equipped with pavises and heavy caliber artillery, towed by the longboats. Despite the opposition of Malay fire and poisoned arrows, Portuguese soldiers assaulted the stockade, and captured it after a brief fight while the sailors opened the door to allow their ships to pass through. The caravel and the carracks were left behind to keep watch, and further up the river the Portuguese found the access to Pago blocked by numerous vertical wooden stakes driven into the river floor, along with numerous trees and logs felled into the water. They were moved out of the by a team of Portuguese carpenters, the sailors and the soldiers, until they reached Pago, where the Sultan had 2,000 men and war-elephants. Although Correia had ordered no man to engage before they had all landed in good order, he was ignored by his officers and soldiers; they disembarked under the cover of the vessel's artillery, and attacked the sultan's forces onshore, which were forced to abandon their position and escape into the jungle after a brief clash. Aftermath Correia armed a number of fidalgos as knights at some houses that had belonged to the sultan. Considerable spoil and some prisoners of war were captured at Pago while the sultan's fleet, numbering over 100 oarvessels was torched. Two large vessels, with gilded bows and stern were taken to Malacca as war-trophies. After being defeated at Pago, many of the sultan's captains defected, and lacking a fleet he withdrew via Pahang to Bintan Island, which he usurped from the native king and from where he would continue to fight the Portuguese in the future. The attack on Pago was later recorded in the Malay Annals, which reads: In a short time the Frangis appeared before Pagar and prepared to attack it. In a few days, Sang Satia died, and Pagoh was taken, and Sultan Ahmed made his retreat, and went up the river to Panarigan. The lame bandahara died, and was buried at Lubu Batu (the stone-plumbs) which is generally termed Bender-Lubu-Batu. After this, Sultan Ahmed, with Sultan Mahmud, returned to Pahang, and Sultan Abdal Jamil received them with great kindness, and conducted him into the city, with a thousand testimonies of respect and honour. Portuguese depiction of a "Malay lanchara" See also Portuguese Malacca Portuguese conquest of Malacca Battle of Lingga Siege of Bintan References ^ a b c d e f g Saturnino Monteiro: Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa 1139-1975 volume I, 2013 edition, pp.364-368. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Saturnino Monteiro: Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa 1139-1975 volume I, 2013 edition, pp.378-383 ^ Malay Annals, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1821, pp.357-358.

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(1529)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bahrain_(1529)"},{"link_name":"Moluccas (1530–1607)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternatean%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts"},{"link_name":"India (1531)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1531)"},{"link_name":"Tunis (1535)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)"},{"link_name":"Malaysia (1535)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ugentana"},{"link_name":"Malaysia (1536)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ugentana_(1536)"},{"link_name":"Moluccas (1536)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tidore"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1534-1536)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguape_War"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean (1538–60)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)"},{"link_name":"Red Sea (1541)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Suakin_(1541)"},{"link_name":"Red Sea (1541)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Jeddah_(1541)"},{"link_name":"Red Sea (1541)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_El_Tor"},{"link_name":"Red Sea (1541)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Suez_(1541)"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia (1541)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Massawa_(1541)"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia (1542)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War"},{"link_name":"East Africa (1542)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Benadir"},{"link_name":"Insulindia (1545)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Jailolo"},{"link_name":"India (1546)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1546)"},{"link_name":"Malaysia (1547)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Perlis_River"},{"link_name":"Arabia (1548)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Aden_(1548)"},{"link_name":"Arabia (1548)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Shihr_(1548)"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf (1551)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Qatif_(1551)"},{"link_name":"Malaysia (1551)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1551)"},{"link_name":"Arabia (1552–54)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_campaign_against_Hormuz"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Oman (1554)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Oman"},{"link_name":"Pakistan (1557)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Thatta"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1558)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1558)"},{"link_name":"Jaffna (1560)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_Kingdom_(1560)"},{"link_name":"Japan (1561)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Moji"},{"link_name":"Morocco (1562)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1562)"},{"link_name":"Japan (1565)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fukuda_Bay"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1567)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1567)"},{"link_name":"Malacca (1568)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1568)"},{"link_name":"Sumatra (1569)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aceh_(1569)"},{"link_name":"India (1570–75)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_the_Indies"},{"link_name":"Morocco (1578)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean (1580–83)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession"},{"link_name":"India (1581)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1581)"},{"link_name":"Arabia (1581)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1581)"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean (1586–89)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1586%E2%80%931589)"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf (1586)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leitao_Coast"},{"link_name":"Malaysia (1587)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Johor_(1587)"},{"link_name":"Jaffna (1591)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_Kingdom_(1591)"},{"link_name":"India (1599)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kottakkal"},{"link_name":"Java (1601)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bantam"},{"link_name":"Sumatra (1606)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_expedition_(1606)"},{"link_name":"Malaysia (1606)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1606)"},{"link_name":"Malaysia (1606)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Rachado"},{"link_name":"India (1612)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Swally"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1612-1615)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Maranh%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf (1614)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Cambar%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Malaysia (1615)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Formoso_River"},{"link_name":"Jaffna (1619)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Coromandel Coast (1619)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Crapp%C3%A9%27s_raids_on_Portuguese_colonies"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf (1621-22)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Qeshm"},{"link_name":"Trincomalee (1622)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Koneswaram_Temple"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf (1622)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Hormuz"},{"link_name":"China (1622)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Macau"},{"link_name":"Angola (1622)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mbumbi"},{"link_name":"Angola (1623)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mbanda_Kasi"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1624)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Bahia"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf (1625)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_1_February_1625"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1625)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast (1625)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1625)"},{"link_name":"Malaysia (1628)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Langat_River"},{"link_name":"Malacca (1629)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Duyon_River"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope (1630)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Flensborg"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1630)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Recife_(1630)"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1631)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos"},{"link_name":"East Africa (1632)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_al-Hasan#Portuguese_expedition_to_Mombasa_1632"},{"link_name":"Bengal (1632)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly"},{"link_name":"Arabia (1633)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Julfar"},{"link_name":"Arabia (1633-43)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Sohar"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1636)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mata_Redonda"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast (1637)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1637)"},{"link_name":"India (1638)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Goa_(1638)"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1638)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)"},{"link_name":"India (1638–39)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)"},{"link_name":"India (1639)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1640)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640"},{"link_name":"Morocco (1640)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazagan_Ambush_(1640)"},{"link_name":"Malaysia (1640–41)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1641)"},{"link_name":"Angola (1641–48)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapture_of_Angola"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1641)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mboror%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1645)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tabocas"},{"link_name":"Angola (1647)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kombi"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1648)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Guararapes"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1649)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes"},{"link_name":"Arabia (1650)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1650)"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1652–54)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recapture_of_Recife_(1652%E2%80%931654)"},{"link_name":"1st Sri Lanka (1654)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_23_March_1654"},{"link_name":"2nd Sri Lanka (1654)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_2_May_1654"},{"link_name":"Malabar (1658-63)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Malabar_(1658-1663)"},{"link_name":"Angola (1665)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mbwila"},{"link_name":"Angola (1670)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mbidizi_River"},{"link_name":"Angola (1670)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kitombo"},{"link_name":"Angola (1671)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pungo_Andongo"},{"link_name":"Angola (1681)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Katole"},{"link_name":"India (1693)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_of_Bassein_(1693)"},{"link_name":"East Africa (1696–98)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mombasa_(1696%E2%80%931698)"},{"link_name":"India (1704)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Surat_(1704)"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1710)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1710)"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1711)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"India (1729-32)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1729%E2%80%931732)"},{"link_name":"Banda Oriental (1735–37)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1735%E2%80%931737)"},{"link_name":"India (1746)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Alorna"},{"link_name":"India (1746)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tiracol"},{"link_name":"India (1752)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Calicut_(1752)"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1756)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_War"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1762–63)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_War"},{"link_name":"Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition"},{"link_name":"Morocco (1769)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1769)"},{"link_name":"Banda Oriental (1776–77)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)"},{"link_name":"French Guiana (1809)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_French_Guiana"},{"link_name":"China (1809-10)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth"},{"link_name":"Banda Oriental (1816–20)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Banda_Oriental"},{"link_name":"Brazil (1821–23)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"China (1846)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Faiti%C3%B5es"},{"link_name":"China (1849)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passale%C3%A3o_incident"},{"link_name":"Mozambique (1895)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Coolela"},{"link_name":"Angola (1902–03)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailundo_revolt"},{"link_name":"Angola (1907)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mufilo"},{"link_name":"Angola (1914–15)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_campaign_in_Angola"},{"link_name":"Mozambique (1917–18)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Timor (1942–43)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Timor"},{"link_name":"India (1954)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli"},{"link_name":"India (1961)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa"},{"link_name":"Africa (1961–74)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War"},{"link_name":"Angola (1961–74)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Mozambique (1964–74)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_of_Malacca"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca"}],"text":"vtePortuguese battlesin the Indian Ocean\nCannanore (1501)\nCalicut (1503)\nPandarane (1504)\nCochin (1504)\nMombasa (1505)\nCannanore (1506)\nAnjadiva (1506)\nBarawa (1507)\nSocotra (1507)\nHormuz (1507)\nCannanore (1507)\nChaul (1508)\nDabul (1508)\nDiu (1509)\nGoa (1510)\nMalacca (1511)\nAden (1513)\nJeddah (1517)\nGoa (1517)\nZeila (1517)\nPago (1520)\nAceh (1521)\nBahrain (1521)\nBintan (1521)\nPedir (1522)\nAsh-Shihr (1523)\nMuar river (1523)\nPasai (1523–24)\nLingga (1525)\nCalicut (1526)\nMombasa (1528)\nAceh (1528)\nBahrain (1529)\nDiu (1531)\nUgentana (1535)\nUgentana (1536)\nDiu (1538)\nSuakin (1541)\nJeddah (1541)\nEl Tor (1541)\nSuez (1541)\nBenadir (1542)\nDiu (1546)\nPerlis River (1547)\nAden (1548)\nAl-Shihr (1548)\nQatif (1551)\nMalacca (1551)\nMuscat (1552)\nStrait of Hormuz (1553)\nGulf of Oman (1554)\nBahrain (1559)\nJaffna (1560)\nMalacca (1568)\nAceh (1569)\nMuscat (1581)\nDaman (1581)\nLeitao Coast (1586)\nJohor (1587)\nJaffna (1591)\nKottakkal (1599–1600)\nBantam (1601)\nAceh (1606)\nMalacca (1606)\nCape Rachado (1606)\nSwally (1612)\nGulf of Mannar (1612–13)\nCambarão (1614)\nFormoso River (1615)\nJaffna (1619)\nQeshm (1621–22)\nHormuz (1622)\nPersian Gulf (1625)\nLangat River (1628)\nDuyon River (1629)\nHooghly (1632)\nJulfar (1633)\nSohar (1633–1643)\nGoa (1638)\nDaman (1638–39)\nMormugão (1639)\nMalacca (1641)\nMuscat (1650)\nColombo (1654)\nColombo (1654)\nMombasa (1696–98)\nSurat (1704)\nCalicut (1752)\nPortuguese colonial campaignsvtePortuguese colonial campaigns\n15th century\nMorocco (1415)\nMorocco (1419)\nMorocco (1437)\nMorocco (1458)\nMorocco (1463-64)\nMorocco (1468)\nMorocco (1471)\nGuinea (1478)\nMorocco (1487)\nMorocco (1490)\n16th century\nIndia (1500-1513)\nAlgeria (1501)\nEast Africa (1505)\nIndian Ocean (1505–17)\nIndia (1506)\nEast Africa (1507)\nSocotra (1507)\nPersian Gulf (1507–15)\nIndia (1508)\nIndia (1509)\nIndia (1510)\nMalaysia (1511)\nMorocco (1513)\nMorocco (1514)\nMorocco (1514)\nMorocco (1515)\nMorocco (1515)\nEast Africa (1517)\nGoa (1517)\nMalaysia (1520)\nSri Lanka (1520–1658)\nSumatra (1521)\nBahrain (1521)\nInsulindia (1521)\nChina (1521)\nSumatra (1522)\nArabia (1523)\nMalaysia (1523)\nSumatra (1523-24)\nInsulindia (1525)\nInsulindia (1526)\nIndia (1526)\nJava (1527)\nSumatra (1528)\nEast Africa (1528)\nPersian Gulf (1529)\nMoluccas (1530–1607)\nIndia (1531)\nTunis (1535)\nMalaysia (1535)\nMalaysia (1536)\nMoluccas (1536)\nBrazil (1534-1536)\nIndian Ocean (1538–60)\nRed Sea (1541)\nRed Sea (1541)\nRed Sea (1541)\nRed Sea (1541)\nEthiopia (1541)\nEthiopia (1542)\nEast Africa (1542)\nInsulindia (1545)\nIndia (1546)\nMalaysia (1547)\nArabia (1548)\nArabia (1548)\nPersian Gulf (1551)\nMalaysia (1551)\nArabia (1552–54)\nGulf of Oman (1554)\nPakistan (1557)\nBrazil (1558)\nJaffna (1560)\nJapan (1561)\nMorocco (1562)\nJapan (1565)\nBrazil (1567)\nMalacca (1568)\nSumatra (1569)\nIndia (1570–75)\nMorocco (1578)\nAtlantic Ocean (1580–83)\nIndia (1581)\nArabia (1581)\nIndian Ocean (1586–89)\nPersian Gulf (1586)\nMalaysia (1587)\nJaffna (1591)\nIndia (1599)\n17th century\nJava (1601)\nSumatra (1606)\nMalaysia (1606)\nMalaysia (1606)\nIndia (1612)\nBrazil (1612-1615)\nPersian Gulf (1614)\nMalaysia (1615)\nJaffna (1619)\nCoromandel Coast (1619)\nPersian Gulf (1621-22)\nTrincomalee (1622)\nPersian Gulf (1622)\nChina (1622)\nAngola (1622)\nAngola (1623)\nBrazil (1624)\nPersian Gulf (1625)\nBrazil (1625)\nGold Coast (1625)\nMalaysia (1628)\nMalacca (1629)\nCape of Good Hope (1630)\nBrazil (1630)\nBrazil (1631)\nEast Africa (1632)\nBengal (1632)\nArabia (1633)\nArabia (1633-43)\nBrazil (1636)\nGold Coast (1637)\nIndia (1638)\nBrazil (1638)\nIndia (1638–39)\nIndia (1639)\nBrazil (1640)\nMorocco (1640)\nMalaysia (1640–41)\nAngola (1641–48)\nBrazil (1641)\nBrazil (1645)\nAngola (1647)\nBrazil (1648)\nBrazil (1649)\nArabia (1650)\nBrazil (1652–54)\n1st Sri Lanka (1654)\n2nd Sri Lanka (1654)\nMalabar (1658-63)\nAngola (1665)\nAngola (1670)\nAngola (1670)\nAngola (1671)\nAngola (1681)\nIndia (1693)\nEast Africa (1696–98)\n18th century\nIndia (1704)\nBrazil (1710)\nBrazil (1711)\nIndia (1729-32)\nBanda Oriental (1735–37)\nIndia (1746)\nIndia (1746)\nIndia (1752)\nBrazil (1756)\nBrazil (1762–63)\nBanda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)\nMorocco (1769)\nBanda Oriental (1776–77)\n19th century\nFrench Guiana (1809)\nChina (1809-10)\nBanda Oriental (1816–20)\nBrazil (1821–23)\nChina (1846)\nChina (1849)\nMozambique (1895)\n20th century\nAngola (1902–03)\nAngola (1907)\nAngola (1914–15)\nMozambique (1917–18)\nTimor (1942–43)\nIndia (1954)\nIndia (1961)\nAfrica (1961–74)\nAngola (1961–74)\nGuinea-Bissau (1963–74)\nMozambique (1964–74)The Battle of Pago was a military operation that took place in 1520, in which Portuguese forces successfully attacked Pago, where the former Sultan of Malacca Mahmud Shah had built a fortified camp to harass Portuguese Malacca.","title":"Battle of Pago"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afonso de Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_of_Malacca"},{"link_name":"Muar River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muar_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro2-1"},{"link_name":"Lopo Soares de Albergaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopo_Soares_de_Albergaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro2-1"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro2-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro2-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muar_malaysia_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Garcia de Sá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcia_de_S%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro-2"}],"text":"The second governor of Portuguese India Afonso de Albuquerque captured the Malay city of Malacca in 1511, but the Sultan of Malacca Mahmud Shah survived the battle and fled with his Court and army. He later built a base at Pago, upstream of the Muar River, from where he harassed the city of Malacca by land and sea, in the hopes of recovering it.[1]To deal with the threat, governor Lopo Soares de Albergaria, dispatched three ships and 300 soldiers to Malacca under the command of Dom Aleixo de Meneses, which arrived in June 1518.[1] He blockaded the mouth of the Muar River and so the sultan sought terms.[1] Inexperienced, Dom Aleixo naively accepted a peace treaty, but after he departed with his men to Goa, the Mahmud Shah laid siege to Malacca on land, while 85 lancharas attacked from the sea.[1] He was unable to overcome Portuguese defenses and after 17 days called off the attack, having suffering 600 dead to the Portuguese's 15.[1]A Javanese captain whose wife the sultan had apparently taken defected to the Portuguese, and revealed the sultan's defenses at Muar.[1] The Portuguese directed an expedition to the mouth of the river, where they destroyed a fortified stockade the sultan had built across the water, capturing 60 cannons.[1]Aerial photograph of the mouth of the Muar river in Malaysia.When Dom Aleixo informed the governor of the situation at Malacca, he dispatched two carracks, a caravel, a brigantine and 150 soldiers under the command of António Correia to the city, while Garcia de Sá was appointed as new captain of Malacca.[2]With these reinforcements, the Portuguese were able to force all of the Sultans men still in the vicinity of Malacca to withdraw to Pago in September 1519, after two months fighting.[2] On July 15 1520 António Correia set out to disperse Mahmud Shah's camp at Pago, with 150 Portuguese and 300 Malay auxiliaries on a small flotilla of 2 carracks, 1 caravel, 2–4 galliots and a number of Malay lancharas.[2]","title":"Context"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_Caravel.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro-2"}],"text":"Model of a Portuguese caravel.Sailing up the Muar, the Portuguese found another fortified stockade built across the river close to Pago.[2] Correia had it attacked by a caravel equipped with pavises and heavy caliber artillery, towed by the longboats.[2] Despite the opposition of Malay fire and poisoned arrows, Portuguese soldiers assaulted the stockade, and captured it after a brief fight while the sailors opened the door to allow their ships to pass through.[2]The caravel and the carracks were left behind to keep watch, and further up the river the Portuguese found the access to Pago blocked by numerous vertical wooden stakes driven into the river floor, along with numerous trees and logs felled into the water.[2] They were moved out of the by a team of Portuguese carpenters, the sailors and the soldiers, until they reached Pago, where the Sultan had 2,000 men and war-elephants.[2]Although Correia had ordered no man to engage before they had all landed in good order, he was ignored by his officers and soldiers; they disembarked under the cover of the vessel's artillery, and attacked the sultan's forces onshore, which were forced to abandon their position and escape into the jungle after a brief clash.[2]","title":"The Battle of Pago"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro-2"},{"link_name":"Bintan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintan_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monteiro-2"},{"link_name":"Malay Annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Annals"},{"link_name":"Frangis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farang"},{"link_name":"Pahang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahang"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malay_lancaran.png"}],"text":"Correia armed a number of fidalgos as knights at some houses that had belonged to the sultan.[2] Considerable spoil and some prisoners of war were captured at Pago while the sultan's fleet, numbering over 100 oarvessels was torched.[2] Two large vessels, with gilded bows and stern were taken to Malacca as war-trophies.[2]After being defeated at Pago, many of the sultan's captains defected, and lacking a fleet he withdrew via Pahang to Bintan Island, which he usurped from the native king and from where he would continue to fight the Portuguese in the future.[2]The attack on Pago was later recorded in the Malay Annals, which reads:In a short time the Frangis appeared before Pagar and prepared to attack it. In a few days, Sang Satia died, and Pagoh was taken, and Sultan Ahmed made his retreat, and went up the river to Panarigan. The lame bandahara died, and was buried at Lubu Batu (the stone-plumbs) which is generally termed Bender-Lubu-Batu. After this, Sultan Ahmed, with Sultan Mahmud, returned to Pahang, and Sultan Abdal Jamil received them with great kindness, and conducted him into the city, with a thousand testimonies of respect and honour.[3]Portuguese depiction of a \"Malay lanchara\"","title":"Aftermath"}]

[{"image_text":"Aerial photograph of the mouth of the Muar river in Malaysia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Muar_malaysia_1.jpg/220px-Muar_malaysia_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Model of a Portuguese caravel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Portuguese_Caravel.jpg/220px-Portuguese_Caravel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portuguese depiction of a \"Malay lanchara\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Malay_lancaran.png/220px-Malay_lancaran.png"}]

[{"title":"Portuguese Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca"},{"title":"Portuguese conquest of Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)"},{"title":"Battle of Lingga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lingga"},{"title":"Siege of Bintan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bintan"}]

[]

[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J9JAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA358","external_links_name":"Malay Annals"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_engineer

Military engineering

["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Education","4 Sub-discipline","5 Explosives engineering","6 Military engineering by country","6.1 Brazil","6.2 Russia","6.3 United Kingdom","6.4 United States","6.5 Other nations","7 See also","7.1 Related topics","7.2 Notable military engineers","8 References","9 External links"]

Building and maintaining structures and systems for armies For soldiers who perform construction and demolition tasks in battle, see Combat engineer. For engineering research and development conducted for the military, see Military technology. Military engineer training in Ukraine, 2017 Part of a series onWarOutline History Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical castles Early modern pike and shot napoleonic Late modern industrial fourth-gen Military Organization Command and control Defense ministry Army Navy Air force Marines Coast guard Space force Reserves Regular / Irregular Ranks Specialties: Staff Engineers Intelligence Reconnaissance Medical Military police Land units: Infantry Armor Cavalry Artillery Special forces Signal corps Naval units: Warships Submarines Aircraft carriers Landing craft Auxiliary ships Air units: Fighters Bombers Command Close air support Electronic-warfare Reconnaissance Combat systems: Fire-control system Fire-control radar Director (military) Combat information center Sonar Radar Historical: Ship gun fire-control Gun data computer Torpedo data computer Development: Basic training Military manoeuvrers Combat training Battlespace Aerospace Air Airborne Space Land Cold-region Desert Jungle Mountain Urban Subterranean Tunnel Sea Amphibious Blue Brown Green Surface Underwater Cyber Information Weapons Air defence Armor Artillery Barrage Biological Camouflage Cavalry Horses Air cavalry Chemical Combined arms Conventional Cyber Denial Disinformation Drone / Robot Electromagnetic Infantry Loitering Missile Music Nuclear Psychological Radiological Unconventional TacticsList of military tactics Aerial Airlift Air assault Airbridge Airdrop Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counterinsurgency Defeat in detail Foxhole Drone Envelopment Guerrilla Morale Naval Rapid dominance Siege Swarm Screen Tactical objective Target saturation Trench Withdrawal Operational Military operation Operations research Blitzkrieg Expeditionary Deep operation Maneuver Operational manoeuvre group Raid StrategyList of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive Culminating Defence in depth Fabian Empty fort Mosaic Deception Defensive Depth Goal Nuclear Naval Offensive Scorched earth Grand strategy Asymmetric Blockade Broken-backed Class Cold war Colonial Conquest Containment Divide and conquer Economic Endemic Fleet in being Irregular Liberation Limited Network-centric New generation Perpetual Political Princely Proxy Religious Resource Strategic Succession Technology Theater Total war World war Administrative Branch Policy Staff Training Service Sociology Organization Area of responsibility Chain of command Command and control Doctrine Principles of war Economy of force Medicine Engineers Intelligence Ranks Technology and equipment Personnel Recruitment counter Conscription Training Specialism Women Children Transgender harassment Conscientious objector Volunteer foreign Mercenary Logistics History Military–industrial complex Arms industry Materiel Supply-chain management Base MOB FOB Outpost Science Power projection Loss-of-strength gradient Lanchester's laws Force multiplication Law Court-martial Geneva Conventions Geneva Protocol Islamic rules Justice Perfidy Jewish laws on war Right of conquest Rules of engagement Martial law War crime Theory Air supremacy Appeasement Command of the sea Deterrence theory Full-spectrum dominance Overmatch Unrestricted Warfare Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force War games Non-warfare Arms control Counter-insurgency deterrence Disaster response Grey-zone Gunboat diplomacy Humanitarian aid Law enforcement Low-intensity conflict Military engineering Multilateralism Peacekeeping Peacebuilding Peace through strength Show of force Culture Awards and decorations Warrior caste War film Military science fiction War novel Anti-war movement Foot drill War song Uniform Wargame Related Women in war War resister War studies Horses in warfare Wartime sexual violence Fifth column Lists Battles Military occupations Military terms Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers vte Military engineering is loosely defined as the art, science, and practice of designing and building military works and maintaining lines of military transport and military communications. Military engineers are also responsible for logistics behind military tactics. Modern military engineering differs from civil engineering. In the 20th and 21st centuries, military engineering also includes CBRN defense and other engineering disciplines such as mechanical and electrical engineering techniques. According to NATO, "military engineering is that engineer activity undertaken, regardless of component or service, to shape the physical operating environment. Military engineering incorporates support to maneuver and to the force as a whole, including military engineering functions such as engineer support to force protection, counter-improvised explosive devices, environmental protection, engineer intelligence and military search. Military engineering does not encompass the activities undertaken by those 'engineers' who maintain, repair and operate vehicles, vessels, aircraft, weapon systems and equipment." Military engineering is an academic subject taught in military academies or schools of military engineering. The construction and demolition tasks related to military engineering are usually performed by military engineers including soldiers trained as sappers or pioneers. In modern armies, soldiers trained to perform such tasks while well forward in battle and under fire are often called combat engineers. In some countries, military engineers may also perform non-military construction tasks in peacetime such as flood control and river navigation works, but such activities do not fall within the scope of military engineering. Etymology The word engineer was initially used in the context of warfare, dating back to 1325 when engine’er (literally, one who operates an engine) referred to "a constructor of military engines". In this context, "engine" referred to a military machine, i. e., a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult). As the design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings developed as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline. As the prevalence of civil engineering outstripped engineering in a military context and the number of disciplines expanded, the original military meaning of the word "engineering" is now largely obsolete. In its place, the term "military engineering" has come to be used. History Aerial view of Mulberry harbour "B" (27 October 1944) US Combat Engineer setting a charge (1944) In ancient times, military engineers were responsible for siege warfare and building field fortifications, temporary camps and roads. The most notable engineers of ancient times were the Romans and Chinese, who constructed huge siege-machines (catapults, battering rams and siege towers). The Romans were responsible for constructing fortified wooden camps and paved roads for their legions. Many of these Roman roads are still in use today. The first civilization to have a dedicated force of military engineering specialists were the Romans, whose army contained a dedicated corps of military engineers known as architecti. This group was pre-eminent among its contemporaries. The scale of certain military engineering feats, such as the construction of a double-wall of fortifications 30 miles (48 km) long, in just 6 weeks to completely encircle the besieged city of Alesia in 52 B.C.E., is an example. Such military engineering feats would have been completely new, and probably bewildering and demoralizing, to the Gallic defenders. Vitruvius is the best known of these Roman army engineers, due to his writings surviving. Examples of battles before the early modern period where military engineers played a decisive role include the Siege of Tyre under Alexander the Great, the Siege of Masada by Lucius Flavius Silva as well as the Battle of the Trench under the suggestion of Salman the Persian to dig a trench. For about 600 years after the fall of the Roman empire, the practice of military engineering barely evolved in the west. In fact, much of the classic techniques and practices of Roman military engineering were lost. Through this period, the foot soldier (who was pivotal to much of the Roman military engineering capability) was largely replaced by mounted soldiers. It was not until later in the Middle Ages, that military engineering saw a revival focused on siege warfare. Military engineers planned castles and fortresses. When laying siege, they planned and oversaw efforts to penetrate castle defenses. When castles served a military purpose, one of the tasks of the sappers was to weaken the bases of walls to enable them to be breached before means of thwarting these activities were devised. Broadly speaking, sappers were experts at demolishing or otherwise overcoming or bypassing fortification systems. Working dress of the Royal Military Artificers in Gibraltar, 1795 With the 14th-century development of gunpowder, new siege engines in the form of cannons appeared. Initially military engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating these new weapons just as had been the case with previous siege engines. In England, the challenge of managing the new technology resulted in the creation of the Office of Ordnance around 1370 in order to administer the cannons, armaments and castles of the kingdom. Both military engineers and artillery formed the body of this organization and served together until the office's successor, the Board of Ordnance was disbanded in 1855. In comparison to older weapons, the cannon was significantly more effective against traditional medieval fortifications. Military engineering significantly revised the way fortifications were built in order to be better protected from enemy direct and plunging shot. The new fortifications were also intended to increase the ability of defenders to bring fire onto attacking enemies. Fort construction proliferated in 16th-century Europe based on the trace italienne design. French sappers during the Battle of Berezina in 1812 By the 18th century, regiments of foot (infantry) in the British, French, Prussian and other armies included pioneer detachments. In peacetime these specialists constituted the regimental tradesmen, constructing and repairing buildings, transport wagons, etc. On active service they moved at the head of marching columns with axes, shovels, and pickaxes, clearing obstacles or building bridges to enable the main body of the regiment to move through difficult terrain. The modern Royal Welch Fusiliers and French Foreign Legion still maintain pioneer sections who march at the front of ceremonial parades, carrying chromium-plated tools intended for show only. Other historic distinctions include long work aprons and the right to wear beards. In West Africa, the Ashanti army was accompanied to war by carpenters who were responsible for constructing shelters and blacksmiths who repaired weapons. By the 18th century, sappers were deployed in the Dahomeyan army during assaults against fortifications. The Peninsular War (1808–14) revealed deficiencies in the training and knowledge of officers and men of the British Army in the conduct of siege operations and bridging. During this war low-ranking Royal Engineers officers carried out large-scale operations. They had under their command working parties of two or three battalions of infantry, two or three thousand men, who knew nothing in the art of siegeworks. Royal Engineers officers had to demonstrate the simplest tasks to the soldiers, often while under enemy fire. Several officers were lost and could not be replaced, and a better system of training for siege operations was required. On 23 April 1812 an establishment was authorised, by Royal Warrant, to teach "Sapping, Mining, and other Military Fieldworks" to the junior officers of the Corps of Royal Engineers and the Corps of Royal Military Artificers, Sappers and Miners. The first courses at the Royal Engineers Establishment were done on an all ranks basis with the greatest regard to economy. To reduce staff the NCOs and officers were responsible for instructing and examining the soldiers. If the men could not read or write they were taught to do so, and those who could read and write were taught to draw and interpret simple plans. The Royal Engineers Establishment quickly became the centre of excellence for all fieldworks and bridging. Captain Charles Pasley, the director of the Establishment, was keen to confirm his teaching, and regular exercises were held as demonstrations or as experiments to improve the techniques and teaching of the Establishment. From 1833 bridging skills were demonstrated annually by the building of a pontoon bridge across the Medway which was tested by the infantry of the garrison and the cavalry from Maidstone. These demonstrations had become a popular spectacle for the local people by 1843, when 43,000 came to watch a field day laid on to test a method of assaulting earthworks for a report to the Inspector General of Fortifications. In 1869 the title of the Royal Engineers Establishment was changed to "The School of Military Engineering" (SME) as evidence of its status, not only as the font of engineer doctrine and training for the British Army, but also as the leading scientific military school in Europe. A Bailey bridge being deployed in the Korean War to replace a bridge destroyed in combat. The dawn of the internal combustion engine marked the beginning of a significant change in military engineering. With the arrival of the automobile at the end of the 19th century and heavier than air flight at the start of the 20th century, military engineers assumed a major new role in supporting the movement and deployment of these systems in war. Military engineers gained vast knowledge and experience in explosives. They were tasked with planting bombs, landmines and dynamite. At the end of World War I, the standoff on the Western Front caused the Imperial German Army to gather experienced and particularly skilled soldiers to form "Assault Teams" which would break through the Allied trenches. With enhanced training and special weapons (such as flamethrowers), these squads achieved some success, but too late to change the outcome of the war. In early WWII, however, the Wehrmacht "Pioniere" battalions proved their efficiency in both attack and defense, somewhat inspiring other armies to develop their own combat engineers battalions. Notably, the attack on Fort Eben-Emael in Belgium was conducted by Luftwaffe glider-deployed combat engineers. The need to defeat the German defensive positions of the "Atlantic wall" as part of the amphibious landings in Normandy in 1944 led to the development of specialist combat engineer vehicles. These, collectively known as Hobart's Funnies, included a specific vehicle to carry combat engineers, the Churchill AVRE. These and other dedicated assault vehicles were organised into the specialised 79th Armoured Division and deployed during Operation Overlord – 'D-Day'. Other significant military engineering projects of World War II include Mulberry harbour and Operation Pluto. Modern military engineering still retains the Roman role of building field fortifications, road paving and breaching terrain obstacles. A notable military engineering task was, for example, breaching the Suez Canal during the Yom Kippur War. Education Military engineers can come from a variety of engineering programs. They may be graduates of mechanical, electrical, civil, or industrial engineering. Sub-discipline Modern military engineering can be divided into three main tasks or fields: combat engineering, strategic support, and ancillary support. Combat engineering is associated with engineering on the battlefield. Combat engineers are responsible for increasing mobility on the front lines of war such as digging trenches and building temporary facilities in war zones. Strategic support is associated with providing service in communication zones such as the construction of airfields and the improvement and upgrade of ports, roads and railways communication. Ancillary support includes provision and distribution of maps as well as the disposal of unexploded warheads. Military engineers construct bases, airfields, roads, bridges, ports, and hospitals. During peacetime before modern warfare, military engineers took the role of civil engineers by participating in the construction of civil-works projects. Nowadays, military engineers are almost entirely engaged in war logistics and preparedness. Explosives engineering Explosives are defined as any system that produces rapidly expanding gases in a given volume in a short duration. Specific military engineering occupations also extend to the field of explosives and demolitions and their usage on the battlefield. Explosive devices have been used on the battlefield for several centuries, in numerous operations from combat to area clearance. Earliest known development of explosives can be traced back to 10th-century China where the Chinese are credited with engineering the world's first known explosive, black powder. Initially developed for recreational purposes, black powder later was utilized for military application in bombs and projectile propulsion in firearms. Engineers in the military who specialize in this field formulate and design many explosive devices to use in varying operating conditions. Such explosive compounds range from black powder to modern plastic explosives. This particular is commonly listed under the role of combat engineers who demolitions expertise also includes mine and IED detection and disposal. For more information, see Bomb disposal. Military engineering by country Military engineers are key in all armed forces of the world, and invariably found either closely integrated into the force structure, or even into the combat units of the national troops.Slovak AM 50 laying a bridge over the Torysa river Brazil Brazilian Army engineers can be part of the Quadro de Engenheiros Militares, with its members trained or professionalized by the traditional Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME) (Military Institute of Engineering), or the Arma de Engenharia, with its members trained by the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (AMAN) (Agulhas Negras Military Academy). In the Brazil's Navy, engineers can occupy the Corpo de Engenheiros da Marinha, the Quadro Complementar de Oficiais da Armada and the Quadro Complementar de Oficiais Fuzileiros Navais. Officers can come from the Centro de Instrução Almirante Wandenkolk (CIAW) (Admiral Wandenkolk Instruction Center) and the Escola Naval (EN) (Naval School) which, through internal selection of the Navy, finish their graduation at the Universidade de São Paulo (USP) (University of São Paulo). The Quadro de Oficias Engenheiros of the Brazilian Air Force is occupied by engineers professionalized by Centro de Instrução e Adaptação da Aeronáutica (CIAAR) (Air Force Instruction and Adaptation Center) and trained, or specialized, by Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA) (Aeronautics Institute of Technology). Russia  Russian Empire – Pososhniye lyudi  Soviet Union – Engineer Troops (Soviet Union); Assault Engineering Brigades  Russia – Russian Engineer Troops United Kingdom The Royal School of Military Engineering is the main training establishment for the British Army's Royal Engineers. The RSME also provides training for the Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, other Arms and Services of the British Army, Other Government Departments, and Foreign and Commonwealth countries as required. These skills provide vital components in the Army's operational capability, and Royal Engineers are currently deployed in Afghanistan, Iraq, Cyprus, Bosnia, Kosovo, Kenya, Brunei, Falklands, Belize, Germany and Northern Ireland. Royal Engineers also take part in exercises in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Italy, Egypt, Jordan, Canada, Poland and the United States. United States Main article: Military engineering of the United States The prevalence of military engineering in the United States dates back to the American Revolutionary War when engineers would carry out tasks in the U.S. Army. During the war, they would map terrain to and build fortifications to protect troops from opposing forces. The first military engineering organization in the United States was the Army Corps of Engineers. Engineers were responsible for protecting military troops whether using fortifications or designing new technology and weaponry throughout the United States' history of warfare. The Army originally claimed engineers exclusively, but as the U.S. military branches expanded to the sea and sky, the need for military engineering sects in all branches increased. As each branch of the United States military expanded, technology adapted to fit their respective needs. United States Army Corps of Engineers Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency, Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers (RED HORSE), and Prime Base Engineer Emergency Force (Prime BEEF) The United States Navy Construction Battalion Corps (better known as the Seabees) and Civil Engineer Corps United States Marine Corps Combat Engineer Battalions Other nations Department of the Engineer Troops of the Armed Forces of Armenia Royal Australian Engineers and the Royal Australian Air Force Airfield Engineers Corps of Engineers and Military Engineer Services (MES), Bangladesh Army Canadian Military Engineers The Danish military engineering corps is almost entirely organized into one regiment, simply named "Ingeniørregimentet" ("The Engineering Regiment"). Pioniertruppe (Bundeswehr)  Engineering Arm, including the Paris Fire Brigade Indian Army Corps of Engineers Indonesian Army Corps of Engineers Irish Army Engineer Corps Combat Engineering Corps of the Israel Defense Forces Engineer Regiment (Namibia) Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers Ingeniørbataljonen ("The Engineer Battalion") Rejimen Askar Jurutera DiRaja ("Royal Engineer Regiment") Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers and the Military Engineering Service 10th Engineer Brigade South African Army Engineer Formation Sri Lanka Engineers and the Engineer Services Regiment The Le Quy Don Technical University is the main training establishment for the Vietnamese Army's Corps of Engineers See also Related topics Bailey bridge Fortification History of warfare Military bridges Military engineering vehicles Military technology and equipment Siege engine Notable military engineers Mozi Gundulf of Rochester Henri Alexis Brialmont John Chard Menno van Coehoorn Pierre Charles L'Enfant Giovanni Fontana Leslie Groves Cyril Gordon Martin Coulson Norman Mitchell John Rosworm Charles Pasley Vauban Marc René, marquis de Montalembert Charles George Gordon Francis Fowke Paul R. Smith Vitruvius Eugénio dos Santos Tadeusz Kościuszko. Leonardo da Vinci Robert E. Lee Herman Haupt Douglas MacArthur George Washington Fritz Todt References ^ a b "military engineering". Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013. ^ NATO publication (1 April 2008). MC 0560 "MILITARY COMMITTEE POLICY FOR MILITARY ENGINEERING". NATO. ^ Bernard Brodie, Fawn McKay Brodie (1973). From Crossbow to H-bomb. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20161-6. ^ Oxford English Dictionary ^ Engineers' Council for Professional Development definition on Encyclopædia Britannica (Includes Britannica article on Engineering) ^ Purton, Peter (April 2018). "The Medieval Military Engineer". Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019. ^ Canadian Forces Publication, A-JS-007-003/JD-001 Customs and Traditions of the Canadian Military Engineers. 30 June 2003 ^ Museum, Royal Engineers. "Corps History – Part 2". Archived from the original on 4 February 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010. ^ Langins, Janis. Conserving the Enlightenment: French Military Engineering from Vauban to the Revolution. Cambridge, Massachusetts MIT Press. 2004. ^ Edgerton, Robert B. (2010). The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast. Simon & Schuster. p. 61. ISBN 9781451603736. ^ Thornton, John Kelly (1999). Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800. Psychology Press. p. 85. ISBN 9781857283921. ^ "Become a Military Engineer: Step-by-Step Career Guide". ^ "מאצרות". Friday, 10 April 2020 ^ "Combat Engineer (12B)". goarmy.com. Retrieved 26 April 2019. ^ a b "Explosive | chemical product". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2019. ^ Cooper, Paul W. (19 July 2018). Explosives Engineering. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119537137. ^ "Quadro de Engenheiros Militares - Armas, Quadros e Serviços". Exército Brasileiro (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2021. ^ "O que é o Corpo de Engenheiros? | Serviço de Seleção do Pessoal da Marinha". marinha.mil.br. Retrieved 16 March 2021. ^ "CIAAR - Página inicial". www2.fab.mil.br. Retrieved 16 March 2021. ^ Chambers, John (2000). "Engineering, Military". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 14 February 2013. External links Headquarters U.S. Army Corps of Engineers NATO Military Engineering Centre of Excellence vteEngineering History Outline List of engineering branches SpecialtiesandInterdisciplinarityCivil Architectural Coastal Construction Earthquake Environmental Ecological Sanitary Geological Geotechnical Hydraulic Mining Offshore River Structural Transportation Mechanical Acoustical Aerospace Automotive Energy HVAC Manufacturing Marine Naval architecture Railway Sports Tribology Electrical Broadcast Computer outline Control Electromechanics Electronics Avionics Microwaves Optical Photonics Power Radio frequency Telecommunications Chemical Biochemical Biological Biomaterial Bioresource Genetic Synthetic biology Tissue Electrochemical Food Molecular Paper Petroleum Process Reaction Other Agricultural Audio Biomedical Bioinformatics Clinical Health technology Pharmaceutical Prosthesis Rehabilitation Building services MEP Geoengineering Corrosion Design Engineering management Engineering mathematics Engineering physics Explosives Facilities Fire Geomatics Industrial Information Logistics Materials Ceramics Metals Plastics Polymers Surface Mechatronics Robotics Military Nanotechnology Nuclear Ontology Packaging Piping Privacy Safety Survey Security Software Systems Textile Engineering education Bachelor of Engineering Master of Engineering Doctor of Engineering Engineer's degree Engineering studies Related topics Engineer Glossaries Engineering A–L M–Z Aerospace engineering Civil engineering Electrical and electronics engineering Mechanical engineering Structural engineering Category Commons Wikiproject Portal Military engineering at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsTexts from Wikisource Authority control databases National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combat engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineer"},{"link_name":"Military technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MilitaryEngineerTraining_in_Ukraine_2017_08.jpg"},{"link_name":"military transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_transport"},{"link_name":"military communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications"},{"link_name":"logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"CBRN defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBRN_defense"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military_engineering-1"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"military academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_academies"},{"link_name":"schools of military engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Military_Engineering_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier"},{"link_name":"sappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapper"},{"link_name":"pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_(military)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"combat engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineer"},{"link_name":"flood control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_control"}],"text":"For soldiers who perform construction and demolition tasks in battle, see Combat engineer. For engineering research and development conducted for the military, see Military technology.Military engineer training in Ukraine, 2017Military engineering is loosely defined as the art, science, and practice of designing and building military works and maintaining lines of military transport and military communications. Military engineers are also responsible for logistics behind military tactics. Modern military engineering differs from civil engineering. In the 20th and 21st centuries, military engineering also includes CBRN defense and other engineering disciplines such as mechanical and electrical engineering techniques.[1]According to NATO, \"military engineering is that engineer activity undertaken, regardless of component or service, to shape the physical operating environment. Military engineering incorporates support to maneuver and to the force as a whole, including military engineering functions such as engineer support to force protection, counter-improvised explosive devices, environmental protection, engineer intelligence and military search. Military engineering does not encompass the activities undertaken by those 'engineers' who maintain, repair and operate vehicles, vessels, aircraft, weapon systems and equipment.\"[2]Military engineering is an academic subject taught in military academies or schools of military engineering. The construction and demolition tasks related to military engineering are usually performed by military engineers including soldiers trained as sappers or pioneers.[3] In modern armies, soldiers trained to perform such tasks while well forward in battle and under fire are often called combat engineers.In some countries, military engineers may also perform non-military construction tasks in peacetime such as flood control and river navigation works, but such activities do not fall within the scope of military engineering.","title":"Military engineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"catapult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catapult"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ECPD_Definition_on_Britannica-5"}],"text":"The word engineer was initially used in the context of warfare, dating back to 1325 when engine’er (literally, one who operates an engine) referred to \"a constructor of military engines\".[4] In this context, \"engine\" referred to a military machine, i. e., a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult).As the design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings developed as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering[5] entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline. As the prevalence of civil engineering outstripped engineering in a military context and the number of disciplines expanded, the original military meaning of the word \"engineering\" is now largely obsolete. In its place, the term \"military engineering\" has come to be used.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MulberryB_-_Piers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mulberry harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry_harbour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COMBAT_ENGINEER_SETTING_A_CHARGE.jpg"},{"link_name":"siege warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_warfare"},{"link_name":"fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"battering rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battering_rams"},{"link_name":"siege towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_tower"},{"link_name":"fortified wooden camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra"},{"link_name":"legions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_legion"},{"link_name":"Roman roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"architecti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_military_engineering"},{"link_name":"Vitruvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius"},{"link_name":"Siege of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(332_BC)"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Siege of Masada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Masada"},{"link_name":"Lucius Flavius Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Flavius_Silva"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Trench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench"},{"link_name":"Salman the Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_the_Persian"},{"link_name":"fall of the Roman empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Roman_empire"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"castles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"sappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Military_Artificers_working_dress_1795.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Artificers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Artificer_Company"},{"link_name":"gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder"},{"link_name":"siege engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_engine"},{"link_name":"cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon"},{"link_name":"Office of Ordnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Ordnance"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"medieval fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_fortification"},{"link_name":"trace italienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_italienne"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_12.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Berezina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina"},{"link_name":"Royal Welch Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Welch_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"French Foreign Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Ashanti army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_the_Ashanti_Empire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dahomeyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomeyan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Charles Pasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pasley"},{"link_name":"Medway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medway"},{"link_name":"Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baileys_Bridge_in_Korea.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bailey bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_bridge"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"internal combustion engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_automobile"},{"link_name":"heavier than air flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_history#Heavier_than_air"},{"link_name":"explosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive"},{"link_name":"landmines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mine"},{"link_name":"dynamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Imperial German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Army"},{"link_name":"flamethrowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamethrower"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Eben-Emael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eben-Emael"},{"link_name":"glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_glider"},{"link_name":"Atlantic wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_wall"},{"link_name":"Hobart's Funnies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart%27s_Funnies"},{"link_name":"Churchill AVRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_tank"},{"link_name":"79th Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Operation Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Mulberry harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry_harbour"},{"link_name":"Operation Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pluto"},{"link_name":"fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"Yom Kippur War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War"}],"text":"Aerial view of Mulberry harbour \"B\" (27 October 1944)US Combat Engineer setting a charge (1944)In ancient times, military engineers were responsible for siege warfare and building field fortifications, temporary camps and roads. The most notable engineers of ancient times were the Romans and Chinese, who constructed huge siege-machines (catapults, battering rams and siege towers). The Romans were responsible for constructing fortified wooden camps and paved roads for their legions. Many of these Roman roads are still in use today.[6]The first civilization to have a dedicated force of military engineering specialists were the Romans, whose army contained a dedicated corps of military engineers known as architecti. This group was pre-eminent among its contemporaries. The scale of certain military engineering feats, such as the construction of a double-wall of fortifications 30 miles (48 km) long, in just 6 weeks to completely encircle the besieged city of Alesia in 52 B.C.E., is an example. Such military engineering feats would have been completely new, and probably bewildering and demoralizing, to the Gallic defenders. Vitruvius is the best known of these Roman army engineers, due to his writings surviving.Examples of battles before the early modern period where military engineers played a decisive role include the Siege of Tyre under Alexander the Great, the Siege of Masada by Lucius Flavius Silva as well as the Battle of the Trench under the suggestion of Salman the Persian to dig a trench.For about 600 years after the fall of the Roman empire, the practice of military engineering barely evolved in the west. In fact, much of the classic techniques and practices of Roman military engineering were lost. Through this period, the foot soldier (who was pivotal to much of the Roman military engineering capability) was largely replaced by mounted soldiers. It was not until later in the Middle Ages, that military engineering saw a revival focused on siege warfare.[7]Military engineers planned castles and fortresses. When laying siege, they planned and oversaw efforts to penetrate castle defenses. When castles served a military purpose, one of the tasks of the sappers was to weaken the bases of walls to enable them to be breached before means of thwarting these activities were devised. Broadly speaking, sappers were experts at demolishing or otherwise overcoming or bypassing fortification systems.Working dress of the Royal Military Artificers in Gibraltar, 1795With the 14th-century development of gunpowder, new siege engines in the form of cannons appeared. Initially military engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating these new weapons just as had been the case with previous siege engines. In England, the challenge of managing the new technology resulted in the creation of the Office of Ordnance around 1370 in order to administer the cannons, armaments and castles of the kingdom. Both military engineers and artillery formed the body of this organization and served together until the office's successor, the Board of Ordnance was disbanded in 1855.[8]In comparison to older weapons, the cannon was significantly more effective against traditional medieval fortifications. Military engineering significantly revised the way fortifications were built in order to be better protected from enemy direct and plunging shot. The new fortifications were also intended to increase the ability of defenders to bring fire onto attacking enemies. Fort construction proliferated in 16th-century Europe based on the trace italienne design.[9]French sappers during the Battle of Berezina in 1812By the 18th century, regiments of foot (infantry) in the British, French, Prussian and other armies included pioneer detachments. In peacetime these specialists constituted the regimental tradesmen, constructing and repairing buildings, transport wagons, etc. On active service they moved at the head of marching columns with axes, shovels, and pickaxes, clearing obstacles or building bridges to enable the main body of the regiment to move through difficult terrain. The modern Royal Welch Fusiliers and French Foreign Legion still maintain pioneer sections who march at the front of ceremonial parades, carrying chromium-plated tools intended for show only. Other historic distinctions include long work aprons and the right to wear beards. In West Africa, the Ashanti army was accompanied to war by carpenters who were responsible for constructing shelters and blacksmiths who repaired weapons.[10] By the 18th century, sappers were deployed in the Dahomeyan army during assaults against fortifications.[11]The Peninsular War (1808–14) revealed deficiencies in the training and knowledge of officers and men of the British Army in the conduct of siege operations and bridging. During this war low-ranking Royal Engineers officers carried out large-scale operations. They had under their command working parties of two or three battalions of infantry, two or three thousand men, who knew nothing in the art of siegeworks. Royal Engineers officers had to demonstrate the simplest tasks to the soldiers, often while under enemy fire. Several officers were lost and could not be replaced, and a better system of training for siege operations was required. On 23 April 1812 an establishment was authorised, by Royal Warrant, to teach \"Sapping, Mining, and other Military Fieldworks\" to the junior officers of the Corps of Royal Engineers and the Corps of Royal Military Artificers, Sappers and Miners.The first courses at the Royal Engineers Establishment were done on an all ranks basis with the greatest regard to economy. To reduce staff the NCOs and officers were responsible for instructing and examining the soldiers. If the men could not read or write they were taught to do so, and those who could read and write were taught to draw and interpret simple plans. The Royal Engineers Establishment quickly became the centre of excellence for all fieldworks and bridging. Captain Charles Pasley, the director of the Establishment, was keen to confirm his teaching, and regular exercises were held as demonstrations or as experiments to improve the techniques and teaching of the Establishment. From 1833 bridging skills were demonstrated annually by the building of a pontoon bridge across the Medway which was tested by the infantry of the garrison and the cavalry from Maidstone. These demonstrations had become a popular spectacle for the local people by 1843, when 43,000 came to watch a field day laid on to test a method of assaulting earthworks for a report to the Inspector General of Fortifications. In 1869 the title of the Royal Engineers Establishment was changed to \"The School of Military Engineering\" (SME) as evidence of its status, not only as the font of engineer doctrine and training for the British Army, but also as the leading scientific military school in Europe.A Bailey bridge being deployed in the Korean War to replace a bridge destroyed in combat.The dawn of the internal combustion engine marked the beginning of a significant change in military engineering. With the arrival of the automobile at the end of the 19th century and heavier than air flight at the start of the 20th century, military engineers assumed a major new role in supporting the movement and deployment of these systems in war. Military engineers gained vast knowledge and experience in explosives. They were tasked with planting bombs, landmines and dynamite.At the end of World War I, the standoff on the Western Front caused the Imperial German Army to gather experienced and particularly skilled soldiers to form \"Assault Teams\" which would break through the Allied trenches. With enhanced training and special weapons (such as flamethrowers), these squads achieved some success, but too late to change the outcome of the war. In early WWII, however, the Wehrmacht \"Pioniere\" battalions proved their efficiency in both attack and defense, somewhat inspiring other armies to develop their own combat engineers battalions. Notably, the attack on Fort Eben-Emael in Belgium was conducted by Luftwaffe glider-deployed combat engineers.The need to defeat the German defensive positions of the \"Atlantic wall\" as part of the amphibious landings in Normandy in 1944 led to the development of specialist combat engineer vehicles. These, collectively known as Hobart's Funnies, included a specific vehicle to carry combat engineers, the Churchill AVRE. These and other dedicated assault vehicles were organised into the specialised 79th Armoured Division and deployed during Operation Overlord – 'D-Day'.Other significant military engineering projects of World War II include Mulberry harbour and Operation Pluto.Modern military engineering still retains the Roman role of building field fortifications, road paving and breaching terrain obstacles. A notable military engineering task was, for example, breaching the Suez Canal during the Yom Kippur War.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"electrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"industrial engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Military engineers can come from a variety of engineering programs. They may be graduates of mechanical, electrical, civil, or industrial engineering.[12][13]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military_engineering-1"}],"text":"Modern military engineering can be divided into three main tasks or fields: combat engineering, strategic support, and ancillary support. Combat engineering is associated with engineering on the battlefield. Combat engineers are responsible for increasing mobility on the front lines of war such as digging trenches and building temporary facilities in war zones.[14] Strategic support is associated with providing service in communication zones such as the construction of airfields and the improvement and upgrade of ports, roads and railways communication. Ancillary support includes provision and distribution of maps as well as the disposal of unexploded warheads. Military engineers construct bases, airfields, roads, bridges, ports, and hospitals. During peacetime before modern warfare, military engineers took the role of civil engineers by participating in the construction of civil-works projects. Nowadays, military engineers are almost entirely engaged in war logistics and preparedness.[1]","title":"Sub-discipline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Explosive_{{!}}_chemical_product-15"},{"link_name":"black powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Explosive_{{!}}_chemical_product-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"combat engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineer"},{"link_name":"IED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEDs"},{"link_name":"Bomb disposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_disposal"}],"text":"Explosives are defined as any system that produces rapidly expanding gases in a given volume in a short duration.[15] Specific military engineering occupations also extend to the field of explosives and demolitions and their usage on the battlefield. Explosive devices have been used on the battlefield for several centuries, in numerous operations from combat to area clearance. Earliest known development of explosives can be traced back to 10th-century China where the Chinese are credited with engineering the world's first known explosive, black powder.[15] Initially developed for recreational purposes, black powder later was utilized for military application in bombs and projectile propulsion in firearms. Engineers in the military who specialize in this field formulate and design many explosive devices to use in varying operating conditions. Such explosive compounds range from black powder to modern plastic explosives.[16] This particular is commonly listed under the role of combat engineers who demolitions expertise also includes mine and IED detection and disposal. For more information, see Bomb disposal.","title":"Explosives engineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slovakia_Town_Presov_270.jpg"},{"link_name":"AM 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_50"},{"link_name":"Torysa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torysa_(river)"}],"text":"Military engineers are key in all armed forces of the world, and invariably found either closely integrated into the force structure, or even into the combat units of the national troops.Slovak AM 50 laying a bridge over the Torysa river","title":"Military engineering by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Instituto Militar de Engenharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Militar_de_Engenharia"},{"link_name":"Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Militar_das_Agulhas_Negras"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Escola Naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_Naval_(Brasil)"},{"link_name":"Universidade de São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica"}],"sub_title":"Brazil","text":"Brazilian Army[17] engineers can be part of the Quadro de Engenheiros Militares, with its members trained or professionalized by the traditional Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME) (Military Institute of Engineering), or the Arma de Engenharia, with its members trained by the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (AMAN) (Agulhas Negras Military Academy).In the Brazil's Navy,[18] engineers can occupy the Corpo de Engenheiros da Marinha, the Quadro Complementar de Oficiais da Armada and the Quadro Complementar de Oficiais Fuzileiros Navais. Officers can come from the Centro de Instrução Almirante Wandenkolk (CIAW) (Admiral Wandenkolk Instruction Center) and the Escola Naval (EN) (Naval School) which, through internal selection of the Navy, finish their graduation at the Universidade de São Paulo (USP) (University of São Paulo).The Quadro de Oficias Engenheiros of the Brazilian Air Force[19] is occupied by engineers professionalized by Centro de Instrução e Adaptação da Aeronáutica (CIAAR) (Air Force Instruction and Adaptation Center) and trained, or specialized, by Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA) (Aeronautics Institute of Technology).","title":"Military engineering by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pososhniye lyudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pososhniye_lyudi"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Engineer Troops (Soviet Union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer_Troops_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Assault Engineering Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_Engineering_Brigades"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian Engineer Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Engineer_Troops"}],"sub_title":"Russia","text":"Russian Empire – Pososhniye lyudi\n Soviet Union – Engineer Troops (Soviet Union); Assault Engineering Brigades\n Russia – Russian Engineer Troops","title":"Military engineering by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal School of Military Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_School_of_Military_Engineering"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Falklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"The Royal School of Military Engineering is the main training establishment for the British Army's Royal Engineers. The RSME also provides training for the Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, other Arms and Services of the British Army, Other Government Departments, and Foreign and Commonwealth countries as required. These skills provide vital components in the Army's operational capability, and Royal Engineers are currently deployed in Afghanistan, Iraq, Cyprus, Bosnia, Kosovo, Kenya, Brunei, Falklands, Belize, Germany and Northern Ireland. Royal Engineers also take part in exercises in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Italy, Egypt, Jordan, Canada, Poland and the United States.","title":"Military engineering by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"United States Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Civil_Engineer_Support_Agency"},{"link_name":"Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Engineer_Deployable_Heavy_Operational_Repair_Squadron_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Prime Base Engineer Emergency Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Base_Engineer_Emergency_Force"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Construction Battalion Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabee"},{"link_name":"Civil Engineer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Engineer_Corps"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps Combat Engineer Battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_battalions#Combat_Engineer_battalions"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"The prevalence of military engineering in the United States dates back to the American Revolutionary War when engineers would carry out tasks in the U.S. Army. During the war, they would map terrain to and build fortifications to protect troops from opposing forces. The first military engineering organization in the United States was the Army Corps of Engineers. Engineers were responsible for protecting military troops whether using fortifications or designing new technology and weaponry throughout the United States' history of warfare. The Army originally claimed engineers exclusively, but as the U.S. military branches expanded to the sea and sky, the need for military engineering sects in all branches increased. As each branch of the United States military expanded, technology adapted to fit their respective needs.[20]United States Army Corps of Engineers\nAir Force Civil Engineer Support Agency, Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers (RED HORSE), and Prime Base Engineer Emergency Force (Prime BEEF)\nThe United States Navy Construction Battalion Corps (better known as the Seabees) and Civil Engineer Corps\nUnited States Marine Corps Combat Engineer Battalions","title":"Military engineering by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Air Force Airfield Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._65_Squadron_RAAF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Military Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Military_Engineers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Ingeniørregimentet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeni%C3%B8rregimentet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Pioniertruppe (Bundeswehr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pioniertruppe_(Bundeswehr)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioniertruppe_(Bundeswehr)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Engineering Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Arm"},{"link_name":"Paris Fire Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Fire_Brigade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Indian Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish Army Engineer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Army_Engineer_Corps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Combat Engineering Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Engineering_Corps"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Engineer Regiment (Namibia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer_Regiment_(Namibia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_New_Zealand_Engineers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Rejimen Askar Jurutera DiRaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejimen_Askar_Jurutera_DiRaja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Military Engineering Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Engineering_Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"10th Engineer Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Engineer_Brigade_(Romania)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South African Army Engineer Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Army_Engineer_Formation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Engineer Services Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer_Services_Regiment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Le Quy Don Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Quy_Don_Technical_University"}],"sub_title":"Other nations","text":"Department of the Engineer Troops of the Armed Forces of Armenia\n Royal Australian Engineers and the Royal Australian Air Force Airfield Engineers\n Corps of Engineers and Military Engineer Services (MES), Bangladesh Army\n Canadian Military Engineers\n The Danish military engineering corps is almost entirely organized into one regiment, simply named \"Ingeniørregimentet\" (\"The Engineering Regiment\").\n Pioniertruppe (Bundeswehr) [de]\n Engineering Arm, including the Paris Fire Brigade\n Indian Army Corps of Engineers\n Indonesian Army Corps of Engineers\n Irish Army Engineer Corps\n Combat Engineering Corps of the Israel Defense Forces\nEngineer Regiment (Namibia)\n Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers\n Ingeniørbataljonen (\"The Engineer Battalion\")\n Rejimen Askar Jurutera DiRaja (\"Royal Engineer Regiment\")\n Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers and the Military Engineering Service\n 10th Engineer Brigade\n South African Army Engineer Formation\n Sri Lanka Engineers and the Engineer Services Regiment\n The Le Quy Don Technical University is the main training establishment for the Vietnamese Army's Corps of Engineers","title":"Military engineering by country"}]

[{"image_text":"Military engineer training in Ukraine, 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/MilitaryEngineerTraining_in_Ukraine_2017_08.jpg/250px-MilitaryEngineerTraining_in_Ukraine_2017_08.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of Mulberry harbour \"B\" (27 October 1944)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/MulberryB_-_Piers.jpg/300px-MulberryB_-_Piers.jpg"},{"image_text":"US Combat Engineer setting a charge (1944)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/COMBAT_ENGINEER_SETTING_A_CHARGE.jpg/220px-COMBAT_ENGINEER_SETTING_A_CHARGE.jpg"},{"image_text":"Working dress of the Royal Military Artificers in Gibraltar, 1795","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Royal_Military_Artificers_working_dress_1795.jpg/220px-Royal_Military_Artificers_working_dress_1795.jpg"},{"image_text":"French sappers during the Battle of Berezina in 1812","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_12.jpeg/220px-Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_12.jpeg"},{"image_text":"A Bailey bridge being deployed in the Korean War to replace a bridge destroyed in combat.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Baileys_Bridge_in_Korea.jpg/220px-Baileys_Bridge_in_Korea.jpg"},{"image_text":"Slovak AM 50 laying a bridge over the Torysa river","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Slovakia_Town_Presov_270.jpg/220px-Slovakia_Town_Presov_270.jpg"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"military engineering\". Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/382334/military-engineering","url_text":"\"military engineering\""}]},{"reference":"NATO publication (1 April 2008). MC 0560 \"MILITARY COMMITTEE POLICY FOR MILITARY ENGINEERING\". NATO.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bernard Brodie, Fawn McKay Brodie (1973). From Crossbow to H-bomb. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20161-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fromcrossbowtohb0000brod","url_text":"From Crossbow to H-bomb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20161-6","url_text":"0-253-20161-6"}]},{"reference":"Purton, Peter (April 2018). \"The Medieval Military Engineer\". Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190426164505/https://boydellandbrewer.com/the-medieval-military-engineer-hb.html","url_text":"\"The Medieval Military Engineer\""},{"url":"https://boydellandbrewer.com/the-medieval-military-engineer-hb.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Museum, Royal Engineers. \"Corps History – Part 2\". Archived from the original on 4 February 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100204084632/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part2.htm","url_text":"\"Corps History – Part 2\""},{"url":"http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edgerton, Robert B. (2010). The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast. Simon & Schuster. p. 61. ISBN 9781451603736.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tkm5UZJz8z0C&q=carpenters+to+build+shelters%2C+blacksmiths","url_text":"The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451603736","url_text":"9781451603736"}]},{"reference":"Thornton, John Kelly (1999). Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800. Psychology Press. p. 85. ISBN 9781857283921.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thornton_(historian)","url_text":"Thornton, John Kelly"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MdI8DYItvg8C&q=European+forts+could+be+taken+by+direct+assault","url_text":"Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Press","url_text":"Psychology Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857283921","url_text":"9781857283921"}]},{"reference":"\"Become a Military Engineer: Step-by-Step Career Guide\".","urls":[{"url":"https://study.com/articles/Become_a_Military_Engineer_Step-by-Step_Career_Guide.html","url_text":"\"Become a Military Engineer: Step-by-Step Career Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"מאצרות\".","urls":[{"url":"https://idanbp.com/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA/","url_text":"\"מאצרות\""}]},{"reference":"\"Combat Engineer (12B)\". goarmy.com. Retrieved 26 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goarmy.com/careers-and-jobs/browse-career-and-job-categories/construction-engineering/combat-engineer.html","url_text":"\"Combat Engineer (12B)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explosive | chemical product\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/technology/explosive","url_text":"\"Explosive | chemical product\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Paul W. (19 July 2018). Explosives Engineering. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119537137.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mvRlDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Military+engineering%22&pg=PP2","url_text":"Explosives Engineering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119537137","url_text":"9781119537137"}]},{"reference":"\"Quadro de Engenheiros Militares - Armas, Quadros e Serviços\". Exército Brasileiro (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230513150023/https://www.eb.mil.br/armas-quadros-e-servicos/-/asset_publisher/W4kQlILo3SEa/content/quadro-de-engenheiros-militares?doAsUserId=ELaKQUVM4wU=&inheritRedirect=false","url_text":"\"Quadro de Engenheiros Militares - Armas, Quadros e Serviços\""},{"url":"http://www.eb.mil.br/armas-quadros-e-servicos/-/asset_publisher/W4kQlILo3SEa/content/quadro-de-engenheiros-militares?doAsUserId=ELaKQUVM4wU=&inheritRedirect=false","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"O que é o Corpo de Engenheiros? | Serviço de Seleção do Pessoal da Marinha\". marinha.mil.br. Retrieved 16 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinha.mil.br/sspm/?q=noticias/o-que-%C3%A9-o-corpo-de-engenheiros#:~:text=O%20Corpo%20de%20Engenheiros%20da,especialidade%20na%20%C3%A1rea%20de%20Engenharia.","url_text":"\"O que é o Corpo de Engenheiros? | Serviço de Seleção do Pessoal da Marinha\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIAAR - Página inicial\". www2.fab.mil.br. Retrieved 16 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.fab.mil.br/ciaar/","url_text":"\"CIAAR - Página inicial\""}]},{"reference":"Chambers, John (2000). \"Engineering, Military\". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 14 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/military_engineering.aspx#1","url_text":"\"Engineering, Military\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Museum_and_Art_Gallery

Hastings Museum and Art Gallery

["1 Building","1.1 The Durbar Hall","2 Collections","2.1 Community history","2.2 Archives","2.3 World cultures (ethnography)","2.4 Archaeology","2.5 Numismatics","2.6 Natural history","2.7 Geology","2.8 Fine art","2.9 Decorative art","2.10 Costume and textiles","3 Covid-19 response","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 50°51′22″N 0°34′16″E / 50.8562°N 0.5710°E / 50.8562; 0.5710Museum and art gallery in East Sussex, England Hastings Museum & Art GalleryLocation in East SussexEstablished1892LocationJohn's Place, Bohemia Road, Hastings, East Sussex, England TN34 1ETTypeRegional museum, art gallery, history museum, decorative arts museum, natural history museum, local museum, archaeological museum, Asian art museum, ethnographic museumPublic transit accessVisiting the museumWebsitewww.hmag.org.uk Hastings Museum & Art Gallery is a museum and art gallery located in, Hastings, East Sussex, England. Established in 1892, it originally resided in the Brassey Institute (now the town's library), but moved to its current location in 1927. As of 2019 it had around 97,000 objects of local history, natural sciences, fine and decorative arts, and world cultures. The early local history gallery recounts the history of the area from prehistory to the Saxons. Local wildlife is displayed in dioramas of different local habitats, and there is a dinosaur gallery. Other galleries include local wildlife and a Native North American collection, featuring the Plains and Sub-Arctic areas and the life of Hastings-born conservationist Archibald Belaney, who adopted the name "Grey Owl". Building The original building as a house before becoming a museum The museum has been based at John's place since 1928. John's Place was designed in 1923 as a private house. It made of red brick with sandstone dressings. The building has a distinctive character with a crenelated roof line, columned loggia, oriel window and studded oak doors. It was bought by Hastings Corporation and converted into the museum in 1928. In 1932 an extension was added to create an art gallery and house the Durbar Hall, part of an Indian palace built for the Indian and Colonial Exhibition of 1886. A store was added to the back of the building in similar style in 1988. A major refurbishment took place in 2006–7, funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, which expanded the floor space by 40%, improved access and facilities and introduced environmental control and monitoring. The Durbar Hall The Lower Durbar Hall set out for a wedding Durbar Hall carved wood detail The Durbar Hall was constructed for the 1886 Colonial & Indian Exhibition in London. It was donated in 1919 as part of the Brassey Collection. The hall was the centrepiece of the Indian Court, a series of buildings designed and laid out like a traditional Indian palace. It was designed by Caspar Purdon Clarke and was built on-site by Mohammed Baksh and Mohammed Juma. Baksh and Juma were skilled woodcarvers brought over from the Punjab specially to do the wood carving required for the exhibition. During the exhibition, the hall was the Prince of Wales official reception pavilion. At the conclusion of the exhibition Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey bought parts of the Indian Court and had them remodelled and installed as an extension to his Park Lane house. It was removed from London by Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey and gifted to Hastings in 1919. It was kept in storage until the 1930s, when it was re-constructed at the museum as it looked in the Brassey family's London home. Today the hall is lower floor of the hall is regularly used for many different types of events, including talks, theatre performances, preschool groups and weddings & civil partnerships. The upper hall is one of the museum's world cultures galleries. Collections The collections of Hastings Museum & Art Gallery have been built up since 1890 when the Hastings and St Leonards Museum Association was founded. The collections are thought to number around 97,000 objects from around the world. Community history The museum's community history collections contain local and social history objects from Hastings and the surrounding areas. Together with the archaeology and decorative art collections they tell the story of the life and development of Hastings and the surrounding area from the 1500s to the present day. The museum's local and social history collections contain objects relating to tourism, fishing and boat building, smuggling, wrecks, the Cinque Ports, the Bonfire Societies, local industries such as ironworking, gypsum and gunpowder manufacturing. There is also a significant number of commemorative and civic items, photographs, guide books and printed ephemera. The collection also includes artefacts relating to domestic life such as cooking, toys and games as well as a number related to local theatre and entertainment, writing, education, law and order, firefighting, transport and the First and Second World Wars. The museum has significant collections relating to well-known local people including John Logie Baird, Robert Tressell and James Burton and Decimus Burton. Archives Victorian changing rooms on Hastings pier, c.1880 The museum has a large collection of papers relating to Hastings, the local are and significant individuals. These include John Logie Baird, Robert Tressell and Charles Dawson. There are also documents and books related the Cinque Ports, smuggling, fishing and local societies. The archive contains maps, photographs, documents and books. The Burton Collection relating to late Georgian London developer James Burton and his architect son, Decimus, are held by the museum. World cultures (ethnography) Hastings Museum has a diverse group of world cultures collections (Ethnography). The world cultures collection includes objects from India, Burma, China, Japan, Indonesia, the Middle East, the Balkans, Scandinavia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, South East Asia, South American and North America. The largest part of this collection area was donated in 1919 by the Brassey family and come from the personal museum of Anna Brassey (1839-1887). Lady Brassey was an avid collector and photographer. She collected the majority of the material while travelling the world in the 1870s and 1880s. The largest number of objects come from the Pacific and Melanesia. Other collections in this area include Ambrose Jones Collection of stone carvings from Costa Rica and the Cullen Collection of artefacts from the Cook Islands and New Guinea. The museum has a large collection of material related to Native North Americans, including objects collected by local writer and sculptor Clare Sheridan on her visit to America in 1937. The Blackmore Collection was bequeathed in 1982 and relates mainly to the Plains Indians. The museum is also home to the large collection of Colin Taylor, including a selection of high-quality items from the Subarctic region. The museum collection relating to Grey Owl, who was born and brought up in Hastings in the early years of the 20th century and adopted a Native American persona. Archaeology The museum's archaeological collection contains artefacts from Hastings and the surrounding area. There is also a small collection of artefacts from other parts of the world. The collection contains material from most British historical periods. There is a large number of flints from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age including those excavated by J Moore in Hastings Country Park. There are also good examples of Egyptian, Greek and Roman pottery from all periods. As well as a few pieces from pre-Columbian South America, New Zealand, Florida, Sweden and Denmark. Numismatics The numismatics collection is representative of coins from the Roman period through the 20th century. There are good examples from Saxon period from Sussex Mints, including Hastings. Tokens are well represented with over 700 local hop tokens and other trade tokens in the collection. The collection also includes commemorative and civic medallions and campaign medals. Natural history The museum's vertebrates collections is mainly focused on birds collected locally in the early 20th century. This includes examples of the Hastings Rarities. There are a few examples of larger mammal and fish also in the collection. The Entomology and Invertebrates collections are limited to butterflies, moths and other insects, shells, corals and sponges. Geology The geology collection consists of plant and animal fossils from the local area, including the collections of Teilhard de Chardin, Philip (James) Rufford and Samuel Beckles. Hastings has long been a classic site for Iguanodon remains. The collection has many examples of dinosaur fossils including footprints from the Cretaceous rocks at Fairlight and Galley Hill. Fine art JMW Turner's watercolour, 'Fishmarket on the Sands, Early Morning 1824' The museum's fine art collection consists largely of topographical paintings, drawings, prints and photographs of Hastings and the surrounding are. The large number of artworks in this collection date from the late 18th century to the present day. The museum also has a smaller collection of 20th century British art and examples from the main European Schools. There is also a small collection of sculpture from local artists as well. The museum's oil paintings and sculptures are available to view on the Art UK website. Decorative art Maiolica Dish by Federigo of Modena, 1593–1594 The museum's decorative art collections comprise ceramics, furniture, silverware and jewellery. The largest and most significant is the ceramics collection. It includes a wide range of work from ancient civilisations through to contemporary studio pieces. It includes rare examples such as the large maiolica piece known as the Modena Dish. The collections include a comprehensive selection of Sussex pottery. The furniture collection is limited. It includes many fine examples of Sussex firebacks ranging in date from the 16th to the 18th century. There are also a number of clocks and cased verge watches from the 18th and 19th centuries. Costume and textiles The costume and textiles collection includes a range of local clothes such as smocks, waistcoats, women's and children's clothing, lace, whitework and samplers. There is also a good collection of English, French and German dolls. Covid-19 response On March 17, 2020, the museum closed to the public due to the lockdown introduced by the UK Government to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Hastings Museum & Art Gallery launched Hastings Digital Museum in response. The digital museum aimed to "counter the increase in social isolation and loneliness that COVID-19 is likely to cause." The digital museum ran across the museum's social media accounts on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram using #HastingsDigitalMuseum. Digital content was produced by the museum team and also by freelancers. Funding to do this came from the museum's core budget, funding from a local charity, Chalk Cliff Trust, and Arts Council England's Museums and Schools Programme. The digital museum produced a range of activities including immersive game experiences, community art projects and creative workshops. Each of the activities they produced focused on involving people and encouraged participation. Some of the activities now feature on other websites; Hastings Digital Quilt is on Art UK and the LGBTQ+ inspired zine activity is on The British Museum site. The museum also launched a contemporary collecting project to record peoples' everyday experiences of lockdown. Volunteers were asked "to write as much or as little as they want to each day, but to make an entry every day" sharing their daily activities and feelings. Over 120 people volunteered to record their experiences. They also invited local black and ethnic minority creatives to respond to the murder of George Floyd in the US and the Black Lives Matter movement. The museum supported four creatives to respond and shared their work through the museum's social media accounts. References ^ ""Hastings Museum"". wiki.historymap.info. Retrieved 19 October 2019. ^ a b c d "Collections Management Framework". hmag.org.uk. Retrieved 8 October 2019. ^ "Museum Forward Plan 2009-10" (PDF). hastings.gov.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "Art Fund - Hastings Museum and Art Gallery". artfund.org. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "The Durbar Hall". hmag.org.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ ""Hastings Museum and Art Gallery"". hastings.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ "Collections Management Framework". hmag.org.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ "Other Local". hmag.org.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2020. ^ Burton collection – via National Archive of the UK. ^ "The Brassey Family & Their Collection". hmag.org.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ Carocci, Max. "The Colin F. Taylor Collection of Native North American Arts in Hasting". academia.edu. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "Native North Americans". hmag.org.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "Archaeology". hmag.org.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "Money and Medals Network: Hastings Museum & Art Gallery". moneyandmedals.org.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "Dinosaurs and other fossils". hmag.org.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "Art UK Hastings Museum & Art Gallery". artuk.org. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "Decorative Arts". hmag.org.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2020. ^ "HMAG Facebook Post 17 March 2020". facebook.com/hastingsmuseum. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "How can digital platforms help museums connect to audiences during Covid-19 emergency?". museumsassociation.org. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "HastingsDigitalMuseum ends ready for Hastings Museum & Art Gallery reopening". hastings.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "Art UK Hastings Digital Quilt". artuk.org. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ^ "UK museum showcase". britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ^ "Coronavirus: Hastings museum records life during Covid-19". BBC News. UK: BBC. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ^ "Hastings Museum invites community responses to George Floyd's killing and Black Lives Matter movement". ryeandbattleobserver.co.uk. Retrieved 9 September 2020. External links Hastings Museum & Art Gallery website Authority control databases International VIAF National United States 50°51′22″N 0°34′16″E / 50.8562°N 0.5710°E / 50.8562; 0.5710

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These include John Logie Baird, Robert Tressell and Charles Dawson. There are also documents and books related the Cinque Ports, smuggling, fishing and local societies. The archive contains maps, photographs, documents and books.[8]The Burton Collection relating to late Georgian London developer James Burton and his architect son, Decimus, are held by the museum.[9]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethnography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"Anna Brassey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Brassey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum_Website_-_Brassey-10"},{"link_name":"Clare Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Plains Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_Indians"},{"link_name":"Subarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Colin_F._Taylor_Collection_of_Native_North_American_Arts_in_Hastings-11"},{"link_name":"Grey Owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Owl"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum_Website_-_Native_North_Americans-12"}],"sub_title":"World cultures (ethnography)","text":"Hastings Museum has a diverse group of world cultures collections (Ethnography). The world cultures collection includes objects from \nIndia, Burma, China, Japan, Indonesia, the Middle East, the Balkans, Scandinavia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, South East Asia, South American and North America.The largest part of this collection area was donated in 1919 by the Brassey family and come from the personal museum of Anna Brassey (1839-1887). Lady Brassey was an avid collector and photographer. She collected the majority of the material while travelling the world in the 1870s and 1880s. The largest number of objects come from the Pacific and Melanesia.[10] Other collections in this area include Ambrose Jones Collection of stone carvings from Costa Rica and the Cullen Collection of artefacts from the Cook Islands and New Guinea.The museum has a large collection of material related to Native North Americans, including objects collected by local writer and sculptor Clare Sheridan on her visit to America in 1937. The Blackmore Collection was bequeathed in 1982 and relates mainly to the Plains Indians. The museum is also home to the large collection of Colin Taylor, including a selection of high-quality items from the Subarctic region.[11] The museum collection relating to Grey Owl, who was born and brought up in Hastings in the early years of the 20th century and adopted a Native American persona.[12]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mesolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Hastings Country Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Country_Park"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum_Website_-_Archaeology-13"}],"sub_title":"Archaeology","text":"The museum's archaeological collection contains artefacts from Hastings and the surrounding area. There is also a small collection of artefacts from other parts of the world. The collection contains material from most British historical periods. There is a large number of flints from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age including those excavated by J Moore in Hastings Country Park. There are also good examples of Egyptian, Greek and Roman pottery from all periods. As well as a few pieces from pre-Columbian South America, New Zealand, Florida, Sweden and Denmark.[13]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"numismatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Money_and_Medals_Network:_Hastings_Museum_&_Art_Gallery-14"}],"sub_title":"Numismatics","text":"The numismatics collection is representative of coins from the Roman period through the 20th century. There are good examples from Saxon period from Sussex Mints, including Hastings. Tokens are well represented with over 700 local hop tokens and other trade tokens in the collection. The collection also includes commemorative and civic medallions and campaign medals.[14]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrates"},{"link_name":"Hastings Rarities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Rarities"},{"link_name":"Entomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology"},{"link_name":"Invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrates"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum_Website_-_Framework_Costume_and_Textiles-2"}],"sub_title":"Natural history","text":"The museum's vertebrates collections is mainly focused on birds collected locally in the early 20th century. This includes examples of the Hastings Rarities. There are a few examples of larger mammal and fish also in the collection. The Entomology and Invertebrates\ncollections are limited to butterflies, moths and other insects, shells, corals and sponges.[2]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teilhard de Chardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilhard_de_Chardin"},{"link_name":"Philip (James) Rufford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_James_Rufford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Samuel Beckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckles"},{"link_name":"Iguanodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanodon"},{"link_name":"dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum_Website_-_Dinosaurs_and_other_fossils-15"}],"sub_title":"Geology","text":"The geology collection consists of plant and animal fossils from the local area, including the collections of Teilhard de Chardin, Philip (James) Rufford and Samuel Beckles. Hastings has long been a classic site for Iguanodon remains. The collection has many examples of dinosaur fossils including footprints from the Cretaceous rocks at Fairlight and Galley Hill.[15]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JMW_Turner%27s_watercolour,_%27Fishmarket_on_the_Sands,_Early_Morning_1824%27.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_UK:_Hastings_Museum_&_Art_Gallery-16"}],"sub_title":"Fine art","text":"JMW Turner's watercolour, 'Fishmarket on the Sands, Early Morning 1824'The museum's fine art collection consists largely of topographical paintings, drawings, prints and photographs of Hastings and the surrounding are. The large number of artworks in this collection date from the late 18th century to the present day. The museum also has a smaller collection of 20th century British art and examples from the main European Schools. There is also a small collection of sculpture from local artists as well. The museum's oil paintings and sculptures are available to view on the Art UK website.[16]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maiolica_Dish_by_Federigo_of_Modena,_1593%E2%80%931594.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum_Website_-_Decorative_Arts-17"}],"sub_title":"Decorative art","text":"Maiolica Dish by Federigo of Modena, 1593–1594The museum's decorative art collections comprise ceramics, furniture, silverware and jewellery. The largest and most significant is the ceramics collection. It includes a wide range of work from ancient civilisations through to contemporary studio pieces. It includes rare examples such as the large maiolica piece known as the Modena Dish. The collections include a comprehensive selection of Sussex pottery. The furniture collection is limited. It includes many fine examples of Sussex firebacks ranging in date from the 16th to the 18th\ncentury. There are also a number of clocks and cased verge watches from the 18th and 19th centuries.[17]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Museum_Website_-_Framework_Costume_and_Textiles-2"}],"sub_title":"Costume and textiles","text":"The costume and textiles collection includes a range of local clothes such as smocks, waistcoats, women's and children's clothing, lace, whitework and samplers. There is also a good collection of English, French and German dolls.[2]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lockdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockdown"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hastings_Museum_and_Art_Gallery_Facebook_Page_Post-18"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HMAG_Facebook-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hastings_Borough_Council-20"},{"link_name":"immersive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)"},{"link_name":"Art UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_UK"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_UK-21"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ%2B"},{"link_name":"The British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Museum-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News_South_East_Today-23"},{"link_name":"murder of George Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rye_and_Battle_Observer-24"}],"text":"On March 17, 2020, the museum closed to the public due to the lockdown introduced by the UK Government to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Hastings Museum & Art Gallery launched Hastings Digital Museum in response. The digital museum aimed to \"counter the increase in social isolation and loneliness that COVID-19 is likely to cause.\"[18]The digital museum ran across the museum's social media accounts on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram using #HastingsDigitalMuseum.[19] Digital content was produced by the museum team and also by freelancers. Funding to do this came from the museum's core budget, funding from a local charity, Chalk Cliff Trust, and Arts Council England's Museums and Schools Programme.[20]The digital museum produced a range of activities including immersive game experiences, community art projects and creative workshops. Each of the activities they produced focused on involving people and encouraged participation. Some of the activities now feature on other websites; Hastings Digital Quilt is on Art UK[21] and the LGBTQ+ inspired zine activity is on The British Museum site.[22]The museum also launched a contemporary collecting project to record peoples' everyday experiences of lockdown. Volunteers were asked \"to write as much or as little as they want to each day, but to make an entry every day\" [23] sharing their daily activities and feelings. Over 120 people volunteered to record their experiences. They also invited local black and ethnic minority creatives to respond to the murder of George Floyd in the US and the Black Lives Matter movement. The museum supported four creatives to respond and shared their work through the museum's social media accounts.[24]","title":"Covid-19 response"}]

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Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artfund.org/whats-on/museums-and-galleries/hastings-museum-and-art-gallery","url_text":"\"Art Fund - Hastings Museum and Art Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Durbar Hall\". hmag.org.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hmag.org.uk/collections/durbar/","url_text":"\"The Durbar Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Hastings Museum and Art Gallery\"\". hastings.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hastings.gov.uk/arts-culture/hmag/","url_text":"\"\"Hastings Museum and Art Gallery\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collections Management Framework\". hmag.org.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hmag.org.uk/collections/otherlocal/","url_text":"\"Collections Management Framework\""}]},{"reference":"\"Other Local\". hmag.org.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hmag.org.uk/collections/otherlocal/","url_text":"\"Other Local\""}]},{"reference":"Burton collection – via National Archive of the UK.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/5bedf9a1-b3f3-4a51-beee-9fa6cb9dd830","url_text":"Burton collection"}]},{"reference":"\"The Brassey Family & Their Collection\". hmag.org.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hmag.org.uk/collections/durbar/","url_text":"\"The Brassey Family & Their Collection\""}]},{"reference":"Carocci, Max. \"The Colin F. Taylor Collection of Native North American Arts in Hasting\". academia.edu. Retrieved 30 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/26207985","url_text":"\"The Colin F. Taylor Collection of Native North American Arts in Hasting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Native North Americans\". hmag.org.uk. 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Retrieved 2 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/2020/03/19032020-how-digital-platforms-be-used-to-support-musems-during-covid-19-crisis/","url_text":"\"How can digital platforms help museums connect to audiences during Covid-19 emergency?\""}]},{"reference":"\"HastingsDigitalMuseum ends ready for Hastings Museum & Art Gallery reopening\". hastings.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hastings.gov.uk/news/archive/2020/pr-20200824/","url_text":"\"HastingsDigitalMuseum ends ready for Hastings Museum & Art Gallery reopening\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art UK Hastings Digital Quilt\". artuk.org. Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/hastings-digital-quilt-277724/view_as/grid/search/keyword:hastings-digital-quilt/page/1","url_text":"\"Art UK Hastings Digital Quilt\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK museum showcase\". britishmuseum.org. 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Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ryeandbattleobserver.co.uk/news/people/hastings-museum-invites-community-responses-george-floyds-killing-and-black-lives-matter-movement-2881517","url_text":"\"Hastings Museum invites community responses to George Floyd's killing and Black Lives Matter movement\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRND

National Revolutionary Movement for Development

["1 History","2 Ideology","3 Structure","4 Electoral history","4.1 Presidential elections","4.2 Chamber of Deputies elections","5 See also","6 References"]

Political party in Rwanda National Revolutionary Movement for Development Mouvement révolutionaire national pour le développementPresidentJuvénal Habyarimana (1975–1994) Théodore Sindikubwabo (1994)Vice PresidentEduoard KaremeraFounderJuvénal HabyarimanaFoundedJuly 5, 1975BannedJuly 15, 1994Preceded byParmehutuSucceeded byDemocratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda(not legal successor)HeadquartersKigali, RwandaNewspaperKanguraRTLM (Radio)Youth wingInterahamweIdeologyHutu PowerTotalitarianismSocial conservatismAnti-communismPolitical positionFar-rightColours  BlackParty flagPolitics of RwandaPolitical partiesElections This article is part of a series aboutJuvénal Habyarimana Early life and education Death President of Rwanda 1973–1994 Government 1973 Rwandan coup d'état MRND Interahamwe Hutu Nationalism 1978 constitutional referendum 1981 parliamentary election 1983 parliamentary election 1988 parliamentary election Arusha Accords Presidential elections 1978 1983 1988 Battles/wars Bugesera invasion (disputed) Civil War vte The National Revolutionary Movement for Development (French: Mouvement révolutionnaire national pour le développement, MRND) was the ruling political party of Rwanda from 1975 to 1994 under President Juvénal Habyarimana, running with first Vice President Édouard Karemera. From 1978 to 1991, the MRND was the only legal political party in the country. It was dominated by Hutus, particularly from President Habyarimana's home region of Northern Rwanda. The elite group of MRND party members who were known to have influence on the President and his wife are known as the akazu. In 1991, the party was renamed the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (French: Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement, MRND or MRNDD). Following the Rwandan genocide in 1994, the party was banned. History The party was established by Habyarimana on 5 July 1975, exactly two years after he had ousted the first post-independence president Grégoire Kayibanda in a coup d'état. Habyarimana established a totalitarian state and banned the Parmehutu party, which had been dominated by Hutus from southern Rwanda. The MRND replaced Parmehutu as the sole legally permitted party in Rwanda. A new constitution was approved in a 1978 referendum. It codified the MRND's status as the only legal party, and declared that every Rwandan citizen was automatically a member of the MRND. Presidential elections were held in 1978 with Habyarimana as the sole candidate. He was re-elected with 99% of the vote. Parliamentary elections followed in 1981, with two MRND candidates contesting each of the 64 seats. Habyarimana was re-elected again in 1983 and 1988, whilst parliamentary elections were held under the same system in 1983 (with the National Assembly enlarged to 70 seats) and 1988. The party's name was changed after the legalisation of opposition parties in 1991. The youth wing of the party, the interahamwe, later developed into a militia group that played a key role in the Genocide against Tutsi. After Habyarimana's death in April 1994, hardline elements of the party were among the chief architects of the genocide; the Coalition for the Defence of the Republic (CDR), which played a significant role, was originally a hard-line faction of the MRND that became a separate party. After Rwanda was conquered by the rival Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front led by Paul Kagame, both the MRND and the CDR were driven from power and banned in July 1994. Ideology Habyarimana was described as relatively moderate, though he (and his regime) are said to have used propaganda methods, ethnically discriminating against the Tutsi (albeit less extreme than their predecessors), advanced a conservative social agenda and were anti-communist. Structure Habyarimana was the president of the party, and as such was the only candidate for president of the republic. However, in a minor concession to democracy, voters were presented with two MRND candidates at Legislative Assembly elections. Electoral history Presidential elections Election Party candidate Votes % Result 1978 Juvénal Habyarimana 98.99% Elected Y 1983 99.97% Elected Y 1988 99.98% Elected Y Chamber of Deputies elections Election Party leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Result 1981 Juvénal Habyarimana 2,100,770 100% 64 / 64 64 1st Sole legal party 1983 2,364,592 100% 70 / 70 6 1st Sole legal party 1988 2,701,682 100% 70 / 70 1st Sole legal party See also Parmehutu Edouard Karemera Coalition for the Defence of the Republic References ^ "Peasant Ideology and Genocide in Rwanda Under Habyarimana" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-10-30. ^ a b Bauer, Gretchen (2011). Sub-Saharan Africa. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 9781136819155. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ a b Butare-Kiyovu, James (2010). "Discovering and Addressing the Root Causes of Genocide in Rwanda". International Development from a Kingdom Perspective. William Carey International University international development series. WCIU Press. p. 159. ISBN 9780865850286. ^ Aspegren, Lennart (2006). Never again?: Rwanda and the World. The Raoul Wallenberg Institute human rights library. Vol. 26. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 173. ISBN 9004151818. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Guichaoua, André (2015). From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780299298203. ^ Mckinney, Stephanie L. (2012). Narrating genocide on the streets of Kigali. Routledge. p. 161. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ a b Niesen, Peter (2013). Political party bans in Rwanda 1994–2003: three narratives of justification. Routledge. p. 113. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Aimable Twagilimana (2007) Historical Dictionary of Rwanda, Scarecrow Press, p. 116. ^ Constitution de la République Rwandaise du 20 décembre 1978, Art. 7: "Tout Rwandais est de plein droit membre du Mouvement révolutionnaire national pour le développement." ^ Elections in Rwanda African Elections Database ^ Robert E. Gribbin (2005) In the Aftermath of Genocide: The U.S. Role in Rwanda, iUniverse, p153 ^ Murphy, Sean D. (1996). Humanitarian intervention: The United Nations in an evolving world order. Procedural aspects of international law series. Vol. 21. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 243. ISBN 0812233824. ^ a b Feher, Michael (2000). Powerless by Design: The Age of the International Community. Public Planet Series. Duke University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0822326132. ^ Somerville, Keith (2012). Radio Propaganda and the Broadcasting of Hatred: Historical Development and Definitions. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 167. vtePolitical parties in Rwanda ParliamentRuling coalition (40) Rwandan Patriotic Front (36) Centrist Democratic Party (1) Democratic Union of the Rwandan People (1) Ideal Democratic Party (1) Party for Progress and Concord (1) Other parties (12) Social Democratic Party (5) Liberal Party (4) Democratic Green Party of Rwanda (2) Social Party Imberakuri (2) Unrepresented Ishema Party Prosperity and Solidarity Party Rwanda Movement for Democratic Change PDR-Ihumure Rwanda National Congress Rwandan Socialist Party United Democratic Forces of Rwanda RDR Banned Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda National Revolutionary Movement for Development Republican Democratic Movement Defunct Association for Social Promotion of the Masses Parmehutu Rwandese National Union Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of Rwanda Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data United States Other IdRef

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From 1978 to 1991, the MRND was the only legal political party in the country. It was dominated by Hutus, particularly from President Habyarimana's home region of Northern Rwanda. The elite group of MRND party members who were known to have influence on the President and his wife are known as the akazu.[4] In 1991, the party was renamed the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (French: Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement, MRND or MRNDD).Following the Rwandan genocide in 1994, the party was banned.","title":"National Revolutionary Movement for Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"had ousted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Rwandan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Grégoire Kayibanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_Kayibanda"},{"link_name":"totalitarian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian_state"},{"link_name":"Parmehutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmehutu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sole legally permitted party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niesen-7"},{"link_name":"1978 referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_constitutional_referendum,_1978"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_presidential_election,_1978"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AED-10"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_parliamentary_election,_1981"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_presidential_election,_1983"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_presidential_election,_1988"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_parliamentary_election,_1983"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_parliamentary_election,_1988"},{"link_name":"interahamwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interahamwe"},{"link_name":"Genocide against Tutsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_genocide"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niesen-7"},{"link_name":"Coalition for the Defence of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"Rwandan Patriotic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front"},{"link_name":"Paul Kagame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The party was established by Habyarimana on 5 July 1975,[5] exactly two years after he had ousted the first post-independence president Grégoire Kayibanda in a coup d'état. Habyarimana established a totalitarian state and banned the Parmehutu party, which had been dominated by Hutus from southern Rwanda.[6] The MRND replaced Parmehutu as the sole legally permitted party in Rwanda.[7] A new constitution was approved in a 1978 referendum. It codified the MRND's status as the only legal party, and declared that every Rwandan citizen was automatically a member of the MRND.[8][9]Presidential elections were held in 1978 with Habyarimana as the sole candidate. He was re-elected with 99% of the vote.[10] Parliamentary elections followed in 1981, with two MRND candidates contesting each of the 64 seats. Habyarimana was re-elected again in 1983 and 1988, whilst parliamentary elections were held under the same system in 1983 (with the National Assembly enlarged to 70 seats) and 1988.The party's name was changed after the legalisation of opposition parties in 1991. The youth wing of the party, the interahamwe, later developed into a militia group that played a key role in the Genocide against Tutsi.[7] After Habyarimana's death in April 1994, hardline elements of the party were among the chief architects of the genocide; the Coalition for the Defence of the Republic (CDR), which played a significant role, was originally a hard-line faction of the MRND that became a separate party.After Rwanda was conquered by the rival Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front led by Paul Kagame, both the MRND and the CDR were driven from power and banned in July 1994.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moderate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feher-13"},{"link_name":"ethnically discriminating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination#Race_or_ethnicity"},{"link_name":"Tutsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feher-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Somerville-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauer-2"},{"link_name":"anti-communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ButareK-3"}],"text":"Habyarimana was described as relatively moderate,[12][13] though he (and his regime) are said to have used propaganda methods, ethnically discriminating against the Tutsi (albeit less extreme than their predecessors),[13][14] advanced a conservative social agenda[2] and were anti-communist.[3]","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Habyarimana was the president of the party, and as such was the only candidate for president of the republic. However, in a minor concession to democracy, voters were presented with two MRND candidates at Legislative Assembly elections.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Presidential elections","title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chamber of Deputies elections","title":"Electoral history"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Sliprails

Over the Sliprails

["1 Contents","2 Critical reception","3 Notes","4 See also","5 References"]

Collected short stories by Henry Lawson Over the Sliprails 1922 editionAuthorHenry LawsonCover artistTerry LindsayLanguageEnglishGenreShort story collectionPublisherAngus and RobertsonPublication date1900Publication placeAustraliaMedia typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)Pages167ppPreceded byOn the Track Followed byOn the Track, and Over the Sliprails  Over the Sliprails (1900) is a collection of short stories by Australian poet and author Henry Lawson. It was released in hardback by Angus and Robertson in 1900, and features some of the author's lesser known stories. The collection contains sixteen stories which are mostly reprinted from a variety of newspaper sources, with several published here for the first time. The story "The Hero of Redclay" was originally intended to be a novel but was shortened by the author and published here as a short story. Contents "The Shanty-Keeper's Wife" "A Gentleman Sharper and Steelman Sharper" "An Incident at Stiffner's" "The Hero of Redclay" "The Darling River" "A Case for the Oracle" "A Daughter of Maoriland : A Sketch of Poor-Class Maoris" "New Year's Night" "Black Joe" "They Wait on the Wharf in Black : Told by Mitchell's Mate" "Seeing the Last of You" "Two Boys at Grinder Bros" "The Selector's Daughter" "Mitchell on the `Sex' and Other `Problems'" "The Master's Mistake" "The Story of the Oracle" Critical reception A reviewer in The Worker (Wagga), on the original publication, disagreed with a lot of views about Lawson at that time: "It is and has been said that Henry has worked his claim out, dug up all his potatoes, knocked down his cheque, burnt out his candle, lost his marbles, spent his remittance, or, in plain English, exhausted his stock of Australian pictures and experiences. After reading several of the short stories in this volume published by Angus and Robertson in paper covers at a shilling — the present writer is not so much inclined to agree with those who prognosticate an early drying-up of the Lawsonian fountain." In The Sunday Times (Sydney) the reviewer was not so impressed: " As with previous volumes, it is made up of collected stories and sketches that have appeared in local publications, and the result in the present instance is not happy...the volume is made up of short sketches, all cleverly told, but with hardly an exception the incident not worth the telling ; and this defect is much more noticeable now they are all brought together." Notes This publication was preceded by another short story collection, On the Track, also in 1900. Later that same year the two collections were combined into one volume titled On the Track, and Over the Sliprails. See also Full text of the volume is available at Project Gutenberg Australia 1900 in Australian literature References ^ a b c Austlit - Over the Sliprails by Henry Lawson ^ "Over the Sliprails", The Worker, 28 July 1900, p3 ^ "Recent Publications", The Sunday Times, 2 September 1900, p12 ^ Project Gutenberg - Over the Sliprails by Henry Lawson vteWorks by Henry LawsonPoems Flag of the Southern Cross (1887) A Song of the Republic (1887) Faces in the Street (1888) Andy's Gone with Cattle (1888) The Roaring Days (1889) The Teams (1889) The Fire at Ross's Farm (1890) The Song of Old Joe Swallow (1890) Freedom on the Wallaby (1891) Up the Country (1892) The City Bushman (1892) The Poets of the Tomb (1892) Saint Peter (1893) The Never-Never Country (1901) Scots of the Riverina (1917) Poetry collections In the Days When the World was Wide and Other Verses (1896) Verses, Popular and Humorous (1900) When I Was King and Other Verses (1905) For Australia and Other Poems (1913) Short stories His Father's Mate (1888) The Drover's Wife (1892) The Bush Undertaker (1892) On the Edge of a Plain (1893) The Union Buries Its Dead (1893) Bill, the Ventriloquial Rooster (1898) The Loaded Dog (1901) A Double Buggy at Lahey's Creek (1901) A Child in the Dark, and a Foreign Father (1902) Short story collections While the Billy Boils (1896) On the Track (1900) Over the Sliprails (1900) Joe Wilson and His Mates (1901) Prose Crime in the Bush (1899) Adaptations While the Billy Boils (1921) Lawson (1943) Three in One (1957) The Drover's Wife (2021)

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Without_Walls_(University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst)

University Without Walls (University of Massachusetts Amherst)

["1 History","2 Structure","2.1 Social justice residency","3 Notable people","3.1 Alumni","3.2 Faculty","4 References"]

University Without WallsEstablished1971 (1971)Parent institutionUniversity of MassachusettsLocationAmherst, Massachusetts, United States of AmericaWebsitewww.umass.edu/uww University Without Walls (UWW) at University of Massachusetts Amherst is a department within the university which provides degree completion coursework for the undergraduate and graduate degrees, enrolled by non-traditional students. The summer school semester and the winter semester is directly run by this department. The department reports directly to Provost of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Established in 1971, as of 2013 approximately five-percent of UMass graduates were receiving their undergraduate degrees through the program annually. Recently, Continuing and Professional Education (CPE) department with its degree completion programs at the undergraduate and graduate level was merged into University Without Walls department. History The University of Massachusetts' University Without Walls was one of a number of similar programs founded at 17 American universities in 1971 with the help of a grant from the United States Office of Education (other participating institutions included the University of Minnesota, the University of South Carolina, and Howard University). Samuel Baskin was considered the "driving force" behind the nationwide initiative. In 2010, Mark Cerasuolo became the first University of Massachusetts graduate from the University Without Walls program to deliver the University of Massachusetts' student commencement address. As of 2013, an average of 250 students were annually receiving bachelor's degrees through the UMass University Without Walls program, out of approximately 5,000 total undergraduate degrees annually awarded by the University of Massachusetts. Between 1971 and 2015, the University of Massachusetts had awarded approximately 3,000 degrees to students through the UWW program. The program enrolls more students who are veterans of the U.S. armed forces than any other academic department at the University of Massachusetts. Structure The UMass University Without Walls program only admits students who have already completed a minimum number of undergraduate university credits at the University of Massachusetts, or at another accredited institution, and have a minimum cumulative grade point average in those credits. Once enrolled, students are required to take four program-specific courses, plus additional classes equal to the difference between their accumulated university credits and the University of Massachusetts' 120-credit graduation requirement. Program-specific courses are taught by dedicated UMass University Without Walls faculty and deal with academic writing, critical thinking, research skills, and issues analysis. Students who require additional courses to meet the 120-credit requirement make up the deficit through standard University of Massachusetts classes taken from the school's other academic departments. University Without Walls program functions as a regular academic department within the University of Massachusetts. UWW currently offers degree completion undergraduate and graduate programs from its on-campus departments. Additionally, UWW also offers its own Interdisciplinary Studies degree completion program in a wide range of academic areas through flexible options. Social justice residency Beginning in 2012, the UWW program began offering a "social justice residency," a one-credit, three-day, intensive course held at the University of Massachusetts' Springfield Center that teaches the "theory and practice of social justice activism, particularly as related to racial and economic inequality." Notable people Alumni Nubar Alexanian - documentary photographer Julius Erving - NBA player Marcus Camby - NBA player Lari Ketner - basketball player Clare Higgins - mayor of Northampton, Massachusetts Thomas Merrigan - Franklin County, Massachusetts commissioner Lou Roe - NBA player Jeff Taylor - founder of monster.com Steve Turre - Jazz Trombonist Serena Williams - professional tennis player (student) Faculty Lawrence Hott Lisa Aronson Fontes Robert S. Welch References ^ Fred, Hechinger (28 December 1970). "Education Without Walls". New York Times. ^ UWW website ^ Taras, Elizabeth (28 January 2014). "Opening Doors". Business West. Retrieved 30 January 2014. ^ Roman, Elizabeth (24 August 2015). "UMass 'University Without Walls' offers informational session in Springfield". The Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts). Retrieved 24 December 2015. ^ "Welcome Military Families". umass.edu/uww. University of Massachusetts. Retrieved 31 January 2014. ^ Schramm, Michael (9 June 2015). "Parents benefit from specialized degree program at UMass Amherst". USA Today. Retrieved 24 December 2015. ^ "UWW Hosts 3rd Annual Social Justice Residency". University of Massachusetts. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2015. ^ a b c d THUMBS UP, THUMBS DOWN - Breaking Down Walls, The Republican, Monday, June 25, 2007 ^ "Former UMass basketball star Lari Ketner fighting for his life against cancer". The Massachusetts Daily Collegian. Retrieved 21 March 2023. ^ Former Minuteman Lou Roe excited to join Derek Kellogg's staff at UMass, Daily Hampshire Gazette, August 22, 2012 vteUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAcademics College of Education College of Engineering College of Humanities and Fine Arts College of Information and Computer Sciences Isenberg School of Management College of Natural Sciences College of Nursing School of Public Health and Health Sciences School of Public Policy College of Social and Behavioral Sciences Stockbridge School of Agriculture Research Research centers DEFA Film Library Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (defunct) Large Millimeter Telescope Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center National Center for Digital Government Political Economy Research Institute CampusFacilities Fine Arts Center John W. Lederle Graduate Research Center Morrill Science Center Murray D. Lincoln Campus Center (Blue Wall Cafe) Orchard Hill Observatory University Museum of Contemporary Art W. E. B. Du Bois Library Landmarks Campus Pond Old Chapel Chestnut Ridge Historical Area East Ridge Historical Area Ellis Drive Historical Area AthleticsPrograms Baseball Softball Men's basketball Women's basketball Men's ice hockey Women's ice hockey Men's lacrosse Football Men's soccer Facilities Curry Hicks Cage Earl Lorden Field William D. Mullins Memorial Center Sortino Field Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium Rudd Field History and traditions UMass Minutemen and Minutewomen Sam the Minuteman UMass Fight Song University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band Student life Housing University bus and PVTA Five College Consortium Greek life Student Government Association University Without Walls Amherst People Alumni Faculty Presidents and Chancellors Media The Campus Chronicle Jubilat The Massachusetts Daily Collegian The Massachusetts Review WFCR WMUA Miscellaneous 1980 campus water shortage

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"},{"link_name":"degree completion coursework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_completion_program"},{"link_name":"non-traditional students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-traditional_students"},{"link_name":"Provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(education)"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"}],"text":"University Without Walls (UWW) at University of Massachusetts Amherst is a department within the university which provides degree completion coursework for the undergraduate and graduate degrees, enrolled by non-traditional students. The summer school semester and the winter semester is directly run by this department.The department reports directly to Provost of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Established in 1971, as of 2013 approximately five-percent of UMass graduates were receiving their undergraduate degrees through the program annually. Recently, Continuing and Professional Education (CPE) department with its degree completion programs at the undergraduate and graduate level was merged into University Without Walls department.","title":"University Without Walls (University of Massachusetts Amherst)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Office of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Education"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Howard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University"},{"link_name":"Samuel Baskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Baskin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"U.S. armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._armed_forces"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The University of Massachusetts' University Without Walls was one of a number of similar programs founded at 17 American universities in 1971 with the help of a grant from the United States Office of Education (other participating institutions included the University of Minnesota, the University of South Carolina, and Howard University). Samuel Baskin was considered the \"driving force\" behind the nationwide initiative.[1]In 2010, Mark Cerasuolo became the first University of Massachusetts graduate from the University Without Walls program to deliver the University of Massachusetts' student commencement address.[2]As of 2013, an average of 250 students were annually receiving bachelor's degrees through the UMass University Without Walls program,[3] out of approximately 5,000 total undergraduate degrees annually awarded by the University of Massachusetts. Between 1971 and 2015, the University of Massachusetts had awarded approximately 3,000 degrees to students through the UWW program.[4] The program enrolls more students who are veterans of the U.S. armed forces than any other academic department at the University of Massachusetts.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grade point average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_point_average"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The UMass University Without Walls program only admits students who have already completed a minimum number of undergraduate university credits at the University of Massachusetts, or at another accredited institution, and have a minimum cumulative grade point average in those credits.[6] Once enrolled, students are required to take four program-specific courses, plus additional classes equal to the difference between their accumulated university credits and the University of Massachusetts' 120-credit graduation requirement. Program-specific courses are taught by dedicated UMass University Without Walls faculty and deal with academic writing, critical thinking, research skills, and issues analysis. Students who require additional courses to meet the 120-credit requirement make up the deficit through standard University of Massachusetts classes taken from the school's other academic departments.University Without Walls program functions as a regular academic department within the University of Massachusetts. UWW currently offers degree completion undergraduate and graduate programs from its on-campus departments. Additionally, UWW also offers its own Interdisciplinary Studies degree completion program in a wide range of academic areas through flexible options.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Social justice residency","text":"Beginning in 2012, the UWW program began offering a \"social justice residency,\" a one-credit, three-day, intensive course held at the University of Massachusetts' Springfield Center that teaches the \"theory and practice of social justice activism, particularly as related to racial and economic inequality.\"[7]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nubar Alexanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubar_Alexanian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Republican-8"},{"link_name":"Julius Erving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Erving"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Republican-8"},{"link_name":"Marcus Camby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Camby"},{"link_name":"Lari Ketner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lari_Ketner"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Clare Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Higgins_(politician)"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Northampton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Republican-8"},{"link_name":"Franklin County, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Lou Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Roe"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jeff Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Taylor_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"monster.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster.com"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Republican-8"},{"link_name":"Steve Turre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Turre"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"}],"sub_title":"Alumni","text":"Nubar Alexanian - documentary photographer[8]\nJulius Erving - NBA player[8]\nMarcus Camby - NBA player\nLari Ketner - basketball player[9]\nClare Higgins - mayor of Northampton, Massachusetts[8]\nThomas Merrigan - Franklin County, Massachusetts commissioner\nLou Roe - NBA player [10]\nJeff Taylor - founder of monster.com[8]\nSteve Turre - Jazz Trombonist\nSerena Williams - professional tennis player (student)","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lawrence Hott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Hott"},{"link_name":"Lisa Aronson Fontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Aronson_Fontes"},{"link_name":"Robert S. Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Welch"}],"sub_title":"Faculty","text":"Lawrence Hott\nLisa Aronson Fontes\nRobert S. Welch","title":"Notable people"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celaeneus

Celaeneus

["1 Mythology","2 Notes","3 References"]

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Celaeneus" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) In Greek mythology, Celaeneus (Ancient Greek: Κελαινέα) was a Mycenaean prince as son of King Electryon and Anaxo, daughter of Alcaeus. He was the brother of Stratobates, Gorgophonus, Phylonomus, Amphimachus, Lysinomus, Chirimachus, Anactor, Archelaus and Alcmena, mother of the hero Heracles. Mythology Together with his brothers, Celaeneus was killed by the sons of the Taphian king, Pterelaus who claimed the kingdom of their ancestor Mestor, son of Perseus and brother of Electryon. Notes ^ Apollodorus, 2.4.5 ^ Apollodorus, 2.4.6 References Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website. This article relating to Greek mythology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_South_and_Shoreditch_(UK_Parliament_constituency)

Hackney South and Shoreditch (UK Parliament constituency)

["1 History","2 Boundaries","2.1 Historic","2.2 Current","3 Members of Parliament","4 Election results","4.1 Elections in the 2020s","4.2 Elections in the 2010s","4.3 Elections in the 2000s","4.4 Elections in the 1990s","4.5 Elections in the 1980s","4.6 Elections in the 1970s","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°32′N 0°04′W / 51.54°N 0.06°W / 51.54; -0.06Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1974 onwards Hackney South and ShoreditchBorough constituencyfor the House of CommonsBoundary of Hackney South and Shoreditch in Greater LondonCountyGreater LondonElectorate73,778 (December 2010)Current constituencyCreated1974 (1974)Member of ParliamentMeg Hillier (Labour Co-op)SeatsOneCreated fromShoreditch & Finsbury Hackney South and Shoreditch is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2005 by Meg Hillier of Labour Co-op. History The seat was created in February 1974 from the former seat of Shoreditch and Finsbury. Ronald Brown was elected in 1974 as a representative of the Labour Party but defected from the Opposition to join the fledgling Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981, at a time when Labour wished for Common Market withdrawal and the removal of keeping a nuclear deterrent during the Cold War. Brown held the seat as an SDP member until 1983, when he was defeated by Labour Party candidate Brian Sedgemore. Sedgemore announced his retirement from parliament at the 2005 election; but on 26 April 2005, after Parliament had been dissolved and he was no longer the sitting MP, defected to the Liberal Democrats, the successors to the SDP, shortly before the week of the election. The Liberal Democrats were unable to capitalise on the defection, their candidate only gaining the second largest gain in votes of the candidates competing. In the 2016 referendum to leave the European Union, the constituency voted remain by 77.9%. This was the ninth highest support for remain for a constituency. Election Record All elections since the seat's creation have been won by the Labour candidate, including the incumbent, Meg Hillier, with substantial majorities, making it a Labour stronghold. The 2015 result ranked the seat the 16th safest of the party's 232 seats (by majority percentage) and fifth safest in the capital. Boundaries Map of boundaries 2010-2024 Historic Shoreditch Town Hall 1974–1983: The London Borough of Hackney wards of Dalston, De Beauvoir, Haggerston, Moorfields, Queensbridge, Victoria, and Wenlock. 1983–2010: The London Borough of Hackney wards of Chatham, Dalston, De Beauvoir, Haggerston, Homerton, King's Park, Moorfields, Queensbridge, Victoria, Wenlock, Westdown, and Wick. 2010–2024: The London Borough of Hackney wards of Chatham, De Beauvoir, Hackney Central, Haggerston, Hoxton, King's Park, Queensbridge, Victoria, and Wick. Following a local government boundary review which became effective in 2014, the contents of the seat were: The London Borough of Hackney wards of De Beauvoir, Hackney Central, Hackney Wick, Haggerston, Homerton, Hoxton East & Shoreditch, Hoxton West, King's Park, Lea Bridge (small part), London Fields (most), and Victoria. Current Hackney South and Shoreditch from 2024 Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which came into effect for the 2024 general election, the composition of the constituency is as follows (as they existed on 1 December 2020): The London Borough of Hackney wards of: Dalston; Hackney Central; Hackney Wick; Haggerston; Homerton; Hoxton East & Shoreditch; Hoxton West; London Fields; Victoria. De Beauvoir ward was transferred out to Islington South and Finsbury, and King's Park ward to Hackney North and Stoke Newington, in exchange for Dalston ward. The constituency covers the southern part of the London Borough of Hackney. The constituency shares a boundary with eight others: Walthamstow, Leyton & Wanstead, Stratford and Bow, Bethnal Green and Stepney, Cities of London and Westminster, Islington South and Finsbury, Islington North, and its borough partner Hackney North and Stoke Newington. Members of Parliament Election Member Party Feb 1974 Ronald Brown Labour 1981 SDP 1983 Brian Sedgemore Labour 2005 Meg Hillier Labour Co-operative Election results Elections in the 2020s General election 2024: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Reform UK Anil Bhatti Green Laura-Louise Fairley Labour Co-op Meg Hillier Workers Party Shahed Hussain Conservative Joanna Reeves Liberal Democrats Theo Roos Workers Revolutionary Carol Small Majority Turnout Elections in the 2010s General election 2019: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Co-op Meg Hillier 39,884 73.3 -6.1 Conservative Mark Beckett 5,899 10.8 -0.1 Liberal Democrats Dave Raval 4,853 8.9 +3.2 Green Tyrone Scott 2,948 5.4 +2.7 Brexit Party Robert Lloyd 744 1.4 New Workers Revolutionary Jonty Leff 111 0.2 0.0 Majority 33,985 62.5 -6.0 Turnout 54,439 60.9 -5.7 Registered electors 89,380 Labour Co-op hold Swing -3.1 General election 2017: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Co-op Meg Hillier 43,974 79.4 +15.0 Conservative Luke Parker 6,043 10.9 -2.6 Liberal Democrats Dave Raval 3,168 5.7 +1.1 Green Rebecca Johnson 1,522 2.7 -8.9 Animal Welfare Vanessa Hudson 226 0.4 New Independent Russell Higgs 143 0.3 +0.1 CPA Angel Watt 113 0.2 -0.3 Workers Revolutionary Jonty Leff 86 0.2 0.0 Independent Hugo Sugg 50 0.1 New Independent Dale Kalamazad 29 0.1 New Majority 37,931 68.5 +17.6 Turnout 55,354 66.6 +10.6 Registered electors 83,099 Labour Co-op hold Swing +8.8 General election 2015: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Co-op Meg Hillier 30,633 64.4 +8.7 Conservative Jack Tinley 6,420 13.5 0.0 Green Charlotte George 5,519 11.6 +8.1 Liberal Democrats Ben Mathis 2,186 4.6 −17.8 UKIP Angus Small 1,818 3.8 +2.3 TUSC Brian Debus 302 0.6 New CISTA Paul Birch 297 0.6 New CPA Taiwo Adewuyi 236 0.5 New Independent Russell Higgs 78 0.2 New Workers Revolutionary Bill Rogers 63 0.1 New Campaign Gordon Shrigley 28 0.1 New Majority 24,213 50.9 +19.2 Turnout 47,580 56.0 −2.9 Registered electors 84,971 Labour Co-op hold Swing +4.4 General election 2010: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Co-op Meg Hillier 23,888 55.7 +1.9 Liberal Democrats Dave Raval 9,600 22.4 +1.6 Conservative Simon Nayyar 5,800 13.5 +0.1 Green Polly Lane 1,493 3.5 -2.0 UKIP Michael King 651 1.5 New Liberal Ben Rae 539 1.3 New Christian John Williams 434 1.0 New Direct Democracy (Communist) Nusret Sen 202 0.5 New Communist League Paul Davies 110 0.3 New Independent Denny de la Haye 95 0.2 New Independent Jane Tuckett 26 0.1 New Independent Michael Spinks 20 0.0 New Majority 14,288 31.7 +0.3 Turnout 42,858 58.9 +7.5 Registered electors 64,826 Labour Co-op hold Swing +0.1 Elections in the 2000s General election 2005: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Co-op Meg Hillier 17,048 52.9 –11.3 Liberal Democrats Hugh G. Bayliss 6,844 21.2 +6.6 Conservative John Moss 4,524 14.0 +0.2 Green Ipemndoh dan Iyan 1,779 5.5 New Respect Dean Ryan 1,437 4.5 New Liberal Benjamin Rae 313 1.0 New Communist Monty Goldman 200 0.6 –0.3 Workers Revolutionary Jonty Leff 92 0.3 –0.2 Majority 10,204 31.7 -17.9 Turnout 32,237 49.7 +2.3 Registered electors 72,841 Labour Co-op hold Swing –9.0 General election 2001: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Brian Sedgemore 19,471 64.2 +4.8 Liberal Democrats Anthony Vickers 4,422 14.6 –0.4 Conservative Paul White 4,180 13.8 +0.5 Socialist Alliance Cecilia Prosper 1,401 4.6 New Reform 2000 Saim Koksal 471 1.6 New Communist Ivan Beavis 259 0.9 0.0 Workers Revolutionary William Rogers 143 0.5 +0.1 Majority 15,049 49.6 +5.2 Turnout 30,347 47.4 –7.1 Registered electors 63,990 Labour hold Swing +2.6 Elections in the 1990s General election 1997: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Brian Sedgemore 20,048 59.4 +6.0 Liberal Democrats Martin J. Pantling 5,058 15.0 +0.1 Conservative Christopher P. O'Leary 4,494 13.3 –15.7 Independent Terry V. Betts 2,436 7.2 New Referendum Richard Franklin 613 1.8 New BNP Gordon T. Callow 531 1.6 New Communist Monty Goldman 298 0.9 New Natural Law Michelle L. Goldberg 145 0.4 –0.2 Workers Revolutionary William Rogers 139 0.4 New Majority 14,990 44.4 +20.0 Turnout 33,762 54.5 -9.3 Registered electors 62,000 Labour hold Swing +3.00 General election 1992: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Brian Sedgemore 19,730 53.4 +5.5 Conservative Andrew Turner 10,714 29.0 +0.3 Liberal Democrats George Wintle 5,533 15.0 –7.4 Green Len Lucas 772 2.1 New Natural Law Geraldine Norman 226 0.6 New Majority 9,016 24.4 +5.2 Turnout 36,975 63.8 +8.4 Registered electors 57,935 Labour hold Swing Elections in the 1980s General election 1987: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Brian Sedgemore 18,799 47.9 +4.6 Conservative Michael Northcroft-Brown 11,277 28.7 +5.4 Liberal Jeffrey Roberts 8,812 22.4 +12.7 Communist David Green 403 1.0 +0.4 Majority 7,522 19.2 -0.8 Turnout 32,291 55.4 +1.6 Registered electors 70,873 Labour hold Swing General election 1983: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Brian Sedgemore 16,621 43.3 –12.5 Conservative Peter J.P. Croft 8,930 23.3 –5.2 SDP Ronald Brown 7,025 18.3 New Liberal Jeffrey Roberts 3,724 9.7 +0.5 Independent Labour Steven J. Quilty 704 1.8 New National Front Ralph Ashton 593 1.6 -6.0 BNP Valerie D. Tyndall 374 1.0 New Communist David Green 246 0.6 New Workers Revolutionary R.D. Goldstein 141 0.4 -0.4 Majority 7,691 20.0 -5.9 Turnout 38,358 53.8 -6.3 Registered electors 71,304 Labour hold Swing Both Brown and Roberts were official candidates of their respective local parties and both supported the Alliance between the Liberals and the SDP; however, Brown was given endorsement by both national parties. Elections in the 1970s General election 1979: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Ronald Brown 14,016 54.1 –9.9 Conservative David Evennett 7,312 28.2 +13.3 Liberal Jeffrey David Roberts 2,387 9.2 –2.5 National Front John Tyndall 1,958 7.6 –1.8 Workers Revolutionary Peter Curtis 215 0.8 New Majority 6,704 25.9 -23.2 Turnout 25,888 60.1 +5.4 Registered electors 43,090 Labour hold Swing General election October 1974: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Ronald Brown 17,333 64.0 +4.4 Conservative Harvey Proctor 4,038 14.9 –6.1 Liberal C. Bone 3,173 11.7 –7.7 National Front Ronald May 2,544 9.4 New Majority 13,295 49.1 +10.5 Turnout 27,088 54.7 –8.7 Registered electors 49,540 Labour hold Swing General election February 1974: Hackney South and Shoreditch Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Ronald Brown 18,580 59.6 Conservative Harvey Proctor 6,562 21.0 Liberal C. Bone 6,053 19.4 Majority 12,018 38.6 Turnout 31,195 63.4 Registered electors 49,204 Labour win (new seat) See also List of parliamentary constituencies in Hackney List of parliamentary constituencies in London Notes ^ A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer) ^ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years. References ^ "Electorate Figures – Boundary Commission for England". 2011 Electorate Figures. Boundary Commission for England. 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011. ^ Loyal Bennite and political loner Michael White, The Guardian 27 April 2005 accessed 14 July 2009 ^ "Revised estimates of leave vote in Westminster constituencies". Retrieved 26 October 2016. ^ "Labour Members of Parliament 2015". UK Political.info. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. ^ LGBCE. "Hackney | LGBCE". www.lgbce.org.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2023. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule 1 Part 3 London region. ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "H" (part 1) ^ "Statement of Person Nominated and Notice of Poll: Hackney South and Shoreditch Constituency". Hackney Council. 7 June 2024. ^ "General election 12 December 2019 | Hackney Council". hackney.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2019. ^ "Hackney South & Shoreditch parliamentary constituency". BBC News. ^ "House Of Commons Library 2017 Election report" (PDF). ^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015. ^ "Previous election results Hackney". hackney.gov.uk. ^ Jones, Jonathan (13 January 2015). "A manifesto of no ideas: artist Gordon Shrigley stands in the general election". The Guardian. ^ Hackney South & Shoreditch (results) (BBC News) accessed 7 May 2010 ^ "UK General Election results: May 1979 ". politicsresources.net. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2010. Sources Election result, 2005 (BBC) Election results, 1997 – 2001 (BBC) Election results, 1997 – 2001 Archived 7 December 2000 at the Wayback Machine (Election Demon) Election results, 1983 – 1992 Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Election Demon) Election results, 1992 – 2005 (Guardian) Election results, 1974 – 1979 Archived 5 May 2004 at the Wayback Machine (Keele University) External links Politics Resources (Election results from 1922 onwards) Electoral Calculus (Election results from 1955 onwards) Hackney South and Shoreditch UK Parliament constituency (boundaries April 2010 – May 2024) at MapIt UK Hackney South and Shoreditch UK Parliament constituency (boundaries from June 2024) at MapIt UK vteConstituencies in London (75)Labour (30) Barking Battersea Bermondsey and Old Southwark Brentford and Isleworth Dagenham and Rainham Dulwich and West Norwood Ealing Central and Acton Ealing North Ealing Southall East Ham Enfield North Erith and Thamesmead Feltham and Heston Greenwich and Woolwich Hackney North and Stoke Newington Hackney South and Shoreditch Harrow West Hayes and Harlington Holborn and St. Pancras Ilford North Ilford South Islington South and Finsbury Lewisham East Leyton and Wanstead Mitcham and Morden Poplar and Limehouse Putney Tooting Tottenham Walthamstow Conservative (18) Bexleyheath and Crayford Carshalton and Wallington Chelsea and Fulham Chingford and Woodford Green Chipping Barnet Cities of London and Westminster Croydon South Finchley and Golders Green Harrow East Hendon Hornchurch and Upminster Old Bexley and Sidcup Orpington Romford Ruislip, Northwood and Pinner Sutton and Cheam Uxbridge and South Ruislip Wimbledon Liberal Democrats (3) Kingston and Surbiton Richmond Park Twickenham Independent (1) Islington North Not yet contested (23) Beckenham and Penge Bethnal Green and Stepney Brent East Brent West Bromley and Biggin Hill Clapham and Brixton Hill Croydon East Croydon West Edmonton and Winchmore Hill Eltham and Chislehurst Hammersmith and Chiswick Hampstead and Highgate Hornsey and Friern Barnet Kensington and Bayswater Lewisham North Lewisham West and East Dulwich Peckham Queen's Park and Maida Vale Southgate and Wood Green Stratford and Bow Streatham and Croydon North Vauxhall and Camberwell Green West Ham and Beckton East Midlands East of England London North East England North West England Northern Ireland Scotland South East England South West England Wales West Midlands Yorkshire and the Humber Party affiliations are based on the situation as of the dissolution of parliament on 30 May 2024. Technically all seats are now vacant until the general election on 4 July 2024. vteHistoric constituencies in London1974 Acton Barking Battersea North Battersea South Beckenham Bermondsey Bethnal Green and Bow Bexleyheath Brent East Brent North Brent South Brentford and Isleworth Carshalton Chelsea Chingford Chipping Barnet Chislehurst City of London and Westminster South Croydon Central Croydon North East Croydon North West Croydon South Dagenham Dulwich Ealing North Edmonton Enfield North Enfield Southgate Erith and Crayford Feltham and Heston Finchley Fulham Greenwich Hackney Central Hackney North and Stoke Newington Hackney South and Shoreditch Hammersmith North Hampstead Harrow Central Harrow East Harrow West Hayes and Harlington Hendon North Hendon South Holborn and St Pancras South Hornchurch Hornsey Ilford North Ilford South Islington Central Islington North Islington South and Finsbury Kensington Kingston-upon-Thames Lambeth Central Lewisham Deptford Lewisham East Lewisham West Leyton Mitcham and Morden Newham North East Newham North West Newham South Norwood Orpington Paddington Peckham Putney Ravensbourne Richmond Romford Ruislip-Northwood St Marylebone St Pancras North Sidcup Southall Stepney and Poplar Streatham Surbiton Sutton and Cheam Tooting Tottenham Twickenham Upminster Uxbridge Vauxhall Walthamstow Wanstead and Woodford Wimbledon Wood Green Woolwich East Woolwich West 1983 Barking Battersea Beckenham Bethnal Green and Stepney Bexleyheath Bow and Poplar Brent East Brent North Brent South Brentford and Isleworth Carshalton and Wallington Chelsea Chingford Chipping Barnet Chislehurst City of London and Westminster South Croydon Central Croydon North East Croydon North West Croydon South Dagenham Dulwich Ealing Acton Ealing North Ealing Southall Edmonton Eltham Enfield North Enfield Southgate Erith and Crayford Feltham and Heston Finchley Fulham Greenwich Hackney North and Stoke Newington Hackney South and Shoreditch Hammersmith Hampstead and Highgate Harrow East Harrow West Hayes and Harlington Hendon North Hendon South Holborn and St Pancras Hornchurch Hornsey and Wood Green Ilford North Ilford South Islington North Islington South and Finsbury Kensington Kingston-upon-Thames Lewisham Deptford Lewisham East Lewisham West Leyton Mitcham and Morden Newham North East Newham North West Newham South Norwood Old Bexley and Sidcup Orpington Peckham Putney Ravensbourne Richmond and Barnes Romford Ruislip-Northwood Southwark and Bermondsey Streatham Surbiton Sutton and Cheam Tooting Tottenham Twickenham Upminster Uxbridge Vauxhall Walthamstow Wanstead and Woodford Westminster North Wimbledon Woolwich 1997 Barking Battersea Beckenham Bethnal Green and Bow Bexleyheath and Crayford Brent East Brent North Brent South Brentford and Isleworth Bromley and Chislehurst Camberwell and Peckham Carshalton and Wallington Chingford and Woodford Green Chipping Barnet Cities of London and Westminster Croydon Central Croydon North Croydon South Dagenham Dulwich and West Norwood Ealing, Acton and Shepherd's Bush Ealing North Ealing Southall East Ham Edmonton Eltham Enfield North Enfield Southgate Erith and Thamesmead Feltham and Heston Finchley and Golders Green Greenwich and Woolwich Hackney North and Stoke Newington Hackney South and Shoreditch Hammersmith and Fulham Hampstead and Highgate Harrow East Harrow West Hayes and Harlington Hendon Holborn and St Pancras Hornchurch Hornsey and Wood Green Ilford North Ilford South Islington North Islington South and Finsbury Kensington and Chelsea Kingston and Surbiton Lewisham Deptford Lewisham East Lewisham West Leyton and Wanstead Mitcham and Morden North Southwark and Bermondsey Old Bexley and Sidcup Orpington Poplar and Canning Town Putney Regent's Park and Kensington North Richmond Park Romford Ruislip-Northwood Streatham Sutton and Cheam Tooting Tottenham Twickenham Upminster Uxbridge Vauxhall Walthamstow West Ham Wimbledon Authority control databases: People UK Parliament 51°32′N 0°04′W / 51.54°N 0.06°W / 51.54; -0.06

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"UK Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Meg Hillier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Hillier"},{"link_name":"Labour Co-op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Co-operative"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1974 onwardsHackney South and Shoreditch is a constituency[n 1] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2005 by Meg Hillier of Labour Co-op.[n 2]","title":"Hackney South and Shoreditch (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoreditch and Finsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreditch_and_Finsbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ronald Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Brown_(English_politician)"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Opposition"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party (SDP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Brian Sedgemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Sedgemore"},{"link_name":"2005 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2016 referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"constituency voted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum_by_constituency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Meg Hillier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Hillier"},{"link_name":"stronghold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_seat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The seat was created in February 1974 from the former seat of Shoreditch and Finsbury.Ronald Brown was elected in 1974 as a representative of the Labour Party but defected from the Opposition to join the fledgling Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981, at a time when Labour wished for Common Market withdrawal and the removal of keeping a nuclear deterrent during the Cold War. Brown held the seat as an SDP member until 1983, when he was defeated by Labour Party candidate Brian Sedgemore. Sedgemore announced his retirement from parliament at the 2005 election; but on 26 April 2005, after Parliament had been dissolved and he was no longer the sitting MP, defected to the Liberal Democrats, the successors to the SDP, shortly before the week of the election.[2] The Liberal Democrats were unable to capitalise on the defection, their candidate only gaining the second largest gain in votes of the candidates competing.In the 2016 referendum to leave the European Union, the constituency voted remain by 77.9%. This was the ninth highest support for remain for a constituency.[3]Election RecordAll elections since the seat's creation have been won by the Labour candidate, including the incumbent, Meg Hillier, with substantial majorities, making it a Labour stronghold. The 2015 result ranked the seat the 16th safest of the party's 232 seats (by majority percentage) and fifth safest in the capital.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"text":"Map of boundaries 2010-2024","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shoreditch_town_hall3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shoreditch Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreditch_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Historic","text":"Shoreditch Town Hall1974–1983: The London Borough of Hackney wards of Dalston, De Beauvoir, Haggerston, Moorfields, Queensbridge, Victoria, and Wenlock.1983–2010: The London Borough of Hackney wards of Chatham, Dalston, De Beauvoir, Haggerston, Homerton, King's Park, Moorfields, Queensbridge, Victoria, Wenlock, Westdown, and Wick.2010–2024: The London Borough of Hackney wards of Chatham, De Beauvoir, Hackney Central, Haggerston, Hoxton, King's Park, Queensbridge, Victoria, and Wick.Following a local government boundary review which became effective in 2014,[5] the contents of the seat were:The London Borough of Hackney wards of De Beauvoir, Hackney Central, Hackney Wick, Haggerston, Homerton, Hoxton East & Shoreditch, Hoxton West, King's Park, Lea Bridge (small part), London Fields (most), and Victoria.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hackney_South_and_Shoreditch_2023_Constituency.svg"},{"link_name":"2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"2024 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Islington South and Finsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington_South_and_Finsbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Hackney North and Stoke Newington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_North_and_Stoke_Newington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Leyton & Wanstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_and_Wanstead_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Stratford and Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_and_Bow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bethnal Green and Stepney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green_and_Stepney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cities of London and Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_London_and_Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Islington South and Finsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington_South_and_Finsbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Islington North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Hackney North and Stoke Newington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_North_and_Stoke_Newington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Hackney South and Shoreditch from 2024Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which came into effect for the 2024 general election, the composition of the constituency is as follows (as they existed on 1 December 2020):The London Borough of Hackney wards of: Dalston; Hackney Central; Hackney Wick; Haggerston; Homerton; Hoxton East & Shoreditch; Hoxton West; London Fields; Victoria.[6]De Beauvoir ward was transferred out to Islington South and Finsbury, and King's Park ward to Hackney North and Stoke Newington, in exchange for Dalston ward.The constituency covers the southern part of the London Borough of Hackney.The constituency shares a boundary with eight others:\nWalthamstow, Leyton & Wanstead, Stratford and Bow, Bethnal Green and Stepney, Cities of London and Westminster, Islington South and Finsbury, Islington North, and its borough partner Hackney North and Stoke Newington.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2020s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2010s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2000s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1990s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1980s","text":"Both Brown and Roberts were official candidates of their respective local parties and both supported the Alliance between the Liberals and the SDP; however, Brown was given endorsement by both national parties.","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1970s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"borough constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_constituency"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"first past the post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_past_the_post"}],"text":"^ A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)\n\n^ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Election result, 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/vote2005/html/287.stm"},{"link_name":"Election results, 1997 – 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/vote2001/results_constituencies/constituencies/287.stm"},{"link_name":"Election results, 1997 – 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.election.demon.co.uk/1997LB.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20001207045200/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/1997LB.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Election results, 1983 – 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.election.demon.co.uk/1983LB.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160805135618/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/1983LB.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Election results, 1992 – 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//politics.guardian.co.uk/hoc/constituency/history/0,,-987,00.html"},{"link_name":"Election results, 1974 – 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/edates.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040505172753/http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/edates.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Election result, 2005 (BBC)\nElection results, 1997 – 2001 (BBC)\nElection results, 1997 – 2001 Archived 7 December 2000 at the Wayback Machine (Election Demon)\nElection results, 1983 – 1992 Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Election Demon)\nElection results, 1992 – 2005 (Guardian)\nElection results, 1974 – 1979 Archived 5 May 2004 at the Wayback Machine (Keele University)","title":"Sources"}]

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[{"title":"List of parliamentary constituencies in Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Hackney"},{"title":"List of parliamentary constituencies in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_London"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigler%27s_law_of_eponymy

Stigler's law of eponymy

["1 Derivation","2 Similar concepts","3 List of examples","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]

Observation that no scientific discovery is named after its discoverer Stigler's law of eponymy, proposed by University of Chicago statistics professor Stephen Stigler in his 1980 publication Stigler’s law of eponymy, states that no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer. Examples include Hubble's law, which was derived by Georges Lemaître two years before Edwin Hubble; the Pythagorean theorem, which was known to Babylonian mathematicians before Pythagoras; and Halley's Comet, which was observed by astronomers since at least 240 BC (although its official designation is due to the first ever mathematical prediction of such astronomical phenomenon in the sky, not to its discovery). Stigler attributed the discovery of Stigler's law to sociologist Robert K. Merton, from whom Stigler stole credit so that it would be an example of the law. The same observation had previously also been made by many others. Derivation Historical acclaim for discoveries is often assigned to persons of note who bring attention to an idea that is not yet widely known, whether or not that person was its original inventor – theories may be named long after their discovery. In the case of eponymy, the idea becomes named after that person, even if that person is acknowledged by historians of science not to be the one who discovered it. Often, several people will arrive at a new idea around the same time, as in the case of calculus. It can be dependent on the publicity of the new work and the fame of its publisher as to whether the scientist's name becomes historically associated. Similar concepts There is a similar quote attributed to Mark Twain:It takes a thousand men to invent a telegraph, or a steam engine, or a phonograph, or a photograph, or a telephone or any other important thing—and the last man gets the credit and we forget the others. He added his little mite—that is all he did. These object lessons should teach us that ninety-nine parts of all things that proceed from the intellect are plagiarisms, pure and simple; and the lesson ought to make us modest. But nothing can do that. Stephen Stigler's father, the economist George Stigler, also examined the process of discovery in economics. He said, "If an earlier, valid statement of a theory falls on deaf ears, and a later restatement is accepted by the science, this is surely proof that the science accepts ideas only when they fit into the then-current state of the science." He gave several examples in which the original discoverer was not recognized as such. The Matthew effect was coined by Robert K. Merton to describe how eminent scientists get more credit than a comparatively unknown researcher, even if their work is similar, so that credit will usually be given to researchers who are already famous. Merton notes: This pattern of recognition, skewed in favor of the established scientist, appears principally (i) in cases of collaboration and (ii) in cases of independent multiple discoveries made by scientists of distinctly different rank. The effect applies specifically to women through the Matilda effect. Boyer's law was named by Hubert Kennedy in 1972. It says, "Mathematical formulas and theorems are usually not named after their original discoverers" and was named after Carl Boyer, whose book A History of Mathematics contains many examples of this law. Kennedy observed that "it is perhaps interesting to note that this is probably a rare instance of a law whose statement confirms its own validity". "Everything of importance has been said before by somebody who did not discover it" is an adage attributed to Alfred North Whitehead. List of examples Main article: List of examples of Stigler's law See also List of misnamed theorems List of persons considered father or mother of a scientific field Eponym Scientific priority Matthew effect Matilda effect Obliteration by incorporation Theories and sociology of the history of science Standing on the shoulders of giants References ^ Gieryn, T. F., ed. (1980). Science and social structure: a festschrift for Robert K. Merton. New York: NY Academy of Sciences. pp. 147–57. ISBN 0-89766-043-9., republished in Stigler's collection "Statistics on the Table" ^ For example, Henry Dudeney noted in his 1917 Amusements in Mathematics solution 129 that Pell's equation was called that "apparently because Pell neither first propounded the question nor first solved it!" ^ "Letter to Helen Keller". American Foundation for the Blind. 1903. ^ Diamond, Arthur M. Jr. (December 2005). "Measurement, incentives, and constraints in Stigler's economics of science" (PDF). The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 12 (4): 639–640. doi:10.1080/09672560500370292. S2CID 154618308. Retrieved 12 January 2015. (Link is to Art Diamond's personal web site.) ^ Merton, Robert K. (5 January 1968). "The Matthew Effect in Science". Science. 159 (3810): 56–63. Bibcode:1968Sci...159...56M. doi:10.1126/science.159.3810.56. PMID 17737466. S2CID 3526819. ^ Kennedy, H.C. (January 1972). "Who discovered Boyer's Law?". The American Mathematical Monthly. 79 (1): 66–67. doi:10.2307/2978134. JSTOR 2978134. ^ Menand, Louis (19 February 2007). "Notable Quotables". The New Yorker. Retrieved 27 March 2009. Further reading Stigler, George J. (1982a). The Economist as Preacher, and Other Essays. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-77430-9. Stigler, Stephen M. (1980). Gieryn, F. (ed.). "Stigler's law of eponymy". Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. 39: 147–58. doi:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1980.tb02775.x. (Festschrift for Robert K. Merton) Stigler, Stephen M. (1983). "Who discovered Bayes's theorem?". The American Statistician. 37 (4): 290–6. doi:10.2307/2682766. JSTOR 2682766. Kern, Scott E (September–October 2002). "Whose Hypothesis? Ciphering, Sectorials, D Lesions, Freckles and the Operation of Stigler's Law". Cancer Biology & Therapy. 1 (5). Landes Bioscience: 571–581. doi:10.4161/cbt.1.5.225. ISSN 1555-8576. PMID 12496492. Retrieved 28 March 2009. External links Miller, Jeff. "Eponymy and Laws of Eponymy". on Miller, Jeff. "Earliest known uses of some of the words of mathematics". Malcolm Gladwell (19 December 2006). "In the Air: Who says big ideas are rare?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 6 May 2008. Stigler's law is described near the end of the article vteHistory of scienceBackground Theories and sociology Historiography Pseudoscience History and philosophy of science By era Ancient world Classical Antiquity Medieval European Renaissance Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Romanticism By culture African Argentine Brazilian Byzantine French Chinese Indian Medieval Islamic Japanese Korean Mexican Russian Spanish Natural sciences Astronomy Biology Chemistry Earth science Physics Mathematics Algebra Calculus Combinatorics Geometry Logic Probability Statistics Trigonometry Social sciences Anthropology Archaeology Economics History Political science Psychology Sociology Technology Agricultural science Computer science Materials science Engineering Medicine Human medicine Veterinary medicine Anatomy Neuroscience Neurology and neurosurgery Nutrition Pathology Pharmacy Timelines Portal Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"Stephen Stigler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Stigler"},{"link_name":"eponymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hubble's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble%27s_law"},{"link_name":"Georges Lemaître","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre"},{"link_name":"Edwin Hubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem"},{"link_name":"was known","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem#History"},{"link_name":"Babylonian mathematicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Halley's Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet"},{"link_name":"mathematical prediction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Halley#Publications_and_inventions"},{"link_name":"sociologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologist"},{"link_name":"Robert K. Merton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Merton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Stigler's law of eponymy, proposed by University of Chicago statistics professor Stephen Stigler in his 1980 publication Stigler’s law of eponymy,[1] states that no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer. Examples include Hubble's law, which was derived by Georges Lemaître two years before Edwin Hubble; the Pythagorean theorem, which was known to Babylonian mathematicians before Pythagoras; and Halley's Comet, which was observed by astronomers since at least 240 BC (although its official designation is due to the first ever mathematical prediction of such astronomical phenomenon in the sky, not to its discovery).Stigler attributed the discovery of Stigler's law to sociologist Robert K. Merton, from whom Stigler stole credit so that it would be an example of the law. The same observation had previously also been made by many others.[2]","title":"Stigler's law of eponymy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eponymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymy"},{"link_name":"historians of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science"},{"link_name":"arrive at a new idea around the same time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_discovery"},{"link_name":"calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus"}],"text":"Historical acclaim for discoveries is often assigned to persons of note who bring attention to an idea that is not yet widely known, whether or not that person was its original inventor – theories may be named long after their discovery. In the case of eponymy, the idea becomes named after that person, even if that person is acknowledged by historians of science not to be the one who discovered it. Often, several people will arrive at a new idea around the same time, as in the case of calculus. It can be dependent on the publicity of the new work and the fame of its publisher as to whether the scientist's name becomes historically associated.","title":"Derivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"George Stigler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stigler"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Matthew effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_effect_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Matilda effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_effect"},{"link_name":"Hubert Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Carl Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Boyer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"adage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adage"},{"link_name":"Alfred North Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"There is a similar quote attributed to Mark Twain:It takes a thousand men to invent a telegraph, or a steam engine, or a phonograph, or a photograph, or a telephone or any other important thing—and the last man gets the credit and we forget the others. He added his little mite—that is all he did. These object lessons should teach us that ninety-nine parts of all things that proceed from the intellect are plagiarisms, pure and simple; and the lesson ought to make us modest. But nothing can do that.[3]Stephen Stigler's father, the economist George Stigler, also examined the process of discovery in economics. He said, \"If an earlier, valid statement of a theory falls on deaf ears, and a later restatement is accepted by the science, this is surely proof that the science accepts ideas only when they fit into the then-current state of the science.\" He gave several examples in which the original discoverer was not recognized as such.[4]The Matthew effect was coined by Robert K. Merton to describe how eminent scientists get more credit than a comparatively unknown researcher, even if their work is similar, so that credit will usually be given to researchers who are already famous. Merton notes:This pattern of recognition, skewed in favor of the established scientist, appears principally\n(i) in cases of collaboration and\n\n(ii) in cases of independent multiple discoveries made by scientists of distinctly different rank.[5]The effect applies specifically to women through the Matilda effect.Boyer's law was named by Hubert Kennedy in 1972. It says, \"Mathematical formulas and theorems are usually not named after their original discoverers\" and was named after Carl Boyer, whose book A History of Mathematics contains many examples of this law. Kennedy observed that \"it is perhaps interesting to note that this is probably a rare instance of a law whose statement confirms its own validity\".[6]\"Everything of importance has been said before by somebody who did not discover it\" is an adage attributed to Alfred North Whitehead.[7]","title":"Similar concepts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stigler, George J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Stigler"},{"link_name":"The Economist as Preacher, and Other Essays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/economistaspreac0000stig_z4o2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-77430-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-77430-9"},{"link_name":"Stigler, Stephen M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_M._Stigler"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.2164-0947.1980.tb02775.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2164-0947.1980.tb02775.x"},{"link_name":"Festschrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festschrift"},{"link_name":"Robert K. 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Ciphering, Sectorials, D Lesions, Freckles and the Operation of Stigler's Law\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.landesbioscience.com/journals/cbt/article/225/"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4161/cbt.1.5.225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4161%2Fcbt.1.5.225"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1555-8576","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1555-8576"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12496492","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12496492"}],"text":"Stigler, George J. (1982a). The Economist as Preacher, and Other Essays. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-77430-9.\nStigler, Stephen M. (1980). Gieryn, F. (ed.). \"Stigler's law of eponymy\". Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. 39: 147–58. doi:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1980.tb02775.x. (Festschrift for Robert K. Merton)\nStigler, Stephen M. (1983). \"Who discovered Bayes's theorem?\". The American Statistician. 37 (4): 290–6. doi:10.2307/2682766. JSTOR 2682766.\nKern, Scott E (September–October 2002). \"Whose Hypothesis? Ciphering, Sectorials, D Lesions, Freckles and the Operation of Stigler's Law\". Cancer Biology & Therapy. 1 (5). Landes Bioscience: 571–581. doi:10.4161/cbt.1.5.225. ISSN 1555-8576. PMID 12496492. Retrieved 28 March 2009.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of misnamed theorems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_misnamed_theorems"},{"title":"List of persons considered father or mother of a scientific field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_persons_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field"},{"title":"Eponym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponym"},{"title":"Scientific priority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_priority"},{"title":"Matthew effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_effect"},{"title":"Matilda effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_effect"},{"title":"Obliteration by incorporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obliteration_by_incorporation"},{"title":"Theories and sociology of the history of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_and_sociology_of_the_history_of_science"},{"title":"Standing on the shoulders of giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_on_the_shoulders_of_giants"}]

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S2CID 3526819.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Sci...159...56M","url_text":"1968Sci...159...56M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.159.3810.56","url_text":"10.1126/science.159.3810.56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17737466","url_text":"17737466"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3526819","url_text":"3526819"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, H.C. (January 1972). \"Who discovered Boyer's Law?\". The American Mathematical Monthly. 79 (1): 66–67. doi:10.2307/2978134. JSTOR 2978134.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2978134","url_text":"10.2307/2978134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2978134","url_text":"2978134"}]},{"reference":"Menand, Louis (19 February 2007). \"Notable Quotables\". The New Yorker. Retrieved 27 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2007/02/19/070219crbo_books_menand","url_text":"\"Notable Quotables\""}]},{"reference":"Stigler, George J. (1982a). The Economist as Preacher, and Other Essays. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 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Ciphering, Sectorials, D Lesions, Freckles and the Operation of Stigler's Law\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcbt.1.5.225","url_text":"10.4161/cbt.1.5.225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1555-8576","url_text":"1555-8576"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12496492","url_text":"12496492"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Jeff. \"Eponymy and Laws of Eponymy\".","urls":[{"url":"http://jeff560.tripod.com/e.html","url_text":"\"Eponymy and Laws of Eponymy\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Jeff. \"Earliest known uses of some of the words of mathematics\".","urls":[{"url":"http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathword.html","url_text":"\"Earliest known uses of some of the words of mathematics\""}]},{"reference":"Malcolm Gladwell (19 December 2006). \"In the Air: Who says big ideas are rare?\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_pastry

Danish pastry

["1 Composition","2 Terminology","3 History","3.1 Denmark","4 Varieties","4.1 United States","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]

Multilayered, laminated sweet pastry Danish pastryA typical Spandauer-type Danish with apple filling and glazingTypeSweet breadPlace of originDenmarkAustriaMain ingredientsWheat flour, butter, milk, eggs, yeast. A Danish pastry (Danish: wienerbrød ) (sometimes shortened to danish, especially in American English) is a multilayered, laminated sweet pastry in the viennoiserie tradition. It is thought that some bakery techniques were brought to Denmark by Austrian bakers, and originated the name of this pastry. The danish recipe is however different from the Viennese one and has since developed into a Danish specialty. However, the origin of the pastry is not clear as it is called Kopenhagener in Austria and Wienerbrød in Denmark. Like other viennoiserie pastries, such as croissants, it is a variant of puff pastry made of laminated yeast-leavened dough that creates a layered texture. Danish pastries were brought with immigrants to the United States, where they are often topped with a fruit or cream cheese filling, and are now popular around the world. Composition Danish pastry is made of yeast-leavened dough of wheat flour, milk, eggs, sugar, and large amounts of butter or margarine. A yeast dough is rolled out thinly, covered with thin slices of butter between the layers of dough, and then the dough is folded and rolled several times, creating 27 layers. If necessary, the dough is chilled between foldings to ease handling. The process of rolling, buttering, folding, and chilling is repeated multiple times to create a multilayered dough that becomes airy and crispy on the outside, but also rich and buttery. Butter is the traditional fat used in Danish pastry, but in industrial production, less expensive fats are often used, such as hydrogenated sunflower oil. Terminology A common version of the pastry in Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Sweden. In Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, the term for Danish pastry is wienerbrød (or wienerbröd), meaning "Viennese bread". The same etymology is also the origin of the Icelandic vínarbrauð, Finnish viineri and Estonian Viini sai ("Viennese pastry"). In Vienna, the Danish pastry is called Kopenhagener Plunder, referring to Copenhagen, or Dänischer Plunder. History The origin of the Danish pastry is often ascribed to a strike amongst bakery workers in Denmark in 1850. The strike caused bakery owners to hire workers from abroad, among them several Austrian bakers, who brought along new baking traditions and pastry recipes. The Austrian pastry of Plundergebäck soon became popular in Denmark and after the labour disputes ended, Danish bakers adopted the Austrian recipes, adjusting them to their own liking and traditions by increasing the amount of egg and fat for example. This development resulted in what is now known as the Danish pastry. One of the baking techniques and traditions that the Austrian bakers brought with them was the Viennese lamination technique. Due to such novelties the Danes called the pastry "wienerbrød" (Vienna bread) and that name is still in use in Northern Europe today. At that time, almost all baked goods in Denmark were given exotic names. Denmark A cinnamon Danish with chocolate and nuts from a bakery in Denmark Danish pastries as consumed in Denmark have different shapes and names. Some are topped with chocolate, pearl sugar, glacé icing, and/or slivered nuts and they may be stuffed with a variety of ingredients such as jam or preserves (usually apple or prune), remonce, marzipan, and/or custard. Shapes are numerous, including circles with filling in the middle (known in Denmark as Spandauers), figure-eights, spirals (known as snails), and the pretzel-like kringles. Varieties In Sweden, Danish pastry is typically made in the Spandauer-style, often with vanilla custard. In the UK, various ingredients such as jam, custard, apricots, cherries, raisins, flaked almonds, pecans, or caramelized toffee are placed on or within sections of divided dough, which is then baked. Cardamom is often added to increase the aromatic sense of sweetness. In the US, Danishes are typically given a topping of fruit or sweetened cream cheese prior to baking. Danishes with nuts on them are also popular there and in Sweden, where often icing, and, sometimes, powdered sugar and chocolate spritzing are also added. In Argentina, they are usually filled with dulce de leche or dulce de membrillo. Danish pastry in different countries A slice of a kringle with remonce, a type of Danish pastry common in Denmark Several types of Danish pastry in a bakery in Denmark A pecan and maple syrup Danish pastry sold in the UK Argentine facturas with dulce de membrillo Danish pastries in the Philippines United States A slice of an American apple crumb Danish Danish pastry was brought to the United States by Danish immigrants. Lauritz C. Klitteng of Læsø popularized "Danish pastry" in the US around 1915–1920. According to Klitteng, he made Danish pastry for the wedding of President Woodrow Wilson in December 1915. Klitteng toured the world to promote his product and was featured in such 1920s periodicals as the National Baker, the Bakers' Helper, and the Bakers' Weekly. Klitteng briefly had his own Danish Culinary Studio at 146 Fifth Avenue in New York City. Herman Gertner owned a chain of New York City restaurants and had brought Klitteng to New York to sell Danish pastry. Gertner's obituary appeared in the January 23, 1962 The New York Times: "At one point during his career Mr. Gertner befriended a Danish baker who convinced him that Danish pastry might be well received in New York. Mr. Gertner began serving the pastry in his restaurant and it immediately was a success." See also Food portal Danish cookie Danish cuisine Doughnut List of doughnut varieties Kolach Kringle List of pastries Pan dulce (sweet bread) Notes ^ Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7. ^ a b Alexis Kunsak (24 March 2016). "The patsies whose favourite pastries aren't really Danish". The Copenhagen Post. Archived from the original on March 31, 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2022. ^ Cauvain, Stanley P.; Young, Linda S. (20 May 2007). Technology of Breadmaking. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780387385655. Retrieved 15 December 2017 – via Google Books. ^ Gisslen, Wayne (17 January 2012). Professional Baking. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118083741. Retrieved 15 December 2017 – via Google Books. ^ a b Rose Levy Beranbaum (1998). The Pie and Pastry Bible. Schribner. ISBN 0684813483. ^ "Danish pastry". Global.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ in Norway. Archived 2015-02-17 at the Wayback Machine ^ "In Finland is called viineri". Pohjoisenmakua.wordpress.com. 21 October 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2017. ^ "Wienerbröd vanilj delbakad dafgård - Torebrings.se". Torebrings.se. Retrieved 15 December 2017. ^ "Produkt ikke funnet". Pdb.no. Retrieved 15 December 2017. ^ "Wienerbrod". Dn.se. 13 August 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2015. ^ a b Utley, Derek (1999). Reis på engelsk: guide, ord og uttrykk, menyordbok. Oslo: NKS-forlag. ISBN 8250819225. ^ Ole Stig Andersen (Jun 26, 1995). "Hvor kommer brød fra". Archived from the original on November 11, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2018. ^ "Wiener Plundergebäck" (PDF). Lebensministerium.at. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-10. Je nach Fettmenge können Plunder mit mind. 300 g Fett pro 1000 g Grundteig und dänischer Plunder (Kopenhagener Plunder) mit mind. 600 g Fett pro 1000 g Grundteig unterschieden werden. ^ "Wienerbrød". Arbejdsgiverforeningen Konditorer, Bagere og Chocolademagere. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2012-01-17. ^ Inger Abildgaard (1 February 2007). "De danske kager er en fantastisk historie". Samvirke (in Danish). Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014. Interview with Bi Skaarup, a Danish food-historian and former president of "Det Danske Gastronomiske Akademi" (The Danish Gastronomical Academy). ^ Sverdrup, Elise (1980). Norway's delight: dishes and specialities. Oslo: Tanum-Norli. ISBN 8251800897. ^ Karina Porcelli (10 September 2007). "You Call This Danish Pastry?". Saveur, Bonnier Corporation. Retrieved 8 December 2017. ^ Citation from the Saveur article: ^ Hakon Mielche (1944). Jorden rundt med morgenbrød (in Danish). Hasselbalch. References Cauvain, Stanley & Young, Linda S. (2007) Technology of Breadmaking. Springer Science & Business Media. Gisslen, Wayne (2013) Professional Baking. (6th edition) John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ. ISBN 9781118083741 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Danish pastry. Danish pastry - base recipe - Danish pastry bar Kvalifood, a non-commercial educational cooking website from Denmark. BBC Danish pastries Danish vteDoughnuts, fritters and other fried-dough foodsSweetAfrica and Asia Adhirasam Awameh Bambalouni Bamiyeh Binangkal Boortsog Buñuelo Çäkçäk Cascaron Chebakia Chiroti Chin chin Churro Gorgoria Gosh-e Fil Gulab jamun Gwaramari Imarti Jalebi Koe'sister/Koeksister Kevum Kumukunsi Lokma Lokot-lokot Maejap-gwa Mahua Maruya Mochi donuts Panyalam Pilipit Pinakufu Puff-puff Qottab Sata andagi Sel roti Sfenj Sfinz Shakoy Shankarpali Shuangbaotai Sufganiyah Sweet shells Tulumba Vetkoek Zalabiyeh Americas Bear claw Bolinho de chuva Boston cream Brown Bobby Buñuelo Churro Cider doughnut Coconut doughnut Cronut Cruller Dutchie Fried Coke Funnel cake Jelly doughnut Long John Maple bacon donut Maple bar Old-fashioned doughnut Persian Picarones Potato doughnut Sopaipilla Sour cream doughnut Tiger tail donut Timbits Touton Wonut Europe Angel wings Beignet Berliner Bombolone Buñuelo Churro Diples Fánk Fartura Fasnacht Fazuelos Filhós Fritule Fudge doughnut Klenät Knieküchle Krofne Malassada Mekitsa Oliebol Pączki Papanași Pastisset Pestiños Prusurate Rosette Schenkele Smultring Uštipci Zeppole DoughnutSavoryAfrica and Asia Balep korkun Bhaji Bhatoora Burmese fritters Ham chim peng Javanese doughnut Khuushuur Luchi Mee Siput Muar Mücver Murukku Okoy Ox-tongue pastry Pakora Papri chaat Pişi Puri Qutab Samosa Sha phaley Shelpek Vada Vetkoek Youtiao Europe and the Americas Chebureki Fleischkuekle Fritelli Frybread Funnel cake Haliva Lángos Lihapiirakka Lörtsy Pampushka Panzerotti Pastel Pasztecik szczeciński Peremech Pirozhki Companies BeaverTails Dunkin' Donuts Krispy Kreme Mister Donut Shipley Do-Nuts Tim Hortons Lists List of doughnut varieties List of fried dough foods List of deep fried foods List of doughnut shops See also National Doughnut Day Coffee and doughnuts Superior Donuts play TV series  Category: Doughnuts vte Pastries list Types Chinese flaky pastry Choux pastry Filo Flaky pastry Hot water crust pastry Pan dulce Puff pastry Shortcrust pastry Choux pastry Beignet Bossche bol Chouquette Croquembouche Éclair Gougère Karpatka Lady's navel Moorkop Nun's puffs Paris–Brest Pommes dauphine Profiterole Religieuse St. Honoré cake Puff pastry Beef Wellington Cheese straw Croline Croissant Galette des rois Jambon Miguelitos Mille-feuille Palmier Pastel de nata Pithivier Sausage roll Steak and kidney pie Strudel Tarte conversation Tarte Tatin Torpedo dessert Turnovers Poppy seed Chatti pathiri Hamantash Kifli Kolach Kūčiukai Međimurska gibanica Nunt Nut roll Poppy seed roll Prekmurska gibanica Rugelach St. Martin's croissant Other Alexandertorte Allerheiligenstriezel Apple strudel Azerbaijani pakhlava Bakewell pudding Banket Baklava Bánh pía Banitsa Bear claw Belokranjska povitica Bethmännchen Bierock Bizcocho Boyoz Briouat Bruttiboni Bulemas Bundevara Chorley cake Coca Coulibiac Coussin de Lyon Cream horn Cremeschnitte Croline Cronut Cruller Cuban pastry Curry beef turnover Curry puff Dabby-Doughs Dutch letter Eccles cake Empanada Ensaïmada Fa gao Fazuelos Fig roll Fish-shaped pastry Flaó Flia Flies' graveyard Franzbrötchen Gâteau Basque Gibanica Gözleme Gundain Gustavus Adolphus pastry Haddekuche Haitian patty Hellimli Heong Peng Huff paste Hwangnam-ppang Jachnun Khachapuri Knafeh Kitchener bun Klobásník Knieküchle Kolach Kroštule Kürtőskalács Lattice Leipziger Lerche London Cheesecake Lukhmi Ma'amoul Makroudh Malsouka Mandelkubb Mantecada Marillenknödel Mekitsa Miguelitos Milhojas Milk-cream strudel Mille-feuille Moorkop Mouna Napoleonka Nokul Öçpoçmaq Pain à la grecque Pan dulce Pastel Pastizz Pastry heart Pasty Pâté chaud Peremech Pirog Pirozhki Plăcintă Pop-Tarts Prekmurska gibanica Profiterole Punsch-roll Punschkrapfen Quesito Remonce Roti tissue Roze koek Runeberg torte Runza Sad cake Samosa Schaumrolle Schnecken Schneeball Schuxen Şöbiyet Sou Spritzkuchen Streusel Strudel Stutenkerl Sweetheart cake Tahini roll Toast'em Pop Ups Toaster pastry Toaster Strudel Tompouce Torpedo dessert Tortell Tortita negra Tu Turnover Uštipci Vatrushka Veka Vetkoek Yurla Zeeuwse bolus Žemlovka By countryChinese Chasan Jiucai hezi Masan Sachima Filipino Biscocho Buko pie Caycay Daral (food) Dinamita Egg pie Empanada Ensaïmada Hopia Lumpia Napoleones Ngohiong Ohaldre Otap Piaya Pilipit Shakoy Turon French Angel wings Beignet Bichon au citron Biscuit rose de Reims Broyé poitevin Canelé Chouquette Choux pastry Conversation tart Croissant Croquembouche Croustade Éclair Financier Gougère Jésuite Ladyfinger Macaron Madeleine Nun's puffs Pain au chocolat Pain aux raisins Palmier Paris–Brest Puits d'amour Religieuse St. Honoré cake Tuile Viennoiserie Vol-au-vent Greek Amygdalopita Bougatsa Fanouropita Filo Galaktoboureko Karydopita Koulourakia Moustalevria Pastafrola Indonesian Bahulu Bakpia Bakpia pathok Curry puff Makmur Milk pie Pie tee Roti john Roti tissue Iranian Gosh-e fil Kolompeh Koloocheh Komaj sehen Qottab Sohan asali Italian Baicoli Biscotti Biscotti regina Bocconotto Bombolone Cannoli Ciarduna 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈviˀnɐˌpʁœðˀ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish"},{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"laminated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminated_dough"},{"link_name":"pastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastry"},{"link_name":"viennoiserie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennoiserie"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"bakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"croissants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croissant"},{"link_name":"puff pastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puff_pastry"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast"},{"link_name":"dough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dough"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cphpost.dk-2"}],"text":"A Danish pastry (Danish: wienerbrød [ˈviˀnɐˌpʁœðˀ]) (sometimes shortened to danish, especially in American English) is a multilayered, laminated sweet pastry in the viennoiserie tradition. It is thought that some bakery techniques were brought to Denmark by Austrian bakers, and originated the name of this pastry. The danish recipe is however different from the Viennese one and has since developed into a Danish specialty.However, the origin of the pastry is not clear as it is called Kopenhagener in Austria and Wienerbrød in Denmark.[1]Like other viennoiserie pastries, such as croissants, it is a variant of puff pastry made of laminated yeast-leavened dough that creates a layered texture.Danish pastries were brought with immigrants to the United States, where they are often topped with a fruit or cream cheese filling, and are now popular around the world.[2]","title":"Danish pastry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast"},{"link_name":"dough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dough"},{"link_name":"flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)"},{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter"},{"link_name":"margarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pie_and_Pastry_Bible-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pie_and_Pastry_Bible-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"hydrogenated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_fat"},{"link_name":"sunflower oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_oil"}],"text":"Danish pastry is made of yeast-leavened dough of wheat flour, milk, eggs, sugar, and large amounts of butter or margarine.[3]A yeast dough is rolled out thinly, covered with thin slices of butter between the layers of dough, and then the dough is folded and rolled several times, creating 27 layers.[4][5] If necessary, the dough is chilled between foldings to ease handling. The process of rolling, buttering, folding, and chilling is repeated multiple times to create a multilayered dough that becomes airy and crispy on the outside, but also rich and buttery.[5]Butter is the traditional fat used in Danish pastry,[6] but in industrial production, less expensive fats are often used, such as hydrogenated sunflower oil.","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spandauer_med_creme.JPG"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_language"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"}],"text":"A common version of the pastry in Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Sweden.[7][8][9][10]In Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, the term for Danish pastry is wienerbrød (or wienerbröd), meaning \"Viennese bread\".[11][12] The same etymology is also the origin of the Icelandic vínarbrauð, Finnish viineri and Estonian Viini sai (\"Viennese pastry\").\nIn Vienna, the Danish pastry is called Kopenhagener Plunder, referring to Copenhagen, or Dänischer Plunder.[13][14][12]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plundergebäck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plundergeb%C3%A4ck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"exotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoticism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cphpost.dk-2"}],"text":"The origin of the Danish pastry is often ascribed to a strike amongst bakery workers in Denmark in 1850. The strike caused bakery owners to hire workers from abroad, among them several Austrian bakers, who brought along new baking traditions and pastry recipes. The Austrian pastry of Plundergebäck soon became popular in Denmark and after the labour disputes ended, Danish bakers adopted the Austrian recipes, adjusting them to their own liking and traditions by increasing the amount of egg and fat for example. This development resulted in what is now known as the Danish pastry.[15][16]One of the baking techniques and traditions that the Austrian bakers brought with them was the Viennese lamination technique.[citation needed] Due to such novelties the Danes called the pastry \"wienerbrød\" (Vienna bread) and that name is still in use in Northern Europe today.[17] At that time, almost all baked goods in Denmark were given exotic names.[citation needed][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cinnamon_danish_in_Copenhagen.jpg"},{"link_name":"pearl sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_sugar"},{"link_name":"glacé icing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icing_(food)"},{"link_name":"remonce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remonce"},{"link_name":"marzipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzipan"},{"link_name":"kringles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kringle"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Denmark","text":"A cinnamon Danish with chocolate and nuts from a bakery in DenmarkDanish pastries as consumed in Denmark have different shapes and names. Some are topped with chocolate, pearl sugar, glacé icing, and/or slivered nuts and they may be stuffed with a variety of ingredients such as jam or preserves (usually apple or prune), remonce, marzipan, and/or custard. Shapes are numerous, including circles with filling in the middle (known in Denmark as Spandauers), figure-eights, spirals (known as snails), and the pretzel-like kringles.[18][19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam"},{"link_name":"custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard"},{"link_name":"apricots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot"},{"link_name":"cherries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry"},{"link_name":"raisins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisin"},{"link_name":"almonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond"},{"link_name":"pecans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan"},{"link_name":"caramelized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramelized"},{"link_name":"toffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toffee"},{"link_name":"Cardamom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom"},{"link_name":"dulce de leche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulce_de_leche"},{"link_name":"dulce de membrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulce_de_membrillo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kringle_(6868378753).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Danish_pastry.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pecan_and_Maple_Danish.JPG"},{"link_name":"pecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan"},{"link_name":"maple syrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_syrup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Factura_membrillo.jpg"},{"link_name":"facturas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facturas"},{"link_name":"dulce de membrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulce_de_membrillo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Danishjf1942.JPG"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"}],"text":"In Sweden, Danish pastry is typically made in the Spandauer-style, often with vanilla custard.In the UK, various ingredients such as jam, custard, apricots, cherries, raisins, flaked almonds, pecans, or caramelized toffee are placed on or within sections of divided dough, which is then baked. Cardamom is often added to increase the aromatic sense of sweetness.In the US, Danishes are typically given a topping of fruit or sweetened cream cheese prior to baking. Danishes with nuts on them are also popular there and in Sweden, where often icing, and, sometimes, powdered sugar and chocolate spritzing are also added.In Argentina, they are usually filled with dulce de leche or dulce de membrillo.Danish pastry in different countries\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA slice of a kringle with remonce, a type of Danish pastry common in Denmark\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeveral types of Danish pastry in a bakery in Denmark\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA pecan and maple syrup Danish pastry sold in the UK\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArgentine facturas with dulce de membrillo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDanish pastries in the Philippines","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Danish_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Danish immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Americans"},{"link_name":"Læsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6s%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"A slice of an American apple crumb DanishDanish pastry was brought to the United States by Danish immigrants. Lauritz C. Klitteng of Læsø popularized \"Danish pastry\" in the US around 1915–1920. According to Klitteng, he made Danish pastry for the wedding of President Woodrow Wilson in December 1915. Klitteng toured the world to promote his product and was featured in such 1920s periodicals as the National Baker, the Bakers' Helper, and the Bakers' Weekly. Klitteng briefly had his own Danish Culinary Studio at 146 Fifth Avenue in New York City.[20]Herman Gertner owned a chain of New York City restaurants and had brought Klitteng to New York to sell Danish pastry. Gertner's obituary appeared in the January 23, 1962 The New York Times:\"At one point during his career Mr. Gertner befriended a Danish baker who convinced him that Danish pastry might be well received in New York. Mr. Gertner began serving the pastry in his restaurant and it immediately was a success.\"","title":"Varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Companion to Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&q=oxford+companion+to+food"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-967733-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cphpost.dk_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cphpost.dk_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"The patsies whose favourite pastries aren't really Danish\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cphpost.dk/?p=6172"},{"link_name":"The Copenhagen Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Copenhagen_Post"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150331043639/https://cphpost.dk/news/the-patsies-whose-favourite-pastries-arent-really-danish.7855.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Technology of Breadmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HXtJivmeDfcC&q=danish&pg=PA267"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780387385655","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387385655"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Professional Baking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5qUPmsiTV6cC&q=laminated"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781118083741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118083741"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pie_and_Pastry_Bible_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pie_and_Pastry_Bible_5-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0684813483","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684813483"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Danish pastry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/151079/Danish-pastry"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"in Norway.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.vaasan.no/portal/no/produkter/bakervarer/croissanter_og_wienerbakst/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150217174947/http://www.vaasan.no/portal/no/produkter/bakervarer/croissanter_og_wienerbakst/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"In Finland is called viineri\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pohjoisenmakua.wordpress.com/2012/10/21/viinerit/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Wienerbröd vanilj delbakad dafgård - Torebrings.se\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.torebrings.se/butik/BR%C3%96D+DELBAKAT+FRYST/Wienerbr%C3%B6d+Vanilj+delbakad+Dafg%C3%A5rd?artnr=85645"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Produkt ikke funnet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pdb.no/Findus/Wienerbr%C3%B8d/07310500037530/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Wienerbrod\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dn.se/mat-dryck/wienerbrod-sproda-och-frasiga-danskar/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_12-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8250819225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8250819225"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Hvor kommer brød fra\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161111054108/http://www.olestig.dk/dansk/wien.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.olestig.dk/dansk/wien.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Wiener Plundergebäck\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131210222234/http://www.lebensministerium.at/dms/lmat/lebensmittel/trad-lebensmittel/speisen/wr_plundergebaeck/Wiener-Plundergebaeck-d/Wiener%20Plundergebaeck%20d.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lebensministerium.at/dms/lmat/lebensmittel/trad-lebensmittel/speisen/wr_plundergebaeck/Wiener-Plundergebaeck-d/Wiener%20Plundergebaeck%20d.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Wienerbrød\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130116214915/http://www.akbc.dk/fagspecialer/wienerdej"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.akbc.dk/fagspecialer/wienerdej"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"De danske kager er en fantastisk historie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141016005653/http://samvirke.dk/mad-sundhed/artikler/danske-kager-fantastisk-historie.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//samvirke.dk/mad-sundhed/artikler/danske-kager-fantastisk-historie.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8251800897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8251800897"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"You Call This Danish Pastry?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.saveur.com/article/Travels/You-Call-This-Danish-Pastry"},{"link_name":"Bonnier Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnier_Corporation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Hakon Mielche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakon_Mielche"}],"text":"^ Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7.\n\n^ a b Alexis Kunsak (24 March 2016). \"The patsies whose favourite pastries aren't really Danish\". The Copenhagen Post. Archived from the original on March 31, 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2022.\n\n^ Cauvain, Stanley P.; Young, Linda S. (20 May 2007). Technology of Breadmaking. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780387385655. Retrieved 15 December 2017 – via Google Books.\n\n^ Gisslen, Wayne (17 January 2012). Professional Baking. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118083741. Retrieved 15 December 2017 – via Google Books.\n\n^ a b Rose Levy Beranbaum (1998). The Pie and Pastry Bible. Schribner. ISBN 0684813483.\n\n^ \"Danish pastry\". Global.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 December 2015.\n\n^ in Norway. Archived 2015-02-17 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"In Finland is called viineri\". Pohjoisenmakua.wordpress.com. 21 October 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2017.\n\n^ \"Wienerbröd vanilj delbakad dafgård - Torebrings.se\". Torebrings.se. Retrieved 15 December 2017.\n\n^ \"Produkt ikke funnet\". Pdb.no. Retrieved 15 December 2017.\n\n^ \"Wienerbrod\". Dn.se. 13 August 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2015.\n\n^ a b Utley, Derek (1999). Reis på engelsk: guide, ord og uttrykk, menyordbok. Oslo: NKS-forlag. ISBN 8250819225.\n\n^ Ole Stig Andersen (Jun 26, 1995). \"Hvor kommer brød fra\". Archived from the original on November 11, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2018.\n\n^ \"Wiener Plundergebäck\" (PDF). Lebensministerium.at. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-10. Je nach Fettmenge können Plunder mit mind. 300 g Fett pro 1000 g Grundteig und dänischer Plunder (Kopenhagener Plunder) mit mind. 600 g Fett pro 1000 g Grundteig unterschieden werden.\n\n^ \"Wienerbrød\". Arbejdsgiverforeningen Konditorer, Bagere og Chocolademagere. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2012-01-17.\n\n^ Inger Abildgaard (1 February 2007). \"De danske kager er en fantastisk historie\". Samvirke (in Danish). Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014. Interview with Bi Skaarup, a Danish food-historian and former president of \"Det Danske Gastronomiske Akademi\" (The Danish Gastronomical Academy).\n\n^ Sverdrup, Elise (1980). Norway's delight: dishes and specialities. Oslo: Tanum-Norli. ISBN 8251800897.\n\n^ Karina Porcelli (10 September 2007). \"You Call This Danish Pastry?\". Saveur, Bonnier Corporation. Retrieved 8 December 2017.\n\n^ Citation from the Saveur article: [There are hundreds of types of Danish pastry, but all—from the chokoladebolle, topped with chocolate, to the spandauer, filled with vanilla custard or marmalade, or the wienerbrødhorn, infused with marzipan and sprinkled with hazelnuts—are made of crisp layers of paper-thin dough, prepared and baked according to strict rules.]\n\n^ Hakon Mielche [in Danish] (1944). Jorden rundt med morgenbrød (in Danish). Hasselbalch.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"A common version of the pastry in Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Sweden.[7][8][9][10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Spandauer_med_creme.JPG/220px-Spandauer_med_creme.JPG"},{"image_text":"A cinnamon Danish with chocolate and nuts from a bakery in Denmark","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cinnamon_danish_in_Copenhagen.jpg/220px-Cinnamon_danish_in_Copenhagen.jpg"},{"image_text":"A slice of an American apple crumb Danish","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Danish_%281%29.jpg/220px-Danish_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Doughnut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glazed-Donut.jpg/60px-Glazed-Donut.jpg"}]

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[{"reference":"Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&q=oxford+companion+to+food","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Food"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7","url_text":"978-0-19-967733-7"}]},{"reference":"Alexis Kunsak (24 March 2016). \"The patsies whose favourite pastries aren't really Danish\". The Copenhagen Post. Archived from the original on March 31, 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cphpost.dk/?p=6172","url_text":"\"The patsies whose favourite pastries aren't really Danish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Copenhagen_Post","url_text":"The Copenhagen Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150331043639/https://cphpost.dk/news/the-patsies-whose-favourite-pastries-arent-really-danish.7855.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cauvain, Stanley P.; Young, Linda S. (20 May 2007). Technology of Breadmaking. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780387385655. Retrieved 15 December 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HXtJivmeDfcC&q=danish&pg=PA267","url_text":"Technology of Breadmaking"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387385655","url_text":"9780387385655"}]},{"reference":"Gisslen, Wayne (17 January 2012). Professional Baking. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118083741. Retrieved 15 December 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5qUPmsiTV6cC&q=laminated","url_text":"Professional Baking"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118083741","url_text":"9781118083741"}]},{"reference":"Rose Levy Beranbaum (1998). The Pie and Pastry Bible. Schribner. ISBN 0684813483.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684813483","url_text":"0684813483"}]},{"reference":"\"Danish pastry\". Global.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/151079/Danish-pastry","url_text":"\"Danish pastry\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Finland is called viineri\". Pohjoisenmakua.wordpress.com. 21 October 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pohjoisenmakua.wordpress.com/2012/10/21/viinerit/","url_text":"\"In Finland is called viineri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wienerbröd vanilj delbakad dafgård - Torebrings.se\". Torebrings.se. Retrieved 15 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.torebrings.se/butik/BR%C3%96D+DELBAKAT+FRYST/Wienerbr%C3%B6d+Vanilj+delbakad+Dafg%C3%A5rd?artnr=85645","url_text":"\"Wienerbröd vanilj delbakad dafgård - Torebrings.se\""}]},{"reference":"\"Produkt ikke funnet\". Pdb.no. Retrieved 15 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pdb.no/Findus/Wienerbr%C3%B8d/07310500037530/","url_text":"\"Produkt ikke funnet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wienerbrod\". Dn.se. 13 August 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dn.se/mat-dryck/wienerbrod-sproda-och-frasiga-danskar/","url_text":"\"Wienerbrod\""}]},{"reference":"Ole Stig Andersen (Jun 26, 1995). \"Hvor kommer brød fra\". Archived from the original on November 11, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161111054108/http://www.olestig.dk/dansk/wien.html","url_text":"\"Hvor kommer brød fra\""},{"url":"http://www.olestig.dk/dansk/wien.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wiener Plundergebäck\" (PDF). Lebensministerium.at. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-10. Je nach Fettmenge können Plunder mit mind. 300 g Fett pro 1000 g Grundteig und dänischer Plunder (Kopenhagener Plunder) mit mind. 600 g Fett pro 1000 g Grundteig unterschieden werden.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131210222234/http://www.lebensministerium.at/dms/lmat/lebensmittel/trad-lebensmittel/speisen/wr_plundergebaeck/Wiener-Plundergebaeck-d/Wiener%20Plundergebaeck%20d.pdf","url_text":"\"Wiener Plundergebäck\""},{"url":"http://www.lebensministerium.at/dms/lmat/lebensmittel/trad-lebensmittel/speisen/wr_plundergebaeck/Wiener-Plundergebaeck-d/Wiener%20Plundergebaeck%20d.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wienerbrød\". Arbejdsgiverforeningen Konditorer, Bagere og Chocolademagere. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2012-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214915/http://www.akbc.dk/fagspecialer/wienerdej","url_text":"\"Wienerbrød\""},{"url":"http://www.akbc.dk/fagspecialer/wienerdej","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Inger Abildgaard (1 February 2007). \"De danske kager er en fantastisk historie\". Samvirke (in Danish). Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141016005653/http://samvirke.dk/mad-sundhed/artikler/danske-kager-fantastisk-historie.html","url_text":"\"De danske kager er en fantastisk historie\""},{"url":"http://samvirke.dk/mad-sundhed/artikler/danske-kager-fantastisk-historie.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Karina Porcelli (10 September 2007). \"You Call This Danish Pastry?\". Saveur, Bonnier Corporation. 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