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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_Australia

Badminton Australia

["1 History","2 Achievements","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Badminton AustraliaSportBadmintonJurisdictionAustraliaAbbreviationBAFounded1932 (1932)AffiliationBWFAffiliation date1936Regional affiliationBOCAffiliation date1936HeadquartersWilliamstown, VictoriaPresidentAndrew GreenwayCEOJamie ParsonsOfficial websitewww.badminton.org.au Badminton Australia (BA) is the top governing body for badminton in Australia. It is committed to promoting the awareness and development of badminton within Australia and is responsible for the management of international badminton relations and events. Badminton Australia also organises and runs junior events such as the June Bevan Teams Event or CP Maddern Trophy with their respective Australasian Championships, along with the Australian Closed Championships. History Badminton has been played in Australia since the early 1900s, especially within Victoria. The Australian Badminton Association was formed in 1932, and shortly after Australia became the 11th member of the International Badminton Federation. In 1936, alongside New Zealand, it formed the Oceania Badminton Confederation (now known as Badminton Oceania). The current national office for BA is located in Melbourne, Victoria. Achievements Australia is not yet a competitive nation in the field of badminton due to the current Asian and European/Scandinavian dominance. When commenting on Australian players at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, BA's Chief Executive Paul Brettell has said that "A bad draw will see out after their first game" and that "Australia's greatest achievement is just qualifying for the event". These statements reflect the historical performance of badminton within Australia. For instance, badminton was one of just two Australian sports (the other being Rugby Sevens) not to win a medal at the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games, and at the 2008 Olympics all Australians were knocked out of their respective first matches. A notable exception to this trend was Anna Lao at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, where she reached the quarterfinals in the women's singles, doubles and mixed and was overall ranked 5th in the world for each of those events. Another noticeable achievement is from Sze Yu, who was runner-up at the 1985 World Badminton Grand Prix, silver medallist in men's singles at the 1986 Commonwealth Games and also the winner of the 1988 U.S. Open Badminton Championships. More recently, there appears to be a resurgence in Australian badminton with a strong performance at the 2012 London Olympics where Leanne Choo and Renuga Veeran reached the quarterfinals of the women's doubles event. See also Badminton World Federation Badminton Oceania Badminton Victoria References ^ "Australian Government Culture and Recreation Portal website details". Archived from the original on 15 April 2005. Retrieved 19 July 2008. ^ "Brief history of Australian badminton". Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2008. ^ "History from Badminton Australia". Archived from the original on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 19 July 2008. ^ "Scroll down to Asia dominates the sport". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2008. ^ "Badminton hopes rely on lucky draw". Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2008. ^ "SMH: Hallam breaks jinx to go one better". Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2008. ^ "Badminton Results at the 2008 Beijing Olympics". Archived from the original on 16 March 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2008. External links Official website vteSport in Australia History Disabled sports Winter sport Women's sport By state/territory ACT New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Team sports American football Australian rules football Baseball Basketball Cricket Field hockey Football Futsal Gaelic Games (Gaelic football, hurling) Handball Ice hockey Lacrosse Netball Quidditch Roller derby Rugby league Rugby union Soccer Softball Vigoro Water polo Individual sports Athletics Badminton Bodybuilding Boxing Campdrafting Cycling Fives Golf Horse racing (Thoroughbred, harness, and steeplechase) Mixed martial arts Motorsport Pro wrestling Sport wrestling Surfing Skeleton Skiing Swimming Tennis Trugo Wood cutting International competitions Olympics (Winter) Paralympics (Winter) Commonwealth Games Baseball World Cup Cricket World Cup Deaflympics FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA World Cup FIFA Women's World Cup Rugby World Cup Rugby League World Cup vteNational members of the Badminton World FederationAfrica (BCA) ALG BEN BDI BOT BUR CAF CGO CIV CMR COD EGY ERI ETH GEQ GUI GHA KEN LES LBA MAD MAR MAW MTN MRI MOZ NAM NIG NGR SEY SLE SOM RSA SHN SUD SWZ TAN TOG TUN UGA ZAM ZIM Asia (BAC) AFG BRN BAN BHU BRU CAM CHN HKG IND INA IRI IRQ JPN JOR KAZ KOR KSA KUW KGZ LAO LBN MAC MAS MDV MGL MYA NEP PAK PLE PRK PHI QAT SGP SRI SYR THA TLS TJK TKM TPE UAE UZB VIE Europe (BE) ALB ARM AUT AZE BEL BLR BIH BUL CRO CYP CZE DEN ENG ESP EST FIN FRA FRO GEO GER GIB GRE GRL HUN ISL IRL ISR ITA LAT LIE LTU LUX MDA MKD MLT MNE NED NOR POL POR ROU RUS SCO SRB SVK SLO SUI SWE TUR UKR WAL Oceania (BO) AUS COK FIJ GUM KIR NRU NZL NFK PNG SAM SOL TAH TGA TUV Americas (BPA) ARG ARU BAR BER BOL BRA CAN CAY CHI COL CRC CUB CUW DOM ECU ESA FLK GRN GUA GUY HON JAM MEX PAN PAR PER PUR LCA SUR TTO USA URU VEN Pinnacle Events Olympic Games World Championships World Junior Championships Thomas Cup Uber Cup Sudirman Cup vteSports governing bodies in Australia (AUS)Summer Olympic sports Aquatics Diving Swimming Water polo Archery Athletics Badminton Baseball Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rugby 7's Rowing Sailing Shooting Softball Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball/Beach volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Winter Olympic sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Curling Skating Figure Speed Short track Ice hockey Luge Skeleton Skiing Alpine Cross country Nordic combined Freestyle Jumping Snowboarding Other IOC Recognised Sports Air sports Aerobatics Aero-modelling Gliding Parachuting Auto racing Bandy Boules Bowling Bridge Chess Cricket Cue sports Dance sport Floorball Karate Korfball Lacrosse Motor racing Motorcycle racing Mountaineering and Climbing Netball Orienteering Pelota Vasca Polo Power Boating Racquetball Roller sports Rugby union Sport climbing Squash Sumo Surfing Tug of war Lifesaving Non-surf Surf Underwater sports Waterski and wakeboard Wushu Paralympics and disabled sports Blind sports Disabled Wintersport Australia Other sports Arm wrestling Australian rules football Backgammon Bowls Broomball Brasilian Jiu Jitsu Croquet Darts Drag racing Draughts Fullbore rifle Gaelic games Greyhound racing Gridiron Harness racing Jujutsu Karting Kendo Mixed martial arts Muaythai Parkour Pitch and Putt Polocrosse Powerlifting Professional boxing Radio-controlled racing Thoroughbred horse racing Quidditch Real tennis Rugby league Rodeo Sambo Skateboarding Touch football Woodchopping Multi-sport organisations Australian Olympic Committee Commonwealth Games Australia Confederation of Australian Sport Deaf Sports Australia Paralympics Australia Government bodies National Sports Tribunal Sport Integrity Australia Australian Sports Commission

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylodipus

Stylodipus

["1 References"]

Genus of rodents StylodipusTemporal range: Late Pleistocene - Recent Stylodipus telum Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Dipodidae Subfamily: Dipodinae Tribe: Dipodini Genus: StylodipusG. M. Allen, 1925 Type species Stylodipus andrewsi Species Stylodipus andrewsi Stylodipus sungorus Stylodipus telum Stylodipus is a genus of rodent in the family Dipodidae. It contains the following species: Andrews's three-toed jerboa (Stylodipus andrewsi) Mongolian three-toed jerboa (Stylodipus sungorus) Thick-tailed three-toed jerboa (Stylodipus telum) References ^ Holden, M.E.; Musser, G.G. (2005). "Family Dipodidae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 871–893. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. vteExtant species of family Dipodidae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Suborder: Myomorpha Superfamily: Dipodoidea SicistinaeSicista(Birch mice) Armenian birch mouse (Sicista armenica) Northern birch mouse (Sicista betulina) Caucasian birch mouse (Sicista caucasica) long-tailed birch mouse (Sicista caudata) Chinese birch mouse (Sicista concolor) Kazbeg birch mouse (Sicista kazbegica) Kluchor birch mouse (Sicista kluchorica) Nordmann's birch mouse (Sicista loriger) Altai birch mouse (Sicista napaea) gray birch mouse (Sicista pseudonapaea) Severtzov's birch mouse (Sicista severtzovi) Strand's birch mouse (Sicista strandi) Southern birch mouse (Sicista subtilis) Tien Shan birch mouse (Sicista tianshanica) Hungarian birch mouse (Sicista trizona) Zapodinae(Jumping mice)Eozapus Chinese jumping mouse (Eozapus setchuanus) Napaeozapus Woodland jumping mouse (Napaeozapus insignis) Zapus Meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius) Western jumping mouse (Zapus princeps) Pacific jumping mouse (Zapus trinotatus) Allactaginae(Jerboas)Allactaga Subgenus Allactaga Iranian jerboa (Allactaga firouzi) Hotson's jerboa (Allactaga hotsoni) great jerboa (Allactaga major) Svertzov's jerboa (Allactaga severtzovi) Subgenus Orientallactaga Balikun jerboa (Allactaga balikunica) Gobi jerboa (Allactaga bullata) Mongolian five-toed jerboa (Allactaga sibirica) Allactodipus Bobrinski's jerboa (Allactodipus bobrinskii) Pygeretmus lesser fat-tailed jerboa (Pygeretmus platyurus) dwarf fat-tailed jerboa (Pygeretmus pumilio) greater fat-tailed jerboa (Pygeretmus shitkovi) Scarturus small five-toed jerboa (Scarturus elater) Euphrates jerboa (Scarturus euphratica) four-toed jerboa (Scarturus tetradactyla) Vinogradov's jerboa (Scarturus vinogradovi) Williams's jerboa (Scarturus williamsi) Cardiocraniinae(Jerboas)Cardiocranius five-toed pygmy jerboa (Cardiocranius paradoxus) Salpingotulus Baluchistan pygmy jerboa (Salpingotulus michaelis) Salpingotus Subgenus Anguistodontus thick-tailed pygmy jerboa (Salpingotus crassicauda) Subgenus Prosalpingotus Heptner's pygmy jerboa (Salpingotus heptneri) pale pygmy jerboa (Salpingotus pallidus) Thomas's pygmy jerboa (Salpingotus thomasi) Subgenus Salpingotus Kozlov's pygmy jerboa (Salpingotus kozlovi) Dipodinae(Jerboas)Dipus northern three-toed jerboa (Dipus sagitta) Eremodipus Lichtenstein's jerboa (Eremodipus lichtensteini) Jaculus Blanford's jerboa (Jaculus blanfordi) lesser Egyptian jerboa (Jaculus jaculus) greater Egyptian jerboa (Jaculus orientalis) Stylodipus Andrews's three-toed jerboa (Stylodipus andrewsi) Mongolian three-toed jerboa (Stylodipus sungorus) thick-tailed three-toed jerboa (Stylodipus telum) Paradipus comb-toed jerboa (Paradipus ctenodactylus) Euchoreutinae(Jerboas)Euchoreutes long-eared jerboa (Euchoreutes naso) Category Taxon identifiersStylodipus Wikidata: Q658876 Wikispecies: Stylodipus ADW: Stylodipus BOLD: 142631 CoL: 7PRQ EoL: 42250 Fauna Europaea: 305571 Fauna Europaea (new): 8820c316-d8a3-49a9-a5fc-587443732de7 GBIF: 2439452 iNaturalist: 43894 IRMNG: 1334620 ITIS: 609728 MSW: 12900055 NCBI: 1041412 Open Tree of Life: 910650 uBio: 110144 This article about a rodent is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovorotka

Kosovorotka

["1 Description","2 In popular culture","3 See also","4 References"]

Traditional Russian shirt This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kosovorotka" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Men's kosovorotka. A kosovorotka (Russian: косоворо́тка, IPA: ), also known in the West as a Russian peasant shirt or Tolstoy shirt (tolstovka). The name comes from the Russian phrase kosoy vorot (косой ворот), meaning a “skewed collar”. It was worn by all peasants in Russia — men, women, and babies — in different styles for every-day and festive occasions. Easy to make from one sheet of fabric, this garment is traditional for Russians, Mordovins, Setos, Komi-Permyaks and other ethnic groups in Russia, as well as in some regions of Moldova. Description Ivashka in a Kosovorotka and Baba Yaga from the fairy tale about three Tsar vonders and about Ivaschka, the priest's son. Ivan Bilibin, 1911 A kosovorotka is a traditional Russian shirt, long sleeved and reaching down to the mid-thigh. The shirt is not buttoned all the way down to the hem, but has several buttons at the collar (unfastened when the garment is pulled over the wearer's head), though these are positioned off to one side (regional styles vary between left and right), instead of centrally, as is customary with a typical Western 20th and 21st century man's shirt. The side slit was to prevent cross pendants that peasants wore under their shirts from falling out when they bent down during active physical labor. If left unbuttoned the collar appears skewed, which accounts for the garment's name. The collar and sleeves of kosovorotka were often decorated with a traditional embroidered ornament. The overwhelming majority of Russians were peasants, who often worked bending down towards the ground. Almost all of them wore a Christian cross, which was considered strictly an underclothing sign. The skewed collar of the shirt was designed so to prevent the cross from falling out from under the shirt. This limited annoyance and allowed for the peasant to be more productive. Members of the Mordvin folk ensemble "Torama" in the Russian Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg wearing Kosovorotkas A drawing by Yuliy Ganf, 1923. Generally associated with Russian peasants, the kosovorotka was worn by peasants and townsmen of various social categories into the early 20th century, when it was rapidly displaced as an everyday garment by more efficient and less elaborate clothing after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The garment is also known as a tolstovka, or the Tolstoy-shirt, because the writer Leo Tolstoy customarily wore one in his later years. Since the late 20th century kosovorotkas appear mostly as souvenirs and as scenic garments of Russian folk music, song and dance ensembles. In popular culture The kosovorotka is worn by Omar Sharif as Yuri Zhivago in David Lean's 1965 film Doctor Zhivago. See also Vyshyvanka, equivalent shirt in Ukraine and Belarus References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kosovorotka. ^ a b c Guzeva, Alexandra (September 29, 2020). "Kosovorotka: How this essential Russian shirt came about". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 1 October 2020. ^ "Русская народная рубаха своими руками (Russian folk shirt with your own hands )". Мой Карнавал (My Carnival). Feb 7, 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2021. ^ "Русская рубаха" . ruvera.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2021-07-26. ^ "National Russian Dress: Basic costume garments :: Manners, Customs and Traditions :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre". russia-ic.com. Retrieved 2018-09-10. vteRussian handicraftsDecorative arts Gorodets painting Gzhel Filimonovo toy Kholmogory bone carving Khokhloma Russian lacquer art Fedoskino miniature Kholuy miniature Mstyora miniature Palekh miniature Russian icons Zhostovo painting Tableware Kasli iron sculpture Faceted glass Podstakannik Samovar Clothing Afghanka Budenovka French Gymnastyorka Kokoshnik Kosovorotka Kaftan Lapti Orenburg shawl Pavlovo Posad shawl Peaked cap Podvorotnichok Russian lace Sailor cap Sarafan Stalinka Telnyashka Ushanka Valenki Musicalinstruments Balalaika Garmon Gusli Bayan Russian guitar Musical spoons Treshchotka Toys Bird of Happiness Cheburashka Filimonovo toy Dymkovo toys Kargopol toys Matryoshka doll Petrushka Other Izba Fabergé egg Shashka Tula pryanik Vyazma pryanik

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kosovorotkamuz.jpg"},{"link_name":"[kəsəvɐˈrotkə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Mordovins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordvins"},{"link_name":"Setos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setos"},{"link_name":"Komi-Permyaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_peoples"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Men's kosovorotka.A kosovorotka (Russian: косоворо́тка, IPA: [kəsəvɐˈrotkə]), also known in the West as a Russian peasant shirt or Tolstoy shirt (tolstovka). The name comes from the Russian phrase kosoy vorot (косой ворот), meaning a “skewed collar”. It was worn by all peasants in Russia — men, women, and babies — in different styles for every-day and festive occasions.[1]Easy to make from one sheet of fabric,[2] this garment is traditional for Russians, Mordovins, Setos, Komi-Permyaks and other ethnic groups in Russia, as well as in some regions of Moldova.[3]","title":"Kosovorotka"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivan_Bilibin_036.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Baba Yaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Yaga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RB-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torama_REM_30.05.2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian Museum of Ethnography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Museum_of_Ethnography"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ganf-kosovorotka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yuliy Ganf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuliy_Ganf"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Leo Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"folk music, song and dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_art"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ivashka in a Kosovorotka and Baba Yaga from the fairy tale about three Tsar vonders and about Ivaschka, the priest's son. Ivan Bilibin, 1911A kosovorotka is a traditional Russian shirt, long sleeved and reaching down to the mid-thigh. The shirt is not buttoned all the way down to the hem, but has several buttons at the collar (unfastened when the garment is pulled over the wearer's head), though these are positioned off to one side (regional styles vary between left and right), instead of centrally, as is customary with a typical Western 20th and 21st century man's shirt. The side slit was to prevent cross pendants that peasants wore under their shirts from falling out when they bent down during active physical labor.[1] If left unbuttoned the collar appears skewed, which accounts for the garment's name. The collar and sleeves of kosovorotka were often decorated with a traditional embroidered ornament.[4]The overwhelming majority of Russians were peasants, who often worked bending down towards the ground. Almost all of them wore a Christian cross, which was considered strictly an underclothing sign. The skewed collar of the shirt was designed so to prevent the cross from falling out from under the shirt. This limited annoyance and allowed for the peasant to be more productive.[citation needed]Members of the Mordvin folk ensemble \"Torama\" in the Russian Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg wearing KosovorotkasA drawing by Yuliy Ganf, 1923.Generally associated with Russian peasants, the kosovorotka was worn by peasants and townsmen of various social categories into the early 20th century, when it was rapidly displaced as an everyday garment by more efficient and less elaborate clothing after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. [citation needed] The garment is also known as a tolstovka,[citation needed] or the Tolstoy-shirt, because the writer Leo Tolstoy customarily wore one in his later years. Since the late 20th century kosovorotkas appear mostly as souvenirs and as scenic garments of Russian folk music, song and dance ensembles.[citation needed]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omar Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Yuri Zhivago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Zhivago"},{"link_name":"David Lean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lean"},{"link_name":"Doctor Zhivago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RB-1"}],"text":"The kosovorotka is worn by Omar Sharif as Yuri Zhivago in David Lean's 1965 film Doctor Zhivago.[1]","title":"In popular culture"}]

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[{"title":"Vyshyvanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyshyvanka"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Avenue_(Chicago)

Belmont Avenue

["1 Transportation","2 Major intersections","3 References","4 External links"]

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Belmont Avenue" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) Belmont Avenue3200 NorthBelmont Avenue at Sheffield Avenue, viewed from an "L" station (2006)LocationChicago, Elmwood Park, River Grove, Franklin Park, Bensenville, AddisonWest endAddisonEast endLake Shore Drive--(approx. 300 West) in Chicago Belmont Avenue (3200 N) is a major east–west street in Chicago and some suburbs. Belmont starts at the Belmont harbor area and is a central commercial street in Lakeview and, west of the North Branch of the Chicago River, Avondale. Further west, it anchors the Belmont-Central shopping district straddling the Belmont Cragin and Portage Park communities. The road enters western suburbs River Grove and Franklin Park before the main segment ends with other parts of Belmont still going west. Then west of the Cook County line parts of Belmont enter DuPage County, specifically in Bensenville and Addison, ending. Belmont Avenue was the southern border of Riverview Park. The amusement park remained open from 1904 until 1967. The park's property is now home to the Riverview Plaza shopping center, the Belmont District Police Station, and DeVry Institute of Technology. One of the landmarks on Belmont Avenue was the Bally Manufacturing Corporation complex located between Washtenaw and Rockwell. The building featured neon signage with the corporate logo that looked beautiful when illuminated. Address was 2640 West Belmont, 60618. Bally also had two buildings on the south side of the street; a Parts and Lithograph (print shop) department. There were numerous buildings in the surrounding neighborhood as well. Bally moved manufacturing and eventually the corporate office to the west side of Chicago and to the western suburbs of Bensenville and Franklin Park starting in the late 1970s. The complex was sold in 1984 and after being occupied by Moloney Coachbuilders, it was sold and demolished to make way for modern luxury housing in 1997. The street was named in memory of the Battle of Belmont during the American Civil War that was fought on November 7, 1861, in Mississippi County, Missouri. Transportation A trolleybus on Belmont Avenue in 1968, passing the Luna Theater, which closed in the 1980s. The CTA provides 24/7 service with the 77 Belmont between Sheridan Road and Cumberland Avenue. The 94 California, 151 Sheridan and 156 LaSalle serve short segments of the road. The following CTA lines service Belmont: Red Line, Brown Line and Purple Line Express at Sheffield Avenue Blue Line at Kimball Avenue Major intersections The entire route is in Cook County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Franklin ParkWolf Road US 12 / US 45 (Mannheim Road) Chicago–River Grove line IL 171 (Cumberland Avenue) Chicago IL 43 (Harlem Avenue) IL 50 (Cicero Avenue) I-90 east / I-94 east (Kennedy Expressway)Eastbound I-90/I-94 entrance; westbound I-90/I-94 exit US 41 (DuSable Lake Shore Drive)Eastern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Incomplete access References ^ Maggio, Alice, Punkin' Donuts and the Battle of Belmont, Gapers Block website, Chicago. ^ "Map of Belmont Avenue (Eastern Segment)". ^ "Map of Belmont Avenue (Western Segment)". External links Media related to Belmont Avenue (Chicago) at Wikimedia Commons vteStreets in ChicagoNorth–southEast of StateStreet (0 E/W) Magnificent Mile, Michigan Avenue (100 E) Columbus Drive, Prairie Avenue (300 E) King Drive (400 East) Stony Island Avenue (1600 E) Torrence Avenue (2628 E) West ofState Street Dearborn Street (36 W) Clark Street (100 W) LaSalle Street (140 W) Wells Street (Fifth Avenue) (200 W) Halsted Street (800 W) Sheffield Avenue (Morgan Street) (1000 W) Racine Avenue (1200 W) Loomis Street (Noble Street, Southport Avenue) (1400 W) Ashland Avenue (1600 W) Damen Avenue (2000 W) Western Avenue (2400 W) Kedzie Avenue (3200 W) Pulaski Road (4000 W) Cicero Avenue (Skokie Boulevard) (4800 W) Harlem Avenue (7200 W) 1st Avenue (Cumberland Avenue) (8400 W) Mannheim Road (La Grange Road) (10400 W) East–westNorth of MadisonStreet (0 N/S) Randolph Street (150 N) Lake Street (200 N) Hubbard Street (430 N) Grand Avenue (500 N) Ohio Street (600 N) Chicago Avenue (800 N) Oak Street (1000 N) Division Street (1200 N) North Avenue (1600 N) Armitage Avenue (2000 N) Fullerton Avenue (2400 N) Diversey Parkway (2800 N) Belmont Avenue (3200 N) Addison Street (3600 N) Irving Park Road (4000 N) Montrose Avenue (4400 N) Foster Avenue (5200 N) Devon Avenue (6400 N) Touhy Avenue (7200 N) Howard Street (7600 N) Dempster Street (8800 N) Central Street (10100 N) South ofMadison Street Jackson Boulevard (300 S) Van Buren Street (400 S) Ida B. Wells Drive (Congress Parkway) (500 S) DeKoven Street (1120 S) Roosevelt Road (1200 S) Maxwell Street (1330 S) Cermak Road (22nd Street) (2200 S) Pershing Road (39th Street) (3900 S) Garfield Boulevard (55th Street) (5500 S) 75th Street (7500 S) 95th Street (9500 S) Non-grid Archer Avenue Blue Island Avenue Broadway Elston Avenue Lake Shore Drive Lincoln Avenue Milwaukee Avenue North Clark Street Ogden Avenue Ridge Avenue Rush Street Sheridan Road Wacker Drive West Grand Avenue West Lake Street Suburbs 159th Street Army Trail Road Central Street Dempster Street Lake Cook Road Longmeadow Parkway Munger Road Orchard Road Randall Road Stearns Road Related Chicago park and boulevard system Chicago placename etymologies Multilevel streets in Chicago Six Corners Street signs in Chicago vteChicago Architecture Beaches Climate Colleges and universities Community areas Crime gangs Culture Demographics Economy companies Expressways Flag Geography Government Harbor History politics timeline Landmarks Literature Media Newspapers Metropolitan area Museums Neighborhoods Parks list People music musicians theater Public schools list Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Visual arts Portal Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Lakeview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Chicago River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_River"},{"link_name":"Avondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Belmont Cragin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Cragin"},{"link_name":"Portage Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_Park,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_areas_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Riverview Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverview_Park_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"DeVry Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeVry_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Bally Manufacturing Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Manufacturing_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Battle of Belmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belmont"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Mississippi County, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Belmont Avenue (3200 N) is a major east–west street in Chicago and some suburbs. Belmont starts at the Belmont harbor area and is a central commercial street in Lakeview and, west of the North Branch of the Chicago River, Avondale. Further west, it anchors the Belmont-Central shopping district straddling the Belmont Cragin and Portage Park communities. The road enters western suburbs River Grove and Franklin Park before the main segment ends with other parts of Belmont still going west. Then west of the Cook County line parts of Belmont enter DuPage County, specifically in Bensenville and Addison, ending.Belmont Avenue was the southern border of Riverview Park. The amusement park remained open from 1904 until 1967. The park's property is now home to the Riverview Plaza shopping center, the Belmont District Police Station, and DeVry Institute of Technology.One of the landmarks on Belmont Avenue was the Bally Manufacturing Corporation complex located between Washtenaw and Rockwell. The building featured neon signage with the corporate logo that looked beautiful when illuminated. Address was 2640 West Belmont, 60618. Bally also had two buildings on the south side of the street; a Parts and Lithograph (print shop) department. There were numerous buildings in the surrounding neighborhood as well. Bally moved manufacturing and eventually the corporate office to the west side of Chicago and to the western suburbs of Bensenville and Franklin Park starting in the late 1970s. The complex was sold in 1984 and after being occupied by Moloney Coachbuilders, it was sold and demolished to make way for modern luxury housing in 1997.The street was named in memory of the Battle of Belmont during the American Civil War that was fought on November 7, 1861, in Mississippi County, Missouri.[1]","title":"Belmont Avenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicago_trolleybus_9680_on_Belmont_in_1968.jpg"},{"link_name":"trolleybus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"link_name":"Sheridan Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan_Road"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Avenue_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTA_Red_Line"},{"link_name":"Brown Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTA_Brown_Line"},{"link_name":"Purple Line Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTA_Purple_Line"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_station_(CTA_North_Side_Main_Line)"},{"link_name":"Blue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTA_Blue_Line"},{"link_name":"Kimball Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_station_(CTA_Blue_Line)"}],"text":"A trolleybus on Belmont Avenue in 1968, passing the Luna Theater, which closed in the 1980s.The CTA provides 24/7 service with the 77 Belmont between Sheridan Road and Cumberland Avenue. The 94 California, 151 Sheridan and 156 LaSalle serve short segments of the road.The following CTA lines service Belmont:Red Line, Brown Line and Purple Line Express at Sheffield Avenue\nBlue Line at Kimball Avenue","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cook County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois"}],"text":"The entire route is in Cook County.","title":"Major intersections"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Young

Dai Young

["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","2.1 Barbarians","3 References","4 External links"]

Professional RU coach and former Wales dual-code international rugby player Not to be confused with the businessman who owns Reading FC, Dai Yongge. Rugby playerDai YoungBirth nameDavid YoungDate of birth (1967-07-26) 26 July 1967 (age 56)Place of birthAberdare, Glamorgan, WalesHeight6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight18 st 7 lb (259 lb; 117 kg)Rugby union careerPosition(s) Tighthead propCurrent team Cardiff BluesSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)1985–1988 Swansea 42 (4)1987 Northern Suburbs ()1988–1990 Cardiff 33 (12)1996–2002 Cardiff 106 (20)International careerYears Team Apps (Points)1987–2001 Wales 51 (4)1989, 1997, 2001 British & Irish Lions 3 (0)Coaching careerYears Team2003–2011 Cardiff Blues2011–2020 Wasps2021–2023 Cardiff Blues2008, 2009, 2011, 2013 BarbariansRugby league careerPlaying informationPositionProp Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 1990–1991 Leeds 1991–1996 Salford Total 0 0 0 0 0 Representative Years Team Pld T G FG P 1990–1996 Wales 14 0 David Young (born 26 July 1967) is a Welsh rugby union coach and former rugby union and rugby league player. He was most recently director of rugby at Cardiff Blues. A prop, he won 51 caps for Wales in rugby union between 1987 and 2002, three caps for the British & Irish Lions, and 14 caps for Wales in rugby league. After retiring from playing, he first coached Cardiff Blues, before moving to Premiership club Wasps from 2011 to February 2020. He has also coached the Barbarians several times from 2008 to 2013. Playing career Born in Aberdare in 1967, Young lived in Penywaun for many years. He played rugby union at club level for Swansea and Cardiff. Having not been selected to play for Wales in the 1987 Rugby World Cup, Young, then 19, travelled to Australia for the summer to play for Northern Suburbs. When Stuart Evans broke his foot playing against Tonga, Young was on the right side of the world at the right time and was called up to the Welsh squad. He made his début for Wales against England in the quarter-finals. He toured Australia with the then British Lions in 1989, playing in all three test matches, with the Lions winning the test series 2–1. Young changed rugby football codes from rugby union to rugby league when he transferred to Leeds in 1990 for a then world record of £150,000. He went on to play for Salford, won 14 caps for Wales and captained Wales in the 1995 Rugby League World Cup. Young returned to rugby union and Cardiff in 1996, after rugby union became professional. He won a further 37 caps for Wales, reaching a total of 51, then a record number for a prop. He was selected for a further two British & Irish Lions tours – South Africa in 1997 and Australia in 2001. He and Alun Wyn Jones are the only players to have toured with the Lions in three separate decades. Coaching career Young became head coach of the Cardiff Blues in 2003, and during his time in charge led the side to the 2008–09 Heineken Cup semi-final and the final of the 2006–07 and 2007–08 Celtic League. In addition, he led to the Blues to the EDF Energy Cup title in 2009 beating Gloucester 50–12 in the final at Twickenham. Young led Cardiff Blues to the European Challenge Cup 2009-10 beating Toulon 28 - 21 at the Stade Velodrome in Marseille. The first time a Welsh team had won a European Competition. In 2011 he resigned and was appointed Director of Rugby at the Wasps after payment of a compensation package. In 2017 and 2020 he led the Wasps to a runner-up finish against Exeter Chiefs in the Premiership final. He was Head Coach of Cardiff Blues from February 2020 to July 2023. Barbarians Young has been head coach of the Barbarians several times from 2008 to 2013, first on their 2008 end of season tour. He led the Baa-Baas to a victory over Belgium, winning 84–10 in Brussels, but the Barbarians lost 39–14 to Ireland and 17–14 to England. Young led the team to a 35–26 win over England, but lost to Australia 55–7 in Sydney in 2009. In 2011, the Barbarians won 38–32 against England and 31–28 against Wales. In 2013, Young coached them to a 40–12 defeat by England at Twickenham. In 2013 the team also played in Hong Kong against the British & Irish Lions as part of their tour to Australia; the Barbarians lost 8–59, their largest defeat by an international side. References ^ a b "Profile at lionsrugby.com (RU)". lionsrugby.com. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ a b "Statistics at en.espn.co.uk (RU)". ESPN. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ a b "Statistics at wru.co.uk (RU)". wru.co.uk. 31 December 2017. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ a b "Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org (RL)". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ "Wasps rugby director Dai Young 'stepping back from first team duties'". BT Sport. British Telecom plc. Retrieved 11 February 2020. ^ "Dai Young: Wasps director of rugby leaves Premiership club after nine years". BBC Sport. 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020. ^ "Dai Young: On making his Wales début in the first ever Rugby World Cup against England in the quarter-finals". WRU. 29 July 2008. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2008. ^ "Dai Young: Cardiff exit agreed after 'insufficient evidence' found to support bullying claims". BBC Sport. Retrieved 2 August 2023. External links profile at lionsrugby.com (archived by web.archive.org) "Dai Young: On making his Wales début in the first ever Rugby World Cup against England in the quarter-finals" vteBarbarians– Summer tour 2013 squad (vs British and Irish Lions, England)Hooker(s) Schalk Brits Leonardo Ghiraldini Matthew Rees Prop(s) BJ Botha * Martín Castrogiovanni Paul James James Johnston Duncan Jones Andrea Lo Cicero Lock(s) Jim Hamilton Samu Manoa Dean Mumm Marco Wentzel Flanker(s) Sam Jones Francois Louw * Jonathan Poff Alessandro Zanni Number 8(s) Sergio Parisse (c) Imanol Harinordoquy Scrum half(s) Kahn Fotuali'i Dwayne Peel Dimitri Yachvili Fly half(s) Nick Evans James Hook Centre(s) Elliot Daly Jaque Fourie * Casey Laulala Mike Tindall (c) Winger(s) Timoci Nagusa Takudzwa Ngwenya Joe Rokocoko Rowan Varty Fullback(s) Jared Payne Coach Dai Young vteWales squad – 1987 Rugby World Cup third placeForwards Blackmore Buchanan Collins Ph. Davies S. Evans James P. Moriarty R. Moriarty Norster A. Phillips K. Phillips Rawlins Richards Roberts Sutton Webster Whitefoot Young Backs Bowen Dacey J. Davies Devereux I. Evans Giles Hadley Hopkins Jones Ring Thorburn Titley Webbe Coach: Gray Sports Wales vteWales squad – 1995 Rugby League World Cup  Davies (c)  Atcheson  Bateman  Busby  Cowie  Cunningham  Devereux  Ellis  Eyres  Ford  Gibbs  Griffiths  Hadley  Hall  Harris  Jones  Moriarty  Perrett  Phillips  Quinnell  Skerrett  Stephens  Sullivan  Webster  Young Coach: Griffiths vteWales squad – 1999 Rugby World CupForwards Charvis Evans Humphreys Jenkins A. Lewis G. Lewis G. Llewellyn Moore C. Quinnell S. Quinnell Rogers Sinkinson Voyle Williams Wyatt Young Backs Bateman Davies Gibbs Howarth Howley James Jenkins Jones Jones-Hughes D. Llewellyn Morgan Taylor Thomas Walne Coach: Henry Sports Wales vteBritish Lions – 1989 Australia tourForwards Ackford Calder Chilcott Dooley Griffiths Jeffrey Lenihan Moore Norster Richards Robinson Smith Sole Teague White Young Backs Andrew Armstrong Chalmers Clement Dean Devereux Dods Evans Guscott Hall G. Hastings S. Hastings Jones Mullin Oti Underwood Carling (withdrew - injury) CoachMcGeechan vteBritish Lions – 1997 South Africa tourForwards Back Dallaglio Davidson Diprose (injury replacement) Hill Johnson (c) Leonard Miller Quinnell Redman (injury replacement) Regan Rodber Rowntree Shaw Smith Wainwright Wallace Weir Williams Wood Young Backs Bateman Beal Bentley Bracken (injury replacement) Catt (injury replacement) Dawson Evans Healey Howley Jenkins Gibbs Greenwood Guscott Grayson Stimpson Tait Townsend Underwood CoachMcGeechan & Telfer vteBritish & Irish Lions – 2001 Australia tourForwards Back Bulloch Charvis Corry Dallaglio Davidson Greening Grewcock Hill Johnson (c) Leonard McBryde Morris Murray O'Kelly Quinnell Smith S. Taylor Wallace West Williams Wood Vickery Young Backs Balshaw Catt Cohen Dawson Gibbs Greenwood Healey Henderson Howe Howley James Jenkins Luger Nicol O'Driscoll O'Gara Perry Robinson M. Taylor Wilkinson CoachHenry Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reading FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_FC"},{"link_name":"Dai Yongge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Yongge"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Blues"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"British & Irish Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_%26_Irish_Lions"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile_at_lionsrugby.com_(RU)-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statistics_at_en.espn.co.uk_(RU)-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statistics_at_wru.co.uk_(RU)-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statistics_at_rugbyleagueproject.org_(RL)-4"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Blues"},{"link_name":"Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Wasps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasps_RFC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Barbarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian_F.C."}],"text":"Not to be confused with the businessman who owns Reading FC, Dai Yongge.Rugby playerDavid Young (born 26 July 1967) is a Welsh rugby union coach and former rugby union and rugby league player. He was most recently director of rugby at Cardiff Blues.A prop, he won 51 caps for Wales in rugby union between 1987 and 2002, three caps for the British & Irish Lions, and 14 caps for Wales in rugby league.[1][2][3][4]After retiring from playing, he first coached Cardiff Blues, before moving to Premiership club Wasps from 2011 to February 2020.[5][6] He has also coached the Barbarians several times from 2008 to 2013.","title":"Dai Young"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberdare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdare"},{"link_name":"Penywaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penywaun"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_RFC"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_RFC"},{"link_name":"1987 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Northern Suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Suburbs_Rugby_Club"},{"link_name":"Stuart Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Evans"},{"link_name":"toured Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_British_Lions_tour_to_Australia"},{"link_name":"rugby football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"1995 Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dai_Young:_On_making_his_Wales_d%C3%A9but_in_the_first_ever_Rugby_World_Cup_against_England_in_the_quarter-finals-7"},{"link_name":"Alun Wyn Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Wyn_Jones"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Born in Aberdare in 1967, Young lived in Penywaun for many years.He played rugby union at club level for Swansea and Cardiff. Having not been selected to play for Wales in the 1987 Rugby World Cup, Young, then 19, travelled to Australia for the summer to play for Northern Suburbs. When Stuart Evans broke his foot playing against Tonga, Young was on the right side of the world at the right time and was called up to the Welsh squad. He made his début for Wales against England in the quarter-finals.He toured Australia with the then British Lions in 1989, playing in all three test matches, with the Lions winning the test series 2–1.Young changed rugby football codes from rugby union to rugby league when he transferred to Leeds in 1990 for a then world record of £150,000. He went on to play for Salford, won 14 caps for Wales and captained Wales in the 1995 Rugby League World Cup.[7]Young returned to rugby union and Cardiff in 1996, after rugby union became professional. He won a further 37 caps for Wales, reaching a total of 51, then a record number for a prop. He was selected for a further two British & Irish Lions tours – South Africa in 1997 and Australia in 2001. He and Alun Wyn Jones are the only players to have toured with the Lions in three separate decades.[citation needed]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardiff Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Blues"},{"link_name":"2008–09 Heineken Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Heineken_Cup"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Celtic_League"},{"link_name":"2007–08 Celtic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Celtic_League"},{"link_name":"EDF Energy Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_EDF_Energy_Cup"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Wasps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasps_RFC"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Blues"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Young became head coach of the Cardiff Blues in 2003, and during his time in charge led the side to the 2008–09 Heineken Cup semi-final and the final of the 2006–07 and 2007–08 Celtic League. In addition, he led to the Blues to the EDF Energy Cup title in 2009 beating Gloucester 50–12 in the final at Twickenham. Young led Cardiff Blues to the European Challenge Cup 2009-10 beating Toulon 28 - 21 at the Stade Velodrome in Marseille. The first time a Welsh team had won a European Competition.In 2011 he resigned and was appointed Director of Rugby at the Wasps after payment of a compensation package. In 2017 and 2020 he led the Wasps to a runner-up finish against Exeter Chiefs in the Premiership final. He was Head Coach of Cardiff Blues from February 2020 to July 2023.[8]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarians_F.C."},{"link_name":"2008 end of season tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Barbarians_end_of_season_tour"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"British & Irish Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_%26_Irish_Lions"},{"link_name":"tour to Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_British_%26_Irish_Lions_tour_to_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Barbarians","text":"Young has been head coach of the Barbarians several times from 2008 to 2013, first on their 2008 end of season tour. He led the Baa-Baas to a victory over Belgium, winning 84–10 in Brussels, but the Barbarians lost 39–14 to Ireland and 17–14 to England. Young led the team to a 35–26 win over England, but lost to Australia 55–7 in Sydney in 2009. In 2011, the Barbarians won 38–32 against England and 31–28 against Wales. In 2013, Young coached them to a 40–12 defeat by England at Twickenham. In 2013 the team also played in Hong Kong against the British & Irish Lions as part of their tour to Australia; the Barbarians lost 8–59, their largest defeat by an international side.","title":"Coaching career"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash_(album)

The Clash (album)

["1 Background","1.1 Album cover","1.2 Songs","2 Release","2.1 Reception","3 Track listing","4 1979 US version","4.1 Track listing","5 Personnel","5.1 The Clash","5.2 Production","6 Charts","6.1 UK version","6.2 US version","7 Certifications","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

1977 studio album by The Clash The ClashStandard UK editionStudio album by the ClashReleased8 April 1977Recorded10–27 February 1977Studio CBS, London National Film and Television School, Beaconsfield, England GenrePunk rockLength35:18LabelCBSProducerMickey FooteThe Clash chronology The Clash(1977) Give 'Em Enough Rope(1978) Singles from The Clash "White Riot"Released: 18 March 1977 "Remote Control"Released: 13 May 1977 The Clash is the debut studio album by the English punk rock band the Clash, released on 8 April 1977 through CBS Records. Recorded and mixed over three weeks in February 1977 for £4,000, it would go on to reach No. 12 on the UK charts, and has been included on many retrospective rankings as one of the greatest punk albums of all time. Songs on the album were composed by guitarists Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, with the notable exception of the reggae cover "Police and Thieves". The song "What's My Name" is co-credited to Clash founding member Keith Levene, who left the band in September 1976. Several songs from the album's recording sessions, including "Janie Jones", "White Riot", and "London's Burning" became classics of the punk genre and were among the first punk songs to see significant presence on singles charts. The Clash featured Jones and Strummer sharing guitar and vocal duties, with Paul Simonon on bass and Terry Chimes on drums, his only studio appearance with the band. (Chimes and Rob Harper drummed intermittently with The Clash until Topper Headon joined the band as permanent drummer in May 1977.) Chimes was credited as "Tory Crimes" on the album's original sleeve. The Clash was not released in the US until 1979, making it the band's second US release. The US version also included a significantly different track listing, changing the track order and swapping out several songs for non-album tracks recorded in the interim. Background Most of the album was conceived on the 18th floor of a council high rise on London's Harrow Road, in a flat that was rented by Mick Jones's grandmother, who frequently went to see their live concerts. The album was recorded over three weekend sessions at CBS Studio 3 in February 1977. By the third of these sessions, the album was recorded and mixed to completion, with the tapes being delivered to CBS at the start of March. It cost £4,000 to produce. Album cover The cover artwork was designed by Polish artist Rosław Szaybo. The album's front cover photo, shot by Kate Simon, was taken in the alleyway directly opposite the front door of the band's 'Rehearsal Rehearsals' building in Camden Market. Drummer Terry Chimes, though a full member of the Clash at the time, did not appear in the picture as he had already decided to leave the group. Another picture from the same Kate Simon photoshoot appears on the UK Special Edition DVD of Rude Boy, released in 2003. The picture of the charging police officers on the rear, shot by Rocco Macauly, was taken during the 1976 riot at the Notting Hill Carnival—the inspiration for the track "White Riot". Songs The subject of the opening track, "Janie Jones", was a famous brothel keeper in London during the 1970s. "Remote Control" was written by Mick Jones after the Anarchy Tour and contains pointed observations about the civic hall bureaucrats who had cancelled concerts, the police, big business and especially record companies. CBS decided to release the song as a single without consulting the band. "I'm So Bored with the USA", developed from a Mick Jones song titled "I'm So Bored with You", condemns the Americanization of the UK. "White Riot" was the Clash's debut single. The song is short and intense, in a punk style of two chords played very fast (five chords are used in the whole song). Lyrically, it is about class economics and race. "Career Opportunities", the opening track of the second side of the album, attacks the political and economic situation in England at the time, citing the lack of jobs available, and the dreariness and lack of appeal of those that were available. "Protex Blue", sung by Mick Jones, is about a 1970s brand of condom. It was inspired by the contraceptive vending machine in the Windsor Castle's toilets. The song ends with the shouted phrase "Johnny Johnny!", johnny being a British slang term for a condom. The version of "White Riot" featured on the album was not recorded for the album; the original demo (recorded at Beaconsfield Studios before the band signed to CBS) was used instead. "Police & Thieves" was added to the album when the group realised that the track listing was too short. Another cover the band played at these sessions was The Wailers' "Dancing Shoes". "Garageland" was written in response to Charles Shaar Murray's damning review of the Clash's early appearance at the Sex Pistols Screen on the Green concert – "The Clash are the kind of garage band who should be returned to the garage immediately, preferably with the engine running". It was the final track recorded for the album. Release The Clash was released in the United Kingdom through CBS Records on 8 April 1977, engineered by CBS staff engineer Simon Humphrey and produced by Clash live soundman Mickey Foote, at the (since demolished) CBS Whitfield Street Studio No. 3. The Clash was unusually musically varied for a punk band, with reggae and early rock and roll influences plainly evident. Reception Retrospective professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicAlternative Press5/5The Baltimore SunClassic RockThe Encyclopedia of Popular MusicQRolling StoneThe Rolling Stone Album GuideSelect5/5Spin Alternative Record Guide10/10 The Clash received critical acclaim and peaked at number 12 in the UK charts. When the album was released in April 1977, Tony Parsons wrote in the New Musical Express: “Jones and Strummer write with graphic perception about contemporary Great British urban reality as though it’s suffocating them … Their songs don’t lie … The Clash have made an album that consists of some of the most exciting rock’n’roll in contemporary music.” Mark Perry declared in Sniffin’ Glue: “The Clash album is like a mirror. It reflects all the shit. It shows us the truth. To me, it is the most important album ever released.” The review by Kris Needs in April 1977's Zigzag announced: “This is the most exciting album I’ve heard in years … it’s one of the most important records ever made.” In his 1979 consumer guide for The Village Voice, critic Robert Christgau gave the album's US release an "A" grade and stated, "Cut for cut, this may be the greatest rock and roll album (plus limited-edition bonus single) ever manufactured in the U.S. It offers 10 of the 14 titles on the band's British debut as well as 7 of the 13 available only on 45. The U.K. version of The Clash is the greatest rock and roll album ever manufactured anywhere". In his decade-end list for the newspaper, he ranked the UK version as the best album of the 1970s. In 1993, the New Musical Express ranked the album number 13 on its list of the greatest albums of all time. NME also ranked The Clash number three on its list of the Greatest Albums of the '70s, and wrote in the review that "the speed-freaked brain of punk set to the tinniest, most frantic guitars ever trapped on vinyl. Lives were changed beyond recognition by it". In 1999, Q magazine wrote that the Clash "would never sound so punk as they did on 1977's self-titled debut", calling it a "lyrically intricate" album that "still howled with anger". In 2000, Alternative Press described The Clash as "the eternal punk album" and "a blueprint for the pantomime of 'punkier' rock acts", concluding that "for all of its forced politics and angst, The Clash continues to sound crucial." The Clash was voted number 180 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). Q placed The Clash at number 48 on its list of the "100 Greatest British Albums Ever" in 2000, and included the album in its "100 Best Punk Albums of All Time" list in 2002. Spin ranked the album at number three on its 2001 list of the "50 Most Essential Punk Records", calling it "punk as alienated rage, as anticorporate blather, as joyous racial confusion, as evangelic outreach and white knuckles and haywire impulses". In 2003, Mojo ranked The Clash at second place on its list of the "Top 50 Punk Albums", deeming it "the ultimate punk protest album". The same year, the US version was ranked number 77 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The album was re-ranked at number 81 in 2012, and at number 102 in the 2020 update. The album was included in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Noted Jamaican producer Lee Perry heard the album while in London in 1977, and played it to Bob Marley, who in turn mentioned the Clash on his own track "Punky Reggae Party". Track listing All lead vocals by Joe Strummer, except where noted. All tracks are written by Strummer and Mick Jones, except where notedSide oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength1."Janie Jones"  2:032."Remote Control" JonesStrummer3:003."I'm So Bored with the USA"  2:254."White Riot"  1:565."Hate and War" JonesStrummer2:056."What's My Name"StrummerJonesKeith Levene 1:407."Deny"  3:038."London's Burning"  2:12 Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength1."Career Opportunities"  1:522."Cheat"  2:063."Protex Blue" Jones1:424."Police & Thieves"Junior MurvinLee Perry 6:015."48 Hours"  1:346."Garageland"  3:12 1979 US version The Clash (US version)Studio album by the ClashReleased26 July 1979 (1979-07-26)Recorded1976–1979GenrePunk rockLength43:20LabelEpicProducerMickey Foote, Lee Perry, The Clash, Sandy Pearlman, Bill PriceThe Clash US chronology Give 'Em Enough Rope(1978) The Clash (US version)(1979) London Calling(1979) Singles from The Clash "Complete Control"Released: 23 September 1977 "Clash City Rockers"Released: 17 February 1978 "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais"Released: 17 June 1978 "I Fought the Law"Released: 26 July 1979 Retrospective professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingThe Baltimore SunBlenderChristgau's Record GuideAThe Rolling Stone Album GuideSpin Alternative Record Guide10/10 In the United States, the Clash's debut studio album was released one year after Give 'Em Enough Rope, making it their second release in the US. CBS in America had decided that the album was 'not radio friendly', so it was initially only available in the States during 1977–1978 as an import, and as such became the best-selling import of the year, selling over 100,000 copies. In July 1979, Epic released a modified version of the album for the United States market. This version replaced four songs from the original version with five non-album singles and B-sides, some of which were recorded and released after the Clash's second studio album, Give 'Em Enough Rope (1978). It also used the re-recorded single version of "White Riot", rather than the original take featured on the UK version. Owing to its inclusion of non-album singles, the US edition of The Clash could be considered a de facto compilation album. Omitted from the US version of The Clash were the following tracks: "Deny" "Cheat" "Protex Blue" "48 Hours" "White Riot" (original version) Added were the following tracks: "Clash City Rockers" – Initially released as a single (A-side) in the UK in February 1978 "Complete Control" – Initially released as a single (A-side) in the UK in September 1977 "White Riot" (re-recorded version) – Initially released as a single (A-side) in the UK in March 1977 "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais" – Initially released as a single (A-side) in the UK in June 1978 "I Fought the Law" – Initially released as a track on the Clash EP The Cost of Living in the UK in May 1979 "Jail Guitar Doors" – Initially released as the B-side to "Clash City Rockers" in the UK in February 1978 Initial copies of the US version also came with a bonus 7-inch single which featured "Groovy Times" and "Gates of the West". The liner notes incorrectly credit new drummer Nicky Headon for "White Riot". It was another moderately successful album for the Clash in the United States, even though the sales were likely diluted by the longstanding popularity of the UK version on the import market. The Clash peaked at number 126 on the Billboard charts, setting the stage for the commercial breakthrough of London Calling later that year. Since the Clash's first UK album had already been released in Canada by CBS Records, when CBS Canada released the US version, they changed the cover art so as to not confuse the record-buying public. The CBS Canada version of the LP has a dark blue border instead of green. Initial copies also contained the bonus "Groovy Times" 7". Some original cassette pressings of the US version featured "What's My Name?" as track 4 and "Complete Control" as track 11. Though the back of these original pressings list the two songs as they are featured on recent versions of the album. Track listing All tracks are written by Strummer and Jones, except where notedSide oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength1."Clash City Rockers" Strummer3:562."I'm So Bored with the USA" Strummer2:253."Remote Control" Jones, Strummer3:004."Complete Control" Strummer3:145."White Riot" Strummer1:596."(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais" Strummer3:597."London's Burning" Strummer2:128."I Fought the Law"Sonny CurtisStrummer2:41 Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength1."Janie Jones" Strummer2:032."Career Opportunities" Strummer1:523."What's My Name"Strummer, Jones, LeveneStrummer1:404."Hate & War" Jones, Strummer2:055."Police & Thieves"Murvin, PerryStrummer6:016."Jail Guitar Doors" Jones3:057."Garageland" Strummer3:12 Personnel The stairway where the Clash posed for the cover photo, in 2008 The Clash Joe Strummer − lead and backing vocals, rhythm guitar, lead guitar on "48 Hours," piano and production on US version Mick Jones − lead guitar, backing and lead vocals, production on US version Paul Simonon − bass guitar, production on US version Terry Chimes (listed as "Tory Crimes") − drums, production on UK version Topper Headon − drums on side one tracks 1, 4, 6, and 8 and side two track 6 on US version, production on US version Production Mickey Foote − production, engineering on US version Simon Humphrey − engineering Kate Simon − cover art Rocco Macauly − back cover photo Lee "Scratch" Perry – production on US version Sandy Pearlman – production on US version Bill Price – production on US version Charts UK version Chart (1977) PeakPosition Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 42 UK Albums (OCC) 12 2024 weekly chart performance for The Clash Chart (2024) Peakposition Greek Albums (IFPI) 23 US version Chart (1979) PeakPosition US Billboard 200 126 Certifications Certifications for The Clash Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 100,000^ United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ "The Uncut Crap – Over 56 Things You Never Knew About The Clash". NME. 3. London: IPC Magazines. 16 March 1991. ISSN 0028-6362. OCLC 4213418. ^ Stokes, Tim (2 June 2018). "Revisiting London's iconic album cover images". BBC News. Retrieved 2 June 2018. ^ Caws, Matthew (December 1995). "Mick Jones". Guitar World. 12. New York: Harris Publications. ISSN 1045-6295. OCLC 7982091. ^ Presenter: Kurt Loder. "MTV Rockumentary". MTV Rockumentary. London, England. MTV. ^ Letts (2001). The Clash: Westway to the World. Event occurs at 25:45–27:40. ^ "The Windsor Castle". Retrieved 2 July 2015. ^ Murray, Charles Shaar (5 April 2003). "Joe is dead, but the Clash are immortal". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2010. I described them as the kind of garage band who should be speedily returned to their garage, preferably with the engine running ^ Letts (2001). The Clash: Westway to the World. Event occurs at 25:00–25:35. ^ Needs, Kris (November 2004). "HOW I MET THE CLASH". trakMARX.com. Retrieved 21 November 2007. ^ "The Clash - The Clash". Discogs.com. Retrieved 24 January 2020. ^ The Clash. Mojo, 'Mojo Classic issue'. p. 33. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Clash – The Clash". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 August 2004. ^ a b "The Clash: The Clash". Alternative Press. No. 140. Cleveland. March 2000. pp. 74–75. ^ a b Considine, J. D. (27 January 2000). "Nobody's scoffing now at the importance of the Clash". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ Rowley, Scott (8 April 2017). "The Clash – The Clash album review". Classic Rock. Bath. Retrieved 11 October 2020. ^ Larkin, Colin (2011). "Clash". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th concise ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8. ^ a b "The Clash: The Clash". Q. No. 159. London. December 1999. pp. 152–53. ^ Miles, Milo (20 June 2002). "The Clash: The Clash". Rolling Stone. New York. p. 87. Archived from the original on 1 December 2002. Retrieved 5 September 2016. ^ a b Sheffield, Rob (2004). "The Clash". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 167–68. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. Retrieved 24 September 2011. ^ "Clash Reissues". Select. No. 114. London. December 1999. p. 88. ^ a b Sheffield, Rob (1995). "Clash". In Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig (eds.). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. pp. 84–85. ISBN 0-679-75574-8. ^ a b April 1977/7502/ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 13 April 2021. ^ Parsons, Tony (16 April 1977). "WAR ON INNER CITY FRONT". New Musical Express: 33. ^ Mark Perry, Sniffin' Glue, April 1977 quoted in Kris Needs, Joe Strummer and the Legend of The Clash, (2005), London:Plexus. pp.76-76 ^ Needs, Kris (April 1977). "KONKRETE KLOCKWORK". Zigzag. ^ Egan, Sean (2018). The Clash On The Clash - Interviews And Encounters. Chicago: Chicago Review Press Incorporated. p. 72. ISBN 9781613737484. ^ Christgau, Robert (3 September 1979). "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved 17 April 2012. ^ Christgau, Robert (17 December 1979). "Decade Personal Best: '70s". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved 21 June 2013. ^ "Greatest Albums of All Time". NME. London. 2 February 1993. p. 29. ^ Larkin, Colin (2000). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books. p. 95. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6. ^ "100 Greatest British Albums Ever". Q. No. 165. London. June 2000. p. 70. ^ "The 100 Best Punk Albums of All Time – The Clash: The Clash". Q (special ed.). London. May 2002. p. 135. ^ Dolan, Jon (May 2001). "The 50 Most Essential Punk Records – 3. The Clash: The Clash". Spin. Vol. 17, no. 5. New York. p. 108. Retrieved 11 October 2020. ^ "Top 50 Punk Albums". Mojo. No. 112. London. March 2003. p. 76. ^ "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. No. 937. New York. 11 December 2003. p. 114. ^ Levy, Joe; Steven Van Zandt (2006) . "77 | The Clash – The Clash". Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (3rd ed.). London: Turnaround. ISBN 1-932958-61-4. OCLC 70672814. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007. ^ "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. New York. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2019. ^ "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. 22 September 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2021. ^ Wolk, Douglas (21 August 2007). "The Clash: The Clash (U.S. Version)". Blender. New York. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2016. ^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "C". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 0-89919-026-X. Retrieved 24 February 2019 – via robertchristgau.com. ^ Letts (2001). The Clash: Westway to the World. Event occurs at 34:00–36:00. ^ Letts (2001). The Clash: Westway to the World. Event occurs at 44:40–45:00. ^ a b "The Clash Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 13 April 2021. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – The Clash – The Clash". Hung Medien. Retrieved 13 April 2021. ^ "Official IFPI Charts – Top-75 Albums Sales Chart (Week: 12/2024)". IFPI Greece. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024. ^ "British album certifications – The Clash – The Clash". British Phonographic Industry. 31 December 1979. ^ "American album certifications – The Clash – The Clash". Recording Industry Association of America. 12 November 1991. Further reading Gilbert, Pat (2005) . Passion Is a Fashion: The Real Story of The Clash (4th ed.). London: Aurum Press. ISBN 1-84513-113-4. OCLC 61177239. Gray, Marcus (2005) . The Clash: Return of the Last Gang in Town (5th revised ed.). London: Helter Skelter. ISBN 1-905139-10-1. OCLC 60668626. Green, Johnny; Garry Barker (2003) . A Riot of Our Own: Night and Day with The Clash (3rd ed.). London: Orion. ISBN 0-7528-5843-2. OCLC 52990890. Gruen, Bob; Chris Salewicz (2004) . The Clash (3rd ed.). London: Omnibus. ISBN 1-903399-34-3. OCLC 69241279. Needs, Kris (25 January 2005). Joe Strummer and the Legend of the Clash. London: Plexus. ISBN 0-85965-348-X. OCLC 53155325. Topping, Keith (2004) . The Complete Clash (2nd ed.). Richmond: Reynolds & Hearn. ISBN 1-903111-70-6. OCLC 63129186. External links The Clash at Discogs (list of releases) vteThe Clash Joe Strummer Mick Jones Paul Simonon Topper Headon Terry Chimes Keith Levene Rob Harper Pete Howard Nick Sheppard Vince White Studio albums The Clash Give 'Em Enough Rope London Calling Sandinista! Combat Rock Cut the Crap Live albums From Here to Eternity: Live Live at Shea Stadium Compilations Black Market Clash The Story of the Clash, Volume 1 1977 Revisited Clash on Broadway The Singles (1991) Super Black Market Clash The Essential Clash Singles Box The Singles (2007) Sound System The Clash Hits Back 5 Album Studio Set Extended plays Capital Radio The Cost of Living Singles "White Riot" "Remote Control" "Complete Control" "Clash City Rockers" "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais" "Tommy Gun" "English Civil War" "I Fought the Law" "Groovy Times" "London Calling" "Clampdown" "Train in Vain" "Bankrobber" "The Call Up" "Hitsville U.K." "The Magnificent Seven" "This Is Radio Clash" "Know Your Rights" "Should I Stay or Should I Go" "Rock the Casbah" "Straight to Hell" "This Is England" "Return to Brixton" Other songs "Career Opportunities" "Capital Radio One" "Garageland" "I'm So Bored with the USA" "Janie Jones" "London's Burning" "Police and Thieves" "Jail Guitar Doors" "Brand New Cadillac" "Death or Glory" "Lost in the Supermarket" "Revolution Rock" "Rudie Can't Fail" "Spanish Bombs" "Junco Partner" "Washington Bullets" "Overpowered by Funk" Films Rude Boy Concert for Kampuchea Westway to the World Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten London Town Related articles Discography Songs Band members The 101ers London SS Public Image Ltd Big Audio Dynamite Havana 3am The Latino Rockabilly War The Pogues The Mescaleros Carbon/Silicon The Good, the Bad & the Queen Gorillaz Spirit of St. Louis Rock Against Racism The Joe Strummer Foundation Bernard Rhodes Don Letts Alex Michon Caroline Coon Sandy Pearlman Guy Stevens Kosmo Vinyl Mick Gallagher Norman Watt-Roy Tymon Dogg Mikey Dread Ellen Foley Futura 2000 Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"the Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash"},{"link_name":"CBS Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Joe Strummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Strummer"},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(The_Clash_guitarist)"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"Police and Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_Thieves"},{"link_name":"Keith Levene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Levene"},{"link_name":"Janie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janie_Jones_(The_Clash_song)"},{"link_name":"White Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Riot"},{"link_name":"London's Burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%27s_Burning_(The_Clash_song)"},{"link_name":"Paul Simonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simonon"},{"link_name":"Terry Chimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Chimes"},{"link_name":"Rob Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Harper"},{"link_name":"Topper Headon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topper_Headon"}],"text":"The Clash is the debut studio album by the English punk rock band the Clash, released on 8 April 1977 through CBS Records. Recorded and mixed over three weeks in February 1977 for £4,000, it would go on to reach No. 12 on the UK charts, and has been included on many retrospective rankings as one of the greatest punk albums of all time.Songs on the album were composed by guitarists Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, with the notable exception of the reggae cover \"Police and Thieves\". The song \"What's My Name\" is co-credited to Clash founding member Keith Levene, who left the band in September 1976.Several songs from the album's recording sessions, including \"Janie Jones\", \"White Riot\", and \"London's Burning\" became classics of the punk genre and were among the first punk songs to see significant presence on singles charts. The Clash featured Jones and Strummer sharing guitar and vocal duties, with Paul Simonon on bass and Terry Chimes on drums, his only studio appearance with the band. (Chimes and Rob Harper drummed intermittently with The Clash until Topper Headon joined the band as permanent drummer in May 1977.) Chimes was credited as \"Tory Crimes\" on the album's original sleeve.The Clash was not released in the US until 1979, making it the band's second US release. The US version also included a significantly different track listing, changing the track order and swapping out several songs for non-album tracks recorded in the interim.","title":"The Clash (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrow Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_Road"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Records_International"}],"text":"Most of the album was conceived on the 18th floor of a council high rise on London's Harrow Road, in a flat that was rented by Mick Jones's grandmother, who frequently went to see their live concerts.[1] The album was recorded over three weekend sessions at CBS Studio 3 in February 1977. By the third of these sessions, the album was recorded and mixed to completion, with the tapes being delivered to CBS at the start of March. It cost £4,000 to produce.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosław Szaybo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C5%82aw_Szaybo"},{"link_name":"Kate Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Simon_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Camden Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Market"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Terry Chimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Chimes"},{"link_name":"Rude Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rude_Boy_(film)"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival"}],"sub_title":"Album cover","text":"The cover artwork was designed by Polish artist Rosław Szaybo. The album's front cover photo, shot by Kate Simon, was taken in the alleyway directly opposite the front door of the band's 'Rehearsal Rehearsals' building in Camden Market.[2] Drummer Terry Chimes, though a full member of the Clash at the time, did not appear in the picture as he had already decided to leave the group. Another picture from the same Kate Simon photoshoot appears on the UK Special Edition DVD of Rude Boy, released in 2003. The picture of the charging police officers on the rear, shot by Rocco Macauly, was taken during the 1976 riot at the Notting Hill Carnival—the inspiration for the track \"White Riot\".","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janie_Jones_(song)"},{"link_name":"brothel keeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)"},{"link_name":"Remote Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Control_(The_Clash_song)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"I'm So Bored with the USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_So_Bored_with_the_USA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"White Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Riot"},{"link_name":"chords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(music)"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Career Opportunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_Opportunities_(song)"},{"link_name":"condom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom"},{"link_name":"contraceptive vending machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_machine#Specialized_vending_machines"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle,_Maida_Vale"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theundergroundmap-6"},{"link_name":"Beaconsfield Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_and_Television_School"},{"link_name":"Police & Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_Thieves"},{"link_name":"The Wailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wailers"},{"link_name":"Garageland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garageland_(song)"},{"link_name":"Charles Shaar Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Shaar_Murray"},{"link_name":"Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trackMARX-HOW_I_MET_THE_CLASH-9"}],"sub_title":"Songs","text":"The subject of the opening track, \"Janie Jones\", was a famous brothel keeper in London during the 1970s. \"Remote Control\" was written by Mick Jones after the Anarchy Tour and contains pointed observations about the civic hall bureaucrats who had cancelled concerts, the police, big business and especially record companies. CBS decided to release the song as a single without consulting the band. \"I'm So Bored with the USA\", developed from a Mick Jones song titled \"I'm So Bored with You\",[3] condemns the Americanization of the UK.[4] \"White Riot\" was the Clash's debut single. The song is short and intense, in a punk style of two chords played very fast (five chords are used in the whole song). Lyrically, it is about class economics and race.[5]\"Career Opportunities\", the opening track of the second side of the album, attacks the political and economic situation in England at the time, citing the lack of jobs available, and the dreariness and lack of appeal of those that were available.\"Protex Blue\", sung by Mick Jones, is about a 1970s brand of condom. It was inspired by the contraceptive vending machine in the Windsor Castle's toilets.[6] The song ends with the shouted phrase \"Johnny Johnny!\", johnny being a British slang term for a condom.The version of \"White Riot\" featured on the album was not recorded for the album; the original demo (recorded at Beaconsfield Studios before the band signed to CBS) was used instead.\"Police & Thieves\" was added to the album when the group realised that the track listing was too short. Another cover the band played at these sessions was The Wailers' \"Dancing Shoes\". \"Garageland\" was written in response to Charles Shaar Murray's damning review of the Clash's early appearance at the Sex Pistols Screen on the Green concert – \"The Clash are the kind of garage band who should be returned to the garage immediately, preferably with the engine running\".[7][8][9] It was the final track recorded for the album.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Records_International"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"}],"text":"The Clash was released in the United Kingdom through CBS Records on 8 April 1977,[10] engineered by CBS staff engineer Simon Humphrey and produced by Clash live soundman Mickey Foote, at the (since demolished) CBS Whitfield Street Studio No. 3.[11] The Clash was unusually musically varied for a punk band, with reggae and early rock and roll influences plainly evident.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_CLASH-22"},{"link_name":"Tony Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Parsons_(British_journalist)"},{"link_name":"New Musical Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Mark Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Perry_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Sniffin’ Glue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniffin%27_Glue"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Kris Needs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Needs"},{"link_name":"Zigzag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigZag_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christgau-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christgau2-28"},{"link_name":"New Musical Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-q-17"},{"link_name":"Alternative Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-13"},{"link_name":"Colin Larkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin"},{"link_name":"All Time Top 1000 Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Time_Top_1000_Albums"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"US version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1979_US_version"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"500 greatest albums of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77_the_clash-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1001_Albums_You_Must_Hear_Before_You_Die"},{"link_name":"Lee Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Punky Reggae Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punky_Reggae_Party"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"The Clash received critical acclaim and peaked at number 12 in the UK charts.[22]When the album was released in April 1977, Tony Parsons wrote in the New Musical Express: “Jones and Strummer write with graphic perception about contemporary Great British urban reality as though it’s suffocating them … Their songs don’t lie … The Clash have made an album that consists of some of the most exciting rock’n’roll in contemporary music.”[23] Mark Perry declared in Sniffin’ Glue: “The Clash album is like a mirror. It reflects all the shit. It shows us the truth. To me, it is the most important album ever released.”[24] The review by Kris Needs in April 1977's Zigzag announced: “This is the most exciting album I’ve heard in years … it’s one of the most important records ever made.”[25][26]In his 1979 consumer guide for The Village Voice, critic Robert Christgau gave the album's US release an \"A\" grade and stated, \"Cut for cut, this may be the greatest rock and roll album (plus limited-edition bonus single) ever manufactured in the U.S. It offers 10 of the 14 titles on the band's British debut as well as 7 of the 13 available only on 45. [...] The U.K. version of The Clash is the greatest rock and roll album ever manufactured anywhere\".[27] In his decade-end list for the newspaper, he ranked the UK version as the best album of the 1970s.[28]In 1993, the New Musical Express ranked the album number 13 on its list of the greatest albums of all time.[29] NME also ranked The Clash number three on its list of the Greatest Albums of the '70s, and wrote in the review that \"the speed-freaked brain of punk set to the tinniest, most frantic guitars ever trapped on vinyl. Lives were changed beyond recognition by it\".In 1999, Q magazine wrote that the Clash \"would never sound so punk as they did on 1977's self-titled debut\", calling it a \"lyrically intricate\" album that \"still howled with anger\".[17] In 2000, Alternative Press described The Clash as \"the eternal punk album\" and \"a blueprint for the pantomime of 'punkier' rock acts\", concluding that \"for all of its forced politics and angst, The Clash continues to sound crucial.\"[13]The Clash was voted number 180 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).[30] Q placed The Clash at number 48 on its list of the \"100 Greatest British Albums Ever\" in 2000,[31] and included the album in its \"100 Best Punk Albums of All Time\" list in 2002.[32] Spin ranked the album at number three on its 2001 list of the \"50 Most Essential Punk Records\", calling it \"punk as alienated rage, as anticorporate blather, as joyous racial confusion, as evangelic outreach and white knuckles and haywire impulses\".[33] In 2003, Mojo ranked The Clash at second place on its list of the \"Top 50 Punk Albums\", deeming it \"the ultimate punk protest album\".[34] The same year, the US version was ranked number 77 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.[35][36] The album was re-ranked at number 81 in 2012,[37] and at number 102 in the 2020 update.[38] The album was included in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.Noted Jamaican producer Lee Perry heard the album while in London in 1977, and played it to Bob Marley,[citation needed] who in turn mentioned the Clash on his own track \"Punky Reggae Party\".","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Strummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Strummer"},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(The_Clash_guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Janie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janie_Jones_(song)"},{"link_name":"Remote Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Control_(The_Clash_song)"},{"link_name":"I'm So Bored with the USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_So_Bored_with_the_USA"},{"link_name":"White Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Riot"},{"link_name":"Keith Levene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Levene"},{"link_name":"London's Burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%27s_Burning_(The_Clash_song)"},{"link_name":"Career Opportunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_Opportunities_(song)"},{"link_name":"Police & Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_Thieves#The_Clash_version"},{"link_name":"Junior Murvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Murvin"},{"link_name":"Lee Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry"},{"link_name":"Garageland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garageland_(song)"}],"text":"All lead vocals by Joe Strummer, except where noted.All tracks are written by Strummer and Mick Jones, except where notedSide oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength1.\"Janie Jones\"  2:032.\"Remote Control\" JonesStrummer3:003.\"I'm So Bored with the USA\"  2:254.\"White Riot\"  1:565.\"Hate and War\" JonesStrummer2:056.\"What's My Name\"StrummerJonesKeith Levene 1:407.\"Deny\"  3:038.\"London's Burning\"  2:12Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength1.\"Career Opportunities\"  1:522.\"Cheat\"  2:063.\"Protex Blue\" Jones1:424.\"Police & Thieves\"Junior MurvinLee Perry 6:015.\"48 Hours\"  1:346.\"Garageland\"  3:12","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Give 'Em Enough Rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_Em_Enough_Rope"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"The Cost of Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cost_of_Living_(EP)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Nicky Headon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topper_Headon"},{"link_name":"popularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popularity"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCharts-43"},{"link_name":"London Calling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Calling"}],"text":"In the United States, the Clash's debut studio album was released one year after Give 'Em Enough Rope, making it their second release in the US. CBS in America had decided that the album was 'not radio friendly', so it was initially only available in the States during 1977–1978 as an import, and as such became the best-selling import of the year, selling over 100,000 copies.[41]In July 1979, Epic released a modified version of the album for the United States market. This version replaced four songs from the original version with five non-album singles and B-sides, some of which were recorded and released after the Clash's second studio album, Give 'Em Enough Rope (1978). It also used the re-recorded single version of \"White Riot\", rather than the original take featured on the UK version. Owing to its inclusion of non-album singles, the US edition of The Clash could be considered a de facto compilation album.Omitted from the US version of The Clash were the following tracks:\"Deny\"\n\"Cheat\"\n\"Protex Blue\"\n\"48 Hours\"\n\"White Riot\" (original version)Added were the following tracks:\"Clash City Rockers\" – Initially released as a single (A-side) in the UK in February 1978 \n\"Complete Control\" – Initially released as a single (A-side) in the UK in September 1977 \n\"White Riot\" (re-recorded version) – Initially released as a single (A-side) in the UK in March 1977 \n\"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais\" – Initially released as a single (A-side) in the UK in June 1978 \n\"I Fought the Law\" – Initially released as a track on the Clash EP The Cost of Living in the UK in May 1979 \n\"Jail Guitar Doors\" – Initially released as the B-side to \"Clash City Rockers\" in the UK in February 1978Initial copies of the US version also came with a bonus 7-inch single which featured \"Groovy Times\" and \"Gates of the West\".[42] The liner notes incorrectly credit new drummer Nicky Headon for \"White Riot\".It was another moderately successful album for the Clash in the United States, even though the sales were likely diluted by the longstanding popularity of the UK version on the import market. The Clash peaked at number 126 on the Billboard charts,[43] setting the stage for the commercial breakthrough of London Calling later that year. Since the Clash's first UK album had already been released in Canada by CBS Records, when CBS Canada released the US version, they changed the cover art so as to not confuse the record-buying public. The CBS Canada version of the LP has a dark blue border instead of green. Initial copies also contained the bonus \"Groovy Times\" 7\". Some original cassette pressings of the US version featured \"What's My Name?\" as track 4 and \"Complete Control\" as track 11. Though the back of these original pressings list the two songs as they are featured on recent versions of the album.","title":"1979 US version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clash City Rockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_City_Rockers"},{"link_name":"Complete Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Control"},{"link_name":"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(White_Man)_In_Hammersmith_Palais"},{"link_name":"I Fought the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Fought_the_Law#The_Clash_cover_version"},{"link_name":"Sonny Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Jail Guitar Doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jail_Guitar_Doors"}],"sub_title":"Track listing","text":"All tracks are written by Strummer and Jones, except where notedSide oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength1.\"Clash City Rockers\" Strummer3:562.\"I'm So Bored with the USA\" Strummer2:253.\"Remote Control\" Jones, Strummer3:004.\"Complete Control\" Strummer3:145.\"White Riot\" Strummer1:596.\"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais\" Strummer3:597.\"London's Burning\" Strummer2:128.\"I Fought the Law\"Sonny CurtisStrummer2:41Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength1.\"Janie Jones\" Strummer2:032.\"Career Opportunities\" Strummer1:523.\"What's My Name\"Strummer, Jones, LeveneStrummer1:404.\"Hate & War\" Jones, Strummer2:055.\"Police & Thieves\"Murvin, PerryStrummer6:016.\"Jail Guitar Doors\" Jones3:057.\"Garageland\" Strummer3:12","title":"1979 US version"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clash_stairway.jpg"}],"text":"The stairway where the Clash posed for the cover photo, in 2008","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Strummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Strummer"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"},{"link_name":"lead guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Mick Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jones_(The_Clash_guitarist)"},{"link_name":"lead guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar"},{"link_name":"Paul Simonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simonon"},{"link_name":"Terry Chimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Chimes"},{"link_name":"Topper Headon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topper_Headon"}],"sub_title":"The Clash","text":"Joe Strummer − lead and backing vocals, rhythm guitar, lead guitar on \"48 Hours,\" piano and production on US version\nMick Jones − lead guitar, backing and lead vocals, production on US version\nPaul Simonon − bass guitar, production on US version\nTerry Chimes (listed as \"Tory Crimes\") − drums, production on UK version\nTopper Headon − drums on side one tracks 1, 4, 6, and 8 and side two track 6 on US version, production on US version","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering"},{"link_name":"Kate Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Simon_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Lee \"Scratch\" Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry"},{"link_name":"Sandy Pearlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Pearlman"},{"link_name":"Bill Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Price_(record_producer)"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Mickey Foote − production, engineering on US version\nSimon Humphrey − engineering\nKate Simon − cover art\nRocco Macauly − back cover photo\nLee \"Scratch\" Perry – production on US version\nSandy Pearlman – production on US version\nBill Price – production on US version","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Clash_(album)&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_The_Clash-44"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_CLASH-22"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Clash_(album)&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCharts-43"}],"text":"UK version[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1977)\n\nPeakPosition\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[44]\n\n42\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[22]\n\n12\n\n\n2024 weekly chart performance for The Clash\n\n\nChart (2024)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nGreek Albums (IFPI)[45]\n\n23\n\n\n\nUS version[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1979)\n\nPeakPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[43]\n\n126","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aurum Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurum_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84513-113-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84513-113-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"61177239","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61177239"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-905139-10-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905139-10-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"60668626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/60668626"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7528-5843-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7528-5843-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"52990890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52990890"},{"link_name":"Gruen, Bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gruen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-903399-34-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903399-34-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"69241279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/69241279"},{"link_name":"Needs, Kris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Needs"},{"link_name":"Joe Strummer and the Legend of the Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/joestrummerlegen00need"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85965-348-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85965-348-X"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"53155325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/53155325"},{"link_name":"Topping, Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Topping"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-903111-70-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903111-70-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"63129186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/63129186"}],"text":"Gilbert, Pat (2005) [2004]. Passion Is a Fashion: The Real Story of The Clash (4th ed.). London: Aurum Press. ISBN 1-84513-113-4. OCLC 61177239.\nGray, Marcus (2005) [1995]. The Clash: Return of the Last Gang in Town (5th revised ed.). London: Helter Skelter. ISBN 1-905139-10-1. OCLC 60668626.\nGreen, Johnny; Garry Barker (2003) [1997]. A Riot of Our Own: Night and Day with The Clash (3rd ed.). London: Orion. ISBN 0-7528-5843-2. OCLC 52990890.\nGruen, Bob; Chris Salewicz (2004) [2001]. The Clash (3rd ed.). London: Omnibus. ISBN 1-903399-34-3. OCLC 69241279.\nNeeds, Kris (25 January 2005). Joe Strummer and the Legend of the Clash. London: Plexus. ISBN 0-85965-348-X. OCLC 53155325.\nTopping, Keith (2004) [2003]. The Complete Clash (2nd ed.). Richmond: Reynolds & Hearn. ISBN 1-903111-70-6. OCLC 63129186.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"The stairway where the Clash posed for the cover photo, in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Clash_stairway.jpg/220px-Clash_stairway.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"The Uncut Crap – Over 56 Things You Never Knew About The Clash\". NME. 3. London: IPC Magazines. 16 March 1991. ISSN 0028-6362. OCLC 4213418.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6362","url_text":"0028-6362"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4213418","url_text":"4213418"}]},{"reference":"Stokes, Tim (2 June 2018). \"Revisiting London's iconic album cover images\". BBC News. Retrieved 2 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-43318498","url_text":"\"Revisiting London's iconic album cover images\""}]},{"reference":"Caws, Matthew (December 1995). \"Mick Jones\". Guitar World. 12. New York: Harris Publications. ISSN 1045-6295. OCLC 7982091.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Caws","url_text":"Caws, Matthew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1045-6295","url_text":"1045-6295"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7982091","url_text":"7982091"}]},{"reference":"Presenter: Kurt Loder. \"MTV Rockumentary\". MTV Rockumentary. London, England. MTV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londonsburning.org/art_mtv_rockumentary_1.html","url_text":"\"MTV Rockumentary\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Windsor Castle\". Retrieved 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theundergroundmap.com/article.html?id=2765","url_text":"\"The Windsor Castle\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Charles Shaar (5 April 2003). \"Joe is dead, but the Clash are immortal\". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2010. I described them as the kind of garage band who should be speedily returned to their garage, preferably with the engine running","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Shaar_Murray","url_text":"Murray, Charles Shaar"},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandjazzmusic/3592288/Joe-is-dead-but-the-Clash-are-immortal.html","url_text":"\"Joe is dead, but the Clash are immortal\""}]},{"reference":"Needs, Kris (November 2004). \"HOW I MET THE CLASH\". trakMARX.com. Retrieved 21 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trakmarx.com/2004_05/05_needs.htm","url_text":"\"HOW I MET THE CLASH\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Clash - The Clash\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 24 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/The-Clash-The-Clash/release/456552","url_text":"\"The Clash - The Clash\""}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"The Clash – The Clash\". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 August 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-clash-mw0000189492","url_text":"\"The Clash – The Clash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"The Clash: The Clash\". Alternative Press. No. 140. Cleveland. March 2000. pp. 74–75.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)","url_text":"Alternative Press"}]},{"reference":"Considine, J. D. (27 January 2000). \"Nobody's scoffing now at the importance of the Clash\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 10 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Considine","url_text":"Considine, J. D."},{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-01-27-0001270335-story.html","url_text":"\"Nobody's scoffing now at the importance of the Clash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"Rowley, Scott (8 April 2017). \"The Clash – The Clash album review\". Classic Rock. Bath. Retrieved 11 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/the-clash-the-clash-album-review","url_text":"\"The Clash – The Clash album review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Rock_(magazine)","url_text":"Classic Rock"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2011). \"Clash\". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th concise ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Press","url_text":"Omnibus Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-595-8","url_text":"978-0-85712-595-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The Clash: The Clash\". Q. No. 159. London. December 1999. pp. 152–53.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"Miles, Milo (20 June 2002). \"The Clash: The Clash\". Rolling Stone. New York. p. 87. Archived from the original on 1 December 2002. Retrieved 5 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021201223944/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/cd/review.asp?aid=39913&cf=329","url_text":"\"The Clash: The Clash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/cd/review.asp?aid=39913&cf=329","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sheffield, Rob (2004). \"The Clash\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 167–68. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. Retrieved 24 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sheffield","url_text":"Sheffield, Rob"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t9eocwUfoSoC&pg=PA167","url_text":"\"The Clash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Brackett","url_text":"Brackett, Nathan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Hoard","url_text":"Hoard, Christian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/167","url_text":"167–68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"0-7432-0169-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Clash Reissues\". Select. No. 114. London. December 1999. p. 88.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_(magazine)","url_text":"Select"}]},{"reference":"Sheffield, Rob (1995). \"Clash\". In Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig (eds.). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. pp. 84–85. ISBN 0-679-75574-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sheffield","url_text":"Sheffield, Rob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Weisbard","url_text":"Weisbard, Eric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_Alternative_Record_Guide","url_text":"Spin Alternative Record Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books","url_text":"Vintage Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75574-8","url_text":"0-679-75574-8"}]},{"reference":"Parsons, Tony (16 April 1977). \"WAR ON INNER CITY FRONT\". New Musical Express: 33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Needs, Kris (April 1977). \"KONKRETE KLOCKWORK\". Zigzag.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Egan, Sean (2018). The Clash On The Clash - Interviews And Encounters. Chicago: Chicago Review Press Incorporated. p. 72. ISBN 9781613737484.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781613737484","url_text":"9781613737484"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (3 September 1979). \"Consumer Guide\". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved 17 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv9-79.php","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (17 December 1979). \"Decade Personal Best: '70s\". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved 21 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/list/decade70.php","url_text":"\"Decade Personal Best: '70s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"\"Greatest Albums of All Time\". NME. London. 2 February 1993. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2000). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books. p. 95. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Time_Top_1000_Albums","url_text":"All Time Top 1000 Albums"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0493-6","url_text":"0-7535-0493-6"}]},{"reference":"\"100 Greatest British Albums Ever\". Q. No. 165. London. June 2000. p. 70.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"\"The 100 Best Punk Albums of All Time – The Clash: The Clash\". Q (special ed.). London. May 2002. p. 135.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"Dolan, Jon (May 2001). \"The 50 Most Essential Punk Records – 3. The Clash: The Clash\". Spin. Vol. 17, no. 5. New York. p. 108. Retrieved 11 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EdRggHm3lkoC&pg=PA108","url_text":"\"The 50 Most Essential Punk Records – 3. The Clash: The Clash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Punk Albums\". Mojo. No. 112. London. March 2003. p. 76.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)","url_text":"Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\". Rolling Stone. No. 937. New York. 11 December 2003. p. 114.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Levy, Joe; Steven Van Zandt (2006) [2005]. \"77 | The Clash – The Clash\". Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (3rd ed.). London: Turnaround. ISBN 1-932958-61-4. OCLC 70672814. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071214034549/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6598078/77_the_clash","url_text":"\"77 | The Clash – The Clash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time","url_text":"Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932958-61-4","url_text":"1-932958-61-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70672814","url_text":"70672814"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-19691231/the-clash-the-clash-19691231","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\". Rolling Stone. New York. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-156826/the-clash-the-clash-2-158862/","url_text":"\"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\". Rolling Stone. 22 September 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/","url_text":"\"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"Wolk, Douglas (21 August 2007). \"The Clash: The Clash (U.S. Version)\". Blender. New York. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Wolk","url_text":"Wolk, Douglas"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090702235439/http://www.blender.com/guide/back-catalogue/54672/clash-us-version.html","url_text":"\"The Clash: The Clash (U.S. Version)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)","url_text":"Blender"},{"url":"http://www.blender.com/guide/back-catalogue/54672/clash-us-version.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (1981). \"C\". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 0-89919-026-X. Retrieved 24 February 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=C&bk=70","url_text":"\"C\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies","url_text":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknor_and_Fields","url_text":"Ticknor and Fields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89919-026-X","url_text":"0-89919-026-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Official IFPI Charts – Top-75 Albums Sales Chart (Week: 12/2024)\". IFPI Greece. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240327104829/https://ifpi.gr/charts_el.html","url_text":"\"Official IFPI Charts – Top-75 Albums Sales Chart (Week: 12/2024)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece","url_text":"IFPI Greece"},{"url":"http://www.ifpi.gr/charts_en.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – The Clash – The Clash\". British Phonographic Industry. 31 December 1979.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/6843-1068-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – The Clash – The Clash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – The Clash – The Clash\". Recording Industry Association of America. 12 November 1991.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=The+Clash&ti=The+Clash&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – The Clash – The Clash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Pat (2005) [2004]. Passion Is a Fashion: The Real Story of The Clash (4th ed.). London: Aurum Press. ISBN 1-84513-113-4. OCLC 61177239.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurum_Press","url_text":"Aurum Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84513-113-4","url_text":"1-84513-113-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61177239","url_text":"61177239"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Marcus (2005) [1995]. The Clash: Return of the Last Gang in Town (5th revised ed.). London: Helter Skelter. ISBN 1-905139-10-1. OCLC 60668626.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905139-10-1","url_text":"1-905139-10-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60668626","url_text":"60668626"}]},{"reference":"Green, Johnny; Garry Barker (2003) [1997]. A Riot of Our Own: Night and Day with The Clash (3rd ed.). London: Orion. ISBN 0-7528-5843-2. OCLC 52990890.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7528-5843-2","url_text":"0-7528-5843-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52990890","url_text":"52990890"}]},{"reference":"Gruen, Bob; Chris Salewicz (2004) [2001]. The Clash (3rd ed.). London: Omnibus. ISBN 1-903399-34-3. OCLC 69241279.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gruen","url_text":"Gruen, Bob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903399-34-3","url_text":"1-903399-34-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/69241279","url_text":"69241279"}]},{"reference":"Needs, Kris (25 January 2005). Joe Strummer and the Legend of the Clash. London: Plexus. ISBN 0-85965-348-X. OCLC 53155325.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Needs","url_text":"Needs, Kris"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/joestrummerlegen00need","url_text":"Joe Strummer and the Legend of the Clash"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85965-348-X","url_text":"0-85965-348-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53155325","url_text":"53155325"}]},{"reference":"Topping, Keith (2004) [2003]. The Complete Clash (2nd ed.). Richmond: Reynolds & Hearn. ISBN 1-903111-70-6. OCLC 63129186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Topping","url_text":"Topping, Keith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903111-70-6","url_text":"1-903111-70-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63129186","url_text":"63129186"}]}]

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The Clash: The Clash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071214034549/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6598078/77_the_clash","external_links_name":"\"77 | The Clash – The Clash\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70672814","external_links_name":"70672814"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-19691231/the-clash-the-clash-19691231","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-156826/the-clash-the-clash-2-158862/","external_links_name":"\"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/","external_links_name":"\"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090702235439/http://www.blender.com/guide/back-catalogue/54672/clash-us-version.html","external_links_name":"\"The Clash: The Clash (U.S. Version)\""},{"Link":"http://www.blender.com/guide/back-catalogue/54672/clash-us-version.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=C&bk=70","external_links_name":"\"C\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/The-Clash/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"The Clash Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Clash&titel=The+Clash&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swedishcharts.com – The Clash – The Clash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240327104829/https://ifpi.gr/charts_el.html","external_links_name":"\"Official IFPI Charts – Top-75 Albums Sales Chart (Week: 12/2024)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpi.gr/charts_en.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/6843-1068-2","external_links_name":"\"British album certifications – The Clash – The Clash\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=The+Clash&ti=The+Clash&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – The Clash – The Clash\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61177239","external_links_name":"61177239"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60668626","external_links_name":"60668626"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52990890","external_links_name":"52990890"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/69241279","external_links_name":"69241279"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/joestrummerlegen00need","external_links_name":"Joe Strummer and the Legend of the Clash"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53155325","external_links_name":"53155325"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63129186","external_links_name":"63129186"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/24371","external_links_name":"The Clash"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/ca91cb5a-7ecc-3c46-84a0-0d4951889374","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwi_people

Hiwi people

["1 Culture","2 See also","3 External links"]

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hiwi people" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) For other uses of "Hiwi", see Hiwi (disambiguation). The Hiwi people inhabit the vast flatlands between the Meta and Vichada rivers in Colombia. They call themselves the “people of the savannah”. In Venezuela, the Hiwi live in the states of Apure, Guarico, Bolivar, and Amazonas. Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century historians described the Hiwi as nomadic hunter-gatherers. Their long history of violent conflict, extending well into the twentieth century, has meant dramatic changes in their way of life. Today, when the Hiwi visit criollo towns, they wear European-style clothing: shirts and pants for the men, and cotton dresses for the women. In their own villages, many continue to wear traditional loincloths made of cloth or of a vegetable bark called marima. Culture Textile crafts are an important part of their material culture. Using looms, the Hiwi weave high-quality hammocks with moriche or cumare fibers. Traditional clothing also includes body ornaments. The Hiwi make necklaces of glass beads as well as shamanic amulet necklaces for ceremonial use, made with animal teeth, hooves, and beaks. Historically, basketry has been a male occupation among the Hiwi, and the baskets they weave for transporting and storing foodstuffs are decorated with red and black geometric designs. Recently, women have begun to make baskets for commercial sale. Some Hiwi still make pottery, although far fewer since the introduction of aluminum pots and plastic containers. Traditionally an activity of the dry season, vessels are made by rolling rings of clay over a base. After they dry, they are burned over an open fire and then decorated with vegetable dyes such as cumare and caruto. Despite a reputation as less than excellent navigators, the Hiwi do make curiaras and oars. The curiaras are made from a tree similar to the cedar. After the bark is removed, they use fire, hatchets, and machetes to shape the wood. From the same wood, they produce oars with round handles and oval paddles. Although made by hand, the completed curiara looks newly manufactured. The Hiwi make wind and percussion musical instruments for festivities and ceremonial rituals, such as flutes with three holes made from large deer bones. Pan flutes, made with five or six tubes of caña amarga, often are played with another musical instrument made from the skull and antlers of the deer. The maraca, the shaman’s principal musical instrument, is traditionally used for healing. The body of a maraca is made from a dried gourd, which is then painted with geometric patterns. It is often decorated as well with a tuft of curassow feathers. See also Guahibo people External links Orinoco Online Hiwi, Arizona State University vte Ancestry and ethnicity in ColombiaIndigenous Achagua Andaquí Andoque Arhuaco Awa-Kwaiker Baniwa Barasana Bora Barí Calima Camsá Cauca Carabayo Carijona Chimila Chitarero Cocamilla Cofán Cubeo Emberá Embera-Wounaan Guahibo Guambiano Guane Guna Hiwi Hupda Inga Kankuamo Kogi Lache Macuna Mokaná Muisca Muzo Nukak Nutabe Paez Panche Patángoro Piaroa Pijao Pira-tapuya Quechua Quimbaya Siona Siriano Sutagao Tahamí Tairona Tariana Tegua Ticuna Tinigua Tucano U'wa Wayuu Witoto Yagua Yarigui Yukpa Zenú Non-indigenousAmericas Argentine  Venezuelan  Asia  Arab Lebanese Syrian Armenian  Chinese  Indian  Iranian  Japanese Korean  Turkish  Europe Austrian  Belgian  British  Croatian  Czech  Dutch  French German Mennonite Greek  Hungarian  Irish  Italian Lithuanian  Polish Portuguese  Romanian  Russian  Scandinavian  Slovene  Spanish Basque Swiss  Ukrainian  Others African Jewish Mestizo Romani See also Lists of Colombians Race and ethnicity in Colombia vte Venezuelan peopleIndigenous Achagua Akawaio Auaké Baniwa Baré Caquetio Chitarero Cumanagoto Guahibo Hiwi Hodï Kalina Lokono Macushi Mariche Marueta Barí Panare Pemon Piaroa Saladoid Sanumá Timoto–Cuica Waikerí Warao Wayuu Yanomami Yaruro Ye'kuana Yukpa Africa North African Black Americas Argentines Chileans Indo-Caribbean Uruguayans Asia Arab Lebanese Syrian Armenian Chinese Indian Japanese Korean Turkish Europe Austrian Belgian British Czech Croatian Dutch French Corsican German Coloniero Greek Hungarian Italian Lithuanian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Basque Isleño Scandinavia Serbian Slovene Swiss Ukrainian Others Jews Mestizos Roma Related topics Colonization Immigration Diaspora Refugee crisis

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[]

[{"title":"Guahibo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guahibo_people"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_Center

Cobb Center

["1 Early years","2 Enclosing Cobb Center","2.1 Survival","3 Downturn, renovation, and closure","4 Cobb Center redevelopment","5 List of anchor stores","6 Gallery","7 References"]

Coordinates: 33°54′00″N 84°32′31″W / 33.90000°N 84.54194°W / 33.90000; -84.54194Shopping mall in Georgia, United StatesCobb Center MallLocationSmyrna, Georgia, United StatesCoordinates33°54′00″N 84°32′31″W / 33.90000°N 84.54194°W / 33.90000; -84.54194Opening dateAugust 15, 1963Closing date1995No. of anchor tenants2No. of floors1 Cobb Center Mall (originally Cobb County Shopping Center) was a shopping mall in Smyrna, Georgia, United States. It was the second mall built in Georgia, and opened on August 15, 1963. Early years The mall was built in a post-World War II suburb of Atlanta by the parent company of Food Fair and featured nearly 50 stores including a Rich's department store (the fourth in the chain), Woolworths, Dunaway Drug (later Eckerd), Davis House restaurant (later Davis Brothers Cafeteria) and a Colonial supermarket. A six-screen movie theater, which later became King's Cinemas, was also opened on an outlot on the north side of the center. The mall was also originally an open-air center with covered walkways and the stores wrapped around the south and west side of the Rich's store, all facing it. For the first ten years, the mall was successful and the two-story Rich's store was quickly expanded with a one-story north wing that greatly increased the total floor space. The mall was a major blow to downtown Marietta, Georgia to the north. When the mall first opened, nearly all of the major clothing stores in downtown Marietta also had branches at Cobb Center. It began to draw out its tenants, leaving the downtown mostly dead by the 1970s. Enclosing Cobb Center Ten years after the mall opened, Cobb Center struggled after the opening of Cumberland Mall, a mall far superior in size and quantity stores compared to the much smaller open-air mall. Cumberland Mall opened in 1973 and featured all of the major Atlanta anchors including Rich's, Davison's, Sears and JCPenney. Cobb Center just had Rich's. The owners of Cobb Center in reaction to the new mall, fully enclosed the structure and added a new anchor, Grant City on the northwest corner of the mall. Survival The changes worked and the mall survived. There were two major factors to the success. The first was that Cumberland was the only nearby competition. Second, the Rich's at Cobb Center remained extremely popular. Rich's was enormously successful in the 1970s and this was one of only two locations that existed on the northwest side of Atlanta at the time. When Grant City closed in 1976, a small low-end chain with a store downtown named Kessler's took over the location. Downturn, renovation, and closure Eventually, the mall was unable to continue to survive. The first blow came when Town Center Mall in Kennesaw, Georgia opened in 1986 in what had been a farming area. The mall also included Rich's. Town Center Mall was also much larger than Cumberland and was more convenient to the northern suburbs. The second blow was that the area around the mall was declining very sharply. The shopping base dwindled and so did the mall traffic. By then, Cobb Center looked very dated and small with its dark wood interior and very 1960s retro exterior. Once again, in 1987, the mall was renovated for its 25th anniversary. This time, it was redesigned to the popular bright pastel look of the 1980s, skylights were improved and the mall was renamed "Four Seasons Mall" to attempt to remove the stigma of the mall that had been fading slowly for over a decade. As a short-term boost for the center, Howard's Restaurant, which had been a small bar and grill located across the street, located in the former Davis Brothers bringing business back to the center. Unfortunately, this renovation did not lead to expansion and many parts of the mall remained vacant, including the former Colonial/Big Star grocery store on the southwest corner, which closed at the mall somewhere in that period. In the late 1980s, the mall continued to operate with many vacancies and no customers. What kept the mall alive was the Rich's and Kessler's, both which looked little different from the days they opened. With the upscale shoppers avoiding the center, Rich's was downscaled to a clearance store by the early 1990s and Kessler's closed in 1990 with no replacement. Howard's moved to a new location, and all that remained for tenants was a few stores including Woolworth's, Eckerd Drugs in the former Dunaway Drugs and Friedman's Jewelry. One of the wings to the mall had burned and was closed off as well. The mall was finally demolished in 1995 except for the Rich's, which lingered until it closed in February 2004. Cobb Center redevelopment The former Rich's entrances to the mall were sealed except for the front entrance and a strip mall was attached to both sides of the Rich's store. The back parking lot of the mall was converted into a soccer park and the Rich's continued to operate there until it closed. The center was also renamed back to simply Cobb Center. In December 2008, the Smyrna city council unanimously approved a rezoning which would allow for Imagine International Academy to move its school into the two-story part of the Rich's building, covering 120,000 square feet (11,000 m2) of floor space. The classic façade will be destroyed and it will be made to look like a "modern school", to open in August for the 2009-2010 school year. Imagine International Academy opened for business as of 2010. List of anchor stores Name Yearopened Yearclosed Notes Grant's 1973 1976 Kessler's 1976 1990 Replaced Grant City Rich's 1963 2004 Co-branded Rich's–Macy's from 2003–2004 Gallery Front parking lot of former Rich's is now Imagine International Academy of Smyrna as of 2010. at Cobb Center Shopping center. Former mall entrance to Rich's is now Imagine International Academy of Smyrna as of 2010. Note former roof line along brick. North entrance to Rich's is now Imagine International Academy of Smyrna as of 2010. One story expansion. References ^ "Sprawling Cobb Center opens its doors today". The Atlanta Constitution. August 15, 1963. p. 46. Retrieved June 1, 2022. ^ 6 vteAtlanta-area shopping mallsEnclosed regional centers Arbor Place Cumberland Mall Gwinnett Place Mall Lenox Square The Mall at Stonecrest Mall of Georgia North Point Mall Perimeter Mall Phipps Plaza Sugarloaf Mills Town Center at Cobb Enclosed local centers Gallery at South DeKalb Greenbriar Mall Mall at Peachtree Center Northlake Mall Ponce City Market Underground Atlanta Southlake Mall Outdoor centers Amsterdam Walk Ansley Mall Atlantic Station Avalon The Avenue East Cobb Briarcliff Plaza Buckhead Village District Crossroads (Stewart-Lakewood) Center Emory Point The Forum on Peachtree Parkway Forum at Ashley Park Halcyon Krog Street Market Merchant's Walk Northeast Plaza Plaza Fiesta South Point Town Brookhaven Defunct Avondale Mall Broadview Shopping Center Cobb Center Mall Peachtree Arcade Rhodes Center Rio Shopping Center Roswell Mall Union Station (Shannon Mall) North Dekalb Mall vteShopping malls in GeorgiaAtlanta Amsterdam Walk Ansley Mall Arbor Place Atlantic Station Avalon Briarcliff Plaza Buckhead Village District Cobb Galleria Centre Cobb Place Cumberland Mall The Forum at Ashley Park Gallery at South DeKalb Greenbriar Mall Gwinnett Place Mall Halcyon Lenox Square Mall at Stonecrest Mall of Georgia North Point Mall Northeast Plaza Northlake Mall Peachtree Center Perimeter Mall Phipps Plaza South Point Southlake Mall Stewart-Lakewood Center Sugarloaf Mills Town Center at Cobb Underground Atlanta Savannah Abercorn Common Abercorn Walk Oglethorpe Mall Savannah Mall Macon Macon Mall The Shoppes at River Crossing Elsewhere Albany Mall Augusta Mall Columbus Park Crossing Dublin Mall Georgia Square Mall Houston County Galleria Mall LaGrange Mall Lakeshore Mall Mount Berry Mall Peachtree Mall Valdosta Mall The Village at Riverwatch Dalton Mall Defunct Avondale Mall Cobb Center Peachtree Arcade Regency Mall Rhodes Center Rio Shopping Center Riverbend Mall Roswell Mall Union Station Westgate Mall North Dekalb Mall

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A six-screen movie theater, which later became King's Cinemas, was also opened on an outlot on the north side of the center. The mall was also originally an open-air center with covered walkways and the stores wrapped around the south and west side of the Rich's store, all facing it.[1]For the first ten years, the mall was successful and the two-story Rich's store was quickly expanded with a one-story north wing that greatly increased the total floor space. The mall was a major blow to downtown Marietta, Georgia to the north. When the mall first opened, nearly all of the major clothing stores in downtown Marietta also had branches at Cobb Center. It began to draw out its tenants, leaving the downtown mostly dead by the 1970s.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cumberland Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Mall_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Rich's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich%27s_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"Davison's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davison%27s"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_and_Company"},{"link_name":"JCPenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCPenney"},{"link_name":"Grant City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.T._Grant"}],"text":"Ten years after the mall opened, Cobb Center struggled after the opening of Cumberland Mall, a mall far superior in size and quantity stores compared to the much smaller open-air mall. Cumberland Mall opened in 1973 and featured all of the major Atlanta anchors including Rich's, Davison's, Sears and JCPenney. Cobb Center just had Rich's. The owners of Cobb Center in reaction to the new mall, fully enclosed the structure and added a new anchor, Grant City on the northwest corner of the mall.","title":"Enclosing Cobb Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kessler's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessler%27s"}],"sub_title":"Survival","text":"The changes worked and the mall survived. There were two major factors to the success. The first was that Cumberland was the only nearby competition. Second, the Rich's at Cobb Center remained extremely popular. Rich's was enormously successful in the 1970s and this was one of only two locations that existed on the northwest side of Atlanta at the time. When Grant City closed in 1976, a small low-end chain with a store downtown named Kessler's took over the location.","title":"Enclosing Cobb Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Town Center Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Center_at_Cobb"},{"link_name":"Kennesaw, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennesaw,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"retro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro"},{"link_name":"Eckerd Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckerd_Drugs"},{"link_name":"Dunaway Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunaway_Drugs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Friedman's Jewelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedman%27s_Jewelry"}],"text":"Eventually, the mall was unable to continue to survive. The first blow came when Town Center Mall in Kennesaw, Georgia opened in 1986 in what had been a farming area. The mall also included Rich's. Town Center Mall was also much larger than Cumberland and was more convenient to the northern suburbs. The second blow was that the area around the mall was declining very sharply. The shopping base dwindled and so did the mall traffic. By then, Cobb Center looked very dated and small with its dark wood interior and very 1960s retro exterior.Once again, in 1987, the mall was renovated for its 25th anniversary. This time, it was redesigned to the popular bright pastel look of the 1980s, skylights were improved and the mall was renamed \"Four Seasons Mall\" to attempt to remove the stigma of the mall that had been fading slowly for over a decade. As a short-term boost for the center, Howard's Restaurant, which had been a small bar and grill located across the street, located in the former Davis Brothers bringing business back to the center. Unfortunately, this renovation did not lead to expansion and many parts of the mall remained vacant, including the former Colonial/Big Star grocery store on the southwest corner, which closed at the mall somewhere in that period.In the late 1980s, the mall continued to operate with many vacancies and no customers. What kept the mall alive was the Rich's and Kessler's, both which looked little different from the days they opened. With the upscale shoppers avoiding the center, Rich's was downscaled to a clearance store by the early 1990s and Kessler's closed in 1990 with no replacement. Howard's moved to a new location, and all that remained for tenants was a few stores including Woolworth's, Eckerd Drugs in the former Dunaway Drugs and Friedman's Jewelry. One of the wings to the mall had burned and was closed off as well. The mall was finally demolished in 1995 except for the Rich's, which lingered until it closed in February 2004.","title":"Downturn, renovation, and closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"city council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council"},{"link_name":"rezoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezoning"},{"link_name":"school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School"},{"link_name":"story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storey"},{"link_name":"façade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade"},{"link_name":"school year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_year"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The former Rich's entrances to the mall were sealed except for the front entrance and a strip mall was attached to both sides of the Rich's store. The back parking lot of the mall was converted into a soccer park and the Rich's continued to operate there until it closed. The center was also renamed back to simply Cobb Center.In December 2008, the Smyrna city council unanimously approved a rezoning which would allow for Imagine International Academy to move its school into the two-story part of the Rich's building, covering 120,000 square feet (11,000 m2) of floor space. The classic façade will be destroyed and it will be made to look like a \"modern school\", to open in August for the 2009-2010 school year. Imagine International Academy opened for business as of 2010.[2]","title":"Cobb Center redevelopment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of anchor stores"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ccmrichsmain2007.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ccmrichsmall2007.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ccmrichsnorth2007.JPG"}],"text":"Front parking lot of former Rich's is now Imagine International Academy of Smyrna as of 2010. at Cobb Center Shopping center.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer mall entrance to Rich's is now Imagine International Academy of Smyrna as of 2010. Note former roof line along brick.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorth entrance to Rich's is now Imagine International Academy of Smyrna as of 2010. One story expansion.","title":"Gallery"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Sprawling Cobb Center opens its doors today\". The Atlanta Constitution. August 15, 1963. p. 46. Retrieved June 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/398319108/","url_text":"\"Sprawling Cobb Center opens its doors today\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_transformer

Balun

["1 Types of balun","1.1 Classical transformer type","1.2 Autotransformer type","1.3 Transmission-line transformer type","2 Self-resonance","3 Balun alternatives","4 Applications","4.1 Radio and television","4.2 Video","4.3 Audio","4.4 Other applications","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 General references"]

Electrical device For other uses, see Balun (disambiguation). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pair of AC&E 120 Ω twisted pair (Krone IDC) to 75 Ω coaxial cable balun transformers. Actual length is about 3 cm. Part of a series onAntennas Common types Dipole Fractal Loop Monopole Satellite dish Television Whip Components Balun Block upconverter Coaxial cable Counterpoise (ground system) Feed Feed line Low-noise block downconverter Passive radiator Receiver Rotator Stub Transmitter Tuner Twin-lead Systems Antenna farm Amateur radio Cellular network Hotspot Municipal wireless network Radio Radio masts and towers Wi-Fi Wireless Safety and regulation Wireless device radiation and health Wireless electronic devices and health International Telecommunication Union(Radio Regulations) World Radiocommunication Conference Radiation sources / regions Boresight Focal cloud Ground plane Main lobe Near and far field Side lobe Vertical plane Characteristics Array gain Directivity Efficiency Electrical length Equivalent radius Factor Friis transmission equation Gain Height Radiation pattern Radiation resistance Radio propagation Radio spectrum Signal-to-noise ratio Spurious emission Techniques Beam steering Beam tilt Beamforming Small cell Bell Laboratories LayeredSpace-Time (BLAST) Massive Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Reconfiguration Spread spectrum Wideband Space DivisionMultiple Access (WSDMA) vte A balun /ˈbælʌn/ (from "balanced to unbalanced", originally, but now derived from "balancing unit") is an electrical device that allows balanced and unbalanced lines to be interfaced without disturbing the impedance arrangement of either line. A balun can take many forms and may include devices that also transform impedances but need not do so. Sometimes, in the case of transformer baluns, they use magnetic coupling but need not do so. Common-mode chokes are also used as baluns and work by eliminating, rather than rejecting, common mode signals. Types of balun Classical transformer type Isolation transformer In classical transformers, there are two electrically separate windings of wire coils around the transformer's core. The advantage of transformer-type over other types of balun is that the electrically separate windings for input and output allow these baluns to connect circuits whose ground-level voltages are subject to ground loops or are otherwise electrically incompatible; for that reason they are often called isolation transformers. This type is sometimes called a 'voltage balun'. The primary winding receives the input signal, and the secondary winding puts out the converted signal. The core that they are wound on may either be empty (air core) or, equivalently, a magnetically neutral material like a porcelain support, or it may be a material which is good magnetic conductor like ferrite in modern high-frequency (HF) baluns, or soft iron as in the early days of telegraphy. The electrical signal in the primary coil is converted into a magnetic field in the transformer's core. When the electrical current through the primary reverses, it causes the established magnetic field to collapse. The collapsing magnetic field then induces an electric field in the secondary winding. The ratio of loops in each winding and the efficiency of the coils' magnetic coupling determines the ratio of electrical potential (voltage) to electrical current and the total power of the output. For idealized transformers, although the ratio of voltage to current will change in exact proportion to the square of the winding ratio, the power (measured in watts) remains identical. In real transformers, some energy is lost inside to heating of the metallic core of the transformer, to the AC and DC resistances of the winding conductors, and lost outside to the surrounding environment because of imperfect magnetic coupling between the two coils. Autotransformer type Circuit diagram of an autotransformer balun using three taps on a single winding on a ferrite rod. An ideal balun consists of two wires (primary and secondary) and a core: the current in the primary wire generates a magnetic field in the core, which in turn induces an electric field in the secondary wire. An autotransformer balun has only one coil, or is made of two or more coils that have an electrical connection, wound around a core. One can also make an autotransformer from an ordinary transformer by cross-wiring the primary and secondary windings. Baluns made with autotransformer windings are also called voltage baluns, since they produce balanced output voltage, but not necessarily balanced current. Picture a balun of the same design, wound on ferrite toroid. Notice that the black and red winding wires are joined at the threaded connector. In all autotransformers, the single winding must have at least one extra electrical connection – called a tap or tap point – between the two ends of the winding. The current sent into the balun through one pair of connections acts as if it were a primary coil, and magnetizes the entire core. When the electric current in the input segment of the coil changes, the induced magnetic field collapses and the collapse of the magnetic field in the core induces an electric current in the entire coil. Electrical connections to parts of the coil different from the input connections have higher or lower voltages depending on the length of the coil that the output is tapped from. Unlike transformer-type baluns, an autotransformer balun provides a path for DC current to ground from every terminal. Since outdoor antennas are prone to build-up of static electric charge, the path for the static to drain to ground through an autotransformer balun can be a distinct advantage. Transmission-line transformer type Transmission line or choke baluns can be considered as simple forms of transmission line transformers. This type is sometimes called a current balun, since it ensures equal current on both sides of its output, but not necessarily equal voltage. These are normally called ununs, because they go from unbalanced to unbalanced or un-un. Baluns are balanced to unbalanced or bal-un. Homemade 1:1 balun using a toroidal core and coaxial cable. This simple RF choke works as a balun by preventing signals passing along the outside of the braid. Such a device can be used to cure television interference by acting as a braid-breaker. A more subtle type results when the transformer type (magnetic coupling) is combined with the transmission line type (electro-magnetic coupling). Most typically the same kind of transmission line wires are used for the windings as carry the signal from the radio to the antenna, although these baluns can be made using any type of wire. The resulting devices have very wideband operation. Transmission line transformers commonly use small ferrite cores in toroidal rings or two-hole, binocular, shapes. The Guanella transmission line transformer (Guanella 1944) is often combined with a balun to act as an impedance matching transformer. Putting balancing aside a transformer of this type consists of a 75 Ω transmission line divided in parallel into two 150 Ω cables, which are then combined in series for 300 Ω. It is implemented as a specific wiring around the ferrite core of the balun. Self-resonance Although baluns are designed as magnetic devices – each winding in a balun is an inductor – all transformers made of real materials also have a small capacitance between the primary and secondary windings, as well as between individual loops in any single winding, forming unwanted self-capacitance. The electrical connection of capacitance and inductance leads to a frequency where the electrical reactance of the self-inductance and self-capacitance in the balun are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign: that is, to resonance. A balun of any design operates poorly at or above its self-resonant frequency, and some of the design considerations for baluns are for the purpose of making the resonant frequency as far above the operating frequency as possible. Balun alternatives An RF choke can be used in place of a balun. If a coil is made using coaxial cable near to the feed point of a balanced antenna, then the RF current that flows on the outer surface of the coaxial cable can be attenuated. One way of doing this would be to pass the cable through a ferrite toroid. The end result is exactly the same as a 1:1 current balun (or Guanella-type balun). (Straw 2005, 25-26) Applications A balun's function is generally to achieve compatibility between systems, and as such, finds extensive application in modern communications, particularly in realising frequency conversion mixers to make cellular phone and data transmission networks possible. They are also used to send an E1 carrier signal from coaxial cable (BNC connector, 1.0/2.3 connector, 1.6/5.6 connector, Type 43 connectors) to UTP CAT-5 cable or IDC connector. Radio and television A 75-to-300-Ω balun built into the antenna plug. In television, amateur radio, and other antenna installations and connections, baluns convert between impedances and symmetry of feedlines and antennas. For example, transformation of 300-Ω twin-lead or 450-Ω ladder line (balanced) to 75-Ω coaxial cable (unbalanced), or to directly connect a balanced antenna to unbalanced coaxial cable. To avoid feed line radiation, baluns are typically used as a form of common mode choke attached at the antenna feed point to prevent the coaxial cable from acting as an antenna and radiating power. This typically is needed when a balanced antenna (for instance, a dipole) is fed with coax; without a balun, the shield of the coax could couple with one side of the dipole, inducing common mode current, and becoming part of the antenna and unintentionally radiating. In measuring the impedance or radiation pattern of a balanced antenna using a coaxial cable, it is important to place a balun between the cable and the antenna feed. Unbalanced currents that may otherwise flow on the cable will make the measured antenna impedance sensitive to the configuration of the feed cable, and the radiation pattern of small antennas may be distorted by radiation from the cable. Baluns are present in radars, transmitters, satellites, in every telephone network, and probably in most wireless network modem/routers used in homes. It can be combined with transimpedance amplifiers to compose high-voltage amplifiers out of low-voltage components. Video Baseband video uses frequencies up to several megahertz. A balun can be used to couple video signals to twisted-pair cables instead of using coaxial cable. Many security cameras now have both a balanced unshielded twisted pair (UTP) output and an unbalanced coaxial one via an internal balun. A balun is also used on the video recorder end to convert back from the 100 Ω balanced to 75 Ω unbalanced. A balun of this type has a BNC connector with two screw terminals. VGA/DVI baluns are baluns with electronic circuitry used to connect VGA/DVI sources (laptop, DVD, etc.) to VGA/DVI display devices over long runs of CAT-5/CAT-6 cable. Runs over 130 m (400 ft) may lose quality because of attenuation and variations in the arrival time of each signal. A skew control and special low skew or skew free cable is used for runs over 130 m (400 ft). Audio Three audio transformers; two of them baluns. In audio applications, baluns serve multiple purposes: they can convert between high-impedance unbalanced and low impedance balanced lines. Another application is decoupling of devices (avoidance of earth loops). A third application of baluns in audio systems is in the provision of balanced mains power to the equipment. The common-mode rejection of interference characteristic of balanced mains power, eliminates a wide range of noise coming from the wall plug, e.g. mains-borne interference from air conditioner/furnace/refrigerator motors, switching noise produced by fluorescent lighting and dimmer switches, digital noise from personal computers, and radio frequency signals picked up by the power lines/cords acting as antennae. This noise infiltrates the audio/video system through the power supplies and raises the noise floor of the entire system. Except for the connections, the three devices in the image are electrically identical, but only the leftmost two can be used as baluns. The device on the left would normally be used to connect a high impedance source, such as a guitar, into a balanced microphone input, serving as a passive DI unit. The one in the center is for connecting a low impedance balanced source, such as a microphone, into a guitar amplifier. The one at the right is not a balun, as it provides only impedance matching. Other applications In power line communications, baluns are used in coupling signals onto a power line. In electronic communications, baluns convert Twinax cables to Cat 5 cables, and back. See also Antenna tuner § balun Electromagnetic interference Ferrite bead Impedance matching Magnetic core Toroidal inductors and transformers Unintentional radiator References Citations ^ "balun", Oxford English Dictionary online, retrieved July 28, 2021 (subscription required). ^ "balun." Meriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved January 1, 2020. ^ Sevick 1990, pp. 1-1 ^ Baluns: What They Do And How They Do It (W7EL) eznec.com ^ Feeding a Dipole Antenna with a Balun ^ Balanced Power Technologies b-p-t.com General references Guanella, G. "New method of impedance matching in radio-frequency circuits". Brown Boveri Review, September 1944: 329–329. Sevick, Jerry (W2FMI). Transmission Line Transformer, The American Radio Relay League, 1990, ISBN 0-87259-296-0. Sevick, Jerry (W2FMI). Building and Using Baluns and Ununs: Practical Designs for the Experimenter. 1994. Radio communication handbook, 5th ed. (Radio Society of Great Britain, 1976) 12.41, 13.5. Straw, R. Dean. ARRL Antenna Book. 20th ed. (Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League, 2005) ISBN 0-87259-904-3. vteTransformer topicsTopics Balun Buchholz relay Bushing Center tap Circle diagram Condition monitoring of transformers Electrical insulation paper Growler High-leg delta Induction regulator Leakage inductance Magnet wire Metadyne Open-circuit test Polarity Pressure relief valve Quadrature booster Resolver Resonant inductive coupling Severity factor Short-circuit test Stacking factor Synchro Tap changer Toroidal inductors and transformers Transformer oil Dissolved gas analysis Transformer oil testing Transformer utilization factor Vector group Types Autotransformer Buck–boost transformer Distribution transformer Pad-mounted transformer Delta-wye transformer Energy efficient transformer Amorphous metal transformer Flyback transformer Grounding transformer Instrument transformer Current transformer Voltage transformer Isolation transformer Austin transformer Linear variable differential transformer Parametric transformer Planar transformer Rotary transformer Rotary variable differential transformer Scott-T transformer Solid-state transformer Trigger transformer Variable-frequency transformer Zigzag transformer Coils Hybrid coil Induction coil Oudin coil Polyphase coil Repeating coil Tesla coil Trembler coil Manufacturers ABB General Electric Mitsubishi Electric ProlecGE Schneider Electric Siemens TBEA

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balun (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balun_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balun-twisted-pair-to-coaxial-hdr-0a.jpg"},{"link_name":"twisted pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair"},{"link_name":"IDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulation-displacement_connector"},{"link_name":"coaxial cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable"},{"link_name":"/ˈbælʌn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"balanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_line"},{"link_name":"unbalanced lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbalanced_line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"impedances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_impedance"},{"link_name":"magnetic coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_coupling"},{"link_name":"chokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke_(electronics)"}],"text":"Electrical deviceFor other uses, see Balun (disambiguation).Pair of AC&E 120 Ω twisted pair (Krone IDC) to 75 Ω coaxial cable balun transformers. Actual length is about 3 cm.A balun /ˈbælʌn/ (from \"balanced to unbalanced\", originally, but now derived from \"balancing unit\")[1] is an electrical device that allows balanced and unbalanced lines to be interfaced without disturbing the impedance arrangement of either line.[2] A balun can take many forms and may include devices that also transform impedances but need not do so. Sometimes, in the case of transformer baluns, they use magnetic coupling but need not do so. Common-mode chokes are also used as baluns and work by eliminating, rather than rejecting, common mode signals.","title":"Balun"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types of balun"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transformer_under_load.svg"},{"link_name":"transformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"coils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_coil"},{"link_name":"ground loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_loop_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"isolation transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_transformer"},{"link_name":"good magnetic conductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)"},{"link_name":"ferrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)"},{"link_name":"soft iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core#Soft_iron"},{"link_name":"voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"electrical current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_current"},{"link_name":"ratio of voltage to current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"}],"sub_title":"Classical transformer type","text":"Isolation transformerIn classical transformers, there are two electrically separate windings of wire coils around the transformer's core. The advantage of transformer-type over other types of balun is that the electrically separate windings for input and output allow these baluns to connect circuits whose ground-level voltages are subject to ground loops or are otherwise electrically incompatible; for that reason they are often called isolation transformers.This type is sometimes called a 'voltage balun'. The primary winding receives the input signal, and the secondary winding puts out the converted signal. The core that they are wound on may either be empty (air core) or, equivalently, a magnetically neutral material like a porcelain support, or it may be a material which is good magnetic conductor like ferrite in modern high-frequency (HF) baluns, or soft iron as in the early days of telegraphy.The electrical signal in the primary coil is converted into a magnetic field in the transformer's core. When the electrical current through the primary reverses, it causes the established magnetic field to collapse. The collapsing magnetic field then induces an electric field in the secondary winding.The ratio of loops in each winding and the efficiency of the coils' magnetic coupling determines the ratio of electrical potential (voltage) to electrical current and the total power of the output. For idealized transformers, although the ratio of voltage to current will change in exact proportion to the square of the winding ratio, the power (measured in watts) remains identical. In real transformers, some energy is lost inside to heating of the metallic core of the transformer, to the AC and DC resistances of the winding conductors, and lost outside to the surrounding environment because of imperfect magnetic coupling between the two coils.","title":"Types of balun"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cdbalun2.svg"},{"link_name":"autotransformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransformer"},{"link_name":"autotransformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransformer"},{"link_name":"coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_coil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T200A2.jpg"},{"link_name":"ferrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)"},{"link_name":"tap or tap point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_(transformer)#Windings"},{"link_name":"build-up of static electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboelectric_effect"}],"sub_title":"Autotransformer type","text":"Circuit diagram of an autotransformer balun using three taps on a single winding on a ferrite rod.An ideal balun consists of two wires (primary and secondary) and a core: the current in the primary wire generates a magnetic field in the core, which in turn induces an electric field in the secondary wire.\nAn autotransformer balun has only one coil, or is made of two or more coils that have an electrical connection, wound around a core. One can also make an autotransformer from an ordinary transformer by cross-wiring the primary and secondary windings. Baluns made with autotransformer windings are also called voltage baluns, since they produce balanced output voltage, but not necessarily balanced current.Picture a balun of the same design, wound on ferrite toroid. Notice that the black and red winding wires are joined at the threaded connector.In all autotransformers, the single winding must have at least one extra electrical connection – called a tap or tap point – between the two ends of the winding. The current sent into the balun through one pair of connections acts as if it were a primary coil, and magnetizes the entire core. When the electric current in the input segment of the coil changes, the induced magnetic field collapses and the collapse of the magnetic field in the core induces an electric current in the entire coil. Electrical connections to parts of the coil different from the input connections have higher or lower voltages depending on the length of the coil that the output is tapped from.Unlike transformer-type baluns, an autotransformer balun provides a path for DC current to ground from every terminal. Since outdoor antennas are prone to build-up of static electric charge, the path for the static to drain to ground through an autotransformer balun can be a distinct advantage.","title":"Types of balun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transmission line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Homemade_balun.jpg"},{"link_name":"toroidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_inductors_and_transformers"},{"link_name":"RF choke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"television interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_interference"},{"link_name":"braid-breaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braid-breaker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Guanella 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Guanella1944"},{"link_name":"impedance matching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_matching"}],"sub_title":"Transmission-line transformer type","text":"Transmission line or choke baluns can be considered as simple forms of transmission line transformers. This type is sometimes called a current balun, since it ensures equal current on both sides of its output, but not necessarily equal voltage. These are normally called ununs, because they go from unbalanced to unbalanced or un-un. Baluns are balanced to unbalanced or bal-un.Homemade 1:1 balun using a toroidal core and coaxial cable. This simple RF choke works as a balun by preventing signals passing along the outside of the braid. Such a device can be used to cure television interference by acting as a braid-breaker.A more subtle type results when the transformer type (magnetic coupling) is combined with the transmission line type (electro-magnetic coupling). Most typically the same kind of transmission line wires are used for the windings as carry the signal from the radio to the antenna, although these baluns can be made using any type of wire. The resulting devices have very wideband operation.[3] Transmission line transformers commonly use small ferrite cores in toroidal rings or two-hole, binocular, shapes.The Guanella transmission line transformer (Guanella 1944) is often combined with a balun to act as an impedance matching transformer. Putting balancing aside a transformer of this type consists of a 75 Ω transmission line divided in parallel into two 150 Ω cables, which are then combined in series for 300 Ω. It is implemented as a specific wiring around the ferrite core of the balun.","title":"Types of balun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor"},{"link_name":"capacitance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance"},{"link_name":"electrical connection of capacitance and inductance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RLC_circuit"},{"link_name":"electrical reactance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactance"},{"link_name":"inductance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductance"},{"link_name":"capacitance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance"},{"link_name":"resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance"}],"text":"Although baluns are designed as magnetic devices – each winding in a balun is an inductor – all transformers made of real materials also have a small capacitance between the primary and secondary windings, as well as between individual loops in any single winding, forming unwanted self-capacitance.The electrical connection of capacitance and inductance leads to a frequency where the electrical reactance of the self-inductance and self-capacitance in the balun are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign: that is, to resonance. A balun of any design operates poorly at or above its self-resonant frequency, and some of the design considerations for baluns are for the purpose of making the resonant frequency as far above the operating frequency as possible.","title":"Self-resonance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RF choke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"Straw 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Straw2005"}],"text":"An RF choke can be used in place of a balun. If a coil is made using coaxial cable near to the feed point of a balanced antenna, then the RF current that flows on the outer surface of the coaxial cable can be attenuated. One way of doing this would be to pass the cable through a ferrite toroid. The end result is exactly the same as a 1:1 current balun (or Guanella-type balun). (Straw 2005, 25-26)","title":"Balun alternatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-carrier_level_1#E1"},{"link_name":"BNC connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNC_connector"},{"link_name":"UTP CAT-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_cable"}],"text":"A balun's function is generally to achieve compatibility between systems, and as such, finds extensive application in modern communications, particularly in realising frequency conversion mixers to make cellular phone and data transmission networks possible. They are also used to send an E1 carrier signal from coaxial cable (BNC connector, 1.0/2.3 connector, 1.6/5.6 connector, Type 43 connectors) to UTP CAT-5 cable or IDC connector.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tvbalun.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ω","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_(unit)"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"amateur radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio"},{"link_name":"antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"convert between impedances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_matching"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"twin-lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-lead"},{"link_name":"ladder line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_line"},{"link_name":"common mode choke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_mode_choke"},{"link_name":"dipole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_antenna"},{"link_name":"common mode current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-mode_interference"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"measuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_measurement"},{"link_name":"radars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"transimpedance amplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current-to-voltage_converter"}],"sub_title":"Radio and television","text":"A 75-to-300-Ω balun built into the antenna plug.In television, amateur radio, and other antenna installations and connections, baluns convert between impedances and symmetry of feedlines and antennas.[4]For example, transformation of 300-Ω twin-lead or 450-Ω ladder line (balanced) to 75-Ω coaxial cable (unbalanced), or to directly connect a balanced antenna to unbalanced coaxial cable. To avoid feed line radiation, baluns are typically used as a form of common mode choke attached at the antenna feed point to prevent the coaxial cable from acting as an antenna and radiating power. This typically is needed when a balanced antenna (for instance, a dipole) is fed with coax; without a balun, the shield of the coax could couple with one side of the dipole, inducing common mode current, and becoming part of the antenna and unintentionally radiating.[5]In measuring the impedance or radiation pattern of a balanced antenna using a coaxial cable, it is important to place a balun between the cable and the antenna feed. Unbalanced currents that may otherwise flow on the cable will make the measured antenna impedance sensitive to the configuration of the feed cable, and the radiation pattern of small antennas may be distorted by radiation from the cable.Baluns are present in radars, transmitters, satellites, in every telephone network, and probably in most wireless network modem/routers used in homes. It can be combined with transimpedance amplifiers to compose high-voltage amplifiers out of low-voltage components.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baseband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"megahertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megahertz"},{"link_name":"twisted-pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted-pair"},{"link_name":"security cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_camera"},{"link_name":"video recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette_recorder"},{"link_name":"BNC connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNC_connector"},{"link_name":"screw terminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_terminal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Video","text":"Baseband video uses frequencies up to several megahertz. A balun can be used to couple video signals to twisted-pair cables instead of using coaxial cable. Many security cameras now have both a balanced unshielded twisted pair (UTP) output and an unbalanced coaxial one via an internal balun. A balun is also used on the video recorder end to convert back from the 100 Ω balanced to 75 Ω unbalanced. A balun of this type has a BNC connector with two screw terminals.\nVGA/DVI baluns are baluns with electronic circuitry used to connect VGA/DVI sources (laptop, DVD, etc.) to VGA/DVI display devices over long runs of CAT-5/CAT-6 cable. Runs over 130 m (400 ft) may lose quality because of attenuation and variations in the arrival time of each signal. A skew control and special low skew or skew free cable is used for runs over 130 m (400 ft).[citation needed]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Audiobaluns.jpg"},{"link_name":"transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"high-impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_impedance"},{"link_name":"balanced lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_line"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"passive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"DI unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DI_unit"},{"link_name":"microphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone"},{"link_name":"guitar amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_amplifier"}],"sub_title":"Audio","text":"Three audio transformers; two of them baluns.In audio applications, baluns serve multiple purposes: they can convert between high-impedance unbalanced and low impedance balanced lines. Another application is decoupling of devices (avoidance of earth loops).A third application of baluns in audio systems is in the provision of balanced mains power to the equipment. The common-mode rejection of interference characteristic of balanced mains power, eliminates a wide range of noise coming from the wall plug, e.g. mains-borne interference from air conditioner/furnace/refrigerator motors, switching noise produced by fluorescent lighting and dimmer switches, digital noise from personal computers, and radio frequency signals picked up by the power lines/cords acting as antennae. This noise infiltrates the audio/video system through the power supplies and raises the noise floor of the entire system.[6]Except for the connections, the three devices in the image are electrically identical, but only the leftmost two can be used as baluns. The device on the left would normally be used to connect a high impedance source, such as a guitar, into a balanced microphone input, serving as a passive DI unit. The one in the center is for connecting a low impedance balanced source, such as a microphone, into a guitar amplifier. The one at the right is not a balun, as it provides only impedance matching.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power line communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_line_communication"},{"link_name":"Twinax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twinax_cable"},{"link_name":"Cat 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_5"}],"sub_title":"Other applications","text":"In power line communications, baluns are used in coupling signals onto a power line.\nIn electronic communications, baluns convert Twinax cables to Cat 5 cables, and back.","title":"Applications"}]

[{"image_text":"Pair of AC&E 120 Ω twisted pair (Krone IDC) to 75 Ω coaxial cable balun transformers. Actual length is about 3 cm.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Balun-twisted-pair-to-coaxial-hdr-0a.jpg/220px-Balun-twisted-pair-to-coaxial-hdr-0a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Isolation transformer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Transformer_under_load.svg/220px-Transformer_under_load.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Circuit diagram of an autotransformer balun using three taps on a single winding on a ferrite rod.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cdbalun2.svg/220px-Cdbalun2.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Picture a balun of the same design, wound on ferrite toroid. Notice that the black and red winding wires are joined at the threaded connector.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/T200A2.jpg/220px-T200A2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Homemade 1:1 balun using a toroidal core and coaxial cable. This simple RF choke works as a balun by preventing signals passing along the outside of the braid. Such a device can be used to cure television interference by acting as a braid-breaker.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Homemade_balun.jpg/220px-Homemade_balun.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 75-to-300-Ω balun built into the antenna plug.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tvbalun.jpg/220px-Tvbalun.jpg"},{"image_text":"Three audio transformers; two of them baluns.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Audiobaluns.jpg/220px-Audiobaluns.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Antenna tuner § balun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_tuner#Broad_band_matching_methods"},{"title":"Electromagnetic interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference"},{"title":"Ferrite bead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite_bead"},{"title":"Impedance matching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_matching"},{"title":"Magnetic core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core"},{"title":"Toroidal inductors and transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_inductors_and_transformers"},{"title":"Unintentional radiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unintentional_radiator"}]

[]

[{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/250657","external_links_name":"\"balun\""},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/balun","external_links_name":"\"balun.\""},{"Link":"http://www.eznec.com/Amateur/Articles/Baluns.pdf","external_links_name":"eznec.com"},{"Link":"http://www.b-p-t.com/","external_links_name":"b-p-t.com"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_Programming

Goal programming

["1 History","2 Variants","3 Strengths and weaknesses","4 See also","5 External links","6 References"]

Branch of multiobjective optimization Goal programming is a branch of multiobjective optimization, which in turn is a branch of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). It can be thought of as an extension or generalisation of linear programming to handle multiple, normally conflicting objective measures. Each of these measures is given a goal or target value to be achieved. Deviations are measured from these goals both above and below the target. Unwanted deviations from this set of target values are then minimised in an achievement function. This can be a vector or a weighted sum dependent on the goal programming variant used. As satisfaction of the target is deemed to satisfy the decision maker(s), an underlying satisficing philosophy is assumed. Goal programming is used to perform three types of analysis: Determine the required resources to achieve a desired set of objectives. Determine the degree of attainment of the goals with the available resources. Providing the best satisfying solution under a varying amount of resources and priorities of the goals. History Goal programming was first used by Charnes, Cooper and Ferguson in 1955, although the actual name first appeared in a 1961 text by Charnes and Cooper. Seminal works by Lee, Ignizio, Ignizio and Cavalier, and Romero followed. Schniederjans gives in a bibliography of a large number of pre-1995 articles relating to goal programming, and Jones and Tamiz give an annotated bibliography of the period 1990-2000. A recent textbook by Jones and Tamiz . gives a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in goal programming. The first engineering application of goal programming, due to Ignizio in 1962, was the design and placement of the antennas employed on the second stage of the Saturn V. This was used to launch the Apollo space capsule that landed the first men on the moon. Variants The initial goal programming formulations ordered the unwanted deviations into a number of priority levels, with the minimisation of a deviation in a higher priority level being infinitely more important than any deviations in lower priority levels. This is known as lexicographic or pre-emptive goal programming. Ignizio gives an algorithm showing how a lexicographic goal programme can be solved as a series of linear programmes. Lexicographic goal programming is used when there exists a clear priority ordering amongst the goals to be achieved. If the decision maker is more interested in direct comparisons of the objectives then weighted or non-pre-emptive goal programming should be used. In this case, all the unwanted deviations are multiplied by weights, reflecting their relative importance, and added together as a single sum to form the achievement function. Deviations measured in different units cannot be summed directly due to the phenomenon of incommensurability. Hence each unwanted deviation is multiplied by a normalisation constant to allow direct comparison. Popular choices for normalisation constants are the goal target value of the corresponding objective (hence turning all deviations into percentages) or the range of the corresponding objective (between the best and the worst possible values, hence mapping all deviations onto a zero-one range). For decision makers more interested in obtaining a balance between the competing objectives, Chebyshev goal programming is used. Introduced by Flavell in 1976, this variant seeks to minimise the maximum unwanted deviation, rather than the sum of deviations. This utilises the Chebyshev distance metric. Strengths and weaknesses A major strength of goal programming is its simplicity and ease of use. This accounts for the large number of goal programming applications in many and diverse fields. Linear goal programmes can be solved using linear programming software as either a single linear programme, or in the case of the lexicographic variant, a series of connected linear programmes. Goal programming can hence handle relatively large numbers of variables, constraints and objectives. A debated weakness is the ability of goal programming to produce solutions that are not Pareto efficient. This violates a fundamental concept of decision theory, that no rational decision maker will knowingly choose a solution that is not Pareto efficient. However, techniques are available to detect when this occurs and project the solution onto the Pareto efficient solution in an appropriate manner. The setting of appropriate weights in the goal programming model is another area that has caused debate, with some authors suggesting the use of the analytic hierarchy process or interactive methods for this purpose. Also, the weights of the objective functions can be calculated based on their preference using the ordinal priority approach. See also Decision-making software External links LiPS — Free easy-to-use GUI program intended for solving linear, integer and goal programming problems. LINSOLVE - Free Windows command-line window linear programming and linear goal programming] References ^ A Charnes, WW Cooper, R Ferguson (1955) Optimal estimation of executive compensation by linear programming, Management Science, 1, 138-151. ^ A Charnes, WW Cooper (1961) Management models and industrial applications of linear programming, Wiley, New York ^ SM Lee (1972) Goal programming for decision analysis, Auerback, Philadelphia ^ a b JP Ignizio (1976) Goal programming and extensions, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA. ^ JP Ignizio, TM Cavalier (1994) Linear programming, Prentice Hall. ^ a b c C Romero (1991) Handbook of critical issues in goal programming, Pergamon Press, Oxford. ^ MJ Scniederjans (1995) Goal programming methodology and applications, Kluwer publishers, Boston. ^ DF Jones, M Tamiz (2002) Goal programming in the period 1990-2000, in Multiple Criteria Optimization: State of the art annotated bibliographic surveys, M. Ehrgott and X.Gandibleux (Eds.), 129-170. Kluwer ^ Jones DF, Tamiz M (2010) Practical Goal Programming, Springer Books. ^ RB Flavell (1976) A new goal programming formulation, Omega, 4, 731-732. ^ EL Hannan (1980) Non-dominance in goal programming, INFOR, 18, 300-309 ^ M Tamiz, SK Mirrazavi, DF Jones (1999) Extensions of Pareto efficiency analysis to integer goal programming, Omega, 27, 179-188. ^ SI Gass (1987) A process for determining priorities and weights for large scale linear goal programmes, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 37, 779-785. ^ BJ White (1996) Developing Products and Their Rhetoric from a Single Hierarchical Model, 1996 Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Society for Technical Communication, 43, 223-224. ^ Tafakkori, Keivan; Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, Reza; Siadat, Ali (2022). "Sustainable negotiation-based nesting and scheduling in additive manufacturing systems: A case study and multi-objective meta-heuristic algorithms". Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 112: 104836. doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2022.104836. ISSN 0952-1976.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiobjective optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiobjective_optimization"},{"link_name":"multi-criteria decision analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-criteria_decision_analysis"},{"link_name":"linear programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_programming"},{"link_name":"vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"weighted sum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_sum"},{"link_name":"satisficing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisficing"}],"text":"Goal programming is a branch of multiobjective optimization, which in turn is a branch of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). It can be thought of as an extension or generalisation of linear programming to handle multiple, normally conflicting objective measures. Each of these measures is given a goal or target value to be achieved. Deviations are measured from these goals both above and below the target. Unwanted deviations from this set of target values are then minimised in an achievement function. This can be a vector or a weighted sum dependent on the goal programming variant used. As satisfaction of the target is deemed to satisfy the decision maker(s), an underlying satisficing philosophy is assumed. Goal programming is used to perform three types of analysis:Determine the required resources to achieve a desired set of objectives.\nDetermine the degree of attainment of the goals with the available resources.\nProviding the best satisfying solution under a varying amount of resources and priorities of the goals.","title":"Goal programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Cooper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IG-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Romero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Romero_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rom-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFJ-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JT-9"},{"link_name":"Saturn V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V"}],"text":"Goal programming was first used by Charnes, Cooper and Ferguson in 1955,[1] although the actual name first appeared in a 1961 text by Charnes and Cooper.[2] Seminal works by Lee,[3] Ignizio,[4] Ignizio and Cavalier,[5] and Romero[6] followed. Schniederjans gives in a bibliography of a large number of pre-1995 articles relating to goal programming,[7] and Jones and Tamiz give an annotated bibliography of the period 1990-2000.[8] A recent textbook by Jones and Tamiz .[9] gives a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in goal programming.The first engineering application of goal programming, due to Ignizio in 1962, was the design and placement of the antennas employed on the second stage of the Saturn V. This was used to launch the Apollo space capsule that landed the first men on the moon.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lexicographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IG-4"},{"link_name":"incommensurability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_commensurability"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rom-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chebyshev distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_distance"}],"text":"The initial goal programming formulations ordered the unwanted deviations into a number of priority levels, with the minimisation of a deviation in a higher priority level being infinitely more important than any deviations in lower priority levels. This is known as lexicographic or pre-emptive goal programming. Ignizio[4] gives an algorithm showing how a lexicographic goal programme can be solved as a series of linear programmes. Lexicographic goal programming is used when there exists a clear priority ordering amongst the goals to be achieved.If the decision maker is more interested in direct comparisons of the objectives then weighted or non-pre-emptive goal programming should be used. In this case, all the unwanted deviations are multiplied by weights, reflecting their relative importance, and added together as a single sum to form the achievement function. Deviations measured in different units cannot be summed directly due to the phenomenon of incommensurability.Hence each unwanted deviation is multiplied by a normalisation constant to allow direct comparison. Popular choices for normalisation constants are the goal target value of the corresponding objective (hence turning all deviations into percentages) or the range of the corresponding objective (between the best and the worst possible values, hence mapping all deviations onto a zero-one range).[6] For decision makers more interested in obtaining a balance between the competing objectives, Chebyshev goal programming is used. Introduced by Flavell in 1976,[10] this variant seeks to minimise the maximum unwanted deviation, rather than the sum of deviations. This utilises the Chebyshev distance metric.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pareto efficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficient"},{"link_name":"decision theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_theory"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rom-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"analytic hierarchy process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_hierarchy_process"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ordinal priority approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_priority_approach"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A major strength of goal programming is its simplicity and ease of use. This accounts for the large number of goal programming applications in many and diverse fields. Linear goal programmes can be solved using linear programming software as either a single linear programme, or in the case of the lexicographic variant, a series of connected linear programmes.Goal programming can hence handle relatively large numbers of variables, constraints and objectives. A debated weakness is the ability of goal programming to produce solutions that are not Pareto efficient. This violates a fundamental concept of decision theory, that no rational decision maker will knowingly choose a solution that is not Pareto efficient. However, techniques are available[6][11][12] to detect when this occurs and project the solution onto the Pareto efficient solution in an appropriate manner.The setting of appropriate weights in the goal programming model is another area that has caused debate, with some authors[13] suggesting the use of the analytic hierarchy process or interactive methods[14] for this purpose. Also, the weights of the objective functions can be calculated based on their preference using the ordinal priority approach.[15]","title":"Strengths and weaknesses"}]

[]

[{"title":"Decision-making software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making_software"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schindler_Waggon

Schindler Group

["1 History","2 Accidents","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Swiss manufacturer of escalators and elevators Schindler Holding Ltd.Schindler Test Tower at the Head Office in Ebikon, SwitzerlandNative name German: Schindler Holding AG French and Italian: Schindler Holding S.A. Company typePublic (Aktiengesellschaft)Traded as SIX: SCHN SIX: SCHP SMI MID components IndustryVertical transportationFounded1874; 150 years ago (1874)FoundersRobert SchindlerEduard VilligerHeadquartersEbikon, Canton of Lucerne, SwitzerlandArea servedWorldwide (Except Japan and Russia, Belarus because of the Minato Ward 2006 elevator accident and the Boycott of Russia and Belarus)Key peopleSilvio Napoli (Chairman & CEO)ProductsElevators, Escalators, Moving walkwaysRevenue SFr 11.49 billion (2023)Operating income SFr 1.19 billion (2023)Net income SFr 0.94 billion (2023)Total assets SFr 11.30 billion (2023)Total equity SFr 4.70 billion (2023)Number of employees70,406 (December 2023)SubsidiariesAtlas Schindler Brasil, Villarta Brasil Schindler Elevator Ltd.Schindler Elevator CorporationWebsitegroup.schindler.com Schindler Holding Ltd. is a Swiss multinational company which manufactures escalators, moving walkways, and elevators worldwide, founded in Switzerland in 1874. Schindler produces, installs, maintains and modernizes lifts and escalators in many types of buildings including residential, commercial and high-rise buildings. The company is present in over 140 countries and employs more than 66,000 people worldwide. The production facilities are located in Brazil, China, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, India and the United States. All operations and subsidiaries of Schindler Group are organised into Schindler Holding Ltd. (German: Schindler Holding AG, French: Schindler Holding S.A.), which is publicly traded on SIX Swiss Exchange. History The company was founded in Lucerne, Switzerland in 1874, by Robert Schindler and Eduard Villiger, who established the collective joint partnership Schindler & Villiger. Shortly thereafter, a mechanical engineering workshop was built on an island in the river Reuss in Lucerne for the production of lifting equipment and machines of all types. Starting as an agricultural machinery manufacturer, it began to manufacture elevators at the end of the 19th century. After 1901, Schindler's nephew, Alfred Schindler, expanded the company and founded the first foreign subsidiary in Berlin in 1906. Schindler produced ammunition during World War I. The company's first escalator was installed in 1936, and in 1937 it established a branch in Brazil. Following World War II Schindler became a global group and diversified its operations, manufacturing construction cranes, engines, pumps and railroad cars. In 1980 it became the first Western company to establish a joint venture with a state-owned enterprise of the People's Republic of China. With the takeover of Atlas in Brazil in 1999, Schindler became a major market player in South America. Schindler entered the North American elevator market with the purchase of Toledo-based Haughton Elevator Company in 1979—briefly branding their products as Schindler-Haughton. In 1989, the company dramatically increased its presence in the United States after acquiring the Elevator/Escalator division of Westinghouse, one of the largest producers of elevators and escalators at the time. Currently, Schindler Elevator Corporation, the United States operations of Schindler Group, is based in Morristown, New Jersey. In February 2007, Schindler, along with competitors Otis Elevator Co., ThyssenKrupp, Kone, and Mitsubishi Elevator Europe were fined by the European Union for a price-fixing cartel. Schindler was fined 144 million euros, or about $189.3 million US dollars. Since 2011, Schindler have sponsored Solar Impulse, a solar-powered aircraft. Accidents On November 29, 2004, a Schindler elevator in Nagoya descended while the door was still open. Nobody was injured in this incident. A later investigation found that the elevator's firmware "TV60 v1.1" had a bug that opened the door when the elevator started moving. On April 22, 2006, three passengers were trapped in an elevator in Hachioji, Tokyo after the elevator's door opened while it was ascending. The elevator had faulty "TV60 v1.0" firmware. On June 3, 2006, a Schindler elevator in Minato, Tokyo, started ascending while the door was open. A 16-year-old boy was crushed to death while getting off the elevator with his bicycle. An investigation determined a faulty brake was to blame. When the government investigation team requested Schindler to disclose the information about elevators installed, Schindler declined to comply with the request and investigation claiming that documents contained personal information. On June 10, 2006, a Schindler elevator in Urayasu started ascending while the door was open, passed the top floor, and finally stopped in the mechanical shaft. Two people were trapped in the car. The elevator had firmware "80TH v1.4" with faulty codes. On October 16, 2007, a 9-year-old boy hit his head against the wall after getting his head stuck between the handrail of a Schindler escalator and an acrylic board in a Seiyu store (a subsidiary of Wal-Mart Stores Inc.) in Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Prefecture. He remained unconscious for three days before regaining consciousness. Later investigation found that escalators were not installed in accordance with the Japanese building code, despite the previous claim from Schindler, which was the maintenance contractor. On November 16, 2010, 18 students at the Kashiwa campus of the University of Tokyo fell from the ground floor to the basement floor in a Schindler elevator with the doors still open. One student incurred a minor injury while trying to escape. Schindler determined the cause to be loose brake wires. On December 11, 2013, The California Division of Occupational Safety and Health Department announced fines against Schindler for three "serious violations", after one of its elevator mechanics died in June while working on the Levi's Stadium. In January 2020, two young people in their 20s were drowned to death in a flooded elevator in Tel Aviv, Israel. It was revealed by some pictures posted by local media that the elevator was made by Schindler. See also Companies portal List of elevator manufacturers Stadler Rail, purchased Schindler Waggon Altenrhein References ^ German: Schindler Aufzüge AG, French: Ascenseur Schindler SA ^ Official English name listed on its stock price page ^ a b c d e "Schindler Holding Ltd. Annual Report & Financial Statements (2021, English)". ^ "Group Fact Sheet" (PDF). Schindler.com. 2014-02-14. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-20. ^ "About Schindler Company Facts" (PDF). Schindler.com. 2014-01-13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-01-16. ^ a b c d e f g h Schindler in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ Archived July 12, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ^ Archived September 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ^ Brand, Constant (2007-02-21). "Europeans slap $1.3 billion price-fixing fine on 5 elevator makers". USA Today. Retrieved 13 June 2012. ^ "Main partner in Forbes". Solarimpulse.com. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved 2014-02-16. ^ a b c d Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. "Report on Elevator Accident at City Heights Takeshiba" "シティハイツ竹芝エレベーター事故調査報告書", Tokyo, 8 September 2009. Retrieved on 1 November 2012. ^ Livedoor News シンドラー社が記者説明会 Retrieved 6 November 2012. ^ 張田　吉昭, 畑村　洋太郎 "平塚エスカレータ首はさまれ", Retrieved on 1 November 2012. ^ Publicity and Information Release, University of Tokyo 東京大学柏キャンパス総合研究棟のシンドラー(株)製エレベーター事故の発生について ^ Fernandez, Lisa (2013-12-11). "State Finds "Serious Violations" at Schindler Elevator After Levi's Stadium Death". NBC Bay Area. Retrieved 2020-05-23. ^ "An arcitle from November 20, 2020 about the aftermath of the incident on Israeli news website N12". External links Official website vte SMI MID (SMIM) companies of Switzerland Adecco ams Avolta Bâloise Barry Callebaut Belimo BKW Energie Clariant Ems-Chemie Flughafen Zürich Galenica Georg Fischer Julius Bär Helvetia Lindt & Sprüngli Meyer Burger PSP Swiss Property Roche (bearer shares) Sandoz Schindler SIG Combibloc SGS AG Straumann Swatch Group Swiss Prime Site Tecan Temenos VAT Group vte Swiss Leader Index companies of Switzerland ABB Adecco ams Alcon Geberit Givaudan Holcim Julius Bär Kuehne + Nagel Lindt (PS) Logitech Lonza Nestlé Novartis Partners Group Richemont Roche Schindler SGS Sika Sonova Straumann Swatch Group Swiss Life Swiss Re Swisscom Temenos UBS VAT Group Zurich Insurance Group Authority control databases Historical Dictionary of Switzerland

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multinational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation"},{"link_name":"escalators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalators"},{"link_name":"moving walkways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_walkways"},{"link_name":"elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevators"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"SIX Swiss Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIX_Swiss_Exchange"}],"text":"Schindler Holding Ltd. is a Swiss multinational company which manufactures escalators, moving walkways, and elevators worldwide, founded in Switzerland in 1874. Schindler produces, installs, maintains and modernizes lifts and escalators in many types of buildings including residential, commercial and high-rise buildings.The company is present in over 140 countries and employs more than 66,000 people worldwide.[3] The production facilities are located in Brazil, China, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, India and the United States.[4] All operations and subsidiaries of Schindler Group are organised into Schindler Holding Ltd. (German: Schindler Holding AG, French: Schindler Holding S.A.), which is publicly traded on SIX Swiss Exchange.","title":"Schindler Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Reuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuss_(river)"},{"link_name":"agricultural machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_machinery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-6"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-6"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-6"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"construction cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_cranes"},{"link_name":"pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumps"},{"link_name":"railroad cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_car"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-6"},{"link_name":"state-owned enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-6"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_OH"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-6"},{"link_name":"Morristown, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morristown,_NJ"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Otis Elevator Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Elevator"},{"link_name":"ThyssenKrupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThyssenKrupp"},{"link_name":"Kone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kone"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Elevator Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europeans_slap_$1.3_billion_price-fixing_fine_on_5_elevator_makers-9"},{"link_name":"Solar Impulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Impulse"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The company was founded in Lucerne, Switzerland in 1874,[5] by Robert Schindler and Eduard Villiger, who established the collective joint partnership Schindler & Villiger.[6] Shortly thereafter, a mechanical engineering workshop was built on an island in the river Reuss in Lucerne for the production of lifting equipment and machines of all types. Starting as an agricultural machinery manufacturer, it began to manufacture elevators at the end of the 19th century.[5]After 1901, Schindler's nephew, Alfred Schindler, expanded the company and founded the first foreign subsidiary in Berlin in 1906.[5] Schindler produced ammunition during World War I.[5] The company's first escalator was installed in 1936, and in 1937 it established a branch in Brazil.[5] Following World War II Schindler became a global group and diversified its operations, manufacturing construction cranes, engines, pumps and railroad cars.[5] In 1980 it became the first Western company to establish a joint venture with a state-owned enterprise of the People's Republic of China.[5] With the takeover of Atlas in Brazil in 1999, Schindler became a major market player in South America.Schindler entered the North American elevator market with the purchase of Toledo-based Haughton Elevator Company in 1979—briefly branding their products as Schindler-Haughton. In 1989, the company dramatically increased its presence in the United States after acquiring the Elevator/Escalator division of Westinghouse,[5] one of the largest producers of elevators and escalators at the time. Currently, Schindler Elevator Corporation, the United States operations of Schindler Group, is based in Morristown, New Jersey.[7]In February 2007, Schindler, along with competitors Otis Elevator Co., ThyssenKrupp, Kone, and Mitsubishi Elevator Europe were fined by the European Union for a price-fixing cartel. Schindler was fined 144 million euros, or about $189.3 million US dollars.[8]Since 2011, Schindler have sponsored Solar Impulse, a solar-powered aircraft.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLIT_report-11"},{"link_name":"Hachioji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachioji"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLIT_report-11"},{"link_name":"Minato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLIT_report-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Urayasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urayasu"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLIT_report-11"},{"link_name":"Seiyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiyu_Group"},{"link_name":"Wal-Mart Stores Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal-Mart"},{"link_name":"Hiratsuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiratsuka"},{"link_name":"Kanagawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kashiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashiwa"},{"link_name":"University of Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"On November 29, 2004, a Schindler elevator in Nagoya descended while the door was still open. Nobody was injured in this incident. A later investigation found that the elevator's firmware \"TV60 v1.1\" had a bug that opened the door when the elevator started moving.[10]\nOn April 22, 2006, three passengers were trapped in an elevator in Hachioji, Tokyo after the elevator's door opened while it was ascending. The elevator had faulty \"TV60 v1.0\" firmware.[10]\nOn June 3, 2006, a Schindler elevator in Minato, Tokyo, started ascending while the door was open. A 16-year-old boy was crushed to death while getting off the elevator with his bicycle. An investigation determined a faulty brake was to blame.[10] When the government investigation team requested Schindler to disclose the information about elevators installed, Schindler declined to comply with the request and investigation claiming that documents contained personal information.[11]\nOn June 10, 2006, a Schindler elevator in Urayasu started ascending while the door was open, passed the top floor, and finally stopped in the mechanical shaft. Two people were trapped in the car. The elevator had firmware \"80TH v1.4\" with faulty codes.[10]\nOn October 16, 2007, a 9-year-old boy hit his head against the wall after getting his head stuck between the handrail of a Schindler escalator and an acrylic board in a Seiyu store (a subsidiary of Wal-Mart Stores Inc.) in Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Prefecture. He remained unconscious for three days before regaining consciousness. Later investigation found that escalators were not installed in accordance with the Japanese building code, despite the previous claim from Schindler, which was the maintenance contractor.[12]\nOn November 16, 2010, 18 students at the Kashiwa campus of the University of Tokyo fell from the ground floor to the basement floor in a Schindler elevator with the doors still open. One student incurred a minor injury while trying to escape. Schindler determined the cause to be loose brake wires.[13]\nOn December 11, 2013, The California Division of Occupational Safety and Health Department announced fines against Schindler for three \"serious violations\", after one of its elevator mechanics died in June while working on the Levi's Stadium.[14]\nIn January 2020, two young people in their 20s were drowned to death in a flooded elevator in Tel Aviv, Israel. It was revealed by some pictures posted by local media that the elevator was made by Schindler.[15]","title":"Accidents"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_mark

Jingdezhen porcelain

["1 Official kilns","1.1 Ming","1.2 Transitional wares","1.3 Qing","2 Major types","2.1 Jingdezhen bluish-white ware","2.2 Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain","3 Organization during the Qing period","4 Exports to Europe","5 After the empire","6 Development of kiln technology","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

Chinese pottery produced as early as the sixth century CE in or near Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, China Qingbai ("Blueish-white") glazed bowl with carved peony designs, Jingdezhen, Southern Song, 1127–1279 Early blue and white porcelain, c. 1335, the shape from Islamic metalwork Jingdezhen porcelain (Chinese: 景德镇陶瓷) is Chinese porcelain produced in or near Jingdezhen in Jiangxi province in southern China. Jingdezhen may have produced pottery as early as the sixth century CE, though it is named after the reign name of Emperor Zhenzong, in whose reign it became a major kiln site, around 1004. By the 14th century it had become the largest centre of production of Chinese porcelain, which it has remained, increasing its dominance in subsequent centuries. From the Ming period onwards, official kilns in Jingdezhen were controlled by the emperor, making imperial porcelain in large quantity for the court and the emperor to give as gifts. Although apparently an unpromising location for potteries, being a remote town in a hilly region, Jingdezhen is close to the best quality deposits of petuntse, more contemporarily called pottery stone in China, as well as being surrounded by forests, mostly of pine, providing wood for the kilns. It also has a river leading to river systems flowing north and south, facilitating transport of fragile wares. The imperial kilns were in the centre of the city at Zhushan (Pearl Hill), with many other kilns four kilometres away at Hutian. It has produced a great variety of pottery and porcelain, for the Chinese market and as Chinese export porcelain, but its best-known high quality porcelain wares have been successively Qingbai ware in the Song and Yuan dynasties, blue and white porcelain from the 1330s, and the "famille rose" and other "famille" colours under the Qing dynasty. Official kilns The Mongol Yuan dynasty established a body, the "Fuliang Porcelain Bureau" to regulate production, and the next Ming dynasty established official kilns to produce porcelain for the emperor; Jingdezhen continued to produce Imperial porcelain until the end of Imperial rule. The imperial kilns were situated at Pearl Hill (Zhushan) in Jingdezhen; some scholars give a date of 1369 for the commencement of production. But there continued to be many other kilns, producing wares for many distinct markets. The imperial court, except during periods of crisis, generated a huge demand for porcelain. Apart from the vast main palaces and other residences, for much of the period the many princes had subsidiary regional courts. There were imperial temples to be supplied, each of which was given monochrome wares in different colours, as well as several monasteries and shrines. The porcelain to which different ranks of the imperial household were entitled were set out in minute detail in regulations. The final version of these, from 1899, specified that the Empress Dowager Cixi was allowed 821 pieces of yellow porcelain, while the Empress had 1,014. A concubine of the first rank had 121 pieces of yellow with a white interior, but those of the second rank had yellow decorated with green dragons. Ming Copper-red saucer-dish with the reign mark of Zhengde (1506–1521) The Ming dynasty is normally dated as beginning in 1368, but there was a long revolt against the Yuan dynasty, and Jingdezhen was lost by them in 1352. By 1402 there were twelve imperial kilns at Jingdezhen, then one of three areas with imperial kilns. Production was controlled by a ministry in the capital, by then in Beijing, far to the north. Production was on a huge scale, employing hundreds if not thousands of workers, whose tasks were divided into several specialities to increase efficiency and consistency. In 1433 a single order from the palace was for 443,500 pieces of porcelain, all with dragon and phoenix designs. Court artists were by now supplying drawn or woodblock printed designs from the capital. These enormous quantities were distributed by the palace to the subsidiary courts of the many Ming princes sent to govern provinces, as well as being presented as gifts to other notables, and sent abroad as diplomatic gifts. Some may also have been sold, especially for export. Sometimes antique pieces in the Imperial collection were sent to Jingdezhen to be copied. A recently excavated Ming princely burial has yielded the first example to survive until modern times of a type of gaiwan set known from 15th-century paintings. There is a blue and white Jingdezhen stem cup, that has a silver stand and a gold cover (this dated 1437), all decorated with dragons. Presumably many such sets existed, but recycling the precious metal elements was too tempting at some point, leaving only the porcelain cups. Other imperial porcelains may have carried gilding, which has now worn away. Under the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–24), reign marks were introduced for the first time, applied to porcelain and other types of luxury products made for the imperial court. The supremacy of Jingdezhen was reinforced in the mid-15th century when the imperial kilns producing Longquan celadon, for centuries one of China's finest wares, were closed after celadons fell from fashion. Apart from the much smaller production of monochrome stoneware "official Jun" wares from Henan, used in the palace for flowerpots and the like, Jingdezhen was now the only area making imperial ceramics. Cup in the imperial yellow, Kangxi emperor (1662–1722) A wide variety of wares were produced for the court, with blue and white (initially ignored by the court but acceptable by 1402) accompanied by red and white wares using a copper-based underglaze red. This was sometimes combined with the cobalt blue in blue and red pieces. Under the Xuande Emperor (r. 1426–1435) a copper-red monochrome glaze was used for ceremonial wares, of which very few survive. These ceased to be produced after his death, and have never been perfectly imitated, despite later attempts. This suggests the close personal interest some emperors took in the imperial potteries, and also that some secrets must have been restricted to a small group of potters. The Ru ware of the Song dynasty had a similar pattern. In this reign enamel or overglaze decoration was developed, which was to dominate the finer wares in future centuries. In the late Ming period, the reigns of the five emperors from 1488 to 1620, there was little innovation in styles of decoration, though some alterations in the colours used. In this period the enormous quantities of porcelain made in China seem to have led to low prices and a loss of prestige, at court and in Chinese society in general. Those who could afford to do so still ate from gold, silver or jade; it was in the Islamic world, where the Quran forbad tableware in precious metal, that rulers ate from Chinese porcelain. One disgraced official, whose goods were seized in 1562, had his valuable items confiscated, but not his collection of 45,000 pieces of porcelain, which were sold with his other effects. By the reign of the Wanli Emperor (r. 1573–1620) there was a serious decline in quality. However the same period saw the spread of porcelain collecting among the scholar-gentry, who were mostly interested in older pieces, though generally not going further back than the Song. This is not the first period of antiquarianism and archaism in Chinese taste, but it has proved long-lasting, and had a considerable effect on subsequent production, producing waves of revivalism, imitation and much downright fakery—the three often being hard to distinguish. Transitional wares Saucer with motifs celebrating prosperity, Qing dynasty, Yongzheng emperor (r. 1723–1735) As the Ming dynasty declined, with serious military and financial crises, the imperial court ceased to support the official Jingdezhen kilns, which were largely left to find their own funds from other markets. This situation lasted from 1620 to 1683, when the new Qing dynasty, after some decades struggling with Ming forces, finally resumed large-scale use of Jingdezhen for official wares under the Kangxi emperor (r. 1662–1722). The larger kilns and a major part of the town were destroyed in 1674 by Ming forces after the Revolt of the Three Feudatories had become a civil war. From 1680 to 1688 the reconstruction of the industry was under the control of Zang Yingxuan from the Qing Board of Works. Organised production of court porcelain had resumed by 1683, and the institution of forced labour replaced by waged employment. Succeeding controllers were appointed by the provincial administration up until 1726, when Beijing appointed Nian Xiyao. Wares of this interim period are often called "Transitional", and include the Tianqi porcelain mostly made for the Japanese market. The effect on the Jingdezhen potters was "liberating", as the range of subject matter in decoration greatly expanded. Printed books had become much more widely available, and were used, directly or indirectly, as sources for scenes on porcelain. Conveniently for the historian, many pieces began to be dated. Towards the end of the period the first famille rose porcelains appeared; the various colour "families" were to dominate production for the luxury market under the Qing. Qing Jar (Ping) with Beast and Ring Handles, in crackle glaze imitating Ge ware, Qianlong Emperor The imperial kilns were revived with 6 kilns and 23 workshops, dividing the other parts of the production process between them. Massive orders for the imperial palaces and temples resumed. While imperial taste in decoration remained somewhat conservative, the technical quality of Kangxi imperial wares reached new heights. The imperial kilns led the development of the new palettes of overglaze enamels; famille verte, developed in two phases, was followed by famille rose, and later others. There was also development of subtle, varied and mottled glazes for monochrome pieces. Sang de boeuf glaze was a copper oxide red, as was peachbloom glaze, which was probably blown onto the piece as powder. These were the last major technical innovations at Jingdezhen, along with a technique for firing gold onto porcelain, rather than mercury gilding completed pieces. The long reign of the Qianlong emperor (1736–1795) saw continuation of the technical perfection, but aesthetic stagnation. The emperor was a keen art collector and probably personally directed the trends in this period for imitating shapes from ancient metalware, especially ritual bronzes, in porcelain, as well as imitations of wood and other materials. The copying of famous wares from the distant past continued, alongside new styles. In the next two reigns the quality also declined, and orders from the palace were reduced, until the official kilns were destroyed in the Taiping Rebellion in the 1850s. Tongzhi porcelain from 1862 to 1874 dates from after the reconstruction of the Jingdezhen official kilns. Major types Jingdezhen bluish-white ware Main article: Qingbai Jingdezhen ware became particularly important from the Song period with the production of Qingbai (青白, "Blueish-white") ware. The Jingdezhen Qingbai was a transparent and jade-like type of porcelain, with a transparent glaze giving a blueish-white tint. Decoration was made by delicate carving or incising. Northern Ding ware was the most famous northern Chinese white ware under the Northern Song, but by the end of the Song period Qingbai had eclipsed Ding ware, achieving a predominance for Jingdezhen which it has maintained in subsequent centuries. A key event in this process was the flight of the remaining Northern Song court to the south, after they lost control of the north in the disastrous Jin-Song wars of the 1120s. A new Southern Song court was based in Hangzhou. This may have been accompanied by the movement of potters to Jingdezhen, which increased its output, despite being some two hundred miles from the new capital. A Qingbai porcelain bottle from Jingdezhen is the earliest piece of Chinese porcelain documented to have reached Europe; this is the Fonthill Vase, which was brought to Europe in the middle of the 14th century. Under the Yuan dynasty, Jingdezhen's finest whitewares changed to Shufu ware, named after the two character inscription on some pieces. Shufu may mean the pieces were ordered for the Shumiyuan ("Privy Council"); despite this, most examples have appeared outside China. The Shufu pieces are thick, with an opaque white glaze, with a faint blue-green tint. The stem cup shape first appears in these; it lasted until the end of the Ming. Qingbai glazed lamp, Jingdezhen ware, 1271–1368. Buddha statue, Qingbai ware, 1271–1368 Yuan Qingbai ware vase, 13th–14th century Shufu stem cup, Jingdezhen, 1271–1368. Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain Foliated dish with underglaze blue design of melons, bamboo and grapes, Jingdezhen ware, Yuan, 1271–1368 From the mid-14th century, Jingdezhen began to mass-produce underglaze blue porcelain, whose development it pioneered, making it "one of the world's earliest industrial towns". Much of this was for export, and other styles were produced for the Chinese market. Elaborately-painted wares were not in the traditional court taste, but they evidently came to be accepted. The large round serving-plates, from 40 cm across, which are now among the most valued pieces, reflect the needs of Middle Eastern rather than Chinese food service, which generally uses large numbers of smaller and deeper bowls, then as now. Wares for export also often had thicker bodies, to reduce breakages on long travels to the export markets. In early periods, the markets receiving porcelain direct from China included Japan, all of South-East Asia, and much of the Islamic world, but did not include Europe on a regular basis. Until the 17th century, Europe normally only received porcelain via the Islamic world. The blue pigment was derived from cobalt oxide, which had been imported sporadically from Persia in earlier periods. From the 14th century regular imports of the pigment were obtained from Persia. The cobalt was ground and mixed with a medium, then painted onto the dried bodies of the pots, which were then glazed and fired. At a later date a source of cobalt was found within China; this differed from the Persian ore in the proportion of associated manganese. The colour on the fired pots was a grey-blue rather than a pure blue. By mixing three parts Persian ore to two parts Chinese a rich and soft blue was produced, which became labelled as 'Sumatran' or 'Muhammadan' blue. One of the largest intact early collections of exported Chinese porcelain was at the Ardabil Shrine, and is now in the National Museum of Iran. This has 805 pieces of porcelain, donated by Shah Abbas I in 1607–1608, from the Persian royal collection. Most were made in Jingdezhen, and they covered the full period of blue and white wares to that point, with some nearly 300 years old when donated. The largely intact Ottoman collection is mostly in Topkapi Palace. The restriction of painted subjects to the combination of abstract geometrical patterns, plant-forms, and animals had begun to end during the first half of the 15th century, as human figures, landscape scenes and other subjects began to appear. In the best wares, these designs were supplied by court artists and reflected contemporary painting and other media. This trend continued in Transitional porcelain, produced for a period up to 1683 at the end of the Ming dynasty, and the later blue and white wares of the Kangxi reign are the final phase in the artistic development of blue and white, with superb technical quality in the best objects, and larger images, flexibly treated, on a wide variety of subjects. Tianqi porcelain is a type of relatively informal ware, largely destined for the Japanese market, made at Jingdezhen in the 17th century. Kraak ware is a type of Jingdezhen export porcelain produced mainly during the Wanli reign (1573–1620), but also in the remaining two Ming reigns. It was among the first Chinese ware to arrive in Europe in mass quantities. Strictly defined, it "is distinguished by the arrangement of its ornament into panels; these usually radiate to a bracketed rim notorious for its liability to chip". It was mostly made as "deep bowls and wide dishes", decorated with motifs from nature, in a style not used on wares for the domestic Chinese market. Yuan dynasty dish with a white dragon and pearl design on a monochrome blue background Dish with underglaze blue design of interlaced flowers, Xuande Reign 1426–1435, Ming Dish with underglaze blue design of two lions with a further four lions in the cavetto, mid 15th century Dish with underglaze blue dragon and yellow enamel, Ming Beaker-Shaped Vase with Four Animals, Transitional period, c. 1640 – 1660 Transitional garlic-headed vase, mid 17th century Kraak ware dish; relatively unusually it is armorial porcelain, for the Wittelsbach family. Wanli reign Organization during the Qing period Famille Rose dish With peaches And bats. Qing, Yongzheng reign (1723–1735). During the Qing period production became more varied, with a wide spread of styles and qualities, from imperial wares, through those for export, to those for a popular domestic market. The dozens of non-imperial kilns are known as "private", with a few "official old kilns" making very high-quality wares for the Chinese nobility, which were "often as fine in quality as the imperial pieces and had the added attraction of more adventurous decoration since court styles were prescribed and rather formal"; at times these may have helped the imperial kilns with large orders. The rest supplied various levels of the Chinese domestic and export markets. Early in the period the original local source of clay ran out, and new diggings were begun. The French Jesuit François Xavier d'Entrecolles visited Jingdezhen and wrote to Europe about its processes between 1712 and 1721; he also gave the Chinese useful information about European pigments. From this period Europe began its own porcelain industry, which grew rapidly, initially by imitating Chinese styles, and later by developing their own styles. Persia, Vietnam, Japan and several countries in South-East Asia had long been imitating Jingdezhen ware. Towards the end of the century, exports to Europe were in decline, replaced by local wares. In 1726 Nian Xiyao was appointed by the Beijing court as controller at Jingdezhen, the first centrally-appointed official since 1680. He was also appointed controller for a customs barrier 400 miles to the north at Huai'an on the Grand Canal, which resulted in Nian only being able to visit Jingdezhen once a year. In 1728 a member of the imperial household staff, Tang Ying, was appointed resident assistant at Jingdezhen. Tang replaced Nian in 1735 when the latter was accused of corruption, and he became one of the most influential of the superintendents. In 1739 the customs office was moved to Jiujiang 90 miles west of Jingdezhen; Tang continued in the dual post until recalled to Beijing in 1743 by the Qianlong emperor. At court he was assigned the task of annotating twenty illustrations of the porcelain industry from the imperial library. Returning to Jingdezhen he stayed there, except for a brief period between 1750 and 1752, until his death at 75 years old in 1756. Wares bearing Tang Ying's name survive; these include two pairs of blue-and-white candlesticks bearing dates of 1740 and 1741, the latter of which bears an inscription describing him as "Controller of Pottery in Jiangxi" amongst other official titles. Tang also wrote a number of books including A Complete Record of Pots (1735), Mental Notes of a Pottery Worker (1738) and Illustrated Explanation of the Miracles of the God of the Furnace (1747). His list of wares manufactured for the court runs to sixty types, some of which were recreations of styles of earlier periods. From the late 18th century, much of Jingdezhen's production was Canton porcelain, using "blanks" made, glazed, and fired at Jingdezhen but then taken to be decorated with enamels in Guangzhou (then usually romanized as Canton) for export to the west via the Thirteen Factories of the Canton System. In 1905 a European visitor reported that most production was in a short summer season, when workers from surrounding areas came to live in "barrack-like sheds" in the city, without their families. This influx took the population of the city to about 400,000, and caused some social problems. Peach-bloom glazed seal paste box, Kangxi reign 1662–1722; one of the most difficult glaze effects Dish with underglaze blue and overglaze red design of clouds and dragons, Yongzheng reign 1723-1735 Brush pot, Yongzheng period, 1723–1735 Flask in underglaze blue & red, Qianlong emperor Lobed dish with flowers, Qianlong emperor, porcelain with overglaze enamel Dish with Magu, deity of longevity, Qing dynasty, approx. 1700–1800 AD, porcelain with overglaze polychrome Vase with children, Jiaqing period, 1796–1820, glazed porcelain, enamels Bowl (Wan) glazed in imitation of Song dynasty (960–1279) Jun ware, probably Qianlong Exports to Europe Late 18th-century plate in European style, with Dutch ships, Canton porcelain, painted there on a "blank" from Jingdezhen. Main article: Chinese export porcelain European visitors to Istanbul in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are recorded as having purchased Chinese porcelain there. Some other pieces came via the Portuguese settlement of Malacca; King Manuel I had several acquired from Vasco de Gama. The Chamber of Art and Curiosities at Ambras Castle contains the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria, assembled during the mid-15th century. These early collections, typically of blue-and-white ware, were regarded as rare curios and art objects, and were often mounted in precious metals. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries a number of European companies were established to import various commodities including tea, silk, spices, lacquerwork and porcelain from East Asia. Research by Volker has given figures for the trade in Chinese and Japanese porcelain carried out by the Dutch East India Company; between 1602 and 1682 the company exported between 30 and 35 million pieces. The English East India Company also imported around 30 million pieces, the French East India Company 12 million, the Portuguese East India Company 10 million and the Swedish East India Company some 20 million pieces between 1766 and 1786. The massive increase in imports allowed purchasers to amass large collections, which were often displayed in dedicated rooms or purpose-built structures. The Trianon de Porcellaine built between 1670 and 1672 was a Baroque pavilion constructed to display Louis XIV's collection of blue-and-white porcelain, set against French blue-and-white faience tiles both on the interior and exterior of the building. It was demolished in 1687. After the empire Porcelain workshop in Jingdezhen Following the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 manufacture of porcelain for the imperial household ceased. In 1916 Yuan Shikai, acting as the Hongxian Emperor, appointed Guo Baochang to re-establish the imperial depot at Jingdezhen. Guo's workforce were initially set to produce copies of Ru ware, but this approach was abandoned in favour of copying enamelled ware of the 18th century. The high-quality porcelain of the Hongxian establishment continued to be produced after the abandonment of the empire and the death of Yuan in 1916; the depot was taken over by the Jiangxi Porcelain Company who retained one hundred of the workers. Production of enamelled and thin-walled "eggshell" ware continued through the 1920s and 1930s, with many pieces bearing Hongxian reign marks. By the 1930s the buildings that had housed the imperial supervisors were being used as army barracks. 20th century Jingdezhen ware; bowl with "rice grain" decoration and factory mark: 中国景德镇 ("China Jingdezhen") and MADE IN CHINA in English. Ceramics continue to be produced on a large scale in Jingdezhen, in a variety of styles, many reproducing those of the past in a variety of qualities, with Jingdezhen porcelain being shipped around the world. One trend that has continued in the 20th century is the development of super-thin "eggshell" porcelain for vases. About 300 million pieces of porcelain were being produced annually in the late 20th century. Development of kiln technology The dragon kiln was the traditional form of kiln used in southern China. Also known as a climbing kiln, this type in its final development consisted of a tunnel-like flue built up a slope from a main firebox. Along the sides of the kiln subsidiary entrances for side-stoking enabled the whole structure to be heated, and allowing the later dragon kilns to exceed 50 metres in length without any substantial drop in temperature. The draught created by the flow of hot air up the slope meant that the dragon kiln could be built without a chimney. This type of kiln was supplanted at Jingdezhen by a gourd-shaped kiln, with a large firing chamber at the front, connecting to a smaller chamber with a lower roof and a chimney. The gourd-shaped kiln could produce large quantities of porcelain, fired at very high temperatures. By blocking the kiln vents to restrict air flow to the fire a reducing atmosphere of hydrogen and carbon monoxide could be maintained, which was necessary for some glazes such as copper red. The gourd-shaped kiln was used throughout the fourteenth century; towards the end of the Ming period it was supplanted by the egg-shaped kiln or zhenyao kiln, shaped like half an egg on its side, with a firebox inside the kiln at the broad end and at the narrow end an arch communicating to a separate chimney. The chimney was built to a height of around 19 metres; the high chimney increased the draught through the kiln and thus reduced the timing of the firing cycle to around 36 hours. Wares were placed inside stacked saggars on a floor of quartz sand; as the saggars protected their contents from direct flame both fuel and air could be introduced directly to the interior through vents, allowing temperature regulation throughout the kiln. Peepholes were used to observe the colour of flame, which changes according to the conditions and temperature. The hottest part of the kiln next to the firebox was used for crackle glazes; following inwards high-fired green and red glazes in a reducing atmosphere, then uncoloured, blue-glazed, and decorated ware at a moderate temperature, followed at the back by glazes to be fired at a lower temperature and turquoise-glazed ware in an oxidising atmosphere. Notes ^ Vainker, 176, 216; Rawson, 238–239, 242 ^ ’Phase Composition And Morphology Of Pottery Stone Microcrystalline Powders Synthesized By Hydrothermal Method’ A. Larpkasemsuk, S. Chuayjuljit, D. Pongkao Kashima. Advanced Materials Research (Volume 664) ^ ’Effects Of Analcime Zeolite Synthesized From Local Pottery Stone As Nucleating Agent On Crystallization Behaviors And Mechanical Properties Of Isotactic Polypropylene’ S. Chuayjuljit, A. Larpkasemsuk, P. Chaiwutthinan, D. Pongkao Kashima, A. Boonmahitthisud. Journal Of Vinyl And Additive Technology. Volume24, Issues. Special Issue: Additives And Fillers, May 2018. Pages E85-E95 ^ ‘State Of Flux - Feldspar Developments Continue Apace.’ Asian Ceramics. September 2002, pp. 32–33, 35, 37. ^ ‘Refinement Of The Low-Grade Pottery Stone By Hydrothermal Treatment.’ K.Kimura, H.Tateyama, K.Jinnai. Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft. Proc. Silicer '90 Nurnberg, 26–28 September 1990, p. 103–110. ^ Vainker, 176 ^ Krahl ^ Vainker, 176–178 (in more detail 176–213) ^ Kerr, 16, 132 ^ Vainker, 195 ^ Vainker, 211 ^ Vainker, 180. Usually, but not always, the "Yuan period" stops at 1352 for Jingdezhen. ^ Ming, 86–89 ^ Valenstein, 287 ^ Ming, 87 ^ Vainker, 186 ^ Vainker, 186–187; Ming, 167 ^ Ming, 97, 100 ^ Ming, 92–99 ^ Ming, 86; Vainker, 184–186 ^ Vainker, 187–188 ^ Vainker, 187 ^ Vainker, 195 ^ Vainker, 195 ^ Vainker, 199 ^ Vainker, 195–199; Valenstein, 282–287 ^ Kerr, 16 ^ Kerr, 18–19 ^ Vainker, 199–200 ^ Vainker, 200–202 ^ Vainker, 200–207; Valenstein, 219-242 ^ Vainker, 200–212 ^ Rawson, 84; Vainker, 105 ^ Rawson, 82 ^ Lauren Arnold, Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures: the Franciscan mission to China and its influence on the arts of the West, 1999:133ff ^ Vainker, 179–180 ^ Canby, 137, quoted; Ming, 284–285 ^ Vainker, 180, 182, 185–186 ^ Canby, 137–138 ^ Canby, 142 ^ Ming, 292 ^ Vainker, 76, 82 ^ Cooper, 68 ^ Canby, 120–121, 137–157; Vainker, 137 ^ Vainker, 136–137 ^ Vainker, 188 ^ Ming, 88 ^ Valenstein, 219–220 ^ Vinhais L and Welsh J: Kraak Porcelain: the Rise of Global Trade in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Jorge Welsh Books 2008, p. 17 ^ Vainker, 147 ^ Vainker, 147 ^ Vainker, 201 ^ Vainker, 201 ^ Ming, 288–290; Rawson, 106; Canby, 136; Valenstein, 215, 242, 288; Vainker, 156–158, 177–178 ^ Vainker, 158–159 ^ Macintosh, 119 ^ Kerr, 19 ^ Kerr, 30 ^ Kerr, 19 ^ Kerr, 67 ^ Kerr, 20 ^ Macintosh, 119 ^ Nilsson, Jan-Erik. "Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) Porcelain". www.gotheborg.com. Jan-Erik Nilsson. Retrieved 6 January 2015. ^ Kjellberg, Sven T. (1975). Svenska ostindiska compagnierna 1731–1813: kryddor, te, porslin, siden (in Swedish) (2 ed.). Malmö: Allhem. pp. 226–230. ISBN 91-7004-058-3. SELIBR 107047. ^ Kerr, 18 ^ Meister, p 17 ^ Meister, p 17 ^ Volker, T. (1954) Porcelain and the Dutch East India Company London; Victoria & Albert Museum ^ Meister, p 18 ^ Meister, p 17 ^ Kerr, 127 ^ Kerr, 129 ^ Kerr, 129 ^ Kerr, 129 ^ Kerr, 130 ^ Vainker, 176 ^ Valenstein, 281 ^ Vainker, 214–216 ^ Krahl ^ Needham, 347–353 ^ Kerr, 39 ^ Kerr, 39 ^ Kerr, 39–40 ^ Kerr, 42 References Canby, Sheila R. (ed). Shah Abbas; The Remaking of Iran, 2009, British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714124520 Cooper, Emmanuel. 10,000 Years of Pottery, 2010 (5th ed.), British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714150901 Kerr, Rose. Chinese Ceramics; Porcelain of the Qing Dynasty 1644–1911, 1986, reprinted 1998, V&A Publications, ISBN 1851772642 Krahl, Regina, "Jingdezhen" Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. subscription required Macintosh, Duncan. Chinese Blue and White Porcelain, 1994 (3rd ed.), Antique Collector's Club, ISBN 1851492100 Meister, Peter Wilhelm and Reber, Horst. European Porcelain of the 18th Century, 1983, Phaidon Press, ISBN 0714821977 "Ming": Clunas, Craig and Harrison-Hall, Jessica, Ming: 50 years that changed China, 2014, British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714124841 "Needham": Kerr, Rose and Wood, Nigel. Science and Civilisation in China; Volume 5. Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 12. Ceramic Technology, 2004, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521838337 Rawson, Jessica, Chinese Ornament: The Lotus and the Dragon, 1984, British Museum Publications, ISBN 0714114316 Vainker, S.J., Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, 1991, British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714114705 Valenstein, S. (1998). A handbook of Chinese ceramics (fully available online), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. ISBN 9780870995149 Further reading Dillon, Michael (1992). "Transport and marketing in the development of the Jingdezhen porcelain industry during the Ming and Qing dynasties". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 35 (3): 278–290. doi:10.2307/3632734. JSTOR 3632734. Gillette, Maris Boyd. China's Porcelain Capital: The Rise, Fall and Reinvention of Ceramics in Jingdezhen, 2016, Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 9781474259439, google books Hanaoka and Barberri trans., Masahiko Sato, Chinese Ceramics: A Short History, Weatherhill, New York and Tokyo, 1981, 195–205 Jenyns, Soame. Ming Pottery and Porcelain, 1988 (2nd ed.), Faber and Faber, ISBN 0571148417 External links Media related to Jingdezhen ware at Wikimedia Commons vteChinese ceramicsAncient pottery Proto-celadon Terracotta Army Green-glazed pottery Earthenwares, stonewares and others Yue Celadon Yaozhou Longquan celadon Cizhou Ding Ge Guan Jian Jizhou Jun Ru Yixing Shiwan Tang tomb figures Porcelain Xing Ding Qingbai Jingdezhen/Imperial wares Dehua Transitional export Kraak Swatow Tianqi Canton Decoration Sancai Blue and white Wucai Doucai Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte Ash glaze An hua Kilns, shapes Dragon kiln Mantou kiln The Five Great Kilns Cong Ding Guang Hunping Meiping Gaiwan porcelain in vtePorcelainChinaGeneral: Chinese porcelain Chinese export porcelain Chinese influences on Islamic pottery Fonthill Vase (1338) Types: Proto-celadon (16th century BCE) Celadon (1st century) Yue (2nd century) Xing (6th century) Ding (10th century) Qingbai (12th century) Jingdezhen (11th century on) Blue and white (14th century on) Blanc de Chine (14th century on) Kraak (16th century) Swatow (16th century) Tianqi (17th century) Kangxi (17th century) Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte (17th century) Canton (18th century) Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns JiangxiMeissen hard porcelain vase 1735JapanGeneral: Japanese porcelain Japanese export porcelain Types: Arita Imari Nabeshima Kakiemon Kutani Hirado KoreaGeneral: Korean porcelain Types: Goryeo (10th century) Joseon (14th century) EuropeGeneral: List of companies French porcelain Chinese porcelain in European painting Armorial ware Types: Medici (1575) Rouen (1673) Saint-Cloud (1693) Meissen (1710) Vienna (1718) Rörstrand (1726) Chantilly (1730) Doccia (1735) Vincennes (1740) Chelsea (1743) Capodimonte (1743) Saint Petersburg (1744) Mennecy (1745) Bow (1747) Fürstenberg (1747) Nymphenburg (1747) Plymouth (1748) Villeroy & Boch (1748) Worcester (1751) Frankenthal (1755) Sèvres (1756) Derby (1757) Ludwigsburg (1758) Weesp (1759) Retiro (1760) Wedgwood (1759) Berlin (1763) Wallendorf (1764) Revol (1768) Limoges (1771) Loosdrechts (1774) Copenhagen (1775) Clignancourt (1775) Hollóháza (1777) Dihl & Guérhard (1781) Mintons (1793) Hutschenreuther (1814) Doulton (1815) Lichte (1822) Herend (1826) Bing & Grøndahl (1853) Zsolnay (1853) Wagner & Apel (1877) Rosenthal (1879) Porsgrund (1885) Augarten (1923) Technologies Soft-paste porcelain Hard-paste porcelain Bone china Overglaze decoration China painting Biscuit Factory mark People Chinamen Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus Johann Friedrich Böttger François Xavier d'Entrecolles Dmitry Vinogradov Collections British Museum (London): Asia Department / Percival David Foundation The David Collection (Copenhagen) Dresden Porcelain Collection (Dresden) Gardiner Museum (Toronto) Kuskovo State Museum of Ceramics (Moscow) Sèvres – Cité de la céramique (Paris) Musée des Arts Décoratifs (Paris) Palace Museum (Beijing) Topkapı Palace (Istanbul) Victoria and Albert Museum (London) Museum of Royal Worcester (Worcester) Walters Art Museum (Baltimore) Ludwigsburg Palace (Ludwigsburg) vteJiangxi topicsNanchang (capital)General History Chinese Soviet Republic Jiangxi Soviet Politics Economy Geography Cities Mufu Mountains Jiuling Mountains Luoxiao Mountains Wuyi Mountains Gan River Poyang Lake Yangtze River Xiushui River Education Jiangxi Normal University East China University of Technology Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University Jiangxi Agricultural University Jinggangshan University Jiujiang University Nanchang University Nanchang Hangkong University Culture Culture of Jiangxi Gan Chinese (Nanchang dialect, Yichun dialect) Music Ganju opera Tea-picking opera Nuo opera Architecture Jingdezhen porcelain Jizhou ware Cuisine Anfu ham Religion Pure Land Buddhism Hakka culture (language, architecture) Visitor attractions Donglin Temple Pavilion of Prince Teng Mount Lu National Park Zhelin Reservoir Category Commons

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qingbai_glazed_bowl_with_carved_peony_designs_Jingdezhen_ware_1127_1279.jpg"},{"link_name":"Qingbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingbai"},{"link_name":"Jingdezhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingdezhen"},{"link_name":"Southern Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Song"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_blue_and_white_ware_circa_1335_Jingdezhen.jpg"},{"link_name":"blue and white porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_and_white_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Chinese porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_ceramics"},{"link_name":"Jingdezhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingdezhen"},{"link_name":"Jiangxi province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi_province"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"Emperor Zhenzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Zhenzong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"petuntse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petuntse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chinese export porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_export_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Qingbai ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingbai_ware"},{"link_name":"blue and white porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_and_white_porcelain"},{"link_name":"famille rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_rose"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"}],"text":"Qingbai (\"Blueish-white\") glazed bowl with carved peony designs, Jingdezhen, Southern Song, 1127–1279Early blue and white porcelain, c. 1335, the shape from Islamic metalworkJingdezhen porcelain (Chinese: 景德镇陶瓷) is Chinese porcelain produced in or near Jingdezhen in Jiangxi province in southern China. Jingdezhen may have produced pottery as early as the sixth century CE, though it is named after the reign name of Emperor Zhenzong, in whose reign it became a major kiln site, around 1004. By the 14th century it had become the largest centre of production of Chinese porcelain, which it has remained, increasing its dominance in subsequent centuries.[1] From the Ming period onwards, official kilns in Jingdezhen were controlled by the emperor, making imperial porcelain in large quantity for the court and the emperor to give as gifts.Although apparently an unpromising location for potteries, being a remote town in a hilly region, Jingdezhen is close to the best quality deposits of petuntse, more contemporarily called pottery stone[2][3][4][5] in China, as well as being surrounded by forests, mostly of pine, providing wood for the kilns. It also has a river leading to river systems flowing north and south, facilitating transport of fragile wares.[6] The imperial kilns were in the centre of the city at Zhushan (Pearl Hill), with many other kilns four kilometres away at Hutian.[7]It has produced a great variety of pottery and porcelain, for the Chinese market and as Chinese export porcelain, but its best-known high quality porcelain wares have been successively Qingbai ware in the Song and Yuan dynasties, blue and white porcelain from the 1330s, and the \"famille rose\" and other \"famille\" colours under the Qing dynasty.","title":"Jingdezhen porcelain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Empress Dowager Cixi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Mongol Yuan dynasty established a body, the \"Fuliang Porcelain Bureau\" to regulate production, and the next Ming dynasty established official kilns to produce porcelain for the emperor; Jingdezhen continued to produce Imperial porcelain until the end of Imperial rule.[8] The imperial kilns were situated at Pearl Hill (Zhushan) in Jingdezhen; some scholars give a date of 1369 for the commencement of production.[9] But there continued to be many other kilns, producing wares for many distinct markets.[10]The imperial court, except during periods of crisis, generated a huge demand for porcelain. Apart from the vast main palaces and other residences, for much of the period the many princes had subsidiary regional courts. There were imperial temples to be supplied, each of which was given monochrome wares in different colours, as well as several monasteries and shrines. The porcelain to which different ranks of the imperial household were entitled were set out in minute detail in regulations. The final version of these, from 1899, specified that the Empress Dowager Cixi was allowed 821 pieces of yellow porcelain, while the Empress had 1,014. A concubine of the first rank had 121 pieces of yellow with a white interior, but those of the second rank had yellow decorated with green dragons.[11]","title":"Official kilns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saucer-dish_with_Zhengde_mark_BM_PDF_704.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zhengde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengde"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"woodblock printed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"gaiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiwan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"gilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilding"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Yongle Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongle_Emperor"},{"link_name":"reign marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_mark"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Longquan celadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longquan_celadon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"\"official Jun\" wares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_ware"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coupe_Jaune_imp%C3%A9rial_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kangxi emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_emperor"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Xuande Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuande_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ru ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru_ware"},{"link_name":"overglaze decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overglaze_decoration"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Wanli Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanli_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Ming","text":"Copper-red saucer-dish with the reign mark of Zhengde (1506–1521)The Ming dynasty is normally dated as beginning in 1368, but there was a long revolt against the Yuan dynasty, and Jingdezhen was lost by them in 1352.[12] By 1402 there were twelve imperial kilns at Jingdezhen, then one of three areas with imperial kilns. Production was controlled by a ministry in the capital, by then in Beijing, far to the north. Production was on a huge scale, employing hundreds if not thousands of workers, whose tasks were divided into several specialities to increase efficiency and consistency. In 1433 a single order from the palace was for 443,500 pieces of porcelain, all with dragon and phoenix designs. Court artists were by now supplying drawn or woodblock printed designs from the capital. These enormous quantities were distributed by the palace to the subsidiary courts of the many Ming princes sent to govern provinces, as well as being presented as gifts to other notables, and sent abroad as diplomatic gifts. Some may also have been sold, especially for export.[13] Sometimes antique pieces in the Imperial collection were sent to Jingdezhen to be copied.[14]A recently excavated Ming princely burial has yielded the first example to survive until modern times of a type of gaiwan set known from 15th-century paintings. There is a blue and white Jingdezhen stem cup, that has a silver stand and a gold cover (this dated 1437), all decorated with dragons. Presumably many such sets existed, but recycling the precious metal elements was too tempting at some point, leaving only the porcelain cups.[15] Other imperial porcelains may have carried gilding, which has now worn away.[16]Under the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–24), reign marks were introduced for the first time, applied to porcelain and other types of luxury products made for the imperial court.[17] The supremacy of Jingdezhen was reinforced in the mid-15th century when the imperial kilns producing Longquan celadon, for centuries one of China's finest wares, were closed after celadons fell from fashion.[18] Apart from the much smaller production of monochrome stoneware \"official Jun\" wares from Henan, used in the palace for flowerpots and the like, Jingdezhen was now the only area making imperial ceramics.[19]Cup in the imperial yellow, Kangxi emperor (1662–1722)A wide variety of wares were produced for the court, with blue and white (initially ignored by the court but acceptable by 1402) accompanied by red and white wares using a copper-based underglaze red. This was sometimes combined with the cobalt blue in blue and red pieces.[20] Under the Xuande Emperor (r. 1426–1435) a copper-red monochrome glaze was used for ceremonial wares, of which very few survive. These ceased to be produced after his death, and have never been perfectly imitated, despite later attempts. This suggests the close personal interest some emperors took in the imperial potteries, and also that some secrets must have been restricted to a small group of potters.[21] The Ru ware of the Song dynasty had a similar pattern. In this reign enamel or overglaze decoration was developed, which was to dominate the finer wares in future centuries.[22]In the late Ming period, the reigns of the five emperors from 1488 to 1620, there was little innovation in styles of decoration, though some alterations in the colours used. In this period the enormous quantities of porcelain made in China seem to have led to low prices and a loss of prestige, at court and in Chinese society in general. Those who could afford to do so still ate from gold, silver or jade;[23] it was in the Islamic world, where the Quran forbad tableware in precious metal, that rulers ate from Chinese porcelain. One disgraced official, whose goods were seized in 1562, had his valuable items confiscated, but not his collection of 45,000 pieces of porcelain, which were sold with his other effects.[24] By the reign of the Wanli Emperor (r. 1573–1620) there was a serious decline in quality.[25]However the same period saw the spread of porcelain collecting among the scholar-gentry, who were mostly interested in older pieces, though generally not going further back than the Song. This is not the first period of antiquarianism and archaism in Chinese taste, but it has proved long-lasting, and had a considerable effect on subsequent production, producing waves of revivalism, imitation and much downright fakery—the three often being hard to distinguish.[26]","title":"Official kilns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saucer_with_motifs_celebrating_prosperity,_China,_Jingdezhen,_Jiangxi_province,_Qing_dynasty,_Yongzheng_emperor,_porcelain_with_overglaze_polychrome_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco_-_DSC01591.JPG"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_emperor"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kangxi emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_emperor"},{"link_name":"Revolt of the Three Feudatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Tianqi porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianqi_porcelain"},{"link_name":"famille rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_rose"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Transitional wares","text":"Saucer with motifs celebrating prosperity, Qing dynasty, Yongzheng emperor (r. 1723–1735)As the Ming dynasty declined, with serious military and financial crises, the imperial court ceased to support the official Jingdezhen kilns, which were largely left to find their own funds from other markets. This situation lasted from 1620 to 1683, when the new Qing dynasty, after some decades struggling with Ming forces, finally resumed large-scale use of Jingdezhen for official wares under the Kangxi emperor (r. 1662–1722). The larger kilns and a major part of the town were destroyed in 1674 by Ming forces after the Revolt of the Three Feudatories had become a civil war.[27] From 1680 to 1688 the reconstruction of the industry was under the control of Zang Yingxuan from the Qing Board of Works. Organised production of court porcelain had resumed by 1683, and the institution of forced labour replaced by waged employment. Succeeding controllers were appointed by the provincial administration up until 1726, when Beijing appointed Nian Xiyao.[28]Wares of this interim period are often called \"Transitional\", and include the Tianqi porcelain mostly made for the Japanese market. The effect on the Jingdezhen potters was \"liberating\", as the range of subject matter in decoration greatly expanded. Printed books had become much more widely available, and were used, directly or indirectly, as sources for scenes on porcelain. Conveniently for the historian, many pieces began to be dated. Towards the end of the period the first famille rose porcelains appeared; the various colour \"families\" were to dominate production for the luxury market under the Qing.[29]","title":"Official kilns"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jar_(Ping)_with_Beast_and_Ring_Handles_LACMA_AC1999.38.8.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ge ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge_ware"},{"link_name":"Qianlong Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Sang de boeuf glaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang_de_boeuf_glaze"},{"link_name":"peachbloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peachbloom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"mercury gilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_gilding"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Qianlong emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qianlong_emperor"},{"link_name":"ritual bronzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_bronze"},{"link_name":"Taiping Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Tongzhi porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi_porcelain"}],"sub_title":"Qing","text":"Jar (Ping) with Beast and Ring Handles, in crackle glaze imitating Ge ware, Qianlong EmperorThe imperial kilns were revived with 6 kilns and 23 workshops, dividing the other parts of the production process between them. Massive orders for the imperial palaces and temples resumed. While imperial taste in decoration remained somewhat conservative, the technical quality of Kangxi imperial wares reached new heights.[30] The imperial kilns led the development of the new palettes of overglaze enamels; famille verte, developed in two phases, was followed by famille rose, and later others. There was also development of subtle, varied and mottled glazes for monochrome pieces. Sang de boeuf glaze was a copper oxide red, as was peachbloom glaze, which was probably blown onto the piece as powder. These were the last major technical innovations at Jingdezhen, along with a technique for firing gold onto porcelain, rather than mercury gilding completed pieces.[31]The long reign of the Qianlong emperor (1736–1795) saw continuation of the technical perfection, but aesthetic stagnation. The emperor was a keen art collector and probably personally directed the trends in this period for imitating shapes from ancient metalware, especially ritual bronzes, in porcelain, as well as imitations of wood and other materials. The copying of famous wares from the distant past continued, alongside new styles. In the next two reigns the quality also declined, and orders from the palace were reduced, until the official kilns were destroyed in the Taiping Rebellion in the 1850s.[32] Tongzhi porcelain from 1862 to 1874 dates from after the reconstruction of the Jingdezhen official kilns.","title":"Official kilns"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qingbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingbai"},{"link_name":"porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain"},{"link_name":"Ding ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ding_ware"},{"link_name":"Northern Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Song"},{"link_name":"Jin-Song wars of the 1120s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars#War_against_the_Northern_Song"},{"link_name":"Southern Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Song"},{"link_name":"Hangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Fonthill Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonthill_Vase"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arnold-35"},{"link_name":"stem cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stem_cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qingbai_glazed_lamp_Jingdezhen_ware_Yuan_dynasty_1271_1368.jpg"},{"link_name":"Qingbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingbai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qingbai_glazed_buddha_statue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Qingbai ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingbai_ware"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vase,_Qingbai_ware,_Yuan_dynasty,_Cincinnati_Art_Museum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Qingbai ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingbai_ware"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shufu_stem_bowl_Jingdezhen_1271_1368.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Jingdezhen bluish-white ware","text":"Jingdezhen ware became particularly important from the Song period with the production of Qingbai (青白, \"Blueish-white\") ware. The Jingdezhen Qingbai was a transparent and jade-like type of porcelain, with a transparent glaze giving a blueish-white tint. Decoration was made by delicate carving or incising. Northern Ding ware was the most famous northern Chinese white ware under the Northern Song, but by the end of the Song period Qingbai had eclipsed Ding ware, achieving a predominance for Jingdezhen which it has maintained in subsequent centuries. A key event in this process was the flight of the remaining Northern Song court to the south, after they lost control of the north in the disastrous Jin-Song wars of the 1120s. A new Southern Song court was based in Hangzhou.[33] This may have been accompanied by the movement of potters to Jingdezhen,[34] which increased its output, despite being some two hundred miles from the new capital.A Qingbai porcelain bottle from Jingdezhen is the earliest piece of Chinese porcelain documented to have reached Europe; this is the Fonthill Vase, which was brought to Europe in the middle of the 14th century.[35]Under the Yuan dynasty, Jingdezhen's finest whitewares changed to Shufu ware, named after the two character inscription on some pieces. Shufu may mean the pieces were ordered for the Shumiyuan (\"Privy Council\"); despite this, most examples have appeared outside China. The Shufu pieces are thick, with an opaque white glaze, with a faint blue-green tint. The stem cup shape first appears in these; it lasted until the end of the Ming.[36]Qingbai glazed lamp, Jingdezhen ware, 1271–1368.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuddha statue, Qingbai ware, 1271–1368\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYuan Qingbai ware vase, 13th–14th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShufu stem cup, Jingdezhen, 1271–1368.","title":"Major types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foliated_dish_with_underglaze_blue_design_of_melons,_bamboo_and_grapes,_Jingdezhen_ware,_Yuan,_1271-1368,_Shanghai_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"South-East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Islamic world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ardabil Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_Shrine"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Shah Abbas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Topkapi Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topkapi_Palace"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Transitional porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Kangxi reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_reign"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Tianqi porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianqi_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Kraak ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraak_ware"},{"link_name":"Wanli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanli_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yuan_Jingdezhen_dragon_and_pearl_dish.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dish_with_underglaze_blue_design_of_interlaced_flowers,_Jingdezhen_ware,_Xuande_Reign_1426-1435,_Ming,_Shanghai_Museum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dish_with_underglazed_blue_design_of_2_lions_playing_a_ball,_Jingdezhen_ware,_mid_15th_century,_Shanghai_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_guardian_lions"},{"link_name":"cavetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavetto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ming_Jingdezhen_dragon_dish.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_-_Beaker-Shaped_Vase_with_Four_Animals_-_Walters_491651_-_Profile.jpg"},{"link_name":"Transitional period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_porcelain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hexagonal_garlic-headed_vase,_China,_transitional_period,_mid_17th_century,_blue_and_white_porcelain_-_Ethnological_Museum,_Berlin_-_DSC02017.JPG"},{"link_name":"Transitional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_porcelain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-ChinWittelsbacherTeller.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kraak ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraak_ware"},{"link_name":"armorial porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Wittelsbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittelsbach"},{"link_name":"Wanli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanli_Emperor"}],"sub_title":"Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain","text":"Foliated dish with underglaze blue design of melons, bamboo and grapes, Jingdezhen ware, Yuan, 1271–1368From the mid-14th century, Jingdezhen began to mass-produce underglaze blue porcelain, whose development it pioneered, making it \"one of the world's earliest industrial towns\".[37] Much of this was for export, and other styles were produced for the Chinese market. Elaborately-painted wares were not in the traditional court taste, but they evidently came to be accepted.[38] The large round serving-plates, from 40 cm across, which are now among the most valued pieces, reflect the needs of Middle Eastern rather than Chinese food service, which generally uses large numbers of smaller and deeper bowls, then as now.[39] Wares for export also often had thicker bodies, to reduce breakages on long travels to the export markets.[40] In early periods, the markets receiving porcelain direct from China included Japan, all of South-East Asia, and much of the Islamic world, but did not include Europe on a regular basis. Until the 17th century, Europe normally only received porcelain via the Islamic world.[41]The blue pigment was derived from cobalt oxide, which had been imported sporadically from Persia in earlier periods.[42] From the 14th century regular imports of the pigment were obtained from Persia. The cobalt was ground and mixed with a medium, then painted onto the dried bodies of the pots, which were then glazed and fired. At a later date a source of cobalt was found within China; this differed from the Persian ore in the proportion of associated manganese. The colour on the fired pots was a grey-blue rather than a pure blue. By mixing three parts Persian ore to two parts Chinese a rich and soft blue was produced, which became labelled as 'Sumatran' or 'Muhammadan' blue.[43]One of the largest intact early collections of exported Chinese porcelain was at the Ardabil Shrine, and is now in the National Museum of Iran. This has 805 pieces of porcelain, donated by Shah Abbas I in 1607–1608, from the Persian royal collection. Most were made in Jingdezhen, and they covered the full period of blue and white wares to that point, with some nearly 300 years old when donated.[44] The largely intact Ottoman collection is mostly in Topkapi Palace.[45]The restriction of painted subjects to the combination of abstract geometrical patterns, plant-forms, and animals had begun to end during the first half of the 15th century, as human figures, landscape scenes and other subjects began to appear.[46] In the best wares, these designs were supplied by court artists and reflected contemporary painting and other media.[47] This trend continued in Transitional porcelain, produced for a period up to 1683 at the end of the Ming dynasty, and the later blue and white wares of the Kangxi reign are the final phase in the artistic development of blue and white, with superb technical quality in the best objects, and larger images, flexibly treated, on a wide variety of subjects.[48]Tianqi porcelain is a type of relatively informal ware, largely destined for the Japanese market, made at Jingdezhen in the 17th century. Kraak ware is a type of Jingdezhen export porcelain produced mainly during the Wanli reign (1573–1620), but also in the remaining two Ming reigns.[49] It was among the first Chinese ware to arrive in Europe in mass quantities. Strictly defined, it \"is distinguished by the arrangement of its ornament into panels; these usually radiate to a bracketed rim notorious for its liability to chip\".[50] It was mostly made as \"deep bowls and wide dishes\", decorated with motifs from nature, in a style not used on wares for the domestic Chinese market.[51]Yuan dynasty dish with a white dragon and pearl design on a monochrome blue background\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDish with underglaze blue design of interlaced flowers, Xuande Reign 1426–1435, Ming\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDish with underglaze blue design of two lions with a further four lions in the cavetto, mid 15th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDish with underglaze blue dragon and yellow enamel, Ming\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeaker-Shaped Vase with Four Animals, Transitional period, c. 1640 – 1660\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTransitional garlic-headed vase, mid 17th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKraak ware dish; relatively unusually it is armorial porcelain, for the Wittelsbach family. Wanli reign","title":"Major types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_Museum_2006_17-60.jpg"},{"link_name":"Famille Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_Rose"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"François Xavier d'Entrecolles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier_d%27Entrecolles"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Huai'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huai%27an"},{"link_name":"Grand Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)"},{"link_name":"Tang Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Ying"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Jiujiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiujiang"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Canton porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Factories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Factories"},{"link_name":"Canton System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_System"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sv-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_Paste_Box_(Yinnihe)_LACMA_M.71.65.2a-b.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dish_with_underglazed_blue_and_overglazed_red_design_of_clouds_and_dragons,_Jingdezhen_ware,_Yongzheng_reign_1723-1735,_Qing,_Shanghai_Museum.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jingdezhen_brush_pot,_China,_Yongzheng_period,_Qing_dynasty,_1723-1735,_glazed_porcelain,_enamels_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC03885.JPG"},{"link_name":"Yongzheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_-_Flask_-_Walters_491632.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lobed_dish_with_flowers,_Jingdezhen,_Jiangxi_province,_Qing_dynasty,_Qianlong_emperor,_porcelain_with_overglaze_enamel_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco_-_DSC01599.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dish_with_Magu,_deity_of_longevity,_China,_Jingdezhen,_Jiangxi_province,_Qing_dynasty,_approx._1700-1800_AD,_porcelain_with_overglaze_polychrome_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco_-_DSC01663.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jingdezhen_vase_with_children,_view_2,_China,_Qing_dynasty,_Jiaqing_period,_1796-1820,_glazed_porcelain,_enamels_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC03942.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bowl_(Wan)_Glazed_in_Imitation_of_Song_Dynasty_(960-1279)_Jun_Ware_LACMA_M.73.48.100.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jun ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_ware"}],"text":"Famille Rose dish With peaches And bats. Qing, Yongzheng reign (1723–1735).During the Qing period production became more varied, with a wide spread of styles and qualities, from imperial wares, through those for export, to those for a popular domestic market. The dozens of non-imperial kilns are known as \"private\", with a few \"official old kilns\" making very high-quality wares for the Chinese nobility, which were \"often as fine in quality as the imperial pieces and had the added attraction of more adventurous decoration since court styles were prescribed and rather formal\";[52] at times these may have helped the imperial kilns with large orders. The rest supplied various levels of the Chinese domestic and export markets. Early in the period the original local source of clay ran out, and new diggings were begun.[53]The French Jesuit François Xavier d'Entrecolles visited Jingdezhen and wrote to Europe about its processes between 1712 and 1721; he also gave the Chinese useful information about European pigments. From this period Europe began its own porcelain industry, which grew rapidly, initially by imitating Chinese styles, and later by developing their own styles. Persia, Vietnam, Japan and several countries in South-East Asia had long been imitating Jingdezhen ware.[54] Towards the end of the century, exports to Europe were in decline, replaced by local wares.[55]In 1726 Nian Xiyao was appointed by the Beijing court as controller at Jingdezhen, the first centrally-appointed official since 1680. He was also appointed controller for a customs barrier 400 miles to the north at Huai'an on the Grand Canal, which resulted in Nian only being able to visit Jingdezhen once a year. In 1728 a member of the imperial household staff, Tang Ying, was appointed resident assistant at Jingdezhen. Tang replaced Nian in 1735 when the latter was accused of corruption, and he became one of the most influential of the superintendents.[56]In 1739 the customs office was moved to Jiujiang 90 miles west of Jingdezhen; Tang continued in the dual post until recalled to Beijing in 1743 by the Qianlong emperor.[57] At court he was assigned the task of annotating twenty illustrations of the porcelain industry from the imperial library.[58] Returning to Jingdezhen he stayed there, except for a brief period between 1750 and 1752, until his death at 75 years old in 1756.[59]Wares bearing Tang Ying's name survive; these include two pairs of blue-and-white candlesticks bearing dates of 1740 and 1741, the latter of which bears an inscription describing him as \"Controller of Pottery in Jiangxi\" amongst other official titles.[60] Tang also wrote a number of books including A Complete Record of Pots (1735), Mental Notes of a Pottery Worker (1738) and Illustrated Explanation of the Miracles of the God of the Furnace (1747).[61] His list of wares manufactured for the court runs to sixty types, some of which were recreations of styles of earlier periods.[62]From the late 18th century, much of Jingdezhen's production was Canton porcelain, using \"blanks\" made, glazed, and fired at Jingdezhen but then taken to be decorated with enamels in Guangzhou (then usually romanized as Canton) for export to the west via the Thirteen Factories of the Canton System.[63][64]In 1905 a European visitor reported that most production was in a short summer season, when workers from surrounding areas came to live in \"barrack-like sheds\" in the city, without their families. This influx took the population of the city to about 400,000, and caused some social problems.[65]Peach-bloom glazed seal paste box, Kangxi reign 1662–1722; one of the most difficult glaze effects\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDish with underglaze blue and overglaze red design of clouds and dragons, Yongzheng reign 1723-1735\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrush pot, Yongzheng period, 1723–1735\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlask in underglaze blue & red, Qianlong emperor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLobed dish with flowers, Qianlong emperor, porcelain with overglaze enamel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDish with Magu, deity of longevity, Qing dynasty, approx. 1700–1800 AD, porcelain with overglaze polychrome\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVase with children, Jiaqing period, 1796–1820, glazed porcelain, enamels\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBowl (Wan) glazed in imitation of Song dynasty (960–1279) Jun ware, probably Qianlong","title":"Organization during the Qing period"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jingdezhen_Porzellan_Teller_Schiffe_KGM_88-571.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canton porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca"},{"link_name":"King Manuel I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Vasco de Gama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_de_Gama"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Art and Curiosities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Art_and_Curiosities,_Ambras_Castle"},{"link_name":"Ambras Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambras_Castle"},{"link_name":"Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Dutch East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"English East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"French East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Portuguese East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Swedish East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Trianon de Porcellaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"faience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faience"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Late 18th-century plate in European style, with Dutch ships, Canton porcelain, painted there on a \"blank\" from Jingdezhen.European visitors to Istanbul in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are recorded as having purchased Chinese porcelain there.[66] Some other pieces came via the Portuguese settlement of Malacca; King Manuel I had several acquired from Vasco de Gama. The Chamber of Art and Curiosities at Ambras Castle contains the collection of Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria, assembled during the mid-15th century. These early collections, typically of blue-and-white ware, were regarded as rare curios and art objects, and were often mounted in precious metals.[67]During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries a number of European companies were established to import various commodities including tea, silk, spices, lacquerwork and porcelain from East Asia. Research by Volker[68] has given figures for the trade in Chinese and Japanese porcelain carried out by the Dutch East India Company; between 1602 and 1682 the company exported between 30 and 35 million pieces. The English East India Company also imported around 30 million pieces, the French East India Company 12 million, the Portuguese East India Company 10 million and the Swedish East India Company some 20 million pieces between 1766 and 1786.[69]The massive increase in imports allowed purchasers to amass large collections, which were often displayed in dedicated rooms or purpose-built structures. The Trianon de Porcellaine built between 1670 and 1672 was a Baroque pavilion constructed to display Louis XIV's collection of blue-and-white porcelain, set against French blue-and-white faience tiles both on the interior and exterior of the building. It was demolished in 1687.[70]","title":"Exports to Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Porcelain_Workshop,_Jingdezhen,_Jiangxi,_China.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xinhai Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Yuan Shikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai"},{"link_name":"Ru ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru_ware"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20th_century_Jingdezhen_ware_with_factory_mark.jpg"},{"link_name":"factory mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_mark"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"Porcelain workshop in JingdezhenFollowing the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 manufacture of porcelain for the imperial household ceased.[71] In 1916 Yuan Shikai, acting as the Hongxian Emperor, appointed Guo Baochang to re-establish the imperial depot at Jingdezhen. Guo's workforce were initially set to produce copies of Ru ware, but this approach was abandoned in favour of copying enamelled ware of the 18th century.[72] The high-quality porcelain of the Hongxian establishment continued to be produced after the abandonment of the empire and the death of Yuan in 1916; the depot was taken over by the Jiangxi Porcelain Company who retained one hundred of the workers.[73] Production of enamelled and thin-walled \"eggshell\" ware continued through the 1920s and 1930s, with many pieces bearing Hongxian reign marks.[74] By the 1930s the buildings that had housed the imperial supervisors were being used as army barracks.[75]20th century Jingdezhen ware; bowl with \"rice grain\" decoration and factory mark: 中国景德镇 (\"China Jingdezhen\") and MADE IN CHINA in English.Ceramics continue to be produced on a large scale in Jingdezhen, in a variety of styles,[76] many reproducing those of the past in a variety of qualities,[77] with Jingdezhen porcelain being shipped around the world. One trend that has continued in the 20th century is the development of super-thin \"eggshell\" porcelain for vases.[78] About 300 million pieces of porcelain were being produced annually in the late 20th century.[79]","title":"After the empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dragon kiln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_kiln"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"saggars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saggar"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"The dragon kiln was the traditional form of kiln used in southern China. Also known as a climbing kiln, this type in its final development consisted of a tunnel-like flue built up a slope from a main firebox. Along the sides of the kiln subsidiary entrances for side-stoking enabled the whole structure to be heated, and allowing the later dragon kilns to exceed 50 metres in length without any substantial drop in temperature. The draught created by the flow of hot air up the slope meant that the dragon kiln could be built without a chimney.[80]This type of kiln was supplanted at Jingdezhen by a gourd-shaped kiln, with a large firing chamber at the front, connecting to a smaller chamber with a lower roof and a chimney.[81] The gourd-shaped kiln could produce large quantities of porcelain, fired at very high temperatures. By blocking the kiln vents to restrict air flow to the fire a reducing atmosphere of hydrogen and carbon monoxide could be maintained, which was necessary for some glazes such as copper red.[82]The gourd-shaped kiln was used throughout the fourteenth century; towards the end of the Ming period it was supplanted by the egg-shaped kiln or zhenyao kiln, shaped like half an egg on its side, with a firebox inside the kiln at the broad end and at the narrow end an arch communicating to a separate chimney. The chimney was built to a height of around 19 metres; the high chimney increased the draught through the kiln and thus reduced the timing of the firing cycle to around 36 hours.[83]Wares were placed inside stacked saggars on a floor of quartz sand; as the saggars protected their contents from direct flame both fuel and air could be introduced directly to the interior through vents, allowing temperature regulation throughout the kiln. Peepholes were used to observe the colour of flame, which changes according to the conditions and temperature. The hottest part of the kiln next to the firebox was used for crackle glazes; following inwards high-fired green and red glazes in a reducing atmosphere, then uncoloured, blue-glazed, and decorated ware at a moderate temperature, followed at the back by glazes to be fired at a lower temperature and turquoise-glazed ware in an oxidising atmosphere.[84]","title":"Development of kiln technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arnold_35-0"},{"link_name":"Lauren Arnold, Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures: the Franciscan mission to China and its influence on the arts of the West, 1999:133ff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IRunTSqY7msC&pg=PA133"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"\"Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) Porcelain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gotheborg.com/qa/qingblueandwhite.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sv_64-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"91-7004-058-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7004-058-3"},{"link_name":"SELIBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELIBR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"107047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/bib/107047"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-75"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-79"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"}],"text":"^ Vainker, 176, 216; Rawson, 238–239, 242\n\n^ ’Phase Composition And Morphology Of Pottery Stone Microcrystalline Powders Synthesized By Hydrothermal Method’ A. Larpkasemsuk, S. Chuayjuljit, D. Pongkao Kashima. Advanced Materials Research (Volume 664) \n\n^ ’Effects Of Analcime Zeolite Synthesized From Local Pottery Stone As Nucleating Agent On Crystallization Behaviors And Mechanical Properties Of Isotactic Polypropylene’\nS. Chuayjuljit, A. Larpkasemsuk, P. Chaiwutthinan, D. Pongkao Kashima, A. Boonmahitthisud. Journal Of Vinyl And Additive Technology. Volume24, Issues. Special Issue: Additives And Fillers, May 2018. Pages E85-E95\n\n^ ‘State Of Flux - Feldspar Developments Continue Apace.’ Asian Ceramics. September 2002, pp. 32–33, 35, 37.\n\n^ ‘Refinement Of The Low-Grade Pottery Stone By Hydrothermal Treatment.’ K.Kimura, H.Tateyama, K.Jinnai. Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft. Proc. Silicer '90 Nurnberg, 26–28 September 1990, p. 103–110.\n\n^ Vainker, 176\n\n^ Krahl\n\n^ Vainker, 176–178 (in more detail 176–213)\n\n^ Kerr, 16, 132\n\n^ Vainker, 195\n\n^ Vainker, 211\n\n^ Vainker, 180. Usually, but not always, the \"Yuan period\" stops at 1352 for Jingdezhen.\n\n^ Ming, 86–89\n\n^ Valenstein, 287\n\n^ Ming, 87\n\n^ Vainker, 186\n\n^ Vainker, 186–187; Ming, 167\n\n^ Ming, 97, 100\n\n^ Ming, 92–99\n\n^ Ming, 86; Vainker, 184–186\n\n^ Vainker, 187–188\n\n^ Vainker, 187\n\n^ Vainker, 195\n\n^ Vainker, 195\n\n^ Vainker, 199\n\n^ Vainker, 195–199; Valenstein, 282–287\n\n^ Kerr, 16\n\n^ Kerr, 18–19\n\n^ Vainker, 199–200\n\n^ Vainker, 200–202\n\n^ Vainker, 200–207; Valenstein, 219-242\n\n^ Vainker, 200–212\n\n^ Rawson, 84; Vainker, 105\n\n^ Rawson, 82\n\n^ Lauren Arnold, Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures: the Franciscan mission to China and its influence on the arts of the West, 1999:133ff\n\n^ Vainker, 179–180\n\n^ Canby, 137, quoted; Ming, 284–285\n\n^ Vainker, 180, 182, 185–186\n\n^ Canby, 137–138\n\n^ Canby, 142\n\n^ Ming, 292\n\n^ Vainker, 76, 82\n\n^ Cooper, 68\n\n^ Canby, 120–121, 137–157; Vainker, 137\n\n^ Vainker, 136–137\n\n^ Vainker, 188\n\n^ Ming, 88\n\n^ Valenstein, 219–220\n\n^ Vinhais L and Welsh J: Kraak Porcelain: the Rise of Global Trade in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Jorge Welsh Books 2008, p. 17\n\n^ Vainker, 147\n\n^ Vainker, 147\n\n^ Vainker, 201\n\n^ Vainker, 201\n\n^ Ming, 288–290; Rawson, 106; Canby, 136; Valenstein, 215, 242, 288; Vainker, 156–158, 177–178\n\n^ Vainker, 158–159\n\n^ Macintosh, 119\n\n^ Kerr, 19\n\n^ Kerr, 30\n\n^ Kerr, 19\n\n^ Kerr, 67\n\n^ Kerr, 20\n\n^ Macintosh, 119\n\n^ Nilsson, Jan-Erik. \"Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) Porcelain\". www.gotheborg.com. Jan-Erik Nilsson. Retrieved 6 January 2015.\n\n^ Kjellberg, Sven T. (1975). Svenska ostindiska compagnierna 1731–1813: kryddor, te, porslin, siden [The Swedish East India company 1731–1813: spice, tea, porcelain, silk] (in Swedish) (2 ed.). Malmö: Allhem. pp. 226–230. ISBN 91-7004-058-3. SELIBR 107047.\n\n^ Kerr, 18\n\n^ Meister, p 17\n\n^ Meister, p 17\n\n^ Volker, T. (1954) Porcelain and the Dutch East India Company London; Victoria & Albert Museum\n\n^ Meister, p 18\n\n^ Meister, p 17\n\n^ Kerr, 127\n\n^ Kerr, 129\n\n^ Kerr, 129\n\n^ Kerr, 129\n\n^ Kerr, 130\n\n^ Vainker, 176\n\n^ Valenstein, 281\n\n^ Vainker, 214–216\n\n^ Krahl\n\n^ Needham, 347–353\n\n^ Kerr, 39\n\n^ Kerr, 39\n\n^ Kerr, 39–40\n\n^ Kerr, 42","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3632734","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3632734"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3632734","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3632734"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781474259439","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474259439"},{"link_name":"google books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ofxaEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Faber and Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_and_Faber"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0571148417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0571148417"}],"text":"Dillon, Michael (1992). \"Transport and marketing in the development of the Jingdezhen porcelain industry during the Ming and Qing dynasties\". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 35 (3): 278–290. doi:10.2307/3632734. JSTOR 3632734.\nGillette, Maris Boyd. China's Porcelain Capital: The Rise, Fall and Reinvention of Ceramics in Jingdezhen, 2016, Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 9781474259439, google books\nHanaoka and Barberri trans., Masahiko Sato, Chinese Ceramics: A Short History, Weatherhill, New York and Tokyo, 1981, 195–205\nJenyns, Soame. Ming Pottery and Porcelain, 1988 (2nd ed.), Faber and Faber, ISBN 0571148417","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Qingbai (\"Blueish-white\") glazed bowl with carved peony designs, Jingdezhen, Southern Song, 1127–1279","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Qingbai_glazed_bowl_with_carved_peony_designs_Jingdezhen_ware_1127_1279.jpg/220px-Qingbai_glazed_bowl_with_carved_peony_designs_Jingdezhen_ware_1127_1279.jpg"},{"image_text":"Early blue and white porcelain, c. 1335, the shape from Islamic metalwork","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Early_blue_and_white_ware_circa_1335_Jingdezhen.jpg/220px-Early_blue_and_white_ware_circa_1335_Jingdezhen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Copper-red saucer-dish with the reign mark of Zhengde (1506–1521)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Saucer-dish_with_Zhengde_mark_BM_PDF_704.jpg/220px-Saucer-dish_with_Zhengde_mark_BM_PDF_704.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cup in the imperial yellow, Kangxi emperor (1662–1722)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Coupe_Jaune_imp%C3%A9rial_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418.jpg/220px-Coupe_Jaune_imp%C3%A9rial_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saucer with motifs celebrating prosperity, Qing dynasty, Yongzheng emperor (r. 1723–1735)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Saucer_with_motifs_celebrating_prosperity%2C_China%2C_Jingdezhen%2C_Jiangxi_province%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_Yongzheng_emperor%2C_porcelain_with_overglaze_polychrome_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco_-_DSC01591.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jar (Ping) with Beast and Ring Handles, in crackle glaze imitating Ge ware, Qianlong Emperor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Jar_%28Ping%29_with_Beast_and_Ring_Handles_LACMA_AC1999.38.8.jpg/220px-Jar_%28Ping%29_with_Beast_and_Ring_Handles_LACMA_AC1999.38.8.jpg"},{"image_text":"Foliated dish with underglaze blue design of melons, bamboo and grapes, Jingdezhen ware, Yuan, 1271–1368","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Foliated_dish_with_underglaze_blue_design_of_melons%2C_bamboo_and_grapes%2C_Jingdezhen_ware%2C_Yuan%2C_1271-1368%2C_Shanghai_Museum.jpg/220px-Foliated_dish_with_underglaze_blue_design_of_melons%2C_bamboo_and_grapes%2C_Jingdezhen_ware%2C_Yuan%2C_1271-1368%2C_Shanghai_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Famille Rose dish With peaches And bats. Qing, Yongzheng reign (1723–1735).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Shanghai_Museum_2006_17-60.jpg/220px-Shanghai_Museum_2006_17-60.jpg"},{"image_text":"Late 18th-century plate in European style, with Dutch ships, Canton porcelain, painted there on a \"blank\" from Jingdezhen.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jingdezhen_Porzellan_Teller_Schiffe_KGM_88-571.jpg/220px-Jingdezhen_Porzellan_Teller_Schiffe_KGM_88-571.jpg"},{"image_text":"Porcelain workshop in Jingdezhen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Porcelain_Workshop%2C_Jingdezhen%2C_Jiangxi%2C_China.jpg/220px-Porcelain_Workshop%2C_Jingdezhen%2C_Jiangxi%2C_China.jpg"},{"image_text":"20th century Jingdezhen ware; bowl with \"rice grain\" decoration and factory mark: 中国景德镇 (\"China Jingdezhen\") and MADE IN CHINA in English.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/20th_century_Jingdezhen_ware_with_factory_mark.jpg/220px-20th_century_Jingdezhen_ware_with_factory_mark.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ming plate 15th century Jingdezhen kilns Jiangxi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ming_plate_15th_century_Jingdezhen_kilns_Jiangxi.jpg/100px-Ming_plate_15th_century_Jingdezhen_kilns_Jiangxi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Meissen hard porcelain vase 1735","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Meissen_hard_porcelain_vase_1735_%28retouched%29.jpg/100px-Meissen_hard_porcelain_vase_1735_%28retouched%29.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aphrodite_Inheritance

The Aphrodite Inheritance

["1 Credits","1.1 Main cast","1.2 Crew","2 Episodes","3 References","4 External links"]

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Aphrodite Inheritance" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) TV series or program The Aphrodite InheritanceGenreDramaCreated byMichael J. BirdDirected byTerence Williams and Viktors RitelisStarring Peter McEnery Alexandra Bastedo Stefan Gryff Paul Maxwell Brian Blessed Theme music composerGeorge KotsonisNo. of series1No. of episodes8ProductionProducerAndrew OsbornProduction locationCyprusOriginal releaseNetworkBBC1Release3 January (1979-01-03) –21 February 1979 (1979-02-21) The Aphrodite Inheritance is a BBC television series broadcast in 1979. The eight-part serial, written by Michael J. Bird, followed his previous successful Mediterranean-set series The Lotus Eaters and Who Pays the Ferryman?. Whereas the two previous productions had been set and filmed in Crete, the action (and location filming) in The Aphrodite Inheritance took place in Cyprus. The series starred Peter McEnery as a man visiting Cyprus to investigate the death of his brother and subsequently being drawn into a strange conspiracy, with the narrative twists of the serial employing various supernatural and mythological motifs. Other major cast members included Alexandra Bastedo, Brian Blessed, Paul Maxwell and Stefan Gryff. Credits Main cast Peter McEnery as David Collier Alexandra Bastedo as Helene Stefan Gryff as Charalambos Paul Maxwell as Eugene Hellman Brian Blessed as Basileos Godfrey James as Inspector Dimas Tony Doyle as Martin Preece William Wilde as Eric Morrison Ray Jewers as Olsen Karl Held as Travis Crew Series Created & Written by: Michael J. Bird Produced by: Andrew Osborn Directed by: Terence Williams (eps. 1-4) & Viktors Ritelis (eps. 5-8) Designed by: Jon Pusey Theme music composed by: George Kotsonis Episodes Episode no. Title First transmission (UK) Cast notes 1 "A Death in the Family" 3 January 1979 Barry Halliday (Barry Collier) Andreas Moustras (Doctor) Tom Watson (Wyndham) Theodoulos Moreas (Priest) 2 "A Lamb to Slaughter" 10 January 1979 Nicos Shiafkalis (Nicos) 3 "Here We Come Gathering" 17 January 1979 Nicholas Kaminous (Detective Sergeant) John Ioannou (Policeman) 4 "A Friend in Need" 24 January 1979 Carmen Gómez (Maria) Costas Demetriou (Antonis) Nicholas Kaminous (Detective Sergeant) John Ioannou (Policeman) 5 "Come Into My Parlour" 31 January 1979 Carmen Gomez (Maria) Costas Demetriou (Antonis) Barry Halliday (Barry Collier) Charlambos Xoufarides (Policeman) 6 "Said the Spider to the Fly" 7 February 1979 Carmen Gomez (Maria) Tom Watson (Wyndham) Nikias Nicolaides (Police Sergeant) 7 "The Eyes of Love" 14 February 1979 Georgios Zenios (Professor Stylianou) 8 "To Touch a Rainbow" 21 February 1979 Carmen Gomez (Maria) Georgios Zenios (Professor Stylianou) References External links Michael J. Bird Tribute Site Review, pictures and clips from the show * The Aphrodite Inheritance at IMDb

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Business_Innovation_Research

Small Business Innovation Research

["1 Participating agencies","2 Related programs","3 History","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

American research grant program "SBIR" redirects here. For speaker boundary interference response, see Loudspeaker § Placement. Not to be confused with SBIRS. The Small Business Innovation Research (or SBIR) program is a U.S. government funding program, coordinated by the Small Business Administration, intended to help certain small businesses conduct research and development (R&D). Funding takes the form of contracts or grants. The recipient projects must have the potential for commercialization and must meet specific U.S. government R&D needs. Funds are obtained by allocating a certain percentage of the total extramural (R&D) budgets of the 11 federal agencies with extramural research budgets in excess of $100 million. Approximately $2.5 billion is awarded through this program each year. The United States Department of Defense (DoD) is the largest agency in this program with approximately $1 billion in SBIR grants annually. Over half the awards from the DoD are to firms with fewer than 25 people and a third to firms of fewer than 10. A fifth are minority or women-owned businesses. Historically a quarter of the companies receiving grants are receiving them for the first time. In April 2021, the DoD reported on a lack of due diligence for SBIR recipients, which permitted funds to go toward companies linked to the People's Liberation Army. In 2022, the program was reauthorized with additional disclosure requirements for companies that have ties to "any foreign country of concern, including the People’s Republic of China.” Participating agencies Each Federal agency with an extramural budget for R&D in excess of $100,000,000 must participate in the SBIR Program and reserve at least 3.2% of such budget in fiscal year 2017 and each fiscal year after. A Federal agency may exceed these minimum percentages. In 2010, the SBIR program across 11 federal agencies provided over $2 Billion in grants and contracts to small U.S. businesses for research in innovation leading to commercialization. As of February 2018, SBIR programs are in place at the following agencies: Department of Agriculture (National Institute of Food and Agriculture) Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Department of Defense (divided into 13 components) Department of the Army Department of the Navy Department of the Air Force Chemical and Biological Defense Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense Health Agency Defense Logistics Agency Defense Microelectronics Activity Defense Threat Reduction Agency Missile Defense Agency National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Office of the Secretary of Defense Special Operations Command Department of Education (Institute of Education Sciences) Department of Energy Department of Health and Human Services (National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Food and Drug Administration) Department of Homeland Security (Science and Technology Directorate, Domestic Nuclear Detection Office) Department of Transportation Environmental Protection Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Science Foundation Related programs A similar program, the Small Business Technology Transfer Program (STTR), uses a similar approach to the SBIR program to expand public/private sector partnerships between small businesses and nonprofit U.S. research institutions. The main difference between the SBIR and STTR programs is that the STTR program requires the company to have a partnering research institution which must be awarded a minimum of 30% of the total grant funds. As of 2014 federal agencies with external R&D budgets over $1 billion were required to fund STTR programs using an annual set-aside of 0.40%. The Small Business Technology Council, a member council of the National Small Business Association, hands out the Tibbetts Award annually "to small firms, projects, organizations and individuals judged to exemplify the very best in SBIR achievement." Federal and State (FAST) is a program of State-based business mentoring and assistance to aid small businesses in the preparation of SBIR proposals and management of the contracts. History The program was established with the enactment into law of the Small Business Innovation Development Act in 1982 to award federal research grants to small businesses. The SBIR program has four original objectives: to stimulate technological innovation; to use small business to meet Federal research and development needs; to foster and encourage participation by minority and disadvantaged persons in technological innovation; and to increase private sector commercialization innovations derived from Federal research and development. The program must be periodically reauthorized by the United States Congress, but reauthorization is generally included in each new budget. The program was re-authorized through FY2017 by the 2012 Defense Authorization Act (P.L.112-81). Rep. Kim Young (R-CA) and Angie Craig (D-MN) introduced the SCORE for Small Business Act of 2022 to reauthorize the SBIR program as HR 447 of the 117th Congress, which reauthorizes $13.5 million for the program for two years, ensures the SBA prevents abuse and misuse of funds, and expands counseling and training programs to provide online webinars, electronic mentoring platforms, and online toolkits to better serve small businesses. Historical minimum percentages of their "extramural" R&D budgets for awards to small business concerns are: 2.5% of such budget in each of fiscal years 1997 through 2011; 2.6% of such budget in fiscal year 2012; 2.7% of such budget in fiscal year 2013; 2.8% of such budget in fiscal year 2014; 2.9% of such budget in fiscal year 2015; 3.0% of such budget in fiscal year 2016; and 3.2% of such budget in fiscal year 2017 and each fiscal year after. A Federal agency may exceed these minimum percentages. See also Stevenson–Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 Bayh–Dole Act References ^ "Small Business Innovation Research". Small Business Administration. ^ O’Keeffe, Kate (2022-05-08). "Pentagon's China Warning Prompts Calls to Vet U.S. Funding of Startups". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2022-05-08. ^ Harris, Bryant (2022-09-29). "Congress reauthorizes DoD innovation grants with new China safeguards". Defense News. Retrieved 2022-09-30. ^ a b "Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program Policy Directive" (PDF). 24 February 2014. ^ "About SBIR". SBIR.gov. Retrieved 2018-02-22. ^ "Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR)". National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ^ "Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR)". NIST. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ^ "Small Business Innovation Research Program". NOAA. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ^ "DoD SBIR/STTR Program". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2018-02-15. ^ "Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Web Portal". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ^ "Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR)". Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved 2018-02-15. ^ "Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR)". U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ^ "NIH Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Programs". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ^ "Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program Portal". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ^ "U.S. DOT's Small Business Innovation Research Program". Volpe National Transportation Systems Center. 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ^ "Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program". EPA. May 2015. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ^ "SBIR/STTR". NASA. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ^ "NSF SBIR". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ^ Garland, Eva (2014). Winning SBIR/STTR Grants: A Ten Week Plan for Preparing Your NIH Phase I Application. p. iv. ISBN 978-1494784447. ^ a b "Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Programs". National institutes of Health. Retrieved 3 May 2014. ^ Archived November 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Programs at the NIDCR". Nidcr.nih.gov. 2011-03-25. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2011-06-02. ^ "PUBLIC LAW 97-219" (PDF). history.nih.gov. The US Senate and House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 30, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2015. ^ "National Defense Authorization for Fiscal Year 2012". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-19. ^ https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ183/PLAW-117publ183.pdf External links Official website Authority control databases ISNI

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For speaker boundary interference response, see Loudspeaker § Placement. Not to be confused with SBIRS.The Small Business Innovation Research (or SBIR) program is a U.S. government funding program, coordinated by the Small Business Administration, intended to help certain small businesses conduct research and development (R&D). Funding takes the form of contracts or grants. The recipient projects must have the potential for commercialization and must meet specific U.S. government R&D needs.Funds are obtained by allocating a certain percentage of the total extramural (R&D) budgets of the 11 federal agencies with extramural research budgets in excess of $100 million. Approximately $2.5 billion is awarded through this program each year. The United States Department of Defense (DoD) is the largest agency in this program with approximately $1 billion in SBIR grants annually. Over half the awards from the DoD are to firms with fewer than 25 people and a third to firms of fewer than 10. A fifth are minority or women-owned businesses. Historically a quarter of the companies receiving grants are receiving them for the first time.[1]In April 2021, the DoD reported on a lack of due diligence for SBIR recipients, which permitted funds to go toward companies linked to the People's Liberation Army.[2] In 2022, the program was reauthorized with additional disclosure requirements for companies that have ties to \"any foreign country of concern, including the People’s Republic of China.”[3]","title":"Small Business Innovation Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_Business_Innovation_Research&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Food and 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Threat Reduction Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Threat_Reduction_Agency"},{"link_name":"Missile Defense Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency"},{"link_name":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Office of the Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Institute of Education Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Department of Health and Human Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Department of Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"Science and Technology Directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHS_Science_and_Technology_Directorate"},{"link_name":"Domestic Nuclear 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for R&D in excess of $100,000,000 must participate in the SBIR Program and reserve at least 3.2% of such budget in fiscal year 2017 and each fiscal year after. A Federal agency may exceed these minimum percentages.[4] In 2010, the SBIR program across 11 federal agencies provided over $2 Billion in grants and contracts to small U.S. businesses for research in innovation leading to commercialization.As of February 2018[update], SBIR programs are in place at the following agencies:[5]Department of Agriculture (National Institute of Food and Agriculture)[6]\nDepartment of Commerce\nNational Institute of Standards and Technology[7]\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[8]\nDepartment of Defense (divided into 13 components)[9][10]\nDepartment of the Army\nDepartment of the Navy\nDepartment of the Air Force\nChemical and Biological Defense\nDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency\nDefense Health Agency\nDefense Logistics Agency\nDefense Microelectronics Activity\nDefense Threat Reduction Agency\nMissile Defense Agency\nNational Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\nOffice of the Secretary of Defense\nSpecial Operations Command\nDepartment of Education (Institute of Education Sciences)[11]\nDepartment of Energy[12]\nDepartment of Health and Human Services (National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Food and Drug Administration)[13]\nDepartment of Homeland Security (Science and Technology Directorate, Domestic Nuclear Detection Office)[14]\nDepartment of Transportation[15]\nEnvironmental Protection Agency[16]\nNational Aeronautics and Space Administration[17]\nNational Science Foundation[18]","title":"Participating agencies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Small Business Technology Transfer Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Business_Technology_Transfer_Program"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH-20"},{"link_name":"Small Business Technology Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_Business_Technology_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Small Business Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Small_Business_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tibbetts Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibbetts_Award"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nidcr.nih.gov-22"}],"text":"A similar program, the Small Business Technology Transfer Program (STTR), uses a similar approach to the SBIR program to expand public/private sector partnerships between small businesses and nonprofit U.S. research institutions. The main difference between the SBIR and STTR programs is that the STTR program requires the company to have a partnering research institution which must be awarded a minimum of 30% of the total grant funds.[19] As of 2014 federal agencies with external R&D budgets over $1 billion were required to fund STTR programs using an annual set-aside of 0.40%.[20]The Small Business Technology Council, a member council of the National Small Business Association, hands out the Tibbetts Award annually \"to small firms, projects, organizations and individuals judged to exemplify the very best in SBIR achievement.\"[21]Federal and State (FAST) is a program of State-based business mentoring and assistance to aid small businesses in the preparation of SBIR proposals and management of the contracts.[22]","title":"Related programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIH-20"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Kim Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Kim"},{"link_name":"Angie Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Craig"},{"link_name":"SCORE for Small Business Act of 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SCORE_for_Small_Business_Act_of_2022&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"117th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"The program was established with the enactment into law of the Small Business Innovation Development Act in 1982 to award federal research grants to small businesses. The SBIR program has four original objectives:[23] to stimulate technological innovation; to use small business to meet Federal research and development needs; to foster and encourage participation by minority and disadvantaged persons in technological innovation; and to increase private sector commercialization innovations derived from Federal research and development.The program must be periodically reauthorized by the United States Congress, but reauthorization is generally included in each new budget. The program was re-authorized through FY2017 by the 2012 Defense Authorization Act (P.L.112-81).[20][24]Rep. Kim Young (R-CA) and Angie Craig (D-MN) introduced the SCORE for Small Business Act of 2022 to reauthorize the SBIR program as HR 447 of the 117th Congress, which reauthorizes $13.5 million for the program for two years, ensures the SBA prevents abuse and misuse of funds, and expands counseling and training programs to provide online webinars, electronic mentoring platforms, and online toolkits to better serve small businesses.[25]Historical minimum percentages of their \"extramural\" R&D budgets for awards to small business concerns are:2.5% of such budget in each of fiscal years 1997 through 2011;\n2.6% of such budget in fiscal year 2012;\n2.7% of such budget in fiscal year 2013;\n2.8% of such budget in fiscal year 2014;\n2.9% of such budget in fiscal year 2015;\n3.0% of such budget in fiscal year 2016; and\n3.2% of such budget in fiscal year 2017 and each fiscal year after.A Federal agency may exceed these minimum percentages.[4]","title":"History"}]

[]

[{"title":"Stevenson–Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenson%E2%80%93Wydler_Technology_Innovation_Act_of_1980"},{"title":"Bayh–Dole Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayh%E2%80%93Dole_Act"}]

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Retrieved 2018-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://nifa.usda.gov/program/small-business-innovation-research-program-sbir","url_text":"\"Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR)\". NIST. Retrieved 2018-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nist.gov/tpo/small-business-innovation-research-program","url_text":"\"Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Small Business Innovation Research Program\". NOAA. Retrieved 2018-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://techpartnerships.noaa.gov/SBIR","url_text":"\"Small Business Innovation Research Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"DoD SBIR/STTR Program\". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2018-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acq.osd.mil/osbp/sbir/","url_text":"\"DoD SBIR/STTR Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Web Portal\". U.S. Department of Defense. 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Retrieved 2018-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/sbir","url_text":"\"Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"SBIR/STTR\". NASA. Retrieved 2018-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/","url_text":"\"SBIR/STTR\""}]},{"reference":"\"NSF SBIR\". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 2018-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://seedfund.nsf.gov/","url_text":"\"NSF SBIR\""}]},{"reference":"Garland, Eva (2014). Winning SBIR/STTR Grants: A Ten Week Plan for Preparing Your NIH Phase I Application. p. iv. ISBN 978-1494784447.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1494784447","url_text":"978-1494784447"}]},{"reference":"\"Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Programs\". National institutes of Health. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_and_Vulture

George and Vulture

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°30′47″N 0°05′09″W / 51.5130°N 0.0858°W / 51.5130; -0.0858Historic restaurant in London, England The George and Vulture The George and Vulture is a restaurant in London. There has been an inn on the site, which is off Lombard Street in the historic City of London district, since 1142. It was said to be a meeting place of the notorious Hellfire Club and is now a revered City chop house. It is mentioned at least 20 times in the 1837 novel The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens, who frequently drank there himself. The George and Vulture has been the headquarters of the City Pickwick Club since its foundation. When it was threatened with demolition, Cedric Charles Dickens, the author's great-grandson, campaigned to save it. Since 1950 it has been the home of his Dickens Pickwick Club and, in the same year, it became the venue for the Christmas Day Dickens family gathering, in the Dickens Room. The George and Vulture is a Grade II listed building, dating back to the early 18th century. It is now run by Samuel Smith Old Brewery (Tadcaster). References The entryway of the George and Vulture Inn, sometime in the early 1900s ^ a b The "George and Vulture" in "Pickwick Papers" Cedric Charles Dickens Pub. by Dickens Publishing (1995) pg 10 ISBN 0-9518525-2-3 ^ Dickens, op. cit. pg 12 ^ Dickens, op.cit. pg 1 ^ Dickens, op. cit. pg 1 ^ Historic England. "George and Vulture (1064728)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 21 November 2016. ^ "Corporation of London Extract from the Planning Register – Site Reference 2611". Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2008. ^ "Hackney' Listed Buildings" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2008. ^ "The George and Vulture Chop House". george-and-vulture.co.uk. Retrieved 1 August 2023. External links Media related to George and Vulture at Wikimedia Commons Charles Dickens London – The George And Vulture vteCharles Dickens's The Pickwick Papers (1836)Characters Samuel Pickwick Sam Weller Alfred Jingle Nathaniel Winkle Augustus Snodgrass Tracy Tupman Mrs Bardell Tony Weller Mr Wardle Places Goswell Street Bath Ipswich Fleet Prison Adaptations Samuel Weller, or, The Pickwickians (1837) Pickwick (1889) 1913 film 1921 film 1952 film 1963 musical 1969 TV film 1985 TV series 1985 film Other "If I Ruled the World" George and Vulture 51°30′47″N 0°05′09″W / 51.5130°N 0.0858°W / 51.5130; -0.0858 vtePubs in LondonBarking and Dagenham Admiral Vernon Cross Keys Eastbrook Barnet Mitre Inn The Red Lion Rising Sun Spaniards Inn The Tally Ho former The Alexandra The Green Man Railway Hotel Bexley King's Head One Bell Royal Oak Brent Windermere former Cock Tavern Theatre Bromley The Bull, St Paul's Cray The Daylight Inn Kings Arms Old Jail, Biggin Hill Camden Assembly House Black Lion Bull & Gate The Camden Head Cittie of Yorke The Crown Devonshire Arms Dublin Castle Fitzroy Tavern The Flask, Hampstead The Flask, Highgate George and Dragon Greene Man The Holly Bush Museum Tavern The Old Bull and Bush Old Red Lion Old White Bear Ye Olde Mitre The Perseverance The Pineapple Princess Louise The Queen's Rising Sun, Fitzrovia The Rocket Ship Tavern Sir Richard Steele Spread Eagle The Washington Wells Tavern The Wheatsheaf The Winchester The World's End The Yorkshire Grey former The Black Cap Chalk Farm Tavern The Duke of Hamilton Jack Straw's Castle The Magdala Prince of Wales Upper Flask Croydon Dog & Bull Ealing The Drayton Court Duke of Kent Duke of Sussex The Forester The Fox Inn Kings Arms former Half-Way House Three Horseshoes Enfield Bell Inn The Crown and Horseshoes Fallow Buck Inn The Fox Ye Olde Cherry Tree The Rose and Crown The White Horse The Wonder Greenwich Cutty Sark Greenwich Tavern The Mitre Spanish Galleon Sun in the Sands Trafalgar Tavern former Kings Arms Hackney Army and Navy Chesham Arms The Dolphin Rose and Crown Stag's Head The Wenlock Arms former George and Dragon Hammersmith and Fulham Aragon House Black Lion Blue Anchor The Cock The Cross Keys The Dove Duke of Cumberland Eight Bells The George Golden Lion Hampshire Hog The Hop Poles Hope and Anchor The King's Head Laurie Arms Princess Victoria The Queen Adelaide Queen's Head Rutland Arms Salutation The Swan Temperance Billiard Hall The White Horse former Coachmakers Arms The Favourite The Old Fire Station Seven Stars Haringey Great Northern Railway Tavern The Queens The Salisbury former Fishmongers Arms O'Neill's The Sir George Robey Harrow The Castle Queen's Head Seven Balls former Rayners Hillingdon The Angel Black Horse Case is Altered Crown and Treaty The Crown Queen's Head Red Lion The Shovel Three Tuns former The Swan Inn Hounslow Bull's Head Coach and Horses George and Devonshire London Apprentice Mawson Arms Old Pack Horse Rose and Crown The Tabard Islington The Angel The Castle The Crown Flying Scotsman Fox and Anchor Hope and Anchor The Hope The Island Queen The Lexington The Old Queens Head The Old Red Lion Slug and Lettuce former Archway Tavern Peacock Inn Kensington and Chelsea Anglesea Arms Bunch of Grapes Chelsea Potter The Churchill Arms Coleherne The Cross Keys Drayton Arms Elgin Fox and Pheasant Gloucester Arms The Goat The Greyhound The Hansom Cab The Hollywood Arms The King's Head and Eight Bells The Phene Prince of Teck Scarsdale Tavern The Shuckburgh Arms Windsor Castle The World's End Zetland Arms former Goat in Boots Markham Arms Kingston upon Thames Druid's Head Lambeth The Bobbin The Commercial The Duke of Edinburgh King's Arms Old Red Lion Queen's Head former George IV Lewisham Blythe Hill Tavern The Fellowship and Star Hare and Billet former Green Man The Montague Arms Merton Crooked Billet former King's Head Newham Boleyn Tavern Denmark Arms Earl of Essex King Edward VII Spotted Dog former Two Puddings Richmond upon Thames Britannia Bull's Head The Crown The Fox The George Hare and Hounds Jolly Coopers New Inn Old Ship Park Hotel Sun Inn The Victoria White Cross White Swan former Dysart Arms Southwark The Anchor The Crown and Greyhound The George Inn The Gladstone Arms Half Moon Herne Tavern Lord Nelson The Roebuck The Shipwrights Arms The Wheatsheaf former Boar's Head Inn Dog and Duck The Tabard White Hart Tower Hamlets The Blind Beggar Brown Bear Captain Kidd Commercial Tavern George Tavern Golden Heart The Grapes Lord Tredegar Owl and Pussycat The Palm Tree The Pride of Spitalfields Prospect of Whitby Queen's Head The Royal Oak Salmon and Ball Ten Bells Town of Ramsgate The Widow's Son former Black Horse Boar's Head Inn Charlie Brown's Duke of Wellington The Joiners Arms Knave of Clubs Rose and Crown Waltham Forest Green Man former Bull and Crown Wandsworth The Bedford Bricklayer's Arms The Duke's Head The Falcon The Grapes Green Man The Half Moon King's Head, Roehampton King's Head, Tooting Leather Bottle Mason's Arms Montague Arms Ram Inn (Brewery Tap) Spread Eagle The White Lion former The Alchemist Raven Inn City of Westminster Admiral Duncan Admiralty The Albert Angel and Crown Argyll Arms The Barley Mow The Beehive Carlton Tavern, Kilburn The Champion The Cheshire Cheese The Clachan Coach and Horses, Hill Street Coach and Horses, Soho Coal Hole Comptons of Soho Crocker's Folly De Hems The Devereux Dog and Duck Duke of Wellington, Belgravia The Duke of Wellington, Marylebone The Duke of York, Fitzrovia The Edgar Wallace The Flying Horse The French House The George The Green Man The Grenadier The Harp John Snow Lamb and Flag The Marquis of Clanricarde The Marquis of Granby The Mitre Morpeth Arms Nag's Head Nell Gwynne Tavern Newman Arms The Old Bank of England The Old Bell The Old Shades The Only Running Footman Paxtons Head Pillars of Hercules Plumbers Arms Prince Alfred The Punch Bowl Red Lion, Duke of York Street Red Lion, Westminster St Stephen's Tavern The Salisbury The Sherlock Holmes The Ship The Ship and Shovell Silver Cross Tavern The Spice of Life Star Tavern Sun and 13 Cantons Swan Inn PS Tattershall Castle Two Brewers Two Chairmen The Victoria The Warrington Warwick Castle Westminster Arms White Lion The White Swan The Wilton Arms The Yorkshire Grey former Candy Bar The Colony Room Club Denbigh Arms The Flora Lord High Admiral Mercers Arms Old White Horse Cellar The Paviours Arms Queen's Head Tavern The Star Swan & Edgar The Tea Clipper Windsor Castle, Maida Vale Yorkshire Stingo City of London The Bell The Black Friar The Centre Page The Cockpit Dirty Dicks East India Arms George and Vulture The Globe Hand and Shears The Harrow Hoop and Grapes, Aldgate High Street Hoop and Grapes, Farringdon Street Jamaica Wine House The Jugged Hare Old Bell Old Doctor Butler's Head Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese Ye Olde Cock Tavern The Olde Wine Shades The Punch Tavern Rising Sun, Carter Lane Rising Sun, Cloth Fair The Ship, Hart Street The Ship, Lime Street Simpson's Tavern Staple Inn The Tipperary Viaduct Tavern former Bell Savage Inn Blossom's Inn Boar's Head Inn Bull and Mouth Inn The Fortune of War Public House The Intrepid Fox London Tavern St Paul's Tavern Swan with Two Necks The Devil Tavern White Hart See also List of award-winning pubs in London  Category Commons

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_spoon

Soup spoon

["1 Western","2 Chinese","3 Notes"]

Spoon used for eating soup This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Soup spoon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Western soup spoon A soup spoon is a type of spoon with a large or rounded bowl, used for consuming soup. The term can either refer to the British soup spoon or the Chinese spoon. Round bowled soup spoons were a Victorian invention. Sets of silverware made prior to about 1900 do not have round soup spoons; a tablespoon was used (and still is in some British houses where the silver predates 1900). Western The British soup spoon is the length of a dessert spoon (i.e., smaller than a tablespoon) but with a deeper, more circular bowl for holding liquid. Modern soup spoons are usually stainless steel or silver-plated, but in the past wooden and horn spoons were more common. The idea of including a separate soup spoon in a table setting originated in the eighteenth century, when the bowl shapes varied widely, deep or shallow, oval, pointed, egg-shaped or circular. Spoon shapes became more standardized in nineteenth-century silverware. The rounded form of soup spoon is not generally used in continental Europe, where an oval-shaped spoon is traditionally used. Chinese Main article: Chinese spoon Typical Chinese soup spoons The Chinese soup spoon, usually ceramic and of a distinct shape, can vary in size from normal soup spoon size to near-platter size. Notes ^ Bee Wilson. Consider the Fork: A History of How We Cook and Eat. (New York: Basic Books, 2012 ISBN 9780465021765), pp. 182-188.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okruhas_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic

Okruhas of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 Reorganization of 1923–1926","1.3 Disestablishment","2 List of okruhas","2.1 Chernihiv Governorate","2.2 Donets Governorate","2.3 Kharkov Governorate","2.4 Kiev Governorate","2.5 Odesa Governorate","2.6 Podolia Governorate","2.7 Poltava Governorate","2.8 Volhynian Governorate","2.9 Yekaterinoslav Governorate","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Administrative divisions of the Ukrainian SSR This article is about administrative division of the Ukrainian SSR in the 1920s. For the Soviet border okrugs in the 1930s, see Okrugs of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Okruhas of the Ukrainian SSRMap of the okruhas in 1929—1930.CategorySubdivision of a unitary stateLocation Ukrainian SSRCreated1918-1930Number40 (53 initially) (as of 1930)Subdivisionsraions (districts) Okruhas in 1925 (after liquidation of Governorates of Ukraine) An okruha (Ukrainian: округа) is a historical administrative division of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic that existed between 1923 and 1930. The system was intended as a transitional system between the Russian Imperial division of governorates and the modern equivalent of oblasts. As a literal translation, the word okruha means vicinity or neighborhood (sharing a root with the words "circle" and "around", a close equivalent is the German term Bezirk). This level of subdivision is roughly equivalent to that of a county, parish, or borough. Okruhas were first established in 1918 when the Polissya Okruha and Taurida Okruha were created as temporary territories of the Ukrainian State of 1918. History See also: History of the administrative division of Russia § Soviet Russia Part of a series on theSubdivisions of Ukraine First level 1 autonomous republic 24 oblasts 2 cities with special status Second level 136 raions Third level 1469 hromadas This sidebar: viewtalkedit Formation First okruhas, created just before 1918, were Polissia Okruha centered in Mozyr and Taurida Okruha centered in Berdiansk. Okruhas were first introduced on a widespread scale on April 12, 1923, at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine which accepted the declaration "About the administrative-territorial division of Ukraine". According to the declaration, the Ukrainian SSR was divided into 53 okruhas that included 706 raions, thus replacing the imperial division consisting of 102 powiats (counties) that included 1989 volosts. Reorganization of 1923–1926 September 25, 1923 Bohodukhiv Okruha changed name to Okhtyrka Okruha after transferring the okruha seat from Bohodukhiv to Okhtyrka March 7, 1924 Moldavian Autonomous Oblast was created out of Balta Okruha and Odesa Okruha of Odesa Governorate and Tulchyn Okruha of Podolia Governorate centered in the city of Balta June 6, 1924 Yuzivka Okruha changed name to Stalino Okruha after the okruha seat changed name from Yuzivka to Stalino August 7, 1924 Lysavethrad Okruha changed name to Zinovievsk Okruha after the okruha seat changed name from Lysavethrad to Zinovievsk August 12, 1924 Bakhmut Okruha changed name to Artemivsk Okruha after the okruha seat changed name from Bakhmut to Artemivsk October 1, 1924 Tahanrih (Taganrog) Okruha and Shakhty Okruha were transferred to the Russian SFSR October 12, 1924 Moldavian Autonomous Oblast was transformed into the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with the Ukrainian SSR October 28, 1924 Malyn Okruha was liquidated November 26, 1924 Balta Okruha was liquidated. June 3, 1925 the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee accepted the decision "About liquidation of governorates and transition to the three-level system of administration", according to which governorates were becoming liquidated on August 1, 1925, while June 15, 1925 eight (8) okruhas were to be liquidated as well. After the reform the Ukrainian SSR was divided into 41 okruhas and 680 raions. August 19, 1925 Novhorod-Siverskyi Okruha changed name to Hlukhiv Okruha after transferring the okruha seat from Novhorod-Siverskyi to Hlukhiv September 15, 1925 Zhytomyr Okruha was renamed to Volyn Okruha October 16, 1925 out of the Kursk Governorate to Ukraine were transferred several territories: territory of the former Putivl uyezd (less Krupets volost) Krinichanska volost of Graivoron uyezd other two incomplete volosts of Graivoron and Belgorod uyezds June 16, 1926 Pavlohrad Okruha was split between Kharkiv Okruha (Lozova Raion) and Katerynoslav Okruha July 20, 1926 Katerynoslav Okruha changed name to Dnipropetrovsk Okruha after the okruha seat changed name from Katerynoslav to Dnipropetrovsk 1927 Cherkasy Okruha changed name to Shevchenko Okruha Disestablishment First oblasts of Ukraine at the end of 1932 including recently created Donetsk and Chernihiv oblasts. On August 5, 1930, the "News of Central Executive Committee of Ukraine" reported that on August 3, 1930, there was a session of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine Presidium chaired by Grigoriy Petrovsky where a report by Mykola Vasylenko on the liquidation of the system of okruhas was discussed. In the adopted resolution, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine generally approved and endorsed the submitted projects from the government commission. Likewise, the Presidium of Central Executive Committee of Ukraine generally approved the principle and order in the organization of local and central authorities. The Presidium requested that the commission and the Council of Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR, on the basis of the approved principles, develop a draft resolution on the liquidation of okruhas and the structure of authorities, both local and central, in connection with the transition to the rayon system. List of okruhas Chernihiv Governorate Konotop Okruha Nizhyn Okruha Hlukhiv Okruha Snovsk Okruha (abolished in June 1925) Chernihiv Okruha Donets Governorate Artemivsk Okruha (initially Bakhmut) Luhansk Okruha Mariupil Okruha  Starobilsk Okruha Tahanrih Okruha Shakhty Okruha Stalino Okruha (initially Yuzivka Okruha) Kharkov Governorate Okhtyrka Okruha (initially—Bohodukhiv, liquidated in June 1925) Izium Okruha Kupiansk Okruha Sumy Okruha Kharkiv Okruha Kiev Governorate Berdychiv Okruha Bila Tserkva Okruha Kiev Okruha Malyn Okruha (abolished in October 1924) Uman Okruha Cherkasy Okruha Shevchenko Okruha (initially—Korsun; abolished in June 1925) Odesa Governorate Balta Okruha (abolished in November 1924) Zinovievsk Okruha (initially—Lysavethrad) Mykolaiv Okruha Odesa Okruha Pershomaisk Okruha Kherson Okruha Podolia Governorate Vinnytsia Okruha Haisyn Okruha (liquidated in June 1925) Kamianets Okruha Mohyliv Okruha Proskuriv Okruha Tulchyn Okruha Poltava Governorate Zolotonosha Okruha (abolished in June 1925) Krasnohrad Okruha (initially—Kostiantynohrad, abolished in June 1925) Kremenchuk Okruha Lubny Okruha Poltava Okruha Pryluky Okruha Romny Okruha Volhynian Governorate Zhytomyr Okruha Korosten Okruha Shepetivka Okruha Yekaterinoslav Governorate Berdiansk Okruha  (liquidated in June 1925) Zaporizhia Okruha Katerynoslav Okruha Kryvyi Rih Okruha Melitopol Okruha Oleksandriia Okruha (liquidated in June 1925) Pavlohrad Okruha See also Administrative divisions of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Administrative division of Ukraine (1918) Administrative divisions of Ukraine (1918–1925) Administrative divisions of Ukraine (1925–1932) References This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Okruhas of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ^ a b Declaration of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of Ukrainian SSR "About liquidation of the Balta Okruha in Odesa Governorate and about transferring the city of Balta and part of the Balta Raion to the Autonomous Maoldavian SSR and about division of selected raions of the Balta Okruha" (ukr) ^ Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union "About changing name of Yuzovka city to the city of Stalin, Yuzovka okruha to okruha Stalinska and station of the Yuzovo-Yekaterina railroad to the station Stalino" ^ Declaration of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee "About change name of the city Lysavethrad to the city of Zinovievsk and the Lysavetghrad Okruha to the Zinovievsk Okruha" (ukr) ^ Declaration of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee "About the liquidation of the Malyn Okruha in the Kyiv region" (ukr) ^ News of VUTsVK at the Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine (in Ukrainian) ^ Президія ВУЦВК про ліквідацію округ (Presidium of Central Executive Committee of Ukraine about the liguidation of okruhas). Archive of old newspapers. October 9, 2012. (in Ukrainian) External links (in Russian) Handbook on History of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898- 1991 (in Ukrainian) Округ у Радянській Системі ТериторіалЬного УПравління (Okrug in the Soviet system of territorial administration) by Shabelnikov, V.I. (in English) Okruha. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. vteOkruhas of the Ukrainian SSRVolhynian Governorate Zhytomyr Korosten Shepetivka Yekaterinoslav Governorate Berdyansk† Zaporizhia Katerynoslav Kryvyi Rih Melitopol Oleksandriia† Pavlohrad Poltava Governorate Zolotonosha† Kremenchuk Krasnohrad† Lubny Poltava Pryluky Romny Podolia Governorate Vinnytsia Kamianets Haisyn† Mohyliv Proskuriv Tulchyn Odesa Governorate Zinovievsk Mykolaiv Balta† Odesa Pershomaisk Kherson Kiev Governorate Berdychiv Bila Tserkva Malyn† Kiev Uman Shevchenkivska Shevchenkivska (Korsun)† Kharkov Governorate Izyum Kupiansk Okhtyrka† Sumy Kharkiv Donetsk Governorate Artemivsk Luhansk Mariupil Starobilsk Staline Taganrog† Shakhty† Chernigov Governorate Konotop Hlukhiv Nizhyn Chernihiv Snovsk† † denoted okruhas which were abolished, merged, or transferred over to different Soviet republics in 1924-25 vteUkrainian terms for administrative divisionsCurrent Regional: oblast Subregional raion Local hromada Auxiliary: starosta okruh Historical amalgamated hromada gubernia kniazivstvo księstwo biskupie namisnitstvo kraj povit okruha okrug starostwo ziemia żupa

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Okruhas were first established in 1918 when the Polissya Okruha and Taurida Okruha were created as temporary territories of the Ukrainian State of 1918.","title":"Okruhas of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of the administrative division of Russia § Soviet Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_administrative_division_of_Russia#Soviet_Russia"}],"text":"See also: History of the administrative division of Russia § Soviet Russia","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Polissia Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polissia_Okruha"},{"link_name":"Mozyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozyr"},{"link_name":"Taurida Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taurida_Okruha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Berdiansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdiansk"},{"link_name":"Central Executive Committee of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR"},{"link_name":"volosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volost"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"First okruhas, created just before[clarification needed] 1918, were Polissia Okruha centered in Mozyr and Taurida Okruha centered in Berdiansk. Okruhas were first introduced on a widespread scale on April 12, 1923, at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine which accepted the declaration \"About the administrative-territorial division of Ukraine\". According to the declaration, the Ukrainian SSR was divided into 53 okruhas that included 706 raions, thus replacing the imperial division consisting of 102 powiats (counties) that included 1989 volosts.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bohodukhiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohodukhiv"},{"link_name":"Okhtyrka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhtyrka"},{"link_name":"Balta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balta,_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-balta-1"},{"link_name":"Stalino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Zinovievsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirovohrad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_SFSR"},{"link_name":"Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-balta-1"},{"link_name":"Novhorod-Siverskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novhorod-Siverskyi"},{"link_name":"Hlukhiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlukhiv"},{"link_name":"Kursk Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk_Governorate"}],"sub_title":"Reorganization of 1923–1926","text":"September 25, 1923 Bohodukhiv Okruha changed name to Okhtyrka Okruha after transferring the okruha seat from Bohodukhiv to Okhtyrka\nMarch 7, 1924 Moldavian Autonomous Oblast was created out of Balta Okruha and Odesa Okruha of Odesa Governorate and Tulchyn Okruha of Podolia Governorate centered in the city of Balta[1]\nJune 6, 1924 Yuzivka Okruha changed name to Stalino Okruha after the okruha seat changed name from Yuzivka to Stalino[2]\nAugust 7, 1924 Lysavethrad Okruha changed name to Zinovievsk Okruha after the okruha seat changed name from Lysavethrad to Zinovievsk[3]\nAugust 12, 1924 Bakhmut Okruha changed name to Artemivsk Okruha after the okruha seat changed name from Bakhmut to Artemivsk\nOctober 1, 1924 Tahanrih (Taganrog) Okruha and Shakhty Okruha were transferred to the Russian SFSR\nOctober 12, 1924 Moldavian Autonomous Oblast was transformed into the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with the Ukrainian SSR\nOctober 28, 1924 Malyn Okruha was liquidated[4]\nNovember 26, 1924 Balta Okruha was liquidated.[1]\nJune 3, 1925 the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee accepted the decision \"About liquidation of governorates and transition to the three-level system of administration\", according to which governorates were becoming liquidated on August 1, 1925, while June 15, 1925 eight (8) okruhas were to be liquidated as well. After the reform the Ukrainian SSR was divided into 41 okruhas and 680 raions.\nAugust 19, 1925 Novhorod-Siverskyi Okruha changed name to Hlukhiv Okruha after transferring the okruha seat from Novhorod-Siverskyi to Hlukhiv\nSeptember 15, 1925 Zhytomyr Okruha was renamed to Volyn Okruha\nOctober 16, 1925 out of the Kursk Governorate to Ukraine were transferred several territories:\nterritory of the former Putivl uyezd (less Krupets volost)\nKrinichanska volost of Graivoron uyezd\nother two incomplete volosts of Graivoron and Belgorod uyezds\nJune 16, 1926 Pavlohrad Okruha was split between Kharkiv Okruha (Lozova Raion) and Katerynoslav Okruha\nJuly 20, 1926 Katerynoslav Okruha changed name to Dnipropetrovsk Okruha after the okruha seat changed name from Katerynoslav to Dnipropetrovsk\n1927 Cherkasy Okruha changed name to Shevchenko Okruha","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ukraine_1932-1937.png"},{"link_name":"oblasts of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblasts_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Central Executive Committee of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Grigoriy Petrovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigoriy_Petrovsky"},{"link_name":"Mykola Vasylenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykola_Vasylenko"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Disestablishment","text":"First oblasts of Ukraine at the end of 1932 including recently created Donetsk and Chernihiv oblasts.On August 5, 1930, the \"News of Central Executive Committee of Ukraine\"[5] reported that on August 3, 1930, there was a session of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine Presidium chaired by Grigoriy Petrovsky where a report by Mykola Vasylenko on the liquidation of the system of okruhas was discussed. In the adopted resolution, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Ukraine generally approved and endorsed the submitted projects from the government commission.Likewise, the Presidium of Central Executive Committee of Ukraine generally approved the principle and order in the organization of local and central authorities. The Presidium requested that the commission and the Council of Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR, on the basis of the approved principles, develop a draft resolution on the liquidation of okruhas and the structure of authorities, both local and central, in connection with the transition to the rayon system.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chernihiv Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv_Governorate"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okruhas_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"Konotop Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konotop_Okruha"},{"link_name":"Nizhyn Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhyn_Okruha"},{"link_name":"Hlukhiv Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlukhiv_Okruha"},{"link_name":"Chernihiv Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv_Okruha"},{"link_name":"Donets Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donets_Governorate"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okruhas_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"Artemivsk Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artemivsk_Okruha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luhansk Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Okruha"},{"link_name":"Mariupil Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariupil_Okruha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3"},{"link_name":"Shakhty Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shakhty_Okruha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stalino Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stalino_Okruha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kharkov Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkov_Governorate"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okruhas_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"Kiev Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Governorate"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okruhas_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Kiev Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiev_Okruha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Odesa Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_Governorate"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okruhas_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"Podolia Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolia_Governorate"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okruhas_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"Kamianets Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamianets_Okruha"},{"link_name":"Poltava Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava_Governorate"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okruhas_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"Volhynian Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynian_Governorate"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okruhas_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"Yekaterinoslav Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Governorate"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okruhas_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"Berdiansk Okruha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berdiansk_Okruha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0"}],"text":"Chernihiv Governorate[edit]\nKonotop Okruha\nNizhyn Okruha\nHlukhiv Okruha\nSnovsk Okruha (abolished in June 1925)\nChernihiv Okruha\nDonets Governorate[edit]\nArtemivsk Okruha (initially Bakhmut)\nLuhansk Okruha\nMariupil Okruha [uk; ru]\nStarobilsk Okruha\nTahanrih Okruha\nShakhty Okruha\nStalino Okruha (initially Yuzivka Okruha)\nKharkov Governorate[edit]\nOkhtyrka Okruha (initially—Bohodukhiv, liquidated in June 1925)\nIzium Okruha\nKupiansk Okruha\nSumy Okruha\nKharkiv Okruha\nKiev Governorate[edit]\nBerdychiv Okruha\nBila Tserkva Okruha\nKiev Okruha\nMalyn Okruha (abolished in October 1924)\nUman Okruha\nCherkasy Okruha\nShevchenko Okruha (initially—Korsun; abolished in June 1925)\nOdesa Governorate[edit]\nBalta Okruha (abolished in November 1924)\nZinovievsk Okruha (initially—Lysavethrad)\nMykolaiv Okruha\nOdesa Okruha\nPershomaisk Okruha\nKherson Okruha\nPodolia Governorate[edit]\nVinnytsia Okruha\nHaisyn Okruha (liquidated in June 1925)\nKamianets Okruha\nMohyliv Okruha\nProskuriv Okruha\nTulchyn Okruha\nPoltava Governorate[edit]\nZolotonosha Okruha (abolished in June 1925)\nKrasnohrad Okruha (initially—Kostiantynohrad, abolished in June 1925)\nKremenchuk Okruha\nLubny Okruha\nPoltava Okruha\nPryluky Okruha\nRomny Okruha\nVolhynian Governorate[edit]\nZhytomyr Okruha\nKorosten Okruha\nShepetivka Okruha\nYekaterinoslav Governorate[edit]\nBerdiansk Okruha [uk] (liquidated in June 1925)\nZaporizhia Okruha\nKaterynoslav Okruha\nKryvyi Rih Okruha\nMelitopol Okruha\nOleksandriia Okruha (liquidated in June 1925)\nPavlohrad Okruha","title":"List of okruhas"}]

[{"image_text":"Okruhas in 1925 (after liquidation of Governorates of Ukraine)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ukrainian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_1.VIII.1925.svg/300px-Ukrainian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_1.VIII.1925.svg.png"},{"image_text":"First oblasts of Ukraine at the end of 1932 including recently created Donetsk and Chernihiv oblasts.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ukraine_1932-1937.png/220px-Ukraine_1932-1937.png"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailokyavijaya

Trailokyavijaya

["1 Iconographic representation","2 Mantra","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Buddhist king of knowledge This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Trailokyavijaya trample on Maheśvara (shiva) and his consort as great victor Trailokyavijaya (Chinese: 降三世明王; pinyin: Xiángsānshì míngwáng, Japanese: Gōzanze Myō-ō; Korean: Hangsamse Myeongwang) is the King of knowledge having conquered the three worlds, one of the five kings of knowledge of Buddhism. His mission is to protect the eastern part of the world. In general, the three worlds represent the world of desire, the world of form and the formless world; some interpret this king of knowledge is called so because he wants to defeat the supreme leader of the three worlds, Maheśvara; The most logical explanation reveals that the three worlds denote the three poisons: greed, hatred and ignorance, three trends that humans can not conquer during the past, present and future that the king hoped to help people eliminate. Iconographic representation The Lord Trailokyavijaya was born from the blue syllable, Hûm. He is blue, with four faces, and eight arms. His primary face expresses a love fury, the right, anger, disgust in the left, and behind, that of heroism. His main hands bear the bell and lightning, his chest says Vajra-hum-Kara; his three right hands hold (in descending order) a sword, the elephant hook, and an arrow; the three left hands hold a bow, lace, and a chakram. He carries, among other adornments, a garland made of a cord of Buddhas, is being developed as identical to him, that has (according fingers) magic gesture after touching fists back to back, attach two small chain-like fingers. The formula is "Om", etc. Mantra The magic mantra of the King of knowledge having conquered the three worlds is: Namaḥ samanta vajrāṇām. Ha ha ha vismaye, sarva tathāgata viṣaya sambhava Trailokya vijaya hūm jaḥ svāhā! See also Religion portal Chinese Esoteric Buddhism Shingon Vidyaraja References ^ Alfred Foucher : Study on Buddhist iconography of India from unpublished texts, Paris, E. Leroux, 1905. ^ Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez, Jr., Donald S. (2013). The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 920. ISBN 9781400848058. Retrieved 5 December 2014. External links Media related to Trailokyavijaya at Wikimedia Commons

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladosporium_cucumerinum

Cladosporium cucumerinum

["1 References"]

Species of fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum Cladosporium cucumerinum Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Dothideomycetes Order: Capnodiales Family: Davidiellaceae Genus: Cladosporium Species: C. cucumerinum Binomial name Cladosporium cucumerinumEllis & Arthur (1889) Synonyms Cladosporium cucumeris A.B.Frank Cladosporium scabies Cooke Macrosporium melophthorum (Prill. & Delacr.) Rostr. (1893) Scolicotrichum melophthorum Prill. & Delacr. (1891) Cladosporium cucumerinum is a fungal plant pathogen that affects cucumbers. References ^ Ellis, J. B.; Arthur (1889). "Cladosporium cucumerinum". Bulletin of the Indiana Agricultural Experimental Station. 19: 9. Taxon identifiersCladosporium cucumerinum Wikidata: Q5124960 CoL: VQ3D EoL: 1029729 EPPO: CLADCU Fungorum: 164454 GBIF: 2620564 iNaturalist: 381671 IRMNG: 10724760 MycoBank: 164454 NBN: BMSSYS0000004004 NCBI: 166633 NZOR: 005096d9-f421-4b56-9392-fd9f0b4367b3 Open Tree of Life: 559641 PPE: cladosporium-cucumerinum This Capnodiales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This fungal plant disease article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"reference":"Ellis, J. B.; Arthur (1889). \"Cladosporium cucumerinum\". Bulletin of the Indiana Agricultural Experimental Station. 19: 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_Bicknell_Ellis","url_text":"Ellis, J. B."}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_Authentication_of_Equals

Simultaneous Authentication of Equals

["1 Authentication","2 Use","2.1 IEEE 802.11s","2.2 WPA3","3 Security","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"]

In cryptography, Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) is a password-based authentication and password-authenticated key agreement method. Authentication SAE is a variant of the Dragonfly Key Exchange defined in RFC 7664, based on Diffie–Hellman key exchange using finite cyclic groups which can be a primary cyclic group or an elliptic curve. The problem of using Diffie–Hellman key exchange is that it does not have an authentication mechanism. So the resulting key is influenced by a pre-shared key and the MAC addresses of both peers to solve the authentication problem. Use IEEE 802.11s Main article: IEEE 802.11s SAE was originally implemented for use between peers in IEEE 802.11s. When peers discover each other (and security is enabled) they take part in an SAE exchange. If SAE completes successfully, each peer knows the other party possesses the mesh password and, as a by-product of the SAE exchange, the two peers establish a cryptographically strong key. This key is used with the "Authenticated Mesh Peering Exchange" (AMPE) to establish a secure peering and derive a session key to protect mesh traffic, including routing traffic. WPA3 Main article: WPA3 In January 2018, the Wi-Fi Alliance announced WPA3 as a replacement to WPA2. The new standard uses 128-bit encryption in WPA3-Personal mode (192-bit in WPA3-Enterprise) and forward secrecy. The WPA3 standard also replaces the pre-shared key (PSK) exchange with Simultaneous Authentication of Equals as defined in IEEE 802.11-2016 resulting in a more secure initial key exchange in personal mode. The Wi-Fi Alliance also claims that WPA3 will mitigate security issues posed by weak passwords and simplify the process of setting up devices with no display interface. Security In 2019 Eyal Ronen and Mathy Vanhoef (co-author of the KRACK attack) released an analysis of WPA3's Dragonfly handshake and found that "an attacker within range of a victim can still recover the password" and the bugs found "allow an adversary to impersonate any user, and thereby access the Wi-Fi network, without knowing the user's password." See also Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key-agreement protocol KRACK IEEE 802.1X References ^ a b c Harkins, Dan (Aug 20, 2008). "Simultaneous Authentication of Equals: A Secure, Password-Based Key Exchange for Mesh Networks". 2008 Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (Sensorcomm 2008). pp. 839–844. doi:10.1109/SENSORCOMM.2008.131. ISBN 978-0-7695-3330-8. S2CID 18401678 – via IEEE Xplore. ^ "Wi-Fi security gets a major update, but experts warn it's not big enough". www.cso.com.au. ^ Dawn Kawamoto (8 January 2018). "Wi-Fi Alliance Launches WPA2 Enhancements and Debuts WPA3". DARKReading. ^ "WPA3 protocol will make public Wi-Fi hotspots a lot more secure". TechSpot. ^ "Wi-Fi Alliance® introduces Wi-Fi CERTIFIED WPA3™ security | Wi-Fi Alliance". www.wi-fi.org. Retrieved 2018-06-26. ^ "The Next Generation of Wi-Fi Security Will Save You From Yourself". WIRED. Retrieved 2018-06-26. ^ "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED WPA3™ Program". Retrieved 2018-06-27. ^ "Wi-Fi Gets More Secure: Everything You Need to Know About WPA3". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Sep 6, 2018. ^ "Wi-Fi Alliance® introduces security enhancements | Wi-Fi Alliance". www.wi-fi.org. Retrieved 2018-01-09. ^ "Dragonblood: Analysing WPA3's Dragonfly Handshake". 2019-04-10. ^ Vanhoef, Mathy; Ronen, Eyal (2019-04-10). "Dragonblood: Analyzing the Dragonfly Handshake of WPA3 and EAP-pwd". IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy. IEEE. Further reading Harkins, Dan (Aug 20, 2008). "Simultaneous Authentication of Equals: A Secure, Password-Based Key Exchange for Mesh Networks". 2008 Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (Sensorcomm 2008). pp. 839–844. doi:10.1109/SENSORCOMM.2008.131. ISBN 978-0-7695-3330-8. S2CID 18401678 – via IEEE Xplore. Vanhoef, Mathy; Ronen, Eyal (2019-04-10). "Dragonblood: Analyzing the Dragonfly Handshake of WPA3 and EAP-pwd". IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy. IEEE. vteIEEE standardsCurrent 488 693 730 754 Revision 854 828 829 896 1003 1014 1016 1076 1149.1 1154 1164 1275 1278 1284 1355 1394 1451 1497 1516 1541 1547 1584 1588 1596 1603 1613 1619 1666 1667 1675 1685 1722 1733 1800 1801 1815 1849 1850 1855 1900 1901 1902 1904 1905 2030 2050 11073 12207 14764 16085 16326 29148 42010 802 series802 .2 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .10 .12 .14 .16 WiMAX · d · e .17 .18 .20 .21 .22 .24 802.1 D p Q Qav Qat Qay w X ab ad AE ag ah ak aq AS AX (LACP) az BA 802.3 (Ethernet) -1983 a b d e i j u x y z ab ac ad ae af ah ak an aq at au av az ba bt bu by bz ca cb cc cd ce cg ch ck cm cn cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dd de df 802.11 (Wi-Fi) -1997 legacy mode a b c d e f g h i j k n (Wi-Fi 4) p r s u v w y z aa ac (Wi-Fi 5) ad (WiGig) ae af ah ai aj ak aq ax (Wi-Fi 6) ay az ba bb bc bd be (Wi-Fi 7) bf bh bi bk bn (Wi-Fi 8) 802.15 .1 (Bluetooth) .2 .3 .4 (Zigbee) .4a .4b .4c .4d .4e .4f .4g .4z .5 .6 .7 Proposed P1363 P1619 P1699 P1823 P1906.1 Superseded 754-1985 830 1219 1233 1362 1364 1471 See also IEEE Standards Association Category:IEEE standards

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8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi_8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"802.15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15"},{"link_name":".1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.1"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":".2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.2"},{"link_name":".3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3"},{"link_name":".4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4"},{"link_name":"Zigbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee"},{"link_name":".4a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4a"},{"link_name":".4b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4b&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":".4c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4c&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":".4d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4d&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":".4e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4e&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":".4f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4f&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":".4g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4g&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":".4z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4z&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":".5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.5"},{"link_name":".6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.6"},{"link_name":".7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.7"},{"link_name":"P1363","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1363"},{"link_name":"P1619","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1619"},{"link_name":"P1699","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta-lang"},{"link_name":"P1823","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Power_Adapter_for_Mobile_Devices"},{"link_name":"P1906.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1"},{"link_name":"754-1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754-1985"},{"link_name":"830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_requirements_specification"},{"link_name":"1219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1219"},{"link_name":"1233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_requirements_specification"},{"link_name":"1362","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_of_operations"},{"link_name":"1364","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verilog"},{"link_name":"1471","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1471"},{"link_name":"IEEE Standards Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association"},{"link_name":"Category:IEEE standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:IEEE_standards"}],"text":"Harkins, Dan (Aug 20, 2008). \"Simultaneous Authentication of Equals: A Secure, Password-Based Key Exchange for Mesh Networks\". 2008 Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (Sensorcomm 2008). pp. 839–844. doi:10.1109/SENSORCOMM.2008.131. ISBN 978-0-7695-3330-8. S2CID 18401678 – via IEEE Xplore.\nVanhoef, Mathy; Ronen, Eyal (2019-04-10). \"Dragonblood: Analyzing the Dragonfly Handshake of WPA3 and EAP-pwd\". IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy. IEEE.vteIEEE standardsCurrent\n488\n693\n730\n754\nRevision\n854\n828\n829\n896\n1003\n1014\n1016\n1076\n1149.1\n1154\n1164\n1275\n1278\n1284\n1355\n1394\n1451\n1497\n1516\n1541\n1547\n1584\n1588\n1596\n1603\n1613\n1619\n1666\n1667\n1675\n1685\n1722\n1733\n1800\n1801\n1815\n1849\n1850\n1855\n1900\n1901\n1902\n1904\n1905\n2030\n2050\n11073\n12207\n14764\n16085\n16326\n29148\n42010\n802 series802\n.2\n.4\n.5\n.6\n.7\n.8\n.9\n.10\n.12\n.14\n.16\nWiMAX · d · e\n.17\n.18\n.20\n.21\n.22\n.24\n802.1\nD\np\nQ\nQav\nQat\nQay\nw\nX\nab\nad\nAE\nag\nah\nak\naq\nAS\nAX (LACP)\naz\nBA\n802.3 (Ethernet)\n-1983\na\nb\nd\ne\ni\nj\nu\nx\ny\nz\nab\nac\nad\nae\naf\nah\nak\nan\naq\nat\nau\nav\naz\nba\nbt\nbu\nby\nbz\nca\ncb\ncc\ncd\nce\ncg\nch\nck\ncm\ncn\ncp\ncq\ncr\ncs\nct\ncu\ncv\ncw\ncx\ncy\ncz\nda\ndb\ndd\nde\ndf\n802.11 (Wi-Fi)\n-1997\nlegacy mode\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\nk\nn (Wi-Fi 4)\np\nr\ns\nu\nv\nw\ny\nz\naa\nac (Wi-Fi 5)\nad (WiGig)\nae\naf\nah\nai\naj\nak\naq\nax (Wi-Fi 6)\nay\naz\nba\nbb\nbc\nbd\nbe (Wi-Fi 7)\nbf\nbh\nbi\nbk\nbn (Wi-Fi 8)\n802.15\n.1 (Bluetooth)\n.2\n.3\n.4 (Zigbee)\n.4a\n.4b\n.4c\n.4d\n.4e\n.4f\n.4g\n.4z\n.5\n.6\n.7\nProposed\nP1363\nP1619\nP1699\nP1823\nP1906.1\nSuperseded\n754-1985\n830\n1219\n1233\n1362\n1364\n1471\n\nSee also\nIEEE Standards Association\nCategory:IEEE standards","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"title":"Extensible Authentication Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Authentication_Protocol"},{"title":"Key-agreement protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key-agreement_protocol"},{"title":"KRACK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRACK"},{"title":"IEEE 802.1X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1X"}]

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Sep 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/telecom/security/everything-you-need-to-know-about-wpa3","url_text":"\"Wi-Fi Gets More Secure: Everything You Need to Know About WPA3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum","url_text":"IEEE Spectrum"}]},{"reference":"\"Wi-Fi Alliance® introduces security enhancements | Wi-Fi Alliance\". www.wi-fi.org. Retrieved 2018-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-alliance-introduces-security-enhancements","url_text":"\"Wi-Fi Alliance® introduces security enhancements | Wi-Fi Alliance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dragonblood: Analysing WPA3's Dragonfly Handshake\". 2019-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://wpa3.mathyvanhoef.com/","url_text":"\"Dragonblood: Analysing WPA3's Dragonfly Handshake\""}]},{"reference":"Vanhoef, Mathy; Ronen, Eyal (2019-04-10). \"Dragonblood: Analyzing the Dragonfly Handshake of WPA3 and EAP-pwd\". IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_Emergency_Ward_10

Life in Emergency Ward 10

["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]

1959 British film by Robert Day Life in Emergency Ward 10Directed byRobert DayWritten byHazel AdairTessa DiamondProduced byTed LloydStarringMichael CraigCinematographyGeoffrey FaithfullEdited byLito CarruthersMusic byPhilip GreenProductioncompanyArtistes AllianceDistributed byEros FilmsRelease date 9 April 1959 (1959-04-09) Running time86 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Life in Emergency Ward 10 is a 1959 film directed by Robert Day. It stars Michael Craig and Wilfrid Hyde-White. It was based on the television series Emergency Ward 10. Cast Michael Craig as Dr. Stephen Russell Wilfrid Hyde-White as Professor Bourne-Evans Dorothy Alison as Sister Jane Fraser Glyn Owen as Dr. Paddy O'Meara Rosemary Miller as Nurse Pat Roberts Bud Tingwell as Dr. Alan Dawson Frederick Bartman as Dr. Simon Forrester Joan Sims as Mrs. Pryor Rupert Davies as Dr. Tom Hunter Sheila Sweet as Anne Hunter David Lodge as Mr. Phillips Dorothy Gordon as Mrs. Phillips Christopher Witty as David Phillips Tony Quinn as Joe Cooney Douglas Ives as Potter George Tovey as Mr. Pryor Pauline Stroud as Nurse Vincent Christina Gregg as Nurse April Andrews Kenneth J. Warren as Porter References ^ "Life in Emergency Ward 10 (1958) - Robert Day | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie". External links Life in Emergency Ward 10 at IMDb vteFilms directed by Robert Day The Green Man (1956) Strangers' Meeting (1957) The Haunted Strangler (1958) Corridors of Blood (1958) First Man into Space (1959) Life in Emergency Ward 10 (1959) Bobbikins (1959) Two-Way Stretch (1960) Tarzan the Magnificent (1960) The Rebel (1961) Operation Snatch (1962) Tarzan's Three Challenges (1963) She (1965) Tarzan and the Valley of Gold (1966) Tarzan and the Great River (1967) Ritual of Evil (1970) In Broad Daylight (1971) The Reluctant Heroes (1971) The Big Game (1973) The Great American Beauty Contest (1973) Black Market Baby (1977) The Initiation of Sarah (1978) The Man with Bogart's Face (1980) Peter and Paul (1981) Beyond Witch Mountain (1982) Love, Mary (1985) The Quick and the Dead (1987) Celebration Family (1987) This article related to a British film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipteran

Fly

["1 Taxonomy and phylogeny","1.1 Relationships to other insects","1.2 Relationships between subgroups and families","1.3 Diversity","2 Anatomy and morphology","2.1 Flight","3 Life cycle and development","3.1 Larva","3.2 Pupa","3.3 Adult","4 Ecology","4.1 Anti-predator adaptations","5 Human interaction and cultural depictions","5.1 Symbolism","5.2 Economic importance","5.3 Uses","6 Hazards","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

Order of insects This article is about the insect. For the process of flying, see Flight and Flying. For other uses, see Fly (disambiguation). "Flies" redirects here. For other uses, see Flies (disambiguation). FlyTemporal range: 245–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Middle Triassic – Recent Diptera from different families: Housefly (Muscidae) (top left) Haematopota pluvialis (Tabanidae) (top right) Ctenophora pectinicornis (Tipulidae) (mid left) Ochlerotatus notoscriptus (Culicidae) (mid right) Milesia crabroniformis (Syrphidae) (bottom left) Holcocephala fusca (Asilidae) (bottom right) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Superorder: Panorpida (unranked): Antliophora Order: DipteraLinnaeus, 1758 Suborders Nematocera (paraphyletic) (inc Eudiptera)Brachycera An Anthomyiidae species showing characteristic dipteran features: large eyes, small antennae, sucking mouthparts, single pair of flying wings, hindwings reduced to clublike halteres Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- di- "two", and πτερόν pteron "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced mechanosensory organs known as halteres, which act as high-speed sensors of rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics. Diptera is a large order containing an estimated 1,000,000 species including horse-flies, crane flies, hoverflies, mosquitoes and others, although only about 125,000 species have been described. Flies have a mobile head, with a pair of large compound eyes, and mouthparts designed for piercing and sucking (mosquitoes, black flies and robber flies), or for lapping and sucking in the other groups. Their wing arrangement gives them great maneuverability in flight, and claws and pads on their feet enable them to cling to smooth surfaces. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis; the eggs are often laid on the larval food-source and the larvae, which lack true limbs, develop in a protected environment, often inside their food source. Other species are ovoviviparous, opportunistically depositing hatched or hatching larvae instead of eggs on carrion, dung, decaying material, or open wounds of mammals. The pupa is a tough capsule from which the adult emerges when ready to do so; flies mostly have short lives as adults. Diptera is one of the major insect orders and of considerable ecological and human importance. Flies are important pollinators, second only to the bees and their Hymenopteran relatives. Flies may have been among the evolutionarily earliest pollinators responsible for early plant pollination. Fruit flies are used as model organisms in research, but less benignly, mosquitoes are vectors for malaria, dengue, West Nile fever, yellow fever, encephalitis, and other infectious diseases; and houseflies, commensal with humans all over the world, spread foodborne illnesses. Flies can be annoyances especially in some parts of the world where they can occur in large numbers, buzzing and settling on the skin or eyes to bite or seek fluids. Larger flies such as tsetse flies and screwworms cause significant economic harm to cattle. Blowfly larvae, known as gentles, and other dipteran larvae, known more generally as maggots, are used as fishing bait, as food for carnivorous animals, and in medicine in debridement, to clean wounds. Taxonomy and phylogeny Relationships to other insects Dipterans are holometabolans, insects that undergo radical metamorphosis. They belong to the Mecopterida, alongside the Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Lepidoptera and Trichoptera. The possession of a single pair of wings distinguishes most true flies from other insects with "fly" in their names. However, some true flies such as Hippoboscidae (louse flies) have become secondarily wingless. The cladogram represents the current consensus view. Holometabola Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) Aparaglossata Neuropteroidea Neuropterida Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Megaloptera (alderflies and allies) Neuroptera (Lacewings and allies) Coleopterida Coleoptera (beetles) Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) Panorpida Amphiesmenoptera Trichoptera (caddisflies) Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) Antliophora Diptera Mecoptera (scorpionflies) Siphonaptera (fleas) (Mecopterida) Relationships between subgroups and families Fossil brachyceran in Baltic amber. Lower Eocene, c. 50 million years ago The first true dipterans known are from the Middle Triassic (around 240 million years ago), and they became widespread during the Middle and Late Triassic. Modern flowering plants did not appear until the Cretaceous (around 140 million years ago), so the original dipterans must have had a different source of nutrition other than nectar. Based on the attraction of many modern fly groups to shiny droplets, it has been suggested that they may have fed on honeydew produced by sap-sucking bugs which were abundant at the time, and dipteran mouthparts are well-adapted to softening and lapping up the crusted residues. The basal clades in the Diptera include the Deuterophlebiidae and the enigmatic Nymphomyiidae. Three episodes of evolutionary radiation are thought to have occurred based on the fossil record. Many new species of lower Diptera developed in the Triassic, about 220 million years ago. Many lower Brachycera appeared in the Jurassic, some 180 million years ago. A third radiation took place among the Schizophora at the start of the Paleogene, 66 million years ago. The phylogenetic position of Diptera has been controversial. The monophyly of holometabolous insects has long been accepted, with the main orders being established as Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, and it is the relationships between these groups which has caused difficulties. Diptera is widely thought to be a member of Mecopterida, along with Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Trichoptera (caddisflies), Siphonaptera (fleas), Mecoptera (scorpionflies) and possibly Strepsiptera (twisted-wing flies). Diptera has been grouped with Siphonaptera and Mecoptera in the Antliophora, but this has not been confirmed by molecular studies. Fossil nematoceran in Dominican amber. Sandfly, Lutzomyia adiketis (Psychodidae), Early Miocene, c. 20 million years ago Diptera were traditionally broken down into two suborders, Nematocera and Brachycera, distinguished by the differences in antennae. The Nematocera are identified by their elongated bodies and many-segmented, often feathery antennae as represented by mosquitoes and crane flies. The Brachycera have rounder bodies and much shorter antennae. Subsequent studies have identified the Nematocera as being non-monophyletic with modern phylogenies placing the Brachycera within grades of groups formerly placed in the Nematocera. The construction of a phylogenetic tree has been the subject of ongoing research. The following cladogram is based on the FLYTREE project. Diptera Ptychopteromorpha (phantom and primitive crane-flies) Culicomorpha (mosquitoes, blackflies and midges) Blephariceromorpha (net-winged midges, etc) Bibionomorpha (gnats) Psychodomorpha (drain flies, sand flies, etc) Tipuloidea (crane flies) Brachycera Stratiomyomorpha (soldier flies, etc) Xylophagomorpha (stink flies, etc) Tabanomorpha (horse flies, snipe flies, etc) Mus Nemestrinoidea Asiloidea (robber flies, bee flies, etc) Ere Empidoidea (dance flies, etc) Cyc Aschiza (in part) Phoroidea (flat-footed flies, etc) Syrphoidea (hoverflies) Sch Cal Hippoboscoidea (louse flies, etc) Muscoidea (house flies, dung flies, etc) Oestroidea (blow flies, flesh flies, etc) Acalyptratae (marsh flies, etc) "Nematocera" Abbreviations used in the cladogram: Cal=Calyptratae Cyc=Cyclorrhapha Ere=Eremoneura Mus=Muscomorpha Sch=Schizophora Diversity Gauromydas heros is the largest fly in the world. Flies are often abundant and are found in almost all terrestrial habitats in the world apart from Antarctica. They include many familiar insects such as house flies, blow flies, mosquitoes, gnats, black flies, midges and fruit flies. More than 150,000 have been formally described and the actual species diversity is much greater, with the flies from many parts of the world yet to be studied intensively. The suborder Nematocera include generally small, slender insects with long antennae such as mosquitoes, gnats, midges and crane-flies, while the Brachycera includes broader, more robust flies with short antennae. Many nematoceran larvae are aquatic. There are estimated to be a total of about 19,000 species of Diptera in Europe, 22,000 in the Nearctic region, 20,000 in the Afrotropical region, 23,000 in the Oriental region and 19,000 in the Australasian region. While most species have restricted distributions, a few like the housefly (Musca domestica) are cosmopolitan. Gauromydas heros (Asiloidea), with a length of up to 7 cm (2.8 in), is generally considered to be the largest fly in the world, while the smallest is Euryplatea nanaknihali, which at 0.4 mm (0.016 in) is smaller than a grain of salt. Brachycera are ecologically very diverse, with many being predatory at the larval stage and some being parasitic. Animals parasitised include molluscs, woodlice, millipedes, insects, mammals, and amphibians. Flies are the second largest group of pollinators after the Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and relatives). In wet and colder environments flies are significantly more important as pollinators. Compared to bees, they need less food as they do not need to provision their young. Many flowers that bear low nectar and those that have evolved trap pollination depend on flies. It is thought that some of the earliest pollinators of plants may have been flies. The greatest diversity of gall forming insects are found among the flies, principally in the family Cecidomyiidae (gall midges). Many flies (most importantly in the family Agromyzidae) lay their eggs in the mesophyll tissue of leaves with larvae feeding between the surfaces forming blisters and mines. Some families are mycophagous or fungus feeding. These include the cave dwelling Mycetophilidae (fungus gnats) whose larvae are the only diptera with bioluminescence. The Sciaridae are also fungus feeders. Some plants are pollinated by fungus feeding flies that visit fungus infected male flowers. The larvae of Megaselia scalaris (Phoridae) are almost omnivorous and consume such substances as paint and shoe polish. The Exorista mella (Walker) fly are considered generalists and parasitoids of a variety of hosts. The larvae of the shore flies (Ephydridae) and some Chironomidae survive in extreme environments including glaciers (Diamesa sp., Chironomidae), hot springs, geysers, saline pools, sulphur pools, septic tanks and even crude oil (Helaeomyia petrolei). Adult hoverflies (Syrphidae) are well known for their mimicry and the larvae adopt diverse lifestyles including being inquiline scavengers inside the nests of social insects. Some brachycerans are agricultural pests, some bite animals and humans and suck their blood, and some transmit diseases. Anatomy and morphology See also: Morphology of Diptera Flies are adapted for aerial movement and typically have short and streamlined bodies. The first tagma of the fly, the head, bears the eyes, the antennae, and the mouthparts (the labrum, labium, mandible, and maxilla make up the mouthparts). The second tagma, the thorax, bears the wings and contains the flight muscles on the second segment, which is greatly enlarged; the first and third segments have been reduced to collar-like structures, and the third segment bears the halteres, which help to balance the insect during flight. The third tagma is the abdomen consisting of 11 segments, some of which may be fused, and with the 3 hindmost segments modified for reproduction. Some Dipterans are mimics and can only be distinguished from their models by very careful inspection. An example of this is Spilomyia longicornis, which is a fly but mimics a vespid wasp. Head of a horse-fly showing large compound eyes and stout piercing mouthparts A head of a fly, showing the two compound eyes and three simple eyes clearly. Flies have a mobile head with a pair of large compound eyes on the sides of the head, and in most species, three small ocelli on the top. The compound eyes may be close together or widely separated, and in some instances are divided into a dorsal region and a ventral region, perhaps to assist in swarming behaviour. The antennae are well-developed but variable, being thread-like, feathery or comb-like in the different families. The mouthparts are adapted for piercing and sucking, as in the black flies, mosquitoes and robber flies, and for lapping and sucking as in many other groups. Female horse-flies use knife-like mandibles and maxillae to make a cross-shaped incision in the host's skin and then lap up the blood that flows. The gut includes large diverticulae, allowing the insect to store small quantities of liquid after a meal. For visual course control, flies' optic flow field is analyzed by a set of motion-sensitive neurons. A subset of these neurons is thought to be involved in using the optic flow to estimate the parameters of self-motion, such as yaw, roll, and sideward translation. Other neurons are thought to be involved in analyzing the content of the visual scene itself, such as separating figures from the ground using motion parallax. The H1 neuron is responsible for detecting horizontal motion across the entire visual field of the fly, allowing the fly to generate and guide stabilizing motor corrections midflight with respect to yaw. The ocelli are concerned in the detection of changes in light intensity, enabling the fly to react swiftly to the approach of an object. Like other insects, flies have chemoreceptors that detect smell and taste, and mechanoreceptors that respond to touch. The third segments of the antennae and the maxillary palps bear the main olfactory receptors, while the gustatory receptors are in the labium, pharynx, feet, wing margins and female genitalia, enabling flies to taste their food by walking on it. The taste receptors in females at the tip of the abdomen receive information on the suitability of a site for ovipositing. Flies that feed on blood have special sensory structures that can detect infrared emissions, and use them to home in on their hosts, Many blood-sucking flies can detect the raised concentration of carbon dioxide that occurs near large animals. Some tachinid flies (Ormiinae) which are parasitoids of bush crickets, have sound receptors to help them locate their singing hosts. A crane fly, showing the hind wings reduced to drumstick-shaped halteres Diptera have one pair of fore wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres, or reduced hind wings, on the metathorax. A further adaptation for flight is the reduction in number of the neural ganglia, and concentration of nerve tissue in the thorax, a feature that is most extreme in the highly derived Muscomorpha infraorder. Some flies such as the ectoparasitic Nycteribiidae and Streblidae are exceptional in having lost their wings and become flightless. The only other order of insects bearing a single pair of true, functional wings, in addition to any form of halteres, are the Strepsiptera. In contrast to the flies, the Strepsiptera bear their halteres on the mesothorax and their flight wings on the metathorax. Each of the fly's six legs has a typical insect structure of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus, with the tarsus in most instances being subdivided into five tarsomeres. At the tip of the limb is a pair of claws, and between these are cushion-like structures known as pulvilli which provide adhesion. The abdomen shows considerable variability among members of the order. It consists of eleven segments in primitive groups and ten segments in more derived groups, the tenth and eleventh segments having fused. The last two or three segments are adapted for reproduction. Each segment is made up of a dorsal and a ventral sclerite, connected by an elastic membrane. In some females, the sclerites are rolled into a flexible, telescopic ovipositor. Flight Further information: Insect flight Tabanid fly in flight Flies are capable of great manoeuvrability during flight due to the presence of the halteres. These act as gyroscopic organs and are rapidly oscillated in time with the wings; they act as a balance and guidance system by providing rapid feedback to the wing-steering muscles, and flies deprived of their halteres are unable to fly. The wings and halteres move in synchrony but the amplitude of each wing beat is independent, allowing the fly to turn sideways. The wings of the fly are attached to two kinds of muscles, those used to power it and another set used for fine control. Flies tend to fly in a straight line then make a rapid change in direction before continuing on a different straight path. The directional changes are called saccades and typically involve an angle of 90°, being achieved in 50 milliseconds. They are initiated by visual stimuli as the fly observes an object, nerves then activate steering muscles in the thorax that cause a small change in wing stroke which generate sufficient torque to turn. Detecting this within four or five wingbeats, the halteres trigger a counter-turn and the fly heads off in a new direction. Flies have rapid reflexes that aid their escape from predators but their sustained flight speeds are low. Dolichopodid flies in the genus Condylostylus respond in less than 5 milliseconds to camera flashes by taking flight. In the past, the deer bot fly, Cephenemyia, was claimed to be one of the fastest insects on the basis of an estimate made visually by Charles Townsend in 1927. This claim, of speeds of 600 to 800 miles per hour, was regularly repeated until it was shown to be physically impossible as well as incorrect by Irving Langmuir. Langmuir suggested an estimated speed of 25 miles per hour. Although most flies live and fly close to the ground, a few are known to fly at heights and a few like Oscinella (Chloropidae) are known to be dispersed by winds at altitudes of up to 2000 ft and over long distances. Some hover flies like Metasyrphus corollae have been known to undertake long flights in response to aphid population spurts. Males of fly species such as Cuterebra, many hover flies, bee flies (Bombyliidae) and fruit flies (Tephritidae) maintain territories within which they engage in aerial pursuit to drive away intruding males and other species. While these territories may be held by individual males, some species, such as A. freeborni, form leks with many males aggregating in displays. Some flies maintain an airspace and still others form dense swarms that maintain a stationary location with respect to landmarks. Many flies mate in flight while swarming. Life cycle and development See also: Biology of Diptera Mating anthomyiid flies Diptera go through a complete metamorphosis with four distinct life stages – egg, larva, pupa and adult. Larva In many flies, the larval stage is long and adults may have a short life. Most dipteran larvae develop in protected environments; many are aquatic and others are found in moist places such as carrion, fruit, vegetable matter, fungi and, in the case of parasitic species, inside their hosts. They tend to have thin cuticles and become desiccated if exposed to the air. Apart from the Brachycera, most dipteran larvae have sclerotised head capsules, which may be reduced to remnant mouth hooks; the Brachycera, however, have soft, gelatinized head capsules from which the sclerites are reduced or missing. Many of these larvae retract their heads into their thorax. The spiracles in the larva and pupa do not have any internal mechanical closing device. Life cycle of stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans, showing eggs, 3 larval instars, pupa, and adult Some other anatomical distinction exists between the larvae of the Nematocera and the Brachycera. Especially in the Brachycera, little demarcation is seen between the thorax and abdomen, though the demarcation may be visible in many Nematocera, such as mosquitoes; in the Brachycera, the head of the larva is not clearly distinguishable from the rest of the body, and few, if any, sclerites are present. Informally, such brachyceran larvae are called maggots, but the term is not technical and often applied indifferently to fly larvae or insect larvae in general. The eyes and antennae of brachyceran larvae are reduced or absent, and the abdomen also lacks appendages such as cerci. This lack of features is an adaptation to food such as carrion, decaying detritus, or host tissues surrounding endoparasites. Nematoceran larvae generally have well-developed eyes and antennae, while those of Brachyceran larvae are reduced or modified. Dipteran larvae have no jointed, "true legs", but some dipteran larvae, such as species of Simuliidae, Tabanidae and Vermileonidae, have prolegs adapted to hold onto a substrate in flowing water, host tissues or prey. The majority of dipterans are oviparous and lay batches of eggs, but some species are ovoviviparous, where the larvae starting development inside the eggs before they hatch or viviparous, the larvae hatching and maturing in the body of the mother before being externally deposited. These are found especially in groups that have larvae dependent on food sources that are short-lived or are accessible for brief periods. This is widespread in some families such as the Sarcophagidae. In Hylemya strigosa (Anthomyiidae) the larva moults to the second instar before hatching, and in Termitoxenia (Phoridae) females have incubation pouches, and a full developed third instar larva is deposited by the adult and it almost immediately pupates with no freely feeding larval stage. The tsetse fly (as well as other Glossinidae, Hippoboscidae, Nycteribidae and Streblidae) exhibits adenotrophic viviparity; a single fertilised egg is retained in the oviduct and the developing larva feeds on glandular secretions. When fully grown, the female finds a spot with soft soil and the larva works its way out of the oviduct, buries itself and pupates. Some flies like Lundstroemia parthenogenetica (Chironomidae) reproduce by thelytokous parthenogenesis, and some gall midges have larvae that can produce eggs (paedogenesis). Pupa The pupae take various forms. In some groups, particularly the Nematocera, the pupa is intermediate between the larval and adult form; these pupae are described as "obtect", having the future appendages visible as structures that adhere to the pupal body. The outer surface of the pupa may be leathery and bear spines, respiratory features or locomotory paddles. In other groups, described as "coarctate", the appendages are not visible. In these, the outer surface is a puparium, formed from the last larval skin, and the actual pupa is concealed within. When the adult insect is ready to emerge from this tough, desiccation-resistant capsule, it inflates a balloon-like structure on its head, and forces its way out. Adult The adult stage is usually short, its function is only to mate and lay eggs. The genitalia of male flies are rotated to a varying degree from the position found in other insects. In some flies, this is a temporary rotation during mating, but in others, it is a permanent torsion of the organs that occurs during the pupal stage. This torsion may lead to the anus being below the genitals, or, in the case of 360° torsion, to the sperm duct being wrapped around the gut and the external organs being in their usual position. When flies mate, the male initially flies on top of the female, facing in the same direction, but then turns around to face in the opposite direction. This forces the male to lie on his back for his genitalia to remain engaged with those of the female, or the torsion of the male genitals allows the male to mate while remaining upright. This leads to flies having more reproduction abilities than most insects, and much quicker. Flies occur in large populations due to their ability to mate effectively and quickly during the mating season. More primitive groups mates in the air during swarming, but most of the more advanced species with a 360° torsion mate on a substrate. Ecology A calliphorid "bubbling" As ubiquitous insects, dipterans play an important role at various trophic levels both as consumers and as prey. In some groups the larvae complete their development without feeding, and in others the adults do not feed. The larvae can be herbivores, scavengers, decomposers, predators or parasites, with the consumption of decaying organic matter being one of the most prevalent feeding behaviours. The fruit or detritus is consumed along with the associated micro-organisms, a sieve-like filter in the pharynx being used to concentrate the particles, while flesh-eating larvae have mouth-hooks to help shred their food. The larvae of some groups feed on or in the living tissues of plants and fungi, and some of these are serious pests of agricultural crops. Some aquatic larvae consume the films of algae that form underwater on rocks and plants. Many of the parasitoid larvae grow inside and eventually kill other arthropods, while parasitic larvae may attack vertebrate hosts. Whereas many dipteran larvae are aquatic or live in enclosed terrestrial locations, the majority of adults live above ground and are capable of flight. Predominantly they feed on nectar or plant or animal exudates, such as honeydew, for which their lapping mouthparts are adapted. Some flies have functional mandibles that may be used for biting. The flies that feed on vertebrate blood have sharp stylets that pierce the skin, with some species having anticoagulant saliva that is regurgitated before absorbing the blood that flows; in this process, certain diseases can be transmitted. The bot flies (Oestridae) have evolved to parasitize mammals. Many species complete their life cycle inside the bodies of their hosts. The larvae of a few fly groups (Agromyzidae, Anthomyiidae, Cecidomyiidae) are capable of inducing plant galls. Some dipteran larvae are leaf-miners. The larvae of many brachyceran families are predaceous. In many dipteran groups, swarming is a feature of adult life, with clouds of insects gathering in certain locations; these insects are mostly males, and the swarm may serve the purpose of making their location more visible to females. Most adult diptera have their mouthparts modified to sponge up fluid. The adults of many species of flies (e.g. Anthomyia sp., Steganopsis melanogaster) that feed on liquid food will regurgitate fluid in a behaviour termed as "bubbling" which has been thought to help the insects evaporate water and concentrate food or possibly to cool by evaporation. Some adult diptera are known for kleptoparasitism such as members of the Sarcophagidae. The miltogramminae are known as "satellite flies" for their habit of following wasps and stealing their stung prey or laying their eggs into them. Phorids, milichids and the genus Bengalia are known to steal food carried by ants. Adults of Ephydra hians forage underwater, and have special hydrophobic hairs that trap a bubble of air that lets them breathe underwater. Anti-predator adaptations Further information: Anti-predator adaptation The large bee-fly, Bombylius major, is a Batesian mimic of bees. Flies are eaten by other animals at all stages of their development. The eggs and larvae are parasitised by other insects and are eaten by many creatures, some of which specialise in feeding on flies but most of which consume them as part of a mixed diet. Birds, bats, frogs, lizards, dragonflies and spiders are among the predators of flies. Many flies have evolved mimetic resemblances that aid their protection. Batesian mimicry is widespread with many hoverflies resembling bees and wasps, ants and some species of tephritid fruit fly resembling spiders. Some species of hoverfly are myrmecophilous—their young live and grow within the nests of ants. They are protected from the ants by imitating chemical odours given by ant colony members. Bombyliid bee flies such as Bombylius major are short-bodied, round, furry, and distinctly bee-like as they visit flowers for nectar, and are likely also Batesian mimics of bees. In contrast, Drosophila subobscura, a species of fly in the genus Drosophila, lacks a category of hemocytes that are present in other studied species of Drosophila, leading to an inability to defend against parasitic attacks, a form of innate immunodeficiency. Human interaction and cultural depictions Further information: Human interactions with insects Symbolism Petrus Christus's 1446 painting Portrait of a Carthusian has a musca depicta (painted fly) on a trompe-l'œil frame. Flies play a variety of symbolic roles in different cultures. These include both positive and negative roles in religion. In the traditional Navajo religion, Big Fly is an important spirit being. In Christian demonology, Beelzebub is a demonic fly, the "Lord of the Flies", and a god of the Philistines. Flies have appeared in literature since ancient Sumer. In a Sumerian poem, a fly helps the goddess Inanna when her husband Dumuzid is being chased by galla demons. In the Mesopotamian versions of the flood myth, the dead corpses floating on the waters are compared to flies. Later, the gods are said to swarm "like flies" around the hero Utnapishtim's offering. Flies appear on Old Babylonian seals as symbols of Nergal, the god of death. Fly-shaped lapis lazuli beads were often worn in ancient Mesopotamia, along with other kinds of fly-jewellery. In a little-known Greek myth, a very chatty and talkative maiden named Myia (meaning "fly") enraged the moon-goddess Selene by attempting to seduce her lover, the sleeping Endymion, and was thus turned by the angry goddess into a fly, who now always deprives people of their sleep in memory of her past life. In Prometheus Bound, which is attributed to the Athenian tragic playwright Aeschylus, a gadfly sent by Zeus's wife Hera pursues and torments his mistress Io, who has been transformed into a cow and is watched constantly by the hundred eyes of the herdsman Argus: "Io: Ah! Hah! Again the prick, the stab of gadfly-sting! O earth, earth, hide, the hollow shape—Argus—that evil thing—the hundred-eyed." William Shakespeare, inspired by Aeschylus, has Tom o'Bedlam in King Lear, "Whom the foul fiend hath led through fire and through flame, through ford and whirlpool, o'er bog and quagmire", driven mad by the constant pursuit. In Antony and Cleopatra, Shakespeare similarly likens Cleopatra's hasty departure from the Actium battlefield to that of a cow chased by a gadfly. More recently, in 1962 the biologist Vincent Dethier wrote To Know a Fly, introducing the general reader to the behaviour and physiology of the fly. Musca depicta ("painted fly" in Latin) is a depiction of a fly as an inconspicuous element of various paintings. This feature was widespread in 15th and 16th centuries paintings and its presence may be explained by various reasons. Flies appear in popular culture in concepts such as fly-on-the-wall documentary-making in film and television production. The metaphoric name suggests that events are seen candidly, as a fly might see them. Flies have inspired the design of miniature flying robots. Steven Spielberg's 1993 film Jurassic Park relied on the idea that DNA could be preserved in the stomach contents of a blood-sucking fly fossilised in amber, though the mechanism has been discounted by scientists. Economic importance An Anopheles stephensi mosquito drinking human blood. The species carries malaria. Dipterans are an important group of insects and have a considerable impact on the environment. Some leaf-miner flies (Agromyzidae), fruit flies (Tephritidae and Drosophilidae) and gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) are pests of agricultural crops; others such as tsetse flies, screwworm and botflies (Oestridae) attack livestock, causing wounds, spreading disease, and creating significant economic harm. See article: Parasitic flies of domestic animals. A few can even cause myiasis in humans. Still others such as mosquitoes (Culicidae), blackflies (Simuliidae) and drain flies (Psychodidae) impact human health, acting as vectors of major tropical diseases. Among these, Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria, filariasis, and arboviruses; Aedes aegypti mosquitoes carry dengue fever and the Zika virus; blackflies carry river blindness; sand flies carry leishmaniasis. Other dipterans are a nuisance to humans, especially when present in large numbers; these include houseflies, which contaminate food and spread food-borne illnesses; the biting midges and sandflies (Ceratopogonidae) and the houseflies and stable flies (Muscidae). In tropical regions, eye flies (Chloropidae) which visit the eye in search of fluids can be a nuisance in some seasons. Many dipterans serve roles that are useful to humans. Houseflies, blowflies and fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae) are scavengers and aid in decomposition. Robber flies (Asilidae), tachinids (Tachinidae) and dagger flies and balloon flies (Empididae) are predators and parasitoids of other insects, helping to control a variety of pests. Many dipterans such as bee flies (Bombyliidae) and hoverflies (Syrphidae) are pollinators of crop plants. Uses Diptera in research: Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly larvae being bred in tubes in a genetics laboratory Drosophila melanogaster, a fruit fly, has long been used as a model organism in research because of the ease with which it can be bred and reared in the laboratory, its small genome, and the fact that many of its genes have counterparts in higher eukaryotes. A large number of genetic studies have been undertaken based on this species; these have had a profound impact on the study of gene expression, gene regulatory mechanisms and mutation. Other studies have investigated physiology, microbial pathogenesis and development among other research topics. The studies on dipteran relationships by Willi Hennig helped in the development of cladistics, techniques that he applied to morphological characters but now adapted for use with molecular sequences in phylogenetics. Maggots found on corpses are useful to forensic entomologists. Maggot species can be identified by their anatomical features and by matching their DNA. Maggots of different species of flies visit corpses and carcases at fairly well-defined times after the death of the victim, and so do their predators, such as beetles in the family Histeridae. Thus, the presence or absence of particular species provides evidence for the time since death, and sometimes other details such as the place of death, when species are confined to particular habitats such as woodland. Casu marzu is a traditional Sardinian sheep milk cheese that contains larvae of the cheese fly, Piophila casei. Some species of maggots such as blowfly larvae (gentles) and bluebottle larvae (casters) are bred commercially; they are sold as bait in angling, and as food for carnivorous animals (kept as pets, in zoos, or for research) such as some mammals, fishes, reptiles, and birds. It has been suggested that fly larvae could be used at a large scale as food for farmed chickens, pigs, and fish. However, consumers are opposed to the inclusion of insects in their food, and the use of insects in animal feed remains illegal in areas such as the European Union. Fly larvae can be used as a biomedical tool for wound care and treatment. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is the use of blow fly larvae to remove the dead tissue from wounds, most commonly being amputations. Historically, this has been used for centuries, both intentional and unintentional, on battlefields and in early hospital settings. Removing the dead tissue promotes cell growth and healthy wound healing. The larvae also have biochemical properties such as antibacterial activity found in their secretions as they feed. These medicinal maggots are a safe and effective treatment for chronic wounds. The Sardinian cheese casu marzu is exposed to flies known as cheese skippers such as Piophila casei, members of the family Piophilidae. The digestive activities of the fly larvae soften the cheese and modify the aroma as part of the process of maturation. At one time European Union authorities banned sale of the cheese and it was becoming hard to find, but the ban has been lifted on the grounds that the cheese is a traditional local product made by traditional methods. Hazards Flies are a health hazard and are attracted to toilets because of their smell. The New Scientist magazine suggested a trap for these flies. A pipe acting as a chimney was fitted to the toilet which let in some light to attract these flies up to the end of this pipe where a gauze covering prevented escape to the air outside so that they were trapped and died. Toilets are generally dark inside particularly if the door is closed. Notes ^ Some authors draw a distinction in writing the common names of insects. 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Nearly every element in the universe may be thus personalized, and even the least of these such as tiny Chipmunk and those little insect helpers and mentors of deity and man in the myths, Big Fly (Dǫ'soh) and Ripener (Corn Beetle) Girl ('Anilt'ánii 'At'ééd) (Wyman and Bailey 1964:29–30, 51, 137–144), are as necessary for the harmonious balance of the universe as is the great Sun. ^ Leland Clifton Wyman; Flora L. Bailey (1964). Navaho Indian Ethnoentomology. Anthropology Series. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826301109. LCCN 64024356. ^ "Native American Fly Mythology". Native Languages of the Americas website. ^ "Βεελζεβούλ, ὁ indecl. (v.l. Βεελζεβούβ and Βεεζεβούλ W-S. §5, 31, cp. 27 n. 56) Beelzebul, orig. a Philistine deity; the name בַּעַל זְבוּב means Baal (lord) of the flies (4 Km 1:2, 6; Sym. transcribes βεελζεβούβ; Vulgate Beelzebub; TestSol freq. Βεελζεβούλ,-βουέλ).", Arndt, W., Danker, F. W., & Bauer, W. (2000). A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature (3rd ed.) (173). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ^ "1. According to 2 Kgs 1:2–6 the name of the Philistine god of Ekron was Lord of the Flies (Heb. ba‘al zeaûḇ), from whom Israel’s King Ahaziah requested an oracle.", Balz, H. R., & Schneider, G. (1990–). Vol. 1: Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament (211). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. ^ "For etymological reasons, Baal Zebub must be considered a Semitic god; he is taken over by the Philistine Ekronites and incorporated into their local cult.", Herrmann, "Baal Zebub", in Toorn, K., Becking, B., & Horst, P. W. (1999). Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible DDD (2nd extensively rev. ed.) (154). Leiden; Boston; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brill; Eerdmans. ^ a b c d e f Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. The British Museum Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-7141-1705-8. ^ Forbes Irving, Paul M. C. (1990). Metamorphosis in Greek Myths. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 315. ISBN 0-19-814730-9. ^ Lucian; C. D. N. Costa (2005). Lucian: Selected Dialogues. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-19-925867-3. ^ Belfiore, Elizabeth S. (2000). Murder among Friends: Violation of Philia in Greek Tragedy. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-19-513149-9. ^ a b c Stagman, Myron (11 August 2010). Shakespeare's Greek Drama Secret. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 205–208. ISBN 978-1-4438-2466-8. ^ Walker, John Lewis (2002). Shakespeare and the Classical Tradition: An Annotated Bibliography, 1961–1991. Taylor & Francis. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-8240-6697-0. ^ Dethier, Vincent G. (1962). To Know a Fly. San Francisco: Holden-Day. ^ Encyclopedia of Insects, p. 242 ^ "Fly on the Wall". British Film Institute. Retrieved 21 July 2016. ^ Ma, Kevin Y.; Chirarattananon, Pakpong; Fuller, Sawyer B.; Wood, Robert J. (3 May 2013). "Controlled flight of a biologically inspired, insect-scale robot". Science. 340 (6132): 603–607. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..603M. doi:10.1126/science.1231806. PMID 23641114. S2CID 21912409. ^ Gray, Richard (12 September 2013). "Jurassic Park ruled out – dinosaur DNA could not survive in amber". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 July 2016. ^ Mulla, Mir S.; Chansang, Uruyakorn (2007). "Pestiferous nature, resting sites, aggregation, and host-seeking behavior of the eye fly Siphunculina funicola (Diptera: Chloropidae) in Thailand". Journal of Vector Ecology. 32 (2): 292–301. doi:10.3376/1081-1710(2007)322.0.co;2. PMID 18260520. S2CID 28636403. ^ "Why use the fly in research?". YourGenome. 19 June 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2016. ^ Ashlock, P. D. (1974). "The Uses of Cladistics". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 5 (1): 81–99. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000501. ^ Joseph, Isaac; Mathew, Deepu G.; Sathyan, Pradeesh; Vargheese, Geetha (2011). "The use of insects in forensic investigations: An overview on the scope of forensic entomology". Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences. 3 (2): 89–91. doi:10.4103/0975-1475.92154. PMC 3296382. PMID 22408328. ^ Ogunleye, R. F.; Edward, J. B. (2005). "Roasted maggots (Dipteran larvae) as a dietary protein source for laboratory animals". African Journal of Applied Zoology and Environmental Biology. 7: 140–143. ^ Fleming, Nic (4 June 2014). "How insects could feed the food industry of tomorrow". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 May 2016. ^ "Why are insects not allowed in animal feed?" (PDF). All About Feed. August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016. ^ Stegman, Sylvia; Steenvoorde, Pascal (2011). "Maggot debridement therapy". Proceedings of the Netherlands Entomological Society Meeting. 22: 61–66. ^ Diaz-Roa, A.; Gaona, M. A.; Segura, N. A.; Suárez, D.; Patarroyo, M.A.; Bello, F. J. (August 2014). "Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) excretions and secretions have potent antibacterial activity". Acta Tropica. 136: 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.018. PMID 24754920. ^ Gilead, L.; Mumcuoglu, K. Y.; Ingber, A. (16 August 2013). "The use of maggot debridement therapy in the treatment of chronic wounds in hospitalised and ambulatory patients". Journal of Wound Care. 21 (2): 78–85. doi:10.12968/jowc.2012.21.2.78. PMID 22584527. ^ Berenbaum, May (2007). "A mite unappetizing" (PDF). American Entomologist. 53 (3): 132–133. doi:10.1093/ae/53.3.132. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2010. ^ Colangelo, Matt (9 October 2015). "A Desperate Search for Casu Marzu, Sardinia's Illegal Maggot Cheese". Food and Wine. Retrieved 24 May 2016. ^ Brones, Anna (15 April 2013). "Illegal food: step away from the cheese, ma'am". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 May 2016. Further reading Blagoderov, V.A., Lukashevich, E.D. & Mostovski, M.B. (2002)). "Order Diptera". In: Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Quicke, D.L.J. The History of Insects, Kluwer pp.–227–240. Colless, D.H. & McAlpine, D.K. (1991). Diptera (flies), pp. 717–786. In: The Division of Entomology. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra (spons.), The Insects of Australia. Melbourne University Press. Hennig, Willi. "Diptera (Zweifluger)". Handb. Zool. Berl. 4 (2) (31):1–337. General introduction with key to World Families (in German). Oldroyd, Harold (1965). The Natural History of Flies. W. W. Norton. Séguy, Eugène (1924–1953). Diptera: recueil d'etudes biologiques et systematiques sur les Dipteres du Globe (Collection of biological and systematic studies on Diptera of the World). 11 vols. Part of Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie B II: Diptera. Séguy, Eugène (1950). La Biologie des Dipteres. Thompson, F. Christian. "Sources for the Biosystematic Database of World Diptera (Flies)" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture, Systematic Entomology Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2015. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Flies. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diptera. Wikispecies has information related to Diptera. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Fly". General The Systema Dipterorum Database site The Diptera.info portal with galleries and discussion forums FLYTREE – dipteran phylogeny. Archived 13 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. The Dipterists Forum – The Society for the study of flies BugGuide The World Catalog of Fossil Diptera The Tree of Life Project Anatomy Fly: Anatomical Atlas at CSIRO Drawing Wing venation Describers Authors of fly names (PDF) Systema Dipterorum Nomenclator vteExtant Diptera families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Holometabola Suborder NematoceraAxymyiomorpha Axymyiidae CulicomorphaCulicoidea Dixidae (meniscus midges) Corethrellidae (frog-biting midges) Chaoboridae (phantom midges) Culicidae (mosquitoes) Chironomoidea Thaumaleidae (solitary midges) Simuliidae (black flies) Ceratopogonidae (biting midges) Chironomidae (non-biting midges) Blephariceromorpha Blephariceridae (net-winged midges) Deuterophlebiidae (mountain midges) Nymphomyiidae BibionomorphaBibionoidea Bibionidae (march flies, lovebugs) Anisopodoidea Anisopodidae (wood gnats) Sciaroidea(fungus gnats) Bolitophilidae Cecidomyiidae (gall midges) Diadocidiidae Ditomyiidae Keroplatidae (predatory fungus gnats) Lygistorrhinidae (long-beaked fungus gnats) Mycetophilidae Rangomaramidae (long-winged fungus gnats) Sciaridae (dark-winged fungus gnats) Perissommatomorpha Perissommatidae PsychodomorphaScatopsoidea Canthyloscelidae Scatopsidae (minute black scavenger flies, or dung midges) Valeseguyidae Psychodoidea Psychodidae (moth flies) Ptychopteromorpha Ptychopteridae (phantom crane flies) Tanyderidae (primitive crane flies) TipulomorphaTrichoceroidea Trichoceridae (winter crane flies) Tipuloidea(crane flies) Cylindrotomidae (long-bodied crane flies) Limoniidae (limoniid crane flies) Pediciidae (hairy-eyed craneflies) Tipulidae (large crane flies) Suborder BrachyceraAsilomorphaAsiloidea Apioceridae (flower-loving flies) Apsilocephalidae Apystomyiidae Asilidae (robber flies) Bombyliidae (bee flies) Evocoidae Hilarimorphidae (hilarimorphid flies) Mydidae (mydas flies) Mythicomyiidae Scenopinidae (window flies) Therevidae (stiletto flies) Empidoidea Atelestidae Dolichopodidae (long-legged flies) Empididae (dagger flies, balloon flies) Homalocnemiidae Hybotidae (dance flies) Oreogetonidae Ragadidae Nemestrinoidea Acroceridae (small-headed flies) Nemestrinidae (tangle-veined flies) MuscomorphaAschizaPlatypezoidea Ironomyiidae (ironic flies) Lonchopteridae (spear-winged flies) Opetiidae (flat-footed flies) Phoridae (scuttle flies, coffin flies, humpbacked flies) Platypezidae (flat-footed flies) Syrphoidea Pipunculidae (big-headed flies) Syrphidae (hoverflies) SchizophoraAcalyptrataeConopoidea Conopidae (thick-headed flies) Tephritoidea Pallopteridae (flutter flies) Piophilidae (cheese flies) Platystomatidae (signal flies) Pyrgotidae Richardiidae Tephritidae (peacock flies) Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies) Nerioidea Cypselosomatidae Micropezidae (stilt-legged flies) Neriidae (cactus flies, banana stalk flies) Diopsoidea Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies) Gobryidae Megamerinidae Nothybidae Psilidae (rust flies) Somatiidae Strongylophthalmyiidae Syringogastridae Tanypezidae Sciomyzoidea Coelopidae (kelp flies) Dryomyzidae Helcomyzidae Helosciomyzidae Heterocheilidae Huttoninidae Natalimyzidae Phaeomyiidae Ropalomeridae Sciomyzidae (marsh flies) Sepsidae (black scavenger flies) Sphaeroceroidea Chyromyidae Heleomyzidae Nannodastiidae Sphaeroceridae (small dung flies) Lauxanioidea Celyphidae (beetle-backed flies) Chamaemyiidae (aphid flies) Cremifaniidae Lauxaniidae Opomyzoidea Agromyzidae (leaf miner flies) Anthomyzidae Asteiidae Aulacigastridae (sap flies) Clusiidae (lekking, or druid flies) Fergusoninidae Marginidae Neminidae Neurochaetidae (upside-down flies) Odiniidae Opomyzidae Periscelididae Teratomyzidae Xenasteiidae Ephydroidea Camillidae Curtonotidae (quasimodo flies) Diastatidae (bog flies) Drosophilidae (vinegar and fruit flies) Ephydridae (shore flies) Mormotomyiidae (frightful hairy fly) Carnoidea Acartophthalmidae Australimyzidae Braulidae (bee lice) Canacidae (beach flies) Carnidae Chloropidae (frit flies) Inbiomyiidae Milichiidae (freeloader flies) Lonchaeoidea Cryptochetidae Lonchaeidae (lance flies) CalyptrataeMuscoidea Anthomyiidae (cabbage flies) Fanniidae (little house flies) Muscidae (house flies, stable flies) Scathophagidae (dung flies) Oestroidea Calliphoridae (blow-flies: bluebottles, greenbottles) Mesembrinellidae Mystacinobiidae (New Zealand batfly) Oestridae (botflies) Rhiniidae Rhinophoridae Sarcophagidae (flesh flies) Tachinidae (tachina flies) Ulurumyiidae Hippoboscoidea Glossinidae (tsetse flies) Hippoboscidae (louse flies) Nycteribiidae (bat flies) Streblidae (bat flies) StratiomyomorphaStratiomyoidea Pantophthalmidae (timber flies) Stratiomyidae (soldier flies) Xylomyidae (wood soldier flies) TabanomorphaRhagionoidea Austroleptidae Bolbomyiidae Rhagionidae (snipe flies) Tabanoidea Athericidae (water snipe flies) Oreoleptidae Pelecorhynchidae Tabanidae (horse and deer flies) VermileonomorphaVermileonoidea Vermileonidae XylophagomorphaXylophagoidea Xylophagidae (awl flies) List of families of Diptera vteInsect orders Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda (unranked): Pancrustacea Subphylum: Hexapoda ExtantMonocondylia Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) Dicondylia Zygentoma (silverfish, firebrats) PterygotaPalaeopteraEphemeropteroidea Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonatoptera Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies) NeopteraPolyneoptera Plecoptera (stoneflies) Dermaptera (earwigs) Embioptera (webspinners) Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects) Orthoptera (crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts) Zoraptera (angel insects) Notoptera(Xenonomia) Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Dictyoptera Blattodea (cockroaches, termites) Mantodea (mantises) EumetabolaParaneoptera * Psocodea (barklice, lice) Thysanoptera (thrips) Hemiptera (cicadas, aphids, true bugs) Holometabola Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) NeuropteroideaColeopterida Strepsiptera (twisted-winged parasites) Coleoptera (beetles) Neuropterida Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) Neuroptera (net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions) Panorpida(Mecopterida)Antliophora Mecoptera (scorpionflies) + Siphonaptera (fleas) Diptera (gnats, mosquitoes, flies) Amphiesmenoptera Trichoptera (caddisflies) Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies) Four most speciose orders are marked in bold Italic are paraphyletic groups Based on Sasaki et al. (2013) Extinct Aethiocarenodea Archodonata Blattoptera (roachoids) Caloneurodea Campylopteridae Carbotriplurida Coxoplectoptera Diaphanopterodea Eoblattodea Eudiaphanoptera Geroptera Glosselytrodea Heraridea Hypoperlida Lapeyriidae Meganisoptera (griffinflies) Megasecoptera Miomoptera Palaeodictyoptera Paoliida Permoplecoptera Protanisoptera Protelytroptera Protephemerida Protorthoptera Protozygoptera Syntonoptera Titanoptera Triadophlebioptera Insects portal Wikispecies vteHuman interactions with insectsAspectsof insectsin cultureIn the arts Insects in art Beetlewing Musca depicta Arthropods in film Insects in literature Insects in music List of insect-inspired songs Insects on stamps In fishing Fishing bait Fly fishing Artificial fly Fly tying In medicine Apitherapy Apitoxin Melittin Spanish fly Cantharidin In mythology Bees in mythology Cicadas in mythology Scarab (artifact) Other aspects Biomimicry Cockroach racing Cricket fighting Entomological warfare Entomophagy Insect farming Flea circus Insects in ethics Insects in religion Jingzhe Economicentomology Beneficial insect Biological pest control Beekeeping Bee pollen List of crop plants pollinated by bees Beeswax Honey Propolis Royal jelly Carmine/Cochineal Polish Chitin Kermes Sericulture Silk Shellac Model organism Drosophila melanogaster Harmfulinsects Insect bites and stings Insect sting allergy Bed bug Woodworm Home-stored product entomology Clothes moth Pioneers Jan Swammerdam Alfred Russel Wallace Jean-Henri Fabre Hans Zinsser (Rats, Lice and History) Lafcadio Hearn (Insect Literature) Concerns Bees and toxic chemicals Colony collapse disorder Decline in insect populations Habitat destruction List of endangered insects Pesticide Insecticide Neonicotinoid Pesticide toxicity to bees Categories,templates Insects and humans Insecticides Pesticides Insects portal Taxon identifiersDiptera Wikidata: Q25312 Wikispecies: Diptera ADW: Diptera AFD: Diptera BioLib: 16869 BOLD: 127 BugGuide: 55 CoL: D2P EoL: 421 EPPO: 1DIPTO Fauna Europaea: 10877 Fauna Europaea (new): 27be1201-53d6-4518-8656-a0ed1af676e8 GBIF: 811 iNaturalist: 47822 IRMNG: 10063 ITIS: 118831 NBN: NHMSYS0000841073 NCBI: 7147 NZOR: 0441df7d-4b0f-4271-b0b9-75c7789ee555 Open Tree of Life: 661378 Paleobiology Database: 70527 PPE: diptera Plazi: 95010EA3-1EA4-2194-6DC6-C6B7FD9EB759 WoRMS: 118088 Authority control databases: National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight"},{"link_name":"Flying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Fly (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Flies (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flies_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthomyiidae_(female)_(10144905255).jpg"},{"link_name":"Anthomyiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthomyiidae"},{"link_name":"eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye"},{"link_name":"antennae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)"},{"link_name":"sucking mouthparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_of_Diptera"},{"link_name":"single pair of flying wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera_wing"},{"link_name":"halteres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halteres"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"halteres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halteres"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"horse-flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-fly"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"crane flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_fly"},{"link_name":"hoverflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoverfly"},{"link_name":"mosquitoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito"},{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"compound eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_eye"},{"link_name":"metamorphosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosis"},{"link_name":"ovoviviparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovoviviparity"},{"link_name":"carrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion"},{"link_name":"ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"Hymenopteran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenoptera"},{"link_name":"pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"},{"link_name":"Fruit flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila"},{"link_name":"model organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism"},{"link_name":"mosquitoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito"},{"link_name":"vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_vector"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"dengue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever"},{"link_name":"West Nile fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_fever"},{"link_name":"yellow fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever"},{"link_name":"encephalitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis"},{"link_name":"infectious diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection"},{"link_name":"houseflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housefly"},{"link_name":"foodborne illnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodborne_illness"},{"link_name":"tsetse flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_flies"},{"link_name":"screwworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochliomyia"},{"link_name":"gentles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliphoridae"},{"link_name":"maggots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggot"},{"link_name":"fishing bait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_bait"},{"link_name":"debridement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debridement"},{"link_name":"to clean wounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggot_therapy"}],"text":"Order of insectsThis article is about the insect. For the process of flying, see Flight and Flying. For other uses, see Fly (disambiguation).\"Flies\" redirects here. For other uses, see Flies (disambiguation).An Anthomyiidae species showing characteristic dipteran features: large eyes, small antennae, sucking mouthparts, single pair of flying wings, hindwings reduced to clublike halteresFlies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- di- \"two\", and πτερόν pteron \"wing\". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced mechanosensory organs known as halteres, which act as high-speed sensors of rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics. Diptera is a large order containing an estimated 1,000,000 species including horse-flies,[a] crane flies, hoverflies, mosquitoes and others, although only about 125,000 species have been described.Flies have a mobile head, with a pair of large compound eyes, and mouthparts designed for piercing and sucking (mosquitoes, black flies and robber flies), or for lapping and sucking in the other groups. Their wing arrangement gives them great maneuverability in flight, and claws and pads on their feet enable them to cling to smooth surfaces. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis; the eggs are often laid on the larval food-source and the larvae, which lack true limbs, develop in a protected environment, often inside their food source. Other species are ovoviviparous, opportunistically depositing hatched or hatching larvae instead of eggs on carrion, dung, decaying material, or open wounds of mammals. The pupa is a tough capsule from which the adult emerges when ready to do so; flies mostly have short lives as adults.Diptera is one of the major insect orders and of considerable ecological and human importance. Flies are important pollinators, second only to the bees and their Hymenopteran relatives. Flies may have been among the evolutionarily earliest pollinators responsible for early plant pollination. Fruit flies are used as model organisms in research, but less benignly, mosquitoes are vectors for malaria, dengue, West Nile fever, yellow fever, encephalitis, and other infectious diseases; and houseflies, commensal with humans all over the world, spread foodborne illnesses. Flies can be annoyances especially in some parts of the world where they can occur in large numbers, buzzing and settling on the skin or eyes to bite or seek fluids. Larger flies such as tsetse flies and screwworms cause significant economic harm to cattle. Blowfly larvae, known as gentles, and other dipteran larvae, known more generally as maggots, are used as fishing bait, as food for carnivorous animals, and in medicine in debridement, to clean wounds.","title":"Fly"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Taxonomy and phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"holometabolans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holometabola"},{"link_name":"Mecopterida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecopterida"},{"link_name":"Mecoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecoptera"},{"link_name":"Siphonaptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphonaptera"},{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"link_name":"Trichoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichoptera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hippoboscidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippoboscidae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayhew_2007-7"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kjer-8"},{"link_name":"Holometabola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holometabola"},{"link_name":"Hymenoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenoptera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_wasp_white_bg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aparaglossata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparaglossata"},{"link_name":"Neuropteroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropteroidea"},{"link_name":"Neuropterida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropterida"},{"link_name":"Raphidioptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphidioptera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raphidia_icon.png"},{"link_name":"Megaloptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaloptera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_(rotated).png"},{"link_name":"Neuroptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroptera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osmylus_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Coleopterida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleopterida"},{"link_name":"Coleoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleoptera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_(Reitter,_1887).jpg"},{"link_name":"Strepsiptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsiptera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elenchus_koebelei.jpg"},{"link_name":"Panorpida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorpida"},{"link_name":"Amphiesmenoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiesmenoptera"},{"link_name":"Trichoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichoptera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_house_fly,_Musca_domestica.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mecoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecoptera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scorpionfly_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Siphonaptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphonaptera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_(white_background).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Relationships to other insects","text":"Dipterans are holometabolans, insects that undergo radical metamorphosis. They belong to the Mecopterida, alongside the Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Lepidoptera and Trichoptera.[3][4] The possession of a single pair of wings distinguishes most true flies from other insects with \"fly\" in their names. However, some true flies such as Hippoboscidae (louse flies) have become secondarily wingless.[5][6]The cladogram represents the current consensus view.[7]Holometabola\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) \n\n\n\n\n\n\nAparaglossata\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeuropteroidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeuropterida\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRaphidioptera (snakeflies) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMegaloptera (alderflies and allies) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeuroptera (Lacewings and allies) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColeopterida\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColeoptera (beetles) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStrepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPanorpida\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmphiesmenoptera\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTrichoptera (caddisflies) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLepidoptera (butterflies, moths) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAntliophora\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDiptera \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMecoptera (scorpionflies) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSiphonaptera (fleas) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(Mecopterida)","title":"Taxonomy and phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fossil_insect_Diptera,_Brachycera_in_Baltic_amber._Age_50_Mill._years_(the_Lower_Eocene).jpg"},{"link_name":"brachyceran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachycera"},{"link_name":"Baltic amber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_amber"},{"link_name":"Lower Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Eocene"},{"link_name":"Middle Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Triassic"},{"link_name":"Late Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Triassic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Modern flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"nectar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar"},{"link_name":"honeydew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)"},{"link_name":"sap-sucking bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoptera"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"basal clades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_clade"},{"link_name":"Deuterophlebiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterophlebiidae"},{"link_name":"Nymphomyiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphomyiidae"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiegmann2011-11"},{"link_name":"evolutionary radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Schizophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophora"},{"link_name":"Paleogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiegmann2011-11"},{"link_name":"holometabolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holometabolism"},{"link_name":"Mecopterida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecopterida"},{"link_name":"Strepsiptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsiptera"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lutzomyia_adiketis.jpg"},{"link_name":"nematoceran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematocera"},{"link_name":"Lutzomyia adiketis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutzomyia_adiketis"},{"link_name":"Psychodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodidae"},{"link_name":"Early Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Miocene"},{"link_name":"Nematocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematocera"},{"link_name":"Brachycera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachycera"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOL-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ptychopteromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptychopteromorpha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png"},{"link_name":"Culicomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicomorpha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blephariceromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blephariceromorpha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imago_of_Blepharicera_fasciata_as_Asthenia_fasciata_in_Westwood_1842,_plate_94.png"},{"link_name":"Bibionomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibionomorpha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg"},{"link_name":"Psychodomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodomorpha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clogmia_clean.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tipuloidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipuloidea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tipula_oleracea_icon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brachycera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachycera"},{"link_name":"Stratiomyomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratiomyomorpha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermetia_illucens_f.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xylophagomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophagomorpha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coenomyia_ferruginea.png"},{"link_name":"Tabanomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanomorpha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysops_relicta_f.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscomorpha"},{"link_name":"Nemestrinoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemestrinoidea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acrocera_globulus.png"},{"link_name":"Asiloidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiloidea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asilidae_icon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremoneura"},{"link_name":"Empidoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empidoidea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drapetis_brevior_fbi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cyc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclorrhapha"},{"link_name":"Aschiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschiza"},{"link_name":"Phoroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoroidea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Platypeza_picta.png"},{"link_name":"Syrphoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrphoidea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syrphidae_icon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophora"},{"link_name":"Cal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyptratae"},{"link_name":"Hippoboscoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippoboscoidea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nycteribiidae_icon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Muscoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscoidea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Musca_domestica_female.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oestroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oestroidea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcophaga_haemorrhoidalis_m.jpg"},{"link_name":"Acalyptratae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acalyptratae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceratitis_capitata_illustration.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nematocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematocera"},{"link_name":"Calyptratae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyptratae"},{"link_name":"Cyclorrhapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclorrhapha"},{"link_name":"Eremoneura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremoneura"},{"link_name":"Muscomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscomorpha"},{"link_name":"Schizophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophora"}],"sub_title":"Relationships between subgroups and families","text":"Fossil brachyceran in Baltic amber. Lower Eocene, c. 50 million years agoThe first true dipterans known are from the Middle Triassic (around 240 million years ago), and they became widespread during the Middle and Late Triassic.[8] Modern flowering plants did not appear until the Cretaceous (around 140 million years ago), so the original dipterans must have had a different source of nutrition other than nectar. Based on the attraction of many modern fly groups to shiny droplets, it has been suggested that they may have fed on honeydew produced by sap-sucking bugs which were abundant at the time, and dipteran mouthparts are well-adapted to softening and lapping up the crusted residues.[9] The basal clades in the Diptera include the Deuterophlebiidae and the enigmatic Nymphomyiidae.[10] Three episodes of evolutionary radiation are thought to have occurred based on the fossil record. Many new species of lower Diptera developed in the Triassic, about 220 million years ago. Many lower Brachycera appeared in the Jurassic, some 180 million years ago. A third radiation took place among the Schizophora at the start of the Paleogene, 66 million years ago.[10]The phylogenetic position of Diptera has been controversial. The monophyly of holometabolous insects has long been accepted, with the main orders being established as Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, and it is the relationships between these groups which has caused difficulties. Diptera is widely thought to be a member of Mecopterida, along with Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Trichoptera (caddisflies), Siphonaptera (fleas), Mecoptera (scorpionflies) and possibly Strepsiptera (twisted-wing flies). Diptera has been grouped with Siphonaptera and Mecoptera in the Antliophora, but this has not been confirmed by molecular studies.[11]Fossil nematoceran in Dominican amber. Sandfly, Lutzomyia adiketis (Psychodidae), Early Miocene, c. 20 million years agoDiptera were traditionally broken down into two suborders, Nematocera and Brachycera, distinguished by the differences in antennae. The Nematocera are identified by their elongated bodies and many-segmented, often feathery antennae as represented by mosquitoes and crane flies. The Brachycera have rounder bodies and much shorter antennae.[12][13] Subsequent studies have identified the Nematocera as being non-monophyletic with modern phylogenies placing the Brachycera within grades of groups formerly placed in the Nematocera. The construction of a phylogenetic tree has been the subject of ongoing research. The following cladogram is based on the FLYTREE project.[14][15]Diptera\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPtychopteromorpha (phantom and primitive crane-flies) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCulicomorpha (mosquitoes, blackflies and midges) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBlephariceromorpha (net-winged midges, etc) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBibionomorpha (gnats) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPsychodomorpha (drain flies, sand flies, etc) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTipuloidea (crane flies) \n\n\n\n\n\n\nBrachycera\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStratiomyomorpha (soldier flies, etc) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nXylophagomorpha (stink flies, etc) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTabanomorpha (horse flies, snipe flies, etc) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNemestrinoidea \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAsiloidea (robber flies, bee flies, etc) \n\n\n\n\n\n\nEre\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEmpidoidea (dance flies, etc) \n\n\n\n\n\n\nCyc\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAschiza (in part)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPhoroidea (flat-footed flies, etc) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSyrphoidea (hoverflies) \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSch\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCal\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHippoboscoidea (louse flies, etc) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMuscoidea (house flies, dung flies, etc) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOestroidea (blow flies, flesh flies, etc) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAcalyptratae (marsh flies, etc) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Nematocera\"Abbreviations used in the cladogram:\nCal=Calyptratae\nCyc=Cyclorrhapha\nEre=Eremoneura\nMus=Muscomorpha\nSch=Schizophora","title":"Taxonomy and phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mydas_sp..JPG"},{"link_name":"Gauromydas heros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauromydas_heros"},{"link_name":"formally described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pape2009-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TolwebDiptera-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pape-20"},{"link_name":"Musca domestica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housefly"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Gauromydas heros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauromydas_heros"},{"link_name":"Asiloidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiloidea"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Euryplatea nanaknihali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryplatea_nanaknihali"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca"},{"link_name":"woodlice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlouse"},{"link_name":"millipedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millipede"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pape-20"},{"link_name":"amphibians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"trap pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination_trap"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Megaselia scalaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaselia_scalaris"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Exorista mella (Walker)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorista_mella_(Walker)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"shore flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephydridae"},{"link_name":"Diamesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamesa"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biology_of_Shore_Flies-32"},{"link_name":"Helaeomyia petrolei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biology_of_Shore_Flies-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pape-20"},{"link_name":"hoverflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoverfly"},{"link_name":"mimicry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry"},{"link_name":"inquiline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiline"},{"link_name":"scavengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenger"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gullan320-33"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pape-20"}],"sub_title":"Diversity","text":"Gauromydas heros is the largest fly in the world.Flies are often abundant and are found in almost all terrestrial habitats in the world apart from Antarctica. They include many familiar insects such as house flies, blow flies, mosquitoes, gnats, black flies, midges and fruit flies. More than 150,000 have been formally described and the actual species diversity is much greater, with the flies from many parts of the world yet to be studied intensively.[16][17] The suborder Nematocera include generally small, slender insects with long antennae such as mosquitoes, gnats, midges and crane-flies, while the Brachycera includes broader, more robust flies with short antennae. Many nematoceran larvae are aquatic.[18] There are estimated to be a total of about 19,000 species of Diptera in Europe, 22,000 in the Nearctic region, 20,000 in the Afrotropical region, 23,000 in the Oriental region and 19,000 in the Australasian region.[19] While most species have restricted distributions, a few like the housefly (Musca domestica) are cosmopolitan.[20] Gauromydas heros (Asiloidea), with a length of up to 7 cm (2.8 in), is generally considered to be the largest fly in the world,[21] while the smallest is Euryplatea nanaknihali, which at 0.4 mm (0.016 in) is smaller than a grain of salt.[22]Brachycera are ecologically very diverse, with many being predatory at the larval stage and some being parasitic. Animals parasitised include molluscs, woodlice, millipedes, insects, mammals,[19] and amphibians.[23] Flies are the second largest group of pollinators after the Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and relatives). In wet and colder environments flies are significantly more important as pollinators. Compared to bees, they need less food as they do not need to provision their young. Many flowers that bear low nectar and those that have evolved trap pollination depend on flies.[24] It is thought that some of the earliest pollinators of plants may have been flies.[25]The greatest diversity of gall forming insects are found among the flies, principally in the family Cecidomyiidae (gall midges).[26] Many flies (most importantly in the family Agromyzidae) lay their eggs in the mesophyll tissue of leaves with larvae feeding between the surfaces forming blisters and mines.[27] Some families are mycophagous or fungus feeding. These include the cave dwelling Mycetophilidae (fungus gnats) whose larvae are the only diptera with bioluminescence. The Sciaridae are also fungus feeders. Some plants are pollinated by fungus feeding flies that visit fungus infected male flowers.[28]The larvae of Megaselia scalaris (Phoridae) are almost omnivorous and consume such substances as paint and shoe polish.[29] The Exorista mella (Walker) fly are considered generalists and parasitoids of a variety of hosts.[30] The larvae of the shore flies (Ephydridae) and some Chironomidae survive in extreme environments including glaciers (Diamesa sp., Chironomidae[31]), hot springs, geysers, saline pools, sulphur pools, septic tanks and even crude oil (Helaeomyia petrolei[31]).[19] Adult hoverflies (Syrphidae) are well known for their mimicry and the larvae adopt diverse lifestyles including being inquiline scavengers inside the nests of social insects.[32] Some brachycerans are agricultural pests, some bite animals and humans and suck their blood, and some transmit diseases.[19]","title":"Taxonomy and phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morphology of Diptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_of_Diptera"},{"link_name":"tagma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagma_(biology)"},{"link_name":"antennae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)"},{"link_name":"mouthparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_mouthparts"},{"link_name":"thorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorax_(insect_anatomy)"},{"link_name":"halteres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halteres"},{"link_name":"abdomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickinson_1999-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resh-35"},{"link_name":"Spilomyia longicornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilomyia_longicornis"},{"link_name":"vespid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tabanus_atratus,_U,_Face,_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_(9599360121).jpg"},{"link_name":"a horse-fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanus_atratus"},{"link_name":"compound eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_eye"},{"link_name":"mouthparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_mouthparts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tephrochlamys_rufiventris_(female_head)_(25234095874).jpg"},{"link_name":"compound eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_eye"},{"link_name":"ocelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocelli"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resh-35"},{"link_name":"horse-flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-fly"},{"link_name":"diverticulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverticulum"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIBD-36"},{"link_name":"optic flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_flow"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11943823-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"H1 neuron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1_neuron"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoiBFMissing-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruppert-42"},{"link_name":"chemoreceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoreceptor"},{"link_name":"mechanoreceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptor"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruppert-42"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"bush crickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tettigoniidae"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halteres-Tipule.jpg"},{"link_name":"crane fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_fly"},{"link_name":"halteres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltere"},{"link_name":"wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_wing"},{"link_name":"mesothorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothorax"},{"link_name":"halteres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halteres"},{"link_name":"metathorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metathorax"},{"link_name":"ganglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIBD-36"},{"link_name":"Nycteribiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nycteribiidae"},{"link_name":"Streblidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streblidae"},{"link_name":"Strepsiptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsiptera"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod_leg"},{"link_name":"tarsomeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsomere"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resh-35"},{"link_name":"pulvilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulvilli"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibb-48"},{"link_name":"sclerite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerite"},{"link_name":"ovipositor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovipositor"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resh-35"}],"text":"See also: Morphology of DipteraFlies are adapted for aerial movement and typically have short and streamlined bodies. The first tagma of the fly, the head, bears the eyes, the antennae, and the mouthparts (the labrum, labium, mandible, and maxilla make up the mouthparts). The second tagma, the thorax, bears the wings and contains the flight muscles on the second segment, which is greatly enlarged; the first and third segments have been reduced to collar-like structures, and the third segment bears the halteres, which help to balance the insect during flight. The third tagma is the abdomen consisting of 11 segments, some of which may be fused, and with the 3 hindmost segments modified for reproduction.[33][34] Some Dipterans are mimics and can only be distinguished from their models by very careful inspection. An example of this is Spilomyia longicornis, which is a fly but mimics a vespid wasp.Head of a horse-fly showing large compound eyes and stout piercing mouthpartsA head of a fly, showing the two compound eyes and three simple eyes clearly.Flies have a mobile head with a pair of large compound eyes on the sides of the head, and in most species, three small ocelli on the top. The compound eyes may be close together or widely separated, and in some instances are divided into a dorsal region and a ventral region, perhaps to assist in swarming behaviour. The antennae are well-developed but variable, being thread-like, feathery or comb-like in the different families. The mouthparts are adapted for piercing and sucking, as in the black flies, mosquitoes and robber flies, and for lapping and sucking as in many other groups.[34] Female horse-flies use knife-like mandibles and maxillae to make a cross-shaped incision in the host's skin and then lap up the blood that flows. The gut includes large diverticulae, allowing the insect to store small quantities of liquid after a meal.[35]For visual course control, flies' optic flow field is analyzed by a set of motion-sensitive neurons.[36] A subset of these neurons is thought to be involved in using the optic flow to estimate the parameters of self-motion, such as yaw, roll, and sideward translation.[37] Other neurons are thought to be involved in analyzing the content of the visual scene itself, such as separating figures from the ground using motion parallax.[38][39] The H1 neuron is responsible for detecting horizontal motion across the entire visual field of the fly, allowing the fly to generate and guide stabilizing motor corrections midflight with respect to yaw.[40] The ocelli are concerned in the detection of changes in light intensity, enabling the fly to react swiftly to the approach of an object.[41]Like other insects, flies have chemoreceptors that detect smell and taste, and mechanoreceptors that respond to touch. The third segments of the antennae and the maxillary palps bear the main olfactory receptors, while the gustatory receptors are in the labium, pharynx, feet, wing margins and female genitalia,[42] enabling flies to taste their food by walking on it. The taste receptors in females at the tip of the abdomen receive information on the suitability of a site for ovipositing.[41] Flies that feed on blood have special sensory structures that can detect infrared emissions, and use them to home in on their hosts, Many blood-sucking flies can detect the raised concentration of carbon dioxide that occurs near large animals.[43] Some tachinid flies (Ormiinae) which are parasitoids of bush crickets, have sound receptors to help them locate their singing hosts.[44]A crane fly, showing the hind wings reduced to drumstick-shaped halteresDiptera have one pair of fore wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres, or reduced hind wings, on the metathorax. A further adaptation for flight is the reduction in number of the neural ganglia, and concentration of nerve tissue in the thorax, a feature that is most extreme in the highly derived Muscomorpha infraorder.[35] Some flies such as the ectoparasitic Nycteribiidae and Streblidae are exceptional in having lost their wings and become flightless. The only other order of insects bearing a single pair of true, functional wings, in addition to any form of halteres, are the Strepsiptera. In contrast to the flies, the Strepsiptera bear their halteres on the mesothorax and their flight wings on the metathorax.[45] Each of the fly's six legs has a typical insect structure of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus, with the tarsus in most instances being subdivided into five tarsomeres.[34] At the tip of the limb is a pair of claws, and between these are cushion-like structures known as pulvilli which provide adhesion.[46]The abdomen shows considerable variability among members of the order. It consists of eleven segments in primitive groups and ten segments in more derived groups, the tenth and eleventh segments having fused.[47] The last two or three segments are adapted for reproduction. Each segment is made up of a dorsal and a ventral sclerite, connected by an elastic membrane. In some females, the sclerites are rolled into a flexible, telescopic ovipositor.[34]","title":"Anatomy and morphology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Insect flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_flight"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March-fly-in-flight.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tabanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-fly"},{"link_name":"flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_flight"},{"link_name":"gyroscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sane_2015-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"saccades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Dolichopodid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichopus_pennatus"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Cephenemyia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_botfly"},{"link_name":"Charles Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Tyler_Townsend"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Cuterebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuterebra"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"A. freeborni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles_freeborni"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"leks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek_mating"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-61"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Flight","text":"Further information: Insect flightTabanid fly in flightFlies are capable of great manoeuvrability during flight due to the presence of the halteres. These act as gyroscopic organs and are rapidly oscillated in time with the wings; they act as a balance and guidance system by providing rapid feedback to the wing-steering muscles, and flies deprived of their halteres are unable to fly. The wings and halteres move in synchrony but the amplitude of each wing beat is independent, allowing the fly to turn sideways.[48] The wings of the fly are attached to two kinds of muscles, those used to power it and another set used for fine control.[49]Flies tend to fly in a straight line then make a rapid change in direction before continuing on a different straight path. The directional changes are called saccades and typically involve an angle of 90°, being achieved in 50 milliseconds. They are initiated by visual stimuli as the fly observes an object, nerves then activate steering muscles in the thorax that cause a small change in wing stroke which generate sufficient torque to turn. Detecting this within four or five wingbeats, the halteres trigger a counter-turn and the fly heads off in a new direction.[50]Flies have rapid reflexes that aid their escape from predators but their sustained flight speeds are low. Dolichopodid flies in the genus Condylostylus respond in less than 5 milliseconds to camera flashes by taking flight.[51] In the past, the deer bot fly, Cephenemyia, was claimed to be one of the fastest insects on the basis of an estimate made visually by Charles Townsend in 1927.[52] This claim, of speeds of 600 to 800 miles per hour, was regularly repeated until it was shown to be physically impossible as well as incorrect by Irving Langmuir. Langmuir suggested an estimated speed of 25 miles per hour.[53][54][55]Although most flies live and fly close to the ground, a few are known to fly at heights and a few like Oscinella (Chloropidae) are known to be dispersed by winds at altitudes of up to 2000 ft and over long distances.[56] Some hover flies like Metasyrphus corollae have been known to undertake long flights in response to aphid population spurts.[57]Males of fly species such as Cuterebra, many hover flies,[58] bee flies (Bombyliidae)[59] and fruit flies (Tephritidae)[60] maintain territories within which they engage in aerial pursuit to drive away intruding males and other species.[61] While these territories may be held by individual males, some species, such as A. freeborni,[62] form leks with many males aggregating in displays.[60] Some flies maintain an airspace and still others form dense swarms that maintain a stationary location with respect to landmarks. Many flies mate in flight while swarming.[63]","title":"Anatomy and morphology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biology of Diptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_of_Diptera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthomyiidae_sp._1_(aka).jpg"},{"link_name":"anthomyiid flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthomyiidae"}],"text":"See also: Biology of DipteraMating anthomyiid fliesDiptera go through a complete metamorphosis with four distinct life stages – egg, larva, pupa and adult.","title":"Life cycle and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brachycera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachycera"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resh-35"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gullan-65"},{"link_name":"spiracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stomoxys-stable-fly-life-cycle-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stomoxys calcitrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomoxys_calcitrans"},{"link_name":"larval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"instars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instar"},{"link_name":"pupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa"},{"link_name":"Nematocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematocera"},{"link_name":"Brachycera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachycera"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isbn0-19-861271-0-67"},{"link_name":"cerci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercus"},{"link_name":"endoparasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIBD-36"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lancaster-68"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gullan-65"},{"link_name":"Simuliidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simuliidae"},{"link_name":"Tabanidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-fly"},{"link_name":"Vermileonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermileonidae"},{"link_name":"prolegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proleg"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"oviparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparity"},{"link_name":"ovoviviparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovoviviparity"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Hylemya strigosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hylemya_strigosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Termitoxenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termitoxenia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tsetse fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly"},{"link_name":"adenotrophic viviparity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenotrophic_viviparity"},{"link_name":"Lundstroemia parthenogenetica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lundstroemia_parthenogenetica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"thelytokous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelytokous"},{"link_name":"parthenogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis"},{"link_name":"gall midges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall_midge"},{"link_name":"paedogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paedogenesis"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Larva","text":"In many flies, the larval stage is long and adults may have a short life. Most dipteran larvae develop in protected environments; many are aquatic and others are found in moist places such as carrion, fruit, vegetable matter, fungi and, in the case of parasitic species, inside their hosts. They tend to have thin cuticles and become desiccated if exposed to the air. Apart from the Brachycera, most dipteran larvae have sclerotised head capsules, which may be reduced to remnant mouth hooks; the Brachycera, however, have soft, gelatinized head capsules from which the sclerites are reduced or missing. Many of these larvae retract their heads into their thorax.[34][64] The spiracles in the larva and pupa do not have any internal mechanical closing device.[65]Life cycle of stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans, showing eggs, 3 larval instars, pupa, and adultSome other anatomical distinction exists between the larvae of the Nematocera and the Brachycera. Especially in the Brachycera, little demarcation is seen between the thorax and abdomen, though the demarcation may be visible in many Nematocera, such as mosquitoes; in the Brachycera, the head of the larva is not clearly distinguishable from the rest of the body, and few, if any, sclerites are present. Informally, such brachyceran larvae are called maggots,[66] but the term is not technical and often applied indifferently to fly larvae or insect larvae in general. The eyes and antennae of brachyceran larvae are reduced or absent, and the abdomen also lacks appendages such as cerci. This lack of features is an adaptation to food such as carrion, decaying detritus, or host tissues surrounding endoparasites.[35] Nematoceran larvae generally have well-developed eyes and antennae, while those of Brachyceran larvae are reduced or modified.[67]Dipteran larvae have no jointed, \"true legs\",[64] but some dipteran larvae, such as species of Simuliidae, Tabanidae and Vermileonidae, have prolegs adapted to hold onto a substrate in flowing water, host tissues or prey.[68] The majority of dipterans are oviparous and lay batches of eggs, but some species are ovoviviparous, where the larvae starting development inside the eggs before they hatch or viviparous, the larvae hatching and maturing in the body of the mother before being externally deposited. These are found especially in groups that have larvae dependent on food sources that are short-lived or are accessible for brief periods.[69] This is widespread in some families such as the Sarcophagidae. In Hylemya strigosa (Anthomyiidae) the larva moults to the second instar before hatching, and in Termitoxenia (Phoridae) females have incubation pouches, and a full developed third instar larva is deposited by the adult and it almost immediately pupates with no freely feeding larval stage. The tsetse fly (as well as other Glossinidae, Hippoboscidae, Nycteribidae and Streblidae) exhibits adenotrophic viviparity; a single fertilised egg is retained in the oviduct and the developing larva feeds on glandular secretions. When fully grown, the female finds a spot with soft soil and the larva works its way out of the oviduct, buries itself and pupates. Some flies like Lundstroemia parthenogenetica (Chironomidae) reproduce by thelytokous parthenogenesis, and some gall midges have larvae that can produce eggs (paedogenesis).[70][71]","title":"Life cycle and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pupae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa"},{"link_name":"puparium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puparium"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resh-35"}],"sub_title":"Pupa","text":"The pupae take various forms. In some groups, particularly the Nematocera, the pupa is intermediate between the larval and adult form; these pupae are described as \"obtect\", having the future appendages visible as structures that adhere to the pupal body. The outer surface of the pupa may be leathery and bear spines, respiratory features or locomotory paddles. In other groups, described as \"coarctate\", the appendages are not visible. In these, the outer surface is a puparium, formed from the last larval skin, and the actual pupa is concealed within. When the adult insect is ready to emerge from this tough, desiccation-resistant capsule, it inflates a balloon-like structure on its head, and forces its way out.[34]","title":"Life cycle and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"anus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIBD-36"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Adult","text":"The adult stage is usually short, its function is only to mate and lay eggs. The genitalia of male flies are rotated to a varying degree from the position found in other insects.[72] In some flies, this is a temporary rotation during mating, but in others, it is a permanent torsion of the organs that occurs during the pupal stage. This torsion may lead to the anus being below the genitals, or, in the case of 360° torsion, to the sperm duct being wrapped around the gut and the external organs being in their usual position. When flies mate, the male initially flies on top of the female, facing in the same direction, but then turns around to face in the opposite direction. This forces the male to lie on his back for his genitalia to remain engaged with those of the female, or the torsion of the male genitals allows the male to mate while remaining upright. This leads to flies having more reproduction abilities than most insects, and much quicker. Flies occur in large populations due to their ability to mate effectively and quickly during the mating season.[35] More primitive groups mates in the air during swarming, but most of the more advanced species with a 360° torsion mate on a substrate.[73]","title":"Life cycle and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bubbling_Fly.jpg"},{"link_name":"trophic levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_level"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resh-35"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resh-35"},{"link_name":"Anthomyia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthomyia"},{"link_name":"Steganopsis melanogaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganopsis_melanogaster"},{"link_name":"regurgitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"kleptoparasitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptoparasitism"},{"link_name":"Bengalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalia"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Ephydra hians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephydra_hians"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"A calliphorid \"bubbling\"As ubiquitous insects, dipterans play an important role at various trophic levels both as consumers and as prey. In some groups the larvae complete their development without feeding, and in others the adults do not feed. The larvae can be herbivores, scavengers, decomposers, predators or parasites, with the consumption of decaying organic matter being one of the most prevalent feeding behaviours. The fruit or detritus is consumed along with the associated micro-organisms, a sieve-like filter in the pharynx being used to concentrate the particles, while flesh-eating larvae have mouth-hooks to help shred their food. The larvae of some groups feed on or in the living tissues of plants and fungi, and some of these are serious pests of agricultural crops. Some aquatic larvae consume the films of algae that form underwater on rocks and plants. Many of the parasitoid larvae grow inside and eventually kill other arthropods, while parasitic larvae may attack vertebrate hosts.[34]Whereas many dipteran larvae are aquatic or live in enclosed terrestrial locations, the majority of adults live above ground and are capable of flight. Predominantly they feed on nectar or plant or animal exudates, such as honeydew, for which their lapping mouthparts are adapted. Some flies have functional mandibles that may be used for biting. The flies that feed on vertebrate blood have sharp stylets that pierce the skin, with some species having anticoagulant saliva that is regurgitated before absorbing the blood that flows; in this process, certain diseases can be transmitted. The bot flies (Oestridae) have evolved to parasitize mammals. Many species complete their life cycle inside the bodies of their hosts.[74] The larvae of a few fly groups (Agromyzidae, Anthomyiidae, Cecidomyiidae) are capable of inducing plant galls. Some dipteran larvae are leaf-miners. The larvae of many brachyceran families are predaceous. In many dipteran groups, swarming is a feature of adult life, with clouds of insects gathering in certain locations; these insects are mostly males, and the swarm may serve the purpose of making their location more visible to females.[34]Most adult diptera have their mouthparts modified to sponge up fluid. The adults of many species of flies (e.g. Anthomyia sp., Steganopsis melanogaster) that feed on liquid food will regurgitate fluid in a behaviour termed as \"bubbling\" which has been thought to help the insects evaporate water and concentrate food[75] or possibly to cool by evaporation.[76] Some adult diptera are known for kleptoparasitism such as members of the Sarcophagidae. The miltogramminae are known as \"satellite flies\" for their habit of following wasps and stealing their stung prey or laying their eggs into them. Phorids, milichids and the genus Bengalia are known to steal food carried by ants.[77] Adults of Ephydra hians forage underwater, and have special hydrophobic hairs that trap a bubble of air that lets them breathe underwater.[78]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anti-predator adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grosser_Wollschweber_Bombylius_major.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bombylius major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombylius_major"},{"link_name":"Batesian mimic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batesian_mimicry"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins-80"},{"link_name":"mimetic resemblances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry"},{"link_name":"Batesian mimicry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batesian_mimicry"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"myrmecophilous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmecophilous"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Bombylius major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombylius_major"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Godfray1994-86"},{"link_name":"Drosophila subobscura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_subobscura"},{"link_name":"Drosophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila"},{"link_name":"Drosophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"Anti-predator adaptations","text":"Further information: Anti-predator adaptationThe large bee-fly, Bombylius major, is a Batesian mimic of bees.Flies are eaten by other animals at all stages of their development. The eggs and larvae are parasitised by other insects and are eaten by many creatures, some of which specialise in feeding on flies but most of which consume them as part of a mixed diet. Birds, bats, frogs, lizards, dragonflies and spiders are among the predators of flies.[79] Many flies have evolved mimetic resemblances that aid their protection. Batesian mimicry is widespread with many hoverflies resembling bees and wasps,[80][81] ants[82] and some species of tephritid fruit fly resembling spiders.[83] Some species of hoverfly are myrmecophilous—their young live and grow within the nests of ants. They are protected from the ants by imitating chemical odours given by ant colony members.[84] Bombyliid bee flies such as Bombylius major are short-bodied, round, furry, and distinctly bee-like as they visit flowers for nectar, and are likely also Batesian mimics of bees.[85]In contrast, Drosophila subobscura, a species of fly in the genus Drosophila, lacks a category of hemocytes that are present in other studied species of Drosophila, leading to an inability to defend against parasitic attacks, a form of innate immunodeficiency.[86]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human interactions with insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects"}],"text":"Further information: Human interactions with insects","title":"Human interaction and cultural depictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christus_carthusian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Petrus Christus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Christus"},{"link_name":"trompe-l'œil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il"},{"link_name":"Navajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_people"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Christian demonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_demonology"},{"link_name":"Beelzebub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beelzebub"},{"link_name":"Philistines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistine"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Sumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-94"},{"link_name":"Inanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna"},{"link_name":"Dumuzid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"galla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallu"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-94"},{"link_name":"flood myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_myth"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-94"},{"link_name":"Utnapishtim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utnapishtim"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-94"},{"link_name":"Old Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia"},{"link_name":"Nergal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nergal"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-94"},{"link_name":"lapis lazuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_lazuli"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-94"},{"link_name":"Greek myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Myia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Selene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selene"},{"link_name":"Endymion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endymion_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Prometheus Bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Bound"},{"link_name":"Aeschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"},{"link_name":"gadfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-fly"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Hera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera"},{"link_name":"Io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_Panoptes"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stagman2010-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stagman2010-98"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Tom o'Bedlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_o%27Bedlam"},{"link_name":"King Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stagman2010-98"},{"link_name":"Antony and Cleopatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra"},{"link_name":"Actium battlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Actium"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker2002-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Musca depicta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musca_depicta"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eoi-101"},{"link_name":"fly-on-the-wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-on-the-wall"},{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaking"},{"link_name":"television production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_production"},{"link_name":"metaphoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"candidly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candid_photography"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"Jurassic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Park"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"fossilised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"amber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"Symbolism","text":"Petrus Christus's 1446 painting Portrait of a Carthusian has a musca depicta (painted fly) on a trompe-l'œil frame.Flies play a variety of symbolic roles in different cultures. These include both positive and negative roles in religion. In the traditional Navajo religion, Big Fly is an important spirit being.[87][88][89] In Christian demonology, Beelzebub is a demonic fly, the \"Lord of the Flies\", and a god of the Philistines.[90][91][92]Flies have appeared in literature since ancient Sumer.[93] In a Sumerian poem, a fly helps the goddess Inanna when her husband Dumuzid is being chased by galla demons.[93] In the Mesopotamian versions of the flood myth, the dead corpses floating on the waters are compared to flies.[93] Later, the gods are said to swarm \"like flies\" around the hero Utnapishtim's offering.[93] Flies appear on Old Babylonian seals as symbols of Nergal, the god of death.[93] Fly-shaped lapis lazuli beads were often worn in ancient Mesopotamia, along with other kinds of fly-jewellery.[93]In a little-known Greek myth, a very chatty and talkative maiden named Myia (meaning \"fly\") enraged the moon-goddess Selene by attempting to seduce her lover, the sleeping Endymion, and was thus turned by the angry goddess into a fly, who now always deprives people of their sleep in memory of her past life.[94][95] In Prometheus Bound, which is attributed to the Athenian tragic playwright Aeschylus, a gadfly sent by Zeus's wife Hera pursues and torments his mistress Io, who has been transformed into a cow and is watched constantly by the hundred eyes of the herdsman Argus:[96][97] \"Io: Ah! Hah! Again the prick, the stab of gadfly-sting! O earth, earth, hide, the hollow shape—Argus—that evil thing—the hundred-eyed.\"[97] William Shakespeare, inspired by Aeschylus, has Tom o'Bedlam in King Lear, \"Whom the foul fiend hath led through fire and through flame, through ford and whirlpool, o'er bog and quagmire\", driven mad by the constant pursuit.[97] In Antony and Cleopatra, Shakespeare similarly likens Cleopatra's hasty departure from the Actium battlefield to that of a cow chased by a gadfly.[98] More recently, in 1962 the biologist Vincent Dethier wrote To Know a Fly, introducing the general reader to the behaviour and physiology of the fly.[99]Musca depicta (\"painted fly\" in Latin) is a depiction of a fly as an inconspicuous element of various paintings. This feature was widespread in 15th and 16th centuries paintings and its presence may be explained by various reasons.[100]Flies appear in popular culture in concepts such as fly-on-the-wall documentary-making in film and television production. The metaphoric name suggests that events are seen candidly, as a fly might see them.[101] Flies have inspired the design of miniature flying robots.[102] Steven Spielberg's 1993 film Jurassic Park relied on the idea that DNA could be preserved in the stomach contents of a blood-sucking fly fossilised in amber, though the mechanism has been discounted by scientists.[103]","title":"Human interaction and cultural depictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Anopheles stephensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles_stephensi"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"leaf-miner flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agromyzidae"},{"link_name":"fruit flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephritidae"},{"link_name":"gall midges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecidomyiidae"},{"link_name":"tsetse flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly"},{"link_name":"screwworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwworm"},{"link_name":"botflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botfly"},{"link_name":"Parasitic flies of domestic animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_flies_of_domestic_animals"},{"link_name":"myiasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasis"},{"link_name":"mosquitoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito"},{"link_name":"blackflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_fly"},{"link_name":"drain flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain_fly"},{"link_name":"vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)"},{"link_name":"Anopheles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"filariasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis"},{"link_name":"arboviruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbovirus_infection"},{"link_name":"Aedes aegypti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti"},{"link_name":"dengue fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever"},{"link_name":"Zika virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zika_virus"},{"link_name":"river blindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_blindness"},{"link_name":"leishmaniasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniasis"},{"link_name":"biting midges and sandflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratopogonidae"},{"link_name":"houseflies and stable flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscidae"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resh-35"},{"link_name":"Chloropidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloropidae"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"fungus gnats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycetophilidae"},{"link_name":"Robber flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilidae"},{"link_name":"tachinids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachinidae"},{"link_name":"dagger flies and balloon flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empididae"},{"link_name":"bee flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyliidae"},{"link_name":"hoverflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoverfly"},{"link_name":"pollinators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resh-35"}],"sub_title":"Economic importance","text":"An Anopheles stephensi mosquito drinking human blood. The species carries malaria.Dipterans are an important group of insects and have a considerable impact on the environment. Some leaf-miner flies (Agromyzidae), fruit flies (Tephritidae and Drosophilidae) and gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) are pests of agricultural crops; others such as tsetse flies, screwworm and botflies (Oestridae) attack livestock, causing wounds, spreading disease, and creating significant economic harm. See article: Parasitic flies of domestic animals. A few can even cause myiasis in humans. Still others such as mosquitoes (Culicidae), blackflies (Simuliidae) and drain flies (Psychodidae) impact human health, acting as vectors of major tropical diseases.\nAmong these, Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria, filariasis, and arboviruses; Aedes aegypti mosquitoes carry dengue fever and the Zika virus; blackflies carry river blindness; sand flies carry leishmaniasis. Other dipterans are a nuisance to humans, especially when present in large numbers; these include houseflies, which contaminate food and spread food-borne illnesses; the biting midges and sandflies (Ceratopogonidae) and the houseflies and stable flies (Muscidae).[34] In tropical regions, eye flies (Chloropidae) which visit the eye in search of fluids can be a nuisance in some seasons.[104]Many dipterans serve roles that are useful to humans. Houseflies, blowflies and fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae) are scavengers and aid in decomposition. Robber flies (Asilidae), tachinids (Tachinidae) and dagger flies and balloon flies (Empididae) are predators and parasitoids of other insects, helping to control a variety of pests. Many dipterans such as bee flies (Bombyliidae) and hoverflies (Syrphidae) are pollinators of crop plants.[34]","title":"Human interaction and cultural depictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Researcher_beside_Vials_closed_by_cotton_plugs_and_filled_with_Fruit_fly_larvae.jpg"},{"link_name":"Drosophila melanogaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster"},{"link_name":"genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"Drosophila melanogaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster"},{"link_name":"model organism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism"},{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"gene expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"gene regulatory mechanisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression"},{"link_name":"mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"microbial pathogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenesis"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Willi Hennig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Hennig"},{"link_name":"cladistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Maggots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggot"},{"link_name":"forensic entomologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_entomology"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"Histeridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histeridae"},{"link_name":"woodland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casu_Marzu_cheese.jpg"},{"link_name":"Casu marzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casu_marzu"},{"link_name":"Sardinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"cheese fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese_fly"},{"link_name":"blowfly larvae (gentles)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliphoridae"},{"link_name":"casters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caster_(maggot)"},{"link_name":"bait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_bait"},{"link_name":"angling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"fishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"biomedical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical"},{"link_name":"Maggot debridement therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggot_therapy"},{"link_name":"blow fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliphoridae"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"biochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"antibacterial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Sardinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"casu marzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casu_marzu"},{"link_name":"cheese skippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese_skipper"},{"link_name":"Piophila casei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piophila_casei"},{"link_name":"Piophilidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piophilidae"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"sub_title":"Uses","text":"Diptera in research: Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly larvae being bred in tubes in a genetics laboratoryDrosophila melanogaster, a fruit fly, has long been used as a model organism in research because of the ease with which it can be bred and reared in the laboratory, its small genome, and the fact that many of its genes have counterparts in higher eukaryotes. A large number of genetic studies have been undertaken based on this species; these have had a profound impact on the study of gene expression, gene regulatory mechanisms and mutation. Other studies have investigated physiology, microbial pathogenesis and development among other research topics.[105] The studies on dipteran relationships by Willi Hennig helped in the development of cladistics, techniques that he applied to morphological characters but now adapted for use with molecular sequences in phylogenetics.[106]Maggots found on corpses are useful to forensic entomologists. Maggot species can be identified by their anatomical features and by matching their DNA. Maggots of different species of flies visit corpses and carcases at fairly well-defined times after the death of the victim, and so do their predators, such as beetles in the family Histeridae. Thus, the presence or absence of particular species provides evidence for the time since death, and sometimes other details such as the place of death, when species are confined to particular habitats such as woodland.[107]Casu marzu is a traditional Sardinian sheep milk cheese that contains larvae of the cheese fly, Piophila casei.Some species of maggots such as blowfly larvae (gentles) and bluebottle larvae (casters) are bred commercially; they are sold as bait in angling, and as food for carnivorous animals (kept as pets, in zoos, or for research) such as some mammals,[108] fishes, reptiles, and birds. It has been suggested that fly larvae could be used at a large scale as food for farmed chickens, pigs, and fish. However, consumers are opposed to the inclusion of insects in their food, and the use of insects in animal feed remains illegal in areas such as the European Union.[109][110]Fly larvae can be used as a biomedical tool for wound care and treatment. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is the use of blow fly larvae to remove the dead tissue from wounds, most commonly being amputations. Historically, this has been used for centuries, both intentional and unintentional, on battlefields and in early hospital settings.[111] Removing the dead tissue promotes cell growth and healthy wound healing. The larvae also have biochemical properties such as antibacterial activity found in their secretions as they feed.[112] These medicinal maggots are a safe and effective treatment for chronic wounds.[113]The Sardinian cheese casu marzu is exposed to flies known as cheese skippers such as Piophila casei, members of the family Piophilidae.[114] The digestive activities of the fly larvae soften the cheese and modify the aroma as part of the process of maturation. At one time European Union authorities banned sale of the cheese and it was becoming hard to find,[115] but the ban has been lifted on the grounds that the cheese is a traditional local product made by traditional methods.[116]","title":"Human interaction and cultural depictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist"}],"text":"Flies are a health hazard and are attracted to toilets because of their smell. The New Scientist magazine suggested a trap for these flies. A pipe acting as a chimney was fitted to the toilet which let in some light to attract these flies up to the end of this pipe where a gauze covering prevented escape to the air outside so that they were trapped and died. Toilets are generally dark inside particularly if the door is closed.","title":"Hazards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"crane fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_fly"},{"link_name":"robber fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robber_fly"},{"link_name":"bee fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_fly"},{"link_name":"moth fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth_fly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"house-fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House-fly"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Comstock_1949-2"},{"link_name":"hoverfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoverfly"},{"link_name":"Spanish fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria"},{"link_name":"blister beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blister_beetle"}],"text":"^ Some authors draw a distinction in writing the common names of insects. True flies are in their view best written as two words, such as crane fly, robber fly, bee fly, moth fly, and fruit fly. In contrast, common names of non-dipteran insects that have \"fly\" in their names are written as one word, e.g. butterfly, stonefly, dragonfly, scorpionfly, sawfly, caddisfly, whitefly.[1] In practice, however, this is a comparatively new convention; especially in older books, names like \"saw fly\" and \"caddis fly\", or hyphenated forms such as house-fly and dragon-fly are widely used.[2] Exceptions to this rule occur, such as the hoverfly, which is a true fly, and the Spanish fly, a type of blister beetle.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order Diptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//palaeoentomolog.ru/New/diptera.html"},{"link_name":"Rasnitsyn, A.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Rasnitsyn"},{"link_name":"Hennig, Willi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Hennig"},{"link_name":"Oldroyd, Harold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Oldroyd"},{"link_name":"Séguy, Eugène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_S%C3%A9guy"},{"link_name":"\"Sources for the Biosystematic Database of World Diptera (Flies)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150918204612/http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/diptera/names/BDWDsour.pdf"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sel.barc.usda.gov/diptera/names/BDWDsour.pdf"}],"text":"Blagoderov, V.A., Lukashevich, E.D. & Mostovski, M.B. (2002)). \"Order Diptera\". In: Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Quicke, D.L.J. The History of Insects, Kluwer pp.–227–240.\nColless, D.H. & McAlpine, D.K. (1991). Diptera (flies), pp. 717–786. In: The Division of Entomology. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra (spons.), The Insects of Australia. Melbourne University Press.\nHennig, Willi. \"Diptera (Zweifluger)\". Handb. Zool. Berl. 4 (2) (31):1–337. General introduction with key to World Families (in German).\nOldroyd, Harold (1965). The Natural History of Flies. W. W. Norton.\nSéguy, Eugène (1924–1953). Diptera: recueil d'etudes biologiques et systematiques sur les Dipteres du Globe (Collection of biological and systematic studies on Diptera of the World). 11 vols. Part of Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie B II: Diptera.\nSéguy, Eugène (1950). La Biologie des Dipteres.\nThompson, F. Christian. \"Sources for the Biosystematic Database of World Diptera (Flies)\" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture, Systematic Entomology Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2015.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"An Anthomyiidae species showing characteristic dipteran features: large eyes, small antennae, sucking mouthparts, single pair of flying wings, hindwings reduced to clublike halteres","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anthomyiidae_%28female%29_%2810144905255%29.jpg/220px-Anthomyiidae_%28female%29_%2810144905255%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fossil brachyceran in Baltic amber. Lower Eocene, c. 50 million years ago","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fossil_insect_Diptera%2C_Brachycera_in_Baltic_amber._Age_50_Mill._years_%28the_Lower_Eocene%29.jpg/150px-Fossil_insect_Diptera%2C_Brachycera_in_Baltic_amber._Age_50_Mill._years_%28the_Lower_Eocene%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fossil nematoceran in Dominican amber. Sandfly, Lutzomyia adiketis (Psychodidae), Early Miocene, c. 20 million years ago","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lutzomyia_adiketis.jpg/150px-Lutzomyia_adiketis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gauromydas heros is the largest fly in the world.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mydas_sp..JPG/220px-Mydas_sp..JPG"},{"image_text":"Head of a horse-fly showing large compound eyes and stout piercing mouthparts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg/220px-Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A head of a fly, showing the two compound eyes and three simple eyes clearly.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tephrochlamys_rufiventris_%28female_head%29_%2825234095874%29.jpg/220px-Tephrochlamys_rufiventris_%28female_head%29_%2825234095874%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A crane fly, showing the hind wings reduced to drumstick-shaped halteres","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Halteres-Tipule.jpg/220px-Halteres-Tipule.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tabanid fly in flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/March-fly-in-flight.jpg/220px-March-fly-in-flight.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mating anthomyiid flies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Anthomyiidae_sp._1_%28aka%29.jpg/220px-Anthomyiidae_sp._1_%28aka%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Life cycle of stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans, showing eggs, 3 larval instars, pupa, and adult","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Stomoxys-stable-fly-life-cycle-2.jpg/220px-Stomoxys-stable-fly-life-cycle-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A calliphorid \"bubbling\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bubbling_Fly.jpg/220px-Bubbling_Fly.jpg"},{"image_text":"The large bee-fly, Bombylius major, is a Batesian mimic of bees.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Grosser_Wollschweber_Bombylius_major.jpg/220px-Grosser_Wollschweber_Bombylius_major.jpg"},{"image_text":"Petrus Christus's 1446 painting Portrait of a Carthusian has a musca depicta (painted fly) on a trompe-l'œil frame.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Christus_carthusian.jpg/170px-Christus_carthusian.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Anopheles stephensi mosquito drinking human blood. The species carries malaria.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg/220px-Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Diptera in research: Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly larvae being bred in tubes in a genetics laboratory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Researcher_beside_Vials_closed_by_cotton_plugs_and_filled_with_Fruit_fly_larvae.jpg/220px-Researcher_beside_Vials_closed_by_cotton_plugs_and_filled_with_Fruit_fly_larvae.jpg"},{"image_text":"Casu marzu is a traditional Sardinian sheep milk cheese that contains larvae of the cheese fly, Piophila casei.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Casu_Marzu_cheese.jpg/220px-Casu_Marzu_cheese.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Order Diptera: Flies\". BugGuide. Iowa State University. Retrieved 26 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bugguide.net/node/view/55","url_text":"\"Order Diptera: Flies\""}]},{"reference":"Comstock, John Henry (1949). An Introduction to Entomology. Comstock Publishing. p. 773.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Comstock","url_text":"Comstock, John Henry"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen1949coms","url_text":"An Introduction to Entomology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen1949coms/page/773","url_text":"773"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Ralph S.; Meusemann, Karen; Petersen, Malte; Mayer, Christoph; Wilbrandt, Jeanne; Ziesmann, Tanja; et al. (2014). \"The evolutionary history of holometabolous insects inferred from transcriptome-based phylogeny and comprehensive morphological data\". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 52. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-52. PMC 4000048. PMID 24646345.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4000048","url_text":"\"The evolutionary history of holometabolous insects inferred from transcriptome-based phylogeny and comprehensive morphological data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-14-52","url_text":"10.1186/1471-2148-14-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4000048","url_text":"4000048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24646345","url_text":"24646345"}]},{"reference":"\"Taxon: Superorder Antliophora\". The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 21 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=102510","url_text":"\"Taxon: Superorder Antliophora\""}]},{"reference":"Hutson, A. M. (1984). 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ISBN 978-1-4051-4457-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-pGOLUgcC&pg=PA320","url_text":"The Insects: An Outline of Entomology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4457-5","url_text":"978-1-4051-4457-5"}]},{"reference":"Dickinson, Michael H. (1999). \"Haltere–mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 354 (1385): 903–916. doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0442. PMC 1692594. 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PMID 10934276.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772600","url_text":"\"Performance of fly visual interneurons during object fixation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.20-16-06256.2000","url_text":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-16-06256.2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772600","url_text":"6772600"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10934276","url_text":"10934276"}]},{"reference":"Eckert, Hendrik (1980). \"Functional properties of the H1-neurone in the third optic Ganglion of the Blowfly, Phaenicia\". Journal of Comparative Physiology. 135 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1007/BF00660179. S2CID 26541123.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00660179","url_text":"10.1007/BF00660179"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26541123","url_text":"26541123"}]},{"reference":"Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. pp. 735–736. ISBN 978-81-315-0104-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7","url_text":"978-81-315-0104-7"}]},{"reference":"Stocker, Reinhard F. (2005). \"The organization of the chemosensory system in Drosophila melanogaster: a review\". Cell and Tissue Research. 275 (1): 3–26. doi:10.1007/BF00305372. PMID 8118845. 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S2CID 53180240.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-3472%2883%2980074-8","url_text":"10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80074-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53180240","url_text":"53180240"}]},{"reference":"Yuval, B.; Bouskila, A. (1 March 1993). \"Temporal dynamics of mating and predation in mosquito swarms\". Oecologia. 95 (1): 65–69. Bibcode:1993Oecol..95...65Y. doi:10.1007/BF00649508. ISSN 1432-1939. PMID 28313313. S2CID 22921039.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Oecol..95...65Y","url_text":"1993Oecol..95...65Y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00649508","url_text":"10.1007/BF00649508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1939","url_text":"1432-1939"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28313313","url_text":"28313313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22921039","url_text":"22921039"}]},{"reference":"Downes, J. A. (1969). \"The swarming and mating flight of Diptera\". Annual Review of Entomology. 14: 271–298. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.14.010169.001415.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.en.14.010169.001415","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.en.14.010169.001415"}]},{"reference":"Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P.S. (2005). The Insects: An Outline of Entomology 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 499–505. ISBN 978-1-4051-4457-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4457-5","url_text":"978-1-4051-4457-5"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Lesley (1993). The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles. Clarendon. ISBN 978-0-19-861271-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newshorteroxford00lesl","url_text":"The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861271-1","url_text":"978-0-19-861271-1"}]},{"reference":"Lancaster, Jill; Downes, Barbara J. (2013). Aquatic Entomology. Oxford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-19-957321-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jNAUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16","url_text":"Aquatic Entomology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957321-9","url_text":"978-0-19-957321-9"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, R. F. (1998). The Insects; Structure & Function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57890-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/insectsstructure0000chap","url_text":"The Insects; Structure & Function"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57890-5","url_text":"978-0-521-57890-5"}]},{"reference":"Meier, Rudolf; Kotrba, Marion; Ferrar, Paul (August 1999). \"Ovoviviparity and viviparity in the Diptera\". Biological Reviews. 74 (3): 199–258. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00186.x. S2CID 86129322.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1999.tb00186.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00186.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86129322","url_text":"86129322"}]},{"reference":"Mcmahon, Dino P.; Hayward, Alexander (April 2016). \"Why grow up? A perspective on insect strategies to avoid metamorphosis\". Ecological Entomology. 41 (5): 505–515. doi:10.1111/een.12313. S2CID 86908583.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Feen.12313","url_text":"\"Why grow up? A perspective on insect strategies to avoid metamorphosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Feen.12313","url_text":"10.1111/een.12313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86908583","url_text":"86908583"}]},{"reference":"Gillott, Cedric (2005). Entomology (3 ed.). Springer. pp. 614–615.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Crampton, G. The TemporalAbdominal Structures of Male Diptera\". Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095550/http://psyche.entclub.org/48/48-079.html","url_text":"\"Crampton, G. The TemporalAbdominal Structures of Male Diptera\""},{"url":"http://psyche.entclub.org/48/48-079.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Papavero, N. (1977). The World Oestridae (Diptera), Mammals and Continental Drift. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1306-2. ISBN 978-94-010-1308-6. S2CID 43307061.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-010-1306-2","url_text":"10.1007/978-94-010-1306-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-1308-6","url_text":"978-94-010-1308-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43307061","url_text":"43307061"}]},{"reference":"Hendrichs, J.; Cooley, S. S.; Prokopy, R. J. (1992). \"Post-feeding bubbling behaviour in fluid-feeding Diptera: concentration of crop contents by oral evaporation of excess water\". Physiological Entomology. 17 (2): 153–161. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1992.tb01193.x. S2CID 86705683.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3032.1992.tb01193.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-3032.1992.tb01193.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86705683","url_text":"86705683"}]},{"reference":"Gomes, Guilherme; Köberle, Roland; Von Zuben, Claudio J.; Andrade, Denis V. (2018). \"Droplet bubbling evaporatively cools a blowfly\". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 5464. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.5464G. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23670-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5908842. 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What eats flies for dinner?. Shortland Mimosa. ISBN 978-0-7327-3471-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OR_KmAEACAAJ","url_text":"What eats flies for dinner?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7327-3471-8","url_text":"978-0-7327-3471-8"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Francis (2004). The evolution of imperfect mimicry in hoverflies (PDF). CABI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175346/http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/96/1/ImperfectMimicry.pdf","url_text":"The evolution of imperfect mimicry in hoverflies"},{"url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/96/1/ImperfectMimicry.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rashed, A.; Khan, M. I.; Dawson, J. W.; Yack, J. E.; Sherratt, T. N. (2008). \"Do hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) sound like the Hymenoptera they morphologically resemble?\". Behavioral Ecology. 20 (2): 396–402. doi:10.1093/beheco/arn148.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farn148","url_text":"\"Do hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) sound like the Hymenoptera they morphologically resemble?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Farn148","url_text":"10.1093/beheco/arn148"}]},{"reference":"Pie, Marcio R.; Del-Claro, Kleber (2002). \"Male-male agonistic behavior and ant-mimicry in a Neotropical richardiid (Diptera: Richardiidae)\". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 37: 19–22. doi:10.1076/snfe.37.1.19.2114. 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(1990). \"Ant hosts of Microdon (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the Pacific Northwest\". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 63 (1): 175–178. JSTOR 25085158.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25085158","url_text":"25085158"}]},{"reference":"Godfray, H. C. J. (1994). Parasitoids: Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology. Princeton University Press. p. 299. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopkaka_language

Kopka language

["1 References"]

Ok language spoken in Indonesia KopkakaNative toIndonesiaRegionPapua: Jayawijaya Regency, Kurima Subdistrict, Burungmakok and Siradala villagesNative speakers(500 cited 1998–2002)Language familyTrans–New Guinea Central & South New Guinea ?OkWesternKopkakaDialects Tokuni Marub Kwer Language codesISO 639-3Either:opk – Kopkakakwr – KwerGlottologkopk1238  Kopkakakwer1265  KwerELPKopkaka Kwer Kopkaka (Kopka) is one of the Ok languages of West Papua. References ^ Kopkaka at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)Kwer at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Kwer. vteCentral and South New Guinea languagesAsmat–KamoroAsmat Asmat Citak Sabakor Buruwai Kamberau Others Kamoro Sempan Greater AwyuAwyu–Dumut Aghu Mandobo Kombai–Wanggom Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Wambon Becking–Dawi Komyandaret Korowai Tsaukambo Ok–OksapminWestern Burumakok Kopkaka Lowland Iwur Muyu Ninggerum Yonggom Mountain Bimin Faiwol Mian Setaman Suganga Tifal Telefol Urapmin Others Nakai Ngalum Oksapmin Tangko Bayono–Awbono Bayono Awbono Densar Kovojab Komolom Koneraw Mombum Somahai Momina Momuna vteLanguages of IndonesiaWestern languagesMalayo-Sumbawan Indonesian Slang Acehnese Balinese Bamayo Banjarese Bawean Duano' Haji Iban Kangean Kendayan Keninjal Kerinci Kubu Lubu Loncong Madurese Malay Anambas-Natuna Bacan Bangka Belitung Bengkulu Berau Besemah Col/Lembak Deli Enim Jambi Kaur Jaring Halus Kutai Langkat Ogan Palembang-Musi Pekal Pontianak Riau Sambas Semende Tamiang Minangkabau Jamee Kampar Mukomuko Pesisir Mualang Sasak Seberuang Sumbawan Sundanese Baduy Bantenese Javanese Javanese Banyumasan Cirebonese Osing Tenggerese Kawi Celebic Andio Bada Bahonsuai Balaesang Balantak Banggai Batui Behoa Boano Bobongko Bonerate Bungku Busoa Cia-Cia Dampelas Dondo Kalao Kaili Kaimbulawa Kamaru Kodeoha Kulisusu Kumbewaha Lasalimu Laiyolo Lauje Liabuku Mbelala Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Moma Muna Napu Padoe Pancana Pendau Rahambuu Rampi Saluan Sarudu Sedoa Pamona Taje Tajio Tukang Besi Tolaki Tomadino Topoiyo Tomini Totoli Uma Waru Wawonii Wolio Wotu Lampungic Komering Lampung Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Batak Alas Batak Angkola Batak Dairi Batak Karo Batak Mandailing Batak Simalungun Batak Toba Enggano Gayo Mentawai Nias Simeulue Sikule South Sulawesi Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Bentong Budong-Budong Buginese Campalagian Coastal Konjo Dakka Duri Embaloh Enrekang Highland Konjo Kalumpang Lemolang Maiwa Makassarese Malimpung Mamasa Mamuju Mandar Panasuan Pannei Selayar Seko Padang Seko Tengah Tae’ Talondo’ Taman Toraja-Sa’dan Ulumanda’ Barito Ampanang Bakumpai Bajaw Deyah Kohin Lawangan Ma'anyan Malang Ngaju Ot Danum Sama Ot Siang Tunjung Witu Pakau Kayan–Murik Aoheng Aput Bahau Hovongan Kayan Krio Modang Punan Merah Segai Land Dayak Bakati’ Biatah Bukar Sadong Jangkang Kembayan Laraʼ Nyadu’ Rejangese Ribun Sanggau Sara Semandang Beginci Gerai Tringgus North Bornean Bah-Biau Basap Bukat Bukitan Kelabit Kenyah Mainstream Lengilu Lun Bawang Murut Okolod Selungai Sembakung Tagol Punan Merap Punan Tubu Sa'ban Sajau Tidung Burusu Kalabakan Nonukan Philippine languagesCentral Philippine Tausug Gorontalo-Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Central-Eastern languagesAru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola-Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Central Maluku Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hitu Hoti Huaulu Hulung Kaibobo Kamarian Kowiai Laha Larike-Wakasihu Latu Liana-Seti Lisabata-Nuniali Lisela Loun Luhu Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit-Kaitetu Sepa-Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor-Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan Flores–Lembata Alorese Kedang Lamaholot Adonara Ile Ape Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi South Lembata West Lembata Sika Halmahera-Cenderawasih Ambai Ambel Ansus Arguni As Bedoanas Biak Biga Buli Busami Dusner Erokwanas Gane Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Maba Maden Matbat Ma'ya Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Papuma Patani Pom Roon Sawai Serui-Laut Taba Tandia Wabo Wamesa Wandamen Waropen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Yeresiam Kei-Tanimbar Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Sumba–Flores Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Dhao Ende Gaura Hawu Kambera Kéo Kodi Komodo Lamboya Lio Mamboru Manggarai Nage Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa Timor–Babar Amarasi Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera-Daweloor Dela-Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Galoli Helong Imroing Kemak Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Tetum Te'un Tii Uab Meto West Damar Welaun Wetar Western Oceanic Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna Papuan languagesNorth Halmahera Galela Gamkonora Loloda Modole Pagu Sahu Tabaru Ternate Tidore Tobelo Waioli West Makian Timor–Alor–Pantar Abui Adang Blagar Bunak Kaera Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Nedebang Oirata Retta Sawila Teiwa Wersing Western Pantar Woisika Asmat–Mombum Buruwai Casuarina Coast Asmat Central Asmat North Asmat Citak Mombum Kamberau Kamoro Koneraw Sempan West Bird's Head Kalabra Kuwani Moi Moraid Seget Tehit South Bird's Head Arandai Dombano Duriankari Inanwatan Kaburi Kais Kemberano Kokoda Konda Kovojab Puragi Yahadian East Bird's Head Hatam Mansim Meyah Moskona Sougb West Bomberai Baham Iha Karas Dani Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali Paniai Lakes Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani Digul River Aghu Awbono Bayono Densar Edera Jair Kombai Komyandaret Korowai Mandobo Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Tsaukambo Wambon Foja Range Airoran Bagusa Berik Betaf Bonerif Dabe Dineor Edwas Gresi Isirawa Itik Kapori Kauwera Keijar Kemtuik Kwerba Kwerba Mamberamo Kwesten Kwinsu Mander Massep Mawes Mekwei Mlap Namblong Nimboran Orya Sause Oksapmin Samarokena Trimuris Vitou Lakes Plain Awera Biritai Doutai Duvle Eritai Fayu Foau Iau Kaiy Keuw Kirikiri Kwerisa Obokuitai Papasena Rasawa Sikaritai Tause Taworta Waritai East Cenderawasih Bay Baropasi Bauzi Burate Demisa Kofei Nisa-Anasi Sauri Tefaro Tunggare Woria Yawa Saweru Yawa Demta–Sentani Demta Nafri Sentani Tabla Ok Burumakok Faiwol Iwur Kopka Muyu Nakai Ngalum Ninggerum Tangko Tifal Yonggom Momuna–Mek Eipo Goliath Ketengban Kosarek Korupun Nalca Nipsan Somahai Skou Skou South Pauwasi Biksi-Yetfa Kembra Kimki Lepki Murkim East Pauwasi Emem Zorop West Pauwasi Namla Tebi Tofanma Towei Usku Kaure–Kosare Kaure Kosare Marind–Yaqai Bipim Marind Yaqay Bulaka River Maklew Yelmek Kayagar Atohwaim Kayagar Tamagario Border Awyi Elseng Taikat Manem Sowanda Viid Waris Senagi Dera Mairasi Mairasi Mer Semimi Kolopom Kimaghama Morori Ndom Riantana Yam Ngkolmpu Kanum Rema Smerki Tamer Yei Lower Mamberamo Warembori Yoke Others Abinomn Abun Amung Burmeso Dem Kanum Maklew Maybrat Molof Momina Mor Mpur Sumuri Uhunduni Other languagesCreoles and PidginsMalay-based creoles Alor Malay Ambonese Malay Bandanese Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Gorontaloan Malay Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay North Moluccan Malay Orang Pulo Papuan Malay Peranakan Serui Malay Other creoles and pidgins Bidau Creole Portuguese Javindo Mardijker Petjo Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Portugis Tansi Immigrant languagesChinese Cantonese Hakka Fujianese Hokkien Medan Riau Tiochiu Hainanese Hinghwa Fuzhounese Mandarin European Dutch English Portuguese Indian Bengali Gujarati Odia Pali Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu Middle Eastern Arabic Hadhrami Arabic Modern Standard Arabic Persian Others Filipino Japanese Korean Sign languages Indonesian Sign Languages Kata Kolok This Papuan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Albright_(journalist)

Joseph Albright (journalist)

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Bibliography","4 Family tree","5 Notes","6 References","6.1 Sources","7 External links"]

American journalist Joseph AlbrightBornJoseph Medill Patterson Reeve (1937-04-03) April 3, 1937 (age 87)New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.Alma materWilliams CollegeOccupationsJournalistauthorSpouses Madeleine Korbel ​ ​(m. 1959; div. 1982)​ Marcia Kunstel ​ ​(m. 1983)​ Children3; including AliceRelatives Alice Arlen (sister) Alicia Patterson (aunt) Harry F. Guggenheim (uncle) Joseph Medill Patterson (grandfather) Joseph Medill Patterson Albright (né Reeve; born April 3, 1937) is an American retired journalist and author. A descendant of the Medill-Patterson media family, Albright wrote for the Chicago Sun-Times before becoming a reporter and executive at Newsday. He was later Washington and foreign correspondent for Cox Newspapers, receiving several journalism awards and nominations. Albright has authored three books; two with his wife, fellow reporter Marcia Kunstel. He was formerly married to Madeleine Korbel Albright, who later became the first female U.S. Secretary of State. Early life Albright was born Joseph Medill Patterson Reeve in New Orleans, on April 3, 1937, to lawyer Jay Frederick "Fred" Reeve and his wife Josephine Medill Patterson, a reporter and airplane pilot. His younger sister Alice became a screenwriter. His parents divorced in 1944, and in 1946 Josephine married the painter Ivan Le Lorraine Albright. Ivan Albright adopted Joseph and Alice, who took his surname, and with Josephine had two more children, Adam and Blandina ("Dina"). Josephine chronicled young Joseph in a weekly Newsday column, "Life with Junior". He attended Groton School, Massachusetts, before studying at Williams College. Albright is a scion of a newspaper empire: his grandfather and namesake Joseph Medill Patterson founded the New York Daily News, and his grand-aunt Eleanor "Cissy" Patterson edited the Washington Times-Herald. His great-great-grandfather, Joseph Medill, owned the Chicago Tribune and served as mayor of Chicago. Albright's aunt Alicia Patterson was founder and publisher of Newsday, and without children of her own, gave special attention to Joseph and Alice, expressing hope that one of them would succeed her as publisher when she retired. Career Albright graduated from Williams College in 1958. During the summers of 1956 and 1957 he interned at the Denver Post, where he met fellow intern Madeleine Jana Korbel, whom he married on June 11, 1959. They had three daughters: twins Anne and Alice (born 1961) and Katie (born 1967), before divorcing in 1983. He worked at the Chicago Sun-Times from 1958 to 1961 before joining Newsday in 1961. In 1963, after the death of his aunt Alicia, he became aide to the president and publisher, his uncle Harry F. Guggenheim. He worked in New York and later became chief of the Washington, D.C. bureau. He resigned from Newsday in early 1971, and worked as a legislative aide to Maine Senator Edmund Muskie from 1971 to 1972. In 1972 he published a biography of vice president Spiro Agnew, What Makes Spiro Run. It was regarded as biased against Agnew, and a review in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science wrote Albright "leans so heavily on superficial commercial appeal that the book should be of little interest to serious political observers." From 1972 to 1975 Albright was a correspondent for the San Francisco Chronicle. He became a correspondent for Cox Newspapers in 1976, and in 1983 married fellow Cox journalist Marcia Kunstel, with whom he reported from various foreign locales including South Africa, Afghanistan, Moscow, and Beijing. He was a finalist for the 1980 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for a series on gas and oil policy on public lands. Albright and fellow Cox journalist Cheryl Arvidson won the 1981 Raymond Clapper Memorial Award "...for their series, 'The Snub-Nosed Killers: Handguns in America.'" He and his wife shared a 1988 Overseas Press Club award for foreign reporting for their feature "Stolen Childhood: A Global Report on the Exploitation of Children" and a 1991 National Headliner Award from the Press Club of Atlantic City for their reporting on the leadup to the Gulf War. In 1990 Albright and Kunstel co-authored Their Promised Land, an overview of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict as seen through the history of the Sorek Valley west of Jerusalem. Publishers Weekly called it: "vivid, observant, achingly poignant", and Kirkus Reviews called "a well-written and sweeping portrait of a troubled land." Political analyst Kathleen Christison wrote: "Uncompromising readers on either side will resent its neutrality. But the book is honest in its choice of historical source material and its treatment of the facts of Jewish-Arab conflict." A review in Newsweek noted that among the many books on the conflict, Kunstel's and Albright's "stands out for its thoughtfulness, its fairness and its excellent story." In 1997 Albright and Kunstel published Bombshell: The Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy, focusing on American atomic spy Theodore Hall, and the married spy couple Morris and Lona Cohen. They supplement their research with interviews conducted with Hall, his wife, and others. Former CIA officer Frederick L. Wettering, reviewing for the International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, called it "a well-researched and very well-written biography of a heretofore little known spy." Historian Gregg Herken noted it was the first book on Soviet atomic espionage to use archival sources from both Russia and the Venona project. A film adaptation was optioned to Universal Pictures, with Leonardo DiCaprio tapped to portray Hall. Albright and Kunstel retired in 2000, and since 2001 have owned Flat Creek Ranch in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Albright has served as chairman of the Alicia Patterson Foundation, vice-chairman of the Jackson Hole Conservation Alliance, and from 2009 to 2021 was on the board of trustees of St. John's Health in Jackson Hole. Kunstel has served on the governing council of The Wilderness Society since 2004. Bibliography What Makes Spiro Run: The Life and Times of Spiro Agnew (1972) Their Promised Land: Arab Versus Jew in History's Cauldron: One Valley in the Jerusalem Hills (1990). With Marcia Kunstel Bombshell: The Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy (1997). With Marcia Kunstel Family tree vteMedill Chicago family tree Joseph Medill(1823–1899)Katherine Patrick Robert Wilson Patterson (1850–1910)Elinor Medill (1855–1933)Katherine van Etta Medill (1853–1932)Robert Sanderson McCormick (1849–1919) Joseph Medill Patterson (1879–1946)Eleanor Josephine Medill Patterson (1884–1948)Ruth Hanna (1880–1944)Joseph Medill McCormick (1877–1925)Robert Rutherford McCormick (1880–1955) Alicia Patterson (1906–1963)Harry Frank Guggenheim (1890–1971)Jay Frederick Reeve (1893–1956)Josephine Medill Patterson (1913–1996)Ivan Le Lorraine Albright (1897–1983)James Joseph Patterson (1923–1992) Madeleine Jana Korbel (1937–2022)Joseph Medill Patterson Reeve, later Albright (born 1937)Alice Reeve, later Albright (1940–2016)Michael J. Arlen (born 1930) Notes: Notes ^ Joseph initiated a divorce and separation in January 1982, with the divorce finalized one year later. References ^ a b "Madeleine Albright, 1st female U.S. secretary of state, dies at 84". PBS NewsHour. March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ^ Lawrence Van Gelder (January 18, 1996). "Josephine Patterson Albright, Colorful Journalist, Dies at 82". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2010. Josephine Patterson Albright, who flew the mail, shot tigers in India, covered Chicago crime in journalism's colorful "Front Page" era, ran an Illinois dairy and pig farm, bred horses in Wyoming, wrote a column about her family and helped establish a foundation for journalists, died on Monday at her home in Woodstock, Vt. She was 82. A daughter, Alice Arlen of Manhattan, said the death was caused by complications after a stroke. ^ a b c d Locher, Frances C., ed. (1981). Contemporary Authors. Vol. 97–100. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-8103-1900-4. ^ a b Blackman, Ann (1999). Seasons of Her Life: A Biography of Madeleine Korbel Albright. Simon and Schuster. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-684-86431-0. ^ McKinney, Megan (2011), The Magnificent Medills, New York, New York: HarperCollins, pp. 301–2, ISBN 978-0-06-178223-7 ^ Dobbs 1999, p. 171. ^ a b Keeler 1990, p. 276. ^ Keeler 1990, p. 278. ^ Keeler 1990, p. 275. ^ a b Albright, Madeleine (2003). Madam Secretary. Miramax Books. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-7868-6843-8. ^ Dobbs 1999, pp. 166–167. ^ "Guggenheim Takes Role as Publisher". The Editor and Publisher. July 13, 1963. pp. 11+59. ^ Lippman, Thomas W. (2004). Madeleine Albright and the New American Diplomacy. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 10–12. ISBN 978-0-8133-4239-9. ^ Times, Steven V. Roberts Special to The New York (April 16, 1970). "Times Mirror to Get Control of Newsday". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ^ "The Press: No Comment". Time. March 23, 1970. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ^ Keeler 1990, p. 474. ^ "Joe Albright resigns from Newsday staff". Editor & Publisher. Vol. 104, no. 11. March 13, 1971. ^ Bloice, Carl (May 3, 1980). "Ed Muskie – the front man cometh". People's World. pp. 3+11. ^ Laut, Stephen J. (July 1, 1972). "Albright, Joseph. What Makes Spiro Run". Best Sellers: The Semi-Monthly Book Review. 32 (7). University of Scranton: 160–161. ^ a b Hannon, Philip J. (1972). "JOSEPH ALBRIGHT. What Makes Spiro Run: The Life and Times of Spiro Agnew. pp. xiii, 295. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1972. $6.95. LOWELL D. STREIKER and GERALD S. STROBER. Religion and the New Majority: Billy Graham, Middle America and the Politics of the 70s. pp. 202. New York: Association Press, 1972. $5.95". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 404 (1): 281–282. doi:10.1177/000271627240400150. ISSN 0002-7162. ^ O'Briant, Don (November 12, 1990). "Life and death in Holy Land focus of correspondents' book". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. D5 – via NewsBank. ^ Arnett, Peter (November 1998). "Goodbye, World". American Journalism Review. p. 50 – via Gale OneFile. ^ "Pulitzer Prize board, for first time, names finalists in all categories". The Boston Globe. April 16, 1980 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Finalist: Joseph P. Albright of Cox Newspapers". www.pulitzer.org. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ^ "Raymond Clapper, Other Journalism Prizes Are Awarded". Washington Post. Retrieved September 16, 2020. ^ "Overseas Press Club Awards 16 Prizes". The New York Times. April 20, 1988. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ^ Bennett, Tom (March 28, 1991). "The Gulf Crisis – Journal-Constitution gulf reporters honored". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. A10 – via NewsBank. ^ Weissman, Paul (January 20, 1991). "In Short: Nonfiction". The New York Times. ^ a b Christison, Kathleen (December 10, 1990). "Valley in the Promised Land". Washington Post. ^ "Nonfiction Book Review: Their Promised Land by Joseph Albright, Author, Marcia Kunstel, With Crown Publishers $19.95 (0p) ISBN 978-0-517-57231-3". PublishersWeekly.com. October 1990. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ^ "Their Promised Land: Arab and Jew in History's Cauldron--One Valley in the Jerusalem Hills". Kirkus Reviews. October 15, 1990. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ^ Christison, Kathleen (July 1, 1992). "Macro Microcosm". Journal of Palestine Studies. 21 (4): 98–100. doi:10.2307/2537668. JSTOR 2537668. ^ "A Guide To The Gulf". Newsweek. February 17, 1991. ^ Weinstein, Allen (September 28, 1997). "Bombshell: The Secret Story of Ted Hall and America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy. By Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel . Times Books: 400 pp., $25". Los Angeles Times. ^ a b Wettering, Frederick L. (December 1998). "Still lingering in the Shadows". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 11 (4): 488–494. doi:10.1080/08850609808435389. ^ Badash, Lawrence (September 1998). "Bombshell: The Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy". Physics Today. 51 (9): 61–62. Bibcode:1998PhT....51i..61A. doi:10.1063/1.882450. ISSN 0031-9228. ^ Holloway, David (May 1998). "A Mole Brought to Light". Science. 280 (5364): 691–692. doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.691a. ISSN 0036-8075. S2CID 98371046. ^ Herken, Gregg (October 19, 1997). "Traitors in our Midst". Washington Post. ^ Petrikin, Chris (June 10, 1998). "DiCaprio eyeing 'Bombshell'". Variety. Retrieved March 26, 2022. ^ "DiCaprio inks 'Bombshell'". Variety. September 16, 1997. Retrieved March 26, 2022. ^ Albright, Joe; Kunstel, Marcia. "What is PRINT?". tworeporters.com. Retrieved March 27, 2022. ^ a b "Our Governing Council". www.wilderness.org. The Wilderness Society. Retrieved March 25, 2022. ^ Albright, Joe; Kunstel, Marcia (May 2001). Safety Risks and Environmental Perils of Scenic Helicopter Tours in Teton County, Wyoming (PDF) (Report). Jackson Hole Conservation Alliance. p. 56. ^ Robinson-Johnson, Evan (November 9, 2021). "After 12 years, Joe Albright resigns from St. John's Health board". Jackson Hole News&Guide. ^ Robinson-Johnson, Evan (November 10, 2021). "Trustee Albright resigns from St. John's Health board to help county fight COVID-19". Jackson Hole News&Guide. ^ Badash, Lawrence (1998). "Review of Bombshell: The Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy by Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel". Physics Today. 51 (9): 61–62. Bibcode:1998PhT....51i..61A. doi:10.1063/1.882450. Sources Dobbs, Michael (1999). Madeleine Albright: A Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-5659-9. Keeler, Robert F. (1990). Newsday: A Candid History of the Respectable Tabloid. Arbor House. ISBN 978-1-55710-053-5. External links Appearances on C-SPAN TwoReporters.com, archive of news articles by Albright and Kunstel Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Israel United States Australia People Trove Other SNAC

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Albright has authored three books; two with his wife, fellow reporter Marcia Kunstel. He was formerly married to Madeleine Korbel Albright, who later became the first female U.S. Secretary of State.[1]","title":"Joseph Albright (journalist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Josephine Medill Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Medill_Patterson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Arlen"},{"link_name":"Ivan Le Lorraine Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Albright"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM-5"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobbs1999171-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeler1990276-7"},{"link_name":"Groton School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groton_School"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeler1990278-8"},{"link_name":"Joseph Medill Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Medill_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Eleanor \"Cissy\" Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissy_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Washington Times-Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Times-Herald"},{"link_name":"Joseph Medill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Medill"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Alicia Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Patterson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeler1990276-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeler1990275-9"}],"text":"Albright was born Joseph Medill Patterson Reeve in New Orleans, on April 3, 1937, to lawyer Jay Frederick \"Fred\" Reeve and his wife Josephine Medill Patterson, a reporter and airplane pilot.[2][3][4] His younger sister Alice became a screenwriter. His parents divorced in 1944, and in 1946 Josephine married the painter Ivan Le Lorraine Albright. Ivan Albright adopted Joseph and Alice, who took his surname, and with Josephine had two more children, Adam and Blandina (\"Dina\").[5] Josephine chronicled young Joseph in a weekly Newsday column, \"Life with Junior\".[6][7] He attended Groton School, Massachusetts, before studying at Williams College.[8]Albright is a scion of a newspaper empire: his grandfather and namesake Joseph Medill Patterson founded the New York Daily News, and his grand-aunt Eleanor \"Cissy\" Patterson edited the Washington Times-Herald. His great-great-grandfather, Joseph Medill, owned the Chicago Tribune and served as mayor of Chicago. Albright's aunt Alicia Patterson was founder and publisher of Newsday, and without children of her own, gave special attention to Joseph and Alice,[4][7] expressing hope that one of them would succeed her as publisher when she retired.[9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Post"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Jana Korbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Albright"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_P._Albright"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madam_Secretary-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobbs1999166%E2%80%93167-11"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"Harry F. 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Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lona_Cohen"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weinstein-1997-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wettering-1998-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Intelligence_and_CounterIntelligence"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wettering-1998-36"},{"link_name":"Gregg Herken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Herken"},{"link_name":"atomic espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_espionage"},{"link_name":"Venona project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venona_project"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herken-1997-39"},{"link_name":"Universal 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Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Patterson_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"The Wilderness Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wilderness_Society_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilderness-43"}],"text":"Albright graduated from Williams College in 1958. During the summers of 1956 and 1957 he interned at the Denver Post, where he met fellow intern Madeleine Jana Korbel, whom he married on June 11, 1959. They had three daughters: twins Anne and Alice (born 1961) and Katie (born 1967), before divorcing in 1983.[1][10][11][a] He worked at the Chicago Sun-Times from 1958 to 1961 before joining Newsday in 1961. In 1963, after the death of his aunt Alicia, he became aide to the president and publisher, his uncle Harry F. Guggenheim.[12] He worked in New York and later became chief of the Washington, D.C. bureau.[13][14][15] He resigned from Newsday in early 1971,[16][17] and worked as a legislative aide to Maine Senator Edmund Muskie from 1971 to 1972.[3][18]In 1972 he published a biography of vice president Spiro Agnew, What Makes Spiro Run. It was regarded as biased against Agnew,[19][20] and a review in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science wrote Albright \"leans so heavily on superficial commercial appeal that the book should be of little interest to serious political observers.\"[20]From 1972 to 1975 Albright was a correspondent for the San Francisco Chronicle.[3] He became a correspondent for Cox Newspapers in 1976, and in 1983 married fellow Cox journalist Marcia Kunstel, with whom he reported from various foreign locales including South Africa, Afghanistan, Moscow, and Beijing.[21][22] He was a finalist for the 1980 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for a series on gas and oil policy on public lands.[23][24] Albright and fellow Cox journalist Cheryl Arvidson won the 1981 Raymond Clapper Memorial Award \"...for their series, 'The Snub-Nosed Killers: Handguns in America.'\"[25] He and his wife shared a 1988 Overseas Press Club award for foreign reporting for their feature \"Stolen Childhood: A Global Report on the Exploitation of Children\"[26] and a 1991 National Headliner Award from the Press Club of Atlantic City for their reporting on the leadup to the Gulf War.[27]In 1990 Albright and Kunstel co-authored Their Promised Land, an overview of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict as seen through the history of the Sorek Valley west of Jerusalem.[28][29] Publishers Weekly called it: \"vivid, observant, achingly poignant\",[30] and Kirkus Reviews called \"a well-written and sweeping portrait of a troubled land.\"[31] Political analyst Kathleen Christison wrote: \"Uncompromising readers on either side will resent its neutrality. But the book is honest in its choice of historical source material and its treatment of the facts of Jewish-Arab conflict.\"[29][32] A review in Newsweek noted that among the many books on the conflict, Kunstel's and Albright's \"stands out for its thoughtfulness, its fairness and its excellent story.\"[33]In 1997 Albright and Kunstel published Bombshell: The Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy, focusing on American atomic spy Theodore Hall, and the married spy couple Morris and Lona Cohen.[34][35] They supplement their research with interviews conducted with Hall, his wife, and others.[36][37] Former CIA officer Frederick L. Wettering, reviewing for the International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, called it \"a well-researched and very well-written biography of a heretofore little known spy.\"[35] Historian Gregg Herken noted it was the first book on Soviet atomic espionage to use archival sources from both Russia and the Venona project.[38] A film adaptation was optioned to Universal Pictures, with Leonardo DiCaprio tapped to portray Hall.[39][40]Albright and Kunstel retired in 2000,[41] and since 2001 have owned Flat Creek Ranch in Jackson Hole, Wyoming.[42] Albright has served as chairman of the Alicia Patterson Foundation,[3] vice-chairman of the Jackson Hole Conservation Alliance,[43] and from 2009 to 2021 was on the board of trustees of St. John's Health in Jackson Hole.[44][45] Kunstel has served on the governing council of The Wilderness Society since 2004.[42]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"What Makes Spiro Run: The Life and Times of Spiro Agnew (1972)\nTheir Promised Land: Arab Versus Jew in History's Cauldron: One Valley in the Jerusalem Hills (1990). With Marcia Kunstel\nBombshell: The Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy (1997). With Marcia Kunstel[46]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madam_Secretary-10"}],"text":"^ Joseph initiated a divorce and separation in January 1982, with the divorce finalized one year later.[10]","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Madeleine Albright, 1st female U.S. secretary of state, dies at 84\". PBS NewsHour. March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/madeleine-albright-1st-female-u-s-secretary-of-state-dies-at-84","url_text":"\"Madeleine Albright, 1st female U.S. secretary of state, dies at 84\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS_NewsHour","url_text":"PBS NewsHour"}]},{"reference":"Lawrence Van Gelder (January 18, 1996). \"Josephine Patterson Albright, Colorful Journalist, Dies at 82\". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2010. Josephine Patterson Albright, who flew the mail, shot tigers in India, covered Chicago crime in journalism's colorful \"Front Page\" era, ran an Illinois dairy and pig farm, bred horses in Wyoming, wrote a column about her family and helped establish a foundation for journalists, died on Monday at her home in Woodstock, Vt. She was 82. A daughter, Alice Arlen of Manhattan, said the death was caused by complications after a stroke.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Van_Gelder","url_text":"Lawrence Van Gelder"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/18/us/josephine-patterson-albright-colorful-journalist-dies-at-82.html","url_text":"\"Josephine Patterson Albright, Colorful Journalist, Dies at 82\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Arlen","url_text":"Alice Arlen"}]},{"reference":"Locher, Frances C., ed. (1981). Contemporary Authors. Vol. 97–100. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-8103-1900-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/contemporaryauth97thom/page/n13/mode/2up","url_text":"Contemporary Authors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Research","url_text":"Gale Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-1900-4","url_text":"978-0-8103-1900-4"}]},{"reference":"Blackman, Ann (1999). Seasons of Her Life: A Biography of Madeleine Korbel Albright. Simon and Schuster. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-684-86431-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MTDIP401I7AC&pg=PA121","url_text":"Seasons of Her Life: A Biography of Madeleine Korbel Albright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster","url_text":"Simon and Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86431-0","url_text":"978-0-684-86431-0"}]},{"reference":"McKinney, Megan (2011), The Magnificent Medills, New York, New York: HarperCollins, pp. 301–2, ISBN 978-0-06-178223-7","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/magnificentmedil00mcki/page/302","url_text":"The Magnificent Medills"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/magnificentmedil00mcki/page/301","url_text":"301–2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-178223-7","url_text":"978-0-06-178223-7"}]},{"reference":"Albright, Madeleine (2003). Madam Secretary. Miramax Books. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-7868-6843-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Albright","url_text":"Albright, Madeleine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madam_Secretary_(book)","url_text":"Madam Secretary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramax_Books","url_text":"Miramax Books"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/madamsecretary00albr_0/page/514/mode/2up","url_text":"514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6843-8","url_text":"978-0-7868-6843-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Guggenheim Takes Role as Publisher\". The Editor and Publisher. July 13, 1963. pp. 11+59.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_editor-publisher_1963-07-13_96_28/page/10/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Guggenheim Takes Role as Publisher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Editor_and_Publisher","url_text":"The Editor and Publisher"}]},{"reference":"Lippman, Thomas W. (2004). Madeleine Albright and the New American Diplomacy. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 10–12. ISBN 978-0-8133-4239-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Lippman","url_text":"Lippman, Thomas W."},{"url":"http://archive.org/details/madeleinealbrigh00thom","url_text":"Madeleine Albright and the New American Diplomacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado","url_text":"Boulder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westview_Press","url_text":"Westview Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4239-9","url_text":"978-0-8133-4239-9"}]},{"reference":"Times, Steven V. Roberts Special to The New York (April 16, 1970). \"Times Mirror to Get Control of Newsday\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 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March 13, 1971.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/sim_editor-publisher_1971-03-13_104_11","url_text":"\"Joe Albright resigns from Newsday staff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_%26_Publisher","url_text":"Editor & Publisher"}]},{"reference":"Bloice, Carl (May 3, 1980). \"Ed Muskie – the front man cometh\". People's World. pp. 3+11.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_peoples-world_1980-05-03_43_18/page/10/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Ed Muskie – the front man cometh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_World","url_text":"People's World"}]},{"reference":"Laut, Stephen J. (July 1, 1972). \"Albright, Joseph. What Makes Spiro Run\". Best Sellers: The Semi-Monthly Book Review. 32 (7). University of Scranton: 160–161.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_best-sellers_1972-07-01_32_7/page/160/mode/2up?q=%22What+makes+Spiro+run%22","url_text":"\"Albright, Joseph. What Makes Spiro Run\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Scranton","url_text":"University of Scranton"}]},{"reference":"Hannon, Philip J. (1972). \"JOSEPH ALBRIGHT. What Makes Spiro Run: The Life and Times of Spiro Agnew. pp. xiii, 295. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1972. $6.95. LOWELL D. STREIKER and GERALD S. STROBER. Religion and the New Majority: Billy Graham, Middle America and the Politics of the 70s. pp. 202. New York: Association Press, 1972. $5.95\". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 404 (1): 281–282. doi:10.1177/000271627240400150. ISSN 0002-7162.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000271627240400150","url_text":"\"JOSEPH ALBRIGHT. What Makes Spiro Run: The Life and Times of Spiro Agnew. pp. xiii, 295. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1972. $6.95. LOWELL D. STREIKER and GERALD S. STROBER. Religion and the New Majority: Billy Graham, Middle America and the Politics of the 70s. pp. 202. New York: Association Press, 1972. $5.95\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271627240400150","url_text":"10.1177/000271627240400150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162","url_text":"0002-7162"}]},{"reference":"O'Briant, Don (November 12, 1990). \"Life and death in Holy Land focus of correspondents' book\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. p. D5 – via NewsBank.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/0EB7C4BB85693DCA","url_text":"\"Life and death in Holy Land focus of correspondents' book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution","url_text":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsBank","url_text":"NewsBank"}]},{"reference":"Arnett, Peter (November 1998). \"Goodbye, World\". American Journalism Review. p. 50 – via Gale OneFile.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journalism_Review","url_text":"American Journalism Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_OneFile","url_text":"Gale OneFile"}]},{"reference":"\"Pulitzer Prize board, for first time, names finalists in all categories\". The Boston Globe. April 16, 1980 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93624505/pulitzer-prize-board-for-first-time/","url_text":"\"Pulitzer Prize board, for first time, names finalists in all categories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Finalist: Joseph P. Albright of Cox Newspapers\". www.pulitzer.org. Retrieved March 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/joseph-p-albright","url_text":"\"Finalist: Joseph P. Albright of Cox Newspapers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raymond Clapper, Other Journalism Prizes Are Awarded\". Washington Post. Retrieved September 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1982/04/25/raymond-clapper-other-journalism-prizes-are-awarded/c4d2aaf4-0d66-4a60-b435-96799c1d2487/","url_text":"\"Raymond Clapper, Other Journalism Prizes Are Awarded\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overseas Press Club Awards 16 Prizes\". The New York Times. April 20, 1988. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/20/arts/overseas-press-club-awards-16-prizes.html","url_text":"\"Overseas Press Club Awards 16 Prizes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Tom (March 28, 1991). \"The Gulf Crisis – Journal-Constitution gulf reporters honored\". 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Jackson Hole News&Guide.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jhnewsandguide.com/news/health/trustee-albright-resigns-from-st-john-s-health-board-to-help-county-fight-covid-19/article_fae21419-bd28-5971-8816-b3d2cd01bff2.html","url_text":"\"Trustee Albright resigns from St. John's Health board to help county fight COVID-19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Hole_News%26Guide","url_text":"Jackson Hole News&Guide"}]},{"reference":"Badash, Lawrence (1998). \"Review of Bombshell: The Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy by Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel\". Physics Today. 51 (9): 61–62. Bibcode:1998PhT....51i..61A. doi:10.1063/1.882450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Badash","url_text":"Badash, Lawrence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PhT....51i..61A","url_text":"1998PhT....51i..61A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.882450","url_text":"10.1063/1.882450"}]},{"reference":"Dobbs, Michael (1999). Madeleine Albright: A Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Henry Holt & Company. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faune_A._Chambers

Bring It On Again

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]

2004 film directed by Damon Santostefano This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bring It On Again" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bring It On AgainDVD coverDirected byDamon SantostefanoScreenplay by Claudia Grazioso Brian Gunn Mark Gunn Story byClaudia GraziosoProduced by Marc Abraham Thomas Bliss Kelli Konop Starring Anne Judson-Yager Faune A. Chambers Bree Turner Bethany Joy Lenz Richard Lee Jackson CinematographyRichard CrudoEdited byTony LombardoMusic byPaul HaslingerProductioncompanies Beacon Pictures Strike Entertainment Distributed byUniversal Studios Home Video, Lasso EntertainmentRelease date January 13, 2004 (2004-01-13) Running time90 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Bring It On Again is a 2004 American cheerleading comedy film directed by Damon Santostefano and starring Anne Judson-Yager and Bree Turner. This film is a sequel to Bring It On series, but there are no recurring cast members or canonical references to the previous film. Bring It On Again is also the only sequel of the four that shared the same producers. Plot Whittier arrives at the fictional California State College, hoping to join the national champion varsity cheerleading team. She meets up with her friend from cheer camp, Monica, and they both put on impressive performances at the tryouts. Head cheerleader Tina is ready to ask them to join the team, but fellow cheerleader Greg goes a step further, telling Tina that Whittier will be the next head cheerleader. This angers Tina's pal, Marni, who had the position staked out, but at the urging of Dean Sebastian, Tina goes along with the plan and takes Whittier under her wing. Whittier meets Derek, a campus D.J. who immediately takes an interest in her. Tina is very demanding and domineering and warns Whittier that Derek is not the type of boy she should be dating. Monica is bothered by Tina's meddling, but Whittier momentarily lets her cheerleading ambition get the better of her, and betrays Derek. Tina is upset with Monica's sassy attitude and punishes her, which leads to an injury. She forces Whittier to choose between her friendship and the squad. Whittier and Monica get fed up with Tina's tyranny and quit the cheerleading team, but Whittier's school spirit cannot be suppressed. With Monica's help, she gathers up the outcasts from the drama club, the dance club, and other groups that have lost their funding in favor of the cheerleading program, and forms a ragtag squad of her own, determined to battle the varsity squad for a spot at the national championship. The two teams end up competing for the spot at nationals, with Whittier's squad ultimately winning. Afterward, Whittier offers Tina a spot on her squad, a position that Tina initially refuses but ends up wanting. The film ends with Tina sucking up to Whittier and Monica, deciding she wants to be on their squad after all, while Marni throws a comical fit. Cast Anne Judson-Yager as Whittier Smith Faune A. Chambers as Monica Washington Bree Turner as Tina Hammersmith Bethany Joy Lenz as Marni Potts Richard Lee Jackson as Derek Bryce Johnson as Greg Felicia Day as Penelope Hope Dennis Hemphill Jr. as Francis Holly Towne as Janice Kevin Cooney as Principal Dean Sebastian Katherine Bailess as Colleen Lipman Chris Carmack as Todd Joshua Gomez as Sammy / team mascot Kelly Stables as Stinger teammate Brian Patrick Wade as Stinger teammate Darren Geare as Stinger teammate Jerry Trainor as Smug Guy References ^ DVD Talk External links Bring It On Again at IMDb Bring It On Again at AllMovie vteBring It OnFilms Bring It On (2000) Again (2004) All or Nothing (2006) In It to Win It (2007) Fight to the Finish (2009) Worldwide Cheersmack (2017) Cheer or Die (2022) MusicalBring It On: The Musical Category vteFilms directed by Damon Santostefano Severed Ties (1992) Three to Tango (1999) Last Man Running (2003) Bring It On Again (2004) Another Cinderella Story (2008) Best Player (2011) A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song (2011) Pure Country: Pure Heart (2017)

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvendra_Nath_Bhattacharyya

Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya

["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 Awards and honors","4 Selected bibliography","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]

Indian molecular biologist and epigeneticist Suvendra Nath BhattacharyyaBorn (1975-10-04) 4 October 1975 (age 48)Harinavi, West Bengal, IndiaNationalityIndianAlma materHarinavi DVAS High SchoolBallygunge CampusCalcutta UniversityJadavpur UniversityIndian Institute of Chemical BiologyFriedrich Miescher InstituteKnown forStudies on LeishmaniasisAwards2004 AAAS-GE Healthcare Young Scientist Award2004 INSA Young Scientist Award2008 IHFSPO Career Development Award2015 N-BIOS Prize2015 NASI-Scopus Young Scientist Award2016 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize2016 Prof. B. K. Bachhawat Memorial Travel AwardScientific careerFieldsMolecular biologyEpigeneticsInstitutionsIndian Institute of Chemical Biology Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya (born 4 October 1975) is an Indian molecular biologist, epigeneticist and the principal scientist at the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. He is a recipient of the Swarnajayanthi Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology and the National Bioscience Award of the Department of Biotechnology. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2016, for his contributions to biological sciences. Biography Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya, born on 4 October 1975 in the Indian state of West Bengal, did his early schooling at Harinavi DVAS High School. He completed his M.Sc. from Ballygunge Campus of Calcutta University. After securing a PhD from Jadavpur University, he joined the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB) as a research fellow in 1998 and on completion of the fellowship in 2003, he moved to Friedrich Miescher Institute where he did his post-doctoral studies from 2004 to 2008 on a Human Frontier Science Program fellowship. Returning to India the same year, he joined IICB as a scientist at the Molecular and Human Genetics Division. He heads the RNA Biology Research Laboratory (RBRL, popularly known as Bhattacharyya Lab) of the institute where serves as the principal investigator and hosts a number of research scholars. Legacy Skin ulcer due to leishmaniasis. Bhattacharyya's researches at RBRL is mainly on microRNA (miRNA), focusing on its compartmentalization, regulation and mediation as well as its alteration in Leishmania invaded macrophage and neighboring non-macrophage cells. His researches assisted in identifying cholesterol as a modulator in leishmaniasis infection and his team has developed a therapeutic protocol for treating leishmaniasis by administering microRNA molecules in patients which has been found to raise the cholesterol level which in turn reduced the parasite levels. The treatment, combined with other drugs have been reported to be effective in treating the disease commonly known as Kala azar, which has a reported high drug resistance. One of his earlier projects, Mechanism of mRNA compartmentalization in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells, was funded by the Wellcome Trust. On his current project, miRNA expoprt and Stability, he has worked on the mammalian immune and cancer cells and reportedly discovered miRNA activity modulation mechanisms in those cells. At his laboratory, Bhattacharyya mentors many post-doctoral and doctoral researchers. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals and the online knowledge repositories which have listed his articles include ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and PubMed. He is a member of the Neurobiology Task force of the Department of Biotechnology and was a member of Local Organizing Committee of the APSN-ISN Neuroscience School held in January 2014. He has delivered several featured talks and has assisted others in their researches. Awards and honors Suvendra Bhattacharyya received the Young Scientist Award of the AAAS-GE Healthcare in 2004. He also received the Young Scientist Award of the Indian National Science Academy the same year. The Human Frontier Science Program Organization awarded him the Career Development Award and he was selected for the Swarnajayanthi Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology, both the honors reaching him in 2008. He received the National Bioscience Award for Career Development of the Department of Biotechnology and the NASI-Scopus Young Scientist Award of the Elsevier and National Academy of Sciences, India in 2015. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded Bhattacharyya, a recipient of the 2016 Prof. B. K. Bachhawat Memorial Travel Award, the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2016. He was one among the 12 Young Achievers of Modern India and featured in the 2016 Calendar of the Shoolini University. Selected bibliography Sudarshana Basu; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya (May 2014). "Insulin-like growth factor-1 prevents miR-122 production in neighbouring cells to curtail its intercellular transfer to ensure proliferation of human hepatoma cells". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (11): 7170–7185. doi:10.1093/nar/gku346. PMC 4066773. PMID 24813441. June Ghosh; Mainak Bose; Syamal Roy; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya (March 2013). "Leishmania donovani targets Dicer1 to downregulate miR-122, lower serum cholesterol, and facilitate murine liver infection". Cell Host & Microbe. 13 (3): 277–288. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.02.005. PMC 3605572. PMID 23498953. Nicolas Cougot; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya; Lucie Tapia-Arancibia; Remy Bordonné; Witold Filipowicz; Edouard Bertrand; Florence Rage (December 2008). "Dendrites of mammalian neurons contain specialized P-body-like structures that respond to neuronal activation". The Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (51): 13793–13804. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4155-08.2008. PMC 6671906. PMID 19091970. Witold Filipowicz; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya; Nahum Sonenberg (February 2008). "Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: are the answers in sight?". Nature Reviews Genetics. 9 (2): 102–114. doi:10.1038/nrg2290. PMID 18197166. S2CID 11824239. Ramesh S Pillai; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya; Witold Filipowicz (March 2007). "Repression of protein synthesis by miRNAs: how many mechanisms?". Trends in Cell Biology. 17 (3): 118–126. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.007. PMID 17197185. Noora Kotaja; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya; Lukasz Jaskiewicz; Sarah Kimmins; Martti Parvinen; Witold Filipowicz; Paolo Sassone-Corsi (February 2006). "The chromatoid body of male germ cells: similarity with processing bodies and presence of Dicer and microRNA pathway components". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (8): 2647–2652. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.2647K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509333103. PMC 1413789. PMID 16477042. SN Bhattacharyya; R Habermacher; U Martine; EI Closs; W Filipowicz (January 2006). "Stress-induced reversal of microRNA repression and mRNA P-body localization in human cells". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 71: 513–521. doi:10.1101/sqb.2006.71.038. PMID 17381334. See also microRNA Leishmaniasis India portalBiology portal Notes References ^ a b c d "CSIR-IICB Scientist Receives Swarnajayanti Fellowship and NASI-Scopus Award" (PDF). CSIR News. May 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Brief Profile of the Awardee". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016. ^ a b "N-BIOS Awardees 2015" (PDF). Department of Biotechnology. 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "View Bhatnagar Awardees". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016. ^ "A Galaxy Rediscovered in its Sesquicentennial Celebrations". Harinavi DVAS High School. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ a b c "Dr. Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya IICB". List of scientists. Indian Institute of Chemical Biology. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Bhattacharyya Lab". RNA Biology Research Laboratory. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ a b "People - RNA Biology Research Laboratory". RNA Biology Research Laboratory. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Research". RNA Biology Research Laboratory. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Battling Kala azar: Indian scientists overcoming drug resistance". India Medical Times. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Walk in Interview for a Research Assistant in The Wellcome Trust project at IICB". Biotecnika. 7 March 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "miRNA expoprt and Stability". 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Suvendra N. Bhattacharyya on ResearchGate". Author profile. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Suvendra N. Bhattacharyya on Google Scholar". Author profile. Google Scholar. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Suvendra N. Bhattacharyya on PubMed". Author profile. PubMed. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Neurobiology Task force". Department of Biotechnology. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Local Organizing Committee" (PDF). APSN-ISN Neuroscience School. 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Scientific Program on Indo-Brazil Symposium" (PDF). Indo-Brazil Symposium. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ Subhadip Das; Nabanita Chatterjee; Dipayan Bose; Somenath Banerjee; Prajnamoy Pal; Tarun Jha; Krishna Das Saha (2014). "Lipid Isolated from a Leishmania donovani Strain Reduces Escherichia coli Induced Sepsis in Mice through Inhibition of Inflammatory Responses". Mediators of Inflammation. 2014: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2014/409694. PMC 4120923. PMID 25120287. ^ "Young Scientist Award". Indian National Science Academy. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "List of Candidates -SwarnaJayanti Fellowship Award 2014-2015" (PDF). Department of Science and Technology. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Elsevier and National Academy of Sciences, India, Announce Ten Winners of the 2015 NASI-Scopus Young Scientist Awards". Elsevier. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "9th NASI-Scopus Young Scientists Awards". National Academy of Sciences, India. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. ^ "Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Awards presented to Rishikesh Narayanan, and Suvendra Nath Bhattacharya". News report. Association of Biotechnology Led Enterprises. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016. External links "Govt announces recipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award". News report. Times of India. 26 September 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. "Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya". Teacher listing. Engage Guru. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. "Moment of pride". The Statesman. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2016. vteRecipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Biological Science1960s Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan (1960) M. S. Swaminathan (1961) Bimal Kumar Bachhawat (1962) Jagannath Ganguly (1963} Dilbagh Singh Athwal (1964) Chirayathumadom Venkatachalier Subramanian (1965) Hari Krishan Jain (1966) Neelamraju Ganga Prasada Rao (1966) Arun Kumar Sharma (1967) Tathamangalam Ananthanarayanan Venkitasubramanian (1968) 1970s Madhu Sudan Kanungo (1971) Narayana Balakrishnan Nair (1971) Birendra Bijoy Biswas (1972) Satish Chandra Maheshwari (1972) Bhyravabhotla Radhakrishna Murty (1973) Sardul Singh Guraya (1973) John Barnabas (1974) Obaid Siddiqi (1975) Archana Sharma (1975) Guru Prakash Dutta (1976) Kishan Singh (1976) Trichnopoly Chelvaraj Anand Kumar (1977) V. Sasisekharan (1978) Amar Nath Bhaduri (1979) M. K. Chandrashekaran (1979) 1980s Asis Datta (1980) Jamuna Sharan Singh (1980) Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane (1981) Sushil Kumar (1981) Sunil Kumar Podder (1982) Ramamirtha Jayaraman (1982) Govindarajan Padmanabhan (1983) Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian (1984) K. R. K. Easwaran (1984) Chhitar Mal Gupta (1985) M. Vijayan (1985) Madhav Gadgil (1986) Avadhesha Surolia Sudhir Kumar Sopory Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya (1988) M. R. S. Rao (1988) Subhash Chandra Lakhotia (1989) Manju Ray (1989) 1990s Samir K. Brahmachari (1990) Virendra Nath Pandey (1991) Srinivas Kishanrao (1991) Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam (1992) Dipankar Chatterji (1992) Raghavendra Gadagkar (1993) M. R. N. Murthy (1993) Ramakrishnan Nagaraj (1994) Alok Bhattacharya (1994) Seyed E. Hasnain (1995) Kalappa Muniyappa (1995) Ghanshyam Swarup (1996) Vishweshwaraiah Prakash (1996) Jayaraman Gowrishankar (1997) Kanury Venkata Subba Rao (1997) K. VijayRaghavan (1998) Debi Prasad Sarkar (1998) Siddhartha Roy (1999) Valakunja Nagaraja (1999) 2000s Dinakar Mashnu Salunke (2000) Jayant B. Udgaonkar (2000) Umesh Varshney (2001) Raghavan Varadarajan (2002) Amitabha Mukhopadhyay (2002) Satyajit Mayor (2003) Gopal Chandra Kundu (2004) Ramesh Venkata Sonti (2004) Tapas Kumar Kundu (2005) Shekhar C. Mande (2005) Vinod Bhakuni (2006) Rajesh Sudhir Gokhale (2006) Upinder Singh Bhalla (2007) Narayanaswamy Srinivasan (2007) Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava (2008) L. S. Shashidhara (2008) Amitabh Joshi (2009) Bhaskar Saha (2009) 2010s Sanjeev Galande (2010) Shubha Tole (2010) Amit Prakash Sharma (2011) Rajan Sankaranarayanan (2011) Shantanu Chowdhury (2012) Suman Kumar Dhar (2012) Sathees Chukkurumbal Raghavan (2013) Roop Mallik (2014) Balasubramanian Gopal (2015) Rajeev Kumar Varshney (2015) Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya (2016) Rishikesh Narayanan (2016) Deepak T. Nair (2017) Sanjeev Das (2017) Ganesh Nagaraju (2018) Thomas J. Pucadyil (2018) Kayarat Saikrishnan (2019) 2020s Subhadeep Chatterjee (2020) Vatsala Thirumalai (2020) Amit Singh (2021) Arun Kumar Shukla (2021) Ashwani Kumar (2022) Maddika Subba Reddy (2022) vteN-BIOS Laureates 2010–20192010 Shantanu Chowdhury Balasubramanian Gopal R. Ashalatha Vinay K. Nandicoori Suman Kumar Dhar Ravishankar Ramachandran P. Karthe Dipshikha Chakravortty Debasis Chattopadhyay Anirban Basu 2011 Sagar Sengupta Niyaz Ahmed Santasabuj Das Ashish Arora Maneesha S. Inamdar Asif Mohmmed Shantanu Sengupta Sujata Sharma Dibyendu Sarkar M. M. Parida 2012 Vidita Vaidya Sathees Chukkurumbal Raghavan Asad Ullah Khan Munia Ganguli S. Venkata Mohan Durai Sundar Subrata Adak Aditya Bhushan Pant Naval Kishore Vikram Kaustuv Sanyal 2013 Govindan Rajamohan A. K. Mukherjee Alok Krishna Sinha 2014 Manoj Prasad Bikramjit Basu Debasis Dash Ashish Suri Deepak Thankappan Nair Ramandeep Singh Fayaz A. Malik Patrick D'Silva Deepak Gaur Kausik Chattopadhyay 2015 Sanjeev Das Ganesh Nagaraju Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya H. V. Thulasiram Pawan Gupta Souvik Maiti Pravindra Kumar Anurag Agrawal Girdhar Kumar Pandey Sanjib Senapati 2017/18 Manas Kumar Santra Dipyaman Ganguly Subhadeep Chatterjee Soumen Basak Manoj Majee Arun Kumar Shukla Amit Singh Maddika Subba Reddy Beena Ramakrishnan Pillai Ashwani Kumar Mohammad Zahid Ashraf Ranjith Padinhateeri Suresh Kumar Rayala Prabhu B. Patil Pritam Deb Authority control databases: Academics Google Scholar ORCID

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"molecular biologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"epigeneticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Chemical Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Chemical_Biology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSIR-IICB_Scientist_Receives_Swarnajayanti_Fellowship_and_NASI-Scopus_Award-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brief_Profile_of_the_Awardee-2"},{"link_name":"Department of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(India)"},{"link_name":"National Bioscience Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bioscience_Award_for_Career_Development"},{"link_name":"Department of Biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N-BIOS_Awardees_2015-3"},{"link_name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research"},{"link_name":"Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize_for_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-View_Bhatnagar_Awardees-4"}],"text":"Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya (born 4 October 1975) is an Indian molecular biologist, epigeneticist and the principal scientist at the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.[1][2] He is a recipient of the Swarnajayanthi Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology and the National Bioscience Award of the Department of Biotechnology.[3] The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2016, for his contributions to biological sciences.[4]","title":"Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Harinavi DVAS High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harinavi_DVAS_High_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Galaxy_Rediscovered_in_its_Sesquicentennial_Celebrations-5"},{"link_name":"Ballygunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballygunge"},{"link_name":"Calcutta University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta_University"},{"link_name":"Jadavpur University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadavpur_University"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Chemical Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Chemical_Biology"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Miescher Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Miescher_Institute"},{"link_name":"Human Frontier Science Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Frontier_Science_Program"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr._Suvendra_Nath_Bhattacharyya_IICB-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSIR-IICB_Scientist_Receives_Swarnajayanti_Fellowship_and_NASI-Scopus_Award-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhattacharyya_Lab-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_-_RNA_Biology_Research_Laboratory-8"}],"text":"Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya, born on 4 October 1975 in the Indian state of West Bengal, did his early schooling at Harinavi DVAS High School.[5] He completed his M.Sc. from Ballygunge Campus of Calcutta University. After securing a PhD from Jadavpur University, he joined the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB) as a research fellow in 1998 and on completion of the fellowship in 2003, he moved to Friedrich Miescher Institute where he did his post-doctoral studies from 2004 to 2008 on a Human Frontier Science Program fellowship.[6] Returning to India the same year, he joined IICB as a scientist at the Molecular and Human Genetics Division.[1] He heads the RNA Biology Research Laboratory (RBRL, popularly known as Bhattacharyya Lab)[7] of the institute where serves as the principal investigator and hosts a number of research scholars.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skin_ulcer_due_to_leishmaniasis,_hand_of_Central_American_adult_3MG0037_lores.jpg"},{"link_name":"leishmaniasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniasis"},{"link_name":"microRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Research-9"},{"link_name":"leishmaniasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniasis"},{"link_name":"leishmaniasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniasis"},{"link_name":"cholesterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Battling_Kala_azar:_Indian_scientists_overcoming_drug_resistance-10"},{"link_name":"Wellcome Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walk_in_Interview_for_a_Research_Assistant_in_The_Wellcome_Trust_project_at_IICB-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miRNA_expoprt_and_Stability-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSIR-IICB_Scientist_Receives_Swarnajayanti_Fellowship_and_NASI-Scopus_Award-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_-_RNA_Biology_Research_Laboratory-8"},{"link_name":"ResearchGate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suvendra_N._Bhattacharyya_on_ResearchGate-13"},{"link_name":"Google Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suvendra_N._Bhattacharyya_on_Google_Scholar-14"},{"link_name":"PubMed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suvendra_N._Bhattacharyya_on_PubMed-15"},{"link_name":"Department of Biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neurobiology_Task_force-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Local_Organizing_Committee-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scientific_Program_on_Indo-Brazil_Symposium-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lipid_Isolated_from_a_Leishmania_donovani_Strain_Reduces_Escherichia_coli_Induced_Sepsis_in_Mice_through_Inhibition_of_Inflammatory_Responses-19"}],"text":"Skin ulcer due to leishmaniasis.Bhattacharyya's researches at RBRL is mainly on microRNA (miRNA), focusing on its compartmentalization, regulation and mediation as well as its alteration in Leishmania invaded macrophage and neighboring non-macrophage cells.[9] His researches assisted in identifying cholesterol as a modulator in leishmaniasis infection and his team has developed a therapeutic protocol for treating leishmaniasis by administering microRNA molecules in patients which has been found to raise the cholesterol level which in turn reduced the parasite levels.[10] The treatment, combined with other drugs have been reported to be effective in treating the disease commonly known as Kala azar, which has a reported high drug resistance. One of his earlier projects, Mechanism of mRNA compartmentalization in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells, was funded by the Wellcome Trust.[11] On his current project, miRNA expoprt and Stability,[12] he has worked on the mammalian immune and cancer cells and reportedly discovered miRNA activity modulation mechanisms in those cells.[1]At his laboratory, Bhattacharyya mentors many post-doctoral and doctoral researchers.[8] He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals and the online knowledge repositories which have listed his articles include ResearchGate,[13] Google Scholar,[14] and PubMed.[15] He is a member of the Neurobiology Task force of the Department of Biotechnology[16] and was a member of Local Organizing Committee of the APSN-ISN Neuroscience School held in January 2014.[17] He has delivered several featured talks[18] and has assisted others in their researches.[19]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AAAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"GE Healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Healthcare"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr._Suvendra_Nath_Bhattacharyya_IICB-6"},{"link_name":"Indian National Science Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young_Scientist_Award-20"},{"link_name":"Human Frontier Science Program Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Frontier_Science_Program"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr._Suvendra_Nath_Bhattacharyya_IICB-6"},{"link_name":"Department of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(India)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List_of_Candidates_-SwarnaJayanti_Fellowship_Award_2014-2015-21"},{"link_name":"National Bioscience Award for Career Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bioscience_Award_for_Career_Development"},{"link_name":"Department of Biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N-BIOS_Awardees_2015-3"},{"link_name":"Elsevier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elsevier_and_National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India,_Announce_Ten_Winners_of_the_2015_NASI-Scopus_Young_Scientist_Awards-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9th_NASI-Scopus_Young_Scientists_Awards-23"},{"link_name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research"},{"link_name":"Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Awards_presented_to_Rishikesh_Narayanan,_and_Suvendra_Nath_Bhattacharya-24"},{"link_name":"Shoolini University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoolini_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSIR-IICB_Scientist_Receives_Swarnajayanti_Fellowship_and_NASI-Scopus_Award-1"}],"text":"Suvendra Bhattacharyya received the Young Scientist Award of the AAAS-GE Healthcare in 2004.[6] He also received the Young Scientist Award of the Indian National Science Academy the same year.[20] The Human Frontier Science Program Organization awarded him the Career Development Award[6] and he was selected for the Swarnajayanthi Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology, both the honors reaching him in 2008.[21] He received the National Bioscience Award for Career Development of the Department of Biotechnology[3] and the NASI-Scopus Young Scientist Award of the Elsevier and National Academy of Sciences, India in 2015.[22][23] The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded Bhattacharyya, a recipient of the 2016 Prof. B. K. Bachhawat Memorial Travel Award, the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2016.[24] He was one among the 12 Young Achievers of Modern India and featured in the 2016 Calendar of the Shoolini University.[1]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Insulin-like growth factor-1 prevents miR-122 production in neighbouring cells to curtail its intercellular transfer to ensure proliferation of human hepatoma cells\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4066773"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/nar/gku346","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgku346"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4066773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4066773"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24813441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24813441"},{"link_name":"\"Leishmania donovani targets Dicer1 to downregulate miR-122, lower serum cholesterol, and facilitate murine liver infection\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3605572"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.chom.2013.02.005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chom.2013.02.005"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3605572","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3605572"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23498953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23498953"},{"link_name":"\"Dendrites of mammalian neurons contain specialized P-body-like structures that respond to neuronal 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chromatoid body of male germ cells: similarity with processing bodies and presence of Dicer and microRNA pathway components\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1413789"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2006PNAS..103.2647K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..103.2647K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.0509333103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0509333103"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1413789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1413789"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16477042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16477042"},{"link_name":"\"Stress-induced reversal of microRNA repression and mRNA P-body localization in human cells\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fsqb.2006.71.038"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1101/sqb.2006.71.038","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fsqb.2006.71.038"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17381334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17381334"}],"text":"Sudarshana Basu; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya (May 2014). \"Insulin-like growth factor-1 prevents miR-122 production in neighbouring cells to curtail its intercellular transfer to ensure proliferation of human hepatoma cells\". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (11): 7170–7185. doi:10.1093/nar/gku346. PMC 4066773. PMID 24813441.\nJune Ghosh; Mainak Bose; Syamal Roy; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya (March 2013). \"Leishmania donovani targets Dicer1 to downregulate miR-122, lower serum cholesterol, and facilitate murine liver infection\". Cell Host & Microbe. 13 (3): 277–288. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.02.005. PMC 3605572. PMID 23498953.\nNicolas Cougot; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya; Lucie Tapia-Arancibia; Remy Bordonné; Witold Filipowicz; Edouard Bertrand; Florence Rage (December 2008). \"Dendrites of mammalian neurons contain specialized P-body-like structures that respond to neuronal activation\". The Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (51): 13793–13804. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4155-08.2008. PMC 6671906. PMID 19091970.\nWitold Filipowicz; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya; Nahum Sonenberg (February 2008). \"Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: are the answers in sight?\". Nature Reviews Genetics. 9 (2): 102–114. doi:10.1038/nrg2290. PMID 18197166. S2CID 11824239.\nRamesh S Pillai; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya; Witold Filipowicz (March 2007). \"Repression of protein synthesis by miRNAs: how many mechanisms?\". Trends in Cell Biology. 17 (3): 118–126. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.007. PMID 17197185.\nNoora Kotaja; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya; Lukasz Jaskiewicz; Sarah Kimmins; Martti Parvinen; Witold Filipowicz; Paolo Sassone-Corsi (February 2006). \"The chromatoid body of male germ cells: similarity with processing bodies and presence of Dicer and microRNA pathway components\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (8): 2647–2652. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.2647K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509333103. PMC 1413789. PMID 16477042.\nSN Bhattacharyya; R Habermacher; U Martine; EI Closs; W Filipowicz (January 2006). \"Stress-induced reversal of microRNA repression and mRNA P-body localization in human cells\". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 71: 513–521. doi:10.1101/sqb.2006.71.038. PMID 17381334.","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]

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PMID 24813441.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4066773","url_text":"\"Insulin-like growth factor-1 prevents miR-122 production in neighbouring cells to curtail its intercellular transfer to ensure proliferation of human hepatoma cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgku346","url_text":"10.1093/nar/gku346"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4066773","url_text":"4066773"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24813441","url_text":"24813441"}]},{"reference":"June Ghosh; Mainak Bose; Syamal Roy; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya (March 2013). \"Leishmania donovani targets Dicer1 to downregulate miR-122, lower serum cholesterol, and facilitate murine liver infection\". Cell Host & Microbe. 13 (3): 277–288. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.02.005. PMC 3605572. PMID 23498953.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3605572","url_text":"\"Leishmania donovani targets Dicer1 to downregulate miR-122, lower serum cholesterol, and facilitate murine liver infection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chom.2013.02.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.chom.2013.02.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3605572","url_text":"3605572"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23498953","url_text":"23498953"}]},{"reference":"Nicolas Cougot; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya; Lucie Tapia-Arancibia; Remy Bordonné; Witold Filipowicz; Edouard Bertrand; Florence Rage (December 2008). \"Dendrites of mammalian neurons contain specialized P-body-like structures that respond to neuronal activation\". The Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (51): 13793–13804. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4155-08.2008. PMC 6671906. PMID 19091970.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6671906","url_text":"\"Dendrites of mammalian neurons contain specialized P-body-like structures that respond to neuronal activation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4155-08.2008","url_text":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4155-08.2008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6671906","url_text":"6671906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19091970","url_text":"19091970"}]},{"reference":"Witold Filipowicz; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya; Nahum Sonenberg (February 2008). \"Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: are the answers in sight?\". Nature Reviews Genetics. 9 (2): 102–114. doi:10.1038/nrg2290. PMID 18197166. S2CID 11824239.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/articles/cz30pz55f","url_text":"\"Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: are the answers in sight?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg2290","url_text":"10.1038/nrg2290"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18197166","url_text":"18197166"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11824239","url_text":"11824239"}]},{"reference":"Ramesh S Pillai; Suvendra N Bhattacharyya; Witold Filipowicz (March 2007). \"Repression of protein synthesis by miRNAs: how many mechanisms?\". Trends in Cell Biology. 17 (3): 118–126. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.007. 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PMID 16477042.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1413789","url_text":"\"The chromatoid body of male germ cells: similarity with processing bodies and presence of Dicer and microRNA pathway components\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..103.2647K","url_text":"2006PNAS..103.2647K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0509333103","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0509333103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1413789","url_text":"1413789"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16477042","url_text":"16477042"}]},{"reference":"SN Bhattacharyya; R Habermacher; U Martine; EI Closs; W Filipowicz (January 2006). \"Stress-induced reversal of microRNA repression and mRNA P-body localization in human cells\". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 71: 513–521. doi:10.1101/sqb.2006.71.038. PMID 17381334.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fsqb.2006.71.038","url_text":"\"Stress-induced reversal of microRNA repression and mRNA P-body localization in human cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fsqb.2006.71.038","url_text":"10.1101/sqb.2006.71.038"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17381334","url_text":"17381334"}]},{"reference":"\"CSIR-IICB Scientist Receives Swarnajayanti Fellowship and NASI-Scopus Award\" (PDF). CSIR News. May 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/RnDNewsLetters/csirnews2k16/csirnews_may16.pdf","url_text":"\"CSIR-IICB Scientist Receives Swarnajayanti Fellowship and NASI-Scopus Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brief Profile of the Awardee\". 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Retrieved 4 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/supplements/moment-of-pride/95492.html","url_text":"\"Moment of pride\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_T._Coleman_(academic)

Peter T. Coleman (academic)

["1 Early life and education","2 Career at Columbia University","3 Affiliations and awards","4 Books","5 References"]

American psychologist Peter T. Coleman Peter Thomas Coleman (born September 9, 1959) is a social psychologist and researcher in the field of conflict resolution and sustainable peace. Coleman is best known for his work on intractable conflicts and applying complexity science. Coleman is a professor at Columbia University and the executive director of the Advanced Consortium on Cooperation, Conflict, and Complexity (AC4) and the Morton Deutsch International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution. Coleman also serves on the faculty in the Negotiation and Conflict Resolution masters program at Columbia's School of Professional Studies. He also co-founded the Institute for Psychological Science and Practice. Early life and education Coleman grew up in the 1960s in Chicago and experienced school desegregation, a violent anti-war movement, and a non-violent civil rights movement first hand. These experiences instilled a strong sense of macro worry: concern over the state of our society and our world. He received a B.A. from the University of Iowa in 1981. After working with violent youth in New York City in the 1980s, Coleman returned to academics to study how to use science as a tool to address social ills. Eventually, Coleman trained as a mediator for the New York State Criminal Court system, and began his studies with the conflict resolution eminent theorist, Morton Deutsch, and a doctorate in social and organizational psychology from Columbia University. Career at Columbia University Coleman has been a professor at Columbia University since the 1990s. His early work with Morton Deutsch led to the publication of the first of three editions of The Handbook on Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice, a comprehensive book designed for professionals in the field of conflict resolution emphasizing the constructive potential of conflict . Coleman has studied some of the more marginalized yet critical aspects of peace and conflict dynamics, including issues such as the use and abuse of social power, intractable conflict, humiliation and conflict, polarized collective identity formation, culture and conflict, injustice and conflict, and sustainable peace. These phenomena can manifest themselves in families, schools and other organizations, communities, and nations. They tend to be complex, long-lasting, and difficult to work with, and thus are relatively understudied by contemporary social scientists. Coleman's approach has been to develop conceptual models that address gaps in existing theory, often through eliciting insights from informed participants (local stakeholders and practitioners), and then to empirically test the models using a variety of methods. His scholarship aims to bridge the theory-practice gap in the field of conflict resolution and peace studies by bringing new insights from research to bear on important technical and social problems, and by honoring practical expertise in the development of new theory. In the area of conflict intractability, Coleman's work focuses on the dynamics involved in seemingly unsolvable conflicts; both generally as whole systems as well as specifically through the investigation of key components of these problems. This has included research on the underlying motivational processes involved, identity formation and change under these conditions, the role moral emotions play in sustaining such conflicts, and differences in the complexity of the dynamics between more and less destructive forms of conflict. This work culminated into the book, The Five Percent: Finding Solutions to (Seemingly) Impossible Conflicts. Coleman provides educational instruction for leaders such as the Obama Scholars at Columbia, the Leading Woman Executives program, and the Executive Change Management Leadership program at Columbia. Coleman serves as a scientific advisor to dozens of nonprofit peace-building groups, including Starts with Us, Fix US, Constructive Dialogue Institute, Search for Common Ground USA, Listen First, Select Committee on the Modernization of Congress, Unite, Generations for Peace, One Small Step (Story Corps), Cascade Institute, Essential Partners, Civic Health Project, Horizons Project, Partners Global, Braver Angels, UJA-Federation, One Million Truths, and American Exchange Project. In 2020, Coleman was asked to advise the Joe Biden presidential transition team on depolarization in the U.S. Affiliations and awards In 2015, he received the Morton Deutsch Conflict Resolution Award from the American Psychological Association, Division 48: Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence. In 2000, he received the CPR Institute for Dispute Resolution Book Prize for Excellence for The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice edited by Morton Deutsch & Peter T. Coleman. 2003, Coleman was the recipient of the first Early Career Award from the American Psychological Association, Division 48: Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence. He is also Founding board member of the Gbowee Peace Foundation USA and a founding member of the United Nations Mediation Support Unit Academic Advisory Council at UNDPA. Coleman currently serves on the editorial boards of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology and Conflict Resolution Quarterly. Books Coleman, Peter T. (2021). The way out: how to overcome toxic polarization. New York (N.Y.): Columbia university press. ISBN 978-0231197403. Coleman, Peter T.; Ferguson, Robert (2014). Making conflict work: harnessing the power of disagreement. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780544148390. The handbook of conflict resolution: theory and practice (3. ed.). San Francisco, Cal: Jossey-Bass. 2014. ISBN 978-1-118-52686-6. Vallacher, Robin R.; Nowak, Andrzej Krzysztof; Coleman, Peter T. (2013). Attracted to conflict: dynamic foundations of destructive social relations. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-35280-5. Coleman, Peter T.; Deutsch, Morton (2012). The psychological components of sustainable peace. New York London: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4614-3555-6. Conflict, interdependence, and justice: the intellectual legacy of Morton Deutsch. New York Dordrecht, Heidelberg London: Springer. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4939-0148-7. Coleman, Peter T. (2011). The five percent: finding solutions to seemingly impossible conflicts (1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1586489212. The handbook of conflict resolution: theory and practice (2. ed.). San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass. 2006. ISBN 978-0787980580. References ^ "Advanced Consortium on Cooperation, Conflict, and Complexity (AC4)". ac4.ei.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-23. ^ "The Morton Deutsch International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution". The Morton Deutsch International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution. Retrieved 2015-10-16. ^ "Peter T. Coleman | Columbia University School of Professional Studies". sps.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-01. ^ "Coleman, Peter T. (pc84) | Teachers College Columbia University". Teachers College - Columbia University. Retrieved 2015-11-23. ^ "Peter Coleman - The Earth Institute - Columbia University". www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-23. ^ "The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice | Beyond Intractability". www.beyondintractability.org. Retrieved 2015-12-22. ^ Jones, Dan (2015). "Conflict resolution: Wars without end". Nature. 519 (7542): 148–150. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..148J. doi:10.1038/519148a. PMID 25762265. ^ "Reviews | Conflict and resolution". Making Conflict Work. Retrieved 2015-11-23. ^ Gadlin, Howard (2013-01-01). "Rethinking Intractability: A New Framework for Conflict". Negotiation Journal. 29 (1): 99–117. doi:10.1111/nejo.12007. ISSN 1571-9979. ^ Foundation, Obama. "Obama Foundation Scholars". Obama Foundation. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ Coleman, Peter T. (2023-10-02). "A Short Story of My Life's Work". Medium. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ "Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University". Teachers College - Columbia University. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ "Overcoming Toxic Polarization Starts With Us". Polarization Detox Challenge. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ FixUS. "FixUS". FixUS. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ "Publications | Constructive Dialogue Institute". constructivedialogue.org. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ "Common Ground USA Archives". Search for Common Ground. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ "Americans Are Tired of Political Division. Here's How to Bridge It". TIME. 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ Coleman, Peter T. (2023-10-02). "A Short Story of My Life's Work". Medium. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ "The Way Out: How to Overcome Toxic Polarization". Braver Angels. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ "Home". UJA-Federation of New York. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ "One Million Truths". www.onemilliontruths.com. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ "About the American Exchange Project". AEP. Retrieved 2024-02-20. ^ "Morton Deutsch Conflict Resolution Award". apa.org. Retrieved 2015-11-23. ^ "Conflict Prevention and Resolution Annual Awards" (PDF). ^ "Division 48 Early Career Award". apa.org. Retrieved 2015-11-23. ^ "Gbowee Peace Foundation USA". www.gboweepeaceusa.org. Retrieved 2015-10-16. ^ "Academic Advisory Council | UN Peacemaker". peacemaker.un.org. Retrieved 2015-11-23. ^ "Association for Conflict Resolution". ^ "Doha Forum 2013". dohaforum2013.qatarconferences.org. Retrieved 2015-10-16. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii ORCID Scopus Other IdRef

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Coleman is best known for his work on intractable conflicts and applying complexity science.Coleman is a professor at Columbia University and the executive director of the Advanced Consortium on Cooperation, Conflict, and Complexity (AC4)[1] and the Morton Deutsch International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution.[2] Coleman also serves on the faculty in the Negotiation and Conflict Resolution masters program at Columbia's School of Professional Studies.[3] He also co-founded the Institute for Psychological Science and Practice.","title":"Peter T. Coleman (academic)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Coleman grew up in the 1960s in Chicago and experienced school desegregation, a violent anti-war movement, and a non-violent civil rights movement first hand. These experiences instilled a strong sense of macro worry: concern over the state of our society and our world. He received a B.A. from the University of Iowa in 1981. 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Coleman has studied some of the more marginalized yet critical aspects of peace and conflict dynamics, including issues such as the use and abuse of social power, intractable conflict, humiliation and conflict, polarized collective identity formation, culture and conflict, injustice and conflict, and sustainable peace. These phenomena can manifest themselves in families, schools and other organizations, communities, and nations. They tend to be complex, long-lasting, and difficult to work with, and thus are relatively understudied by contemporary social scientists. 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This work culminated into the book, The Five Percent: Finding Solutions to (Seemingly) Impossible Conflicts.Coleman provides educational instruction for leaders such as the Obama Scholars at Columbia,[10] the Leading Woman Executives program,[11] and the Executive Change Management Leadership program at Columbia.[12]Coleman serves as a scientific advisor to dozens of nonprofit peace-building groups, including Starts with Us,[13] Fix US,[14] Constructive Dialogue Institute,[15] Search for Common Ground USA,[16] Listen First,[17] Select Committee on the Modernization of Congress,[18] Unite, Generations for Peace, One Small Step (Story Corps), Cascade Institute, Essential Partners, Civic Health Project, Horizons Project, Partners Global, Braver Angels,[19] UJA-Federation,[20] One Million Truths,[21] and American Exchange Project.[22] In 2020, Coleman was asked to advise the Joe Biden presidential transition team on depolarization in the U.S.","title":"Career at Columbia University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"In 2015, he received the Morton Deutsch Conflict Resolution Award from the American Psychological Association, Division 48: Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence.[23]In 2000, he received the CPR Institute for Dispute Resolution Book Prize for Excellence for The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice edited by Morton Deutsch & Peter T. 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(2021). The way out: how to overcome toxic polarization. New York (N.Y.): Columbia university press. ISBN 978-0231197403.\nColeman, Peter T.; Ferguson, Robert (2014). Making conflict work: harnessing the power of disagreement. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780544148390.\nThe handbook of conflict resolution: theory and practice (3. ed.). San Francisco, Cal: Jossey-Bass. 2014. ISBN 978-1-118-52686-6.\nVallacher, Robin R.; Nowak, Andrzej Krzysztof; Coleman, Peter T. (2013). Attracted to conflict: dynamic foundations of destructive social relations. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-35280-5.\nColeman, Peter T.; Deutsch, Morton (2012). The psychological components of sustainable peace. New York London: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4614-3555-6.\nConflict, interdependence, and justice: the intellectual legacy of Morton Deutsch. New York Dordrecht, Heidelberg London: Springer. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4939-0148-7.\nColeman, Peter T. (2011). The five percent: finding solutions to seemingly impossible conflicts (1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1586489212.\nThe handbook of conflict resolution: theory and practice (2. ed.). San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass. 2006. ISBN 978-0787980580.","title":"Books"}]

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ISSN 1571-9979.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnejo.12007","url_text":"10.1111/nejo.12007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1571-9979","url_text":"1571-9979"}]},{"reference":"Foundation, Obama. \"Obama Foundation Scholars\". Obama Foundation. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.obama.org/programs/scholars/","url_text":"\"Obama Foundation Scholars\""}]},{"reference":"Coleman, Peter T. (2023-10-02). \"A Short Story of My Life's Work\". Medium. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://pc84.medium.com/a-short-story-of-my-lifes-work-a17c8d66c3d3","url_text":"\"A Short Story of My Life's Work\""}]},{"reference":"\"Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\". Teachers College - Columbia University. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tc.columbia.edu/organization-and-leadership/executive-education/xma/","url_text":"\"Executive Masters Program in Change Leadership | Organization and Leadership | Teachers College, Columbia University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overcoming Toxic Polarization Starts With Us\". Polarization Detox Challenge. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://startswith.us/pdc/","url_text":"\"Overcoming Toxic Polarization Starts With Us\""}]},{"reference":"FixUS. \"FixUS\". FixUS. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://fixusnow.org/the-fixus-library","url_text":"\"FixUS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Publications | Constructive Dialogue Institute\". constructivedialogue.org. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://constructivedialogue.org/articles/publications","url_text":"\"Publications | Constructive Dialogue Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Common Ground USA Archives\". Search for Common Ground. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfcg.org/location/common-ground-usa/","url_text":"\"Common Ground USA Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Americans Are Tired of Political Division. Here's How to Bridge It\". TIME. 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/6266873/american-political-division-courage-challenge/","url_text":"\"Americans Are Tired of Political Division. Here's How to Bridge It\""}]},{"reference":"Coleman, Peter T. (2023-10-02). \"A Short Story of My Life's Work\". Medium. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://pc84.medium.com/a-short-story-of-my-lifes-work-a17c8d66c3d3","url_text":"\"A Short Story of My Life's Work\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Way Out: How to Overcome Toxic Polarization\". Braver Angels. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://braverangels.org/library/resources/the-way-out-how-to-overcome-toxic-polarization/","url_text":"\"The Way Out: How to Overcome Toxic Polarization\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". UJA-Federation of New York. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ujafedny.org/https","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"One Million Truths\". www.onemilliontruths.com. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onemilliontruths.com/about","url_text":"\"One Million Truths\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the American Exchange Project\". AEP. Retrieved 2024-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanexchangeproject.org/about","url_text":"\"About the American Exchange Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morton Deutsch Conflict Resolution Award\". apa.org. Retrieved 2015-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apa.org/about/awards/div-48-deutsch.aspx","url_text":"\"Morton Deutsch Conflict Resolution Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conflict Prevention and Resolution Annual Awards\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cpradr.org/portals/0/awards/awardssummaryforshelf2012.pdf","url_text":"\"Conflict Prevention and Resolution Annual Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Division 48 Early Career Award\". apa.org. Retrieved 2015-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apa.org/about/awards/div-48-early.aspx","url_text":"\"Division 48 Early Career Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gbowee Peace Foundation USA\". www.gboweepeaceusa.org. Retrieved 2015-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gboweepeaceusa.org/","url_text":"\"Gbowee Peace Foundation USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Academic Advisory Council | UN Peacemaker\". peacemaker.un.org. Retrieved 2015-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://peacemaker.un.org/academic-council","url_text":"\"Academic Advisory Council | UN Peacemaker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Association for Conflict Resolution\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acrnet.org/","url_text":"\"Association for Conflict Resolution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doha Forum 2013\". dohaforum2013.qatarconferences.org. Retrieved 2015-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://dohaforum2013.qatarconferences.org/home.html","url_text":"\"Doha Forum 2013\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_of_Fame

Ride of Fame

["1 History","2 List of honorees","3 References"]

Coordinates: 40°45′14″N 73°59′11″W / 40.753947°N 73.986471°W / 40.753947; -73.986471Ride of FameRide of Fame curtain covering the Tracey Bregman double-decker bus prior to its unveiling on April 7, 2014EstablishedMay 4, 2010LocationNew York City, New YorkTypeCelebrity Career AchievementNumber of inductees56DirectorDavid W. Chien (2010 - 2019)Websitewww.rideoffame.com The Ride of Fame is a continuing series of mobile monuments in New York City honoring public figures for being exemplary “New Yorkers” and representing the city in a positive light over the course of their lives. Ride of Fame alumni have also been bestowed with this honor simply for being the top celebrity in their respective fields of expertise. Each public figure honored by the Ride of Fame is presented with a personalized decal permanently applied to the front of a red double-decker bus as a time capsule in New York City. In 2012, inductees were also presented with a permanent seat decal on the top of the double-decker bus in addition to the front decal. The honorees write a special personal message on these seats to share the moment with all the visitors of New York City. Non-New Yorkers, such as Australian musical duo Air Supply and Colombian singer Carlos Vives, have also been honored. History Rachael Ray posing with her Ride of Fame decal The Ride of Fame's inaugural honoree was Emmy Award winner and bestselling author Rachael Ray in 2010. A ribbon-cutting ceremony took place in front of Ray's studio before she led a group of 50 fans on a tour atop her new bus that was dedicated in her honor. Though New York City was Gray Line Worldwide’s second licensed city around the world, the first being in Washington, D.C. in 1910, Gray Line Worldwide chose New York City as the site to celebrate its 100th anniversary in 2010. Since Rachael Ray, monthly and bi-monthly ceremonies have taken place to present public figures with a decal for their own double-decker bus. Each public figure has had a ribbon cutting ceremony, most of which took place at Pier 78 on the Hudson River, but some ceremonies have taken place elsewhere, including Times Square and Central Park. On October 13, 2012 during Air Supply's induction ceremony, the band was the first to be presented with a pair of honorary seats on the top deck of the bus along with a decal on the front. Air Supply also became the first to be inducted as an Immortal honoree; part of the IIi categorization in which each nominee is inducted as either Immortal, IT or imminent. On April 29, 2014, Ride of Fame expanded outside of New York City. Jeff Conine of the Miami Marlins was the first recipient of a Ride of Fame honors in Miami. Since then, the Ride of Fame has honored recipients in Washington, D.C., with plans to be around the world, in cities with double-decker bus service. List of honorees Liza Minnelli posing with her Ride of Fame decal Honoree Date of ROF Induction IIi Classification* Rachael Ray May 4, 2010 – Donald Trump June 8, 2010 – Whoopi Goldberg July 26, 2010 – Henrik Lundqvist August 31, 2010 – Reggie Jackson October 18, 2010 – Richard Dreyfuss November 5, 2010 – Cyndi Lauper January 27, 2011 – Liza Minnelli March 8, 2011 – Marc Anthony September 8, 2011 – Roger Maris September 24, 2011 – Kenneth Cole November 18, 2011 – Wheel of Fortune May 14, 2012 – Bernadette Peters & Mary Tyler Moore August 21, 2012 – Joe Namath September 12, 2012 – Walt Frazier September 19, 2012 – Vanessa Williams September 27, 2012 – Air Supply October 13, 2012 Immortal Dionne Warwick November 12, 2012 Immortal Joan Rivers & Melissa Rivers March 1, 2013 Immortal David Wright April 3, 2013 IT LL Cool J May 13, 2013 Immortal The Mowgli's July 9, 2013 imminent Erin Brady August 5, 2013 imminent Mariano Rivera September 20, 2013 IT Carol Alt October 7, 2013 Immortal Susan Lucci November 19, 2013 Immortal The Minions of Despicable Me 2 November 25, 2013 IT Patrick Stewart December 4, 2013 Immortal Carly Rae Jepsen February 25, 2014 IT Tracey Bregman April 7, 2014 Immortal Jeff Conine** April 29, 2014 Immortal Fifth Harmony July 11, 2014 imminent Joe Theismann** September 5, 2014 Immortal Big & Rich September 26, 2014 Immortal Tony Danza December 1, 2014 Immortal Alex Ovechkin** April 7, 2015 IT Paul Shaffer May 5, 2015 Immortal Jeff Gordon June 30, 2015 Immortal David Copperfield September 11, 2015 Immortal Andrea Pirlo September 22, 2015 Immortal David Villa September 22, 2015 Immortal Frank Lampard September 22, 2015 Immortal John Wall** October 26, 2015 IT George Takei December 10, 2015 Immortal Darrelle Revis December 29, 2015 IT Kendall Schmidt January 19, 2016 IT Sheldon Harnick May 11, 2016 Immortal Lang Lang September 20, 2016 IT Jake Miller October 11, 2016 imminent Chazz Palminteri December 20, 2016 Immortal David Mazouz October 4, 2017 imminent James Maslow December 6, 2017 IT Carlos Vives September 20, 2018 IT Shin Lim December 10, 2018 imminent *The Ride of Fame began honoring nominees as either Immortal, IT or imminent with Air Supply on October 13, 2012. **Denotes Honorees inducted in a city other than New York City, which began with Jeff Conine in Miami References ^ "David W. Chien". IMDb. ^ "Ride of Fame – Actors, Artists, Athletes, Celebs, Bus, NYC -Ride of Fame". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ a b "Air Supply Honored By Gray Line New York As Part of 'Ride of Fame' Campaign – Music News Nashville". 20 October 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ a b "Stars, Stars And More Stars Here, There And Everywhere! – Out And About – I Spy". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ a b "Mr. Marlin receives mobile enshrinement". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ a b "A fascinated Alex Ovechkin experiments with Periscope". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Bertoni, Steven. "Donald Trump Honored In Gray Line New York's Ride Of Fame Campaign – pg.73". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Gray Line New York (30 July 2010). "Whoopi Goldberg Honored In Gray Line New York's Ride Of Fame – The View". Retrieved 26 January 2017 – via YouTube. ^ "Lundqvist Honored with 'Ride of Fame' Bus Video". August 31, 2010. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. ^ "YouTube". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Reggie Jackson attends Gray Line New Yorks Ride of Fame ribbon cutting... – WireImage – 114088460". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Special, BWW Photo. "Photo Flash: Ride of Fame Honors Richard Dreyfuss". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Gray Line New York (2 February 2011). "Cyndi Lauper is the newest Ride of Fame member to Gray Line New York". Retrieved 26 January 2017 – via YouTube. ^ McBride, Walter. "Photo Coverage: Gray Line's 'Ride Of Fame' Campaign Honors Liza Minnelli". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Liza Minnelli to Be Gray Line New York Ride of Fame Dedicatee". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Marc Anthony Honored By Gray Line New York's "Ride Of Fame"". September 8, 2011. ^ O'Connell, Jack (23 September 2011). "Maris/Mantle '61 tribute moved to Saturday". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Kenneth Cole Honored By Gray Line New York's "Ride Of Fame" Photos and Images – Getty Images". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ ""Wheel Of Fortune" Honored By Gray Line New York's Ride Of Fame Campaign Photos and Images – Getty Images". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ BWW News Desk. "Mary Tyler Moore and Bernadette Peters Honored with Ride of Fame Today, 8/21". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "PHOTO CALL: Bernadette Peters and Mary Tyler Moore Honored in NYC". August 21, 2012. ^ "PHOTO FLASH: Bernadette Peters Inducted Into Gray Line New York's Ride of Fame". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Gray Line New York Honors Joe Namath Photos and Images – Getty Images". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ Taylor, Nate. "After Lending His Style to a Bus, Frazier Offers His Opinion on the Knicks". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Kickin' it with a (former) Knick: Walt Frazier". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Walt Frazier Joins the Ride of Fame – SLAMonline". 20 September 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Vanessa Williams: Gray Line New York's Ride of Fame Inductee – Celebspin". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Vanessa Williams Inducted into Gray Line New York Ride of Fame". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Vanessa Williams on '666 Park Avenue': 'It's a World Where Unfortunate Things Happen a Lot' (EXCLUSIVE VIDEO)". 28 September 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Gray Line New York Ride Of Fame Honors Air Supply Photos and Images – Getty Images". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ BWW News Desk. "Photo Flash: Air Supply's Graham Russell and Russell Hitchcock Honored with 'Ride of Fame'". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Dionne Warwick". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ BWW News Desk. "Photo Flash: Dionne Warwick Celebrates New Album with Gray Line New York 'Ride of Fame'". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Inventor tackles illegal gold mining boom that's destroying the rainforest". Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Gray Line New York Honors WE TV Stars Joan & Melissa Rivers Photos and Images – Getty Images". 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Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "Miami Marlins: Ride of Fame honors Jeff Conine". Retrieved 26 January 2017. 40°45′14″N 73°59′11″W / 40.753947°N 73.986471°W / 40.753947; -73.986471

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musicnewsnashville.com-3"}],"text":"The Ride of Fame is a continuing series of mobile monuments in New York City honoring public figures for being exemplary “New Yorkers” and representing the city in a positive light over the course of their lives. Ride of Fame alumni have also been bestowed with this honor simply for being the top celebrity in their respective fields of expertise. Each public figure honored by the Ride of Fame is presented with a personalized decal permanently applied to the front of a red double-decker bus as a time capsule in New York City. In 2012, inductees were also presented with a permanent seat decal on the top of the double-decker bus in addition to the front decal. The honorees write a special personal message on these seats to share the moment with all the visitors of New York City.[2][3]Non-New Yorkers, such as Australian musical duo Air Supply and Colombian singer Carlos Vives, have also been honored.","title":"Ride of Fame"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rachael_Ray_Ride_of_Fame_Decal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Rachael Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachael_Ray"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamptons.com-4"},{"link_name":"Gray Line Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Line_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"Air Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Supply"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musicnewsnashville.com-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlb.com-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-6"}],"text":"Rachael Ray posing with her Ride of Fame decalThe Ride of Fame's inaugural honoree was Emmy Award winner and bestselling author Rachael Ray in 2010. A ribbon-cutting ceremony took place in front of Ray's studio before she led a group of 50 fans on a tour atop her new bus that was dedicated in her honor.[4] Though New York City was Gray Line Worldwide’s second licensed city around the world, the first being in Washington, D.C. in 1910, Gray Line Worldwide chose New York City as the site to celebrate its 100th anniversary in 2010.Since Rachael Ray, monthly and bi-monthly ceremonies have taken place to present public figures with a decal for their own double-decker bus. Each public figure has had a ribbon cutting ceremony, most of which took place at Pier 78 on the Hudson River, but some ceremonies have taken place elsewhere, including Times Square and Central Park.On October 13, 2012 during Air Supply's induction ceremony, the band was the first to be presented with a pair of honorary seats on the top deck of the bus along with a decal on the front. Air Supply also became the first to be inducted as an Immortal honoree; part of the IIi categorization in which each nominee is inducted as either Immortal, IT or imminent.[3]On April 29, 2014, Ride of Fame expanded outside of New York City. Jeff Conine of the Miami Marlins was the first recipient of a Ride of Fame honors in Miami.[5] Since then, the Ride of Fame has honored recipients in Washington, D.C., with plans to be around the world, in cities with double-decker bus service.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liza_Minnelli_Ride_of_Fame.jpg"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"Liza Minnelli posing with her Ride of Fame decal*The Ride of Fame began honoring nominees as either Immortal, IT or imminent with Air Supply on October 13, 2012.[79]\n**Denotes Honorees inducted in a city other than New York City, which began with Jeff Conine in Miami[80]","title":"List of honorees"}]

[{"image_text":"Rachael Ray posing with her Ride of Fame decal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Rachael_Ray_Ride_of_Fame_Decal.jpg/220px-Rachael_Ray_Ride_of_Fame_Decal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Liza Minnelli posing with her Ride of Fame decal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Liza_Minnelli_Ride_of_Fame.jpg/220px-Liza_Minnelli_Ride_of_Fame.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"David W. Chien\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6288075/","url_text":"\"David W. Chien\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ride of Fame – Actors, Artists, Athletes, Celebs, Bus, NYC -Ride of Fame\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rideoffame.com/","url_text":"\"Ride of Fame – Actors, Artists, Athletes, Celebs, Bus, NYC -Ride of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Supply Honored By Gray Line New York As Part of 'Ride of Fame' Campaign – Music News Nashville\". 20 October 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicnewsnashville.com/air-supply-honored-by-gray-line-new-york-as-part-of-ride-of-fame-campaign","url_text":"\"Air Supply Honored By Gray Line New York As Part of 'Ride of Fame' Campaign – Music News Nashville\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stars, Stars And More Stars Here, There And Everywhere! – Out And About – I Spy\". 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Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.com/miss-usa-2013-erin-brady-talks-celebrity-crush-being-role-model-more-after-being-inducted-ride-fame","url_text":"\"Miss USA 2013 Erin Brady Talks Celebrity Crush, Being A Role Model, And More After Being Inducted Into Ride Of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miss USA 2013 Erin Brady takes a 'Ride Of Fame' in New York\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.upi.com/News_Photos/view/9be19d8a3a11343df01836b43d3e2748/Miss-USA-2013-Erin-Brady-takes-a-Ride-Of-Fame-in-New-York/","url_text":"\"Miss USA 2013 Erin Brady takes a 'Ride Of Fame' in New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gray Line Tours unveils Mo bus\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.mlb.com/video/topic/44310632/v30788669/sf-nyy-gray-line-inducts-mo-into-the-ride-of-fame-","url_text":"\"Gray Line Tours unveils Mo bus\""}]},{"reference":"Mangia, Tony (21 September 2013). \"the other paper: Mariano Rivera is now immortalized on an NYC mobile monument\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ihatelupica.blogspot.com/2013/09/mariano-rivera-is-now-immortalized-on.html","url_text":"\"the other paper: Mariano Rivera is now immortalized on an NYC mobile monument\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fox News' Carol Alt Receives NYC Honor\". 7 October 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://insider.foxnews.com/2013/10/07/carol-alt-joins-ride-fame","url_text":"\"Fox News' Carol Alt Receives NYC Honor\""}]},{"reference":"\"'I'm Happy I'm Not A Model Anymore': Supermodel And New Fox News Star Carol Alt Gets Candid [VIDEO]\". 7 October 2013. 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Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://videos.huffingtonpost.com/entertainment/celebrity/susan-lucci-talks-legacy-acting-and-life-518022257","url_text":"\"Inventor tackles illegal gold mining boom that's destroying the rainforest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minions take over Manhattan\". 26 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://dawn.com/news/1058716/minions-take-over-manhattan","url_text":"\"Minions take over Manhattan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram photo by Minions • Nov 26, 2013 at 1:30am UTC\". Archived from the original on 2021-12-25. Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/minions/597347632519631410","url_text":"\"Instagram photo by Minions • Nov 26, 2013 at 1:30am UTC\""},{"url":"https://instagram.com/p/hKNIHDwNIy/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Newspath, CBS. \"Star Trek's Patrick Stewart Bus\". 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Archived from the original on May 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150527193749/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/photos/ride-fame-joe-theismann-20140905-211708-534.html","url_text":"\"Ride Of Fame With Joe Theismann\""},{"url":"http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/photos/ride-fame-joe-theismann-20140905-211708-534.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Big & Rich on Twitter\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/bigandrich/status/515629907158659072","url_text":"\"Big & Rich on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"Votaw, Melanie (1 December 2014). \"Tony Danza dedicates doubledecker bus – Reel Life With Jane\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reellifewithjane.com/2014/12/tony-danza-dedicates-doubledecker-bus/","url_text":"\"Tony Danza dedicates doubledecker bus – Reel Life With Jane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ride Of Fame Honors Paul Shaffer\". May 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/photos/ride-fame-honors-paul-shaffer-20150505-171906-274.html","url_text":"\"Ride Of Fame Honors Paul Shaffer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ride Of Fame Immortal Honoree Ceremony – Jeff Gordon\". June 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/photos/ride-fame-immortal-honoree-ceremony-20150630-195242-693--spt.html","url_text":"\"Ride Of Fame Immortal Honoree Ceremony – Jeff Gordon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pictures and Photos – Getty Images\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gettyimages.com/search/events/576746535?excludenudity=true&family=editorial&sort=best&phrase=","url_text":"\"Pictures and Photos – Getty Images\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Lampard finally finding form, scoring touch with NYCFC\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/soccer/frank-lampard-finally-finding-form-scoring-touch-nycfc-article-1.2370579","url_text":"\"Frank Lampard finally finding form, scoring touch with NYCFC\""}]},{"reference":"Network, Monumental Sports. \"John Wall Ride of Fame Bus 10/26 – Monumental Sports Network\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monumentalnetwork.com/articles/john-walls-ride-of-fame-bus-10-26-15","url_text":"\"John Wall Ride of Fame Bus 10/26 – Monumental Sports Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jets Cornerback Darrelle Revis Inducted Into Ride Of Fame\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2015/12/29/darrelle-revis-inducted-into-ride-of-fame/","url_text":"\"Jets Cornerback Darrelle Revis Inducted Into Ride Of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk. \"Photo Flash: 'FIDDLER' and SHE LOVES ME Casts Celebrate Sheldon Harnick with RIDE OF FAME\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Photo-Flash-FIDDLER-and-SHE-LOVES-ME-Casts-Celebrate-Sheldon-Harnick-with-RIDE-OF-FAME-20160511","url_text":"\"Photo Flash: 'FIDDLER' and SHE LOVES ME Casts Celebrate Sheldon Harnick with RIDE OF FAME\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lang Lang Is Named New York's First 'Cultural Tourism Ambassador' - NYTimes.com\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/23/world/asia/china-new-york-lang-lang.html?nytmobile=0","url_text":"\"Lang Lang Is Named New York's First 'Cultural Tourism Ambassador' - NYTimes.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jake Miller Ride Of Fame Imminent Induction Ceremony\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/photos/jake-miller-ride-fame-imminent-20161011-183300-333.html","url_text":"\"Jake Miller Ride Of Fame Imminent Induction Ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk. \"Photo Flash: A BRONX TALE's Chazz Palminteri Tells 'Bus' Tales as 50th Inductee into the Ride of Fame\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Photo-Flash-A-BRONX-TALEs-Chazz-Palminteri-Tells-Bus-Tales-as-50th-Inductee-into-the-Ride-of-Fame-20161220","url_text":"\"Photo Flash: A BRONX TALE's Chazz Palminteri Tells 'Bus' Tales as 50th Inductee into the Ride of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"Siegel, Lucas (4 October 2017). \"Exclusive: Gotham star David Mazouz reveals how Ra's al Ghul's return affects Bruce's mission\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syfy.com/syfywire/exclusive-gotham-star-david-mazouz-reveals-how-ras-al-ghuls-return-affects-bruces-mission","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Gotham star David Mazouz reveals how Ra's al Ghul's return affects Bruce's mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Singer Actor Big Time Rush Alum James Maslow Unveils His Ride Of Fame It Bus In New York City Stock Photos and Pictures - Getty Images\". www.gettyimages.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gettyimages.com/event/singer-actor-big-time-rush-alum-james-maslow-unveils-his-ride-of-fame-it-bus-in-new-york-city-775087011","url_text":"\"Singer Actor Big Time Rush Alum James Maslow Unveils His Ride Of Fame It Bus In New York City Stock Photos and Pictures - Getty Images\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carlos Vives International Singer Actor Unveils His Ride Of Fame It Bus Stock Photos and Pictures - Getty Images\". www.gettyimages.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gettyimages.com/event/carlos-vives-international-singer-actor-unveils-his-ride-of-fame-it-bus-775229288#/carlos-vives-international-singer-and-actor-unveils-his-ride-of-fame-picture-id1036640134","url_text":"\"Carlos Vives International Singer Actor Unveils His Ride Of Fame It Bus Stock Photos and Pictures - Getty Images\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photo Flash: America's Got Talent Winner & THE ILLUSIONISTS Star Shin Lim Ride of Fame Induction Ceremony\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Photo-Flash-Americas-Got-Talent-Winner-THE-ILLUSIONISTS-on-Star-Shin-Lim-Ride-of-Fame-Induction-Ceremony-20181211","url_text":"\"Photo Flash: America's Got Talent Winner & THE ILLUSIONISTS Star Shin Lim Ride of Fame Induction Ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"Guide, N. Y. C. (2 October 2012). \"Ride of Fame to Honor Air Supply\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://newyorksightseeingtours.wordpress.com/2012/10/02/ride-of-fame-to-honor-air-supply/","url_text":"\"Ride of Fame to Honor Air Supply\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miami Marlins: Ride of Fame honors Jeff Conine\". Retrieved 26 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2014-04-29/sports/sfl-miami-marlins-jeff-conine-tour-bus-20140429_1_tour-bus-miami-marlins-marlins-park","url_text":"\"Miami Marlins: Ride of Fame honors Jeff Conine\""}]}]

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York's \"Ride Of Fame\"\""},{"Link":"https://cutoffman.mlblogs.com/maris-mantle-61-tribute-moved-to-saturday-4cd30261f756","external_links_name":"\"Maris/Mantle '61 tribute moved to Saturday\""},{"Link":"http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/fashion-designer-kenneth-cole-is-honored-by-gray-line-new-news-photo/134265556","external_links_name":"\"Kenneth Cole Honored By Gray Line New York's \"Ride Of Fame\" Photos and Images – Getty Images\""},{"Link":"http://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/co-host-of-wheel-of-fortune-vanna-white-is-honored-by-gray-news-photo/145134202","external_links_name":"\"\"Wheel Of Fortune\" Honored By Gray Line New York's Ride Of Fame Campaign Photos and Images – Getty Images\""},{"Link":"http://broadwayworld.com/article/Mary-Tyler-Moore-and-Bernadette-Peters-to-Be-Honored-with-Ride-of-Fame-821-20120820#sthash.IjEE1o7J.dpbs","external_links_name":"\"Mary Tyler Moore and Bernadette Peters Honored with Ride of Fame Today, 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Rowe

William L. Rowe

["1 Biography","1.1 Friendly atheism","2 Works","2.1 Influential papers","2.2 Books","2.3 About his work","3 See also","4 Notes and references"]

American philosopher of religion (1931–2015) William RoweBorn(1931-07-26)July 26, 1931Detroit, Michigan, U.S.DiedAugust 22, 2015(2015-08-22) (aged 84)Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.NationalityAmericanEducationWayne State University Chicago Theological Seminary (MDiv)University of Michigan (Ph.D)EraContemporary philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolAnalytic philosophyMain interestsPhilosophy of religionNotable ideasEvidential problem of evil William Leonard Rowe (/roʊ/; July 26, 1931 – August 22, 2015) was a professor of philosophy at Purdue University who specialized in the philosophy of religion. His work played a leading role in the "remarkable revival of analytic philosophy of religion since the 1970s". He was noted for his formulation of the evidential argument from evil. Biography William Leonard Rowe was born on July 26, 1931. According to Rowe, he became an evangelical Christian during his teenage years and planned to become a minister, eventually enrolling at the Detroit Bible Institute for his collegiate education. He reported in personal conversation that he became disgruntled there over the firing of one professor for theological views not held by the administration. Thinking it too political for him, he decided to change course and find a close major to theology, namely, philosophy. He then transferred to Wayne State University. From there his plan was to go to Fuller Theological Seminary as a springboard to entering ministry, possibly teaching ministry. He never made it to Fuller. While at Wayne State he reported that one particular professor, whose father was a minister but himself an atheist, had remarkable influence on Rowe. After his graduation from Wayne State, Rowe began his post-graduate education at the Chicago Theological Seminary (CTS). He reported that it was at this time he began to take a more critical look at the Bible, learn about its origins and meet theologians who, unlike himself, did not have a fundamentalist perspective. The result was that his own fundamentalism began to wane. He received a Master of Divinity degree from CTS, and then went on to pursue a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Michigan. He completed his doctorate in 1962, taught briefly at the University of Illinois and later that year, joined the faculty of Purdue University. Rowe described his conversion from Christian fundamentalist to, ultimately, an atheist as a gradual process, resulting from "the lack of experiences and evidence sufficient to sustain my religious life and my religious convictions." He said that his examination of the origins of the Bible caused him to doubt its being divine in nature, and that he then began to look and pray for signs of the existence of God. "But in the end, I had no more sense of the presence of God than I had before my conversion experience. So, it was the absence of religious experiences of the appropriate kind that . . . left me free to seriously explore the grounds for disbelief," Rowe said. On August 22, 2015, Rowe died at the age of 84. Friendly atheism Rowe introduced the concept of a "friendly atheist" in his classic paper on the argument from evil. A friendly atheist is a person who accepts that some theists have rationales for their belief in God, even if it is the case that God doesn't exist. One consequence of Rowe's philosophical friendliness was his adherence to the principle of charity. He published in defense of theistic arguments, and was even considered a supporter of the cosmological argument. Works Influential papers Rowe, William L. (1979). "The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism". American Philosophical Quarterly. 16: 335–41. Reprinted in Howard-Snyder, Daniel, ed. (1996). The Evidential Argument from Evil. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ——— (1996). "The Evidential Argument from Evil: A Second Look.". In Howard-Snyder, Daniel (ed.). The Evidential Argument from Evil. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Books ——— (1968). Religious Symbols and God. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 1-121-93077-8. ——— (1975). The Cosmological Argument. B: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-8232-1885-6. ——— (1978). Philosophy of Religion: An Introduction. Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-495-00725-0. ——— (1991). Thomas Reid on Freedom and Morality. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2557-3. ——— (2004). Can God Be Free?. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920412-8. About his work Trakakis, Nick (2007). The God Beyond Belief: In Defence of William Rowe's Evidential Argument from Evil. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-5144-9. See also American philosophy List of American philosophers Notes and references ^ Trakakis, Nick (2005). "ROWE, William Leonard". In John R. Shook (ed.). Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. Thoemmes Press. ISBN 1-84371-037-4. ^ Trakakis, Nick (2006). "The Evidential Problem of Evil". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved April 20, 2007. ^ Rowe, William L. (2007). Trakakis, Nick (ed.). William L. Rowe on philosophy of religion. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-7546-5558-9. ^ "Purdue philosophy professor a gentle atheist". Terre Haute Tribune-Star. April 1, 2005.. ^ "In Memoriam: William L. Rowe (1931-2015)". prosblogion. Archived from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015. ^ Burgess-Jackson, Keith. "Book Review". Philosophy @ UTA blog. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2007. ^ Taliaferro, Charles. "Philosophy of Religion". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved April 20, 2007. vtePhilosophy of religionConcepts in religion Afterlife Euthyphro dilemma Faith or religious belief Intelligent design Miracle Problem of evil Soul Spirit Theodicy Theological veto Conceptions of God Brahman Demiurge Divine simplicity Egoism Holy Spirit Misotheism Pandeism Personal god Process theology Supreme Being Unmoved mover God in Abrahamic religions Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Mormonism Sikhism Baháʼí Faith Wicca Existence of GodFor Beauty Christological Consciousness Cosmological Kalam Contingency Degree Desire Experience Fine-tuning of the universe Love Miracles Morality Necessary existent Ontological Pascal's wager Proper basis and Reformed epistemology Reason Teleological Natural law Watchmaker analogy Transcendental Against 747 gambit Atheist's Wager Evil Free will Hell Inconsistent revelations Nonbelief Noncognitivism Occam's razor Omnipotence Poor design Russell's teapot Theology Acosmism Agnosticism Animism Antireligion Atheism Creationism Dharmism Deism Demonology Divine command theory Dualism Esotericism Exclusivism Existentialism Christian Atheistic Feminist theology Thealogy Womanist theology Fideism Fundamentalism Gnosticism Henotheism Humanism Religious Secular Christian Inclusivism Theories about religions Monism Monotheism Mysticism Naturalism Metaphysical Religious Humanistic New Age Nondualism Nontheism Pandeism Panentheism Pantheism Perennialism Polytheism Possibilianism Process theology Religious skepticism Spiritualism Shamanism Taoic Theism Transcendentalism more... Religious language Eschatological verification Language game Logical positivism Apophatic theology Verificationism Problem of evil Augustinian theodicy Best of all possible worlds Euthyphro dilemma Inconsistent triad Irenaean theodicy Natural evil Theodicy Philosophersof religion(by date active)Ancient andmedieval Anselm of Canterbury Augustine of Hippo Avicenna Averroes Boethius Gaudapada Gaunilo of Marmoutiers Pico della Mirandola Heraclitus King James VI and I Marcion of Sinope Maimonides Adi Shankara Thomas Aquinas William of Ockham Early modern Augustin Calmet René Descartes Blaise Pascal Desiderius Erasmus Baruch Spinoza Nicolas Malebranche Gottfried W Leibniz William Wollaston Thomas Chubb David Hume Baron d'Holbach Immanuel Kant Johann G Herder 18001850 Friedrich Schleiermacher Karl C F Krause Georg W F Hegel Thomas Carlyle William Whewell Ludwig Feuerbach Søren Kierkegaard Karl Marx Albrecht Ritschl Afrikan Spir 18801900 Ernst Haeckel W K Clifford Friedrich Nietzsche Harald Høffding William James Vladimir Solovyov Ernst Troeltsch Rudolf Otto Lev Shestov Sergei Bulgakov Pavel Florensky Ernst Cassirer Joseph Maréchal 1920postwar George Santayana Bertrand Russell Martin Buber René Guénon Paul Tillich Karl Barth Emil Brunner Rudolf Bultmann Gabriel Marcel Reinhold Niebuhr Charles Hartshorne Mircea Eliade Frithjof Schuon J L Mackie Walter Kaufmann Martin Lings Peter Geach George I Mavrodes William Alston Antony Flew 197019902010 William L Rowe Dewi Z Phillips Alvin Plantinga Anthony Kenny Nicholas Wolterstorff Richard Swinburne Robert Merrihew Adams Ravi Zacharias Peter van Inwagen Daniel Dennett Loyal Rue Jean-Luc Marion William Lane Craig Ali Akbar Rashad Alexander Pruss Related topics Criticism of religion Desacralization of knowledge Ethics in religion Exegesis History of religion Religion Religious language Religious philosophy Relationship between religion and science Faith and rationality more... 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One consequence of Rowe's philosophical friendliness was his adherence to the principle of charity.[6] He published in defense of theistic arguments, and was even considered a supporter of the cosmological argument.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Influential papers","text":"Rowe, William L. (1979). \"The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism\". American Philosophical Quarterly. 16: 335–41. Reprinted in Howard-Snyder, Daniel, ed. (1996). The Evidential Argument from Evil. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.\n——— (1996). \"The Evidential Argument from Evil: A Second Look.\". In Howard-Snyder, Daniel (ed.). The Evidential Argument from Evil. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-121-93077-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-121-93077-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8232-1885-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8232-1885-6"},{"link_name":"Philosophy of Religion: An Introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/philosophyofreli00will"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-495-00725-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-495-00725-0"},{"link_name":"Thomas Reid on Freedom and Morality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/thomasreidonfree00rowe"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8014-2557-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2557-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-920412-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920412-8"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"——— (1968). Religious Symbols and God. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 1-121-93077-8.\n——— (1975). The Cosmological Argument. B: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-8232-1885-6.\n——— (1978). Philosophy of Religion: An Introduction. Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-495-00725-0.\n——— (1991). Thomas Reid on Freedom and Morality. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2557-3.\n——— (2004). Can God Be Free?. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920412-8.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4020-5144-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5144-9"}],"sub_title":"About his work","text":"Trakakis, Nick (2007). The God Beyond Belief: In Defence of William Rowe's Evidential Argument from Evil. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-5144-9.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Trakakis, Nick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Trakakis"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84371-037-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84371-037-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Trakakis, Nick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Trakakis"},{"link_name":"\"The Evidential Problem of Evil\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iep.utm.edu/e/evil-evi.htm#H2"},{"link_name":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Trakakis, Nick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Trakakis"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7546-5558-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5558-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Terre Haute Tribune-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_Haute_Tribune-Star"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"In Memoriam: William L. 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Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"Harald Høffding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding"},{"link_name":"William James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Solovyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"Ernst Troeltsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Otto"},{"link_name":"Lev Shestov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Shestov"},{"link_name":"Sergei Bulgakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov"},{"link_name":"Pavel Florensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Florensky"},{"link_name":"Ernst Cassirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer"},{"link_name":"Joseph 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William Leonard\". In John R. Shook (ed.). Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers. Thoemmes Press. ISBN 1-84371-037-4.\n\n^ Trakakis, Nick (2006). \"The Evidential Problem of Evil\". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved April 20, 2007.\n\n^ Rowe, William L. (2007). Trakakis, Nick (ed.). William L. Rowe on philosophy of religion. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-7546-5558-9.\n\n^ \"Purdue philosophy professor a gentle atheist\". Terre Haute Tribune-Star. April 1, 2005..\n\n^ \"In Memoriam: William L. Rowe (1931-2015)\". prosblogion. Archived from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.\n\n^ Burgess-Jackson, Keith. \"Book Review\". Philosophy @ UTA blog. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2007.\n\n^ Taliaferro, Charles. \"Philosophy of Religion\". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved April 20, 2007.vtePhilosophy of religionConcepts in religion\nAfterlife\nEuthyphro dilemma\nFaith\nor religious belief\nIntelligent design\nMiracle\nProblem of evil\nSoul\nSpirit\nTheodicy\nTheological veto\nConceptions of God\nBrahman\nDemiurge\nDivine simplicity\nEgoism\nHoly Spirit\nMisotheism\nPandeism\nPersonal god\nProcess theology\nSupreme Being\nUnmoved mover\nGod in\nAbrahamic religions\nBuddhism\nChristianity\nHinduism\nIslam\nJainism\nJudaism\nMormonism\nSikhism\nBaháʼí Faith\nWicca\nExistence of GodFor\nBeauty\nChristological\nConsciousness\nCosmological\nKalam\nContingency\nDegree\nDesire\nExperience\nFine-tuning of the universe\nLove\nMiracles\nMorality\nNecessary existent\nOntological\nPascal's wager\nProper basis and Reformed epistemology\nReason\nTeleological\nNatural law\nWatchmaker analogy\nTranscendental\nAgainst\n747 gambit\nAtheist's Wager\nEvil\nFree will\nHell\nInconsistent revelations\nNonbelief\nNoncognitivism\nOccam's razor\nOmnipotence\nPoor design\nRussell's teapot\nTheology\nAcosmism\nAgnosticism\nAnimism\nAntireligion\nAtheism\nCreationism\nDharmism\nDeism\nDemonology\nDivine command theory\nDualism\nEsotericism\nExclusivism\nExistentialism\nChristian\nAtheistic\nFeminist theology\nThealogy\nWomanist theology\nFideism\nFundamentalism\nGnosticism\nHenotheism\nHumanism\nReligious\nSecular\nChristian\nInclusivism\nTheories about religions\nMonism\nMonotheism\nMysticism\nNaturalism\nMetaphysical\nReligious\nHumanistic\nNew Age\nNondualism\nNontheism\nPandeism\nPanentheism\nPantheism\nPerennialism\nPolytheism\nPossibilianism\nProcess theology\nReligious skepticism\nSpiritualism\nShamanism\nTaoic\nTheism\nTranscendentalism\nmore...\nReligious language\nEschatological verification\nLanguage game\nLogical positivism\nApophatic theology\nVerificationism\nProblem of evil\nAugustinian theodicy\nBest of all possible worlds\nEuthyphro dilemma\nInconsistent triad\nIrenaean theodicy\nNatural evil\nTheodicy\nPhilosophersof religion(by date active)Ancient andmedieval\nAnselm of Canterbury\nAugustine of Hippo\nAvicenna\nAverroes\nBoethius\nGaudapada\nGaunilo of Marmoutiers\nPico della Mirandola\nHeraclitus\nKing James VI and I\nMarcion of Sinope\nMaimonides\nAdi Shankara\nThomas Aquinas\nWilliam of Ockham\nEarly modern\nAugustin Calmet\nRené Descartes\nBlaise Pascal\nDesiderius Erasmus\nBaruch Spinoza\nNicolas Malebranche\nGottfried W Leibniz\nWilliam Wollaston\nThomas Chubb\nDavid Hume\nBaron d'Holbach\nImmanuel Kant\nJohann G Herder\n18001850\nFriedrich Schleiermacher\nKarl C F Krause\nGeorg W F Hegel\nThomas Carlyle\nWilliam Whewell\nLudwig Feuerbach\nSøren Kierkegaard\nKarl Marx\nAlbrecht Ritschl\nAfrikan Spir\n18801900\nErnst Haeckel\nW K Clifford\nFriedrich Nietzsche\nHarald Høffding\nWilliam James\nVladimir Solovyov\nErnst Troeltsch\nRudolf Otto\nLev Shestov\nSergei Bulgakov\nPavel Florensky\nErnst Cassirer\nJoseph Maréchal\n1920postwar\nGeorge Santayana\nBertrand Russell\nMartin Buber\nRené Guénon\nPaul Tillich\nKarl Barth\nEmil Brunner\nRudolf Bultmann\nGabriel Marcel\nReinhold Niebuhr\nCharles Hartshorne\nMircea Eliade\nFrithjof Schuon\nJ L Mackie\nWalter Kaufmann\nMartin Lings\nPeter Geach\nGeorge I Mavrodes\nWilliam Alston\nAntony Flew\n197019902010\nWilliam L Rowe\nDewi Z Phillips\nAlvin Plantinga\nAnthony Kenny\nNicholas Wolterstorff\nRichard Swinburne\nRobert Merrihew Adams\nRavi Zacharias\nPeter van Inwagen\nDaniel Dennett\nLoyal Rue\nJean-Luc Marion\nWilliam Lane Craig\nAli Akbar Rashad\nAlexander Pruss\nRelated topics\nCriticism of religion\nDesacralization of knowledge\nEthics in religion\nExegesis\nHistory of religion\nReligion\nReligious language\nReligious philosophy\nRelationship between religion and science\nFaith and rationality\nmore...\n\n Portal\n CategoryAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPortugal\nPeople\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Notes and references"}]

[]

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ISBN 0-8014-2557-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/thomasreidonfree00rowe","url_text":"Thomas Reid on Freedom and Morality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2557-3","url_text":"0-8014-2557-3"}]},{"reference":"——— (2004). Can God Be Free?. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920412-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920412-8","url_text":"0-19-920412-8"}]},{"reference":"Trakakis, Nick (2007). The God Beyond Belief: In Defence of William Rowe's Evidential Argument from Evil. Springer. 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Retrieved April 20, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708060419/http://philosophyatuta.blogspot.com/2006/11/book-review.html","url_text":"\"Book Review\""},{"url":"http://philosophyatuta.blogspot.com/2006/11/book-review.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Taliaferro, Charles. \"Philosophy of Religion\". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved April 20, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philosophy-religion/","url_text":"\"Philosophy of Religion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy","url_text":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(disambiguation)

Night (disambiguation)

["1 People","2 Art","3 Film and television","4 Video games","5 Literature","6 Music","6.1 Performers","6.2 Albums","6.3 Songs","7 Other uses","8 See also"]

Look up night in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Night is the period in which the sun is below the horizon. Night or Nights may also refer to: People Candice Night (born 1971), American vocalist/lyricist Lydia Night (born 2000), American musician Morgan Higby Night (born 1970), American writer, director, producer Rebecca Night (born 1985), British actress M. Night Shyamalan (born 1970), Indian-born American film director Art The Night (Beckmann), a 20th-century painting by German artist Max Beckmann Night (Michelangelo), a 1526–1531 sculpture by Michelangelo Film and television Night (1930 film), animated short La notte, a 1961 Italian film "Night" (Star Trek: Voyager), a 1998 episode of Star Trek: Voyager Night, a 2004 Australian film "Night" (The Handmaid's Tale season 1 episode) "Night" (The Handmaid's Tale season 3 episode) Video games Nights into Dreams, the first game in the series, for the Sega Saturn Nights: Journey of Dreams, the second game in the series, for the Wii console Literature Al-Lail ("Night" or "The Night"), the ninety-second sura of the Qur'an Night (memoir), a 1956 (Yiddish), 1960 (English) book by Elie Wiesel Night (O'Brien novel), a 1972 novel by Edna O'Brien Night (sketch), a 1969 short play by Harold Pinter "Night" (Blake), a poem by Robert Blake poem from the 1789 collection Songs of Innocence Music Performers Night (rock band), a band from the late 1970s and early 1980s Night (Nepali band) Albums Night (John Abercrombie album), 1984 Night (Kino album), 1986 Night (Misako Odani album), 2003 Night, by Gazpacho, 2007 Night (Holly Cole album), 2012 Night (George Winston album), 2022 Songs "Night" (Mussorgsky song), an 1864 song by composer Mussorgsky "Night" (Rubinstein song), a 1940s song by composer Anton Rubinstein "Night" (Jackie Wilson song), 1960 "Night" (Bruce Springsteen song), from the 1975 album Born to Run "Night" (Janet Jackson song), 2015 "Nights" (Lindisfarne song), 1982 "Nights" (Ed Bruce song), 1986 "Nights" (Frank Ocean song), from the 2016 album Blonde "Night", a 1950s song by Edwin McArthur "Night", by the American band Bright from the 2005 album Bells Break Their Towers Other uses Night, Alberta, Canada Night (hieroglyph) Night (company), an American digital talent management See also The Night (disambiguation) Night and Day (disambiguation) Darkest Night (disambiguation) Longest Night (disambiguation) Night After Night (disambiguation) List of night deities, some of whom are known by names also meaning "night" Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Night.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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Night Shyamalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Night_Shyamalan"}],"text":"Candice Night (born 1971), American vocalist/lyricist\nLydia Night (born 2000), American musician\nMorgan Higby Night (born 1970), American writer, director, producer\nRebecca Night (born 1985), British actress\nM. Night Shyamalan (born 1970), Indian-born American film director","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Night (Beckmann)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_(Beckmann)"},{"link_name":"Night (Michelangelo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Michelangelo)"}],"text":"The Night (Beckmann), a 20th-century painting by German artist Max Beckmann\nNight (Michelangelo), a 1526–1531 sculpture by Michelangelo","title":"Art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Night (1930 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"La notte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_notte"},{"link_name":"\"Night\" (Star Trek: Voyager)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"2004 Australian film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_films_of_2004"},{"link_name":"\"Night\" (The Handmaid's Tale season 1 episode)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_season_1_episode)"},{"link_name":"\"Night\" (The Handmaid's Tale season 3 episode)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(The_Handmaid%27s_Tale_season_3_episode)"}],"text":"Night (1930 film), animated short\nLa notte, a 1961 Italian film\n\"Night\" (Star Trek: Voyager), a 1998 episode of Star Trek: Voyager\nNight, a 2004 Australian film\n\"Night\" (The Handmaid's Tale season 1 episode)\n\"Night\" (The Handmaid's Tale season 3 episode)","title":"Film and television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nights into Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nights_into_Dreams"},{"link_name":"Nights: Journey of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nights:_Journey_of_Dreams"}],"text":"Nights into Dreams, the first game in the series, for the Sega Saturn\nNights: Journey of Dreams, the second game in the series, for the Wii console","title":"Video games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Lail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Lail"},{"link_name":"Night (memoir)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(memoir)"},{"link_name":"Night (O'Brien novel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(O%27Brien_novel)"},{"link_name":"Night (sketch)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(sketch)"},{"link_name":"\"Night\" (Blake)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Blake)"}],"text":"Al-Lail (\"Night\" or \"The Night\"), the ninety-second sura of the Qur'an\nNight (memoir), a 1956 (Yiddish), 1960 (English) book by Elie Wiesel\nNight (O'Brien novel), a 1972 novel by Edna O'Brien\nNight (sketch), a 1969 short play by Harold Pinter\n\"Night\" (Blake), a poem by Robert Blake poem from the 1789 collection Songs of Innocence","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Night (rock band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(rock_band)"},{"link_name":"Night (Nepali band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Nepali_band)"}],"sub_title":"Performers","text":"Night (rock band), a band from the late 1970s and early 1980s\nNight (Nepali band)","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Night (John Abercrombie album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(John_Abercrombie_album)"},{"link_name":"Night (Kino album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Kino_album)"},{"link_name":"Night (Misako Odani album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Misako_Odani_album)"},{"link_name":"Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazpacho_(band)#Night_(2006%E2%80%932008)"},{"link_name":"Night (Holly Cole album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Holly_Cole_album)"},{"link_name":"Night (George Winston album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(George_Winston_album)"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Night (John Abercrombie album), 1984\nNight (Kino album), 1986\nNight (Misako Odani album), 2003\nNight, by Gazpacho, 2007\nNight (Holly Cole album), 2012\nNight (George Winston album), 2022","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Night\" (Mussorgsky song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Mussorgsky_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Night\" (Rubinstein song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Rubinstein_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Night\" (Jackie Wilson song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Jackie_Wilson_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Night\" (Bruce Springsteen song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Bruce_Springsteen_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Night\" (Janet Jackson song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Janet_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Nights\" (Lindisfarne song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nights_(Lindisfarne_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Nights\" (Ed Bruce song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nights_(Ed_Bruce_song)"},{"link_name":"\"Nights\" (Frank Ocean song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nights_(Frank_Ocean_song)"},{"link_name":"Edwin McArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_McArthur"},{"link_name":"Bells Break Their Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bells_Break_Their_Towers"}],"sub_title":"Songs","text":"\"Night\" (Mussorgsky song), an 1864 song by composer Mussorgsky\n\"Night\" (Rubinstein song), a 1940s song by composer Anton Rubinstein\n\"Night\" (Jackie Wilson song), 1960\n\"Night\" (Bruce Springsteen song), from the 1975 album Born to Run\n\"Night\" (Janet Jackson song), 2015\n\"Nights\" (Lindisfarne song), 1982\n\"Nights\" (Ed Bruce song), 1986\n\"Nights\" (Frank Ocean song), from the 2016 album Blonde\n\"Night\", a 1950s song by Edwin McArthur\n\"Night\", by the American band Bright from the 2005 album Bells Break Their Towers","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Night, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Night (hieroglyph)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(hieroglyph)"},{"link_name":"Night (company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(company)"}],"text":"Night, Alberta, Canada\nNight (hieroglyph)\nNight (company), an American digital talent management","title":"Other uses"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Australian_Humanist_Societies

Council of Australian Humanist Societies

["1 Activities","2 CAHS accepts Humanist International's Minimum statement on Humanism","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

"CAHS" redirects here. For other uses, see CAHS (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Council of Australian Humanist Societies" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Council of Australian Humanist Societies IncFormation1965Region AustraliaPresidentMurray LoveAffiliationsHumanists InternationalWebsitewww.humanist.org.au The Council of Australian Humanist Societies (CAHS) is an umbrella organisation for Australian humanist societies. It was founded in 1965. It is affiliated with Humanists International. The official symbol of CAHS (and all member organisations) is the Happy Human. Activities CAHS holds conventions and publishes on humanism. CAHS accepts Humanist International's Minimum statement on Humanism Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethic based on human and other natural values in the spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality. See also Agnosticism Amsterdam Declaration 2002 Atheism Atheist Foundation of Australia Fusion Party (Australia) Human rights in Australia Humanism and Its Aspirations Irreligion in Australia Major world religions Rationalism Rationalist Society of Australia Reason Party (Australia) Religion in Australia - includes Australian Bureau of Statistics census information relating to religion and belief. Secular state Secularism Separation of church and state in Australia Separation of church and state States and territories of Australia The Secular Party of Australia References ^ Humanist.org (2018). "THE COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIAN HUMANIST SOCIETIES". Humanism Australia. Retrieved 4 September 2018. ^ "Australia's Humanist Societies". Council of Australian Humanist Societies. Retrieved 29 January 2021. ^ Ives, Rosslyn (2018). "Free thought activity in Australia: From margins to mainstream". Humanism Australia. Retrieved 4 September 2018. External links Australian Bureau of Statistics 1996 Census Dictionary – Religion category Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001 Census Dictionary – religion category Year Book Australia, 2006. Religious Affiliation section from Australian Bureau of Statistics. Much of the text of Religion in Australia is taken from here (or previous versions). CAHS website ACT Humanist Society website Human Rights Brief No. 3 Assessment of international law pertaining to freedom of religion and belief from Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Nice

D-Nice

["1 Life and career","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]

American DJ, record producer, and rapper Not to be confused with Desus Nice. D-NiceD-Nice in 2005Background informationBirth nameDerrick T. JonesBorn (1970-06-19) June 19, 1970 (age 53)Manhattan, New York City, U.S.OriginThe Bronx, New York City, U.S.GenresHip hopOccupation(s)Disc jockeyrecord producerrapperbeatboxerphotographerYears active1986–presentLabelsRoc NationJiveViolatorFormerly ofBoogie Down ProductionsWebsited-nice.comMusical artist Derrick T. Jones (born June 19, 1970), better known by his stage name D-Nice, is an American DJ, record producer, and rapper who began his career in the mid-1980s with the hip hop group Boogie Down Productions. He discovered Kid Rock in 1988, landing him a deal with Jive Records. Life and career Jones was born and raised in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. He later moved to The Bronx as a teenager. At age 15, it was there that he met Scott La Rock and later formed Boogie Down Productions along with KRS-One in 1986. In his early career with the group, he was given the nicknames as "the Human TR-808" and "the 808". D-Nice also gained significant popularity when he produced the song "Self-Destruction" for the Stop the Violence Movement. Soon after the song released, D-Nice signed a solo deal Jive Records and released his debut studio album called Call Me D-Nice in 1990. The album peaked at #75 on the Billboard Top Pop Albums and #12 on the Top Black Albums chart. It was also rated 3.5 out of 5 mics by The Source magazine. In 1991, D-Nice released his second studio album called To tha Rescue. The album peaked at #137 on the Top Pop Albums chart and #27 on the Top R&B Albums chart. He collaborated with KRS-One, Naughty by Nature, and Too Short for the album. D-Nice clashed with Jive Records over his stylistic direction and soon stopped releasing music as a recording artist. In 1996, his first daughter, Ashli Lyric Jones, was born. D-Nice became a web developer in the late 1990s and started his own creative services company in 2000. He later had another daughter named Dylan Coleman-Jones with Kelli M. Coleman, Executive Vice President for GlobalHue. D-Nice began working as a photographer in the 2000s while also still being a DJ and shot the album covers for Carl Thomas' 2007 album So Much Better and Pharoahe Monch's 2011 album W.A.R. (We Are Renegades). He also photographed the album cover for Kenny Lattimore's 2017 album, Vulnerable. D-Nice with Malinda Williams In August 2008, he married actress Malinda Williams, but the couple separated in October 2009. In February 2010, the couple filed for divorce and the divorce was finalized on June 14, 2010. In March 2020, D-Nice began hosting Homeschool at Club Quarantine on Instagram Live from his home as a way for people to come together and help others cope with the COVID-19 global health crisis. The 3/21 Saturday night dance party ran 9 hours and D-Nice urged people to "take care of one another and wash their hands." It drew over 100,000 viewers, including Rihanna, Lenny Kravitz, Nile Rodgers, Lalah Hathaway, Bernie Sanders, Joe Biden, Dwyane Wade, Janet Jackson, Fab Five Freddy, Michelle Obama, Mark Zuckerberg, Donnie Wahlberg, Angela Bassett, and Sheila E., among others. The following day, March 22, his stream capped at over 150,000 simultaneous viewers. D-Nice won the 2020 Webby Award for Artist of the Year in the category Special Achievement. He also was one of the Honoree Recipients for the Shine a Light Award during the 2020 BET Awards for his contributions of Club Quarantine, alongside co-recipients with Verzuz creators Timbaland and Swizz Beatz. On March 27, 2021, he was awarded Entertainer of the Year at the 52nd NAACP Image Awards. On June 22, 2021, he was awarded the ASCAP Voice of the Culture Award for being a beacon of hope and source of inspiration during the COVID-19 pandemic. His livestreamed DJ sets remain a popular online destination for thousands weekly, and he has more than 2.6 million followers on Instagram. Discography Album information Call Me D-Nice Released: July 24, 1990 Chart Positions: #75 US, #12 Top R&B/Hip-Hop Last RIAA certification: N/A Singles: "Call Me D-Nice", "Crumbs on the Table", "Glory" To tha Rescue Released: November 26, 1991 Chart Positions: #137 US, #27 Top R&B/Hip-Hop Last RIAA certification: N/A Singles: "25 Ta Life", "Time to Flow", "To tha Rescue" References ^ "GET IN TOUCH WITH ME". ASCAP. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved April 28, 2023. ^ Kellman, Andy. "Biography: D-Nice". AllMusic. Retrieved May 4, 2010. ^ a b c d e f g Andy Kellman. "D-Nice". AllMusic. Retrieved June 11, 2020. ^ "Essence.com: Derrick Jones posed with his new family". Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2010. ^ "D-Nice on Instagram: "I made it back from the @BETnetworks event in DC this morning to take the lil one to school. Although I love my job, I wish I could do this…"". Instagram.com. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. ^ Carl Thomas – So Much Better (CD liner notes). Bungalo Records. 02097 01182 ^ Bark, Theo. "Photosynthesis With D-Nice: A History of Hip-Hop Photography". The Boombox. theboombox.com. Retrieved June 8, 2014. ^ "Kenny Lattimore To Get 'Vulnerable' On New Album As He Reveals Cover Art & Tracklist". soulbounce.com. Kimberly Shines Media. Retrieved March 24, 2018. ^ "Malinda x D-Nice: We Wanted This One To Last". Vibe.com. February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2020. ^ "DJ D-Nice Hosts An IG Live Social Distancing Uplift Party And Everybody Shows Up". Forbes. ^ "Rihanna, Dwyane Wade, Bernie Sanders, and More Attend DJ D-Nice's Virtual 'Social Distancing Dance Party'". Complex. ^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (May 20, 2020). "Here are all the winners of the 2020 Webby Awards". The Verge. Retrieved May 22, 2020. ^ "BET Awards Highlight: BET Awards 2020 Shine a Light Award Honorees". BET.com. Retrieved June 29, 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to D-Nice. Official website AllMusic vteNAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year Dionne Warwick (1985) Patti LaBelle (1986) Dionne Warwick (1987) Lionel Richie (1988) Eddie Murphy (1989) Oprah Winfrey (1990) Patti LaBelle (1991) Michael Jackson (1992) Whitney Houston (1993) Quincy Jones (1995) Denzel Washington (1996) Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds (1997) Will Smith (1998) Halle Berry (1999) Steve Harvey (2000) Beyoncé (2003) Jamie Foxx (2012) Kevin Hart (2013) Taraji P. Henson (2014) Michael B. Jordan (2015) Dwayne Johnson (2016) Ava DuVernay (2017) Beyoncé (2018) Lizzo (2019) D-Nice (2020) Jennifer Hudson (2021) Angela Bassett (2022) Usher (2023) vteBoogie Down Productions KRS-One Scott La Rock D-Nice Kenny Parker Studio albums Criminal Minded By All Means Necessary Ghetto Music: The Blueprint of Hip Hop Edutainment Sex and Violence Live albums Live Hardcore Worldwide Compilation albums Man & His Music (Remixes from Around the World) Best of B-Boy Records Singles "South Bronx" "The Bridge Is Over" Related articles Boogie Down Productions discography Stop the Violence Movement KRS-One discography Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Desus Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desus_Nice"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Boogie Down Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Down_Productions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kid Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Rock"},{"link_name":"Jive Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_Records"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Desus Nice.Musical artistDerrick T. Jones (born June 19, 1970), better known by his stage name D-Nice, is an American DJ, record producer, and rapper who began his career in the mid-1980s with the hip hop group Boogie Down Productions.[2] He discovered Kid Rock in 1988, landing him a deal with Jive Records.","title":"D-Nice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D-NiceAM-3"},{"link_name":"The Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Scott La Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_La_Rock"},{"link_name":"Boogie Down Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Down_Productions"},{"link_name":"KRS-One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRS-One"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D-NiceAM-3"},{"link_name":"Stop the Violence Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRS-One#Stop_the_Violence_Movement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D-NiceAM-3"},{"link_name":"Jive Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_Records"},{"link_name":"Call Me D-Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Me_D-Nice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D-NiceAM-3"},{"link_name":"Billboard Top Pop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Top Black Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"The Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Source"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D-NiceAM-3"},{"link_name":"To tha Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_tha_Rescue"},{"link_name":"Naughty by Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty_by_Nature"},{"link_name":"Too Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Short"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D-NiceAM-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D-NiceAM-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"GlobalHue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobalHue"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Carl Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Thomas_(singer)"},{"link_name":"So Much Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Much_Better_(album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pharoahe Monch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharoahe_Monch"},{"link_name":"W.A.R. (We Are Renegades)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.A.R._(We_Are_Renegades)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kenny Lattimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Lattimore"},{"link_name":"Vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_(Kenny_Lattimore_album)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MalindaWilliamsD-NiceJun06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Malinda Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinda_Williams"},{"link_name":"Malinda Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinda_Williams"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Lenny Kravitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz"},{"link_name":"Nile Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Lalah Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalah_Hathaway"},{"link_name":"Bernie Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Dwyane Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyane_Wade"},{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Fab Five Freddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fab_Five_Freddy"},{"link_name":"Michelle Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama"},{"link_name":"Mark Zuckerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg"},{"link_name":"Donnie Wahlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Wahlberg"},{"link_name":"Angela Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Bassett"},{"link_name":"Sheila E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_E."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2020 Webby Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Webby_Awards"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kastrenakes-12"},{"link_name":"2020 BET Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_Awards_2020"},{"link_name":"Verzuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verzuz"},{"link_name":"Timbaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland"},{"link_name":"Swizz Beatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swizz_Beatz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"52nd NAACP Image Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_NAACP_Image_Awards"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Jones was born and raised in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.[3] He later moved to The Bronx as a teenager. At age 15, it was there that he met Scott La Rock and later formed Boogie Down Productions along with KRS-One in 1986.[3] In his early career with the group, he was given the nicknames as \"the Human TR-808\" and \"the 808\". D-Nice also gained significant popularity when he produced the song \"Self-Destruction\" for the Stop the Violence Movement.[3]Soon after the song released, D-Nice signed a solo deal Jive Records and released his debut studio album called Call Me D-Nice in 1990.[3] The album peaked at #75 on the Billboard Top Pop Albums and #12 on the Top Black Albums chart. It was also rated 3.5 out of 5 mics by The Source magazine.[3] In 1991, D-Nice released his second studio album called To tha Rescue. The album peaked at #137 on the Top Pop Albums chart and #27 on the Top R&B Albums chart. He collaborated with KRS-One, Naughty by Nature, and Too Short for the album.[3]D-Nice clashed with Jive Records over his stylistic direction and soon stopped releasing music as a recording artist.[3] In 1996, his first daughter, Ashli Lyric Jones, was born.[4] D-Nice became a web developer in the late 1990s and started his own creative services company in 2000.He later had another daughter named Dylan Coleman-Jones with Kelli M. Coleman, Executive Vice President for GlobalHue.[5]D-Nice began working as a photographer in the 2000s while also still being a DJ and shot the album covers for Carl Thomas' 2007 album So Much Better[6] and Pharoahe Monch's 2011 album W.A.R. (We Are Renegades).[7] He also photographed the album cover for Kenny Lattimore's 2017 album, Vulnerable.[8]D-Nice with Malinda WilliamsIn August 2008, he married actress Malinda Williams, but the couple separated in October 2009. In February 2010, the couple filed for divorce[9] and the divorce was finalized on June 14, 2010.In March 2020, D-Nice began hosting Homeschool at Club Quarantine on Instagram Live from his home as a way for people to come together and help others cope with the COVID-19 global health crisis. The 3/21 Saturday night dance party ran 9 hours and D-Nice urged people to \"take care of one another and wash their hands.\"[10] It drew over 100,000 viewers, including Rihanna, Lenny Kravitz, Nile Rodgers, Lalah Hathaway, Bernie Sanders, Joe Biden, Dwyane Wade, Janet Jackson, Fab Five Freddy, Michelle Obama, Mark Zuckerberg, Donnie Wahlberg, Angela Bassett, and Sheila E., among others.[11] The following day, March 22, his stream capped at over 150,000 simultaneous viewers.[citation needed] D-Nice won the 2020 Webby Award for Artist of the Year in the category Special Achievement.[12] He also was one of the Honoree Recipients for the Shine a Light Award during the 2020 BET Awards for his contributions of Club Quarantine, alongside co-recipients with Verzuz creators Timbaland and Swizz Beatz.[13]\nOn March 27, 2021, he was awarded Entertainer of the Year at the 52nd NAACP Image Awards. On June 22, 2021, he was awarded the ASCAP Voice of the Culture Award for being a beacon of hope and source of inspiration during the COVID-19 pandemic. His livestreamed DJ sets remain a popular online destination for thousands weekly, and he has more than 2.6 million followers on Instagram.[citation needed]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"}]

[{"image_text":"D-Nice with Malinda Williams","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/MalindaWilliamsD-NiceJun06.jpg/220px-MalindaWilliamsD-NiceJun06.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium

Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium

["1 History","1.1 Redevelopment","1.2 Naming rights","2 Ballpark synagogue","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 41°40′13.42″N 86°15′19.72″W / 41.6703944°N 86.2554778°W / 41.6703944; -86.2554778 Four Winds Fieldat Coveleski StadiumThe CoveLocation501 West South StreetSouth Bend, Indiana 46601Coordinates41°40′13.42″N 86°15′19.72″W / 41.6703944°N 86.2554778°W / 41.6703944; -86.2554778OwnerCity of South BendOperatorSouth Bend Parks & Recreation DepartmentCapacityBaseball: 5,000Field sizeLeft field – 336 ftLeft Center Field - 360 ftCenter Field – 405 ftRight Center Field - 360 ftRight field – 336 ftSurfaceNatural TurfConstructionBroke groundAugust 1986OpenedJuly 2, 1987Construction cost$11 million($29.5 million in 2023 dollars)ArchitectHOK Sport (original)Jones Petrie Rafinski (2010-2013 Renovations)TenantsSouth Bend Cubs (MWL/High-A Central) (1988–present)Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball (1988–1993) Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium is a baseball stadium in South Bend, Indiana, home to the South Bend Cubs, a minor league baseball team which plays in the Midwest League. The stadium opened in 1987, and its open concourse is considered the template for many later minor league ball parks built in the 1990s. It has a capacity of 5,000 spectators. The park is named for Stan Coveleski, the hall of fame pitcher who once lived in South Bend. It is colloquially known as "The Cove". Coveleski Stadium is located on South Street in downtown South Bend. History Coveleski Regional Stadium, pictured before renovation and name change to Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium. Stanley Coveleski Regional Stadium was built in 1987 for $11 million under the leadership of then-Mayor Roger O. Parent. The facility is owned by the City of South Bend and managed by the South Bend Parks & Recreation Department. Stanley Coveleski was a Hall of Fame pitcher who settled in South Bend after his successful baseball career came to an end in 1929. The stadium is now affectionately known as "The Cove". The 5,000-seat stadium is worth an estimated $35 million to $40 million today. The stadium is home to the South Bend Cubs, a High-A minor league baseball team affiliated with the Chicago Cubs. The Cubs, for many years known as the "'Silver Hawks"', which play in the Midwest League, were originally named in homage to the Studebaker Silver Hawk, once made in South Bend. Originally affiliated with the Chicago White Sox, the team switched to the Diamondbacks in 1997 and to the Cubs for the 2015 season. Called "the grandfather of the modern ballpark" by BallParkReviews.com, Coveleski Stadium provided a design template for a move in recent years to bring ballparks back into city downtowns. HOK Sport Inc. (now Populous), original architect of Coveleski Stadium, also designed Oriole Park at Camden Yards in Baltimore and Cleveland's Progressive Field. Four Winds Field in 2024. On July 4, 1987, the stadium held a "Homerun Derby" to see who could "make history" by hitting the first home run out of the brand-new park. Norm Bogunia, a 1985 graduate of South Bend's Washington High School and former baseball player there, was the first to hit a home run. He was joined by five other people who also hit home runs that day. LaSalle High School baseball coach Scott Sill ran the pitching machine. Two days later, on July 6, 1987, Joel Reinebold hit the first home run at the stadium during a regular game. A plaque hangs in the stadium with all the names of those who hit home runs. Walkway leading to The Cove, July 2015. Redevelopment In 2007, as Coveleski Regional Stadium celebrated its 20th anniversary, the City of South Bend began a redevelopment plan for the neighborhood surrounding the ballpark prompted, in part, by the relocation of the Gates automotive dealership to Erskine Commons on the city's south side. The City acquired nearly 15 contiguous acres of property surrounding the park as part of a strategy to encourage new mixed-use development near the stadium and enhance its connection with the core of downtown. In March 2017, construction began of a $22 million apartment complex, The Ivy at Berlin Place. The four four-story buildings will house 121 one and two-bedroom apartments overlooking the ballpark. Construction is expected to be completed by opening day of 2018. Naming rights On September 5, 2013, it was announced that the stadium would be renamed Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium as a result of a new partnership with Four Winds Casinos. Ballpark synagogue Ballpark Synagogue The 1901 synagogue building of the Sons of Israel Synagogue is now used as the South Bend Cubs' gift shop. During the off-season, it is available to be used for weddings, bar mitzvahs, and other events. It also hosts a yearly town ball in July. The restoration and imaginative reuse of a historic house of worship is regarded as part of Berlin's creative approach to enhancing fan experience, an approach that has included upgrading every part of the experience of visiting the ballpark, from food, to seating, to the ease of using the parking lot. References Indiana portal ^ Johnson, Arthur T. (1993). Minor League Baseball and Local Economic Development. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01865-6. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ Hildreth, Christina; Loo, Jamie (June 2, 2006). "Gates Auto to Vacate Downtown Space". South Bend Tribune. Retrieved May 29, 2014. ^ Loo, Jamie (October 20, 2007). "Commission OKs Contract for Coveleski Master Plan". South Bend Tribune. Retrieved May 29, 2014. ^ Arnold, Jess (March 22, 2017). "Construction has commenced on Four Winds Field apartment complex". WBND-LD. Retrieved March 23, 2017. ^ Lesar, Al (September 6, 2013). "Four Winds, Silver Hawks Strike 10-Year Deal". South Bend Tribune. Retrieved September 21, 2013. ^ Eig, Jonathan (May 14, 2014). "America's Only Ballpark Synagogue". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 27, 2015. ^ Grossman, Ron (January 25, 2004). "Jewish communities fade in small towns". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 20, 2021. ^ Rein, Irving; Shields, Ben; Grossman, Adam (2014). The Sports Strategist: Developing Leaders for a High-Performance Industry. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780199343836. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium. South Bend Cubs official site Ball Park Reviews South Bend Cubs directions page Archived September 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Stanley Coveleski Regional Stadium Views – Ball Parks of the Minor Leagues Archived May 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine vteSouth Bend, IndianaNeighborhoods West Washington Historic District Education South Bend Community School Corporation John Adams HS Clay HS James Whitcomb Riley HS Washington HS St. Joseph HS Trinity School at Greenlawn Stanley Clark School Indiana University South Bend Landmarks Ballpark Synagogue Civil Rights Heritage Center (former Engman Public Natatorium) First Presbyterian Church Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium Ignition Park Morris Performing Arts Center The Museums at Washington and Chapin Studebaker National Museum North Pumping Station Joseph D. Oliver House South Bend Civic Theatre Tippecanoe Place Transportation South Bend International Airport South Bend station (Amtrak) South Bend Airport station (NICTD) South Bend Transpo South Street Station Union Station (former) Proposed new South Shore Line station Media South Bend Tribune Culture Flag of South Bend, Indiana South Bend Cubs People Mayors Elections vteBallparks in the Midwest LeagueEast Division Classic Park Day Air Ballpark Dow Diamond Jackson Field LMCU Ballpark Parkview Field West Division ABC Supply Stadium Dozer Park Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium Modern Woodmen Park Neuroscience Group Field at Fox Cities Stadium Veterans Memorial Stadium vteNotre Dame Fighting Irish baseballVenues Cartier Field (1900–1976) Jake Kline Field (1977–1987) Stanley Coveleski Regional Stadium (1988–1993) Frank Eck Stadium (1994–present) Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 College World Series appearances in italics

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Bend, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"South Bend Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_Cubs"},{"link_name":"minor league baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"Midwest League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_League"},{"link_name":"Stan Coveleski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Coveleski"},{"link_name":"hall of fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium is a baseball stadium in South Bend, Indiana, home to the South Bend Cubs, a minor league baseball team which plays in the Midwest League. The stadium opened in 1987, and its open concourse is considered the template for many later minor league ball parks built in the 1990s. It has a capacity of 5,000 spectators.The park is named for Stan Coveleski, the hall of fame pitcher who once lived in South Bend. It is colloquially known as \"The Cove\".Coveleski Stadium is located on South Street in downtown South Bend.","title":"Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South-bend-coveleski-stadium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roger O. Parent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Parent_(mayor)"},{"link_name":"High-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-A"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Midwest League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_League"},{"link_name":"Oriole Park at Camden Yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriole_Park_at_Camden_Yards"},{"link_name":"Progressive Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Field"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Four_Winds_Field_2024.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Washington High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_High_School_(South_Bend,_Indiana)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Four_Winds_Field_at_Coveleski_Stadium_Gate_D_sidewalk.JPG"}],"text":"Coveleski Regional Stadium, pictured before renovation and name change to Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium.Stanley Coveleski Regional Stadium was built in 1987 for $11 million under the leadership of then-Mayor Roger O. Parent. The facility is owned by the City of South Bend and managed by the South Bend Parks & Recreation Department. Stanley Coveleski was a Hall of Fame pitcher who settled in South Bend after his successful baseball career came to an end in 1929. The stadium is now affectionately known as \"The Cove\". The 5,000-seat stadium is worth an estimated $35 million to $40 million today.The stadium is home to the South Bend Cubs, a High-A minor league baseball team affiliated with the Chicago Cubs. The Cubs, for many years known as the \"'Silver Hawks\"', which play in the Midwest League, were originally named in homage to the Studebaker Silver Hawk, once made in South Bend. Originally affiliated with the Chicago White Sox, the team switched to the Diamondbacks in 1997 and to the Cubs for the 2015 season.Called \"the grandfather of the modern ballpark\" by BallParkReviews.com, Coveleski Stadium provided a design template for a move in recent years to bring ballparks back into city downtowns. HOK Sport Inc. (now Populous), original architect of Coveleski Stadium, also designed Oriole Park at Camden Yards in Baltimore and Cleveland's Progressive Field.Four Winds Field in 2024.On July 4, 1987, the stadium held a \"Homerun Derby\" to see who could \"make history\" by hitting the first home run out of the brand-new park. Norm Bogunia, a 1985 graduate of South Bend's Washington High School and former baseball player there, was the first to hit a home run. He was joined by five other people who also hit home runs that day. LaSalle High School baseball coach Scott Sill ran the pitching machine. Two days later, on July 6, 1987, Joel Reinebold hit the first home run at the stadium during a regular game. A plaque hangs in the stadium with all the names of those who hit home runs.Walkway leading to The Cove, July 2015.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Redevelopment","text":"In 2007, as Coveleski Regional Stadium celebrated its 20th anniversary, the City of South Bend began a redevelopment plan for the neighborhood surrounding the ballpark prompted, in part, by the relocation of the Gates automotive dealership to Erskine Commons on the city's south side.[3] The City acquired nearly 15 contiguous acres of property surrounding the park as part of a strategy to encourage new mixed-use development near the stadium and enhance its connection with the core of downtown.[4]In March 2017, construction began of a $22 million apartment complex, The Ivy at Berlin Place. The four four-story buildings will house 121 one and two-bedroom apartments overlooking the ballpark. Construction is expected to be completed by opening day of 2018.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Four Winds Casinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Winds_Casinos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Naming rights","text":"On September 5, 2013, it was announced that the stadium would be renamed Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium as a result of a new partnership with Four Winds Casinos.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sons_of_Israel_South_Bend,_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sons of Israel Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Israel_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eig-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Ballpark SynagogueThe 1901 synagogue building of the Sons of Israel Synagogue is now used as the South Bend Cubs' gift shop. During the off-season, it is available to be used for weddings, bar mitzvahs, and other events. It also hosts a yearly town ball in July.[7][8]The restoration and imaginative reuse of a historic house of worship is regarded as part of Berlin's creative approach to enhancing fan experience, an approach that has included upgrading every part of the experience of visiting the ballpark, from food, to seating, to the ease of using the parking lot.[9]","title":"Ballpark synagogue"}]

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[{"reference":"Johnson, Arthur T. (1993). Minor League Baseball and Local Economic Development. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01865-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3GHqgKN4cEsC&q=%22riverside+stadium%22+construction+harrisburg&pg=PA182","url_text":"Minor League Baseball and Local Economic Development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01865-6","url_text":"0-252-01865-6"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"Hildreth, Christina; Loo, Jamie (June 2, 2006). \"Gates Auto to Vacate Downtown Space\". South Bend Tribune. Retrieved May 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2006-06-02/news/26981850_1_toyota-dealership-downtown-operation-auto-group","url_text":"\"Gates Auto to Vacate Downtown Space\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_Tribune","url_text":"South Bend Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Loo, Jamie (October 20, 2007). \"Commission OKs Contract for Coveleski Master Plan\". South Bend Tribune. Retrieved May 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2007-10-20/news/26808140_1_master-plan-budget-plan-property-owners","url_text":"\"Commission OKs Contract for Coveleski Master Plan\""}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Jess (March 22, 2017). \"Construction has commenced on Four Winds Field apartment complex\". WBND-LD. Retrieved March 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc57.com/story/34976545/construction-has-commenced-on-four-winds-field-apartment-complex","url_text":"\"Construction has commenced on Four Winds Field apartment complex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBND-LD","url_text":"WBND-LD"}]},{"reference":"Lesar, Al (September 6, 2013). \"Four Winds, Silver Hawks Strike 10-Year Deal\". South Bend Tribune. Retrieved September 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southbendtribune.com/sports/professional/silverhawks/article_132a1dac-15c2-11e3-a412-0019bb30f31a.html","url_text":"\"Four Winds, Silver Hawks Strike 10-Year Deal\""}]},{"reference":"Eig, Jonathan (May 14, 2014). \"America's Only Ballpark Synagogue\". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/americas-only-ballpark-synagogue","url_text":"\"America's Only Ballpark Synagogue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Grossman, Ron (January 25, 2004). \"Jewish communities fade in small towns\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-01-25-0401250272-story.html","url_text":"\"Jewish communities fade in small towns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Rein, Irving; Shields, Ben; Grossman, Adam (2014). The Sports Strategist: Developing Leaders for a High-Performance Industry. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780199343836.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199343836","url_text":"9780199343836"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._F._Dick

Charles W. F. Dick

["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Early career","2.2 Military career","2.3 Congressional career","2.4 Later career","3 Retirement, death and burial","4 Legacy","5 References","6 External links"]

American politician (1858–1945) "Senator Dick" redirects here. For other uses, see Senator Dick (disambiguation). For other people named Charles Dick, see Charles Dick (disambiguation). Charles W. F. DickUnited States Senatorfrom OhioIn officeMarch 23, 1904 – March 3, 1911Preceded byMarcus A. HannaSucceeded byAtlee PomereneMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Ohio's 19th districtIn officeNovember 8, 1898 – March 23, 1904Preceded byStephen A. NorthwaySucceeded byW. Aubrey Thomas Personal detailsBorn(1858-11-03)November 3, 1858Akron, OhioDiedMarch 13, 1945(1945-03-13) (aged 86)Akron, OhioPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseCarrie M. PetersonChildren5 Charles William Frederick Dick (November 3, 1858 – March 13, 1945) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives and U.S. Senate. Early life Born in Akron, Ohio, his parents were Gottlieb Dick (a Scots/German immigrant), and Magdalena or "Lena" (Von Handel) Dick, who immigrated to the United States from Heidelberg, Germany. On June 30, 1881, Dick married Carrie May Peterson, the daughter of Dr. James Holman Peterson and Caroline Van Evera. They had five children: James, Lucius, Carl, Grace (Mrs. Edgar Williams) and Dorothy (Mrs. William Robinson). Dick was a Scottish Rite Mason, Odd Fellow, and Knight of Pythias. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles W. F. Dick. Career Early career "Charley" Dick was educated in Akron, and worked at several stores and banks. In 1886, he was the successful Republican nominee for Summit County auditor, and he was re-elected in 1888. He also read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1894. Dick was a delegate to the 1892, 1896 and 1900 Republican National Conventions. He was elected Chairman of the Ohio Republican Party in 1887 and 1891, and served as the Secretary of the Republican National Committee from 1896 to 1900. Military career In November 1885 Dick joined the Ohio Army National Guard as a private in Company B, 8th Ohio Infantry Regiment, and he was commissioned as a first lieutenant a few days later. His regiment volunteered for service in the Spanish–American War, and Dick served in Cuba as a major and lieutenant colonel. He continued his military service after the war, and attained the rank of major general as head of the Ohio National Guard. From 1902 to 1909 he was president of the National Guard Association of the United States. Congressional career He was elected to the United States House of Representatives by a special election in 1898 to fill a vacancy created by the death of Stephen A. Northway, serving the 19th district. Dick was Chairman of the Militia Committee, and sponsored the Militia Act of 1903 (the Dick Act). This act codified the circumstances under which the National Guard in each state could be federalized, provided federal resources for equipping and training the National Guard, and required National Guard units to organize and meet the same readiness requirements as the regular Army. Dick served until he resigned in 1904, having been elected to the Senate to fill the vacancy created by the death of Marcus A. Hanna. In the Senate he served as chairman of the Mining Committee and the Committee on Indian Depredations. He also was the head of a Congressional Committee which investigated hazing at the United States Military Academy. He served until 1911, when he lost a bid for a second term. While in Congress, he became one of the largest stockholders in the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, and served as a vice president and member of the board of directors. Later career Dick practiced law after leaving the Senate, and pursued a successful business career, including ownership of the Franklin Square Hotel in Washington, D.C., and the Hotel Chatham in New York City. He ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. House in 1918, losing to Martin L. Davey. In 1922 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican U.S. Senate nomination, losing to Simeon D. Fess. Retirement, death and burial From 1941 until his death in Akron on March 13, 1945, Dick was the oldest living former US Senator. He was buried in Akron's Glendale Cemetery. Legacy Since 1988 the National Guard Association of the United States presents the annual Charles Dick Medal of Merit to recognize support for the National Guard by state and federal legislators. References ^ a b c d e Upton, Harriet Taylor (1910). Cutler, Harry Gardner (ed.). History of the Western Reserve. Vol. 3. New York: The Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 1784–1787. ^ a b Mercer, James K.; Rife, Edward K. (1903). Representative men of Ohio, 1900–1903. Columbus: James K. Mercer. pp. 50–53. ^ Ohio Historical Society, The Ohio Historical Quarterly, 1958, page 50 ^ Curtis V. Hard, Banners in the Air: The Eighth Ohio Volunteers and the Spanish–American War, 1988, page 128 ^ Ohio General Assembly, Executive Documents, Part 2, 1887, page 506 ^ Ohio General Assembly, Manual of Legislative Practice in the General Assembly of Ohio, 1912, page 199 ^ Michael D. Doubler, The National Guard, 2007, page 54 ^ William A. Taylor, Ohio in Congress from 1803 to 1901, 1900, page 309 ^ William M. Donnelly, Center for Military History Online, The Root Reforms and the National Guard, 2001 ^ Clinton Mirror, Congress and its Work, March 7, 1903 ^ Lara M. Brown, Jockeying for the American Presidency, 2010, page 173 ^ Mining and Scientific Press magazine, Special Correspondence: Washington, D.C., January 1910, page 79 ^ Ohio History Central, Charles W. Dick, accessed June 20, 2013 ^ James Kazerta Mercer, Edward K. Rife, Representative Men of Ohio, 1900–1903, 1903, page 51 ^ Ohio State Museum, Museum Echoes, Volume 24, 1955, page 72 ^ Motor Age magazine, manufacturing Miscellany, 1904, page 19 ^ Robert Desty, James Wells Goodwin, Peyton Boyle, editors, The Federal Reporter, Volume 279, 1922, page 994 ^ New York Times, Mrs. Dick's Stock Tied Up, November 11, 1923 ^ Charles Dick, Hudson Independent, Letter, Experience as a Congressional Asset, October 24, 1918 ^ Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, Man Who Beat Dick Seated in Congress, December 12, 1918 ^ New York Times, Test Vote of Drys is Close in Ohio, August 10, 1922 ^ National Guard Association of the United States, Charles Dick Medal of Merit Archived June 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, 2012 External links United States Congress. "Charles W. F. Dick (id: D000302)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-05-16 "Charles W. F. Dick". Find a Grave. Retrieved May 16, 2009. Offices and distinctions U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byStephen A. Northway Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 19th congressional district November 8, 1898 – March 23, 1904 Succeeded byW. Aubrey Thomas U.S. Senate Preceded byMarcus A. Hanna U.S. senator (Class 1) from Ohio March 23, 1904 – March 3, 1911 Served alongside: Joseph B. Foraker, Theodore E. Burton Succeeded byAtlee Pomerene Honorary titles Preceded byReed Smoot Most senior living U.S. senator (Sitting or former) February 9, 1941 – March 13, 1945 Succeeded byNorris Brown Articles and topics related to Charles W. F. Dick vteUnited States senators from OhioClass 1 Smith Meigs Worthington Kerr Ruggles Morris Tappan Corwin Ewing Wade Thurman Sherman Hanna Dick Pomerene Fess Donahey H. Burton Huffman K. Taft Bricker Young R. Taft Jr. Metzenbaum DeWine S. Brown Class 3 Worthington Tiffin Griswold Campbell Morrow Trimble E. Brown Harrison Burnet Ewing Allen Chase Pugh Chase Sherman Matthews Pendleton Payne Brice Foraker T. Burton Harding Willis Locher T. Burton McCulloch Bulkley R. Taft Sr. Burke Bender Lausche Saxbe Metzenbaum Glenn Voinovich Portman Vance vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 19th and 20th congressional districtsOhio 19 Leavitt Kilgore Swearingen Stokely Tilden Crowell Newton Wade Riddle Garfield E. Taylor Northway Dick Thomas Bathrick Cooper Kirwan Carney Williams Feighan Fingerhut LaTourette Ohio 20 Giddings Hutchins Parsons Payne Townsend Paige McKinley Crouse Smyser V. Taylor White Beach Phillips Beidler Howland Gordon Mooney Norton Mooney Sweeney Feighan Stanton Oakar Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senator Dick (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator_Dick_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Charles Dick (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dick_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"}],"text":"\"Senator Dick\" redirects here. For other uses, see Senator Dick (disambiguation).For other people named Charles Dick, see Charles Dick (disambiguation).Charles William Frederick Dick (November 3, 1858 – March 13, 1945) was a Republican politician from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives and U.S. Senate.","title":"Charles W. F. Dick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akron, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg,_Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upton-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upton-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-repmen1903-2"},{"link_name":"Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Odd Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Fellow"},{"link_name":"Knight of Pythias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Pythias"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-repmen1903-2"},{"link_name":"Charles W. F. Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_W._F._Dick"}],"text":"Born in Akron, Ohio, his parents were Gottlieb Dick (a Scots/German immigrant), and Magdalena or \"Lena\" (Von Handel) Dick, who immigrated to the United States from Heidelberg, Germany.[1] On June 30, 1881, Dick married Carrie May Peterson, the daughter of Dr. James Holman Peterson and Caroline Van Evera. They had five children:[1][2] James, Lucius, Carl, Grace (Mrs. Edgar Williams) and Dorothy (Mrs. William Robinson). Dick was a Scottish Rite Mason, Odd Fellow, and Knight of Pythias.[2]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles W. F. Dick.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Summit County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upton-1"},{"link_name":"read law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_law"},{"link_name":"admitted to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upton-1"},{"link_name":"1892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"1900 Republican National Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upton-1"},{"link_name":"Ohio Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Republican National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"\"Charley\" Dick was educated in Akron, and worked at several stores and banks. In 1886, he was the successful Republican nominee for Summit County auditor, and he was re-elected in 1888.[1] He also read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1894.[1] Dick was a delegate to the 1892, 1896 and 1900 Republican National Conventions.[1] He was elected Chairman of the Ohio Republican Party in 1887 and 1891,[3] and served as the Secretary of the Republican National Committee from 1896 to 1900.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_(rank)#United_States"},{"link_name":"first lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_lieutenant#U.S._Army.2C_U.S._Marine_Corps_and_U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Guard Association of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_Association_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Military career","text":"In November 1885 Dick joined the Ohio Army National Guard as a private in Company B, 8th Ohio Infantry Regiment, and he was commissioned as a first lieutenant a few days later.[5] His regiment volunteered for service in the Spanish–American War, and Dick served in Cuba as a major and lieutenant colonel. He continued his military service after the war, and attained the rank of major general as head of the Ohio National Guard.[6] From 1902 to 1909 he was president of the National Guard Association of the United States.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_election"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. Northway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Northway"},{"link_name":"19th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Militia Act of 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1903"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Marcus A. Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hanna"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_president"},{"link_name":"board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Congressional career","text":"He was elected to the United States House of Representatives by a special election in 1898 to fill a vacancy created by the death of Stephen A. Northway, serving the 19th district.[8]Dick was Chairman of the Militia Committee,[9] and sponsored the Militia Act of 1903 (the Dick Act).[10] This act codified the circumstances under which the National Guard in each state could be federalized, provided federal resources for equipping and training the National Guard, and required National Guard units to organize and meet the same readiness requirements as the regular Army.Dick served until he resigned in 1904, having been elected to the Senate to fill the vacancy created by the death of Marcus A. Hanna.[11]In the Senate he served as chairman of the Mining Committee[12] and the Committee on Indian Depredations.[13] He also was the head of a Congressional Committee which investigated hazing at the United States Military Academy.[14] He served until 1911, when he lost a bid for a second term.[15]While in Congress, he became one of the largest stockholders in the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, and served as a vice president and member of the board of directors.[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Martin L. Davey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_L._Davey"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Simeon D. Fess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"Dick practiced law after leaving the Senate, and pursued a successful business career, including ownership of the Franklin Square Hotel in Washington, D.C.,[17] and the Hotel Chatham in New York City.[18]He ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. House in 1918, losing to Martin L. Davey.[19][20] In 1922 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican U.S. Senate nomination, losing to Simeon D. Fess.[21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"From 1941 until his death in Akron on March 13, 1945, Dick was the oldest living former US Senator. He was buried in Akron's Glendale Cemetery.","title":"Retirement, death and burial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Guard Association of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_Association_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Charles Dick Medal of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dick_Medal_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Since 1988 the National Guard Association of the United States presents the annual Charles Dick Medal of Merit to recognize support for the National Guard by state and federal legislators.[22]","title":"Legacy"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Upton, Harriet Taylor (1910). Cutler, Harry Gardner (ed.). History of the Western Reserve. Vol. 3. New York: The Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 1784–1787.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Upton","url_text":"Upton, Harriet Taylor"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L5GPjobXdWoC&pg=PA1784","url_text":"History of the Western Reserve"}]},{"reference":"Mercer, James K.; Rife, Edward K. (1903). Representative men of Ohio, 1900–1903. Columbus: James K. Mercer. pp. 50–53.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/representativeme00merc","url_text":"Representative men of Ohio, 1900–1903"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/representativeme00merc/page/n81","url_text":"50"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Charles W. F. Dick (id: D000302)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000302","url_text":"\"Charles W. F. Dick (id: D000302)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles W. F. Dick\". Find a Grave. Retrieved May 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7936655","url_text":"\"Charles W. F. Dick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_a_Grave","url_text":"Find a Grave"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Guggenheim_Fellowships_awarded_in_2006

List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2006

["1 U.S. and Canadian Fellows","1.1 A","1.2 B","1.3 C","1.4 D","1.5 E","1.6 F","1.7 G","1.8 H","1.9 I","1.10 J","1.11 K","1.12 L","1.13 M","1.14 N","1.15 O","1.16 P","1.17 Q","1.18 R","1.19 S","1.20 T","1.21 U","1.22 V","1.23 W","1.24 Y","1.25 Z","2 Latin American and Caribbean Fellows","2.1 A","2.2 B","2.3 C","2.4 D","2.5 F","2.6 J","2.7 K","2.8 L","2.9 M","2.10 O","2.11 P","2.12 R","2.13 S","2.14 T","3 External links"]

U.S. and Canadian Fellows A Kathryn Alexander, Composer, New Haven, Connecticut; Associate Professor of Music Composition, Yale University: Music composition. Cristian Amigo, Composer, Astoria, New York; Visiting Scholar, Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University; Adjunct Professor, College of Staten Island, City University of New York: Music composition. Olive Ayhens, Artist, Brooklyn, New York: Painting. B Markus Baenziger, Artist, New York City; Assistant Professor of Fine Arts, Brandeis University: Sculpture. Ulrich Baer, Associate Professor of German and Comparative Literature and Chair, Department of German, New York University: The representation of clouds and the art of sublimation, 1800-1970. Dare Baldwin, Professor of Psychology, University of Oregon: Understanding others' actions. Thomas J. Barfield, Professor of Anthropology and Chair, Department of Anthropology, Boston University: Political legitimacy in Afghanistan. Catherine Barnett, Poet, New York City; Adjunct Faculty, Creative Writing Program, and Liberal Arts Program, Paul McGhee Division, New York University: Poetry. Emily Barton, Writer, Brooklyn, New York; Writer-in-Residence, Eugene Lang College, New School University: Fiction.a Todd Bertolaet, Professor of Photography, Florida A & M University: Photography. Douglas Biow, Professor of Italian and Comparative Literature, University of Texas, Austin: Anticonformist authors in 16th-century Italy. Michael R. Blatt, Regius Professor of Botany and Head of Plant Sciences, University of Glasgow: Membrane protein mobility and dynamics. Judy J. Blunt, Associate Professor of Creative Writing and Nonfiction, University of Montana: Essays on the legend of the strong Western woman. Hilary Brace, Artist, Santa Barbara, California: Drawing. Marco Breuer, Photographer, Hudson, New York; Adjunct Faculty Member in Photography, M.F.A. Program, Bard College: Photography. Ellen Bromberg, Choreographer, Salt Lake City, Utah; Associate Professor of Modern Dance, University of Utah: Choreography. Timothy Brook, Professor of Chinese History and Principal, St. John's College, University of British Columbia: Social suffering and social policy in the Chinese tradition. Roxane Butterfly, Choreographer, New York City; Artistic Director, Worldbeats: Choreography. C Christopher Caines, Choreographer, Brooklyn, New York; Artistic Director, Christopher Caines Dance Company: Choreography. Scott Cairns, Poet, Columbia, Missouri; Professor of English, University of Missouri: Poetry. Wally Cardona, Choreographer, Brooklyn, New York; Artistic Director, WCV, Inc: Choreography. Bruce G. Carruthers, Professor of Sociology, Northwestern University: The evolution of economic trust. Alessandra Casella, Professor of Economics, Columbia University: Storable votes. David W. Christianson, Roy and Diana Vagelos Professor in Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Pennsylvania: Complexes between biological macromolecules and nonbiological nanomolecules. Jill Ciment, Writer, Gainesville, Florida; Professor of English, University of Florida: Fiction. Paul M. Cobb, Associate Professor of Islamic History, and Fellow of the Medieval Institute, University of Notre Dame: Usama ibn Munqidh's memoirs and the Muslims in the age of the Crusades. Patricia Cline Cohen, Professor of History, University of California, Santa Barbara: Thomas and Mary Gove Nichols and marriage reform in antebellum America. Donald Crockett, Composer, La Cañada, California; Professor of Composition and Chair, Composition Department, Thornton School of Music, University of Southern California: Music composition. D Tracy Daugherty, Professor of English, Oregon State University: A biography of Donald Barthelme. Anthony Davis, Composer, San Diego, California; Professor of Music, University of California, San Diego: Music composition. Sally Denton, Writer, Santa Fe, New Mexico: Jessie and John Frémont and the shaping of America. Dennis Des Chene, Professor of Philosophy, Washington University: Wisdom and the new science in the 17th century. Nathaniel Deutsch, Associate Professor of Religion, Swarthmore College: Ansky and the invention of Jewish ethnography. Helen Dewitt, Writer, Berlin, Germany: Fiction. Michael Dine, Professor of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz: Preparation for the large hadron collider. Frank Dobbin, Professor of Sociology, Harvard University: Equal opportunity in practice. Julia V. Douthwaite, Professor of French and Assistant Provost for International Studies, University of Notre Dame: A literary history of the French Revolution. Michael W. Doyle, Harold Brown Professor of International Affairs, Law, and Political Science, Columbia University: The ethics, politics, and law of preventative self-defense. Paul Dresher, Composer, Berkeley, California: Music composition. Jean-Marie Dufour, Professor of Economics and Canada Research Chair in Econometrics, University of Montréal: Econometric problems in macroeconomics and finance. E Robert Edelman, Professor of History, University of California, San Diego: Moscow soccer audiences and popular attitudes toward communism. Michael S. Engel, Associate Professor and Curator, Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas: Evolution of the termites and global changes in carbon recycling. Martín Espada, Poet, Amherst, Massachusetts; Professor of English, University of Massachusetts: Poetry. F Hany Farid, Associate Professor of Computer Science, Dartmouth College: Digital forensics. Paula S. Fass, Margaret Byrne Professor of History, University of California, Berkeley: Parents and children in American history, 1800-2000. Gillian Feeley-Harnik, Kathleen Gough Collegiate Professor of Anthropology, University of Michigan: Kinship and ecology in 19th-century Great Britain and America. Steven Feierman, Professor of History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania: Social medicine in Africa. Martha Feldman, Professor of Music and the Humanities, University of Chicago: The castrato as myth. Peter Fend, Artist, Berlin, Germany: Visual art. Judy Fox, Artist, New York City: Sculpture. Dana Frankfort, Artist, Long Island City, New York: Painting. Daisy Fried, Poet, Northampton, Massachusetts; Grace Hazard Conkling Writer-in-Residence, Smith College: Poetry. Barbara Fuchs, Associate Professor of Romance Languages, University of Pennsylvania: "Moorish" culture and the conflictive construction of Spain. Diana Fuss, Professor of English, Princeton University: Poetry and the art of resuscitation. G Louis Galambos, Professor of History, The Johns Hopkins University; Editor, The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower; Maguire Chair, Kluge Center, Library of Congress: The Creative Society, and the price Americans paid for being creative. Alison P. Galvani, Assistant Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University: Game-theoretic insights into population adherence of influenza vaccination policies. David Garland, Arthur T. Vanderbilt Professor of Law and Professor of Sociology, New York University: Capital punishment and American society. Nina Rattner Gelbart, Professor of History and Anita Johnson Wand Professor of Women's Studies, Occidental College: Frenchwomen of science in the 18th century. Michael Gitlin, Film Maker, Brooklyn, New York; Assistant Professor of Film and Media Studies, Hunter College, City University of New York: Film making. Jane M. Gitschier, Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco: The genetic basis of absolute-pitch perception. Arthur Goldhammer, Translator, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Senior Affiliate, Center for European Studies, Harvard University: Democracy in America since Tocqueville. Rebecca Newberger Goldstein, Writer, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Visiting Professor of Philosophy, Trinity College: Fiction. Maria Elena González, Artist, Brooklyn, New York: Sculpture and installation art. Dena Goodman, Professor of History and Women's Studies, University of Michigan: Women's letter-writing in the 18th century. Katie Grinnan, Artist,Los Angeles; Lecturer, University of California, Irvine: Sculpture. Rinne Groff, Playwright, New York City; Instructor in Dramatic Writing, Tisch School of the Arts, New York University: Play writing. Ruth Ellen Gruber, Writer and Independent Scholar, Morre, Italy: Imaginary Wild Wests in contemporary Europe. Allan Gurganus, Writer, Hillsborough, North Carolina: Fiction. H Carl Haber, Senior Scientist, Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Optical methods to recover sound from mechanical recordings. Judith Hall, Poet, Malibu, California; Core Faculty Member, M.F.A. in Poetry Program, New England College; Poetry Editor, The Antioch Review: Poetry. Mark Halliday, Poet, Athens, Ohio; Professor of English, Ohio University: Poetry. Karen V. Hansen, Professor of Sociology and Women's and Gender Studies, Brandeis University: The Dakota Sioux and Scandinavian homesteaders, 1900-1930. Dayna Hanson, Choreographer, Seattle, Washington: Choreography. Mike Heffley, Writer, Portland, Oregon;Adjunct Professor, Axia College of Western International University, Phoenix, Arizona: The folkloric and the radical in new and improvised music. Michael Henry Heim, Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures, and of Comparative Literature, University of California, Los Angeles: The theory and practice of advanced language acquisition. Frank Herrmann, Artist, Cincinnati, Ohio; Professor of Fine Arts, University of Cincinnati: Painting. Constance Valis Hill, Five College Associate Professor of Dance, Hampshire College: A cultural history of tap dancing in America since 1900. Kay E. Holekamp, Professor of Zoology, Michigan State University: Development of role-reversed sex differences in behavior and morphology. Thomas Hurka, Chancellor Henry N. R. Jackman Distinguished Chair in Philosophical Studies, University of Toronto: British moral philosophy from Sidgwick to Ross. Lewis Hyde, Writer, Gambier, Ohio; Richard L. Thomas Professor of Creative Writing, Kenyon College: Our cultural commons. I Yoko Inoue, Artist, Brooklyn, New York; Visiting Faculty, Bennington College: Installation art. J Daniel James, Bernardo Mendel Chair of Latin American History, Indiana University: Class, ethnicity, and identity formation in an Argentine meatpacking community. Scott Johnson, Composer, New York City: Music composition. K Zsolt Kadar, Photographer, Los Angeles: Photography. Douglas Kahn, Director of Technocultural Studies, University of California, Davis: History of the recognition of natural radio phenomena. Carla Kaplan, Professor of English and Gender Studies, University of Southern California: The white women of the Harlem Renaissance. Patrick Radden Keefe, Writer, Brooklyn; Program Officer and Fellow, The Century Foundation, New York City: Networks of cross-border criminal and terrorist organizations. Garret Keizer, Writer, Sutton, Vermont: A humanistic consideration of noise. Brigit Pegeen Kelly, Poet, Arcata, California; Professor of English, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign: Poetry. Suki Kim, Writer, New York City: Fiction. Diane P. Koenker, Professor of History, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign: Proletarian tourism and vacations in the USSR. Joseph Leo Koerner, Professor in the History of Art, Courtauld Institute of Art: Hieronymus Bosch, Pieter Bruegel, and the painting of everyday life. Schuyler S. Korban, Professor of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign: Studies of plant-based vaccines. Frank J. Korom, Associate Professor of Religion and Anthropology, Boston University: The impact of modernity on traditional Bengali scroll painters and singers. L John A. Lane, Independent Scholar, Leiden, The Netherlands: The life and work of the 17th-century typefounder and punchcutter Christoffel van Dijck. Brooke Larson, Professor of History, Stony Brook University: Aymara Indians and struggles over power, knowledge, and identity in the Bolivian Andes. Anthony J. La Vopa, Professor of History, North Carolina State University: The labor of the mind and the specter of effeminacy in Enlightenment cultures. Carol Lawton, Professor of Art History, and Chair, Department of Art and Art History, Lawrence University: Popular Greek religion and the votive reliefs from the Athenian Agora. John L'Heureux, Writer, Stanford, California; Professor of English Emeritus, Stanford University: Fiction. Cynthia Lin, Artist, New York City; Guest Faculty in Visual Arts, Sarah Lawrence College: Drawing and painting. John M. Lipski, Professor of Spanish and Linguistics, Pennsylvania State University: Afro-Hispanic speech today. Jia-Ming Liu, Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles: Three-dimensional intracellular laser nanoscopy. Jianguo (Jack) Liu, Rachel Carson Chair in Ecological Sustainability and Director of Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University: Pandas, people, and policies. Liu, Professor of English, Niagara County Community College: Chinese gardening ideas in the English landscaping revolution. Donald S. Lopez, Jr., Arthur E. Link Distinguished University Professor of Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, University of Michigan: A short history of the Buddha. Deidre Shauna Lynch, Associate Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington: A cultural history of the love of literature. M L. Mahadevan, Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Professor of Systems Biology, and Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University: Integrative pathophysiology of sickle-cell disease. Jake Mahaffy, Film Maker, Roanoke, Virginia; Assistant Professor of Film, Hollins University: Film making. Janis Mattox, Composer, Woodside, California: Music composition. Joseph Mazur, Writer, Marlboro, Vermont; Professor of Mathematics, Marlboro College: A memoir. Richard McCann, Writer, Washington, D.C.; Professor of Literature, M.F.A. Program in Creative Writing, American University: A memoir. Neil McWilliam, Walter H. Annenberg Professor of Art and Art History, Duke University: Tradition, identity, and the visual arts in France, 1900-1914. William Hamilton Meeks, III, George David Birkoff Professor of Mathematics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst: The global structure of complete embedded minimal surfaces in three-manifolds. Jonathan M. Metzl, Associate Professor of Women's Studies and Psychiatry, and Director, Program in Culture, Health, and Medicine, University of Michigan: Race, stigma, and the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Patricia Cox Miller, W. Earl Ledden Professor of Religion, Syracuse University: The corporeal imagination in late antiquity. Mark Mitchell, Writer, Gainesville, Florida; Managing Editor, Subtropics Magazine, University of Florida: A biography of Frederic Prokosch. Fen Montaigne, Free-lance Writer, Pelham, New York: The Antarctic Peninsula, penguins, and a warming world. Susan Brind Morrow, Writer, Chatham, New York: The Pyramid Texts and the development of religious imagery. Harriet Murav, Professor and Department Head of Slavic Languages and Literatures, and Professor of World and Comparative Literature, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaignn: Soviet Yiddish and Russian-Jewish literature of the 20th century. Megan Mylan, Documentary Film Maker, New York City: Film making. N Sally Ann Ness, Professor of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside: An ethnographic study of Yosemite tourism. Wilbur Niewald, Artist, Mission, Kansas; Professor of Painting Emeritus, Kansas City Art Institute, Missouri: Painting. Ashley Null, Visiting Research Fellow, Faculties of Divinity, Cambridge University; Visiting Research Fellow in Theology, Humboldt University, Berlin: A critical edition of Thomas Cranmer's Great Commonplaces. O Gina Ochsner, Writer, Keizer, Oregon; Adjunct Instructor, George Fox University: Fiction. Peter Orner, Writer, San Francisco; Assistant Professor of Creative Writing, San Francisco State University: Fiction. Anthony Pagden, Distinguished Professor of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles: A history of European cosmopolitanism. P Roxy Paine, Artist, Brooklyn, New York: Sculpture. Nina C. Paley, Animator and Film Maker, New York City; Adjunct Faculty Member, Parsons School of Design: Film making. Eric Patrick, Film Maker, Greensboro, North Carolina; Assistant Professor of Broadcasting and Cinema, University of North Carolina, Greensboro: Film making. Jamie Peck, Professor of Geography and Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison: A critical study of neoliberalism. Nancy Lee Peluso, Professor of Society and Environment, and Program Director, Berkeley Workshop in Environmental Politics, University of California, Berkeley: Territoriality, violence, and the production of landscape history in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Theda Perdue, Atlanta Distinguished Term Professor of History, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: American Indians in the segregated South, 1870-1970. Patrick Phillips, Associate Professor of Biology, University of Oregon: Evolution of genetic architecture. John Pollini, Professor of Classical Art and Archaeology, University of Southern California: Christian destruction and desecration of images of classical antiquity. Richard B. Primack, Professor of Biology, Boston University: Climate change in Thoreau's Concord. Laurence Pringle, Free-lance Writer, West Nyack, New York: Children's books about evolution. Michael D. Purugganan, Professor of Biology, New York University: The ecological transcriptome. Q George Quasha, Video Artist, Barrytown, New York: Video. R Arden Reed, Arthur M. and Fanny M. Dole Professor of English, Pomona College: Slow art, from tableaux vivants to James Turrell. Andrew C. Revkin, Reporter, The New York Times: The pursuit of progress on a planet in flux. John V. Robinson, Writer, Crockett, California; Adjunct English Instructor, Las Positas College and Diablo Valley College: The folklore of the high-steel ironworkers. Philippe Rochat, Professor of Psychology, Emory University: Origins of possession and sharing. Carlo Rotella, Professor of English and Director of American Studies, Boston College: The signifying place of music in human lives. S Laurent Saloff-Coste, Professor of Mathematics, Cornell University: Diffusions and random walks on groups. James Sanders, Principal, James Sanders & Associates; Director, Center for Urban Experience, New York City: The experience of cities. Richard Sandler, Film Maker, New York City: Film making. Paul Sattler, Artist, Greenfield Center, New York; Associate Professor of Art and Art History, Skidmore College: Painting. George Saunders, Writer, Syracuse, New York; Associate Professor of English, Syracuse University: Fiction. Norbert F. Scherer, Professor of Chemistry, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago: Long-range electron transfer processes in single proteins. Ronald Schuchard, Goodrich C. White Professor of English, Emory University: A complete edition of T. S. Eliot's prose. James Shapiro, Larry Miller Professor of English and Comparative Literature, Columbia University: The Shakespeare authorship controversy. Stephen J. Shoemaker, Assistant Professor of Religious Studies, University of Oregon: The end of Muhammad's life in Christian and early Islamic sources. Andrew Shryock, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Michigan: The politics of hospitality in Jordan. Britta Sjogren, Film Maker, San Francisco; Associate Professor of Cinema, San Francisco State University: Film making. John D. Skrentny, Professor of Sociology, University of California, San Diego: The new racial division of labor in America. Daniel Lord Smail, Professor of History, Harvard University: Fama and the culture of publicity in medieval Mediterranean Europe. Laurence C. Smith, Professor of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles: The significance of Arctic warming for the planet and society. Joel Sobel, Professor of Economics, University of California, San Diego: Information aggregation and group decisions. Carl Sander Socolow, Photographer, Camp Hill, Pennsylvania: Photography. Steve Stern, Writer, Ballston Spa, New York; Professor of Literature and Creative Writing, Skidmore College: Fiction. James A. Stimson, Raymond Dawson Bicentennial Distinguished Professor of Political Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: The liberalism of professed conservatives in America. Darin Strauss, Writer, Brooklyn, New York; Adjunct Professor in Creative Writing, New York University: Fiction. Linda Svendsen, Screenwriter, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Professor of Theatre, Film, and Creative Writing, University of British Columbia: Screenwriting. Cole Swensen, Poet, Washington, D.C.; Associate Professor of Creative Writing and Comparative Literature, University of Iowa: Poetry. T Jeff Talman, Sound Artist, Brooklyn, New York; Assistant Professor of Visual and Media Arts, Emerson College: Sound Art. John A. Tarduno, Professor of Geophysics and Chair, Earth and Environmental Sciences, and Professor of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester: The geomagnetic field and magnetic shielding of the early Earth. Anthony Tasset, Artist, Oak Park, Illinois; Professor, School of Art and Design, College of Architecture and the Arts, University of Illinois, Chicago: Sculpture. William Taubman, Bertrand Snell Professor of Political Science, Amherst College: A biography of Mikhail Gorbachev. Jackie Tileston, Artist, Philadelphia; Assistant Professor of Fine Arts, University of Pennsylvania: Painting. Lynne Tillman, Writer, New York City; Professor of English and Writer-in-Residence, The University at Albany: Fiction. Daniel Trueman, Composer, Princeton, New Jersey; Assistant Professor of Music, Princeton University: Music composition. Basil Twist, Theatre Artist, New York City; Artistic Director, Tandem Otter Productions: A theatre piece. U Peter Uvin, Professor of International Humanitarian Studies, Fletcher School, Tufts University: Post-conflict agenda in Burundi from the local perspective. V Noël Valis, Professor of Spanish, Yale University: Catholicism in modern Spanish narrative. Jennifer Vanderbes, Writer, New York City: Fiction. W Stewart Wallace, Composer, New York City: Music composition. Shui-Bo Wang, Film Maker, Montreal, Canada; Director, Experimental Film Department, Central Academy of Fine Arts, Beijing, China; Film Director, National Film Board, Saint-Laurent, Canada: Film making. Allen Wells, Roger Howell, Jr., Professor of History, Bowdoin College: General Trujillo, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the Jews of Sosua (Dominican Republic). Leon Wieseltier, Literary Editor, The New Republic: Translation of unpublished writings by Yehuda Amichai. Hilary Wilder, Artist, Houston; Instructor, Glassell School of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston: Painting and installation art. Anne Winters, Poet, Evanston, Illinois; Professor of English, University of Illinois, Chicago: Poetry. Y John Yau, Poet, New York City; Assistant Professor of Critical Studies, Mason Gross School of the Arts, Rutgers University: Poetry. Robert A. Yelle, Postdoctoral Fellow, Illinois Program for Research in the Humanities; Visiting Assistant Professor, Program for the Study of Religion, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign: The influence of Protestant literalism on modern law and religion. Bin Yu, Professor of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley: Interpretable models for high-dimensional data. Z Dennis Zaritsky, Professor of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona: Studies in astronomical image analysis. Julian Zelizer, Professor of History, Boston University: National security politics from the Cold War to the war on terrorism. Shuguang Zhang, Associate Director, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: A biosolar nanodevice for direct harvest of solar energy. Latin American and Caribbean Fellows A Jorge Accame, Writer, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina, and Professor of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Jujuy: Fiction. Humberto Ak'abal, Writer, Momostenango, Totonicapán, Guatemala: Poetry. Gabriela Alemán, Professor of Contemporary Arts, University of San Francisco de Quito, Cumbayá, Ecuador: Ecuadorian documentary film, 1920-200. B Juan Bacigalupo, Professor of Biology, University of Chile, Santiago: New insights in olfactory transduction. C Rodrigo Cánovas, Professor of Humanities, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago: Chilean and Mexican writers of Arab and Jewish origin. Yoan Capote, Artist, Havana, Cuba: Sculpture and installation art. Miguel José de Asúa, Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires: Science, medicine, and natural history in early modern Rio de la Plata and Paraguay. D Christopher Dominguez Michael, Writer, Coyoacán, Mexico: Octavio Paz and the relation of the writer to politics. F Soledad Fariña, Poet, Santiago, Chile; Professor of Literature, University of Chile; Professor of Literature, University of Diego Portales: Poetry. Graciela Frigerio, Director, Center for Multidisciplinary Studies; Director, Master's Degree Program in Education, National University of Entre Ríos, Argentina: State discourse on infancy in Argentina. J Alfredo Juan, Professor of Solid State Physics and Thermodynamics, National University of the South, Argentina; Independent Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET): A theoretical approach to the hydrogen-metal interaction. K Alicia Juliana Kowaltowski, Associate Professor of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo: Mitochondrial regulation of cell survival. L Mirta Zaida Lobato, Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts, University of Buenos Aires: Culture, identity, and politics in the Latin American working class. Florencia Luna, Adjunct Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET): Post-trial obligations. M Mario G. Maldonado, Director, Runajambi--Institute for the Study of Quichua Culture and Health: Diagnostic skills of Quichua healers of the Andes. Pablo A. Marquet, Professor of Ecology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago: Key problems in macroecology. Myriam Moscona, Poet, Mexico City: Poetry. O David Oubiña, Professor, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Buenos Aires; Professor, Faculty of Cinematography, University of the Cinema, Buenos Aires: Transformations of authorship in Argentine cinema, 1960-1980. P Vicente Palermo, Independent Researcher, Gino Germani Institute (UBA), National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET); Professor and Researcher, FLACSO - Argentina: Republic, market, and society in Argentina and Brazil. Edmundo Paz Soldán, Associate Professor of Romance Studies, Cornell University: Fiction. Gabriela Prado, Choreographer, Buenos Aires; Professor of Dance, National University of Arts (IUNA), Buenos Aires: Choreography. Fernando Prats, Artist, Barcelona, Spain: Painting. R Gabriel Adrián Rabinovich, Independent Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET): The impact of protein-glycan interactions in tumor-immune escape. Laura Restrepo, Writer, Bogota, Colombia: Fiction. Gustavo Romano, Artist, Buenos Aires: Digital art. Ethelia Ruiz Medrano, Professor in Historical Studies, National Institute of Anthropology and History, México: Historical arguments for Indian rights. S Lilia Moritz Schwarcz, Professor of Social Anthropology, University of São Paulo: The "invention" of the tropics in colonial Brazil. Victor Sira, Photographer, New York City: Photography. Gabriela Siracusano, Career Scientific Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET); Professor, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Buenos Aires; President, Centro Argentino de investigadores de Arte: The ritual uses of pigments in 16th- and 17th-century Andean and Spanish artistic practices. Maristella Noemí Svampa, Associate Professor, National University of General Sarmiento, Buenos Aires: The mind-set of protestors in contemporary cases of Latin American mass mobilization. T Mariano Tommasi, Professor and Chair, Department of Economics, University of San Andrés, Buenos Aires; President, Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association: Political institutions, state capacities, and the quality of public policy. Alejandro Toro-Labbé, Professor of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago: A new concept to characterize reaction mechanisms. Diego F. Torres, Ramon y Cajal Researcher, Higher Council of Scientific Investigation, Barcelona, Spain: High-energy emission from regions of star formation. Juan Travnik, Photographer, Buenos Aires; Director, Fotogalería del Teatro San Martín, Buenos Aires: Photography. External links 2006 Guggenheim Foundation Fellows John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation home page

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 2006"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"A","text":"Kathryn Alexander, Composer, New Haven, Connecticut; Associate Professor of Music Composition, Yale University: Music composition.\nCristian Amigo, Composer, Astoria, New York; Visiting Scholar, Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University; Adjunct Professor, College of Staten Island, City University of New York: Music composition.\nOlive Ayhens, Artist, Brooklyn, New York: Painting.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"B","text":"Markus Baenziger, Artist, New York City; Assistant Professor of Fine Arts, Brandeis University: Sculpture.\nUlrich Baer, Associate Professor of German and Comparative Literature and Chair, Department of German, New York University: The representation of clouds and the art of sublimation, 1800-1970.\nDare Baldwin, Professor of Psychology, University of Oregon: Understanding others' actions.\nThomas J. Barfield, Professor of Anthropology and Chair, Department of Anthropology, Boston University: Political legitimacy in Afghanistan.\nCatherine Barnett, Poet, New York City; Adjunct Faculty, Creative Writing Program, and Liberal Arts Program, Paul McGhee Division, New York University: Poetry.\nEmily Barton, Writer, Brooklyn, New York; Writer-in-Residence, Eugene Lang College, New School University: Fiction.a\nTodd Bertolaet, Professor of Photography, Florida A & M University: Photography.\nDouglas Biow, Professor of Italian and Comparative Literature, University of Texas, Austin: Anticonformist authors in 16th-century Italy.\nMichael R. Blatt, Regius Professor of Botany and Head of Plant Sciences, University of Glasgow: Membrane protein mobility and dynamics.\nJudy J. Blunt, Associate Professor of Creative Writing and Nonfiction, University of Montana: Essays on the legend of the strong Western woman.\nHilary Brace, Artist, Santa Barbara, California: Drawing.\nMarco Breuer, Photographer, Hudson, New York; Adjunct Faculty Member in Photography, M.F.A. Program, Bard College: Photography.\nEllen Bromberg, Choreographer, Salt Lake City, Utah; Associate Professor of Modern Dance, University of Utah: Choreography.\nTimothy Brook, Professor of Chinese History and Principal, St. John's College, University of British Columbia: Social suffering and social policy in the Chinese tradition.\nRoxane Butterfly, Choreographer, New York City; Artistic Director, Worldbeats: Choreography.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"C","text":"Christopher Caines, Choreographer, Brooklyn, New York; Artistic Director, Christopher Caines Dance Company: Choreography.\nScott Cairns, Poet, Columbia, Missouri; Professor of English, University of Missouri: Poetry.\nWally Cardona, Choreographer, Brooklyn, New York; Artistic Director, WCV, Inc: Choreography.\nBruce G. Carruthers, Professor of Sociology, Northwestern University: The evolution of economic trust.\nAlessandra Casella, Professor of Economics, Columbia University: Storable votes.\nDavid W. Christianson, Roy and Diana Vagelos Professor in Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Pennsylvania: Complexes between biological macromolecules and nonbiological nanomolecules.\nJill Ciment, Writer, Gainesville, Florida; Professor of English, University of Florida: Fiction.\nPaul M. Cobb, Associate Professor of Islamic History, and Fellow of the Medieval Institute, University of Notre Dame: Usama ibn Munqidh's memoirs and the Muslims in the age of the Crusades.\nPatricia Cline Cohen, Professor of History, University of California, Santa Barbara: Thomas and Mary Gove Nichols and marriage reform in antebellum America.\nDonald Crockett, Composer, La Cañada, California; Professor of Composition and Chair, Composition Department, Thornton School of Music, University of Southern California: Music composition.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"D","text":"Tracy Daugherty, Professor of English, Oregon State University: A biography of Donald Barthelme.\nAnthony Davis, Composer, San Diego, California; Professor of Music, University of California, San Diego: Music composition.\nSally Denton, Writer, Santa Fe, New Mexico: Jessie and John Frémont and the shaping of America.\nDennis Des Chene, Professor of Philosophy, Washington University: Wisdom and the new science in the 17th century.\nNathaniel Deutsch, Associate Professor of Religion, Swarthmore College: Ansky and the invention of Jewish ethnography.\nHelen Dewitt, Writer, Berlin, Germany: Fiction.\nMichael Dine, Professor of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz: Preparation for the large hadron collider.\nFrank Dobbin, Professor of Sociology, Harvard University: Equal opportunity in practice.\nJulia V. Douthwaite, Professor of French and Assistant Provost for International Studies, University of Notre Dame: A literary history of the French Revolution.\nMichael W. Doyle, Harold Brown Professor of International Affairs, Law, and Political Science, Columbia University: The ethics, politics, and law of preventative self-defense.\nPaul Dresher, Composer, Berkeley, California: Music composition.\nJean-Marie Dufour, Professor of Economics and Canada Research Chair in Econometrics, University of Montréal: Econometric problems in macroeconomics and finance.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael S. Engel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_S._Engel"}],"sub_title":"E","text":"Robert Edelman, Professor of History, University of California, San Diego: Moscow soccer audiences and popular attitudes toward communism.\nMichael S. Engel, Associate Professor and Curator, Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas: Evolution of the termites and global changes in carbon recycling.\nMartín Espada, Poet, Amherst, Massachusetts; Professor of English, University of Massachusetts: Poetry.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grace Hazard Conkling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Conkling"}],"sub_title":"F","text":"Hany Farid, Associate Professor of Computer Science, Dartmouth College: Digital forensics.\nPaula S. Fass, Margaret Byrne Professor of History, University of California, Berkeley: Parents and children in American history, 1800-2000.\nGillian Feeley-Harnik, Kathleen Gough Collegiate Professor of Anthropology, University of Michigan: Kinship and ecology in 19th-century Great Britain and America.\nSteven Feierman, Professor of History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania: Social medicine in Africa.\nMartha Feldman, Professor of Music and the Humanities, University of Chicago: The castrato as myth.\nPeter Fend, Artist, Berlin, Germany: Visual art.\nJudy Fox, Artist, New York City: Sculpture.\nDana Frankfort, Artist, Long Island City, New York: Painting.\nDaisy Fried, Poet, Northampton, Massachusetts; Grace Hazard Conkling Writer-in-Residence, Smith College: Poetry.\nBarbara Fuchs, Associate Professor of Romance Languages, University of Pennsylvania: \"Moorish\" culture and the conflictive construction of Spain.\nDiana Fuss, Professor of English, Princeton University: Poetry and the art of resuscitation.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"G","text":"Louis Galambos, Professor of History, The Johns Hopkins University; Editor, The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower; Maguire Chair, Kluge Center, Library of Congress: The Creative Society, and the price Americans paid for being creative.\nAlison P. Galvani, Assistant Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University: Game-theoretic insights into population adherence of influenza vaccination policies.\nDavid Garland, Arthur T. Vanderbilt Professor of Law and Professor of Sociology, New York University: Capital punishment and American society.\nNina Rattner Gelbart, Professor of History and Anita Johnson Wand Professor of Women's Studies, Occidental College: Frenchwomen of science in the 18th century.\nMichael Gitlin, Film Maker, Brooklyn, New York; Assistant Professor of Film and Media Studies, Hunter College, City University of New York: Film making.\nJane M. Gitschier, Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco: The genetic basis of absolute-pitch perception.\nArthur Goldhammer, Translator, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Senior Affiliate, Center for European Studies, Harvard University: Democracy in America since Tocqueville.\nRebecca Newberger Goldstein, Writer, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Visiting Professor of Philosophy, Trinity College: Fiction.\nMaria Elena González, Artist, Brooklyn, New York: Sculpture and installation art.\nDena Goodman, Professor of History and Women's Studies, University of Michigan: Women's letter-writing in the 18th century.\nKatie Grinnan, Artist,Los Angeles; Lecturer, University of California, Irvine: Sculpture.\nRinne Groff, Playwright, New York City; Instructor in Dramatic Writing, Tisch School of the Arts, New York University: Play writing.\nRuth Ellen Gruber, Writer and Independent Scholar, Morre, Italy: Imaginary Wild Wests in contemporary Europe.\nAllan Gurganus, Writer, Hillsborough, North Carolina: Fiction.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"H","text":"Carl Haber, Senior Scientist, Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Optical methods to recover sound from mechanical recordings.\nJudith Hall, Poet, Malibu, California; Core Faculty Member, M.F.A. in Poetry Program, New England College; Poetry Editor, The Antioch Review: Poetry.\nMark Halliday, Poet, Athens, Ohio; Professor of English, Ohio University: Poetry.\nKaren V. Hansen, Professor of Sociology and Women's and Gender Studies, Brandeis University: The Dakota Sioux and Scandinavian homesteaders, 1900-1930.\nDayna Hanson, Choreographer, Seattle, Washington: Choreography.\nMike Heffley, Writer, Portland, Oregon;Adjunct Professor, Axia College of Western International University, Phoenix, Arizona: The folkloric and the radical in new and improvised music.\nMichael Henry Heim, Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures, and of Comparative Literature, University of California, Los Angeles: The theory and practice of advanced language acquisition.\nFrank Herrmann, Artist, Cincinnati, Ohio; Professor of Fine Arts, University of Cincinnati: Painting.\nConstance Valis Hill, Five College Associate Professor of Dance, Hampshire College: A cultural history of tap dancing in America since 1900.\nKay E. Holekamp, Professor of Zoology, Michigan State University: Development of role-reversed sex differences in behavior and morphology.\nThomas Hurka, Chancellor Henry N. R. Jackman Distinguished Chair in Philosophical Studies, University of Toronto: British moral philosophy from Sidgwick to Ross.\nLewis Hyde, Writer, Gambier, Ohio; Richard L. Thomas Professor of Creative Writing, Kenyon College: Our cultural commons.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"I","text":"Yoko Inoue, Artist, Brooklyn, New York; Visiting Faculty, Bennington College: Installation art.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"J","text":"Daniel James, Bernardo Mendel Chair of Latin American History, Indiana University: Class, ethnicity, and identity formation in an Argentine meatpacking community.\nScott Johnson, Composer, New York City: Music composition.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diane P. Koenker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_P._Koenker"}],"sub_title":"K","text":"Zsolt Kadar, Photographer, Los Angeles: Photography.\nDouglas Kahn, Director of Technocultural Studies, University of California, Davis: History of the recognition of natural radio phenomena.\nCarla Kaplan, Professor of English and Gender Studies, University of Southern California: The white women of the Harlem Renaissance.\nPatrick Radden Keefe, Writer, Brooklyn; Program Officer and Fellow, The Century Foundation, New York City: Networks of cross-border criminal and terrorist organizations.\nGarret Keizer, Writer, Sutton, Vermont: A humanistic consideration of noise.\nBrigit Pegeen Kelly, Poet, Arcata, California; Professor of English, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign: Poetry.\nSuki Kim, Writer, New York City: Fiction.\nDiane P. Koenker, Professor of History, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign: Proletarian tourism and vacations in the USSR.\nJoseph Leo Koerner, Professor in the History of Art, Courtauld Institute of Art: Hieronymus Bosch, Pieter Bruegel, and the painting of everyday life.\nSchuyler S. Korban, Professor of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign: Studies of plant-based vaccines.\nFrank J. Korom, Associate Professor of Religion and Anthropology, Boston University: The impact of modernity on traditional Bengali scroll painters and singers.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"L","text":"John A. Lane, Independent Scholar, Leiden, The Netherlands: The life and work of the 17th-century typefounder and punchcutter Christoffel van Dijck.\nBrooke Larson, Professor of History, Stony Brook University: Aymara Indians and struggles over power, knowledge, and identity in the Bolivian Andes.\nAnthony J. La Vopa, Professor of History, North Carolina State University: The labor of the mind and the specter of effeminacy in Enlightenment cultures.\nCarol Lawton, Professor of Art History, and Chair, Department of Art and Art History, Lawrence University: Popular Greek religion and the votive reliefs from the Athenian Agora.\nJohn L'Heureux, Writer, Stanford, California; Professor of English Emeritus, Stanford University: Fiction.\nCynthia Lin, Artist, New York City; Guest Faculty in Visual Arts, Sarah Lawrence College: Drawing and painting.\nJohn M. Lipski, Professor of Spanish and Linguistics, Pennsylvania State University: Afro-Hispanic speech today.\nJia-Ming Liu, Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles: Three-dimensional intracellular laser nanoscopy.\nJianguo (Jack) Liu, Rachel Carson Chair in Ecological Sustainability and Director of Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University: Pandas, people, and policies.\nLiu, Professor of English, Niagara County Community College: Chinese gardening ideas in the English landscaping revolution.\nDonald S. Lopez, Jr., Arthur E. Link Distinguished University Professor of Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, University of Michigan: A short history of the Buddha.\nDeidre Shauna Lynch, Associate Professor of English, Indiana University, Bloomington: A cultural history of the love of literature.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"M","text":"L. Mahadevan, Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Professor of Systems Biology, and Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University: Integrative pathophysiology of sickle-cell disease.\nJake Mahaffy, Film Maker, Roanoke, Virginia; Assistant Professor of Film, Hollins University: Film making.\nJanis Mattox, Composer, Woodside, California: Music composition.\nJoseph Mazur, Writer, Marlboro, Vermont; Professor of Mathematics, Marlboro College: A memoir.\nRichard McCann, Writer, Washington, D.C.; Professor of Literature, M.F.A. Program in Creative Writing, American University: A memoir.\nNeil McWilliam, Walter H. Annenberg Professor of Art and Art History, Duke University: Tradition, identity, and the visual arts in France, 1900-1914.\nWilliam Hamilton Meeks, III, George David Birkoff Professor of Mathematics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst: The global structure of complete embedded minimal surfaces in three-manifolds.\nJonathan M. Metzl, Associate Professor of Women's Studies and Psychiatry, and Director, Program in Culture, Health, and Medicine, University of Michigan: Race, stigma, and the diagnosis of schizophrenia.\nPatricia Cox Miller, W. Earl Ledden Professor of Religion, Syracuse University: The corporeal imagination in late antiquity.\nMark Mitchell, Writer, Gainesville, Florida; Managing Editor, Subtropics Magazine, University of Florida: A biography of Frederic Prokosch.\nFen Montaigne, Free-lance Writer, Pelham, New York: The Antarctic Peninsula, penguins, and a warming world.\nSusan Brind Morrow, Writer, Chatham, New York: The Pyramid Texts and the development of religious imagery.\nHarriet Murav, Professor and Department Head of Slavic Languages and Literatures, and Professor of World and Comparative Literature, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaignn: Soviet Yiddish and Russian-Jewish literature of the 20th century.\nMegan Mylan, Documentary Film Maker, New York City: Film making.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"N","text":"Sally Ann Ness, Professor of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside: An ethnographic study of Yosemite tourism.\nWilbur Niewald, Artist, Mission, Kansas; Professor of Painting Emeritus, Kansas City Art Institute, Missouri: Painting.\nAshley Null, Visiting Research Fellow, Faculties of Divinity, Cambridge University; Visiting Research Fellow in Theology, Humboldt University, Berlin: A critical edition of Thomas Cranmer's Great Commonplaces.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"O","text":"Gina Ochsner, Writer, Keizer, Oregon; Adjunct Instructor, George Fox University: Fiction.\nPeter Orner, Writer, San Francisco; Assistant Professor of Creative Writing, San Francisco State University: Fiction.\nAnthony Pagden, Distinguished Professor of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles: A history of European cosmopolitanism.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard B. Primack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Primack"}],"sub_title":"P","text":"Roxy Paine, Artist, Brooklyn, New York: Sculpture.\nNina C. Paley, Animator and Film Maker, New York City; Adjunct Faculty Member, Parsons School of Design: Film making.\nEric Patrick, Film Maker, Greensboro, North Carolina; Assistant Professor of Broadcasting and Cinema, University of North Carolina, Greensboro: Film making.\nJamie Peck, Professor of Geography and Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison: A critical study of neoliberalism.\nNancy Lee Peluso, Professor of Society and Environment, and Program Director, Berkeley Workshop in Environmental Politics, University of California, Berkeley: Territoriality, violence, and the production of landscape history in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.\nTheda Perdue, Atlanta Distinguished Term Professor of History, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: American Indians in the segregated South, 1870-1970.\nPatrick Phillips, Associate Professor of Biology, University of Oregon: Evolution of genetic architecture.\nJohn Pollini, Professor of Classical Art and Archaeology, University of Southern California: Christian destruction and desecration of images of classical antiquity.\nRichard B. Primack, Professor of Biology, Boston University: Climate change in Thoreau's Concord.\nLaurence Pringle, Free-lance Writer, West Nyack, New York: Children's books about evolution.\nMichael D. Purugganan, Professor of Biology, New York University: The ecological transcriptome.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Q","text":"George Quasha, Video Artist, Barrytown, New York: Video.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"R","text":"Arden Reed, Arthur M. and Fanny M. Dole Professor of English, Pomona College: Slow art, from tableaux vivants to James Turrell.\nAndrew C. Revkin, Reporter, The New York Times: The pursuit of progress on a planet in flux.\nJohn V. Robinson, Writer, Crockett, California; Adjunct English Instructor, Las Positas College and Diablo Valley College: The folklore of the high-steel ironworkers.\nPhilippe Rochat, Professor of Psychology, Emory University: Origins of possession and sharing.\nCarlo Rotella, Professor of English and Director of American Studies, Boston College: The signifying place of music in human lives.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Saunders"},{"link_name":"James Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Shapiro"}],"sub_title":"S","text":"Laurent Saloff-Coste, Professor of Mathematics, Cornell University: Diffusions and random walks on groups.\nJames Sanders, Principal, James Sanders & Associates; Director, Center for Urban Experience, New York City: The experience of cities.\nRichard Sandler, Film Maker, New York City: Film making.\nPaul Sattler, Artist, Greenfield Center, New York; Associate Professor of Art and Art History, Skidmore College: Painting.\nGeorge Saunders, Writer, Syracuse, New York; Associate Professor of English, Syracuse University: Fiction.\nNorbert F. Scherer, Professor of Chemistry, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago: Long-range electron transfer processes in single proteins.\nRonald Schuchard, Goodrich C. White Professor of English, Emory University: A complete edition of T. S. Eliot's prose.\nJames Shapiro, Larry Miller Professor of English and Comparative Literature, Columbia University: The Shakespeare authorship controversy.\nStephen J. Shoemaker, Assistant Professor of Religious Studies, University of Oregon: The end of Muhammad's life in Christian and early Islamic sources.\nAndrew Shryock, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Michigan: The politics of hospitality in Jordan.\nBritta Sjogren, Film Maker, San Francisco; Associate Professor of Cinema, San Francisco State University: Film making.\nJohn D. Skrentny, Professor of Sociology, University of California, San Diego: The new racial division of labor in America.\nDaniel Lord Smail, Professor of History, Harvard University: Fama and the culture of publicity in medieval Mediterranean Europe.\nLaurence C. Smith, Professor of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles: The significance of Arctic warming for the planet and society.\nJoel Sobel, Professor of Economics, University of California, San Diego: Information aggregation and group decisions.\nCarl Sander Socolow, Photographer, Camp Hill, Pennsylvania: Photography.\nSteve Stern, Writer, Ballston Spa, New York; Professor of Literature and Creative Writing, Skidmore College: Fiction.\nJames A. Stimson, Raymond Dawson Bicentennial Distinguished Professor of Political Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: The liberalism of professed conservatives in America.\nDarin Strauss, Writer, Brooklyn, New York; Adjunct Professor in Creative Writing, New York University: Fiction.\nLinda Svendsen, Screenwriter, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Professor of Theatre, Film, and Creative Writing, University of British Columbia: Screenwriting.\nCole Swensen, Poet, Washington, D.C.; Associate Professor of Creative Writing and Comparative Literature, University of Iowa: Poetry.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"T","text":"Jeff Talman, Sound Artist, Brooklyn, New York; Assistant Professor of Visual and Media Arts, Emerson College: Sound Art.\nJohn A. Tarduno, Professor of Geophysics and Chair, Earth and Environmental Sciences, and Professor of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester: The geomagnetic field and magnetic shielding of the early Earth.\nAnthony Tasset, Artist, Oak Park, Illinois; Professor, School of Art and Design, College of Architecture and the Arts, University of Illinois, Chicago: Sculpture.\nWilliam Taubman, Bertrand Snell Professor of Political Science, Amherst College: A biography of Mikhail Gorbachev.\nJackie Tileston, Artist, Philadelphia; Assistant Professor of Fine Arts, University of Pennsylvania: Painting.\nLynne Tillman, Writer, New York City; Professor of English and Writer-in-Residence, The University at Albany: Fiction.\nDaniel Trueman, Composer, Princeton, New Jersey; Assistant Professor of Music, Princeton University: Music composition.\nBasil Twist, Theatre Artist, New York City; Artistic Director, Tandem Otter Productions: A theatre piece.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"U","text":"Peter Uvin, Professor of International Humanitarian Studies, Fletcher School, Tufts University: Post-conflict agenda in Burundi from the local perspective.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"V","text":"Noël Valis, Professor of Spanish, Yale University: Catholicism in modern Spanish narrative.\nJennifer Vanderbes, Writer, New York City: Fiction.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leon Wieseltier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Wieseltier"},{"link_name":"Hilary Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Wilder"}],"sub_title":"W","text":"Stewart Wallace, Composer, New York City: Music composition.\nShui-Bo Wang, Film Maker, Montreal, Canada; Director, Experimental Film Department, Central Academy of Fine Arts, Beijing, China; Film Director, National Film Board, Saint-Laurent, Canada: Film making.\nAllen Wells, Roger Howell, Jr., Professor of History, Bowdoin College: General Trujillo, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the Jews of Sosua (Dominican Republic).\nLeon Wieseltier, Literary Editor, The New Republic: Translation of unpublished writings by Yehuda Amichai.\nHilary Wilder, Artist, Houston; Instructor, Glassell School of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston: Painting and installation art.\nAnne Winters, Poet, Evanston, Illinois; Professor of English, University of Illinois, Chicago: Poetry.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Y","text":"John Yau, Poet, New York City; Assistant Professor of Critical Studies, Mason Gross School of the Arts, Rutgers University: Poetry.\nRobert A. Yelle, Postdoctoral Fellow, Illinois Program for Research in the Humanities; Visiting Assistant Professor, Program for the Study of Religion, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign: The influence of Protestant literalism on modern law and religion.\nBin Yu, Professor of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley: Interpretable models for high-dimensional data.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Z","text":"Dennis Zaritsky, Professor of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona: Studies in astronomical image analysis.\nJulian Zelizer, Professor of History, Boston University: National security politics from the Cold War to the war on terrorism.\nShuguang Zhang, Associate Director, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: A biosolar nanodevice for direct harvest of solar energy.","title":"U.S. and Canadian Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"A","text":"Jorge Accame, Writer, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina, and Professor of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Jujuy: Fiction.\nHumberto Ak'abal, Writer, Momostenango, Totonicapán, Guatemala: Poetry.\nGabriela Alemán, Professor of Contemporary Arts, University of San Francisco de Quito, Cumbayá, Ecuador: Ecuadorian documentary film, 1920-200.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"B","text":"Juan Bacigalupo, Professor of Biology, University of Chile, Santiago: New insights in olfactory transduction.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"C","text":"Rodrigo Cánovas, Professor of Humanities, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago: Chilean and Mexican writers of Arab and Jewish origin.\nYoan Capote, Artist, Havana, Cuba: Sculpture and installation art.\nMiguel José de Asúa, Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires: Science, medicine, and natural history in early modern Rio de la Plata and Paraguay.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"D","text":"Christopher Dominguez Michael, Writer, Coyoacán, Mexico: Octavio Paz and the relation of the writer to politics.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"F","text":"Soledad Fariña, Poet, Santiago, Chile; Professor of Literature, University of Chile; Professor of Literature, University of Diego Portales: Poetry.\nGraciela Frigerio, Director, Center for Multidisciplinary Studies; Director, Master's Degree Program in Education, National University of Entre Ríos, Argentina: State discourse on infancy in Argentina.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"J","text":"Alfredo Juan, Professor of Solid State Physics and Thermodynamics, National University of the South, Argentina; Independent Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET): A theoretical approach to the hydrogen-metal interaction.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"K","text":"Alicia Juliana Kowaltowski, Associate Professor of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo: Mitochondrial regulation of cell survival.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"L","text":"Mirta Zaida Lobato, Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts, University of Buenos Aires: Culture, identity, and politics in the Latin American working class.\nFlorencia Luna, Adjunct Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET): Post-trial obligations.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"M","text":"Mario G. Maldonado, Director, Runajambi--Institute for the Study of Quichua Culture and Health: Diagnostic skills of Quichua healers of the Andes.\nPablo A. Marquet, Professor of Ecology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago: Key problems in macroecology.\nMyriam Moscona, Poet, Mexico City: Poetry.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"O","text":"David Oubiña, Professor, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Buenos Aires; Professor, Faculty of Cinematography, University of the Cinema, Buenos Aires: Transformations of authorship in Argentine cinema, 1960-1980.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"P","text":"Vicente Palermo, Independent Researcher, Gino Germani Institute (UBA), National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET); Professor and Researcher, FLACSO - Argentina: Republic, market, and society in Argentina and Brazil.\nEdmundo Paz Soldán, Associate Professor of Romance Studies, Cornell University: Fiction.\nGabriela Prado, Choreographer, Buenos Aires; Professor of Dance, National University of Arts (IUNA), Buenos Aires: Choreography.\nFernando Prats, Artist, Barcelona, Spain: Painting.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"R","text":"Gabriel Adrián Rabinovich, Independent Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET): The impact of protein-glycan interactions in tumor-immune escape.\nLaura Restrepo, Writer, Bogota, Colombia: Fiction.\nGustavo Romano, Artist, Buenos Aires: Digital art.\nEthelia Ruiz Medrano, Professor in Historical Studies, National Institute of Anthropology and History, México: Historical arguments for Indian rights.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"S","text":"Lilia Moritz Schwarcz, Professor of Social Anthropology, University of São Paulo: The \"invention\" of the tropics in colonial Brazil.\nVictor Sira, Photographer, New York City: Photography.\nGabriela Siracusano, Career Scientific Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET); Professor, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Buenos Aires; President, Centro Argentino de investigadores de Arte: The ritual uses of pigments in 16th- and 17th-century Andean and Spanish artistic practices.\nMaristella Noemí Svampa, Associate Professor, National University of General Sarmiento, Buenos Aires: The mind-set of protestors in contemporary cases of Latin American mass mobilization.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"T","text":"Mariano Tommasi, Professor and Chair, Department of Economics, University of San Andrés, Buenos Aires; President, Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association: Political institutions, state capacities, and the quality of public policy.\nAlejandro Toro-Labbé, Professor of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago: A new concept to characterize reaction mechanisms.\nDiego F. Torres, Ramon y Cajal Researcher, Higher Council of Scientific Investigation, Barcelona, Spain: High-energy emission from regions of star formation.\nJuan Travnik, Photographer, Buenos Aires; Director, Fotogalería del Teatro San Martín, Buenos Aires: Photography.","title":"Latin American and Caribbean Fellows"}]

[]

[]

[{"Link":"http://www.gf.org/06fellow.html","external_links_name":"2006 Guggenheim Foundation Fellows"},{"Link":"http://www.gf.org/index.html","external_links_name":"John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation home page"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_reflex

Inflammatory reflex

["1 Molecular mechanism","2 Therapeutic potential","3 See also","4 References"]

Neural circuit on immune system This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may present fringe theories, without giving appropriate weight to the mainstream view and explaining the responses to the fringe theories. Please help improve it or discuss the issue on the talk page. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The inflammatory reflex is a neural circuit that regulates the immune response to injury and invasion. All reflexes have an afferent and efferent arc. The Inflammatory reflex has a sensory afferent arc, which is activated by cytokines and a motor or efferent arc, which transmits action potentials in the vagus nerve to suppress cytokine production. Increased signaling in the efferent arc inhibits inflammation and prevents organ damage. It has also been shown that the brain can use this circuit not only to regulate the immune response but also to extend the immunological memory Molecular mechanism The molecular basis of cytokine-inhibiting signals requires the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and the Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor receptor expressed on cytokine-producing cells. The release of acetylcholine in spleen suppresses the production of TNF and other cytokines which causes damaging inflammation. Signaling in the efferent arc of the inflammatory reflex, termed the "Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway," provides a regulatory check on the innate immune system response to invasion and injury. The action potentials that arise in the vagus nerve are transmitted to the spleen, where a subset of specialized T cells are activated to secrete acetylcholine. The net effect of the reflex is to prevent the damage caused by excessive cytokine production. Therapeutic potential Evidence from experimental disease models of arthritis, colitis, sepsis, hemorrhagic shock, and congestive heart failure indicate that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve can prevent or reverse these diseases. Some research suggests that it is possible to implant nerve stimulants to replace anti-inflammatory drugs that target cytokine activity (e.g. anti-TNF and anti-IL-1 antibodies). See also Interoception Pavlovian conditioning References ^ Koren, Tamar; Yifa, Re’ee; Amer, Mariam; Krot, Maria; Boshnak, Nadia; Ben-Shaanan, Tamar L.; Azulay-Debby, Hilla; Zalayat, Itay; Avishai, Eden; Hajjo, Haitham; Schiller, Maya (2021-11-08). "Insular cortex neurons encode and retrieve specific immune responses". Cell. 184 (24): 5902–5915.e17. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.013. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 34752731. S2CID 243843719. ^ L, Esther; huis (2021-11-08). "The Brain Can Recall and Reawaken Past Immune Responses". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ Tracey KJ (June 2009). "Reflex control of immunity". Nat Rev Immunol. 9 (6): 418–28. doi:10.1038/nri2566. PMC 4535331. PMID 19461672. ^ Tracey, Kevin J. (December 2002). "The inflammatory reflex". Nature. 420 (6917): 853–859. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..853T. doi:10.1038/nature01321. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12490958. S2CID 1791045. ^ Rosas-Ballina M, Ochani M, Parrish WR, et al. (August 2008). "Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (31): 11008–13. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511008R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803237105. PMC 2504833. PMID 18669662. ^ Rosas-Ballina M, Olofsson PS, Ochani M, et al. (2011). "Acetylcholine-Synthesizing T Cells Relay Neural Signals in a Vagus Nerve Circuit". Science. 334 (6052): 98–101. Bibcode:2011Sci...334...98R. doi:10.1126/science.1209985. PMC 4548937. PMID 21921156. ^ Tracey KJ (February 2007). "Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (2): 289–96. doi:10.1172/JCI30555. PMC 1783813. PMID 17273548. ^ Fox, Douglas (2017). "The shock tactics set to shake up immunology". Nature. 545 (7652): 20–22. Bibcode:2017Natur.545...20F. doi:10.1038/545020a. PMID 28470211. S2CID 4385501.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"afferent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber"},{"link_name":"efferent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_nerve_fiber"},{"link_name":"cytokines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokines"},{"link_name":"vagus nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagus_nerve"},{"link_name":"immune response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_response"},{"link_name":"immunological memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunological_memory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The inflammatory reflex is a neural circuit that regulates the immune response to injury and invasion. All reflexes have an afferent and efferent arc. The Inflammatory reflex has a sensory afferent arc, which is activated by cytokines and a motor or efferent arc, which transmits action potentials in the vagus nerve to suppress cytokine production. Increased signaling in the efferent arc inhibits inflammation and prevents organ damage.It has also been shown that the brain can use this circuit not only to regulate the immune response but also to extend the immunological memory[1][2]","title":"Inflammatory reflex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurotransmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"acetylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine"},{"link_name":"Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-7_nicotinic_receptor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"acetylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine"},{"link_name":"TNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholinergic_anti-inflammatory_pathway"},{"link_name":"innate immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system"},{"link_name":"spleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen"},{"link_name":"T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The molecular basis of cytokine-inhibiting signals requires the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and the Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor receptor expressed on cytokine-producing cells.[3][4] The release of acetylcholine in spleen suppresses the production of TNF and other cytokines which causes damaging inflammation.[5] Signaling in the efferent arc of the inflammatory reflex, termed the \"Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway,\" provides a regulatory check on the innate immune system response to invasion and injury. The action potentials that arise in the vagus nerve are transmitted to the spleen, where a subset of specialized T cells are activated to secrete acetylcholine. The net effect of the reflex is to prevent the damage caused by excessive cytokine production.[6]","title":"Molecular mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"colitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colitis"},{"link_name":"sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"hemorrhagic shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)"},{"link_name":"congestive heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"anti-inflammatory drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory_drugs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Evidence from experimental disease models of arthritis, colitis, sepsis, hemorrhagic shock, and congestive heart failure indicate that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve can prevent or reverse these diseases.[7] Some research suggests that it is possible to implant nerve stimulants to replace anti-inflammatory drugs that target cytokine activity (e.g. anti-TNF and anti-IL-1 antibodies).[8]","title":"Therapeutic potential"}]

[]

[{"title":"Interoception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoception"},{"title":"Pavlovian conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovian_conditioning"}]

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(December 2002). \"The inflammatory reflex\". Nature. 420 (6917): 853–859. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..853T. doi:10.1038/nature01321. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12490958. 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PMID 18669662.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2504833","url_text":"\"Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..10511008R","url_text":"2008PNAS..10511008R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0803237105","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0803237105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2504833","url_text":"2504833"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18669662","url_text":"18669662"}]},{"reference":"Rosas-Ballina M, Olofsson PS, Ochani M, et al. 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Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (2): 289–96. doi:10.1172/JCI30555. PMC 1783813. PMID 17273548.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1783813","url_text":"\"Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI30555","url_text":"10.1172/JCI30555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1783813","url_text":"1783813"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17273548","url_text":"17273548"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Douglas (2017). \"The shock tactics set to shake up immunology\". Nature. 545 (7652): 20–22. Bibcode:2017Natur.545...20F. doi:10.1038/545020a. PMID 28470211. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown_Meridian

Uptown Meridian

["1 History","2 Anchor tenants","3 Former tenants","4 Bonita Lakes Crossing","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 32°21′31″N 88°40′19″W / 32.3586°N 88.6719°W / 32.3586; -88.6719 Shopping mall in Mississippi, United StatesUptown MeridianAerial view of Uptown Meridian and anchor tenants as of 2014LocationMeridian, Mississippi, United StatesCoordinates32°21′31″N 88°40′19″W / 32.3586°N 88.6719°W / 32.3586; -88.6719Address1210 Bonita Lakes CircleOpening date1997DeveloperCBL & Associates PropertiesOwnerRockStep CapitalNo. of stores and services80No. of anchor tenants6Total retail floor area632,192 sq ft (58,732.6 m2)No. of floors1Websiteuptownmeridian.com Food court/cinema entrance to Uptown Meridian Uptown Meridian (formerly Bonita Lakes Mall) is an enclosed shopping mall located in Meridian, Mississippi, United States. History The mall opened on October 15, 1997, and was owned by CBL & Associates Properties. In 2016, Bonita Lakes Mall was sold to RockStep Capital. Over one hundred shopping venues are located within or outside the mall. Venues include department stores, specialty shops, restaurants, eateries, and a movie theater. Bonita Lakes Mall was renamed Uptown Meridian in 2020. Anchor tenants Belk (formerly McRae's) Dillard's Fitness Depot Golden Ticket Cinemas Hype Indoor Adventures Former tenants Goody's JCPenney (closed in 2017) Sears (closed in 2018) United Artists Theatres Bonita Lakes Crossing Bonita Lakes Crossing is a shopping center located outside of the mall. Some of the stores in the center include Ashley Furniture HomeStore, Cato Fashions, and Jo-Ann. References ^ Gunter, Nick (August 3, 2016). "RockStep Capital discusses future of Bonita Lakes Mall". wtok.com. Retrieved November 1, 2019. ^ a b "Bonita Lakes Mall Fact Sheet". CBL & Associates Properties, Inc. Archived from the original on October 28, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2013. ^ Ramsey, Amicia (May 19, 2016). "Bonita Lakes Mall, Crossing sold". wtok.com. Retrieved November 1, 2019. ^ Bonita Lakes Mall Store Listing Archived May 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2014-05-29 ^ "Don't call them malls: 2 Mississippi centers are rebranded". AP NEWS. August 1, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2020. ^ Oehrli, Ryan (June 4, 2019). "After hard work, Fitness Depot flourishes in Meridian". Meridian Star. Retrieved November 1, 2019. ^ Staff (January 7, 2009). "Goody's to close its doors". Meridian Star. Retrieved November 1, 2019. ^ Downard, Whitney (March 17, 2017). "Meridian J.C. Penney customers saddened by loss of store". Meridian Star. Retrieved November 1, 2019. ^ Downard, Whitney (November 13, 2018). "Bonita Lakes Mall looks at alternatives to fill vacant stores". Meridian Star. Retrieved November 1, 2019. ^ Barnette, Candace (March 21, 2017). "Development soon to begin on Bonita Lakes Crossing". wtok.com. Retrieved November 1, 2019. External links Uptown Meridian official website vteMeridian, MississippiLandmarks Congregation Beth Israel First Presbyterian Church of Meridian Highland Park Dentzel Carousel and Shelter Building Historic districts Hotels Meridian Museum of Art Mississippi Arts and Entertainment Experience Riley Center Temple Theater Threefoot Building Uptown Meridian Wechsler School Government Meridian City Hall Mayors Education Meridian PSD Meridian HS Lamar School Meridian CC Transportation Meridian Regional Airport Union Station (Amtrak) Media The Meridian Star This list is incomplete.Naval Air Station Meridian is in proximity to Meridian. vteShopping malls in Mississippi Columbus Place Edgewater Mall Mall at Barnes Crossing Metrocenter Mall Northpark Mall Outlets of Mississippi Southaven Towne Center Tanger Outlets Southaven Turtle Creek Mall Uptown McComb Uptown Meridian

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_Crisis_England_%26_Wales

Rape Crisis England & Wales

["1 Services","2 Impact of rape crisis services","3 Rape Crisis: Responding to Sexual Violence","4 The crisis in rape crisis","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

UK umbrella organisation Rape Crisis England and WalesPurposeStopping sexual violenceHeadquartersLeeds, EnglandLocationEngland and WalesServicesRape crisis centreWebsitewww.rapecrisis.org.uk Rape Crisis England and Wales is the national umbrella organisation for non-profit rape crisis centres across England and Wales. As a registered charity, Rape Crisis also works to raise awareness of sexual violence and campaign for change. The rape crisis centres it represents are distinct from sexual assault referral centres, or SARCs, which are run by the NHS. Services Rape Crisis runs a freephone helpline for people who want to talk about what has happened to them. Specialist support is also available at rape crisis centres which are located throughout the UK. Rape Crisis is independent of the government and criminal justice system, and its services are available irrespective of whether or not the person wants to report the assault. In fact, only around 10% of the people who use Rape Crisis services also report the assault to the police. These not-for-profit community-based centres are distinct from sexual assault referral centres, or SARCs, which are funded and run by the National Health Service. SARC staff comprise specifically-trained doctors, nurses, and other support staff. Impact of rape crisis services Rape and sexual violence affects a significant proportion of the population. In the UK around 1 in 4 women (24%) are sexually assaulted during their lifetime, and there are about 80,000 incidents of rape or attempted rape every year. A study by Durham University found that Rape Crisis centres are highly effective in supporting women who have been sexually assaulted. Nicole Westmarland and colleagues asked women who had used Rape Crisis centres about the ways in which the support they received had helped them in their lives. The number of people who said that they felt in control of their life doubled following Rape Crisis counselling, and mental health symptoms such as flashbacks and panic attacks were alleviated in around a third of the women who had initially reported these problems. Rape Crisis: Responding to Sexual Violence Rape Crisis: Responding to Sexual Violence, by Helen Jones and Kate Cook (2008) charts the history of the rape crisis movement, from its great successes in supporting victim-survivors of sexual violence, to its significant losses as the number of rape crisis centres has dwindled. In the preface, former Chair of Rape Crisis Nicole Westmarland describes the book as an opportunity for people outside the rape crisis movement to understand its work and motivations. She describes Rape Crisis' journey as simultaneously depressing and inspiring. On the one hand the movement by its very nature highlights the ubiquitous nature of rape, and many rape crisis centres face a continuous battle to secure adequate funds; yet on the other hand rape crisis acts as a testament to the bravery of victim-survivors of sexual assault, and the strength of those who work to support them. The crisis in rape crisis In 1984 there were 68 rape crisis centres in the UK, in 2010 this number had fallen to 39. Many Rape Crisis Centres are severely underfunded, with only 1 in 5 centres managing to attain the full funding that they require. See also Rape Crisis Movement Women's Aid Federation of England Rape Crisis Scotland References ^ a b c Women's Resource Centre and Rape Crisis England and Wales, Women's Resource Centre (2008). The Crisis in Rape Crisis: A survey of Rape Crisis (England and Wales) centres (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2012. ^ "Help after rape and sexual assault". National Health Service. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023. ^ Walby, S.; Allen, J. (2004). Domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey (PDF) (Report). London: Home Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2011. ^ a b Westmarland, N.; Alderson, S.; Kirkham, L. (2012). The health, mental health and well-being benefits of Rape Crisis counselling (Report). Durham: Durham University and Northern Rock Foundation. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012. ^ Jones, H.; Cook, K. (2008). Rape Crisis: Responding to Sexual Violence. Dorset: Russell House Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905541-27-0. ^ Westmarland, N. (2008). "Preface". In Jones, H.; Cook, K. (eds.). Rape Crisis: Responding to Sexual Violence. Dorset: Russell House Publishing Ltd. pp. x. ISBN 978-1-905541-27-0. ^ Kelly, Annie (6 January 2010). "A fight for rape survivors". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 September 2012. External links Official website

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_Israel_Initiative

Friends of Israel Initiative

["1 History","2 Purpose","3 Principles","4 Founders","5 Organisation and funding","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

International organization Friends of Israel InitiativeAbbreviationFOIIFormation2010TypePublic policy think tankHeadquartersMadrid, SpainPresidentJosé María AznarWebsiteFriendsofIsraelInitiative.org The Friends of Israel Initiative (FOII) is an international effort, to "seek to counter the attempts to delegitimize the State of Israel and its right to live in peace within safe and defensible borders", initiated and led by former Prime Minister of Spain and People's Party leader José María Aznar in 2010. History The FOII was co-founded by Republican former United States Ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton, Forza Italia's former President of the Italian Senate Marcello Pera, former President of Czech Republic Václav Havel, Peru's former President Alejandro Toledo and billionaire financier Robert Agostinelli and British Conservative Party peer, former First Minister of Northern Ireland and Nobel Peace Prize winner David Trimble. On 19 July 2010 a launch event was held at the British House of Commons, hosted by the Henry Jackson Society and Robert Halfon MP. The Friends of Israel Initiative met with President Shimon Peres in July 2011 at Beit HaNassi in Jerusalem. The delegation included former Spanish Prime Minister José María Aznar, former US Ambassador to the United Nations John R. Bolton, financier Robert Agostinelli, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Lord David Trimble. The President held a working meeting with FII and presented an overview of the on situation in Israel and the region at large. Purpose The declared purpose of the initiative is to "seek to counter the attempts to delegitimize the State of Israel and its right to live in peace within safe and defensible borders". It uses the slogan "Stand for Israel, Stand for the West". It also campaigns against Iran, in particular in relation to its potential development of nuclear armaments. According to the Mexican newspaper El Financiero, the purpose of the initiative is to "reaffirm Western values," "work in favor of recognizing the right of Israel to exist," and counteract "anti-Semitic criticism" of Israel. According to ABC News, the initiative is founded on the conviction that "The campaign against Israel corrodes the international system from within, beginning with the United Nations." José María Aznar states that FOII is non-Jewish in nature and not linked to the Israeli government, and only non-Jews can become a members of the board. Aznar believes that if Israel were to disappear, Europe would then be directly confronted by radical Islam elements. Principles The Friends of Israel are based on the following principles: Israel is a modern, flourishing Western country with a liberal democratic political system operating under the rule of law, with a right to be treated as such. Israel's right to exist should not be questioned. Israel, as a sovereign country, has the right to self-defense. Israel is an ally of the west against terrorism and defender of the Judeo-Christian cultural and moral heritage, and thus "Israel's fight is our fight". The key to ending the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is for the Palestinians to recognize Israel as the legitimate national homeland of the Jewish people, and then good faith negotiations have a chance of achieving success. The spread of Islamic fundamentalism and jihadism and the prospect of a nuclear Iran are threats existential for the state of Israel as for the rest of the western world. Founders Former Prime Minister of Spain José María Aznar The initiative was founded by: José María Aznar, former Prime Minister of Spain George Weigel, Senior Fellow Ethics and Public Policy Center Robert Agostinelli, founder of Rhone Group Alejandro Toledo, former President of Peru Václav Havel, former President of Czech Republic Marcello Pera, former President of the Italian Senate David Trimble, former First Minister of Northern Ireland and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize Andrew Roberts, historian John R. Bolton, U.S. Ambassador Carlos Bustelo, former Spanish Minister of Industry Fiamma Nirenstein, Vice President of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the Italian Chamber of Deputies George Weidenfeld, publisher and member of the House of Lords Organisation and funding FOII is headquartered in Madrid, but also has a UK registered charity. Friends of Israel Initiative has been funded by a dozen private donors from Spain, America, Israel, France, Italy and Britain. It has a working budget of almost £1 million a year. See also Labour Friends of Israel Conservative Friends of Israel Liberal Democrat Friends of Israel Northern Ireland Friends of Israel European Friends of Israel References ^ a b "Aznar, Trimble to launch new pro-Israel project. 'Friends of Israel'". Jerusalem Post. May 31, 2010. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. ^ a b c "Friends of Israel Initiative website". Friends of Israel Initiative. Retrieved June 22, 2010. ^ "The Friends of Israel Initiative was launched to a rapturous reception at the British Parliament on Monday, July 19". Friends of Israel Initiative. 19 July 2010. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2010. ^ "Friends of Israel Initiative - speeches". Henry Jackson Society. 19 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2010. ^ President Peres hosts delegation from Friends of Israel InitiativeIsraeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 14 July 2010 Archived 15 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Lanza Aznar iniciativa de apoyo a Israel, 21 de junio, 2020 ^ Aznar lidera el grupo «Amigos de Israel», ABC Internacional, Maria Candela, Madrid, 22 June 2010 . ^ Josh Rogin (15 September 2010). "Former Spanish Prime Minister José Maria Aznar launches pro-Israel initiative". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 28 February 2011. ^ "Founder Members". Friends of Israel Initiative. Archived from the original on August 1, 2010. Retrieved August 8, 2010. ^ "José María Aznar Promotes the Friends of Israel initiative". Friends of Israel Initiative. 21 June 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2011. ^ "Friends of Israel Initiative Limited, registered charity no. 1140457". Charity Commission for England and Wales. ^ "International Israel support initiative launched". Jewish Chronicle. 2010-07-22. External links Official website

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"delegitimize the State of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"right to live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_exist"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"José María Aznar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpost-20100531-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friends-2"}],"text":"The Friends of Israel Initiative (FOII) is an international effort, to \"seek to counter the attempts to delegitimize the State of Israel and its right to live in peace within safe and defensible borders\", initiated and led by former Prime Minister of Spain and People's Party leader José María Aznar in 2010.[1][2]","title":"Friends of Israel Initiative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"John Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Bolton"},{"link_name":"Forza Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia"},{"link_name":"President of the Italian Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Senate"},{"link_name":"Marcello Pera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Pera"},{"link_name":"Václav Havel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Robert Agostinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"David Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trimble"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpost-20100531-1"},{"link_name":"British House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Henry Jackson Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society"},{"link_name":"Robert Halfon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Halfon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Shimon Peres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres"},{"link_name":"Beit HaNassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_HaNassi"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"José María Aznar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Aznar"},{"link_name":"US Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Ambassador"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"John R. Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Bolton"},{"link_name":"Robert Agostinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"David Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trimble"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The FOII was co-founded by Republican former United States Ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton, Forza Italia's former President of the Italian Senate Marcello Pera, former President of Czech Republic Václav Havel, Peru's former President Alejandro Toledo and billionaire financier Robert Agostinelli and British Conservative Party peer, former First Minister of Northern Ireland and Nobel Peace Prize winner David Trimble.[1]On 19 July 2010 a launch event was held at the British House of Commons, hosted by the Henry Jackson Society and Robert Halfon MP.[3][4]The Friends of Israel Initiative met with President Shimon Peres in July 2011 at Beit HaNassi in Jerusalem. The delegation included former Spanish Prime Minister José María Aznar, former US Ambassador to the United Nations John R. Bolton, financier Robert Agostinelli, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Lord David Trimble. The President held a working meeting with FII and presented an overview of the on situation in Israel and the region at large.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friends-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp-20100915-8"}],"text":"The declared purpose of the initiative is to \"seek to counter the attempts to delegitimize the State of Israel and its right to live in peace within safe and defensible borders\". It uses the slogan \"Stand for Israel, Stand for the West\".[2] It also campaigns against Iran, in particular in relation to its potential development of nuclear armaments.According to the Mexican newspaper El Financiero, the purpose of the initiative is to \"reaffirm Western values,\" \"work in favor of recognizing the right of Israel to exist,\" and counteract \"anti-Semitic criticism\" of Israel.[6] According to ABC News, the initiative is founded on the conviction that \"The campaign against Israel corrodes the international system from within, beginning with the United Nations.\"[7]José María Aznar states that FOII is non-Jewish in nature and not linked to the Israeli government, and only non-Jews can become a members of the board. Aznar believes that if Israel were to disappear, Europe would then be directly confronted by radical Islam elements.[8]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friends-2"},{"link_name":"democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"sovereign country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_country"},{"link_name":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict"},{"link_name":"Jewish people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_people"},{"link_name":"Islamic fundamentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism"},{"link_name":"jihadism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadism"},{"link_name":"nuclear Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran"}],"text":"The Friends of Israel are based on the following principles:[2]Israel is a modern, flourishing Western country with a liberal democratic political system operating under the rule of law, with a right to be treated as such.\nIsrael's right to exist should not be questioned.\nIsrael, as a sovereign country, has the right to self-defense.\nIsrael is an ally of the west against terrorism and defender of the Judeo-Christian cultural and moral heritage, and thus \"Israel's fight is our fight\".\nThe key to ending the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is for the Palestinians to recognize Israel as the legitimate national homeland of the Jewish people, and then good faith negotiations have a chance of achieving success.\nThe spread of Islamic fundamentalism and jihadism and the prospect of a nuclear Iran are threats existential for the state of Israel as for the rest of the western world.","title":"Principles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aznar_at_the_Azores,_March_17,_2003.jpg"},{"link_name":"José María Aznar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-founders-9"},{"link_name":"José María Aznar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"George Weigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Weigel"},{"link_name":"Ethics and Public Policy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center"},{"link_name":"Robert Agostinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli"},{"link_name":"Rhone Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhone_Group"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Václav Havel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Marcello Pera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Pera"},{"link_name":"Italian Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Senate"},{"link_name":"David Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trimble"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Andrew Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)"},{"link_name":"John R. Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Bolton"},{"link_name":"Carlos Bustelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Bustelo"},{"link_name":"Fiamma Nirenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiamma_Nirenstein"},{"link_name":"Italian Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies"},{"link_name":"George Weidenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Weidenfeld"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"}],"text":"Former Prime Minister of Spain José María AznarThe initiative was founded by:[9]José María Aznar, former Prime Minister of Spain\nGeorge Weigel, Senior Fellow Ethics and Public Policy Center\nRobert Agostinelli, founder of Rhone Group\nAlejandro Toledo, former President of Peru\nVáclav Havel, former President of Czech Republic\nMarcello Pera, former President of the Italian Senate\nDavid Trimble, former First Minister of Northern Ireland and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize\nAndrew Roberts, historian\nJohn R. Bolton, U.S. Ambassador\nCarlos Bustelo, former Spanish Minister of Industry\nFiamma Nirenstein, Vice President of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the Italian Chamber of Deputies\nGeorge Weidenfeld, publisher and member of the House of Lords","title":"Founders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foii-20100621-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewc-1140457-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"FOII is headquartered in Madrid,[10] but also has a UK registered charity.[11]Friends of Israel Initiative has been funded by a dozen private donors from Spain, America, Israel, France, Italy and Britain. It has a working budget of almost £1 million a year.[12]","title":"Organisation and funding"}]

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[{"title":"Labour Friends of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Friends_of_Israel"},{"title":"Conservative Friends of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Israel"},{"title":"Liberal Democrat Friends of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_Friends_of_Israel"},{"title":"Northern Ireland Friends of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Friends_of_Israel"},{"title":"European Friends of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Friends_of_Israel"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)

Sack of Campeche (1663)

["1 Background","2 The raid","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References"]

1663 raid by pirates Detail of a 17th-century map showing Campeche and its fortifications. The Sack of Campeche was a 1663 raid by pirates led by Christopher Myngs and Edward Mansvelt which became a model for later coastal pirate raids of the buccaneering era. Background Having successfully raided Santiago de Cuba in 1662, Myngs announced that his next target would be the heavily fortified coastal town, Campeche, in what is now southern Mexico. Pirate captains from across the Caribbean volunteered their services, and Myngs amassed the largest pirate fleet ever seen with 14 ships and 1400 pirates. The primarily English fleet was subsequently joined by four French ships and three Dutch privateer ships for a total of more than 20 vessels. Leading the fleet was Myngs' flagship HMS Centurion and the smaller vice-flagship the Griffin. The fleet included already-well-known pirates Mansvelt, Henry Morgan and Abraham Blauvelt. It is likely it included other younger sailors who would later captain pirate vessels of their own and replicate Myngs' tactics. They left Port Royal in January, joined by other smaller vessels as they went but losing contact with the Griffin. The raid Early the following month, the fleet arrived in Campeche Bay. By night, Myngs landed approximately 1000 men a short distance from the city on 8 February 1663. The following morning, Spanish lookouts saw the fleet's smaller ships at first light and sought to raise the alarm, though unaware that Myngs' much larger 40-gun flagship lay just out of sight. Regardless, the warning came too late and the pirates attacked at approximately 8:00 am. The pirates initially struggled against the city's 150-strong militia who used high ground of flat-roofed stone houses to their advantage. Fighting was fierce and Myngs was injured. He was returned to his ship leaving Mansvelt in charge. After a 2-hour-long battle, 50 Spanish defenders and 30 English, Dutch and French pirates were dead. The sole surviving Spanish official agreed to terms of surrender and the pirates sacked the city, taking an additional 14 vessels from the harbour when they left 2 weeks later. The pirates plundered a total of 150,000 Spanish pieces of eight. Aftermath The defeat of Campeche's defences was so comprehensive and the subsequent outrage so strong that King Charles was forced to forbid further similar raids. That policy was enforced across the Caribbean for the remainder of the term of Governor Thomas Modyford. When he died in 1679, similar raids were organised including the attack on Veracruz in 1683 and the raid on Cartagena later that same year. Both plans involved landing a large ground-based force to attack a fortified settlement which otherwise might have been able to defend itself against a seaborne raid. Myngs returned to England the following year to recover from his injuries. See also Buccaneer Piracy in the Caribbean References ^ a b Breverton, Terry (2005). Admiral Sir Henry Morgan: "king of the Buccaneers". Pelican Publishing. ISBN 1455600148. ^ a b c d e David Marley (2010). Pirates of the Americas. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598842012. vtePiracyPeriods Ancient Mediterranean Golden Age 21st century 2022 2023 2024 Types of pirate Albanian piracy Anglo-Turkish piracy Baltic Slavic pirates Barbary pirates (corsairs) Algiers Brethren of the Coast Buccaneers Cilician pirates Child pirate Cossack pirates Fillibusters French corsairs Jewish pirates Moro pirates Narentines Privateers Confederate River pirate Sea Beggars Sea Dogs Sindhi corsairs Timber pirate Ushkuyniks Uskoks Vikings Victual Brothers Wokou Women in piracy AreasAtlantic World Caribbean British Virgin Islands Spanish Main Lake Nicaragua Venezuela Gulf of Guinea Indian Ocean Horn of Africa Somali Coast Indonesia Persian Gulf Strait of Malacca Nosy Boraha Other waters Baltic Slavic piracy Barbary Coast Falcon Lake South China Coast Sulu Sea Pirate havensand bases Barataria Bay Île Sainte-Marie Libertatia Lundy Mamora Port Royal Republic of Pirates Republic of Salé Saint Augustin Saint-Malo Tortuga Major figuresPirates Abduwali Muse Abshir Boyah Adam Baldridge Abraham Samuel Alfhild Albert W. Hicks Anne Bonny Anne Dieu-le-Veut António de Faria Alexandre Exquemelin Artemisia I of Caria Awilda Bartolomeu Português Bartholomew Roberts Benito de Soto Benjamin Hornigold Black Caesar Blackbeard Bully Hayes Cai Qian Calico Jack Charles Gibbs Charlotte de Berry Cheung Po Tsai Christina Anna Skytte Chui A-poo Dan Seavey Diabolito Dido Dirk Chivers Dominique You Edward England Edward Low Eli Boggs Elise Eskilsdotter Eustace the Monk Flora Burn Flying Gang Fūma Kotarō Francis Drake François Le Clerc François l'Olonnais Gan Ning Grace O'Malley Hayreddin Barbarossa Hendrick Lucifer Henri Caesar Henry Every Henry Morgan Henry Strangways Hippolyte Bouchard Huang Bamei Israel Hands Jacquotte Delahaye Jan Janszoon Jean Lafitte Jeanne de Clisson Johanna Hård John Hawkins John Hoar John Newland Maffitt John Pro Jørgen Jørgensen José Joaquim Almeida Joseph Baker Joseph Barss Klaus Störtebeker Lai Choi San Laurens de Graaf Lawrence Prince Liang Daoming Limahong Lo Hon-cho Louis-Michel Aury Mansel Alcantra Manuel Ribeiro Pardal Martin Frobisher Mary Lindsey Mary Read Mary Wolverston Michel de Grammont Moses Cohen Henriques Nathaniel Gordon Nicholas van Hoorn Ng Akew Olivier Levasseur Pedro Gilbert Peter Easton Pierre Lafitte Piet Pieterszoon Hein Princess Sela Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami Rachel Wall Redbeard Richard Glover Robert Culliford Robert Surcouf Roberto Cofresí Roche Braziliano Rusla Sadie Farrell Samuel Bellamy Samuel Hall Lord Samuel Mason Samuel Pallache Sayyida al Hurra Sister Ping Shap-ng-tsai Shirahama Kenki Simon Mascarino Stede Bonnet Teuta Thomas Cavendish Thomas Tew Veborg Victual Brothers Vincenzo Gambi Wang Zhi William Dampier William Kidd Zheng Jing Zheng Qi Zheng Yi Zheng Zhilong Zheng Yi Sao Piratehunters Angelo Emo Chaloner Ogle David Porter Duarte Pacheco Pereira James Brooke Julius Caesar Jose Campuzano-Polanco Luis Fajardo Miguel Enríquez Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Pompey Richard Avery Hornsby Robert Maynard Thomas Warren Woodes Rogers Pirate ships Adventure Galley Ambrose Light Fancy Flying Dutchman Ganj-i-Sawai Queen Anne's Revenge Quedagh Merchant Marquis of Havana My Revenge Royal Fortune Saladin Whydah Gally York Pirate battles and incidents 1582 Cagayan battles 1985 Lahad Datu ambush Action of 9 November 1822 Action of 28 October 2007 Action of 11 November 2008 Action of 9 April 2009 Action of 23 March 2010 Action of 1 April 2010 Action of 5 April 2010 Anti-piracy in the Aegean Antelope incident Anti-piracy in the West Indies Attack on Veracruz Balanguingui Expedition Battle of Boca Teacapan Battle of Cape Fear River Battle of Cape Lopez Battle of Doro Passage Battle of Mandab Strait Battle of Manila Battle off Minicoy Island Battle off Mukah Battle of Nam Quan Battle of New Orleans Battle of Ocracoke Inlet Battle of Pianosa Battle of the Leotung Battle of the Tiger's Mouth Battle of Tonkin River Battle of Ty-ho Bay Battle of Tysami Beluga Nomination incident Blockade of Charleston (Vane) Chepo Expedition Capture of the Ambrose Light Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham Capture of the schooner Bravo Capture of the schooner Fancy Capture of the sloop Anne Carré d'As IV incident Dai Hong Dan incident Falklands Expedition Great Lakes Patrol Irene incident Jiajing wokou raids Maersk Alabama hijacking MT Zafirah hijacking MT Orkim Harmony hijacking MV Moscow University hijacking North Star affair Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA Operation Atalanta Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden Operation Ocean Shield Persian Gulf Campaign Pirate attacks in Borneo Quest incident Raid on Cartagena Sack of Baltimore Sack of Campeche Salvador Pirates Slave raid of Suðuroy Turkish AbductionsPiracy law Acts of grace (1717–1718 Acts of Grace) International piracy law Letter of marque Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law Piracy Act (1536, 1698, 1717, 1721, 1837, 1850) Piracy Law of 1820 Slave trade African slave trade African Slave Trade Patrol Amistad Incident Atlantic slave trade Barbary slave trade Blockade of Africa Capture of the Veloz Passagera Capture of the brig Brillante Indian Ocean slave trade Trans-Saharan slave trade Pirates inpopularcultureFictional pirates Askeladd Tom Ayrton Barbe Rouge Captain Birdseye Captain Blood Captain Crook Captain Flint Captain Hook Captain Nemo Captain Pugwash Captain Sabertooth Captain Stingaree Charlotte de Berry Davy Jones Edward Kenway Elaine Marley Elizabeth Swann Guybrush Threepwood Hector Barbossa Jack Sparrow Jacquotte Delahaye José Gaspar Joshamee Gibbs Long John Silver Monkey D. Luffy Vaas Montenegro Mr. Smee Nami Nico Robin Roronoa Zoro Sandokan Sanji Tony Tony Chopper Usopp Will Turner Zanzibar Novels The Pirate The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea Treasure Island Facing the Flag On Stranger Tides Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island Castaways of the Flying Dutchman The Angel's Command Voyage of Slaves Long John Silver Pirate Latitudes Mistress of the Seas Silver: Return to Treasure Island Tropes Buried treasure Davy Jones Locker Eyepatch Jolly Roger skull and crossbones Marooning No purchase, no pay Pegleg Pet parrot Pirate code Pirate utopia Treasure map Walking the plank Miscellaneous Air pirate Space pirate International Talk Like a Pirate Day Pirates versus Ninjas Miscellaneous A General History of the Pyrates Captain Charles Johnson Truce of Ratisbon Pirate Round Mutiny Davy Jones' Locker Matelotage Piracy kidnappings MetaLists Pirates Pirate films and TV series Privateers List of ships attacked by Somali pirates Timeline of piracy Women in piracy Categories Barbary pirates By nationality Female pirates Fictional pirates Piracy Piracy by year Pirates Piracy portal Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bah%C3%ADa_de_Campeche_Cart_Siglo_XVI.jpg"},{"link_name":"pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate"},{"link_name":"Christopher Myngs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Myngs"},{"link_name":"Edward Mansvelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mansvelt"},{"link_name":"buccaneering era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccaneer"}],"text":"Detail of a 17th-century map showing Campeche and its fortifications.The Sack of Campeche was a 1663 raid by pirates led by Christopher Myngs and Edward Mansvelt which became a model for later coastal pirate raids of the buccaneering era.","title":"Sack of Campeche (1663)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santiago de Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Campeche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeche,_Campeche"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"volunteered their services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_prey,_no_pay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breverton-1"},{"link_name":"HMS Centurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Centurion_(1650)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marley-2"},{"link_name":"Henry Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Abraham Blauvelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Blauvelt"},{"link_name":"Port Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Royal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marley-2"}],"text":"Having successfully raided Santiago de Cuba in 1662, Myngs announced that his next target would be the heavily fortified coastal town, Campeche, in what is now southern Mexico. Pirate captains from across the Caribbean volunteered their services, and Myngs amassed the largest pirate fleet ever seen with 14 ships and 1400 pirates. The primarily English fleet was subsequently joined by four French ships and three Dutch privateer ships for a total of more than 20 vessels.[1] Leading the fleet was Myngs' flagship HMS Centurion and the smaller vice-flagship the Griffin.[2] The fleet included already-well-known pirates Mansvelt, Henry Morgan and Abraham Blauvelt. It is likely it included other younger sailors who would later captain pirate vessels of their own and replicate Myngs' tactics. They left Port Royal in January, joined by other smaller vessels as they went but losing contact with the Griffin.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marley-2"},{"link_name":"high ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_ground"},{"link_name":"Spanish official","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marley-2"},{"link_name":"pieces of eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piece_of_eight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breverton-1"}],"text":"Early the following month, the fleet arrived in Campeche Bay. By night, Myngs landed approximately 1000 men a short distance from the city on 8 February 1663.[2] The following morning, Spanish lookouts saw the fleet's smaller ships at first light and sought to raise the alarm, though unaware that Myngs' much larger 40-gun flagship lay just out of sight. Regardless, the warning came too late and the pirates attacked at approximately 8:00 am. The pirates initially struggled against the city's 150-strong militia who used high ground of flat-roofed stone houses to their advantage. Fighting was fierce and Myngs was injured. He was returned to his ship leaving Mansvelt in charge. After a 2-hour-long battle, 50 Spanish defenders and 30 English, Dutch and French pirates were dead. The sole surviving Spanish official agreed to terms of surrender and the pirates sacked the city, taking an additional 14 vessels from the harbour when they left 2 weeks later.[2] The pirates plundered a total of 150,000 Spanish pieces of eight.[1]","title":"The raid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Governor Thomas Modyford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Modyford,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"attack on Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"raid on Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marley-2"}],"text":"The defeat of Campeche's defences was so comprehensive and the subsequent outrage so strong that King Charles was forced to forbid further similar raids. That policy was enforced across the Caribbean for the remainder of the term of Governor Thomas Modyford. When he died in 1679, similar raids were organised including the attack on Veracruz in 1683 and the raid on Cartagena later that same year. Both plans involved landing a large ground-based force to attack a fortified settlement which otherwise might have been able to defend itself against a seaborne raid.[2]Myngs returned to England the following year to recover from his injuries.","title":"Aftermath"}]

[{"image_text":"Detail of a 17th-century map showing Campeche and its fortifications.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bah%C3%ADa_de_Campeche_Cart_Siglo_XVI.jpg/300px-Bah%C3%ADa_de_Campeche_Cart_Siglo_XVI.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Buccaneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccaneer"},{"title":"Piracy in the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean"}]

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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bASCpcW00jAC","external_links_name":"Admiral Sir Henry Morgan: \"king of the Buccaneers\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bU6ML_VnXTwC","external_links_name":"Pirates of the Americas"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ramsey

Alan Ramsey

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Books","5 References","6 External links"]

Australian journalist (1938–2020) For other people with similar names, see Allan Ramsay. Alan RamseyBornAlan Graham Ramsey(1938-01-03)3 January 1938Hornsby, New South Wales, AustraliaDied24 November 2020(2020-11-24) (aged 82)New South Wales, AustraliaOccupationColumnistSpeechwriterYears active1953–2011Spouse Jeanette ​(divorced)​; Laura Tingle ​ ​(m. 1995; div. 2017)​ Alan Graham Ramsey (3 January 1938 – 24 November 2020) was an Australian journalist and columnist for The Sydney Morning Herald from 1986 to 2008. In a career spanning 56 years, he worked for The Daily Telegraph, The Australian, The Sydney Morning Herald, and the Australian Associated Press; covering the Vietnam War, Australian politics, and writing columns and opinion pieces. He was inducted into the Australian Media Hall of Fame in 2017. Early life Ramsey was born in Hornsby, New South Wales, on 3 January 1938 to Thelma Ruth Simmonds and Eric Ramsey. His father worked assorted jobs including a factory job and a few sales jobs. He was the eldest of five siblings. His mother took him and his siblings to live at Chittaway Point, New South Wales, when his father was enlisted in the war. He completed his Intermediate Certificate studies from Gosford High School before joining The Daily Telegraph. Career Ramsey started his career in journalism in 1953 as a copy boy and later as a cadet journalist working for Frank Packer, who then owned the Sydney Daily Telegraph. Ramsay gained experience working for small newspapers in Mount Isa and Darwin, before joining Australian Associated Press (AAP). He was a correspondent for AAP in Port Moresby and London, before being appointed in 1965 as a correspondent to travel with the first contingent of Australian combat troops to Vietnam. After returning to Australia, he was appointed to cover federal politics in Canberra for The Australian, in February 1966. During a parliamentary debate in 1971, Ramsey shouted "You liar!" from the press gallery of the House of Representatives, directed at then Prime Minister John Gorton. Ramsey said he felt compelled to speak out because Gorton's speech contradicted "one particular crucial part" of what Gorton had said in his office in an interview. Hansard faithfully reported Ramsay's clearly audible interjection, which was a blatant breach of parliamentary rules. Realising his error, Ramsey quickly conveyed his gravest apology both to the House and, most particularly, to the Prime Minister. Gorton graciously accepted the apology, while inviting the Labor Party Opposition to withdraw its motion that Ramsey be immediately arrested by the serjeant-at-arms of the House. Ramsey later recalled that House speaker William Aston had helped him draft the apology. Ramsey wrote for a number of other publications before becoming a speech-writer and press secretary for Australian Labor Party opposition leader Bill Hayden from 1978 until 1983. He took over the weekend national politics column for The Sydney Morning Herald from Peter Bowers and wrote the column from 1987 until his retirement in December 2008. He retired as the oldest longest serving Australian political reporter covering Federal politics. In his 2009 book A Matter of Opinion, he published a selection of more than a decade of opinion pieces for The Herald. He was a member of the board of the Whitlam Institute, but resigned, along with another director, subsequent to the forced resignation of founding director Peter Botsman in November 2002, after Botsman had been targeted by fellow director Mark Latham, following a falling out between the two. Writing about him in The Sydney Morning Herald, columnist Damien Murphy notes that his columns brought in a mix of "insights, anger, venom, sentimentality, and grace." He goes on to say that Ramsey through his columns was a "chronicler of Australia's march from Menzies to modernity." He was inducted into the Australian Media Hall of Fame in 2017. Personal life Ramsey was married twice: first to Jeanette Murphy and then to journalist Laura Tingle. Ramsey and Tingle divorced in 2017. He had three children from his first marriage and a daughter from his second marriage. He died on 24 November 2020, aged 82, after suffering from dementia and having spent the last months of his life in a nursing home on the south coast of New South Wales. Books Ramsey, Alan (2011). The Way They Were: The View from the Hill of the 25 Years That Remade Australia. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-74223-271-3. Ramsey, Alan (2009). A Matter of Opinion. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74176-905-0. References ^ a b c d Madden, James (24 November 2020). "Fearless, courageous, uncompromising: journalist Alan Ramsey dies, aged 82". The Australian. Nationwide News Pty Ltd. Retrieved 24 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g Dye, Josh (24 November 2020). "Alan Ramsey, former Herald journalist, dies aged 82". The Sydney Morning Herald. Nine Entertainment Co. Retrieved 24 November 2020. ^ a b c d Murphy, Damien (24 November 2020). "Herald legend whose columns were a mix of insight, venom and grace". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 November 2020. ^ Attard, Monica. "Alan Ramsay(sic) :: Sunday Profile". ABC Sunday Profile. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016. ^ Hancock, Ian (1 March 2011). John Gorton: He did it his way. Hachette Australia. ISBN 978-0-7336-2841-2. ^ Boadle, Donald (2021). "Sir William John (Bill) Aston (1916–1997)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. ^ Ramsey, Alan (6 November 2004). "No mercy in this bovver boy's payback". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 August 2016. ^ "Melbourne Press Club – Hall of Fame". Melbourne Press Club. ^ "Renowned reporter Alan Ramsey dies aged 82". au.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 24 November 2020. External links Interview on the ABC with Ramsey Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allan Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"The Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"Australian Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"}],"text":"For other people with similar names, see Allan Ramsay.Alan Graham Ramsey (3 January 1938 – 24 November 2020) was an Australian journalist and columnist for The Sydney Morning Herald from 1986 to 2008. In a career spanning 56 years, he worked for The Daily Telegraph, The Australian, The Sydney Morning Herald, and the Australian Associated Press; covering the Vietnam War, Australian politics, and writing columns and opinion pieces. He was inducted into the Australian Media Hall of Fame in 2017.","title":"Alan Ramsey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hornsby, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornsby,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Chittaway Point, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittaway_Point,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Intermediate Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_Certificate_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Gosford High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosford_High_School"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Ramsey was born in Hornsby, New South Wales, on 3 January 1938 to Thelma Ruth Simmonds and Eric Ramsey.[3][1] His father worked assorted jobs including a factory job and a few sales jobs. He was the eldest of five siblings. His mother took him and his siblings to live at Chittaway Point, New South Wales, when his father was enlisted in the war.[3]He completed his Intermediate Certificate studies from Gosford High School before joining The Daily Telegraph.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"copy boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy_boy"},{"link_name":"Frank Packer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Packer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH_Death-2"},{"link_name":"Mount Isa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Isa"},{"link_name":"Australian Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH_Death-2"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"The Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH_Death-2"},{"link_name":"press gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_gallery"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"John Gorton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gorton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hansard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard"},{"link_name":"Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"serjeant-at-arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant-at-arms"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"William Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aston"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Australian Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Bill Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hayden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH_Death-2"},{"link_name":"Peter Bowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bowers_(Australian_journalist)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH_Death-2"},{"link_name":"Whitlam Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitlam_Institute"},{"link_name":"Mark Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Latham"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Ramsey started his career in journalism in 1953 as a copy boy and later as a cadet journalist working for Frank Packer, who then owned the Sydney Daily Telegraph.[2] Ramsay gained experience working for small newspapers in Mount Isa and Darwin, before joining Australian Associated Press (AAP). He was a correspondent for AAP in Port Moresby and London, before being appointed in 1965 as a correspondent to travel with the first contingent of Australian combat troops to Vietnam.[2] After returning to Australia, he was appointed to cover federal politics in Canberra for The Australian, in February 1966.[2]During a parliamentary debate in 1971, Ramsey shouted \"You liar!\" from the press gallery of the House of Representatives, directed at then Prime Minister John Gorton. Ramsey said he felt compelled to speak out because Gorton's speech contradicted \"one particular crucial part\" of what Gorton had said in his office in an interview.[4] Hansard faithfully reported Ramsay's clearly audible interjection, which was a blatant breach of parliamentary rules. Realising his error, Ramsey quickly conveyed his gravest apology both to the House and, most particularly, to the Prime Minister. Gorton graciously accepted the apology, while inviting the Labor Party Opposition to withdraw its motion that Ramsey be immediately arrested by the serjeant-at-arms of the House.[5] Ramsey later recalled that House speaker William Aston had helped him draft the apology.[6]Ramsey wrote for a number of other publications before becoming a speech-writer and press secretary for Australian Labor Party opposition leader Bill Hayden from 1978 until 1983.[2] He took over the weekend national politics column for The Sydney Morning Herald from Peter Bowers and wrote the column from 1987 until his retirement in December 2008. He retired as the oldest longest serving Australian political reporter covering Federal politics.[2] In his 2009 book A Matter of Opinion, he published a selection of more than a decade of opinion pieces for The Herald. He was a member of the board of the Whitlam Institute, but resigned, along with another director, subsequent to the forced resignation of founding director Peter Botsman in November 2002, after Botsman had been targeted by fellow director Mark Latham, following a falling out between the two.[7]Writing about him in The Sydney Morning Herald, columnist Damien Murphy notes that his columns brought in a mix of \"insights, anger, venom, sentimentality, and grace.\" He goes on to say that Ramsey through his columns was a \"chronicler of Australia's march from Menzies to modernity.\"[3]He was inducted into the Australian Media Hall of Fame in 2017.[8][9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Tingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Tingle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH_Death-2"}],"text":"Ramsey was married twice: first to Jeanette Murphy and then to journalist Laura Tingle. Ramsey and Tingle divorced in 2017. He had three children from his first marriage and a daughter from his second marriage.[1]He died on 24 November 2020, aged 82, after suffering from dementia[1] and having spent the last months of his life in a nursing home on the south coast of New South Wales.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Way They Were: The View from the Hill of the 25 Years That Remade Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=GCwCzQEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-74223-271-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-271-3"},{"link_name":"A Matter of Opinion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xmJ2gO3MS9kC&q=Alan+ramsey+australia"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-74176-905-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74176-905-0"}],"text":"Ramsey, Alan (2011). The Way They Were: The View from the Hill of the 25 Years That Remade Australia. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-74223-271-3.\nRamsey, Alan (2009). A Matter of Opinion. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74176-905-0.","title":"Books"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryue_Nishizawa

Ryue Nishizawa

["1 Projects","2 Exhibitions","3 Notes","4 Further reading","5 External links"]

Japanese architect based in Tokyo (born 1966) Ryue NishizawaBorn1966 (age 57–58)Kanagawa Prefecture, JapanNationalityJapaneseAlma materYokohama National UniversityOccupationArchitectAwardsRolf Schock Prizes in Vsual Arts (2005)Pritzker Prize (2010) Ryue Nishizawa (西沢 立衛, Nishizawa Ryūe, born 1966 in Kanagawa Prefecture) is a Japanese architect based in Tokyo. He is a graduate of Yokohama National University, and is director of his own firm, Office of Ryue Nishizawa, established in 1997. In 1995, he co-founded the firm SANAA (Sejima and Nishizawa and Associates) with the architect Kazuyo Sejima. In 2010, he became the youngest recipient ever of the Pritzker Prize, together with Sejima. Projects Weekend House - 1997 to 1998 - Gunma, Japan Takeo Head Office Store - 1999 to 2000 - Tokyo, Japan House at Kamakura - 1999 to 2001 - Kanagawa, Japan Apartment Building at Ichikawa - 2001 to Present - Chiba, Japan Eda Apartment Building - 2002 to Present - Kanagawa, Japan Funabashi Apartment Building - 2002 to 2004 - Chiba, Japan Moriyama House - 2002 to 2005 - Tokyo, Japan Love Planet Museum - 2003 - Okayama, Japan Video Pavilion - 2003 to Present - Kagawa, Japan House in China - 2003 to Present - Tianjin, China Office Building, Benesse Art Site Naoshima - 2004 - Kagawa, Japan 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art - 2004 - Kanazawa, Japan A House - 2004 to 2007 - Tokyo, Japan Honmura Lounge & Archive - 2005 to Present - Kagawa, Japan The New Museum - New York, United States Towada Art Center - 2008 - Aomori, Japan Teshima Art Museum - 2010 - Kagawa, Japan Hiroshi Senju Museum - 2011 - Karuizawa, Japan Garden and House - 2013 - Tokyo, Japan Exhibitions Some Ideas on Living in London and Tokyo by Stephen Taylor and Ryue Nishizawa, Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal (2008) Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / SANAA, Henry Art Gallery, Seattle (2008) Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa SANAA, Towada Art Center, Towada Aomori (2014) Conceptions of Space: Recent Acquisitions in Contemporary Architecture, MoMA, New York (2014) Japan Architects 1945-2010, 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa (2014-2015) A Japanese Constellation: Toyo Ito, SANAA, and Beyond, MoMA, New York (2016) Notes ^ Pritzker Prize 2010 Media Kit, retrieved 29 March 2010 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ryue Nishizawa. Further reading Gallery MA (2003). Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / SANAA Works 1995–2003. Toto Shuppan. ISBN 978-4-88706-224-5 GA (2005). Sejima Kazuyo + Nishizawa Ryue Dokuhon. A.D.A. Edita. ISBN 4-87140-662-8 GA (2005). GA ARCHITECT 18 Sejima Kazuyo + Nishizawa Ryue. A.D.A. Edita. ISBN 4-87140-426-9 Yuko Hasegawa (2006). Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa: SANAA. Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-1-904313-40-3 Agustin Perez Rubio (2007). SANAA Houses: Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa. Actar. ISBN 978-84-96540-70-5 Joseph Grima and Karen Wong (Eds) (2008) Shift: SANAA and the New Museum. Lars Müller Publishers. ISBN 978-3-03778-140-1 Thomas Daniell (2008). After the Crash: Architecture in Post-Bubble Japan. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1-56898-776-7 Giovanna Borasi (Ed) 2008. Some ideas on living in London and Tokyo : Stephen Taylor, Ryue Nishizawa. Montreal: Canadian Centre for Architecture; Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller. ISBN 978-0-92078-580-5, 978-3-03778-150-0 External links Japan portalBiography portal Ryue Nishizawa lectures on Theory and Practice Office of Ryue Nishizawa official website (in Japanese) SANAA official website (in Japanese) SANAA: Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York Video at VernissageTV. Finding aid to the Ryue Nishizawa records, Canadian Centre for Architecture. vtePritzker Architecture Prize laureates Philip Johnson (1979) Luis Barragán (1980) James Stirling (1981) Kevin Roche (1982) I. M. Pei (1983) Richard Meier (1984) Hans Hollein (1985) Gottfried Böhm (1986) Kenzo Tange (1987) Gordon Bunshaft and Oscar Niemeyer (1988) Frank Gehry (1989) Aldo Rossi (1990) Robert Venturi (1991) Álvaro Siza Vieira (1992) Fumihiko Maki (1993) Christian de Portzamparc (1994) Tadao Ando (1995) Rafael Moneo (1996) Sverre Fehn (1997) Renzo Piano (1998) Norman Foster (1999) Rem Koolhaas (2000) Herzog & de Meuron (2001) Glenn Murcutt (2002) Jørn Utzon (2003) Zaha Hadid (2004) Thom Mayne (2005) Paulo Mendes da Rocha (2006) Richard Rogers (2007) Jean Nouvel (2008) Peter Zumthor (2009) Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa (2010) Eduardo Souto de Moura (2011) Wang Shu (2012) Toyo Ito (2013) Shigeru Ban (2014) Frei Otto (2015) Alejandro Aravena (2016) Rafael Aranda, Carme Pigem, and Ramón Vilalta (2017) B. V. Doshi (2018) Arata Isozaki (2019) Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara (2020) Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal (2021) Diébédo Francis Kéré (2022) David Chipperfield (2023) Riken Yamamoto (2024) vteRolf Schock Prize laureatesLogic and philosophy Willard Van Orman Quine (1993) Michael Dummett (1995) Dana Scott (1997) John Rawls (1999) Saul Kripke (2001) Solomon Feferman (2003) Jaakko Hintikka (2005) Thomas Nagel (2008) Hilary Putnam (2011) Derek Parfit (2014) Ruth Millikan (2017) Saharon Shelah (2018) Dag Prawitz / Per Martin-Löf (2020) David Kaplan (2022) Mathematics Elias M. Stein (1993) Andrew Wiles (1995) Mikio Sato (1997) Yuri I. Manin (1999) Elliott H. Lieb (2001) Richard P. Stanley (2003) Luis Caffarelli (2005) Endre Szemerédi (2008) Michael Aschbacher (2011) Yitang Zhang (2014) Richard Schoen (2017) Ronald Coifman (2018) Nikolai G. Makarov (2020) Jonathan Pila (2022) Visual arts Rafael Moneo (1993) Claes Oldenburg (1995) Torsten Andersson (1997) Herzog & de Meuron (1999) Giuseppe Penone (2001) Susan Rothenberg (2003) SANAA / Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa (2005) Mona Hatoum (2008) Marlene Dumas (2011) Anne Lacaton / Jean-Philippe Vassal (2014) Doris Salcedo (2017) Andrea Branzi (2018) Francis Alÿs (2020) Rem Koolhaas (2022) Musical arts Ingvar Lidholm (1993) György Ligeti (1995) Jorma Panula (1997) Kronos Quartet (1999) Kaija Saariaho (2001) Anne Sofie von Otter (2003) Mauricio Kagel (2005) Gidon Kremer (2008) Andrew Manze (2011) Herbert Blomstedt (2014) Wayne Shorter (2017) Barbara Hannigan (2018) György Kurtág (2020) Víkingur Ólafsson (2022) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Croatia Netherlands Academics CiNii Artists Museum of Modern Art 2 RKD Artists ULAN People Trove Other SNAC IdRef

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Kagawa, Japan\n21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art - 2004 - Kanazawa, Japan\nA House - 2004 to 2007 - Tokyo, Japan\nHonmura Lounge & Archive - 2005 to Present - Kagawa, Japan\nThe New Museum - New York, United States\nTowada Art Center - 2008 - Aomori, Japan\nTeshima Art Museum - 2010 - Kagawa, Japan\nHiroshi Senju Museum - 2011 - Karuizawa, Japan\nGarden and House - 2013 - Tokyo, Japan","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Some Ideas on Living in London and Tokyo by Stephen Taylor and Ryue Nishizawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cca.qc.ca/en/events/2718/some-ideas-on-living-in-london-and-tokyo-by-stephen-taylor-and-ryue-nishizawa"},{"link_name":"Canadian Centre for Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / 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(2016)","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pritzker_1-0"},{"link_name":"Pritzker Prize 2010 Media Kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/2010/textmediakit.html"},{"link_name":"Ryue Nishizawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ryue_Nishizawa"}],"text":"^ Pritzker Prize 2010 Media Kit, retrieved 29 March 2010Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ryue Nishizawa.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / SANAA Works 1995–2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080520221032/http://www.toto.co.jp/bookshop/app/detail.cgi?ID=A0224"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-88706-224-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-88706-224-5"},{"link_name":"Sejima Kazuyo + Nishizawa Ryue 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Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaidon_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-904313-40-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904313-40-3"},{"link_name":"SANAA Houses: Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.actar.com/index.php?option=com_dbquery&task=ExecuteQuery&qid=2&idllibre=3695&lang=en"},{"link_name":"Actar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-96540-70-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96540-70-5"},{"link_name":"Lars Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-03778-140-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03778-140-1"},{"link_name":"After the Crash: Architecture in Post-Bubble Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//papress.com/html/book.details.page.tpl?cart=1255929480191322&isbn=9781568987767"},{"link_name":"Princeton Architectural Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Architectural_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56898-776-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-776-7"},{"link_name":"Some ideas on living in London and Tokyo : Stephen Taylor, Ryue Nishizawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldcat.org/oclc/937024197"},{"link_name":"Canadian Centre for Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Architecture"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-92078-580-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-92078-580-5"},{"link_name":"978-3-03778-150-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03778-150-0"}],"text":"Gallery MA (2003). Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / SANAA Works 1995–2003. Toto Shuppan. ISBN 978-4-88706-224-5GA (2005). Sejima Kazuyo + Nishizawa Ryue Dokuhon. A.D.A. Edita. ISBN 4-87140-662-8\nGA (2005). GA ARCHITECT 18 Sejima Kazuyo + Nishizawa Ryue. A.D.A. Edita. ISBN 4-87140-426-9\nYuko Hasegawa (2006). Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa: SANAA. Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-1-904313-40-3\nAgustin Perez Rubio (2007). SANAA Houses: Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa. Actar. ISBN 978-84-96540-70-5\nJoseph Grima and Karen Wong (Eds) (2008) Shift: SANAA and the New Museum. Lars Müller Publishers. ISBN 978-3-03778-140-1\nThomas Daniell (2008). After the Crash: Architecture in Post-Bubble Japan. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1-56898-776-7\nGiovanna Borasi (Ed) 2008. Some ideas on living in London and Tokyo : Stephen Taylor, Ryue Nishizawa. Montreal: Canadian Centre for Architecture; Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller. ISBN 978-0-92078-580-5, 978-3-03778-150-0","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyny_speech

Julia Gillard's Misogyny Speech

["1 Background","2 Reactions","2.1 Abbott's response","2.2 Gillard's remarks","2.3 Perceptions of hypocrisy","3 Results of the speech","4 References","5 External links","5.1 Transcript and video","5.2 Selected further media coverage"]

2012 speech by Julia Gillard This article is part of a series aboutJulia Gillard Early life and career Member for Lalor (1998–2013) 1998 federal election 2006 Labor Party spill Deputy Prime Minister of Australia 2007 federal election Fair Work Act Building the Education Revolution Digital Education Revolution NAPLAN ACARA My School Prime Minister of Australia First Ministry Second Ministry Election 2010 federal election Carbon pricing scheme Minerals Resource Rent Tax Gonski report Immigration policies National Broadband Network 2012 Labor Party spill National Disability Insurance Scheme Misogyny Speech AWU affair March 2013 and June 2013 Labor Party spills My Story vte The Misogyny Speech was a parliamentary speech delivered by Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard on 9 October 2012 in reaction to the opposition leader Tony Abbott accusing her of sexism. Background I will not be lectured about sexism and misogyny by this man; I will not.....If he wants to know what misogyny looks like in modern Australia, he doesn't need a motion in the House of Representatives, he needs a mirror. That's what he needs.— Gillard Over the months leading up to this speech, Gillard had been criticised by parts of the Australian media and some members of the official Opposition Party based on her gender and her personal life; e.g. that she was unmarried, and that she was childless. One Liberal MP, Bill Heffernan, said she "was unfit for leadership because she was deliberately barren" and another, Sophie Mirabella, said "You won't need his taxpayer-funded nanny, will you?" regarding her ousting of the previous Prime Minister. Gillard also faced criticism for her actions as leader, reportedly being "characterised as unseemly and unduly brutal for a woman". Later she would reveal that she was also under constant attack by her predecessor, Kevin Rudd, saying "What shouldn't happen in politics is you shouldn't be dragged down by someone who is on your own side... When asked whether he had been involved in conversations undermining the Labor Party and undermining the government, he refused to answer." There were also several instances of "sexist and hateful attacks from anonymous critics" and "a plethora of pornographic and degrading images of the prime minister circulated on web sites, e-mail, and social media". Her speech was part of the no confidence motion to have Peter Slipper removed as Speaker over crude and sexist texts sent to his aide. Abbott stated that every day Gillard supported Slipper was "another day of shame for a government which should already have died of shame". Gillard made statements in support of Slipper and linked Abbott's motion to remarks made by Alan Jones in the then-recent Alan Jones shame controversy where the broadcaster said that Julia Gillard's father had died of shame because of his daughter's lies. Gillard said that "every day in every way" Abbott was sexist and misogynist. Within the speech, Gillard noted a number of statements Abbott had previously made. In an interview Abbott had stated, "If it's true, Stavros , that men have more power generally speaking than women, is that a bad thing?" When another person present at this interview stated they wanted their daughter to have as much opportunity as their son, Abbott responded, "Yeah, I completely agree, but what if men are by physiology or temperament, more adapted to exercise authority or to issue command?" Gillard also said that in March 2004, Abbott stated, "Abortion is the easy way out" and that he had stood next to a sign "ditch the witch" in reference to her political role. Reactions "I thought it was a forceful speech because the opposition leaders had dropped their heads during it. But I had no sense of how it was going to resonate outside the parliamentary chamber. Afterward, when I sat back in my chair, my deputy prime minister, Wayne Swan, had this odd expression on his face and said, "You can't give that kind of j'accuse speech and then sit down." Then the leader of the house, Anthony Albanese, said, "Oh, I felt sorry for Tony Abbott." By the time we'd been released from the debate and I'd walked back to my office, phones were ringing, and people were sending emails. But it was only over the next few days that it was reported around the world", said Gillard. The speech was criticised by some Australian journalists but attracted widespread interest and positive attention in feminist blogs and social media. Expat Chloe Angyal wrote for Britain's The Guardian that the speech tackled "sexism head-on" and was a "masterful, righteous take-down" and similar opinions were expressed by other expatriate Australian journalists. Britain's Daily Telegraph women's editor said that Gillard had cleverly shifted the focus of the news story with "an impressive set of insults". Within a week, a YouTube version of the speech had one million views. As of March 2022 the ABC news video has 3.8 million views. The context of the Labor Party's support for Peter Slipper, however, meant that commentary from domestic journalists was far more critical, with Michelle Grattan writing "it sounded more desperate than convincing", Peter Hartcher that Gillard "chose to defend the indefensible" and Peter van Onselen that the government had "egg on their collective faces". The public reaction was also polarised: approval ratings of Gillard and Abbott both improved following the speech. Gillard told media that she had been approached by world leaders who congratulated her on the speech at the 2012 Asia-Europe Meeting, including French President François Hollande and Danish Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt. Gillard told press that United States President Barack Obama had mentioned her speech when she phoned to congratulate him for his victory in the 2012 United States election. Two years after the speech, Hillary Clinton said that Gillard had "faced outrageous sexism", and that she found the speech very striking. Abbott's response Annabel Crabb reported on the misogyny speech in The Sydney Morning Herald at the time saying that "Sexism is everywhere in politics — you just have to count the examples that have cropped up this week once everyone suddenly started to care about it." She thought that "Abbott has been guilty of sexism, and at times extreme dopiness, with respect to women. But a deep and unswerving hatred of women, every day, and in every way? It's not a case I'd prosecute," but also that "you might feel sympathy for the Opposition Leader, if he hadn't spent the past two years calling the Prime Minister an inveterate, instinctive and pathological liar." She also reported that a comedian made a joke the next night, about Tony Abbott and his female Chief of Staff, at a minister-attended Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union dinner at Australian Parliament House, but no complaints were raised till the next day when Julia Gillard later reprimanded the CFMEU Boss. In September 2013, ahead of the 2013 federal election, Abbott discussed the speech with Annabel Crabb on her TV show Kitchen Cabinet, saying, "it was a very unfair speech, I thought, and it was a completely invalid speech in terms of responding to the issue of that day; it was just an invalid thing to say. But look, politics is about theatre and at the time I didn't think it was very effective theatre at all. But plainly it did strike a chord in a lot of people who had not followed the immediate problem that had brought on that particular parliamentary debate." Gillard's remarks Gillard explained the speech to The Guardian's Gabrielle Chan remarking "I thought after everything I have experienced, I have to listen to Tony Abbott lecture me about sexism", and that it was this "That gave me the emotional start to the speech and once I started, it took on a life of its own." Additionally she felt she was receiving "the burden but none of the benefits" as being the first female Prime Minister of Australia. Perceptions of hypocrisy Gillard's speech was criticised as hypocritical by some because earlier in the day the Labor Party had passed legislation cutting welfare benefits to single parents, almost all of whom were single mothers. In Overland, Stephanie Convery wrote: "Standing up for women's rights is not just about calling sexism for what it is. It's about agitating for specific change... I don't care how many sharp speeches she makes: her government is making life for some of the most vulnerable women in Australia even harder than it already is, and I want no part in it." In Crikey, Shakira Hussein wrote "I will not be lectured on sexism or misogyny by Julia Gillard on the very day that she has driven so many women deeper into poverty." Many single mothers interviewed by Anwen Crawford for Meanjin were similarly critical of the speech's timing. Results of the speech After Gillard's speech went viral, the Macquarie Dictionary updated its definition of the term "misogyny". Previously defined as a "hatred of women" by the Australian dictionary, misogyny now encompasses "entrenched prejudice against women". Director of the Australian National Dictionary Centre in Canberra, Amanda Laugesen, said the broader definition has a long history, with the original Oxford English Dictionary defining misogyny as "hatred or dislike or prejudice against women" and including examples dating back to the 19th century. In 2014, the speech was turned into a song, "Not Now, Not Ever!", by Brisbane composer and University of Queensland lecturer Rob Davidson, and sung by The Australian Voices. Australia-born Cornell University philosopher Kate Manne uses Gillard's speech as a central, clarifying example in her 2017 book Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. In the book, she writes that Gillard's use of the word "misogyny" is the use that has been common among feminists for years. The example of Gillard's speech serves to clarify that misogyny and sexism are distinct concepts, designating two branches of patriarchy: sexism serves to rationalize and justify the patriarchal order, while misogyny polices and enforces patriarchal order, according to Manne. In a 2019 Forbes article, Gillard said when talking about the reaction to the speech that she felt "that speech helps deal with those frustrations and unlock a little sense of power. It is possible to stand up and name and shame sexism and misogyny,” and that women the speech reached felt connected to it because it is similar to how they would wish to respond. The speech was voted by The Guardian readers in 2020 as the number one most unforgettable moment in Australian TV history. Gillard has expressed belief that the speech overshadowed other work in her political career: "I'm reconciled with it now and I understand that when people are writing things about me – including writing my obituary, hopefully in many years to come – that it's going to feature in there." References ^ a b Ireland, Judith; Wright, Jessica (9 October 2012). "Coalition fails to oust Slipper". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 October 2012. ^ "Transcript of Julia Gillard's speech". The Sydney Morning Herald. 19 October 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2020. ^ a b c d Trimble, Linda (November 2019). "Julia Gillard and the Gender Wars". Politics & Gender. 12 (2): 296–316. doi:10.1017/S1743923X16000155. S2CID 147439516. ^ "Heffernan targets 'barren' Gillard". The Bulletin. 1 May 2007. Archived from the original on 5 May 2007. ^ Hein, Tim (22 May 2012). "The 10 Most Publicised Abusive Comments About Julia Gilliard". TimHein.com. Retrieved 23 January 2021. ^ "Kevin Rudd challenges Julia Gillard for leadership of Australia". The Guardian. 24 February 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2020. ^ Farr, Malcolm (9 October 2012). "REVEALED: What Peter Slipper's sexist text messages actually said". News.com.au. Retrieved 18 April 2015. ^ Gardiner, Stephanie (10 October 2012). "'Died of shame': focus on Abbott's use of controversial phrase". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 July 2016. ^ a b Lester, Amelia (9 October 2012). "Ladylike: Julia Gillard's Misogyny Speech". The New Yorker. Retrieved 20 January 2013. ^ McDonald, Mark (11 October 2012). "Australian Leader Unleashes Blistering Speech". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 January 2013. ^ "Gillard labels Abbott a misogynist" (video). ABC News. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012. ^ "Transcript of Julia Gillard's speech". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2019. ^ Harmon, Steph; Siddeek, Amaani (7 February 2020). "'It took on a life of its own': the story behind Julia Gillard's misogyny speech". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 December 2020. ^ Angynl, Chloe (9 October 2010). "It's good to see Julia Gillard tackle sexism head-on". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 October 2012. ^ Attard, Monica (10 October 2012). "Australia's prime minister comes out swinging in sexism row". CNN. Retrieved 11 October 2012. ^ "Julia Gillard, Australia Prime Minister, Launches Blistering Attack On Sexism During Parliament Speech". Huffington Post. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012. ^ Gardiner, Stephanie (10 December 2012). "Julia 'badass' Gillard: Slipper resignation just a sidebar". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. ^ Henderson, Gerard (16 October 2012). "Short-sighted see hate at every turn". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. ^ "Julia Gillard's "misogyny speech" in full". YouTube. Retrieved 14 April 2020. ^ Whyte, Sally (10 October 2012). "Gillard fires up, Slipper fired: the pundits' verdict". Crikey. ^ Holmes, Jonathan (15 October 2012). "The speech that burst the press gallery's bubble". Media Watch. Retrieved 16 October 2012. ^ "PM has slight edge after sexism row: poll". The Australian. Surry Hills. AAP. 15 October 2012. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. ^ "Federal politics – voting intention", Essential Vision, 5 August 2013, archived from the original on 12 August 2013 ^ "World leaders praise Gillard sexism speech at ASEM", Australian Times, 8 November 2012, archived from the original on 21 October 2013, retrieved 21 October 2013 ^ Coorey, Phillip (10 November 2012). "Now it's Obama's turn to praise Gillard speech". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 October 2013. ^ Grattan, Michelle (10 November 2012). "Obama aware of misogyny speech". The Sydney Morning Herald. ^ Ferguson, Sarah (16 June 2014). "Hillary Clinton says 'no place for sexism in politics'". 7:30 with Leigh Sales. ^ Ireland, Judith (11 October 2012). "Gillard phones union boss over 'offensive' joke". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 December 2020. ^ Crabb, Annabel (13 October 2012). "'Misogyny' misses the real malady". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 December 2020. ^ Presenter: Annabel Crabb (4 September 2013). "Tony Abbott". Kitchen Cabinet. Season 3. Episode 7. ABC Television. ABC1. ^ Chan, Gabrielle (30 September 2013). "Julia Gillard explains 'misogyny speech'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 March 2019. ^ Cox, Eva (17 October 2012). "Prejudiced policymaking underlies Labor's cuts to single parent payments". The Conversation. Retrieved 31 May 2018. ^ Passant, John (4 January 2013). "How the poor are shunted into deeper poverty just for political capital". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 31 May 2018. ^ "Bid to Delay Single Parent Cut Fails". ABC News. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2018. ^ Convery, Stephanie (10 October 2012). "On that parliamentary smackdown". Overland. Retrieved 31 May 2018. ^ Hussein, Shakira (10 October 2012). "Pooping Gillard's Party". Crikey. Retrieved 31 May 2018. ^ Crawford, Anwen (2014). "This Isn't Working: Single Mothers and Welfare". Meanjin. Vol. 73, no. 3. Retrieved 31 May 2018. ^ "Gillard's speech prompts misogyny definition rethink", ABC News, 17 October 2012, archived from the original on 20 August 2013, retrieved 5 September 2013 ^ a b "Misogyny definition to change after Gillard speech". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 October 2012. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2014. ^ Summers, Anne (November 2012). "Her rights at work: the political persecution of Australia's first female prime minister". Economic and Labour Relations Review. 23 (4): 115. doi:10.1177/103530461202300409. ISSN 1035-3046. S2CID 145755087. Retrieved 21 October 2013. ^ Davidson, Helen (21 March 2014). "Julia Gillard's misogyny speech has been turned into a song". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2022. ^ "Not Now, Not Ever!" (Gillard Misogyny Speech) on YouTube, by Australian Voices, 16 March 2014. ^ Manne, Kate (2019). Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. Ithaca, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0190604981. ^ King, Michelle (17 September 2019). "Julia Gillard, Australia's First Female Prime Minister On Leadership, Education And The Misogyny Speech". Forbes. Retrieved 1 November 2019. ^ Harmon, Steph (7 February 2020). "Julia Gillard's misogyny speech voted 'most unforgettable' moment in Australian TV history". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ Silva, Kristian (16 September 2019). "Former PM Julia Gillard says misogyny speech overshadowed other achievements". ABC News. Retrieved 7 February 2020. External links Transcript and video "Transcript of Julia Gillard's speech". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 October 2012. "Gillard labels Abbott a misogynist". ABC News. 8 October 2012. "Official Australian Parliament video recording". Parliament of Australia Hansard - PM Gillard's speech commences at timecode 14:42:00. 9 October 2012. "Official Australian Parliament transcript page". Parliament of Australia Hansard. 9 October 2012. Selected further media coverage Hall, Bianca (26 July 2013). "Julia Gillard surprised by impact of misogyny speech". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2013. Hepworth, Katherine (14 October 2012), "Gillard's misogyny speech looks even better than it reads", The Conversation, archived from the original on 2 July 2013, retrieved 5 September 2013 Hitch, Georgia (9 October 2022). "'Not now, not ever': 10 years on from the misogyny speech". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Maher, Sid (26 July 2013), "Emotional power of misogyny speech was lost on Gillard", The Australian, archived from the original on 27 July 2013, retrieved 5 September 2013 Murphy, Katharine (26 July 2013), "Julia Gillard reveals what she thought when she gave the 'misogyny speech'", The Guardian, archived from the original on 23 August 2013, retrieved 5 September 2013 Welsh, Caitlin (10 October 2012), "What the Australian Media missed in Gillard's misogyny speech", The Vine, retrieved 6 September 2013 Yenko, Athena (27 June 2013), "The Irony: PM Julia Gillard Once Feminist Icon for Misogyny Speech, Now Ousted as First Female Prime Minister", International Business Times, retrieved 6 September 2013

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julia Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillard"},{"link_name":"Tony Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Abbott"},{"link_name":"sexism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slipper-1"}],"text":"The Misogyny Speech was a parliamentary speech delivered by Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard on 9 October 2012 in reaction to the opposition leader Tony Abbott accusing her of sexism.[1]","title":"Julia Gillard's Misogyny Speech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"misogyny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyny"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Opposition Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-3"},{"link_name":"Bill Heffernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Heffernan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulletin1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-3"},{"link_name":"Sophie Mirabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Mirabella"},{"link_name":"Kevin Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Rudd"},{"link_name":"previous Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudd_Government_(2007%E2%80%932010)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillard_Government"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-3"},{"link_name":"Kevin Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Party_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-3"},{"link_name":"Peter Slipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Slipper"},{"link_name":"Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mussels-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Alan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jones_(radio_broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Alan Jones shame controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jones_shame_controversy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYorker20121009-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT20121011-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slipper-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"I will not be lectured about sexism and misogyny by this man; I will not.....If he [Abbott] wants to know what misogyny looks like in modern Australia, he doesn't need a motion in the House of Representatives, he needs a mirror. That's what he needs.— Gillard[2]Over the months leading up to this speech, Gillard had been criticised by parts of the Australian media and some members of the official Opposition Party based on her gender and her personal life; e.g. that she was unmarried, and that she was childless.[3] One Liberal MP, Bill Heffernan, said she \"was unfit for leadership because she was deliberately barren\"[4][3] and another, Sophie Mirabella, said \"You won't need his [ex-PM Kevin Rudd's] taxpayer-funded nanny, will you?\" regarding her ousting of the previous Prime Minister.[5]Gillard also faced criticism for her actions as leader, reportedly being \"characterised as unseemly and unduly brutal for a woman\".[3] Later she would reveal that she was also under constant attack by her predecessor, Kevin Rudd, saying \"What shouldn't happen in politics is you shouldn't be dragged down by someone who is on your own side... When asked whether he had been involved in conversations undermining the Labor Party and undermining the government, he refused to answer.\"[6] There were also several instances of \"sexist and hateful attacks from anonymous critics\" and \"a plethora of pornographic and degrading images of the prime minister circulated on web sites, e-mail, and social media\".[3]Her speech was part of the no confidence motion to have Peter Slipper removed as Speaker over crude and sexist texts sent to his aide.[7] Abbott stated that every day Gillard supported Slipper was \"another day of shame for a government which should already have died of shame\".[8] Gillard made statements in support of Slipper and linked Abbott's motion to remarks made by Alan Jones in the then-recent Alan Jones shame controversy where the broadcaster said that Julia Gillard's father had died of shame because of his daughter's lies.[9][10] Gillard said that \"every day in every way\" Abbott was sexist and misogynist.[1][11]Within the speech, Gillard noted a number of statements Abbott had previously made. In an interview Abbott had stated, \"If it's true, Stavros [the interviewer], that men have more power generally speaking than women, is that a bad thing?\" When another person present at this interview stated they wanted their daughter to have as much opportunity as their son, Abbott responded, \"Yeah, I completely agree, but what if men are by physiology or temperament, more adapted to exercise authority or to issue command?\" Gillard also said that in March 2004, Abbott stated, \"Abortion is the easy way out\" and that he had stood next to a sign \"ditch the witch\" in reference to her political role.[12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wayne Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Swan"},{"link_name":"j'accuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%27Accuse...!"},{"link_name":"Anthony Albanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Albanese"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYorker20121009-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julia_Gillard%27s_Misogyny_Speech&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Michelle Grattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Grattan"},{"link_name":"Peter van Onselen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_van_Onselen"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Asia-Europe Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Europe_Meeting"},{"link_name":"François Hollande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande"},{"link_name":"Helle Thorning-Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helle_Thorning-Schmidt"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"2012 United States election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"\"I thought it was a forceful speech because the opposition leaders had dropped their heads during it. But I had no sense of how it was going to resonate outside the parliamentary chamber. Afterward, when I sat back in my chair, my deputy prime minister, Wayne Swan, had this odd expression on his face and said, \"You can't give that kind of j'accuse speech and then sit down.\" Then the leader of the house, Anthony Albanese, said, \"Oh, I felt sorry for Tony Abbott.\" By the time we'd been released from the debate and I'd walked back to my office, phones were ringing, and people were sending emails. But it was only over the next few days that it was reported around the world\", said Gillard.[13]The speech was criticised by some Australian journalists but attracted widespread interest and positive attention in feminist blogs and social media. Expat Chloe Angyal wrote for Britain's The Guardian that the speech tackled \"sexism head-on\" and was a \"masterful, righteous take-down\"[14] and similar opinions were expressed by other expatriate Australian journalists.[9][15][16] Britain's Daily Telegraph women's editor said that Gillard had cleverly shifted the focus of the news story with \"an impressive set of insults\".[17] Within a week, a YouTube version of the speech had one million views.[18] As of March 2022[update] the ABC news video has 3.8 million views.[19] The context of the Labor Party's support for Peter Slipper, however, meant that commentary from domestic journalists was far more critical, with Michelle Grattan writing \"it sounded more desperate than convincing\", Peter Hartcher that Gillard \"chose to defend the indefensible\" and Peter van Onselen that the government had \"egg on their collective faces\".[20][21] The public reaction was also polarised: approval ratings of Gillard and Abbott both improved following the speech.[22][23]Gillard told media that she had been approached by world leaders who congratulated her on the speech at the 2012 Asia-Europe Meeting, including French President François Hollande and Danish Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt.[24] Gillard told press that United States President Barack Obama had mentioned her speech when she phoned to congratulate him for his victory in the 2012 United States election.[25][26] Two years after the speech, Hillary Clinton said that Gillard had \"faced outrageous sexism\", and that she found the speech very striking.[27]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annabel Crabb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabel_Crabb"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"Tony Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction,_Forestry,_Mining_and_Energy_Union"},{"link_name":"Australian Parliament House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Parliament_House"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"2013 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Annabel Crabb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabel_Crabb"},{"link_name":"Kitchen Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_Cabinet_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Abbott's response","text":"Annabel Crabb reported on the misogyny speech in The Sydney Morning Herald at the time saying that \"Sexism is everywhere in politics — you just have to count the examples that have cropped up this week once everyone suddenly started to care about it.\" She thought that \"Abbott has been guilty of sexism, and at times extreme dopiness, with respect to women. But a deep and unswerving hatred of women, every day, and in every way? It's not a case I'd prosecute,\" but also that \"you might feel sympathy for the Opposition Leader, if he hadn't spent the past two years calling the Prime Minister an inveterate, instinctive and pathological liar.\" She also reported that a comedian made a joke the next night, about Tony Abbott and his female Chief of Staff, at a minister-attended Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union dinner at Australian Parliament House, but no complaints were raised till the next day when Julia Gillard later reprimanded the CFMEU Boss.[28][29]In September 2013, ahead of the 2013 federal election, Abbott discussed the speech with Annabel Crabb on her TV show Kitchen Cabinet, saying, \"it was a very unfair speech, I thought, and it was a completely invalid speech in terms of responding to the issue of that day; it was just an invalid thing to say. But look, politics is about theatre and at the time I didn't think it was very effective theatre at all. But plainly it did strike a chord in a lot of people who had not followed the immediate problem that had brought on that particular parliamentary debate.\"[30]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Gillard's remarks","text":"Gillard explained the speech to The Guardian's Gabrielle Chan remarking \"I thought after everything I have experienced, I have to listen to Tony Abbott lecture me about sexism\", and that it was this \"That gave me the emotional start to the speech and once I started, it took on a life of its own.\" Additionally she felt she was receiving \"the burden but none of the benefits\" as being the first female Prime Minister of Australia.[31]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Overland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Crikey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crikey"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Meanjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanjin"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Perceptions of hypocrisy","text":"Gillard's speech was criticised as hypocritical by some because earlier in the day the Labor Party had passed legislation cutting welfare benefits to single parents, almost all of whom were single mothers.[32][33][34] In Overland, Stephanie Convery wrote: \"Standing up for women's rights is not just about calling sexism for what it is. It's about agitating for specific change... I don't care how many sharp speeches she makes: her government is making life for some of the most vulnerable women in Australia even harder than it already is, and I want no part in it.\"[35] In Crikey, Shakira Hussein wrote \"I will not be lectured on sexism or misogyny by Julia Gillard on the very day that she has driven so many women deeper into poverty.\"[36] Many single mothers interviewed by Anwen Crawford for Meanjin were similarly critical of the speech's timing.[37]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_video"},{"link_name":"Macquarie Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"misogyny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyny"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Summer's_Account-40"},{"link_name":"Australian National Dictionary Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Dictionary_Centre"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED-39"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Rob Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(composer)"},{"link_name":"The Australian Voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian_Voices"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notnow-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Kate Manne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Manne"},{"link_name":"patriarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"After Gillard's speech went viral, the Macquarie Dictionary updated its definition of the term \"misogyny\".[38][39] Previously defined as a \"hatred of women\" by the Australian dictionary, misogyny now encompasses \"entrenched prejudice against women\".[40] Director of the Australian National Dictionary Centre in Canberra, Amanda Laugesen, said the broader definition has a long history, with the original Oxford English Dictionary defining misogyny as \"hatred or dislike or prejudice against women\" and including examples dating back to the 19th century.[39]In 2014, the speech was turned into a song, \"Not Now, Not Ever!\", by Brisbane composer and University of Queensland lecturer Rob Davidson, and sung by The Australian Voices.[41][42]Australia-born Cornell University philosopher Kate Manne uses Gillard's speech as a central, clarifying example in her 2017 book Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. In the book, she writes that Gillard's use of the word \"misogyny\" is the use that has been common among feminists for years. The example of Gillard's speech serves to clarify that misogyny and sexism are distinct concepts, designating two branches of patriarchy: sexism serves to rationalize and justify the patriarchal order, while misogyny polices and enforces patriarchal order, according to Manne.[43]In a 2019 Forbes article, Gillard said when talking about the reaction to the speech that she felt \"that speech helps deal with those frustrations and unlock a little sense of power. It is possible to stand up and name and shame sexism and misogyny,” and that women the speech reached felt connected to it because it is similar to how they would wish to respond.[44]The speech was voted by The Guardian readers in 2020 as the number one most unforgettable moment in Australian TV history.[45] Gillard has expressed belief that the speech overshadowed other work in her political career: \"I'm reconciled with it now and I understand that when people are writing things about me – including writing my obituary, hopefully in many years to come – that it's going to feature in there.\"[46]","title":"Results of the speech"}]

[]

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reads\""},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/gillards-misogyny-speech-looks-even-better-than-it-reads-10111","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-09/julia-gillard-misogyny-speech-10-years-on/101501484","external_links_name":"\"'Not now, not ever': 10 years on from the misogyny speech\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130727023157/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/emotional-power-of-misogyny-speech-was-lost-on-gillard/story-fn59niix-1226685257026","external_links_name":"\"Emotional power of misogyny speech was lost on Gillard\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/emotional-power-of-misogyny-speech-was-lost-on-gillard/story-fn59niix-1226685257026","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130823201637/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/26/julia-gillard-misogyny-kevin-rudd","external_links_name":"\"Julia Gillard reveals what she thought when she gave the 'misogyny speech'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/26/julia-gillard-misogyny-kevin-rudd","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thevine.com.au/life/news/what-the-australian-media-missed-in-gillards-misogyny-speech-20121010-262975","external_links_name":"\"What the Australian Media missed in Gillard's misogyny speech\""},{"Link":"http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/483645/20130627/julia-gillard-kevin-rudd-prime-minister.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Irony: PM Julia Gillard Once Feminist Icon for Misogyny Speech, Now Ousted as First Female Prime Minister\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIAT_Industries

Nexter Systems

["1 Group organization","2 History","2.1 Merger with KMW (2015)","2.2 Rebranding in KNDS France","3 Products","4 References","5 External links"]

French government-owned weapons manufacturer KNDS FranceFormerlyNexter (2006-2024), GIAT Industries (1973 - 2006)Company typeSociété AnonymeIndustryDefencePredecessorNexter, GIAT IndustriesFounded1973; 51 years ago (1973)FounderFrench governmentHeadquartersVersailles, Yvelines, FranceProductsartillery, ammunition, military vehicles, tanks, electronics, robots, CBRN, optronicsRevenue €962 million (2018)Net income€118 million (2018)Number of employees3,700Parentsince 2015 KNDS KNDS France (formerly known as Nexter, GIAT Industries or Groupement des Industries de l'Armée de Terre, Army Industries Group) was a French government-owned weapons manufacturer, based in Versailles. In 2015, Nexter and Krauss-Maffei Wegman merged under a single structure to form KNDS. Group organization The KNDS France and his subsidiaries is divided in several smaller entities, with the main one being KNDS France. The sub-companies are: KNDS Ammo France KNDS Ammo Italy S.P.A KNDS Belgium KNDS France Mechanics KNDS France Robotics KNDS France Training KNDS OptSys KNDS CBRN History The GIAT group was founded in 1973 by combining the industrial assets of the technical direction of Army weapons of the French Ministry of Defense. The company was nationalized in 1991. On 22 September 2006 GIAT became the core of the new company Nexter. For many years GIAT struggled to turn a profit. The company was operated at a loss. A 2001 report by the Cour des Comptes and a 2002 report by the National Assembly described the situation as critical. In April 2004 the board of directors presented the public with a financial statement showing a profit of several hundred million Euros. This was mainly due to increased export sales, and the modernization of the Leclerc Main Battle Tank (MBT) and several other armored platforms. Sales to the UAE however were accomplished with the payment of $200 million to intermediaries. In 2006, the THL-20 gun turret was selected by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for use on the HAL Light Combat Helicopter, incorporating the 20 mm M621 cannon. Nexter has a joint venture CTA International with BAE Systems to develop and manufacture case telescoped weapon systems and ammunition of 40 mm calibre. Nexter continues to produce several former GIAT small arms, cannon, and anti-armour weapons. One such weapon is the Wasp 58, a low cost, one man antiarmour/assault weapon system. In May 2014 Nexter bought two artillery shell manufacturers: Mecar in Petit-Roeulx-les-Nivelles Belgium, and Simmel Difesa in Colleferro Italy. Merger with KMW (2015) In 2015, Nexter and Krauss-Maffei merged under a single structure. The new KMW+Nexter Defense Systems (KNDS) will be the European leader of terrestrial defense with more than 6,000 employees. The supervisory board appointed the new CEO of Nexter Systems, Stéphane Mayer, and the chairman of the executive board of KMW, Frank Haun, as CEOs of the holding company. On 24 October 2023, Nexter's Mecar subsidiary announced that it had found an investment of €15 million for a 155mm artillery shell production facility. A guarantee by the Belgian Defense Ministry of €10 million was needed to initiate construction. In May 2024 the price of the munitions was between €7,000 and €10,000. The facility would be able to produce roughly 100 shells per day. This was at the time roughly a third of the number of heavy artillery shells produced at KNDS. In May 2024 Mecar did not have permission to handle explosives so the shells needed to be sent away for final assembly. In May 2024 the Belgian defense minister Ludivine Dedonder signed a contract with Nexter that it would buy annually 4,000 shells for the next 20 years. In February 2024 Nexter signed an agreement with a Saudi group called Wahaj that they would together develop a guided shell for use with the 156 CAESAR artillery delivery systems that were on order by the Saudi government, which had established more stringent precision standards than normal. The state-of-the-art ordnance systems used GPS and IMU; the newly-specified "Sabir" system would add a (drone-mounted) laser pointer feature and have a range of 60km. In addition, the Saudis prize the ITAR-free status of their new shells. Rebranding in KNDS France As a result of the merger of Nexter Systems into KNDS, the KNDS brand replaces the Nexter brand in June 2023. In April 2024, the Nexter Systems subsidiary is officially renamed KNDS France, while Krauss-Maffei Wegmann becomes KNDS Deutschland. Products Nexter designs and manufactures military protected vehicles for the French military and other international militaries: The Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé (VAB) armoured personnel carrier; The Nexter Aravis - Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicle; The Nexter Titus wheeled and mine protected vehicle; The VBMR Griffon armoured personnel carrier VMBR-L Serval and EBRC Jaguar The company also acquired a large influence in the field of combat and artillery vehicles thanks to the development of several large caliber cannons: The Leclerc main battle tank; The CAESAR - 155 mm wheeled self-propelled howitzer; The VBCI (Véhicule blindé de combat d'infanterie) wheeled armoured infantry fighting vehicle; The LG1 Mark II 105 mm towed howitzer; The TRF1 155 mm towed howitzer The GCT 155mm self-propelled gun The AMX-10 RC tank destroyer And several types of munitions for medium and large-calibre weapons: 120 mm ammunition 155 mm ammunition Tank ammunition 40 mm ammunitions Nexter/GIAT also manufactures various weapons: The FAMAS assault rifle; The M621 cannon The FR F2 sniper rifle; The 20 mm modèle F2 gun; The M811 25 mm cannon; The APILAS anti-tank rocket launcher; The Wasp 58 Light Anti-Armour Weapon; The Armes de Défense Rapprochée personal defence weapon; The GIAT 30 aircraft-mounted revolver cannon; VBCI Aravis CAESAR CAESAR Leclerc THL-20 helicopter gun turret TRF1 155 mm towed howitzer References ^ History of the Nexter company Archived 2007-07-02 at the Wayback Machine ^ Les industries d'armement: rapport au Président de la République suivis des réponses des administrations et des organismes concernés Archived 2019-01-17 at the Wayback Machine, Cour des Comptes, La Documentation Française, 2001 ^ Rapport d'information déposé par la commission de la défense nationale et des forces armées sur la situation de Giat Industries, "Report from the defense and armed forces commission on the situation of Giat Industries", presented by Yves Fromion and Jean Diébold, French National Assembly, 2002 ^ The Shadowy Arms Trade - A Look Back at a Questionable Tank Deal "An intermediary received a commission of almost $200 million for the sale of battle tanks to United Arab Emirates. Some of that money, though, may have been used to bribe government officials." ^ "Missile Mirage", Aviation Week & Space Technology, January 1, 2007. ^ "Nexter grossit et rachète Mecar et Simmel Difesa". FOB - Forces Operations Blog. 2014-04-24. ^ Nexter Systems and Krauss-Maffei Wegmann have completed their association Archived 2017-12-01 at the Wayback Machine. nexter-group.fr. Retrieved 10 June 2016 ^ "L'Entreprise de défense Mecar prévoit une diversification de ses activités". ^ a b c "Le fabricant de munitions KNDS à Petit-Roeulx investit pour produire des obus destinés en partie à l'Ukraine". ^ a b https://www.lecho.be/entreprises/defense-aeronautique/mecar-va-produire-un-tiers-des-obus-d-artillerie-lourde-de-knds/10548833.html?_sp_ses=20d9ab0d-f56e-4af7-bd8b-4aebc7a0dcbe. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ https://www.msn.com/fr-be/actualite/other/un-obus-d-artillerie-de-calibre-155-mm-produit-à-nivelles-il-répond-au-besoin-de-la-défense-belge-mais-aidera-aussi-l-ukraine/ar-BB1nhul8. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "KNDS France va développer un nouvel obus guidé de 155 mm en partenariat avec une entreprise saoudienne". 16 February 2024. (in French) Cour des Comptes, Les industries d'armement de l'État, chapter 3, 2001 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nexter. Official website vteKNDSSubsidiaries Krauss-Maffei Wegmann Nexter Systems Krauss-Maffei Wegmann KraussMaffei Maffei Krauss & Co. Wegmann & Co. Products Artillery Gun Module ATF Dingo Boxer MRAV Fennek Flakpanzer Gepard FLW remote weapon station Henschel-Wegmann Train KMW F2 KMW Grizzly Krauss-Maffei ML 4000 C'C' Leopard 1 Leopard 2 M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System Mungo ESK Panzerhaubitze 2000 Puma Nexter Systems CTA International Products 20 mm modèle F2 gun AMX Leclerc APILAS CAESAR FAMAS FR F2 sniper rifle GIAT 30 GIAT LG1 Nexter Aravis Nexter Titus TRF1 VBCI Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé Wasp 58 People Georg Krauß vte Automotive industry in France Economy of France Transport in France ManufacturersActive Aixam Auverland Automobiles Chatenet Bellier Bolloré Bugatti Mercedes-Benz Group Smart France De La Chapelle Delage Exagon Genty Ineos Automotive Iveco Bus Heuliez Bus Ligier Microcar Motobécane Nexter Navya SAS Norma Auto Concept PGO PVI Groupe Renault Alpine Renault Renault Trucks ACMAT Arquus Panhard Scorpa SECMA Stellantis Citroën DS Peugeot Toyota Motor Manufacturing France Y.O Concept Venturi Defunct Aerocarene ACMA ACOMA Amilcar Avions Voisin BNC Berliet Bellanger Bignan Delahaye Facel Vega Ford SAF Heuliez Hommell Hotchkiss Lorraine-Dietrich Lumeneo Marathon Matford Mathis Mia electric Monica Mors MPM Motors PSA Group Rosengart SAP Salmson Saviem SEAB Simca Matra René Bonnet Talbot Deutsch-Bonnet Talbot-Lago Venturi Components Electricfil Faurecia Michelin OPmobility Peugeot GTI Peugeot Sport Renault Sport Gordini Sodemo Moteurs Valeo Finance RCI Banque Museums Cité de l'Automobile Musée de l'Aventure Peugeot Musée Automobile Reims Champagne Renault Classic Related topics Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles Paris Motor Show Rétromobile Euro NCAP 24 Hours of Le Mans French Grand Prix Autoroutes Category Commons Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data

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The sub-companies are:KNDS Ammo France\nKNDS Ammo Italy S.P.A\nKNDS Belgium\nKNDS France Mechanics\nKNDS France Robotics\nKNDS France Training\nKNDS OptSys\nKNDS CBRN","title":"Group organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Ministry of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(France)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cour des Comptes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_des_Comptes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leclerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclerc_tank"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Aeronautics Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limited"},{"link_name":"HAL Light Combat Helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_Light_Combat_Helicopter"},{"link_name":"M621 cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M621_cannon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awst_20070101-5"},{"link_name":"CTA International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTA_International"},{"link_name":"BAE Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Wasp 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp_58"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Mecar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecar"},{"link_name":"Petit-Roeulx-les-Nivelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit-Roeulx-les-Nivelles"},{"link_name":"Simmel Difesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmel_Difesa"},{"link_name":"Colleferro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleferro"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fop1-6"}],"text":"The GIAT group was founded in 1973 by combining the industrial assets of the technical direction of Army weapons of the French Ministry of Defense. The company was nationalized in 1991. On 22 September 2006 GIAT became the core of the new company Nexter.[1]For many years GIAT struggled to turn a profit. The company was operated at a loss. A 2001 report by the Cour des Comptes[2] and a 2002 report by the National Assembly[3] described the situation as critical. In April 2004 the board of directors presented the public with a financial statement showing a profit of several hundred million Euros. This was mainly due to increased export sales, and the modernization of the Leclerc Main Battle Tank (MBT) and several other armored platforms. Sales to the UAE however were accomplished with the payment of $200 million to intermediaries.[4]In 2006, the THL-20 gun turret was selected by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for use on the HAL Light Combat Helicopter, incorporating the 20 mm M621 cannon.[5]Nexter has a joint venture CTA International with BAE Systems to develop and manufacture case telescoped weapon systems and ammunition of 40 mm calibre.[citation needed][when?]Nexter continues to produce several former GIAT small arms, cannon, and anti-armour weapons. One such weapon is the Wasp 58, a low cost, one man antiarmour/assault weapon system.[citation needed][when?]In May 2014 Nexter bought two artillery shell manufacturers: Mecar in Petit-Roeulx-les-Nivelles Belgium, and Simmel Difesa in Colleferro Italy.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KMW+Nexter Defense Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMW%2BNexter_Defense_Systems"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dhn1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtbf1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtbf1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtbf1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lecho1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lecho1-10"},{"link_name":"Ludivine Dedonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludivine_Dedonder"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msn1-11"},{"link_name":"Wahaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahaj"},{"link_name":"CAESAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAESAR_self-propelled_howitzer"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"link_name":"IMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_measurement_unit"},{"link_name":"ITAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITAR"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-op1-12"}],"sub_title":"Merger with KMW (2015)","text":"In 2015, Nexter and Krauss-Maffei merged under a single structure. The new KMW+Nexter Defense Systems (KNDS) will be the European leader of terrestrial defense with more than 6,000 employees. The supervisory board appointed the new CEO of Nexter Systems, Stéphane Mayer, and the chairman of the executive board of KMW, Frank Haun, as CEOs of the holding company.[7]On 24 October 2023, Nexter's Mecar subsidiary announced that it had found an investment of €15 million for a 155mm artillery shell production facility.[8] A guarantee by the Belgian Defense Ministry of €10 million was needed to initiate construction.[9] In May 2024 the price of the munitions was between €7,000 and €10,000.[9] The facility would be able to produce roughly 100 shells per day.[9] This was at the time roughly a third of the number of heavy artillery shells produced at KNDS.[10] In May 2024 Mecar did not have permission to handle explosives so the shells needed to be sent away for final assembly.[10] In May 2024 the Belgian defense minister Ludivine Dedonder signed a contract with Nexter that it would buy annually 4,000 shells for the next 20 years.[11]In February 2024 Nexter signed an agreement with a Saudi group called Wahaj that they would together develop a guided shell for use with the 156 CAESAR artillery delivery systems that were on order by the Saudi government, which had established more stringent precision standards than normal. The state-of-the-art ordnance systems used GPS and IMU; the newly-specified \"Sabir\" system would add a (drone-mounted) laser pointer feature and have a range of 60km. In addition, the Saudis prize the ITAR-free status of their new shells.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rebranding in KNDS France","text":"As a result of the merger of Nexter Systems into KNDS, the KNDS brand replaces the Nexter brand in June 2023. In April 2024, the Nexter Systems subsidiary is officially renamed KNDS France, while Krauss-Maffei Wegmann becomes KNDS Deutschland.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_France"},{"link_name":"militaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military"},{"link_name":"Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_de_l%27Avant_Blind%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Nexter Aravis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexter_Aravis"},{"link_name":"Nexter Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexter_Titus"},{"link_name":"VBMR Griffon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBMR_Griffon"},{"link_name":"VMBR-L Serval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VMBR-L_Serval&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"EBRC Jaguar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBRC_Jaguar"},{"link_name":"Leclerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclerc_tank"},{"link_name":"main battle tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battle_tank"},{"link_name":"CAESAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAESAR_self-propelled_howitzer"},{"link_name":"self-propelled howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_howitzer"},{"link_name":"VBCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_blind%C3%A9_de_combat_d%27infanterie"},{"link_name":"LG1 Mark II 105 mm towed howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIAT_LG1"},{"link_name":"TRF1 155 mm towed howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRF1"},{"link_name":"GCT 155mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCT_155mm"},{"link_name":"AMX-10 RC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX-10_RC"},{"link_name":"FAMAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAMAS"},{"link_name":"M621 cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M621_cannon"},{"link_name":"FR F2 sniper rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR_F2_sniper_rifle"},{"link_name":"20 mm modèle F2 gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_mm_mod%C3%A8le_F2_gun"},{"link_name":"M811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIAT_M811"},{"link_name":"APILAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APILAS"},{"link_name":"Wasp 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp_58"},{"link_name":"GIAT 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIAT_30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VCBI-openphotonet_PICT6027.JPG"},{"link_name":"VBCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9hicule_blind%C3%A9_de_combat_d%27infanterie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nexter_Aravis_%C3%A0_Strasbourg,_2010_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Aravis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexter_Aravis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAESAR_(camion_%C3%A9quip%C3%A9_d%27un_syst%C3%A8me_d%27artillerie)_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"CAESAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAESAR_self-propelled_howitzer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAESAR_firing_in_Afghanistan.jpg"},{"link_name":"CAESAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAESAR_self-propelled_howitzer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leclerc-openphotonet_PICT6015.JPG"},{"link_name":"Leclerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclerc_tank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nexter_THL-30_p1220834.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-1-Towed-Gun-howitzer.jpg"}],"text":"Nexter designs and manufactures military protected vehicles for the French military and other international militaries:The Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé (VAB) armoured personnel carrier;\nThe Nexter Aravis - Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicle;\nThe Nexter Titus wheeled and mine protected vehicle;\nThe VBMR Griffon armoured personnel carrier VMBR-L Serval and EBRC JaguarThe company also acquired a large influence in the field of combat and artillery vehicles thanks to the development of several large caliber cannons:The Leclerc main battle tank;\nThe CAESAR - 155 mm wheeled self-propelled howitzer;\nThe VBCI (Véhicule blindé de combat d'infanterie) wheeled armoured infantry fighting vehicle;\nThe LG1 Mark II 105 mm towed howitzer;\nThe TRF1 155 mm towed howitzer\nThe GCT 155mm self-propelled gun\nThe AMX-10 RC tank destroyerAnd several types of munitions for medium and large-calibre weapons:120 mm ammunition\n155 mm ammunition\nTank ammunition\n40 mm ammunitionsNexter/GIAT also manufactures various weapons:The FAMAS assault rifle;\nThe M621 cannon\nThe FR F2 sniper rifle;\nThe 20 mm modèle F2 gun;\nThe M811 25 mm cannon;\nThe APILAS anti-tank rocket launcher;\nThe Wasp 58 Light Anti-Armour Weapon;\nThe Armes de Défense Rapprochée personal defence weapon;\nThe GIAT 30 aircraft-mounted revolver cannon;VBCI\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAravis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCAESAR\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCAESAR\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeclerc\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTHL-20 helicopter gun turret\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTRF1 155 mm towed howitzer","title":"Products"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Nexter grossit et rachète Mecar et Simmel Difesa\". FOB - Forces Operations Blog. 2014-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forcesoperations.com/nexter-grossit-et-rachete-mecar-et-simmel-difesa/","url_text":"\"Nexter grossit et rachète Mecar et Simmel Difesa\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'Entreprise de défense Mecar prévoit une diversification de ses activités\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dhnet.be/dernieres-depeches/2023/10/24/lentreprise-de-defense-mecar-prevoit-une-diversification-de-ses-activites-LUWT7QKRLRE37DR2X4D7ZDQZ6E/","url_text":"\"L'Entreprise de défense Mecar prévoit une diversification de ses activités\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le fabricant de munitions KNDS à Petit-Roeulx investit pour produire des obus destinés en partie à l'Ukraine\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtbf.be/article/le-fabricant-de-munitions-knds-investit-pour-produire-des-obus-destines-en-partie-a-l-ukraine-11381276","url_text":"\"Le fabricant de munitions KNDS à Petit-Roeulx investit pour produire des obus destinés en partie à l'Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"https://www.lecho.be/entreprises/defense-aeronautique/mecar-va-produire-un-tiers-des-obus-d-artillerie-lourde-de-knds/10548833.html?_sp_ses=20d9ab0d-f56e-4af7-bd8b-4aebc7a0dcbe.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lecho.be/entreprises/defense-aeronautique/mecar-va-produire-un-tiers-des-obus-d-artillerie-lourde-de-knds/10548833.html?_sp_ses=20d9ab0d-f56e-4af7-bd8b-4aebc7a0dcbe","url_text":"https://www.lecho.be/entreprises/defense-aeronautique/mecar-va-produire-un-tiers-des-obus-d-artillerie-lourde-de-knds/10548833.html?_sp_ses=20d9ab0d-f56e-4af7-bd8b-4aebc7a0dcbe"}]},{"reference":"https://www.msn.com/fr-be/actualite/other/un-obus-d-artillerie-de-calibre-155-mm-produit-à-nivelles-il-répond-au-besoin-de-la-défense-belge-mais-aidera-aussi-l-ukraine/ar-BB1nhul8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/fr-be/actualite/other/un-obus-d-artillerie-de-calibre-155-mm-produit-%C3%A0-nivelles-il-r%C3%A9pond-au-besoin-de-la-d%C3%A9fense-belge-mais-aidera-aussi-l-ukraine/ar-BB1nhul8","url_text":"https://www.msn.com/fr-be/actualite/other/un-obus-d-artillerie-de-calibre-155-mm-produit-à-nivelles-il-répond-au-besoin-de-la-défense-belge-mais-aidera-aussi-l-ukraine/ar-BB1nhul8"}]},{"reference":"\"KNDS France va développer un nouvel obus guidé de 155 mm en partenariat avec une entreprise saoudienne\". 16 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opex360.com/2024/02/16/knds-france-va-developper-un-nouvel-obus-guide-de-155-mm-en-partenariat-avec-une-entreprise-saoudienne/","url_text":"\"KNDS France va développer un nouvel obus guidé de 155 mm en partenariat avec une entreprise saoudienne\""}]}]

[{"Link":"http://www.nexter-group.fr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=73","external_links_name":"History of the Nexter company"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070702134905/http://www.nexter-group.fr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=73","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000749/index.shtml","external_links_name":"Les industries d'armement: rapport au Président de la République suivis des réponses des administrations et des organismes concernés"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190117231100/https://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000749/index.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/rap-info/i0474.asp","external_links_name":"Rapport d'information déposé par la commission de la défense nationale et des forces armées sur la situation de Giat Industries"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/shadowy-tank-deal-raises-suspicions-of-corruption-a-1230679.html","external_links_name":"The Shadowy Arms Trade - A Look Back at a Questionable Tank Deal"},{"Link":"https://www.forcesoperations.com/nexter-grossit-et-rachete-mecar-et-simmel-difesa/","external_links_name":"\"Nexter grossit et rachète Mecar et Simmel Difesa\""},{"Link":"http://www.nexter-group.fr/en/press-releases/718-nexter-systems-et-krauss-maffei-wegmann-ont-finalise-leur-alliance","external_links_name":"Nexter Systems and Krauss-Maffei Wegmann have completed their association"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043131/http://www.nexter-group.fr/en/press-releases/718-nexter-systems-et-krauss-maffei-wegmann-ont-finalise-leur-alliance","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dhnet.be/dernieres-depeches/2023/10/24/lentreprise-de-defense-mecar-prevoit-une-diversification-de-ses-activites-LUWT7QKRLRE37DR2X4D7ZDQZ6E/","external_links_name":"\"L'Entreprise de défense Mecar prévoit une diversification de ses activités\""},{"Link":"https://www.rtbf.be/article/le-fabricant-de-munitions-knds-investit-pour-produire-des-obus-destines-en-partie-a-l-ukraine-11381276","external_links_name":"\"Le fabricant de munitions KNDS à Petit-Roeulx investit pour produire des obus destinés en partie à l'Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://www.lecho.be/entreprises/defense-aeronautique/mecar-va-produire-un-tiers-des-obus-d-artillerie-lourde-de-knds/10548833.html?_sp_ses=20d9ab0d-f56e-4af7-bd8b-4aebc7a0dcbe","external_links_name":"https://www.lecho.be/entreprises/defense-aeronautique/mecar-va-produire-un-tiers-des-obus-d-artillerie-lourde-de-knds/10548833.html?_sp_ses=20d9ab0d-f56e-4af7-bd8b-4aebc7a0dcbe"},{"Link":"https://www.msn.com/fr-be/actualite/other/un-obus-d-artillerie-de-calibre-155-mm-produit-%C3%A0-nivelles-il-r%C3%A9pond-au-besoin-de-la-d%C3%A9fense-belge-mais-aidera-aussi-l-ukraine/ar-BB1nhul8","external_links_name":"https://www.msn.com/fr-be/actualite/other/un-obus-d-artillerie-de-calibre-155-mm-produit-à-nivelles-il-répond-au-besoin-de-la-défense-belge-mais-aidera-aussi-l-ukraine/ar-BB1nhul8"},{"Link":"https://www.opex360.com/2024/02/16/knds-france-va-developper-un-nouvel-obus-guide-de-155-mm-en-partenariat-avec-une-entreprise-saoudienne/","external_links_name":"\"KNDS France va développer un nouvel obus guidé de 155 mm en partenariat avec une entreprise saoudienne\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050927141117/http://www.ccomptes.fr/Cour-des-comptes/publications/rapports/rparmement/rapport/chap3.html","external_links_name":"chapter 3"},{"Link":"https://www.nexter-group.fr/en","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000089191237","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/138854221","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15757101d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15757101d","external_links_name":"BnF data"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolmin

Tolmin

["1 Geography","2 History","3 Main sights","4 Notable natives and residents","5 International Relation","5.1 Twin Town — Sister City","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 46°11′8.69″N 13°44′6.54″E / 46.1857472°N 13.7351500°E / 46.1857472; 13.7351500This article is about Tolmin, a town in northwestern Slovenia. For the TOLMIN algorithm/software, see TOLMIN (optimization software). For other uses of the word Tolmin, see Tolmin (disambiguation). Town in Slovenian Littoral, SloveniaTolminTownFrom top, left to right: Tolmin from above, Tolmin Castle, Town square, Holy Mary's Church, St. Ulrich's Church, Tolmin overview FlagCoat of armsTolminLocation of the town of Tolmin in SloveniaCoordinates: 46°11′8.69″N 13°44′6.54″E / 46.1857472°N 13.7351500°E / 46.1857472; 13.7351500Country SloveniaTraditional regionSlovenian LittoralStatistical regionGoriziaMunicipalityTolminGovernment • MayorUroš BrežanArea • Total1.7 km2 (0.7 sq mi)Population (2012) • Total3,525 • Density1,284/km2 (3,330/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02 (CEST)Vehicle registrationGOClimateCfbWebsitewww.tolmin.si Tolmin (pronounced ⓘ; Italian: Tolmino, German Tolmein) is a small town in northwestern Slovenia. It is the administrative centre of the Municipality of Tolmin. Geography Tolmin stands on the southern rim of the Julian Alps and is the largest settlement in the Upper Soča Valley (Slovene: Zgornje Posočje), close to the border with Italy. It is located on a terrace above the confluence of the Soča and Tolminka rivers, positioned beneath steep mountainous valleys. The old town gave its name to the entire Tolmin area (Slovene: Tolminsko) as its economic, cultural and administrative centre. The area is located in the historic Goriška region, itself part of the larger Slovene Littoral, about 41 km (25 mi) north of Nova Gorica and 87 km (54 mi) west of the Slovene capital Ljubljana. In the north, the road leads further up the Soča River to Bovec, with an eastern branch-off to Škofja Loka and Idrija. History Assumption of Mary Parish Church Early inhabitants were Illyrians in Tolmin area. It was ruled successively by the Roman Empire, Odoacer, the Ostrogoths, the Eastern Roman Empire and part of the Lombard Duchy of Friuli until it was conquered by the Frankish king Charlemagne in 774 and replaced by the Carolingian March of Friuli. Ancestors of Slovenes had come to this area during the Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps from about 600 onwards, embattled by Avar raids. It was passed to Middle Francia in 843 after the Treaty of Verdun and in 952 passed to the vast March of Verona, which was initially ruled by the Dukes of Bavaria, from 976 by the Carinthian dukes. King Henry IV of Germany ceded it to the newly established Patria del Friuli in 1077, before it was occupied by the Republic of Venice in 1420. Finally the Tolmin area was conquered by the Habsburg Emperor Maximilian I during the War of the League of Cambrai in 1509. Tolmin was then ruled with the possessions of the extinct Counts of Gorizia as part of the Inner Austrian territories of the Habsburg monarchy. In 1713 it was the centre of a peasant revolt against increased taxation and the local Count Coronini. It was part of the Illyrian Provinces, which were part of Napoleonic French Empire between 1809 and 1814 before returning to Austrian rule. Until 1918, the town (under bilingual names Tolmein - Tolmin) was part of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (Austrian side after the compromise of 1867) and head of the district of the same name, one of the 11 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in the Austrian Littoral province. A post-office was opened in October 1850 under the German name (only). After World War I it was ruled by the Kingdom of Italy between 1918 and 1943 (nominally to 1947). It was a county (comune) center in Province of Gorizia between 1918 and 1923 and again between 1927 and 1943 (nominally to 1947) and in Province of Friuli between 1923 and 1927 during Italian rule as Tolmino. After the Italian caputilation, it was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1943 and was part of Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral before liberation by Yugoslav partisans. After temporary division of Julian March by Morgan Line, Tolmin was part of Zone-B, which was under Yugoslav administrators. It was officially passed from Italy to Yugoslavia in 1947 after the Treaty of Paris. Finally Tolmin was passed to Slovenia after breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991. Main sights City square and museum Tolmin's main sights are its old town centre, a modern sports park, and thousand-year-old castle ruins at the hill known as Kozlov rob. The area is home to a multitude of vestiges from World War I. The most significant relic of the time is the Javorca Church, dedicated to the Holy Spirit built above the Polog shepherds outpost in the Tolminka Valley by Austro-Hungarian soldiers to commemorate their deceased comrades. The museum, library, schools, and the town’s open spaces provide venues for a variety of events, exhibitions, and presentations all year round. The Tolmin region is also a popular destination for artists from Slovenia and abroad. The parish church in the town is dedicated to the Assumption of Mary and belongs to the Diocese of Koper. Tolmin is known for the "Metalcamp" festival since 2004, which since 2013 is called Metaldays, which every year attracts about 10,000 people from whole Europe and other parts of world. Other festivals held in Tolmin are Punk Rock Holiday and the Overjam reggae festival. The Tolmin Gorges (Slovene: Tolminska korita) are located north of Tolmin, in Zatolmin and Žabče, on the Tolminka River. Notable natives and residents Notable natives and residents of Tolmin include: Andrea Bresciani (1923–2006), illustrator Pino Bosi (1933–2017), writer and historian Ivan Čargo (1898–1958), painter Jan Cvitkovič (born 1966), film director Anton Haus (1851–1917), grand admiral of the Austro-Hungarian Navy Ciril Kosmač (1910–1980), writer Karel Lavrič (1818–1876), politician Giancarlo Movia (born 1937), philosopher Ivan Pregelj (1883–1960), writer Albert Rejec (1899–1976), founder and head of TIGR Jožko Šavli (1943–2011), writer and historian Saša Vuga (1930–2016), writer International Relation Twin Town — Sister City See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovenia Tolmin is twinned with: Vicchio, Italy, since 1981 References ^ "Tolmin". Place Names. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 16 August 2012. ^ trilingual name Tolmein, Tolmino, Tolmin in: Gemeindelexikon, der im Reichsrate Vertretenen Königreiche und Länder. Bearbeit auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1900. Herausgegeben von der K.K. Statistischen Zentralkommission. VII. Österreichisch-Illyrisches Küstenland (Triest, Görz und Gradiska, Istrien). Wien 1906 ^ Treasures of Yugoslavia, An encyclopedic touring guide, Beograd, 1982. ^ Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm KLEIN, 1967 ^ www.leban.si, RIS Damjan Leban s.p. "Tolminski muzej". www.tol-muzej.si. ^ Koper Diocese list of parishes and churches Archived 2009-03-06 at the Wayback Machine ^ "PRH 1.9". www.punkrockholiday.com. ^ "Overjam Reggae Festival 2019". www.overjamfestival.com. External links Media related to Tolmin at Wikimedia Commons Tolmin on Geopedia vteMunicipality of TolminSettlementsAdministrative seat: Tolmin Current Bača pri Modreju Bača pri Podbrdu Bukovski Vrh Čadrg Čiginj Daber Dolenja Trebuša Dolgi Laz Dolje Drobočnik Gabrje Gorenja Trebuša Gorenji Log Gorski Vrh Grahovo ob Bači Grant Grudnica Hudajužna Idrija pri Bači Kal Kamno Kanalski Lom Klavže Kneške Ravne Kneža Koritnica Kozaršče Kozmerice Kuk Lisec Ljubinj Logaršče Loje Modrej Modrejce Most na Soči Obloke Pečine Petrovo Brdo Podbrdo Podmelec Polje Poljubinj Ponikve Porezen Postaja Prapetno Prapetno Brdo Roče Rut Sela nad Podmelcem Sela pri Volčah Selce Selišče Šentviška Gora Slap ob Idrijci Stopnik Stržišče Temljine Tolminske Ravne Tolminski Lom Trtnik Volarje Volčanski Ruti Volče Žabče Zadlaz–Čadrg Zadlaz–Žabče Zakraj Zatolmin Znojile Former Rakovec Stopec Landmarks Bača Ravine Bača (river) Ciril Kosmač Homestead Migovec System Most na Soči Parish Church Most na Soči Reservoir Soča (river) St. Maurus's Church Tolmin Castle Tolmin Gorges Tolmin Museum Tolmin Parish Church Notable people Jakob Filip Kaffol Ciril Kosmač Jožko Šavli Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TOLMIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOLMIN_(optimization_software)"},{"link_name":"TOLMIN (optimization software)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOLMIN_(optimization_software)"},{"link_name":"Tolmin (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolmin_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[tɔlˈmiːn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Sl-Tolmin.oga/Sl-Tolmin.oga.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sl-Tolmin.oga"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gemeindelexikon-2"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Municipality of Tolmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Tolmin"}],"text":"This article is about Tolmin, a town in northwestern Slovenia. For the TOLMIN algorithm/software, see TOLMIN (optimization software). For other uses of the word Tolmin, see Tolmin (disambiguation).Town in Slovenian Littoral, SloveniaTolmin (pronounced [tɔlˈmiːn] ⓘ; Italian: Tolmino,[2] German Tolmein) is a small town in northwestern Slovenia. It is the administrative centre of the Municipality of Tolmin.","title":"Tolmin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Alps"},{"link_name":"Soča","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Tolminka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolminka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Goriška","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gori%C5%A1ka"},{"link_name":"Slovene Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Littoral"},{"link_name":"Nova Gorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Gorica"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Bovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovec"},{"link_name":"Škofja Loka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kofja_Loka"},{"link_name":"Idrija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrija"}],"text":"Tolmin stands on the southern rim of the Julian Alps and is the largest settlement in the Upper Soča Valley (Slovene: Zgornje Posočje), close to the border with Italy. It is located on a terrace above the confluence of the Soča and Tolminka rivers, positioned beneath steep mountainous valleys. The old town gave its name to the entire Tolmin area (Slovene: Tolminsko) as its economic, cultural and administrative centre.The area is located in the historic Goriška region, itself part of the larger Slovene Littoral, about 41 km (25 mi) north of Nova Gorica and 87 km (54 mi) west of the Slovene capital Ljubljana. In the north, the road leads further up the Soča River to Bovec, with an eastern branch-off to Škofja Loka and Idrija.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tolmin_Kirche_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Illyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Odoacer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer"},{"link_name":"Ostrogoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths"},{"link_name":"Eastern Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli"},{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"March of Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Friuli"},{"link_name":"Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps"},{"link_name":"Avar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars"},{"link_name":"Middle Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Francia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"March of Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Verona"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Carinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Patria del Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Maximilian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"War of the League of Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai"},{"link_name":"Counts of Gorizia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Gorizia"},{"link_name":"Inner Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Austria"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Illyrian Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces"},{"link_name":"French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"compromise of 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1867"},{"link_name":"Austrian Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Littoral"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Province of Gorizia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Gorizia"},{"link_name":"Province of Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Friuli"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral"},{"link_name":"Julian March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_March"},{"link_name":"Morgan Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Line"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"}],"text":"Assumption of Mary Parish ChurchEarly inhabitants were Illyrians in Tolmin area. It was ruled successively by the Roman Empire, Odoacer, the Ostrogoths, the Eastern Roman Empire and part of the Lombard Duchy of Friuli until it was conquered by the Frankish king Charlemagne in 774 and replaced by the Carolingian March of Friuli.Ancestors of Slovenes had come to this area during the Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps from about 600 onwards, embattled by Avar raids. It was passed to Middle Francia in 843 after the Treaty of Verdun and in 952 passed to the vast March of Verona, which was initially ruled by the Dukes of Bavaria, from 976 by the Carinthian dukes. King Henry IV of Germany ceded it to the newly established Patria del Friuli in 1077, before it was occupied by the Republic of Venice in 1420. Finally the Tolmin area was conquered by the Habsburg Emperor Maximilian I during the War of the League of Cambrai in 1509.Tolmin was then ruled with the possessions of the extinct Counts of Gorizia as part of the Inner Austrian territories of the Habsburg monarchy. In 1713 it was the centre of a peasant revolt against increased taxation and the local Count Coronini.[3] It was part of the Illyrian Provinces, which were part of Napoleonic French Empire between 1809 and 1814 before returning to Austrian rule. Until 1918, the town (under bilingual names Tolmein - Tolmin) was part of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (Austrian side after the compromise of 1867) and head of the district of the same name, one of the 11 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in the Austrian Littoral province. A post-office was opened in October 1850 under the German name (only).[4]After World War I it was ruled by the Kingdom of Italy between 1918 and 1943 (nominally to 1947). It was a county (comune) center in Province of Gorizia between 1918 and 1923 and again between 1927 and 1943 (nominally to 1947) and in Province of Friuli between 1923 and 1927 during Italian rule as Tolmino. After the Italian caputilation, it was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1943 and was part of Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral before liberation by Yugoslav partisans. After temporary division of Julian March by Morgan Line, Tolmin was part of Zone-B, which was under Yugoslav administrators. It was officially passed from Italy to Yugoslavia in 1947 after the Treaty of Paris. Finally Tolmin was passed to Slovenia after breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tolminskimuzej1.jpg"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"ruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruins"},{"link_name":"Kozlov rob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kozlov_rob&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Javorca Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Spirit,_Javorca"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Polog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polog"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"Assumption of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Koper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Koper"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Metaldays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaldays"},{"link_name":"Punk Rock Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punk_Rock_Holiday&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Overjam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overjam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tolmin Gorges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolmin_Gorges&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Zatolmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zatolmin"},{"link_name":"Žabče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDab%C4%8De"}],"text":"City square and museumTolmin's main sights are its old town centre, a modern sports park, and thousand-year-old castle ruins at the hill known as Kozlov rob.The area is home to a multitude of vestiges from World War I. The most significant relic of the time is the Javorca Church, dedicated to the Holy Spirit built above the Polog shepherds outpost in the Tolminka Valley by Austro-Hungarian soldiers to commemorate their deceased comrades.[5]The museum, library, schools, and the town’s open spaces provide venues for a variety of events, exhibitions, and presentations all year round. The Tolmin region is also a popular destination for artists from Slovenia and abroad.The parish church in the town is dedicated to the Assumption of Mary and belongs to the Diocese of Koper.[6]Tolmin is known for the \"Metalcamp\" festival since 2004, which since 2013 is called Metaldays, which every year attracts about 10,000 people from whole Europe and other parts of world. Other festivals held in Tolmin are Punk Rock Holiday and the Overjam reggae festival.[7][8]The Tolmin Gorges (Slovene: Tolminska korita) are located north of Tolmin, in Zatolmin and Žabče, on the Tolminka River.","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrea Bresciani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Bresciani"},{"link_name":"Pino Bosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pino_Bosi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivan Čargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_%C4%8Cargo"},{"link_name":"Jan Cvitkovič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Cvitkovi%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Anton Haus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Haus"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Ciril Kosmač","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciril_Kosma%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Karel Lavrič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Lavri%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Movia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giancarlo_Movia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivan Pregelj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Pregelj"},{"link_name":"Albert Rejec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Rejec&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TIGR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIGR"},{"link_name":"Jožko Šavli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C5%BEko_%C5%A0avli"},{"link_name":"Saša Vuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa%C5%A1a_Vuga&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Notable natives and residents of Tolmin include:Andrea Bresciani (1923–2006), illustrator\nPino Bosi (1933–2017), writer and historian\nIvan Čargo (1898–1958), painter\nJan Cvitkovič (born 1966), film director\nAnton Haus (1851–1917), grand admiral of the Austro-Hungarian Navy\nCiril Kosmač (1910–1980), writer\nKarel Lavrič (1818–1876), politician\nGiancarlo Movia (born 1937), philosopher\nIvan Pregelj (1883–1960), writer\nAlbert Rejec (1899–1976), founder and head of TIGR\nJožko Šavli (1943–2011), writer and historian\nSaša Vuga (1930–2016), writer","title":"Notable natives and residents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International Relation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_twinning"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Vicchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicchio"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"sub_title":"Twin Town — Sister City","text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in SloveniaTolmin is twinned with:Vicchio, Italy, since 1981","title":"International Relation"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPICH

Common pilot channel

["1 Further reading","2 References"]

This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) CPICH stands for Common Pilot Channel in UMTS and some other CDMA communications systems. In WCDMA FDD cellular systems, CPICH is a downlink channel broadcast by Node Bs with constant power and of a known bit sequence. Its power is usually between 5% and 15% of the total Node B transmit power. Commonly, the CPICH power is 10% of the typical total transmit power of 43 dBm. The Primary Common Pilot Channel is used by the UEs to first complete identification of the Primary Scrambling Code used for scrambling Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) transmissions from the Node B. Later CPICH channels provide allow phase and power estimations to be made, as well as aiding discovery of other radio paths. There is one primary CPICH (P-CPICH) for each Cell, which is transmitted using spreading code 0 with a spreading factor of 256, notationally written as Cch,256,0. Optionally a Node B may broadcast one or more secondary common pilot channels (S-CPICH), which use arbitrarily chosen 256 codes, written as Cch,256,n where 0 < n < 256 {\displaystyle 0<n<256} . The CPICH contains 20 bits of data, which are either all zeros, or in the case that Space–Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) is employed, is a pattern of alternating 1's and 0's for transmissions on the Node B's second antenna. The first antenna of a base station always transmits all zeros for CPICH. A UE searching for a WCDMA Node B will first use the primary and secondary synchronization channels (P-SCH and S-SCH respectively) to determine the slot and frame timing of a candidate P-CCPCH, whether STTD is in use, as well as identifying which one of 64 code groups is being used by the cell. Crucially this allows to UE to reduce the set of possible Primary Scrambling Codes being used for P-CPICH to only 8 from 512 choices. At this point the correct PSC can be determined through the use of a matched filter, configured with the fixed channelisation code Cch,256,0, looking for the known CPICH bit sequence, while trying each of the possible 8 PSCs in turn. The results of each run of the matched filter can be compared, the correct PSC being identified by the greatest correlation result. Once the scrambling code for a CPICH is known, the channel can be used for measurements of signal quality, usually with RSCP and Ec/No. Timing and phase estimations can also be made, providing a reference that helps to improve reliability when decoding other channels from the same Node B. Pilot signals are not a requirement of CDMA, however, they do make the UE's receiver simpler and improve the reliability of the system. Further reading The authoritative definition for CPICH in UMTS is given by ITU and ETSI project 3GPP 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD) A definition for Ec/Io applicable to CPICH can be found in 3GPP 25.133 Requirements for support of radio resource management (FDD) Some information on the power of CPICH is given in 3GPP 25.104 Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (FDD) References ^ 25.213, section 5.2.1 "Channelisation codes" ^ 25.211, section 5.3.3.1 "Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)"

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Its power is usually between 5% and 15% of the total Node B transmit power. Commonly, the CPICH power is 10% of the typical total transmit power of 43 dBm.The Primary Common Pilot Channel is used by the UEs to first complete identification of the Primary Scrambling Code used for scrambling Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) transmissions from the Node B. Later CPICH channels provide allow phase and power estimations to be made, as well as aiding discovery of other radio paths. There is one primary CPICH (P-CPICH) for each Cell, which is transmitted using spreading code 0 with a spreading factor of 256, notationally written as Cch,256,0.[1] Optionally a Node B may broadcast one or more secondary common pilot channels (S-CPICH), which use arbitrarily chosen 256 codes, written as Cch,256,n where \n \n \n \n 0\n <\n n\n <\n 256\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0<n<256}\n \n.The CPICH contains 20 bits of data, which are either all zeros, or in the case that Space–Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) is employed, is a pattern of alternating 1's and 0's for transmissions on the Node B's second antenna.[2] The first antenna of a base station always transmits all zeros for CPICH.A UE searching for a WCDMA Node B will first use the primary and secondary synchronization channels (P-SCH and S-SCH respectively) to determine the slot and frame timing of a candidate P-CCPCH, whether STTD is in use, as well as identifying which one of 64 code groups is being used by the cell. Crucially this allows to UE to reduce the set of possible Primary Scrambling Codes being used for P-CPICH to only 8 from 512 choices. At this point the correct PSC can be determined through the use of a matched filter, configured with the fixed channelisation code Cch,256,0, looking for the known CPICH bit sequence, while trying each of the possible 8 PSCs in turn. The results of each run of the matched filter can be compared, the correct PSC being identified by the greatest correlation result.Once the scrambling code for a CPICH is known, the channel can be used for measurements of signal quality, usually with RSCP and Ec/No. Timing and phase estimations can also be made, providing a reference that helps to improve reliability when decoding other channels from the same Node B.Pilot signals are not a requirement of CDMA, however, they do make the UE's receiver simpler and improve the reliability of the system.","title":"Common pilot channel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ITU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU"},{"link_name":"ETSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETSI"},{"link_name":"3GPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP"},{"link_name":"25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/25.211/"},{"link_name":"25.133 Requirements for support of radio resource management (FDD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/25.133/"},{"link_name":"25.104 Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (FDD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/25.104/"}],"text":"The authoritative definition for CPICH in UMTS is given by ITU and ETSI project 3GPP 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)\nA definition for Ec/Io applicable to CPICH can be found in 3GPP 25.133 Requirements for support of radio resource management (FDD)\nSome information on the power of CPICH is given in 3GPP 25.104 Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (FDD)","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallepia

Kallepia

["1 Topography","2 Population","3 Facilities","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 34°50′43″N 32°30′1″E / 34.84528°N 32.50028°E / 34.84528; 32.50028Place in Paphos District, CyprusKallepia ΚαλλέπιαKallepiaLocation in CyprusCoordinates: 34°50′43″N 32°30′1″E / 34.84528°N 32.50028°E / 34.84528; 32.50028Country CyprusDistrictPaphos DistrictElevation496 m (1,667 ft)Population (2001) • Total216Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal code8541Area code6124Annual Rainfall630 mmAverage Temperature17.1 °C Kallepia (also known as Kallepeia Village) (Greek: Καλλέπια) is a village in the Paphos District of Cyprus, located 2 km south of Letymvou. The village of Moro Nero is part of the municipality. It is located 497 metres (1,631 ft) above sea level. Its peak is around 590 metres (1,940 ft). It receives 630 millimetres (25 in) of rainfall annually. Topography Kallepia is a mountainous settlement at an altitude of 490 meters with a pluralistic scenery of mountains, cliffs, wild vegetation and cultivated land with vineyards, apple trees, lemon trees, orange trees, almonds, carob trees, grain and a few olive trees. It has approximately 200 inhabitants and is considered among the first wine-producing villages of the province of Paphos. It is a popular destination with many cottages belonging to both local and foreign visitors who come at weekends and in the summer. The river Ezousas and its tributaries Ammati and Kalamos pass here which, together with the many natural springs, cool down Kallepia and the surrounding regions and provide water for the fruit trees and the vegetables. Population Kallepia contains an eclectic mix of inhabitants. About 50% are the original, villagers and the remainder are retired expatriates from all over the world, mainly from the UK with a few from the USA, Israel and Germany. Facilities There is one Cypriot taverna, two traditional coffee shops and a restaurant. References ^ "Home". kallepia.org. ^ "Cyprus Expat | Article: Villages Of Cyprus - Kallepia Village". www.cyprusexpat.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-06-14. ^ "Kallepia". www.hellenicaworld.com. Retrieved 2019-06-14. ^ "Kallepia Village". Cyprus Island. 15 March 2017. Retrieved 2019-06-14. ^ "GeoNames.org". www.geonames.org. Retrieved 2019-06-11. ^ "Η Ιστορία της Καλλέπειας". www.kallepia.org (in Greek). Retrieved 2019-07-16. ^ Προμηθεας, Καλλεπεια- (14 February 2015). "Καλλέπεια / Kallepeia : Η Καλλέπεια : από το παρελθόν στο παρών..." Καλλέπεια / Kallepeia. Retrieved 2019-06-11. ^ "Kallepia - Cyprus". Cyprus. Retrieved 2019-06-14. External links http://www.kallepia.org/ vtePaphos DistrictMunicipalities Geroskipou Paphos Pegeia Polis Communities Acheleia Agia Marinouda Agia Varvara Agios Dimitrianos Agios Georgios Agios Ioannis Agios Isidoros Agios Nikolaos Akoursos Amargeti Anadiou Anarita Androlykou Argaka Arminou Armou Asprogia Axylou Ayia Marina Kelokedharon Ayia Marina Chrysochous Chloraka Choletria Choli Choulou Chrysochou Dhrousha Drinia Drymou Eledio Empa Episkopi Evretou Faleia Fasli Fasoula Foinikas Fyti Galataria Gialia Giolou Goudi Inia Istinjon Kallepia Kannaviou Karamoullides Kathikas Kato Akourdhalia Kato Arodes Kedares Kelokedara Kidasi Kilinia Kinousa Kissonerga Koili Konia Kouklia Kourtaka Kritou Marottou Kritou Terra Lapithiou Lasa Lemona Lempa Letymvou Livadi Loukrounou Lysos Makounta Mamonia Mamountali Mandria Marathounta Maronas Meladeia Melandra Mesa Chorio Mesana Mesogi Milia Miliou Mousere Nata Nea Dimmata Neo Chorio Nikokleia Pano Arodes Pano Panagia Pano Akourdaleia Pano Archimandrita Pelathousa Pentalia Peristerona Philousa Kelokedharon Philousa Khrysokhous Pitargou Polemi Pomos Praitori Prastio Psathi Salamiou Sarama Simou Skoulli Souskiou Statos–Agios Fotios Stavrokonnou Steni Stroumpi Tala Terra Theletra Timi Trachypedoula Tremithousa Trimithousa Tsada Vretsia Zacharia This Cyprus location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_(France)

Licentiate (degree)

["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Regional variations","3.1 Argentina","3.2 Australia","3.3 Belgium","3.4 Bolivia","3.5 Brazil","3.6 Canada","3.7 Costa Rica","3.8 Denmark and Norway","3.9 Dominican Republic","3.10 Finland and Sweden","3.11 France","3.12 Germany","3.13 Haiti","3.14 Hong Kong","3.15 India","3.16 Mexico","3.17 New Zealand","3.18 Nicaragua","3.19 Panama","3.20 Peru","3.21 Poland","3.22 Portugal","3.23 Romania","3.24 Serbia","3.25 Spain","3.26 Switzerland","3.27 United Kingdom","3.28 Venezuela","4 Pontifical universities and faculties","5 Heraldry","6 Medicine, surgery and obstetrics","6.1 Canada","6.2 Great Britain","6.3 Finland","6.4 Hong Kong","6.5 Ireland","7 Theology, canon law, history, and cultural patrimony","8 Bologna Process","9 See also","10 References"]

Academic degree similar to master's degree "PhL" redirects here. For other, see PHL (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Licentiate" degree – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Licentiate dissertation (note text Pro Licentia on cover) of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (University of Strasbourg, 1771) A licentiate (abbreviated Lic.) is an academic degree present in many countries, representing different educational levels. It may be similar to a master's degree when issued by pontifical universities and other universities in Europe, Latin America, and Syria. The term is also used for a person who holds this degree. Etymology The term derives from Latin licentia, "freedom" (from Latin licēre, "to be allowed"), which is applied in the phrases licentia docendi (also licentia doctorandi), meaning "permission to teach", and licentia ad practicandum (also licentia practicandi), meaning "permission to practice", signifying someone who holds a certificate of competence to practise a profession. History See also: Academic degree § History The Gregorian Reform of the Catholic Church led to an increased focus on the liberal arts in episcopal schools during the 11th and 12th centuries, with Pope Gregory VII ordering all bishops to make provisions for the teaching of liberal arts. Chancellors and scholasters exercised a high degree of control over who could teach within their locus magisterii, or area of teaching authority. Throughout the 12th century, the degree of their control tightened to such an extent that they had essential monopolies over all teachers in their dioceses, and teachers were barred from acting as instructors without the explicit authorization of their scholasters. Conflicts sometimes arose between the scholasters and local independent educators who operated educational facilities without their permission, and chancellors often demanded expensive gifts before granting a license to teach. In response to these escalating abuses of power, Pope Alexander III demanded that a free licentia docendi should be granted to anyone deemed qualified to teach. This allowed the Church to progressively centralize its educational control, reducing the power of individual scholasters. Originally, for the student in the medieval university the licentia docendi was of a somewhat different nature than the academic degrees of bachelor, master or doctor. The latter essentially indicated the rank of seniority in the various faculties (arts, theology, law, medicine), whereas the licentia was literally the licence to teach. It was awarded not by the university but by the church, embodied in the chancellor of the diocese in which the university was located. The licentia would only be awarded however upon recommendation by the university, initially shortly before the candidate would be awarded the final degree of master or doctor, the requirements for which beyond having been awarded the licentia were only of a ceremonial nature. Over time however, this distinction in nature between the licentia on the one hand and the bachelor, master and doctor degrees on the other began to fade. In the continental European universities the licentia became an academic degree intermediate between the bachelor's degree on the one hand and the master's or doctor's degree on the other, in particular in the higher faculties. Moreover, the costs for obtaining the doctorate could be significant. As a result, most students not intending an academic career would forgo the doctorate, and as a result the licentiate became the common final degree. Notable exceptions to this development were the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and the universities modelled after them. As their locations were not the seats of bishops, the granting of the licentia docendi was by proxy, and its significance faded away. Regional variations Argentina In Argentina, the Licentiate degree (Spanish: Licenciatura), by which one becomes a licenciado, is a four to six-year degree with a required final thesis defence. Upon competition of the licentiate degree the student may be eligible to apply for a postgraduate degree such as a master or doctorate. Australia Currently the only institutions in Australia to grant licentiates, apart from theological colleges, are the Australian Music Examinations Board and St Cecilia School of Music, which confer licentiate diplomas. The status of this award is similar to that of an Australian diploma—currently one year of post-secondary education—and so it is a lesser award than a degree, although this award can usually take two or more years to complete due to its high standard. Similarly, for theological colleges in former times, the licentiate was a specific post graduate award, analogous to a current graduate diploma. It was used specifically because some theological colleges did not enjoy university status, and could not award degrees such as baccalaureates, masters and doctorates. Though this was never the case in Catholic Colleges where the Licentiate cannot be earned until one has completed 7 years of study (5 for the baccalaureate and 2 for the licentiate). In such an instance, it sits well above the level of graduate diploma between that of master's and doctorate. The Catholic Institute of Sydney is a Pontifical Faculty and as such offers the Licentiate of Sacred Theology which ranks above a master's degree and can only be earned after seven years of study (five years for the S.T.B.; two years for the S.T.L.). The licentiate is part of the three cycles of theological education in the Roman Catholic Church that was instituted in 1931: baccalaureate (STB); licentiate (STL) and doctorate (STD). It is the licentiate that licences faculty to teach in seminaries. See John Paul II's apostolic constitution, Sapientia Christiana. Belgium At Belgian universities, a person titled Licentiate (or Licentiaat in Dutch or Licencié in French, abbreviated lic.) holds the equivalent education of a master's degree. A female Licentiate was called Licentiate in Dutch and Licenciée in French. The years spent to obtain the degree of Licentiate were called Licentiaat or Licentie in Dutch and Licence in French. It was the second level of university study, after that of Candidate (or Kandidaat in Dutch or Candidat in French, abbreviated cand.). A female Candidate was called Kandidate in Dutch and Candidate in French. The years spent to obtain the degree of Candidate were called Kandidaats or Kandidatuur in Dutch and Candidature in French. Each of those two levels required at least two years (four semesters) of successful study. Licentiates were required to write a thesis (called licentiaatsverhandeling in Dutch and mémoire de licence in French). This candidate-licentiate system is now being replaced by an American-style bachelor-master system. Civil engineer (or Burgerlijk ingenieur in Dutch or Ingénieur civil in French, abbreviated ir.), Doctor of Medicine (or Doctor in de geneeskunde in Dutch or Docteur en médecine in French, abbreviated dr. med., until 1992), Physician (or Arts in Dutch or Médecin in French, after 1992), Doctor of Law (or Doctor in de rechten in Dutch or Docteur en droit in French, abbreviated dr. iur., until 1972) and Magister (philosophy and theology, abbreviated mag.) were equivalent to Licentiate. Baccalaureus (philosophy and theology, abbreviated bac.) was equivalent to Candidate. The former titles dr. med. and dr. iur. are to be considered as professional doctorates, whereas the title dr., which is the result of third level study and research, is a higher doctorate. The Belgian licentiate was also equivalent to the doctorandus in the Netherlands. At the KU Leuven there used to be a degree Licentiaat-doctorandus in de TEW (Toegepaste Economische Wetenschappen) en in Beleidsinformatica. Apart from the general abbreviation lic., more specific abbreviations, such as LHFW (Licentiaat in de Handels- en Financiële Wetenschappen) and LTH (Licentiaat in de Tandheelkunde) exist. Study for a Belgian degree is very rigorous. Students in Belgian universities usually spend more than thirty hours a week on their studies, as opposed to the average of fifteen hours at American universities. As a result of this, students in Belgium are able to complete their licentiate or master's degrees in four to five years, as opposed to the usual six at American institutions. Bolivia In Bolivia, a Licenciatura is a professional degree distinct from the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor in Science, which are more common in the Anglosphere, as it requires that the student take more credits for the completion of a professional curricula. The Licenciatura allows the holder to practice his or her profession in all of Bolivia. The durational requirements to obtain a Licenciatura vary depending on the profession studied, however, most universities require the completion of the curricula within four to five years. Aside from the durational requirements, Bolivian universities also require that all candidates, at the completion of the curricula, complement their studies by writing a thesis or by sitting for an oral examination in which State and University representatives take part by testing the student's professional knowledge and skills. Brazil In Brazil, Licenciatura is a professional degree distinct from the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science, as it requires students to take more credits for the completion of a professional curriculum. The Licenciatura degree allows its holder to teach disciplines both in primary and secondary education. Although durational requirements to obtain Licenciatura often depend on the topic studied, most universities require the completion of the curriculum within four to five years. Besides the durational requirements for academic activities, Brazilian universities may also require that degree candidates complement their studies by writing a dissertation and apply for an oral examination. This evaluation is performed by Professors and or Researchers aiming to assess the student's professional knowledge and skills. For instance, as defined by the Brazilian National Council of Education (Ministry of Education), a Licenciatura modality in Biological Sciences should include, in addition to specific topics of Biology, contents in the areas of Chemistry, Physics and Health, to attend elementary and secondary education. Pedagogical training, in addition to its specificities, should contemplate an overview of the education and the formative processes of the students. It should also emphasize the instrumentation for the teaching of Sciences at the fundamental level and for the teaching of biology at the intermediate level. In some Brazilian universities, Bachelor's degree and Licenciatura can be obtained concomitantly, by simultaneously fulfilling requirements for both the degrees (e.g. the Bachelor's and Licenciatura degrees in Biological Sciences, offered by the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil). Canada While the term licentiate is not generally used by Canadian academic institutions, a Licentiate in Laws (LL.L.) is offered by some Canadian universities for the completion of studies equivalent to a Bachelor of Civil Law. A licentiate is also offered by the Medical Council of Canada (MCC) upon completion of a series of Medical Council of Canada Qualifying examinations for Canadian and International medical graduates. This licentiate is required to obtain an independent medical practice licence in Canada. Saint Paul University offers the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy by examination, which may be undertaken within ten years of receiving an MA from the Department of Philosophy at the University of Ottawa. This licentiate, a pontifical degree, qualifies graduates to teach philosophy at a seminary or college. Saint Paul University also offers a Licentiate in Canon Law that enables the recipient to practice as a canon lawyer within the Roman Catholic Church, as well as a Licentiate in Sacred Theology which is part of the baccalaureate, licentiate, and doctorate theological degree course within the Roman Catholic Church. Regis College, University of Toronto offers the degree of Licentiate in Sacred Theology. It is part of the cycle of baccalaureate, licentiate, doctorate in theological formation in the Roman Catholic Church. It can be earned while studying for a civil master's or doctoral degree. It probably sits in rank between the two levels. See John Paul II's apostolic constitution, Sapientia Christiana. The Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies at the University of Toronto offers a License in Mediaeval Studies (LMS) as a degree exclusively for postdoctoral students who have already completed a PhD. (The application for the LMS refers to it as a "licentiate" and not as a "license".) The degree is unusual in that licentiates from Pontifical institutions are usually a precursor to a doctorate, and not a post-doctoral achievement. The Royal Conservatory of Music, Toronto, offers a Licentiate Diploma (LRCM) in Piano Performance. The LRCM is the highest level of The Royal Conservatory Certificate Program. The examination is evaluated as a professional concert performance. Candidates are expected to demonstrate a masterful command of the instrument and communicate an understanding of stylistic characteristics and structural elements of each repertoire selection with interpretive insight and a mature musical personality. Costa Rica In Costa Rica, a licentiate belongs to the second level of education (grade), lower than a master's degree but higher than a bachelor's degree, according to the Office for the Planning of Higher Education, part of the National Council of Rectors. Licentiate is extended to those who have fulfilled the requirements of a university program that has a minimum of 150 and a maximum of 180 course credits (public university programs usually last from four to six years of study) and a minimum duration of 10 lesson cycles of 15 weeks or its equivalent (three or four extra course semesters after the completion of the bachelor's degree). Students are also required to fulfill the requirements for graduation for each institution, with usually requires writing a thesis in some universities, attending a graduation seminar, or developing a project in order to graduate, and some degrees involve the same credits as a master's degree but not the same level of rigor. This is also the degree conferred to a practicing physician. The degree is not considered terminal, and it is not sufficient to be a rector of a private university. Denmark and Norway The licentiate was formerly awarded in Denmark and Norway, and was roughly equal to the American PhD degree. In Denmark, it has formally been replaced by the PhD degree. The proper doctorates in Denmark are considered higher degrees than the PhD (i.e. higher doctorates). Dominican Republic In the Dominican Republic, a Licenciatura is awarded to students after studies of four to six years. Some universities require students to write a thesis in order to graduate while others have to write a shorter, and less labor-intensive, monograph. The Licenciatura is one of the major University degree previous to doctoral studies. Finland and Sweden Cover page of a licentiate dissertation from Sweden In Swedish and Finnish universities, a licentiate's degree, recognised as a pre-doctoral degree, is equal to completion of the coursework and a dissertation which is formally equivalent to half of a doctoral dissertation. In Finland, the extent of licentiate degree is 120 ECTS equivalent and it requires two to three years of full-time research. Its prerequisite is a completed 4-year academic degree at advanced level, such as a Master's degree or a Magister's degree. Licentiate degree holders are officially eligible for independent scientific research in Universities, and entitled to the right to supervise master's and licentiate degree theses. Until the early 1970s, the degree in Sweden was equivalent to the U.S. PhD requiring four to seven years of study after the Bachelor's (or Master's) degree, and a publicly defended thesis. It was gradually substituted with the "Doctor's exam" in 1969 and was re-instituted as an intermediate level in research training in the 1980s, now requiring only two years of study after Masters graduation. The licentiate's degree is called a filosofie licentiat in Swedish and filosofian lisensiaatti in Finnish (Licentiate of Philosophy), teologie licentiat and teologian lisensiaatti (Licentiate of Theology) etc., depending on the faculty. Furthermore, the requisite degree for a physician's licence is licentiat/lisensiaatti; there is no master's degree. (The degree lääketieteen tohtori, medicine doktor, "Doctor of Medicine" is a traditional professor's degree, or a research doctorate, with licentiate as a prerequisite.) The Licentiate of Engineering is an intermediate postgraduate degree used only in a few countries, among them Sweden and Finland, and can be seen as an academic step halfway between a Master's and a PhD. In Swedish, it is called Teknologie Licentiat, usually abbreviated as Tekn. Lic., and in Finnish, tekniikan lisensiaatti, abbreviated as TkL. The Licentiate of Engineering corresponds to 120 ECTS credits (80 workweeks (old credits)), or nominally two years of full-time work, whereas a PhD amounts to 240 ECTS credits (160 workweeks (old credits)), or a nominal period of four years of full-time work (one old credit equals one week of full-time studies). However, as a result of the differences in requirements and individual performance, the time to complete a Licentiate of Engineering degree varies. For the thesis, 2–3 peer-refereed articles (or an equivalent monograph) is usually required, and there is no requirement for original research per se. In contrast, a doctoral thesis requires 4–6 articles and must demonstrate original research. The program for a licentiate degree is equivalent to a total of two years of full-time study. France See also: Bachelor's degree § France In French universities, a licenciate (licencié(e)) is the holder of a licence (French: ), which is a three-year degree, roughly equivalent to a bachelor's degree. There are two kinds of licence: general and professional. Germany In Germany, a person titled Lizentiat holds the equivalent education of a Master's degree or Diplom. Until the 1990s, the degree was offered as a law degree at the Saarland University as a single university degree (Lic.iur.) with a duration varying between five and eight years. For political reasons, this degree was discontinued, mainly because the Staatsexamen (Law degree) became the predominant representation of the mainstream education of a lawyer. The Lizentiat is largely equivalent to the 1. Staatsexamen but, unlike the latter, is assessed by the university, not the state administration. It also allowed specialisation in areas of the law which were either not covered by other legal qualifications, e.g. ecclesiastical law etc., or not covered to the same extent. Other disciplines, such as theology or journalism (FU Berlin), used to offer a Lizentiat qualification instead of a PhD. Haiti In Haiti universities, a licenciate (licencié(e)) is the holder of a licence, which is a four-year degree, equivalent to a bachelor's degree. There are two kinds of licence: general and professional. The general licence is a diploma issued by a university and authenticated by the national department of education. This authentication confirms the school follows and complies to the national curriculum requirements for a four-year baccalaureat (bachelor's) degree. The professional licence is a Certificate licence issued by a university and authenticated national Department of education after the licenciate diploma holder submits a final paper research that have been analyzed and graded by a board of professors or faculty jury member from the school. Hong Kong The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (HKSAR) offers a Licentiate of the Medical Council of Hong Kong (LMCHK). This licentiate is required of non-locally trained doctors in order to register as a medical practitioner in Hong Kong. The LMCHK qualification forms part of the pathway towards registration to practice medicine in Hong Kong for those that graduated from medical schools outside of Hong Kong. The Licentiate Society is an independent, non-profit professional body formed to help candidates with the challenges of attaining the LMCHK. India In India, the Licentiate is a vocational qualification offered by the special vocational boards or professional bodies. These are offered after completion of school education and are somewhat less extensive than a full-fledged university degree. Issuers of the licentiate degree include but are not limited to the Insurance Institute of India, the Institute of Company Secretaries of India, the Association of Mutual Funds of India, and the Diploma Examination Board of the government of Andhra Pradesh. Licentiate Certified Physician and Surgeon (LCPS) was a recognized medical qualification in India before 1946, when the Bhore Committee effectively made the MBBS the sole entry point into the medical profession in India. Mexico See also: Education in Mexico As in many Latin American countries, the licenciatura is a general term denoting the first higher-education degree awarded at universities, varying from three to five years of study, depending on the field. It is thus an undergraduate degree, and requires a licence to practice in the learned profession. In Mexico, a distinction is made between simply passing all the required courses, just being a graduate (graduado or pasante), and actually obtaining the degree diploma (título profesional). Obtaining the diploma means the student completely concluded his or her studies, and has the right of using the title of Licenciado. Statistics show that historically only about 60% of those graduating actually obtain the diploma. At the same time the diploma is awarded, a professional credential (cédula profesional) may be obtained from the National Directorate of Professions (Dirección General de Profesiones, DGP), which serves as a licence to practice and as a national ID card. Some professions do not require the professional credential, but for others, like medicine, accounting, civil engineering, or social work, it is mandatory by law. The law also establishes penalties for crimes committed regarding the professional practice, including those in which an individual offers professional services without having the proper diploma or licence. For a number of years, presenting a thesis was the only method to obtain the diploma (título). Nowadays, some universities, like the National Autonomous University of Mexico, may still require the thesis, while others, like the federal institutes of technology, may forgo the thesis in exchange for demonstrating professional experience, research work, or excellent academic grades. By their nature, some disciplines, such as nursing, medicine and law, require an intense theoretical background, as well as practical training, and so a first university degree in those areas may take longer to complete (up to 6 years). Even after obtaining the diploma, graduates require passing a national exam to finally be awarded the professional licence. In Mexico, every graduate who obtained a licenciatura diploma is technically and legally a licenciado (abbreviated Lic. before the name). However, it is mostly common to use Lic. for graduates of the social sciences, while more specific titles and prefixes are used for other professionals such as engineer (Ingeniero, Ing.), architect (Arquitecto, Arq.), or biologist (Biólogo, Biol.). In Mexico, the licenciatura qualifies the recipient to pursue a master's degree (maestría). In exceptional cases, the recipient may apply directly to a doctoral degree (doctorado), in which case the study plan integrates coursework from the master's program, and may take up to five years to complete. According to the Bologna process in Europe, virtually any licenciado has the equivalent qualifications of a 3-year bachelor's degree. The Mexican licenciatura, however, should never be confused with a more advanced postgraduate degree, such as the Swedish "Licenciate of Technology" (Teknologie Licentiat). New Zealand The Photographic Society of New Zealand awards a licentiateship, Licentiate (LPSNZ), for "proficiency of a high order in practical photography." This means the applicant must demonstrate sound basic technical ability, along with good compositional skill, and awareness of lighting. Proficiency implies skill with the camera and in processing and presenting images. This is the first of three honours available the other two being Associate (APSNZ) and Fellow (FPSNZ). Nicaragua In Nicaragua, a Licenciatura is awarded to students after undergraduate studies ranging between four and six years. Students are required to write a thesis if studying in the liberal arts, law or science in order to graduate. Students in engineering typically complete módulos, which are additional post-degree requirements before graduating. Additionally, there are Nicaraguan universities that require an internship (internado or pasantía) prior to graduation. The Licenciatura is the degree that segues candidates into both masters and/or PhD programs. Panama This degree is awarded upon completion of four years of study in a specific field of study – e.g., Licenciatura de Docencia en inglés (Licentiate in Teaching of English), and qualifies the recipient to pursue a master's degree, or teach at a high school or middle school level with additional training. In order to be able to teach at university level, the recipient of a licentiate must complete the Posgrado de Docencia Superior (Postgraduate of Tertiary Education), which may be obtained before or after a master's degree. Peru In Peru, "Bachiller" is awarded automatically for having completed all the courses required for obtaining the first academic degree. In Perú, A "Bachiller" degree is the first academic degree and allows one to enroll in a master's degree course. The master's degree is the second degree and it allows you to get a Doctor's degree (equivalent to a PhD). The "Licenciatura" in Peru is not considered an academic degree, but rather a "Professional Title" within a specific profession which allows you to work in positions outside academia and perform as an independent professional in the Republic of Peru. Most professions require the "Licenciatura" or "Professional Title" to be able to register with professional association or society (Colegio Profesional). To obtain a "Licenciatura" it is required to either pass an additional test or defend a thesis. Although most Bachelor courses in Peru require to complete "Thesis work" or "Thesis seminars" modules(usually developing a research project during the last two semesters of the course) to obtain the degree, it is not mandatory to defend it. To obtain a "Licenciatura" or "Título Profesional" the student is required to write a thesis (usually that developed during their bachelor course), and pass their viva voce. Alternatively, it is possible to complete a written exam and then an oral examination in front of a group of professors (who are registered in the professional college/body of that specific profession). With this last option, it is usually required to have at least one year of professional experience in the relevant field of studies. Therefore, for some professions which used to be called "carreras largas" or long careers (e.g. dentistry, law, psychology and medicine), the student requires more than five years of studies or ten semesters to become a member of a professional body. Nowadays, some universities do not use the word Licenciado or Licenciada as a prefix before the professional title, e.g. Licenciado/a en Farmacia y Bioquímica (Licentiate in Pharmacy and Biochemistry) in their certificates. Instead they use Químico Farmacéutico, the same happens in with the other professions (i.e. Enfermero, Ingeniero, Psicólogo.) In such cases, both written titles are equivalent. The Professional Titles in Peru are equivalent to the professional degrees in the US, therefore if a person obtained a Master in Counselling degree in the US will need to complete the university studies in Peru in order to obtain the Licenciate or Title of Psychologist and then the Licensure at the Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú. In Perú the Professional Title of Psicólogo is similar to the Psy.D which is given in the US. Poland A licencjat is a degree that was introduced in Poland by the tertiary education reforms. The purpose of these reforms was to bring the Polish university system into line with the Bologna system. It is typically a three- or four-year degree, equivalent to a bachelor's degree. Students completing a licencjat often go on to complete a magister's degree. In theology faculties which use Vatican-regulated degrees, licencjat is a degree between that of master and doctor. Portugal Due to the developments introduced by the Bologna Process in the mid-2000s, in Portugal the licentiate's degree (Licenciatura) may refer to both old and new Licenciaturas, which were awarded before and after the Bologna's reforms, respectively. The length of the old Licenciatura programs would range from four to six years and are now equivalent to the new Master's degrees. In the past, a master's degree would add 2 more years to the 4 to 6 years of the old undergraduate Licenciatura programs, thus taking 6 to 8 years of post-secondary education to obtain a master's degree. The new Licenciatura degrees that are now being awarded in Portugal and in almost all Europe with varying local designations, are usually three-year programs. Since 2006, in the Portuguese higher education system, Licenciatura is the first degree awarded by institutions of higher education. It is also the first degree used in the European Higher Education Area, and is also designated a Bachelor's degree in other European countries. The Master's degree entails a two-year program of study, in which students can normally enroll after completing a licentiate's degree, and provides higher qualification for employment (e.g., for Architecture or Medicine a Master's is required, as well as for some Engineering branches, entailing a total of 5 to 6 years of post-secondary studies) or to prepare a student for his or her PhD research or work permit from the regulatory and licensing body for profession in Portugal. Romania In Romania, before the Bologna process, a licence (Rom. licenţă) was an academic degree awarded after four to six years of study, finalised by a thesis. It was a degree higher than the graduate diploma obtained after three years of study, which was mostly used in pedagogical institutes that trained secondary education teachers, and was considered inferior to the doctorate. A Romanian licence was the equivalent of a French maîtrise or a German Diplom. There are some Romanian licences (obtained before the Bologna process was of application) which have been recognized as meester (mr.) and doctorandus (drs.) in the Netherlands, i.e. at the LLM and MA level. Now, after the Bologna process, the Romanian licence is similar to a Bachelor's degree. Serbia In Serbia and rest of former Yugoslavia region, the name of the degree was magistar, which was awarded after one year of postgraduate studies and finishing the magistar thesis on a scientific subject. The basic graduate studies was four years before that. Accepting the Bolognia process, Serbia changed its academic degrees and the names of degrees were synchronized with other western school systems. Basically, there are 3 levels of studies now: 1. bachelor, 2. master and 3. PhD (Ser. doktorske), but also there are two semi-levels of specialization. Between 1st and 2nd level are professional master's degree studies (Ser. specijalističke strukovne studije) and between 2nd and 3rd level are academic specialist studies (Ser. specijalističke akademske studije). That studies between 2nd and 3rd level of education are equal to licentiate level. It is formally at the 2nd level of academic studies with the master studies (at the same level). As a professional degree, when ranking employees, it is on 3rd level, together with PhD studies. The main purpose for having such a semi-level is to enable students, who cannot finish PhD studies but reached certain significant level of additional knowledge (around first half of PhD studies), to get certificate about finishing one stage of the PhD studies and continue those studies later in life. To get to the specialist level, it is needed first to pass master's degree, then study for a year, after which the candidate need to defend the final specialist academic thesis which is a document describing a research in the scientific and professional area, winning additional 60 ECTS for overall study. Spain In Spain, the Licenciatura degree was one of the major higher-education degrees previous to doctoral studies, and is equivalent to a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in the anglophone system. This degree is currently being phased out at Spanish universities, replaced by the 'Grado' and 'Master' system due to the implementation of the Bologna Declaration on the European higher education area. The Licenciatura academic degree is academically equivalent to the Ingeniero or Arquitecto degrees. A Licenciatura typically required from four to six years of university courses, and had a typical credit workload of 300 to 400 credits. It usually had two or three introductory years (first cycle, after which the candidate could obtain a Diplomatura or Bachelor's degree in that field of studies) and two additional years (second cycle) for specialization (but this could vary from one to three). In addition, there existed a third cycle, comprising PhD degrees (doctorado, which included one or two years of research oriented courses and the completion of a thesis towards the same doctor diploma). When studying for a Licenciatura, completion of the first cycle did not automatically lead to the award of a diploma. However, students could elect to study specialized three-year degrees from the outset (diplomaturas, and arquitecturas técnicas—technical engineering), which, after successful completion, would give access to the second cycle of a number of Licenciaturas. A Licenciatura degree also provided direct access to professional practice or membership in professional associations such as Bar Associations for lawyers (Colegio de Abogados, until Bar membership requirements were changed to include a minimum amount of legal work experience and passing an exam), medicine, economics, and other regulated professions. The third cycle was sometimes called postgrado. Note, however, that the label "undergraduate" may be misleading to an anglophone audience, since while a Spanish Diplomatura may be likened to an undergraduate Bachelor's degree, a Spanish Licenciatura is comparable in scope to a postgraduate Master's degree, as the anglophone distinction between "undergraduate" and "postgraduate" degrees does not properly apply to the traditional higher-education system of Spain. Many Spanish licenciados, when translating their CVs into English, use the formula BA+MA (or BSc+MSc) to indicate that a Licenciatura is equivalent to a master's degree. Depending on the degree and study plan, some Spanish universities require a small thesis or research project to be submitted in the last year before the student can finally claim his or her degree. The Spanish government issued a royal decree in 2014 establishing the official equivalences between the Spanish pre-Bologna titles and the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) levels. This royal decree also describes the procedure for applying for a personal certificate stating the equivalence of a given pre-Bologna title to the new Bologna levels. Most Licenciaturas (if not all) have been placed in level 7 (Master) of the EQF. After the Bologna process, all official university degrees will fall into one of these three categories: Grado (Bachelor), Master or Doctor. Most Grados will consist of three or four years (240 ECTS credits), unless it is otherwise ruled by an EU Directive (like Pharmacy, five years, or Medicine, six years). All university students completing these four years will get a Grado and may then go on with Master's studies (one to two years, 60-120 ECTS credits). Doctorate studies will in most cases require a research-oriented master's degree and may or may not include specific courses. Grados will take one year more than the old Diplomatura or Ingeniería Técnica degrees, and graduates from the old system may have to study additional courses to transform their degree into a Grado. Nevertheless, in most aspects, Grados will be the equivalent of the old intermediate degrees: Grado engineers will have the responsibilities of former Ingenieros técnicos. Lawyers will need a master's degree, not a Grado. And in public service, Grado holders will by default be in the A2 level (the second highest), while A1 (the highest) will be for Grado holders with additional requirements (such as a master's or a doctorate, or a special Grado such as Medicine that is in many aspects equivalent to a master's). Prior to the Bologna process, the master's degree was not considered an official academic degree in Spain, as the transition from undergraduate to postgraduate studies could only be done directly from a Licenciatura to doctoral studies. Switzerland At Swiss universities, until the adoption of the Bologna Convention, the Lizentiat/licence was the equivalent of a master's degree (there being no prior degrees) and qualified the holder for doctoral studies. The degree names are followed by the field of study (e.g. lic. phil., lic. ès lettres, lic. oec., etc.). In line with the Bologna Process, the degree has now been replaced by master's degrees (with bachelor's degrees being newly introduced). According to the Swiss University Conference, the joint organization of the cantons and the Confederation for university politics, and the Rectors' Conference of the Swiss Universities, the old Lizentiat/licence is considered equivalent to the current master's degree. ETH Zurich stated that they consider the Swiss licenciate as equivalent to a master's degree, though they state it is not the same. United Kingdom The University of Wales, Lampeter offers Licences in Latin and Greek. They are postgraduate diplomas – meaning that the student would normally have completed a (typically three-year) bachelor's degree course first – and can be completed in either two or three years. The City and Guilds of London Institute Licentiateship is awarded to those who achieve a level 4 Professional Recognition Award. Trinity College London formerly awarded licentiates, which were accredited at Level 6 of the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF). The Landscape Institute offers licentiate membership to those who have completed a bachelor's degree and a postgraduate diploma in the field of landscape architecture. The College of Teachers also offers a licentiateship. This program, which is offered at the degree level, is for individuals with a BEd (three-year program) who wishes to do in-service advanced training in education or a related learning field. Also in education, Trinity College London awards the Licentiate Diploma in TESOL, commonly referred to as the Dip TESOL, an advanced teaching qualification in ESL at Level 7 of the NQF. The Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies, based in Canterbury, Kent, has as its highest qualification (above Certificate, Higher Certificate and Diploma levels) the Licentiateship of the institute, awarded following both a course of study including thesis and dissertation and professional practice. In music, a licentiate is the qualification which follows the diploma and is offered by Trinity College London (LTCL), Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (LRSM) and London College of Music (LLCM); candidates may choose to specialize in performance or teaching, depending on the examination board. Venezuela A Licenciatura is awarded to students after five years of study. They are required to write a thesis and/or do an intership and/or develop a research project in order to graduate. Pontifical universities and faculties Further information: Pontifical university The licentiate degree is a post-graduate, research degree, considered above the master's degree and below the research doctoral degree, conferred by authority of the Holy See by a pontifical university or ecclesiastical faculty upon completion of studies in one of the sacred sciences. The pontifical licentiate is a canonical pre-requisite for entrance into a pontifical doctoral program: "Nobody can be admitted to the doctorate unless first having obtained the licentiate." The licentiate may be conferred in any of the sacred sciences, including theology, philosophy or canon law, such as the Licentiate of Canon Law (JCL), the Licentiate of Sacred Theology (STL), or the Licentiate of Philosophy (PhL). Pontifical universities and Catholic Universities with Ecclesiastical Faculties such as the Pontifical Lateran University, Pontifical Gregorian University, Pontifical University of the Holy Cross, Pontifical Athenaeum of Sant'Anselmo, Pontifical Salesian University, Pontifical University of Antonianum, Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome, the Pontifical University of Salamanca in Spain, the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila (Philippines), The Catholic University of America in Washington, DC, University of Saint Mary of the Lake in Mundelein, IL, and Regis College in Toronto, Canada all confer such degrees. The Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies in Toronto awards a licentiate in Mediaeval studies, but, unusually, only offers it as a postdoctoral degree. (Cf. the Canada section above.) Further, the licentiate degree also grants the holder the "licence" to teach at any Catholic university, seminary or pontifical faculty anywhere around the world. Heraldry In Canada, anyone who completes the Level III Heraldic Proficiency Courses is granted the right to use the post-nominal of LRHSC (Licentiate of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada). This is awarded by the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. Medicine, surgery and obstetrics Canada A medical graduate must obtain the qualification of Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada from the Medical Council of Canada before they are eligible to apply for licensure in the province or territory concerned. Great Britain Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians (LRCP) is awarded by the Royal College of Physicians of London. Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons (LRCS), previously Member of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) is awarded by the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery of the Society of Apothecaries (LMSSA) is awarded by the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London. Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (LRCPE) is awarded by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (LRCSEd) is awarded by the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (LRCPSG) is awarded by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. These Conjoint diplomas were latterly awarded by the United Examining Board. The first two, and latterly the first three, were granted together in England, and the last three in Scotland, until 1999, after which approval to hold the examinations was withdrawn. The qualifications are still registrable with the General Medical Council, and allow the bearer to practice medicine in the United Kingdom, and used to be recognised by some state medical boards in the United States. The Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hall (LAH) was a similar qualifying medical diploma awarded externally in Dublin until recognition was lost in 1968. These licentiate diplomas were awarded by professional bodies, and were accepted by the General Medical Council for registration as a medical practitioner, but were not university degrees and were regarded as being at a slightly lower level than bachelor's degrees in medicine. Finland In Finland, licensed medical practitioners (physicians and surgeons) are either licentiates or doctorates, where the Licentiate of Medicine is the minimum qualification. In terms of degree coursework, the licentiate is above master's but below a doctorate. In the medical field, there is no master's degree, and the bachelor's degree qualifies only for practical training to become a licentiate. Qualified licentiates may continue studies to become a Doctor of Medicine if they want to work in research. Hong Kong Main article: Licentiate of the Medical Council of Hong Kong Medical graduates from schools outside of Hong Kong must obtain a medical license directly form the Medical Council of Hong Kong before they are able to register to practice medicine in Hong Kong. The qualification is known as the Licentiate of the Medical Council of Hong Kong (LMCHK). The LMCHK is awarded after such doctors undergo careful vetting, passing the HKMLE exam, and completing a period of assessment. The licentiate doctors are represented by an independent, non-profit professional body, known as the Licentiate Society. Ireland In Dublin, students at the School of Medicine of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland still qualify with licentiate diplomas from the two Irish Royal Colleges, coupled with a Licence in Midwifery from each, although in the past few years they have also been awarded the three medical bachelor's degrees of the National University of Ireland: Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland (LRCPI) or (L & LM, RCPI) and Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (LRCSI) or (L & LM, RCSI). Certain maternity hospitals in Dublin used to award a Licentiate in Midwifery or LM diploma, not to midwives but to qualified medical practitioners who had been examined there after a three-month residential appointment. The Rotunda Hospital was the most recent to do so. Licenciate of the Royal Academy of Music is awarded by the Royal Academy of Music. Licentiate Member of the Institute of Clerks of Works and Construction Inspectorate (post nominal LICWCI) is a professional grade of the Institute of Clerks of Works and Construction Inspectorate, the professional body that supports quality construction and compliance of building standards through inspection. Licentiate of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development is a part qualified professional grade of the Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development (CIPD). Prior to the Institute gaining its Royal Charter, members at this grade were able to use the post nominal Lic IPD after their names. Theology, canon law, history, and cultural patrimony Main articles: Licentiate of Theology, Licentiate of Sacred Theology, Licentiate of Canon Law, and History Curriculum at the Gregorian University The degree of Licentiate of Theology (LTh) is a theological qualification commonly awarded for ordinands and laymen studying theology in the United Kingdom, Malta, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. A qualification similar to the LTh is the two-year postgraduate Licentiate of Sacred Theology (STL), available from many Pontifical universities and Pontifical faculties of theology, possessing the authority to grant Pontifical degrees. This compares with, for example in North American institutions, the four-year program for a B.A. at many universities, a two-year program for an MA, and the writing and successful defense of the doctoral dissertation for the PhD, Th.D., or STD (an additional two to three years). The degree of Licentiate of Canon Law (JCL) is similarly awarded at Pontifical universities and faculties. Other qualifications for canon law include an inter-denominational LLM program at least one university (Cardiff), though this degree would not have canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church. The Faculty of the History and the Cultural Patrimony of the Church at the Gregorian University also awards the Licentiate in the History of the Church, and the Licentiate in the Cultural Patrimony of the Church. Bologna Process In 2003, the European Union organized the Bologna Convention for the European Higher Education Area under the Lisbon Recognition Convention, more commonly known as the Bologna Process, in order to create uniform standards across the European Union in university education. The resulting conclusions called for all European universities to change their degree programs to a bachelor's degree and a master's degree. See also All but dissertation Doctor of Philosophy Graduate degree Master's degree Bachelor's degree Associate degree Undergraduate degree References ^ a b "Equivalence of Diploma and Master's degree title". ETH Zurich. Retrieved 17 August 2019. ^ "Master Licentiate equivalency". Retrieved 25 June 2021. ^ "Attestation of Equivalence". Retrieved 25 June 2021. ^ Oxford Living Dictionaries Archived 21 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 16 September 2012 ^ "Definition of LICENTIATE". merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018. ^ a b Cédric Giraud, ed. (2019). A Companion to Twelfth-Century Schools. Brill. pp. 30–50. ISBN 9789004410138. ^ Herman Bavinck (2020). Bruce R. Pass (ed.). On Theology: Herman Bavinck's Academic Orations. Brill. p. 82. ISBN 9789004442016. ^ Pedersen, Olaf (1997). The First Universities – Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 242–270. ^ "Coneau". Ministerio de Education Republica Argentina. Retrieved 8 June 2009. ^ The Bologna Process of Harmonization of Higher Education, Alexandra Kertz-Welzel, "Motivation zur Weiterbildung: Master- und Bachelor-Abschlüsse in den USA und Die Amerikas", Diskussion Musikpädagogik, vol. 29, pp. 33–35, 2006. ^ a b "Sapientia Christiana (April 15, 1979) – John Paul II". vatican.va. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2018. ^ "Licentiate in Philosophy". Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. ^ "Licence in Mediaeval Studies". Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. ^ "Licentiate in Mediaeval Studies Application, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2017. ^ Piano: Licentiate Diploma in Piano Performance Syllabus, 2015 Edition ^ Oficina de Planificación de la Educación Superior. "Convenio para crear una nomenclatura de grados y títulos de la Educación Superior Universitaria Estatal". conare.ac.cr (in Spanish). Consejo Nacional de Rectores. pp. 1, 4. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2017. ^ "Högskoleförordning". Utbildningsdepartementet. 9 May 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012. ^ "Degree of Licentiate". Chalmers. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2009. ^ a b "The Medical Council of Hong Kong – Home". mchk.org.hk. Retrieved 26 November 2019. ^ "Hong Kong e-Legislation". elegislation.gov.hk. Retrieved 26 November 2019. ^ "The Medical Licentiate Society of Hong Kong". The Medical Licentiate Society of Hong Kong. 13 December 2019. ^ "Welcome to Insurance Institute of India". Insurance Institute of India. Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2012. ^ "Enrolment as a licentiate". Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012. ^ "BY THE OLD MOULMEIN PAGODA". Bharatiya Vayu Sena. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2009. ^ "Estadísticas de Educación. Educación Básica, Media Superior y Superior. Edición 2005" Archived 13 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish). Statistics on Education. Basic, Mid-level, and Higher Education. Edition 2005. Statistics for the year 2002 ^ a b "Ley Reglamaentaria del Artículo 5º Constitucional, relativo al ejercicio de las profesiones en el Distrito Federal" (in Spanish). Regulatory Law for the 5th Article in the Constitution, relative to the practice of professions in the Federal District, last reform 22 December 1993, law published on 26 May 1945. ^ "Grados y títulos – Universidad de Lima". ulima.edu.pe. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018. ^ "Groningen : 5 December 2007 : Kenmerk KS/D&L/4406/07". Members.home.nl. Archived from the original (JPG) on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017. ^ "Groningen : 1 September 2008 : Kenmerk KS/D&L/22553/07". Members.home.nl. Archived from the original (JPG) on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017. ^ As these Dutch titles were replaced with their corresponding international degrees, after the application of the Bologna process in the Netherlands. ^ Cf. Landenmodule Roemenie by Nuffic. ^ "Équivalence entre licence / diplôme et master". Crus.ch. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2009. ^ "Professional Recognition Awards". City and Guilds. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016. ^ "Register of Recognised Qualifications". Ofqual. Retrieved 6 November 2016. ^ "Dip TESOL". Trinity College London. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016. ^ "Qualifications – Courses – The Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies. The School of Family History". ihgs.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018. ^ John Paul II, Apostolic Constitution Sapientia Christiana, 49.2. ^ "Process of attaining LMCHK". The Medical Licentiate Society of Hong Kong. Retrieved 13 December 2019. ^ Pontificia Università Gregoriana (2007), Facoltà della Storia e dei Beni Culturali della Chiesa, Rome: Gregoriana Publicità. vteLevels of academic degreeUndergraduateISCED level 5 Associate degree Foundation degree Higher National Diploma/​Diploma of Higher Education/​Certificate of Higher Education ISCED level 6 Bachelor's degree Honours degree PostgraduateISCED level 7 Master's degree Postgraduate diploma/​certificate Diplom degree Engineer's degree ISCED level 8 Doctorate Candidate of Sciences OtherPostdoctoral Higher doctorate Doctor of Sciences Habilitation Docent Tenure Fellow No dominantclassification Academic certificate Artist diploma External degree Laurea Licentiate Magister degree Microdegree Professional degree Graduate diploma/​certificate Higher diploma Specialist degree/​diploma Terminal degree Unearned Honorary degree Ad eundem degree Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) Authority control databases: National Germany

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PHL (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHL_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goethe-Positiones_Juris_(licence)_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"dissertation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissertation"},{"link_name":"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe"},{"link_name":"University of Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"academic degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree"},{"link_name":"educational levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_level"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ethz.ch-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"pontifical universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_university"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"PhL\" redirects here. For other, see PHL (disambiguation).Licentiate dissertation (note text Pro Licentia on cover) of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (University of Strasbourg, 1771)A licentiate (abbreviated Lic.) is an academic degree present in many countries, representing different educational levels.\nIt may be similar to a master's degree[1][2][3] when issued by pontifical universities and other universities in Europe, Latin America, and Syria.The term is also used for a person who holds this degree.[4][5]","title":"Licentiate (degree)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"}],"text":"The term derives from Latin licentia, \"freedom\" (from Latin licēre, \"to be allowed\"), which is applied in the phrases licentia docendi (also licentia doctorandi), meaning \"permission to teach\", and licentia ad practicandum (also licentia practicandi), meaning \"permission to practice\", signifying someone who holds a certificate of competence to practise a profession.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academic degree § History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree#History"},{"link_name":"Gregorian Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Reform"},{"link_name":"liberal arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Companion-6"},{"link_name":"scholasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholaster"},{"link_name":"expensive gifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simony"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Companion-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"See also: Academic degree § HistoryThe Gregorian Reform of the Catholic Church led to an increased focus on the liberal arts in episcopal schools during the 11th and 12th centuries, with Pope Gregory VII ordering all bishops to make provisions for the teaching of liberal arts.[6] Chancellors and scholasters exercised a high degree of control over who could teach within their locus magisterii, or area of teaching authority. Throughout the 12th century, the degree of their control tightened to such an extent that they had essential monopolies over all teachers in their dioceses, and teachers were barred from acting as instructors without the explicit authorization of their scholasters. Conflicts sometimes arose between the scholasters and local independent educators who operated educational facilities without their permission, and chancellors often demanded expensive gifts before granting a license to teach. In response to these escalating abuses of power, Pope Alexander III demanded that a free licentia docendi should be granted to anyone deemed qualified to teach. This allowed the Church to progressively centralize its educational control, reducing the power of individual scholasters.[6][7]Originally, for the student in the medieval university the licentia docendi was of a somewhat different nature than the academic degrees of bachelor, master or doctor. The latter essentially indicated the rank of seniority in the various faculties (arts, theology, law, medicine), whereas the licentia was literally the licence to teach. It was awarded not by the university but by the church, embodied in the chancellor of the diocese in which the university was located. The licentia would only be awarded however upon recommendation by the university, initially shortly before the candidate would be awarded the final degree of master or doctor, the requirements for which beyond having been awarded the licentia were only of a ceremonial nature.Over time however, this distinction in nature between the licentia on the one hand and the bachelor, master and doctor degrees on the other began to fade. In the continental European universities the licentia became an academic degree intermediate between the bachelor's degree on the one hand and the master's or doctor's degree on the other, in particular in the higher faculties. Moreover, the costs for obtaining the doctorate could be significant. As a result, most students not intending an academic career would forgo the doctorate, and as a result the licentiate became the common final degree.Notable exceptions to this development were the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and the universities modelled after them. As their locations were not the seats of bishops, the granting of the licentia docendi was by proxy, and its significance faded away.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"postgraduate degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education"},{"link_name":"master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate_Degree"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-10"}],"sub_title":"Argentina","text":"In Argentina, the Licentiate degree (Spanish: Licenciatura), by which one becomes a licenciado, is a four to six-year degree with a required final thesis defence.[9] Upon competition of the licentiate degree the student may be eligible to apply for a postgraduate degree such as a master or doctorate.[10]","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Music Examinations Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Music_Examinations_Board"},{"link_name":"St Cecilia School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//st-cecilia.com.au/"},{"link_name":"Licentiate of Sacred Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology"},{"link_name":"John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"apostolic constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_constitution"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sapienta_Christiana-11"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Currently the only institutions in Australia to grant licentiates, apart from theological colleges, are the Australian Music Examinations Board and St Cecilia School of Music, which confer licentiate diplomas. The status of this award is similar to that of an Australian diploma—currently one year of post-secondary education—and so it is a lesser award than a degree, although this award can usually take two or more years to complete due to its high standard. Similarly, for theological colleges in former times, the licentiate was a specific post graduate award, analogous to a current graduate diploma. It was used specifically because some theological colleges did not enjoy university status, and could not award degrees such as baccalaureates, masters and doctorates. Though this was never the case in Catholic Colleges where the Licentiate cannot be earned until one has completed 7 years of study (5 for the baccalaureate and 2 for the licentiate). In such an instance, it sits well above the level of graduate diploma between that of master's and doctorate.The Catholic Institute of Sydney is a Pontifical Faculty and as such offers the Licentiate of Sacred Theology which ranks above a master's degree and can only be earned after seven years of study (five years for the S.T.B.; two years for the S.T.L.). The licentiate is part of the three cycles of theological education in the Roman Catholic Church that was instituted in 1931: baccalaureate (STB); licentiate (STL) and doctorate (STD). It is the licentiate that licences faculty to teach in seminaries. See John Paul II's apostolic constitution, Sapientia Christiana.[11]","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Kandidaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandidaats"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis"},{"link_name":"Civil engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineer#Belgium"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"professional doctorates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate#Professional"},{"link_name":"higher doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_doctorate#Higher"},{"link_name":"KU Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KU_Leuven"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"}],"sub_title":"Belgium","text":"At Belgian universities, a person titled Licentiate (or Licentiaat in Dutch or Licencié in French, abbreviated lic.) holds the equivalent education of a master's degree. A female Licentiate was called Licentiate in Dutch and Licenciée in French. The years spent to obtain the degree of Licentiate were called Licentiaat or Licentie in Dutch and Licence in French. It was the second level of university study, after that of Candidate (or Kandidaat in Dutch or Candidat in French, abbreviated cand.). A female Candidate was called Kandidate in Dutch and Candidate in French. The years spent to obtain the degree of Candidate were called Kandidaats or Kandidatuur in Dutch and Candidature in French. Each of those two levels required at least two years (four semesters) of successful study. Licentiates were required to write a thesis (called licentiaatsverhandeling in Dutch and mémoire de licence in French). This candidate-licentiate system is now being replaced by an American-style bachelor-master system. Civil engineer (or Burgerlijk ingenieur in Dutch or Ingénieur civil in French, abbreviated ir.), Doctor of Medicine (or Doctor in de geneeskunde in Dutch or Docteur en médecine in French, abbreviated dr. med., until 1992), Physician (or Arts in Dutch or Médecin in French, after 1992), Doctor of Law (or Doctor in de rechten in Dutch or Docteur en droit in French, abbreviated dr. iur., until 1972) and Magister (philosophy and theology, abbreviated mag.) were equivalent to Licentiate. Baccalaureus (philosophy and theology, abbreviated bac.) was equivalent to Candidate. The former titles dr. med. and dr. iur. are to be considered as professional doctorates, whereas the title dr., which is the result of third level study and research, is a higher doctorate. The Belgian licentiate was also equivalent to the doctorandus in the Netherlands. At the KU Leuven there used to be a degree Licentiaat-doctorandus in de TEW (Toegepaste Economische Wetenschappen) en in Beleidsinformatica. Apart from the general abbreviation lic., more specific abbreviations, such as LHFW (Licentiaat in de Handels- en Financiële Wetenschappen) and LTH (Licentiaat in de Tandheelkunde) exist.\nStudy for a Belgian degree is very rigorous. Students in Belgian universities usually spend more than thirty hours a week on their studies, as opposed to the average of fifteen hours at American universities. As a result of this, students in Belgium are able to complete their licentiate or master's degrees in four to five years, as opposed to the usual six at American institutions.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"}],"sub_title":"Bolivia","text":"In Bolivia, a Licenciatura is a professional degree distinct from the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor in Science, which are more common in the Anglosphere, as it requires that the student take more credits for the completion of a professional curricula. The Licenciatura allows the holder to practice his or her profession in all of Bolivia. The durational requirements to obtain a Licenciatura vary depending on the profession studied, however, most universities require the completion of the curricula within four to five years. Aside from the durational requirements, Bolivian universities also require that all candidates, at the completion of the curricula, complement their studies by writing a thesis or by sitting for an oral examination in which State and University representatives take part by testing the student's professional knowledge and skills.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Brazilian National Council of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//portal.mec.gov.br/cne/arquivos/pdf/CES1301.pdf"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health"},{"link_name":"Bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Licenciatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licenciatura"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Minas_Gerais"}],"sub_title":"Brazil","text":"In Brazil, Licenciatura is a professional degree distinct from the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science, as it requires students to take more credits for the completion of a professional curriculum. The Licenciatura degree allows its holder to teach disciplines both in primary and secondary education. Although durational requirements to obtain Licenciatura often depend on the topic studied, most universities require the completion of the curriculum within four to five years. Besides the durational requirements for academic activities, Brazilian universities may also require that degree candidates complement their studies by writing a dissertation and apply for an oral examination. This evaluation is performed by Professors and or Researchers aiming to assess the student's professional knowledge and skills.For instance, as defined by the Brazilian National Council of Education (Ministry of Education), a Licenciatura modality in Biological Sciences should include, in addition to specific topics of Biology, contents in the areas of Chemistry, Physics and Health, to attend elementary and secondary education. Pedagogical training, in addition to its specificities, should contemplate an overview of the education and the formative processes of the students. It should also emphasize the instrumentation for the teaching of Sciences at the fundamental level and for the teaching of biology at the intermediate level. In some Brazilian universities, Bachelor's degree and Licenciatura can be obtained concomitantly, by simultaneously fulfilling requirements for both the degrees (e.g. the Bachelor's and Licenciatura degrees in Biological Sciences, offered by the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil).","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Civil Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul_University"},{"link_name":"Licentiate in Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_in_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul_University"},{"link_name":"Licentiate in Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Licentiate_in_Canon_Law&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Licentiate in Sacred Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_in_Sacred_Theology"},{"link_name":"Regis College, University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_College,_University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Licentiate in Sacred Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_in_Sacred_Theology"},{"link_name":"John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"apostolic constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_constitution"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sapienta_Christiana-11"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Institute_of_Mediaeval_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Mediaeval Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_studies"},{"link_name":"postdoctoral students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Pontifical institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_university"},{"link_name":"Royal Conservatory of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Conservatory_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"While the term licentiate is not generally used by Canadian academic institutions, a Licentiate in Laws (LL.L.) is offered by some Canadian universities for the completion of studies equivalent to a Bachelor of Civil Law.\nA licentiate is also offered by the Medical Council of Canada (MCC) upon completion of a series of Medical Council of Canada Qualifying examinations for Canadian and International medical graduates. This licentiate is required to obtain an independent medical practice licence in Canada.Saint Paul University offers the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy by examination, which may be undertaken within ten years of receiving an MA from the Department of Philosophy at the University of Ottawa. This licentiate, a pontifical degree, qualifies graduates to teach philosophy at a seminary or college.[12] Saint Paul University also offers a Licentiate in Canon Law that enables the recipient to practice as a canon lawyer within the Roman Catholic Church, as well as a Licentiate in Sacred Theology which is part of the baccalaureate, licentiate, and doctorate theological degree course within the Roman Catholic Church.Regis College, University of Toronto offers the degree of Licentiate in Sacred Theology. It is part of the cycle of baccalaureate, licentiate, doctorate in theological formation in the Roman Catholic Church. It can be earned while studying for a civil master's or doctoral degree. It probably sits in rank between the two levels. See John Paul II's apostolic constitution, Sapientia Christiana.[11]The Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies at the University of Toronto offers a License in Mediaeval Studies (LMS) as a degree exclusively for postdoctoral students who have already completed a PhD.[13] (The application for the LMS refers to it as a \"licentiate\" and not as a \"license\".)[14] The degree is unusual in that licentiates from Pontifical institutions are usually a precursor to a doctorate, and not a post-doctoral achievement.The Royal Conservatory of Music, Toronto, offers a Licentiate Diploma (LRCM) in Piano Performance. The LRCM is the highest level of The Royal Conservatory Certificate Program. The examination is evaluated as a professional concert performance. Candidates are expected to demonstrate a masterful command of the instrument and communicate an understanding of stylistic characteristics and structural elements of each repertoire selection with interpretive insight and a mature musical personality.[15]","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student"}],"sub_title":"Costa Rica","text":"In Costa Rica, a licentiate belongs to the second level of education (grade), lower than a master's degree but higher than a bachelor's degree, according to the Office for the Planning of Higher Education, part of the National Council of Rectors. Licentiate is extended to those who have fulfilled the requirements of a university program that has a minimum of 150 and a maximum of 180 course credits (public university programs usually last from four to six years of study) and a minimum duration of 10 lesson cycles of 15 weeks or its equivalent (three or four extra course semesters after the completion of the bachelor's degree).[16]Students are also required to fulfill the requirements for graduation for each institution, with usually requires writing a thesis in some universities, attending a graduation seminar, or developing a project in order to graduate, and some degrees involve the same credits as a master's degree but not the same level of rigor. This is also the degree conferred to a practicing physician. The degree is not considered terminal, and it is not sufficient to be a rector of a private university.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"higher doctorates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_doctorate"}],"sub_title":"Denmark and Norway","text":"The licentiate was formerly awarded in Denmark and Norway, and was roughly equal to the American PhD degree[citation needed]. In Denmark, it has formally been replaced by the PhD degree. The proper doctorates in Denmark are considered higher degrees than the PhD (i.e. higher doctorates).","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student"}],"sub_title":"Dominican Republic","text":"In the Dominican Republic, a Licenciatura is awarded to students after studies of four to six years. Some universities require students to write a thesis in order to graduate while others have to write a shorter, and less labor-intensive, monograph. The Licenciatura is one of the major University degree previous to doctoral studies.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Licentiate_thesis_from_Chalmers,_Sweden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Finnish universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"Master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Magister's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_(degree)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland-Swedish"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Finland and Sweden","text":"Cover page of a licentiate dissertation from SwedenIn Swedish and Finnish universities, a licentiate's degree, recognised as a pre-doctoral degree, is equal to completion of the coursework and a dissertation which is formally equivalent to half of a doctoral dissertation. In Finland, the extent of licentiate degree is 120 ECTS equivalent and it requires two to three years of full-time research. Its prerequisite is a completed 4-year academic degree at advanced level, such as a Master's degree or a Magister's degree.[17] Licentiate degree holders are officially eligible for independent scientific research in Universities, and entitled to the right to supervise master's and licentiate degree theses.Until the early 1970s, the degree in Sweden was equivalent to the U.S. PhD requiring four to seven years of study after the Bachelor's (or Master's) degree, and a publicly defended thesis. It was gradually substituted with the \"Doctor's exam\" in 1969 and was re-instituted as an intermediate level in research training in the 1980s, now requiring only two years of study after Masters graduation. The licentiate's degree is called a filosofie licentiat in Swedish and filosofian lisensiaatti in Finnish (Licentiate of Philosophy), teologie licentiat and teologian lisensiaatti (Licentiate of Theology) etc., depending on the faculty. Furthermore, the requisite degree for a physician's licence is licentiat/lisensiaatti; there is no master's degree. (The degree lääketieteen tohtori, medicine doktor, \"Doctor of Medicine\" is a traditional professor's degree, or a research doctorate, with licentiate as a prerequisite.)The Licentiate of Engineering is an intermediate postgraduate degree used only in a few countries, among them Sweden and Finland, and can be seen as an academic step halfway between a Master's and a PhD. In Swedish, it is called Teknologie Licentiat, usually abbreviated as Tekn. Lic., and in Finnish, tekniikan lisensiaatti, abbreviated as TkL. The Licentiate of Engineering corresponds to 120 ECTS credits (80 workweeks (old credits)), or nominally two years of full-time work, whereas a PhD amounts to 240 ECTS credits (160 workweeks (old credits)), or a nominal period of four years of full-time work (one old credit equals one week of full-time studies). However, as a result of the differences in requirements and individual performance, the time to complete a Licentiate of Engineering degree varies. For the thesis, 2–3 peer-refereed articles (or an equivalent monograph) is usually required, and there is no requirement for original research per se. In contrast, a doctoral thesis requires 4–6 articles and must demonstrate original research. The program for a licentiate degree is equivalent to a total of two years of full-time study.[18]","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor's degree § France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree#France"},{"link_name":"French universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_France"},{"link_name":"[liˈsãs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"See also: Bachelor's degree § FranceIn French universities, a licenciate (licencié(e)) is the holder of a licence (French: [liˈsãs]), which is a three-year degree, roughly equivalent to a bachelor's degree. There are two kinds of licence: general and professional.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Diplom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplom"},{"link_name":"Saarland University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland_University"},{"link_name":"Staatsexamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsexamen"},{"link_name":"Law degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_degree"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"In Germany, a person titled Lizentiat holds the equivalent education of a Master's degree or Diplom. Until the 1990s, the degree was offered as a law degree at the Saarland University as a single university degree (Lic.iur.) with a duration varying between five and eight years. For political reasons, this degree was discontinued, mainly because the Staatsexamen (Law degree) became the predominant representation of the mainstream education of a lawyer. The Lizentiat is largely equivalent to the 1. Staatsexamen but, unlike the latter, is assessed by the university, not the state administration. It also allowed specialisation in areas of the law which were either not covered by other legal qualifications, e.g. ecclesiastical law etc., or not covered to the same extent. Other disciplines, such as theology or journalism (FU Berlin), used to offer a Lizentiat qualification instead of a PhD.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Haiti","text":"In Haiti universities, a licenciate (licencié(e)) is the holder of a licence, which is a four-year degree, equivalent to a bachelor's degree. There are two kinds of licence: general and professional.The general licence is a diploma issued by a university and authenticated by the national department of education. This authentication confirms the school follows and complies to the national curriculum requirements for a four-year baccalaureat (bachelor's) degree.The professional licence is a Certificate licence issued by a university and authenticated national Department of education after the licenciate diploma holder submits a final paper research that have been analyzed and graded by a board of professors or faculty jury member from the school.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Licentiate Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Licentiate_Society_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Hong Kong","text":"The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (HKSAR) offers a Licentiate of the Medical Council of Hong Kong (LMCHK).[19] This licentiate is required of non-locally trained doctors in order to register as a medical practitioner in Hong Kong.[20] The LMCHK qualification forms part of the pathway towards registration to practice medicine in Hong Kong for those that graduated from medical schools outside of Hong Kong. The Licentiate Society is an independent, non-profit professional body formed to help candidates with the challenges of attaining the LMCHK.[21]","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Insurance Institute of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_Institute_of_India"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Institute of Company Secretaries of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Company_Secretaries_of_India"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bhore Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhore_committee"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"In India, the Licentiate is a vocational qualification offered by the special vocational boards or professional bodies. These are offered after completion of school education and are somewhat less extensive than a full-fledged university degree. Issuers of the licentiate degree include but are not limited to the Insurance Institute of India,[22] the Institute of Company Secretaries of India,[23] the Association of Mutual Funds of India, and the Diploma Examination Board of the government of Andhra Pradesh.Licentiate Certified Physician and Surgeon (LCPS) was a recognized medical qualification in India before 1946, when the Bhore Committee effectively made the MBBS the sole entry point into the medical profession in India.[24]","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"undergraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate"},{"link_name":"licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence"},{"link_name":"diploma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploma"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INEGI_2002-25"},{"link_name":"credential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credential"},{"link_name":"ID card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ID_card"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"social work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGP-26"},{"link_name":"penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_(law)"},{"link_name":"crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGP-26"},{"link_name":"thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis"},{"link_name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"institutes of technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Technological_Institute_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"academic grades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_in_education"},{"link_name":"nursing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exam"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"doctoral degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral_degree"},{"link_name":"Bologna process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_process"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"postgraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"}],"sub_title":"Mexico","text":"See also: Education in MexicoAs in many Latin American countries, the licenciatura is a general term denoting the first higher-education degree awarded at universities, varying from three to five years of study, depending on the field. It is thus an undergraduate degree, and requires a licence to practice in the learned profession.In Mexico, a distinction is made between simply passing all the required courses, just being a graduate (graduado or pasante), and actually obtaining the degree diploma (título profesional). Obtaining the diploma means the student completely concluded his or her studies, and has the right of using the title of Licenciado. Statistics show that historically only about 60% of those graduating actually obtain the diploma.[25] At the same time the diploma is awarded, a professional credential (cédula profesional) may be obtained from the National Directorate of Professions (Dirección General de Profesiones, DGP), which serves as a licence to practice and as a national ID card. Some professions do not require the professional credential, but for others, like medicine, accounting, civil engineering, or social work, it is mandatory by law.[26] The law also establishes penalties for crimes committed regarding the professional practice, including those in which an individual offers professional services without having the proper diploma or licence.[26]For a number of years, presenting a thesis was the only method to obtain the diploma (título). Nowadays, some universities, like the National Autonomous University of Mexico, may still require the thesis, while others, like the federal institutes of technology, may forgo the thesis in exchange for demonstrating professional experience, research work, or excellent academic grades.By their nature, some disciplines, such as nursing, medicine and law, require an intense theoretical background, as well as practical training, and so a first university degree in those areas may take longer to complete (up to 6 years). Even after obtaining the diploma, graduates require passing a national exam to finally be awarded the professional licence.In Mexico, every graduate who obtained a licenciatura diploma is technically and legally a licenciado (abbreviated Lic. before the name). However, it is mostly common to use Lic. for graduates of the social sciences, while more specific titles and prefixes are used for other professionals such as engineer (Ingeniero, Ing.), architect (Arquitecto, Arq.), or biologist (Biólogo, Biol.).In Mexico, the licenciatura qualifies the recipient to pursue a master's degree (maestría). In exceptional cases, the recipient may apply directly to a doctoral degree (doctorado), in which case the study plan integrates coursework from the master's program, and may take up to five years to complete.According to the Bologna process in Europe, virtually any licenciado has the equivalent qualifications of a 3-year bachelor's degree. The Mexican licenciatura, however, should never be confused with a more advanced postgraduate degree, such as the Swedish \"Licenciate of Technology\" (Teknologie Licentiat).","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"The Photographic Society of New Zealand awards a licentiateship, Licentiate (LPSNZ), for \"proficiency of a high order in practical photography.\" This means the applicant must demonstrate sound basic technical ability, along with good compositional skill, and awareness of lighting. Proficiency implies skill with the camera and in processing and presenting images. This is the first of three honours available the other two being Associate (APSNZ) and Fellow (FPSNZ).","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"undergraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate"},{"link_name":"masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"}],"sub_title":"Nicaragua","text":"In Nicaragua, a Licenciatura is awarded to students after undergraduate studies ranging between four and six years. Students are required to write a thesis if studying in the liberal arts, law or science in order to graduate. Students in engineering typically complete módulos, which are additional post-degree requirements before graduating. Additionally, there are Nicaraguan universities that require an internship (internado or pasantía) prior to graduation. The Licenciatura is the degree that segues candidates into both masters and/or PhD programs.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Panama","text":"This degree is awarded upon completion of four years of study in a specific field of study – e.g., Licenciatura de Docencia en inglés (Licentiate in Teaching of English), and qualifies the recipient to pursue a master's degree, or teach at a high school or middle school level with additional training. In order to be able to teach at university level, the recipient of a licentiate must complete the Posgrado de Docencia Superior (Postgraduate of Tertiary Education), which may be obtained before or after a master's degree.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"academia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia"},{"link_name":"professional association or society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_association"}],"sub_title":"Peru","text":"In Peru, \"Bachiller\" is awarded automatically for having completed all the courses required for obtaining the first academic degree. In Perú, A \"Bachiller\" degree is the first academic degree and allows one to enroll in a master's degree course. The master's degree is the second degree and it allows you to get a Doctor's degree (equivalent to a PhD).The \"Licenciatura\" in Peru is not considered an academic degree,[27] but rather a \"Professional Title\" within a specific profession which allows you to work in positions outside academia and perform as an independent professional in the Republic of Peru. Most professions require the \"Licenciatura\" or \"Professional Title\" to be able to register with professional association or society (Colegio Profesional). To obtain a \"Licenciatura\" it is required to either pass an additional test or defend a thesis. Although most Bachelor courses in Peru require to complete \"Thesis work\" or \"Thesis seminars\" modules(usually developing a research project during the last two semesters of the course) to obtain the degree, it is not mandatory to defend it. To obtain a \"Licenciatura\" or \"Título Profesional\" the student is required to write a thesis (usually that developed during their bachelor course), and pass their viva voce. Alternatively, it is possible to complete a written exam and then an oral examination in front of a group of professors (who are registered in the professional college/body of that specific profession). With this last option, it is usually required to have at least one year of professional experience in the relevant field of studies. Therefore, for some professions which used to be called \"carreras largas\" or long careers (e.g. dentistry, law, psychology and medicine), the student requires more than five years of studies or ten semesters to become a member of a professional body.Nowadays, some universities do not use the word Licenciado or Licenciada as a prefix before the professional title, e.g. Licenciado/a en Farmacia y Bioquímica (Licentiate in Pharmacy and Biochemistry) in their certificates. Instead they use Químico Farmacéutico, the same happens in with the other professions (i.e. Enfermero, Ingeniero, Psicólogo.) In such cases, both written titles are equivalent. The Professional Titles in Peru are equivalent to the professional degrees in the US, therefore if a person obtained a Master in Counselling degree in the US will need to complete the university studies in Peru in order to obtain the Licenciate or Title of Psychologist and then the Licensure at the Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú. In Perú the Professional Title of Psicólogo is similar to the Psy.D which is given in the US.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bologna system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"magister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_(degree)"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"}],"sub_title":"Poland","text":"A licencjat is a degree that was introduced in Poland by the tertiary education reforms. The purpose of these reforms was to bring the Polish university system into line with the Bologna system. It is typically a three- or four-year degree, equivalent to a bachelor's degree. Students completing a licencjat often go on to complete a magister's degree.\nIn theology faculties which use Vatican-regulated degrees, licencjat is a degree between that of master and doctor.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bologna Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process"},{"link_name":"Master's degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Portuguese higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_Portugal"},{"link_name":"degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"European Higher Education Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area"},{"link_name":"Bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"}],"sub_title":"Portugal","text":"Due to the developments introduced by the Bologna Process in the mid-2000s, in Portugal the licentiate's degree (Licenciatura) may refer to both old and new Licenciaturas, which were awarded before and after the Bologna's reforms, respectively. The length of the old Licenciatura programs would range from four to six years and are now equivalent to the new Master's degrees. In the past, a master's degree would add 2 more years to the 4 to 6 years of the old undergraduate Licenciatura programs, thus taking 6 to 8 years of post-secondary education to obtain a master's degree. The new Licenciatura degrees that are now being awarded in Portugal and in almost all Europe with varying local designations, are usually three-year programs.Since 2006, in the Portuguese higher education system, Licenciatura is the first degree awarded by institutions of higher education. It is also the first degree used in the European Higher Education Area, and is also designated a Bachelor's degree in other European countries. The Master's degree entails a two-year program of study, in which students can normally enroll after completing a licentiate's degree, and provides higher qualification for employment (e.g., for Architecture or Medicine a Master's is required, as well as for some Engineering branches, entailing a total of 5 to 6 years of post-secondary studies) or to prepare a student for his or her PhD research or work permit from the regulatory and licensing body for profession in Portugal.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diplom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplom"},{"link_name":"Bologna process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_process"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"doctorandus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorandus"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"LLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Romania","text":"In Romania, before the Bologna process, a licence (Rom. licenţă) was an academic degree awarded after four to six years of study, finalised by a thesis. It was a degree higher than the graduate diploma obtained after three years of study, which was mostly used in pedagogical institutes that trained secondary education teachers, and was considered inferior to the doctorate. A Romanian licence was the equivalent of a French maîtrise or a German Diplom. There are some Romanian licences (obtained before the Bologna process was of application) which have been recognized as meester (mr.)[28] and doctorandus (drs.)[29] in the Netherlands, i.e. at the LLM and MA level.[30] Now, after the Bologna process, the Romanian licence is similar to a Bachelor's degree.[31]","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"former Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis"},{"link_name":"bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis"},{"link_name":"ECTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Credit_Transfer_and_Accumulation_System"}],"sub_title":"Serbia","text":"In Serbia and rest of former Yugoslavia region, the name of the degree was magistar, which was awarded after one year of postgraduate studies and finishing the magistar thesis on a scientific subject. The basic graduate studies was four years before that. Accepting the Bolognia process, Serbia changed its academic degrees and the names of degrees were synchronized with other western school systems. Basically, there are 3 levels of studies now: 1. bachelor, 2. master and 3. PhD (Ser. doktorske), but also there are two semi-levels of specialization. Between 1st and 2nd level are professional master's degree studies (Ser. specijalističke strukovne studije) and between 2nd and 3rd level are academic specialist studies (Ser. specijalističke akademske studije). That studies between 2nd and 3rd level of education are equal to licentiate level. It is formally at the 2nd level of academic studies with the master studies (at the same level). As a professional degree, when ranking employees, it is on 3rd level, together with PhD studies.The main purpose for having such a semi-level is to enable students, who cannot finish PhD studies but reached certain significant level of additional knowledge (around first half of PhD studies), to get certificate about finishing one stage of the PhD studies and continue those studies later in life. To get to the specialist level, it is needed first to pass master's degree, then study for a year, after which the candidate need to defend the final specialist academic thesis which is a document describing a research in the scientific and professional area, winning additional 60 ECTS for overall study.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bachelor's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s"},{"link_name":"master's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s"},{"link_name":"Bologna Declaration on the European higher education area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_declaration"},{"link_name":"Diplomatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diplomatura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bachelor's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s"},{"link_name":"Bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"CVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_vitae"},{"link_name":"royal decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2014-12098"},{"link_name":"European Qualifications Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Qualifications_Framework"},{"link_name":"procedure for applying for a personal certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mecd.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/catalogo/educacion/gestion-titulos/estudios-universitarios/titulos-espanoles/202058.html"}],"sub_title":"Spain","text":"In Spain, the Licenciatura degree was one of the major higher-education degrees previous to doctoral studies, and is equivalent to a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in the anglophone system. This degree is currently being phased out at Spanish universities, replaced by the 'Grado' and 'Master' system due to the implementation of the Bologna Declaration on the European higher education area.The Licenciatura academic degree is academically equivalent to the Ingeniero or Arquitecto degrees. A Licenciatura typically required from four to six years of university courses, and had a typical credit workload of 300 to 400 credits. It usually had two or three introductory years (first cycle, after which the candidate could obtain a Diplomatura or Bachelor's degree in that field of studies) and two additional years (second cycle) for specialization (but this could vary from one to three). In addition, there existed a third cycle, comprising PhD degrees (doctorado, which included one or two years of research oriented courses and the completion of a thesis towards the same doctor diploma). When studying for a Licenciatura, completion of the first cycle did not automatically lead to the award of a diploma. However, students could elect to study specialized three-year degrees from the outset (diplomaturas, and arquitecturas técnicas—technical engineering), which, after successful completion, would give access to the second cycle of a number of Licenciaturas. A Licenciatura degree also provided direct access to professional practice or membership in professional associations such as Bar Associations for lawyers (Colegio de Abogados, until Bar membership requirements were changed to include a minimum amount of legal work experience and passing an exam), medicine, economics, and other regulated professions.The third cycle was sometimes called postgrado. Note, however, that the label \"undergraduate\" may be misleading to an anglophone audience, since while a Spanish Diplomatura may be likened to an undergraduate Bachelor's degree, a Spanish Licenciatura is comparable in scope to a postgraduate Master's degree, as the anglophone distinction between \"undergraduate\" and \"postgraduate\" degrees does not properly apply to the traditional higher-education system of Spain. Many Spanish licenciados, when translating their CVs into English, use the formula BA+MA (or BSc+MSc) to indicate that a Licenciatura is equivalent to a master's degree. Depending on the degree and study plan, some Spanish universities require a small thesis or research project to be submitted in the last year before the student can finally claim his or her degree.The Spanish government issued a royal decree in 2014 establishing the official equivalences between the Spanish pre-Bologna titles and the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) levels. This royal decree also describes the procedure for applying for a personal certificate stating the equivalence of a given pre-Bologna title to the new Bologna levels. Most Licenciaturas (if not all) have been placed in level 7 (Master) of the EQF.After the Bologna process, all official university degrees will fall into one of these three categories: Grado (Bachelor), Master or Doctor. Most Grados will consist of three or four years (240 ECTS credits), unless it is otherwise ruled by an EU Directive (like Pharmacy, five years, or Medicine, six years). All university students completing these four years will get a Grado and may then go on with Master's studies (one to two years, 60-120 ECTS credits). Doctorate studies will in most cases require a research-oriented master's degree and may or may not include specific courses.Grados will take one year more than the old Diplomatura or Ingeniería Técnica degrees, and graduates from the old system may have to study additional courses to transform their degree into a Grado. Nevertheless, in most aspects, Grados will be the equivalent of the old intermediate degrees: Grado engineers will have the responsibilities of former Ingenieros técnicos. Lawyers will need a master's degree, not a Grado. And in public service, Grado holders will by default be in the A2 level (the second highest), while A1 (the highest) will be for Grado holders with additional requirements (such as a master's or a doctorate, or a special Grado such as Medicine that is in many aspects equivalent to a master's).Prior to the Bologna process, the master's degree was not considered an official academic degree in Spain, as the transition from undergraduate to postgraduate studies could only be done directly from a Licenciatura to doctoral studies.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Bologna Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bologna_Process"},{"link_name":"Bologna Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"ETH Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ethz.ch-1"}],"sub_title":"Switzerland","text":"At Swiss universities, until the adoption of the Bologna Convention, the Lizentiat/licence was the equivalent of a master's degree (there being no prior degrees) and qualified the holder for doctoral studies. The degree names are followed by the field of study (e.g. lic. phil., lic. ès lettres, lic. oec., etc.). In line with the Bologna Process, the degree has now been replaced by master's degrees (with bachelor's degrees being newly introduced).According to the Swiss University Conference, the joint organization of the cantons and the Confederation for university politics, and the Rectors' Conference of the Swiss Universities, the old Lizentiat/licence is considered equivalent to the current master's degree.[32]ETH Zurich stated that they consider the Swiss licenciate as equivalent to a master's degree, though they state it is not the same.[1]","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Wales, Lampeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Lampeter"},{"link_name":"City and Guilds of London Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_and_Guilds_of_London_Institute"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Trinity College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_London"},{"link_name":"Regulated Qualifications Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulated_Qualifications_Framework"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"College of Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Teachers"},{"link_name":"Trinity College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_London"},{"link_name":"Licentiate Diploma in TESOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTCL_DipTESOL"},{"link_name":"ESL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESL"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Heraldic_and_Genealogical_Studies"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Board_of_the_Royal_Schools_of_Music"},{"link_name":"London College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_College_of_Music"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"The University of Wales, Lampeter offers Licences in Latin and Greek. They are postgraduate diplomas – meaning that the student would normally have completed a (typically three-year) bachelor's degree course first – and can be completed in either two or three years.The City and Guilds of London Institute Licentiateship is awarded to those who achieve a level 4 Professional Recognition Award.[33] Trinity College London formerly awarded licentiates, which were accredited at Level 6 of the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF).[34]\nThe Landscape Institute offers licentiate membership to those who have completed a bachelor's degree and a postgraduate diploma in the field of landscape architecture.The College of Teachers also offers a licentiateship. This program, which is offered at the degree level, is for individuals with a BEd (three-year program) who wishes to do in-service advanced training in education or a related learning field. Also in education, Trinity College London awards the Licentiate Diploma in TESOL, commonly referred to as the Dip TESOL, an advanced teaching qualification in ESL at Level 7 of the NQF.[35]The Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies, based in Canterbury, Kent, has as its highest qualification (above Certificate, Higher Certificate and Diploma levels) the Licentiateship of the institute, awarded following both a course of study including thesis and dissertation and professional practice.[36]In music, a licentiate is the qualification which follows the diploma and is offered by Trinity College London (LTCL), Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (LRSM) and London College of Music (LLCM); candidates may choose to specialize in performance or teaching, depending on the examination board.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Venezuela","text":"A Licenciatura is awarded to students after five years of study. They are required to write a thesis and/or do an intership and/or develop a research project in order to graduate.","title":"Regional variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontifical university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_university"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_theology"},{"link_name":"canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Licentiate of Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"Licentiate of Sacred Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology"},{"link_name":"Pontifical universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_universities"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Lateran University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Lateran_University"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Gregorian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University"},{"link_name":"Pontifical University of the Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_the_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Salesian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Salesian_University"},{"link_name":"Pontifical University of Antonianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonianum"},{"link_name":"Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_university_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"Pontifical University of Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"The Catholic University of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America"},{"link_name":"University of Saint Mary of the Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Lake"},{"link_name":"Regis College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_College,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Canada"}],"text":"Further information: Pontifical universityThe licentiate degree is a post-graduate, research degree, considered above the master's degree and below the research doctoral degree, conferred by authority of the Holy See by a pontifical university or ecclesiastical faculty upon completion of studies in one of the sacred sciences. The pontifical licentiate is a canonical pre-requisite for entrance into a pontifical doctoral program: \"Nobody can be admitted to the doctorate unless first having obtained the licentiate.\"[37] The licentiate may be conferred in any of the sacred sciences, including theology, philosophy or canon law, such as the Licentiate of Canon Law (JCL), the Licentiate of Sacred Theology (STL), or the Licentiate of Philosophy (PhL). Pontifical universities and Catholic Universities with Ecclesiastical Faculties such as the Pontifical Lateran University, Pontifical Gregorian University, Pontifical University of the Holy Cross, Pontifical Athenaeum of Sant'Anselmo, Pontifical Salesian University, Pontifical University of Antonianum, Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome, the Pontifical University of Salamanca in Spain, the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila (Philippines), The Catholic University of America in Washington, DC, University of Saint Mary of the Lake in Mundelein, IL, and Regis College in Toronto, Canada all confer such degrees. The Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies in Toronto awards a licentiate in Mediaeval studies, but, unusually, only offers it as a postdoctoral degree. (Cf. the Canada section above.) Further, the licentiate degree also grants the holder the \"licence\" to teach at any Catholic university, seminary or pontifical faculty anywhere around the world.","title":"Pontifical universities and faculties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Heraldry Society of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Heraldry_Society_of_Canada"}],"text":"In Canada, anyone who completes the Level III Heraldic Proficiency Courses is granted the right to use the post-nominal of LRHSC (Licentiate of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada). This is awarded by the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada.","title":"Heraldry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medicine, surgery and obstetrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_of_the_Medical_Council_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Medical Council of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Council_of_Canada"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"A medical graduate must obtain the qualification of Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada from the Medical Council of Canada before they are eligible to apply for licensure in the province or territory concerned.","title":"Medicine, surgery and obstetrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"Member of the Royal College of Surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Apothecaries"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Conjoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjoint"},{"link_name":"United Examining Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Examining_Board"},{"link_name":"General Medical Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Medical_Council"},{"link_name":"Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hall (LAH)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecaries%27_Hall_of_Ireland"}],"sub_title":"Great Britain","text":"Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians (LRCP) is awarded by the Royal College of Physicians of London.\nLicentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons (LRCS), previously Member of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) is awarded by the Royal College of Surgeons of England.\nLicentiate in Medicine and Surgery of the Society of Apothecaries (LMSSA) is awarded by the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London.\nLicentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (LRCPE) is awarded by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.\nLicentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (LRCSEd) is awarded by the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.\nLicentiate of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (LRCPSG) is awarded by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.These Conjoint diplomas were latterly awarded by the United Examining Board. The first two, and latterly the first three, were granted together in England, and the last three in Scotland, until 1999, after which approval to hold the examinations was withdrawn. The qualifications are still registrable with the General Medical Council, and allow the bearer to practice medicine in the United Kingdom, and used to be recognised by some state medical boards in the United States.The Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hall (LAH) was a similar qualifying medical diploma awarded externally in Dublin until recognition was lost in 1968.These licentiate diplomas were awarded by professional bodies, and were accepted by the General Medical Council for registration as a medical practitioner, but were not university degrees and were regarded as being at a slightly lower level than bachelor's degrees in medicine.","title":"Medicine, surgery and obstetrics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Finland","text":"In Finland, licensed medical practitioners (physicians and surgeons) are either licentiates or doctorates, where the Licentiate of Medicine is the minimum qualification. In terms of degree coursework, the licentiate is above master's but below a doctorate. In the medical field, there is no master's degree, and the bachelor's degree qualifies only for practical training to become a licentiate. Qualified licentiates may continue studies to become a Doctor of Medicine if they want to work in research.","title":"Medicine, surgery and obstetrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"HKMLE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Medical_Licensing_Examination"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Licentiate Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Licentiate_Society_of_Hong_Kong"}],"sub_title":"Hong Kong","text":"Medical graduates from schools outside of Hong Kong must obtain a medical license directly form the Medical Council of Hong Kong before they are able to register to practice medicine in Hong Kong. The qualification is known as the Licentiate of the Medical Council of Hong Kong (LMCHK).[19] The LMCHK is awarded after such doctors undergo careful vetting, passing the HKMLE exam, and completing a period of assessment.[38] The licentiate doctors are represented by an independent, non-profit professional body, known as the Licentiate Society.","title":"Medicine, surgery and obstetrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"National University of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Rotunda Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotunda_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Licenciate of the Royal Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRAM"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Personnel_and_Development"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"In Dublin, students at the School of Medicine of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland still qualify with licentiate diplomas from the two Irish Royal Colleges, coupled with a Licence in Midwifery from each, although in the past few years they have also been awarded the three medical bachelor's degrees of the National University of Ireland:Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland (LRCPI) or (L & LM, RCPI) and\nLicentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (LRCSI) or (L & LM, RCSI).Certain maternity hospitals in Dublin used to award a Licentiate in Midwifery or LM diploma, not to midwives but to qualified medical practitioners who had been examined there after a three-month residential appointment. The Rotunda Hospital was the most recent to do so.Licenciate of the Royal Academy of Music is awarded by the Royal Academy of Music.\nLicentiate Member of the Institute of Clerks of Works and Construction Inspectorate (post nominal LICWCI) is a professional grade of the Institute of Clerks of Works and Construction Inspectorate, the professional body that supports quality construction and compliance of building standards through inspection.\nLicentiate of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development is a part qualified professional grade of the Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development (CIPD). Prior to the Institute gaining its Royal Charter, members at this grade were able to use the post nominal Lic IPD after their names.","title":"Medicine, surgery and obstetrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Licentiate of Sacred Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_of_Sacred_Theology"},{"link_name":"Pontifical universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_university"},{"link_name":"Pontifical faculties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_faculty"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"Th.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th.D."},{"link_name":"STD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Sacred_Theology"},{"link_name":"Licentiate of Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"LLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_University"},{"link_name":"Faculty of the History and the Cultural Patrimony of the Church at the Gregorian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Curriculum_at_the_Gregorian_University"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"The degree of Licentiate of Theology (LTh) is a theological qualification commonly awarded for ordinands and laymen studying theology in the United Kingdom, Malta, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.A qualification similar to the LTh is the two-year postgraduate Licentiate of Sacred Theology (STL), available from many Pontifical universities and Pontifical faculties of theology, possessing the authority to grant Pontifical degrees. This compares with, for example in North American institutions, the four-year program for a B.A. at many universities, a two-year program for an MA, and the writing and successful defense of the doctoral dissertation for the PhD, Th.D., or STD (an additional two to three years).The degree of Licentiate of Canon Law (JCL) is similarly awarded at Pontifical universities and faculties. Other qualifications for canon law include an inter-denominational LLM program at least one university (Cardiff), though this degree would not have canonical effects in the Roman Catholic Church.The Faculty of the History and the Cultural Patrimony of the Church at the Gregorian University also awards the Licentiate in the History of the Church, and the Licentiate in the Cultural Patrimony of the Church.[39]","title":"Theology, canon law, history, and cultural patrimony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Higher Education Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area"},{"link_name":"Lisbon Recognition Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Recognition_Convention"},{"link_name":"Bologna Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"}],"text":"In 2003, the European Union organized the Bologna Convention for the European Higher Education Area under the Lisbon Recognition Convention, more commonly known as the Bologna Process, in order to create uniform standards across the European Union in university education. The resulting conclusions called for all European universities to change their degree programs to a bachelor's degree and a master's degree.","title":"Bologna Process"}]

[{"image_text":"Licentiate dissertation (note text Pro Licentia on cover) of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (University of Strasbourg, 1771)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Goethe-Positiones_Juris_%28licence%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Goethe-Positiones_Juris_%28licence%29_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cover page of a licentiate dissertation from Sweden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Licentiate_thesis_from_Chalmers%2C_Sweden.jpg/220px-Licentiate_thesis_from_Chalmers%2C_Sweden.jpg"}]

[{"title":"All but dissertation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_but_dissertation"},{"title":"Doctor of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"title":"Graduate degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_degree"},{"title":"Master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"title":"Bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"title":"Associate degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_degree"},{"title":"Undergraduate degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_degree"}]

[{"reference":"\"Equivalence of Diploma and Master's degree title\". ETH Zurich. Retrieved 17 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ethz.ch/en/studies/study-certifications/diploma-programmes/equivalence-diploma-master-degree.html","url_text":"\"Equivalence of Diploma and Master's degree title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich","url_text":"ETH Zurich"}]},{"reference":"\"Master Licentiate equivalency\". Retrieved 25 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unisg.ch/en/studium/master/allgemeineinformationen/aequivalenzmasterlizenziat","url_text":"\"Master Licentiate equivalency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Attestation of Equivalence\". Retrieved 25 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uzh.ch/cmsssl/en/studies/catalogue/bologna/gleichwertigkeit.html","url_text":"\"Attestation of Equivalence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of LICENTIATE\". merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/licentiate","url_text":"\"Definition of LICENTIATE\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170730144809/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/licentiate","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cédric Giraud, ed. (2019). A Companion to Twelfth-Century Schools. Brill. pp. 30–50. ISBN 9789004410138.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004410138","url_text":"9789004410138"}]},{"reference":"Herman Bavinck (2020). Bruce R. Pass (ed.). On Theology: Herman Bavinck's Academic Orations. Brill. p. 82. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptopsaltriini

Leptopsaltriini

["1 Genera","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]

Tribe of true bugs Leptopsaltriini Euterpnosia chibensis Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha Family: Cicadidae Subfamily: Cicadinae Tribe: LeptopsaltriiniMoulton, 1923 Leptopsaltriini is a tribe of cicadas in the family Cicadidae. There are at least 200 described species in Leptopsaltriini, found in the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Indomalaya. Neocicada hieroglyphica Genera BioLib includes the following genera in six subtribes: subtribe Euterpnosiina Lee, 2013 Calcagninus Distant, 1892 c g Euterpnosia Matsumura, 1917 c g Miniterpnosia Lee, 2013 c g Neoterpnosia Lee & Emery, 2014 c g Paranosia Lee, 2014 c g Yezoterpnosia Matsumura, 1917 c g subtribe Gudabina Boulard, 2008 Gudaba Distant, 1906 c g Rustia Stål, 1866 c g subtribe Leptopsaltriina J.C. Moulton, 1923 Aetanna Lee, 2014 c g Cabecita Lee, 2014 c g Formocicada Lee & Hayashi, 2004 c g Galgoria Lee, 2016 c g Inthaxara Distant, 1913 c g Leptopsaltria Stål, 1866 c g Nabalua Moulton, 1923 c g Neocicada Kato, 1932 i c g b Onomacritus (cicada) Distant, 1912 Puranoides Moulton, 1917 c g Taiwanosemia Matsumura, 1917 c g Tanna Distant, 1905 c g subtribe Leptosemiina Lee, 2013 Leptosemia Matsumura, 1917 c g Minipomponia Boulard, 2008 c g subtribe Mosaicina Lee, 2013 Manna Lee & Emery, 2013 c g Masamia Lee & Emery, 2013 c g Mosaica Lee & Emery, 2013 c g subtribe Puranina Lee, 2013 Formosemia Matsumura, 1917 c g Maua Distant, 1905 c g Paratanna Lee, 2012 c g Purana Distant, 1905 c g Qurana Lee, 2009 c g Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net References ^ a b "Leptopsaltriini Tribe Information". biotaxa.org. Retrieved 2018-07-03. ^ Sanborn, Allen F.; Heath, Maxine S. (2016). "Megatibicen n. gen., a new North American cicada genus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini)". Zootaxa. 4168 (3). Magnolia Press: 577–582. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4168.3.10. PMID 27701330. ^ Marshall, David C.; Moulds, Max; Hill, Kathy B. R.; Price, Benjamin W.; et al. (2018). "A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification". Zootaxa. 4424 (1). Magnolia Press: 1–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1. PMID 30313477. ^ "ITIS, Integrated Taxonomic Information System". Retrieved 2018-07-03. ^ "Catalogue of Life". Retrieved 2018-07-03. ^ "GBIF". Retrieved 2018-07-03. Further reading Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9. Bantock, T.; Botting, J. (2013). "British Bugs, an online identification guide to UK Hemiptera". Retrieved 2018-07-03. Majka, C. (2009). "Thomas L. Casey and Rhode Island". ZooKeys (22): 267–283. Bibcode:2009ZooK...22..267M. doi:10.3897/zookeys.22.93. Moulds, M.S. (2005). "An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna". Records of the Australian Museum. 57 (3): 375–446. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447. ISSN 0067-1975. Moulds, M.S. (2018). "Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae". Zootaxa. 4438 (3). Magnolia Press: 443–470. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2. PMID 30313130. Sanborn, Allen F. (2009). "Checklist, new species and key to the cicadas of Cuba (Hemiptera, Cicadoidea, Cicadidae)". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 56 (1): 85–92. doi:10.1002/mmnd.200900007. ISSN 0012-0073. Sanborn, Allen F. (2007). "New species, new records and checklist of cicadas from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)". Zootaxa (1651): 1–42. ISSN 1175-5334. Sanborn, Allen (2013). Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) (1 ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 9780124166479. Retrieved 2018-07-03. Sanborn, Allen F.; Heath, Maxine S. (2017). "Priority and synonymy of some North American cicada genera (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini)". Zootaxa. 4243 (2). Magnolia Press: 377–382. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4243.2.8. PMID 28610155. Sanborn, A.F.; Phillips, P.K. (2013). "Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico" (PDF). Diversity. 5 (2): 166–239. doi:10.3390/d5020166. Van Duzee, E.P. (1915). "A preliminary review of the West coast Cicadidae". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 23 (1): 21–44. External links Media related to Leptopsaltriini at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiersLeptopsaltriini Wikidata: Q21221228 Wikispecies: Leptopsaltriini BioLib: 1233150 CoL: 8JKBF NCBI: 2661757 Paleobiology Database: 372194 This Cicadidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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Moulton, 1923Aetanna Lee, 2014 c g\nCabecita Lee, 2014 c g\nFormocicada Lee & Hayashi, 2004 c g\nGalgoria Lee, 2016 c g\nInthaxara Distant, 1913 c g\nLeptopsaltria Stål, 1866 c g\nNabalua Moulton, 1923 c g\nNeocicada Kato, 1932 i c g b\nOnomacritus (cicada) Distant, 1912\nPuranoides Moulton, 1917 c g\nTaiwanosemia Matsumura, 1917 c g\nTanna Distant, 1905 c gsubtribe Leptosemiina Lee, 2013Leptosemia Matsumura, 1917 c g\nMinipomponia Boulard, 2008 c gsubtribe Mosaicina Lee, 2013Manna Lee & Emery, 2013 c g\nMasamia Lee & Emery, 2013 c g\nMosaica Lee & Emery, 2013 c gsubtribe Puranina Lee, 2013Formosemia Matsumura, 1917 c g\nMaua Distant, 1905 c g\nParatanna Lee, 2012 c g\nPurana Distant, 1905 c g\nQurana Lee, 2009 c gData sources: i = ITIS,[4] c = Catalogue of Life,[5] g = GBIF,[6] b = Bugguide.net[1]","title":"Genera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DKzAmSDdLtsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8493-0212-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0212-9"},{"link_name":"\"British Bugs, an online identification guide to UK Hemiptera\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishbugs.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"\"Thomas L. 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Jr. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9.\nBantock, T.; Botting, J. (2013). \"British Bugs, an online identification guide to UK Hemiptera\". Retrieved 2018-07-03.\nMajka, C. (2009). \"Thomas L. Casey and Rhode Island\". ZooKeys (22): 267–283. Bibcode:2009ZooK...22..267M. doi:10.3897/zookeys.22.93.\nMoulds, M.S. (2005). \"An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna\". Records of the Australian Museum. 57 (3): 375–446. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447. ISSN 0067-1975.\nMoulds, M.S. (2018). \"Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae\". Zootaxa. 4438 (3). Magnolia Press: 443–470. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2. PMID 30313130.\nSanborn, Allen F. (2009). \"Checklist, new species and key to the cicadas of Cuba (Hemiptera, Cicadoidea, Cicadidae)\". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 56 (1): 85–92. doi:10.1002/mmnd.200900007. ISSN 0012-0073.\nSanborn, Allen F. (2007). \"New species, new records and checklist of cicadas from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)\". Zootaxa (1651): 1–42. ISSN 1175-5334.\nSanborn, Allen (2013). Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) (1 ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 9780124166479. Retrieved 2018-07-03.\nSanborn, Allen F.; Heath, Maxine S. (2017). \"Priority and synonymy of some North American cicada genera (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini)\". Zootaxa. 4243 (2). Magnolia Press: 377–382. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4243.2.8. PMID 28610155.\nSanborn, A.F.; Phillips, P.K. (2013). \"Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico\" (PDF). Diversity. 5 (2): 166–239. doi:10.3390/d5020166.\nVan Duzee, E.P. (1915). \"A preliminary review of the West coast Cicadidae\". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 23 (1): 21–44.","title":"Further reading"}]

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(2018). \"A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification\". Zootaxa. 4424 (1). Magnolia Press: 1–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1. PMID 30313477.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4424.1.1","url_text":"\"A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4424.1.1","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30313477","url_text":"30313477"}]},{"reference":"\"ITIS, Integrated Taxonomic Information System\". Retrieved 2018-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/","url_text":"\"ITIS, Integrated Taxonomic Information System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catalogue of Life\". Retrieved 2018-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catalogueoflife.org/","url_text":"\"Catalogue of Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"GBIF\". Retrieved 2018-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/","url_text":"\"GBIF\""}]},{"reference":"Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DKzAmSDdLtsC","url_text":"American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0212-9","url_text":"0-8493-0212-9"}]},{"reference":"Bantock, T.; Botting, J. (2013). \"British Bugs, an online identification guide to UK Hemiptera\". Retrieved 2018-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/","url_text":"\"British Bugs, an online identification guide to UK Hemiptera\""}]},{"reference":"Majka, C. (2009). \"Thomas L. Casey and Rhode Island\". ZooKeys (22): 267–283. Bibcode:2009ZooK...22..267M. doi:10.3897/zookeys.22.93.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.22.93","url_text":"\"Thomas L. Casey and Rhode Island\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ZooK...22..267M","url_text":"2009ZooK...22..267M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.22.93","url_text":"10.3897/zookeys.22.93"}]},{"reference":"Moulds, M.S. (2005). \"An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna\". Records of the Australian Museum. 57 (3): 375–446. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447. ISSN 0067-1975.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1975.57.2005.1447","url_text":"\"An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1975.57.2005.1447","url_text":"10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0067-1975","url_text":"0067-1975"}]},{"reference":"Moulds, M.S. (2018). \"Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae\". Zootaxa. 4438 (3). Magnolia Press: 443–470. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2. PMID 30313130.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4438.3.2","url_text":"\"Cicada fossils (Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae) with a review of the named fossilised Cicadidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4438.3.2","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30313130","url_text":"30313130"}]},{"reference":"Sanborn, Allen F. (2009). \"Checklist, new species and key to the cicadas of Cuba (Hemiptera, Cicadoidea, Cicadidae)\". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 56 (1): 85–92. doi:10.1002/mmnd.200900007. ISSN 0012-0073.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmmnd.200900007","url_text":"10.1002/mmnd.200900007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-0073","url_text":"0012-0073"}]},{"reference":"Sanborn, Allen F. (2007). \"New species, new records and checklist of cicadas from Mexico (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)\". Zootaxa (1651): 1–42. ISSN 1175-5334.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1175-5334","url_text":"1175-5334"}]},{"reference":"Sanborn, Allen (2013). Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) (1 ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 9780124166479. Retrieved 2018-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elsevier.com/books/catalogue-of-the-cicadoidea-hemiptera-auchenorrhyncha/sanborn/978-0-12-416647-9","url_text":"Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780124166479","url_text":"9780124166479"}]},{"reference":"Sanborn, Allen F.; Heath, Maxine S. (2017). \"Priority and synonymy of some North American cicada genera (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini)\". Zootaxa. 4243 (2). Magnolia Press: 377–382. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4243.2.8. PMID 28610155.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.4243.2.8","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.4243.2.8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28610155","url_text":"28610155"}]},{"reference":"Sanborn, A.F.; Phillips, P.K. (2013). \"Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico\" (PDF). Diversity. 5 (2): 166–239. doi:10.3390/d5020166.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cicadamania.com/downloads/diversity-05-00166.pdf","url_text":"\"Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fd5020166","url_text":"10.3390/d5020166"}]},{"reference":"Van Duzee, E.P. (1915). \"A preliminary review of the West coast Cicadidae\". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 23 (1): 21–44.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthian

Earthian

["1 Story","2 Characters","2.1 Main characters","2.2 Episodes 1, 3 & 4","2.3 Episode 2","3 OVA Cast","3.1 Additional voices","4 Plot","4.1 The Beginning of the End (OVA 1)","4.2 Fallen Angel (OVA 2)","4.3 Angelic Destroyer (OVA 3)","4.4 Final Battle (OVA 4)","5 Presence of Shōnen-ai (in the OVA)","6 Reception","7 Media","7.1 Manga","7.2 Volume list","8 References","9 External links"]

Manga For Earth itself, see Earth. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Earthian" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) EarthianThe cover of volume 1 of the Earthian manga (English edition).アーシアン(Āshian)GenreYaoi, science fiction MangaWritten byYun KōgaPublished byShinshokanEnglish publisherNA: BLUMagazineWingsDemographicShōjoOriginal run1988 – 1994Volumes4 Original video animationDirected byKenichi OhnukiNobuyasu FurukawaToshiyasu KogawaStudioJ.C.StaffLicensed byNA: Media BlastersReleased 26 July 1989 – 21 December 1996Runtime45 minutes (each)Episodes4 Earthian (アーシアン, Āshian) is a yaoi manga by Yun Kouga. It is about angel watchers of earth which was made into a J.C.Staff-produced anime OVA. The angels' roles are to assess the progress of humans giving them positive and negative scores based on their everyday actions. The angels, who have deemed that the Earthian are becoming far too destructive, decide that if the Earthian reach 10,000 negative marks instead of positive, then their world will be destroyed. While there are many sets of positive/negative partner teams that have descended on Earth to carry out their investigations, the story focuses on a single pair that, due to the carelessness (or perhaps over-caring nature) of one, causes both to end up in trying circumstances multiple times throughout their stay on Earth. There are four OVAs total, three of which continue the same plot, and another that delves into a separate side story. All of them coincide with the original manga. Story For thousands of years angels have observed the behavior of humans from their homeland Eden. They are disgusted with humans for how they treat their planet and how they treat each other. It is decided that the humans should be wiped out. However, to give the humans a chance, Eden sends down many pairs of angels to observe the humans. One is a plus checker, who seeks the good in humans; the other is a minus checker, who seeks the bad in humans. If more good is seen in humans, they will be spared. But if 10,000 minus checks are made against them, then they will be destroyed. Along with humans, angels fear and despise Lucifers, also known as fallen angels. An angel is typically born with light hair and white wings, but if an angel acts against Eden too many times, then their hair and wings will turn black, known as the Black Cancer, and they die. To encourage that angels stay away from both humans and Lucifers, it's decreed that if an angel exposes their wings to three humans or if they meet too many Lucifers, they shall also become one as well. Chihaya is an orphaned angel of Eden. He was born with black hair and black wings, resembling a Lucifer. Because of this, he was shunned for most of his life, finding acceptance only in the residents at the orphanage and his adopted father Michael. He becomes a plus checker to see Earth and because of his love for humanity. Over time, he continuously interacts with Lucifers and feels a kinship towards them because of their hair and wings. He is paired with Kagetsuya, a handsome and popular white-winged angel who hates mankind and holds hostility for Lucifers. Due to this prejudice, Kagetsuya is extremely hostile towards Chihaya at first, constantly belittling him because of his feelings and appearance. Despite all this, Kagetsuya often finds himself carried away with Chihaya's ideals and constantly aiding him, though it's against his position. Things grow even more complicated for the pair when they fall in love with each other. Homosexuality is forbidden in Eden, but that doesn't stop their feelings for one another. Along the way, many secrets are discovered within Eden itself and the angels and the pair, especially Kagetsuya, must decide which side they will choose. Characters Main characters Chihaya in his human form Chihaya (ちはや) A beautiful male angel with short black hair. When he transforms he has long black hair and black wings. In Eden, where angels are generally fair-haired with white wings, Chihaya's naturally dark features make him an outcast. Despite his mutation, he is light-hearted and happy, and he cares deeply for the Earthian, unlike most other angels. This rare quality allows him to see beyond the Earthians' violence and destruction to the core of their hearts, which he believes are pure and kind, despite any other shortcomings. He is a positive checker, though he tends to let his emotions get in the way of his work. His special power is the ability to generate storms. Chihaya is the lover of Kagetsuya. Kagetsuya in the human form Kagetsuya (影艶) Chihaya's partner, a negative checker. He is a typical looking angel, with blond hair and white wings, and is from a wealthy family. Like most other angels, he also bears a strong resentment towards the Earthians, who he believes are irresponsible and selfish. He is more mature and focused than Chihaya, and often ends up having to go to the aid of his partner. His specialty lies in bird calling and the healing arts. Kagetsuya is the lover of Chihaya. Episodes 1, 3 & 4 Dr. Ashino (Professor Ashiya) The mad doctor who created the biohumanoids, Taki and Takako. He seems to love Taki more than anything else in the world, and his madness reaches its peak when his beloved creation defies him. Later, inspired by Chihaya, Ashino creates a third android, this one a black angel and naming him Messiah, of whom he plans to use to destroy humanity. Taki (多紀) An android made specially by Doctor Ashino to possess inhuman strength and endurance. Fed up with his life as a captive toy, Taki takes Takako and flees the laboratory, much to the dismay of his creator. He cares for Ashino, but he also does not want to be treated like a lifeless thing with no feelings. Takako A gynoid. Like Taki, she is artificial. When the two of them get separated, she runs into Chihaya, who helps her flee from guards sent by Dr. Ashino to take her back to the lab. She is very concerned about Taki's well-being, for she does not know what had become of him after their escape, but apparently, Chihaya has some idea as to where he is. K-001 A ruthless killer android created by Dr. Ashino who almost kills Taki as Takako escapes from her captors. He was later sent to bring her back to them and ends up kidnapping Chihaya to lure her back. Elvira An angel who was looking after two young angel children who were kidnapped by Dr. Ashino. She aids the children in their escape where Chihaya and Kagetsuya went to Dr. Ashino's home and lab to save them. Messiah The black-winged angelic android created for one purpose only: to destroy the Earth and all the miserable people who went about their lives in spite of Dr. Ashino's suffering. Incidentally, before his memory chip can be properly finished, he makes contact with Chihaya, who shows him his identical black wings. Messiah becomes confused, but decides that what he truly wants is to protect Chihaya, at all costs. Episode 2 Aya (あや) A female minus checker from Eden who openly flaunts her love for Kagetsuya and her scorn for the Earthian. She constantly makes it known to everyone that she would rather be Kagetsuya's partner, but not so much that she would convert to a plus checker. She gets worked up easily and is deeply envious of Chihaya. Miyagi (宮城) A male angel that slightly resembles Kagetsuya. Unlike the latter, though, he is a positive checker for the Earthian and believes that they should be given a chance. He is Aya's partner. His temperament is somewhat more relaxed than hers, and so he tries to keep her in check whenever possible. Lord Seraphim (セラフィム, Seraphim) A former leader of the plus-checkers of Eden that contracted the Black Cancer. He later descended to Earth where Chihaya and Kagetsuya found him before he died. He was very close to Chihaya and the black-angel took the loss very badly. Cliff Gray Another angel, originally called Sapphire who contracted the Black Cancer who was living in England with the woman he loved, Blair. Chihaya sought him out when he was battling with his doubts about his own wing and hair color. Blair The Earthian that Sapphire fell in love with. Hyman A corrupt music producer who wanted a hit song by Cliff Gray at any cost. After his only record was destroyed, he kidnaps him and Blair and forces him to record a song, but after a struggle Kagetsuya manages to retrieve the tape from him. OVA Cast Earthian cast Role Japanese English Narrator Phil Kouwe Chihaya Nozomu Sasaki Robert Gompers Kagetsuya Kazuhiko Inoue Ed Wagenseller Dr. Ashino Kaneto Shiozawa Robin Robertson Messiah Hikaru Midorikawa Michael Granberry 1 Takako Yuriko Yamamoto Juliet Cesario Taki Dave Snow K-001 Pierre Brulatour Doctor Justin Smith Politician Michael S. Way Head of Office Bob Edwards Hoshino Michael Dubois Man (1) Michitaka Kobayashi Young Man Masaaki Ookura 2 Cliff Gray Shigeru Nakahara J.R. Rodriguez Blair Rei Sakuma Courtney Wright Miyagi Hirotaka Suzuoki David Lechter Aya Saeko Shimazu Pamela Weidner-Houle Seraphim Shou Hayami Patrick Troy Hyman Masahi Hirose Michael Titterton Maid Ai Satou Sara Seidman-Vance Louie Geoffrey Lancaster Club Manager Jun'ichi Sugawara Brook Merritt Man (2) Toshiya Mori Rick Forrester Man (3) Mitsuru Ogata William Flaman 3 Elvira Emi Ogata Traci Dinwiddie Black Angel 1 Tomoko Ishimura Izzy Burger-Welsh Black Angel 2 Akira Ishida Kara Houck Soldier 1 Daiki Nakamura Larry Tobias Soldier 2 Kouji Ishii Edgar Booth Captain Kiyoyuki Yanada Michael S. Way Helmsman Eiji Sekiguchi David Lee Computer Kunihiko Yasui Lanelle Markgraf Newscaster (1) Yuusei Oda Phil Kouwe Agent (1) Dave Underwood Agent (2) Boise Holmes Guard (1) Yasunori Masutani Robert Schaff Guard (2) Sam Clements Guard (3) Clay Richardson 4 Gang Member Hidetoshi Nakamura Stu Miller Bonnie Yuriko Yamaguchi Catherine Messing Punk Isshin Chiba Michael Sinterniklaas Assistant Kouichi Sakaguchi Gary Harding Newscaster (2) Eiji Sekiguchi Rick Sisk Woman on Phone Yumiko Nakanishi Pamela Weidner-Houle Operator Andre Walker Bossman Jeff Johnston Machine Jeff Yeager Additional voices English: Chris Nubel, Falcon Summers, J.R. Rodriguez, Rick Forrester, Sean P. O'Connell, Shane Callahan, and William Flaman. Plot The Beginning of the End (OVA 1) Two angels; Chihaya and Kagetsuya are sent from Eden by Archangel Michael to Earth to further study Earthian behaviour. Despite an incident in Hong Kong where Chihaya exposed his wings to someone, both he and his partner are given a new assignment to study human activity in Shinjuku. There Chihaya befriends a young woman who is more than what she seemed. The woman who is named Takako is actually a gynoid, created for the purpose of further study by Dr. Ashino, so that he can try and ascend humanity to the level to God. Takako escaped from a facility called The House where they were about to implant a fail safe system into her which would reduce her experience to human emotions and therefore not bring her blood to a boiling point, where her heart could self-destruct and take out a large area of the city and killing many people. After a run in with Dr. Ashino's other android creation; K-001, both Chihaya and Kagetsuya exposed their wings to the gynoid, before finding help from a doctor who it turns out was helping to hide an android from Dr. Ashino; who helped Takako to escape. That android was Taki, the one who Chihaya exposed his wings to back in Hong Kong. K-001 soon arrives at the doctor's clinic and kidnaps Chihaya and says that he would only be released if Takako gives herself up. Soon both she and Kagetsuya go to The House to rescue Chihaya, of whom Dr. Ashino has taken an interest in that would help him to set the stage for events that take place in the later OVA's. Fallen Angel (OVA 2) Of the four OVAs in the series, Fallen Angel is the only one that does not relate to the events of the first. Chihaya and Kagetsuya are staying in France for their current assignment, and lately Chihaya has been having some disturbing nightmares. As Kagetsuya tries to console his partner over breakfast, Aya and Miyagi show up on vacation, and decide to stay in France for a short while. Chihaya and Kagetsuya's mission is to locate the exiled angel named Sapphire, who has been hiding on Earth ever since his wings became black with cancer. Chihaya discovers Sapphire's whereabouts, and, learning about the former High Angel's predicament with some shady dealings, he lets himself become involved, much to the dismay of Kagetsuya, who knows that every time something bad goes down with the Earthian, it is always Chihaya who suffers. The partners struggle to help Sapphire while keeping everything a secret from their guests, but Chihaya's exceedingly strange behavior has not been lost on Aya, and she begins to make some deductions of her own. Both she and Miyagi are well aware of the fact that Sapphire's disappearance has not been taken lightly back in Eden, and as it is, any fallen angels are considered to be a huge disgrace. In the midst of all this, Chihaya is also hiding a secret of his own; one that has to do with the frightening dreams he has been having. His fears are eating away at his heart, and he worries that what happened to Sapphire might be the same thing that caused the abnormal color in his wings and hair. Angelic Destroyer (OVA 3) Picking up where the 1st OVA left off, Chihaya and Kagetsuya are trying to infiltrate Dr. Ashino's lab in order to rescue two black angel children who are being held for interrogation by the mad doctor. The pair split up to search for the hostages, and while wandering through the corridors, Chihaya discovers, locked away in a side room, a black-winged angel like himself, attached to wires extending from the walls. The angel's name is Messiah, and Chihaya, desperate to get the dormant figure's attention, exposes his wings at the window of the room. Messiah's memory chip, still in the process of being encrypted, takes in the image of Chihaya's transformation and fills Messiah's mind with strange emotions. He is compelled to approach the angel on the other side of the glass window, but cannot get out of the locked room. An alarm begins to sound, and Chihaya and Kagetsuya meet up again, Kagetsuya carrying the two children. They are forced to evacuate the lab immediately, as it is about to explode. Elvira, the mother of the children, pulls up in her car and help them get away. Chihaya is deeply troubled that he was unable to save the black-winged angel. One morning, while watching the news, Chihaya discovers that Doctor Ashino has arrived in the city accompanied by a strange man in a trenchcoat. Chihaya immediately recognizes the man as Messiah. Ashino has been having dealings with the military, and was commissioned into creating the ultimate weapon of destruction: Messiah. However, he is not in it just for the money. Troubled by the fact that Taki abandoned him, Ashino is plotting revenge against the entire world, who stood by despite his suffering. Final Battle (OVA 4) Chihaya is reluctant to accept Messiah's disappearance, and no matter how Kagetsuya tries to comfort him, he can only ever think of the android whose wings were like his. Messiah, in the meanwhile, is making his living carrying out errands for a club of drug dealers. He feels accepted by these people, who are appreciative of his physical strength, but longs to find Chihaya again. Using his connection to the world's computer database, Messiah searches for his friend. Chihaya, also online, discovers Messiah's call, and rushes to meet him in the sky. However, Ashino has also been tracking Messiah, and he sends in men to capture the runaway android. Ultimately, Messiah needs to choose between staying with Chihaya and learning more about the emotions that confuse him, or give up his freedom in exchange for the assurance of Chihaya's safety, and become the weapon of destruction he was intended to be. Presence of Shōnen-ai (in the OVA) Because the OVA focused only on two stories out of a manga that contained many others, some things were cut from the plot line. As a result, viewers without prior knowledge of the manga may wonder about the events in the OVAs. Earthian is a shōnen-ai title, and of all the OVAs, but the only time this theme is referenced is for a brief time in the third episode. There is no mention of the manga forbidding of homosexuality in Eden, and as such some degree of depth of conflict is missing for characters who show signs of interest in those of the same gender. This was likely done because the depth of detail that would have to be explained would not be possible for an OVA series. Reception This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2008) The fourth OVA was reviewed by Anime News Network, which called Earthian "not that good, plot-wise". Helen McCarthy in 500 Essential Anime Movies says that manga was "a meditation of mortality, love and the responsibly we have to create our own Eden", while in the OVA Kagetsuya and Chihaya "get the most of the screen time" and the OVA "crams in so much that there's little time to explain or develop even the remaining cast". Media Manga Volume list No. Original release date Original ISBN North American release date North American ISBN 01 1 October 2002978-4-4202-2038-530 November 2005978-1-5981-6006-2 02 1 October 2002978-4-4202-2039-27 February 2006978-1-5981-6007-9 03 1 December 2002978-4-4202-2040-830 May 2006978-1-5981-6008-6 04 1 December 2002978-4-4202-2041-515 August 2006978-1-5981-6009-3 References ^ "Earthian". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved 3 September 2021. ^ Earthian - Final Battle - Review - Anime News Network ^ McCarthy, Helen (2009). 500 Essential Anime Movies: The Ultimate Guide. HarperCollins. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-06-147450-7. External links Earthian at IMDb Earthian (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia vteWingsCurrent Adekan (2007) Hyakushō Kizoku (2009) Kase-san and Yamada (2017) 1980s Dragon Fist (1988–2005) Earthian (1988–1994) RG Veda (1989–1996) 1990s Dragon Knights (1990–2007) Tokyo Babylon (1990–1993) The Young Magician (1995–2016) Vampire Game (1996–2004) Liling-Po (1997-2006) Weiß Kreuz Verbrechen & Strafe (1997–1998) The Day of Revolution (1998–2001) The Demon Ororon (1998–2001) Antique Bakery (1999–2002) Eerie Queerie! (1999–2003) Garden Dreams (1999) Immortal Rain (1999–2011) 2000s Cafe Kichijoji de (2000–2002) Stigma (2000) La Esperança (2000–2006) Black Sun, Silver Moon (2001–2006) The Devil Within (2002–2004) Princess Princess (2002–2006) Train Train (2002–2005) Baku (2003) Demon Flowers (2004–2006) Flower of Life (2004–2007) Princess Ai (2004–2005) Princess Princess + (2006–2007) Alice the 101st (2007–2015) Empire of Midnight (2007) Happy Boys (2007–2008) Related Dear+ Shinshokan vteJ.C.Staff OVAs and ONAs1980s Yōtōden (1987–1988) Ultimate Teacher (1988) Cleopatra DC (1989–1991) Blood Reign: Curse of the Yoma (1989) Fūma no Kojirō (1989–1990) ARIEL Visual (1989) Earthian (1989–1996) 1990s 1+2=Paradise (1990) Guardian of Darkness (1990–1992) ARIEL Deluxe (1991) Magistrate of Darkness: Judge (1991) Handsome na Kanojo (1991) Babel II (1992) Gorillaman (1992) 8 Man After (1993) Bad Boys (1993–1998) Suikoden Demon Century (1993) New Dominion Tank Police (1993–1994) Konpeki no Kantai (1993–2003) Super Dimension Century Orguss 02 (1993–1995) Shonan Junai Gumi (1994–1997) I Shall Never Return (1994) Fish in the Trap (1994) Captain Tsubasa: Holland Youth (1994) Level C (1995) The Heroic Legend of Arslan (1995, #5–6) Galaxy Fräulein Yuna (1995) Kodocha (1995) Starship Girl Yamamoto Yohko (1996) Battle Arena Toshinden (1996) Maze (1996) Private Psycho Lesson (1996) Slayers Special (1996–1997) Garzey's Wing (1996–1997) Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer (1996–1997) Fake (1996) Galaxy Fräulein Yuna Returns (1996–1997) Kyokujitsu no Kantai (1997–2002) Kōgyō Aika Volley Boys (1997) Starship Girl Yamamoto Yohko II (1997) Voogie's Angel (1997–1998) Detatoko Princess (1997–1998) If I See You in My Dreams (1998) Slayers Excellent (1998–1999) 2000s Cat Soup (2001) Puni Puni Poemy (2001) Alien Nine (2001–2002) Eiken (2003–2004) A Little Snow Fairy Sugar: Summer Special (2003) Ai Yori Aoshi: Enishi X-mas Special (2003) Doki Doki School Hours (2004–2005) Sky Girls (2006) Shakugan no Shana SP (2006) Yomigaeru Sora – Rescue Wings (2006) Shigofumi: Letters from the Departed (2008) The Familiar of Zero: Rondo of Princesses (2008) Hayate the Combat Butler (2009) Shakugan no Shana S (2009–2010) 2010s Kyō, Koi o Hajimemasu (2010) A Certain Scientific Railgun (2010) Aria the Scarlet Ammo Special (2011) Toradora! (2011) Dangerous Jii-san Ja (2012) Tantei Opera Milky Holmes Alternative (2012–2013) Joshiraku (2013) ChocoTan! (2013) Little Busters! (2013) Kill Me Baby Super (2013) Little Busters! EX (2014) Tsubasa to Hotaru (2014) Waiting in the Summer (2014) Love Stage!! (2014) Twin Angel: Kyun Tokimeki Paradise!! (2015) Prison School (2016) Food Wars! Shokugeki no Soma: Natsuyasumi no Erin (2016) Lostorage Conflated WIXOSS -missing link- (2017) Food Wars! Shokugeki no Soma: Tōtsuki Jūkketsu (2017) UQ Holder! (2017–2018) Food Wars! Shokugeki no Soma: The Third Plate- Erina no Shin Seikatsu (2018) Hi Score Girl: Extra Stage (2019, production co-op) Magimoji Rurumo: The Conclusion (2019) The Disastrous Life of Saiki K.: Reawakened (2019) 2020s The Way of the Househusband (2021–2023) Duel Masters Lost: Tsuioku no Suishō (2024) Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"yaoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoi"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Yun Kouga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yun_Kouga"},{"link_name":"J.C.Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.C.Staff"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"OVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVA"},{"link_name":"world will be destroyed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse"}],"text":"For Earth itself, see Earth.Earthian (アーシアン, Āshian) is a yaoi manga by Yun Kouga. It is about angel watchers of earth which was made into a J.C.Staff-produced anime OVA. The angels' roles are to assess the progress of humans giving them positive and negative scores based on their everyday actions. The angels, who have deemed that the Earthian are becoming far too destructive, decide that if the Earthian reach 10,000 negative marks instead of positive, then their world will be destroyed. While there are many sets of positive/negative partner teams that have descended on Earth to carry out their investigations, the story focuses on a single pair that, due to the carelessness (or perhaps over-caring nature) of one, causes both to end up in trying circumstances multiple times throughout their stay on Earth.There are four OVAs total, three of which continue the same plot, and another that delves into a separate side story. All of them coincide with the original manga.","title":"Earthian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fallen angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_angel"},{"link_name":"orphaned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan"},{"link_name":"Homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"}],"text":"For thousands of years angels have observed the behavior of humans from their homeland Eden. They are disgusted with humans for how they treat their planet and how they treat each other. It is decided that the humans should be wiped out. However, to give the humans a chance, Eden sends down many pairs of angels to observe the humans. One is a plus checker, who seeks the good in humans; the other is a minus checker, who seeks the bad in humans. If more good is seen in humans, they will be spared. But if 10,000 minus checks are made against them, then they will be destroyed.Along with humans, angels fear and despise Lucifers, also known as fallen angels. An angel is typically born with light hair and white wings, but if an angel acts against Eden too many times, then their hair and wings will turn black, known as the Black Cancer, and they die. To encourage that angels stay away from both humans and Lucifers, it's decreed that if an angel exposes their wings to three humans or if they meet too many Lucifers, they shall also become one as well.Chihaya is an orphaned angel of Eden. He was born with black hair and black wings, resembling a Lucifer. Because of this, he was shunned for most of his life, finding acceptance only in the residents at the orphanage and his adopted father Michael. He becomes a plus checker to see Earth and because of his love for humanity. Over time, he continuously interacts with Lucifers and feels a kinship towards them because of their hair and wings.He is paired with Kagetsuya, a handsome and popular white-winged angel who hates mankind and holds hostility for Lucifers. Due to this prejudice, Kagetsuya is extremely hostile towards Chihaya at first, constantly belittling him because of his feelings and appearance. Despite all this, Kagetsuya often finds himself carried away with Chihaya's ideals and constantly aiding him, though it's against his position.Things grow even more complicated for the pair when they fall in love with each other. Homosexuality is forbidden in Eden, but that doesn't stop their feelings for one another. Along the way, many secrets are discovered within Eden itself and the angels and the pair, especially Kagetsuya, must decide which side they will choose.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chihaya_from_Earthian_anime_series.jpg"},{"link_name":"fair-haired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair-haired"},{"link_name":"storms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kagetsuya_from_Earthian_anime_and_manga_series.jpg"},{"link_name":"healing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing"}],"sub_title":"Main characters","text":"Chihaya in his human formChihaya (ちはや)A beautiful male angel with short black hair. When he transforms he has long black hair and black wings. In Eden, where angels are generally fair-haired with white wings, Chihaya's naturally dark features make him an outcast. Despite his mutation, he is light-hearted and happy, and he cares deeply for the Earthian, unlike most other angels. This rare quality allows him to see beyond the Earthians' violence and destruction to the core of their hearts, which he believes are pure and kind, despite any other shortcomings. He is a positive checker, though he tends to let his emotions get in the way of his work. His special power is the ability to generate storms. Chihaya is the lover of Kagetsuya.Kagetsuya in the human formKagetsuya (影艶)Chihaya's partner, a negative checker. He is a typical looking angel, with blond hair and white wings, and is from a wealthy family. Like most other angels, he also bears a strong resentment towards the Earthians, who he believes are irresponsible and selfish. He is more mature and focused than Chihaya, and often ends up having to go to the aid of his partner. His specialty lies in bird calling and the healing arts. Kagetsuya is the lover of Chihaya.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)"},{"link_name":"android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)"},{"link_name":"gynoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoid"},{"link_name":"destroy the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalypse"}],"sub_title":"Episodes 1, 3 & 4","text":"Dr. Ashino (Professor Ashiya)The mad doctor who created the biohumanoids, Taki and Takako. He seems to love Taki more than anything else in the world, and his madness reaches its peak when his beloved creation defies him. Later, inspired by Chihaya, Ashino creates a third android, this one a black angel and naming him Messiah, of whom he plans to use to destroy humanity.Taki (多紀)An android made specially by Doctor Ashino to possess inhuman strength and endurance. Fed up with his life as a captive toy, Taki takes Takako and flees the laboratory, much to the dismay of his creator. He cares for Ashino, but he also does not want to be treated like a lifeless thing with no feelings.TakakoA gynoid. Like Taki, she is artificial. When the two of them get separated, she runs into Chihaya, who helps her flee from guards sent by Dr. Ashino to take her back to the lab. She is very concerned about Taki's well-being, for she does not know what had become of him after their escape, but apparently, Chihaya has some idea as to where he is.K-001A ruthless killer android created by Dr. Ashino who almost kills Taki as Takako escapes from her captors. He was later sent to bring her back to them and ends up kidnapping Chihaya to lure her back.ElviraAn angel who was looking after two young angel children who were kidnapped by Dr. Ashino. She aids the children in their escape where Chihaya and Kagetsuya went to Dr. Ashino's home and lab to save them.MessiahThe black-winged angelic android created for one purpose only: to destroy the Earth and all the miserable people who went about their lives in spite of Dr. Ashino's suffering. Incidentally, before his memory chip can be properly finished, he makes contact with Chihaya, who shows him his identical black wings. Messiah becomes confused, but decides that what he truly wants is to protect Chihaya, at all costs.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Episode 2","text":"Aya (あや)A female minus checker from Eden who openly flaunts her love for Kagetsuya and her scorn for the Earthian. She constantly makes it known to everyone that she would rather be Kagetsuya's partner, but not so much that she would convert to a plus checker. She gets worked up easily and is deeply envious of Chihaya.Miyagi (宮城)A male angel that slightly resembles Kagetsuya. Unlike the latter, though, he is a positive checker for the Earthian and believes that they should be given a chance. He is Aya's partner. His temperament is somewhat more relaxed than hers, and so he tries to keep her in check whenever possible.Lord Seraphim (セラフィム, Seraphim)A former leader of the plus-checkers of Eden that contracted the Black Cancer. He later descended to Earth where Chihaya and Kagetsuya found him before he died. He was very close to Chihaya and the black-angel took the loss very badly.Cliff GrayAnother angel, originally called Sapphire who contracted the Black Cancer who was living in England with the woman he loved, Blair. Chihaya sought him out when he was battling with his doubts about his own wing and hair color.BlairThe Earthian that Sapphire fell in love with.HymanA corrupt music producer who wanted a hit song by Cliff Gray at any cost. After his only record was destroyed, he kidnaps him and Blair and forces him to record a song, but after a struggle Kagetsuya manages to retrieve the tape from him.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"OVA Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Additional voices","text":"English: Chris Nubel, Falcon Summers, J.R. Rodriguez, Rick Forrester, Sean P. O'Connell, Shane Callahan, and William Flaman.","title":"OVA Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Beginning of the End (OVA 1)","text":"Two angels; Chihaya and Kagetsuya are sent from Eden by Archangel Michael to Earth to further study Earthian behaviour. Despite an incident in Hong Kong where Chihaya exposed his wings to someone, both he and his partner are given a new assignment to study human activity in Shinjuku. There Chihaya befriends a young woman who is more than what she seemed.The woman who is named Takako is actually a gynoid, created for the purpose of further study by Dr. Ashino, so that he can try and ascend humanity to the level to God. Takako escaped from a facility called The House where they were about to implant a fail safe system into her which would reduce her experience to human emotions and therefore not bring her blood to a boiling point, where her heart could self-destruct and take out a large area of the city and killing many people. After a run in with Dr. Ashino's other android creation; K-001, both Chihaya and Kagetsuya exposed their wings to the gynoid, before finding help from a doctor who it turns out was helping to hide an android from Dr. Ashino; who helped Takako to escape. That android was Taki, the one who Chihaya exposed his wings to back in Hong Kong.K-001 soon arrives at the doctor's clinic and kidnaps Chihaya and says that he would only be released if Takako gives herself up. Soon both she and Kagetsuya go to The House to rescue Chihaya, of whom Dr. Ashino has taken an interest in that would help him to set the stage for events that take place in the later OVA's.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fallen Angel (OVA 2)","text":"Of the four OVAs in the series, Fallen Angel is the only one that does not relate to the events of the first.Chihaya and Kagetsuya are staying in France for their current assignment, and lately Chihaya has been having some disturbing nightmares. As Kagetsuya tries to console his partner over breakfast, Aya and Miyagi show up on vacation, and decide to stay in France for a short while.Chihaya and Kagetsuya's mission is to locate the exiled angel named Sapphire, who has been hiding on Earth ever since his wings became black with cancer. Chihaya discovers Sapphire's whereabouts, and, learning about the former High Angel's predicament with some shady dealings, he lets himself become involved, much to the dismay of Kagetsuya, who knows that every time something bad goes down with the Earthian, it is always Chihaya who suffers.The partners struggle to help Sapphire while keeping everything a secret from their guests, but Chihaya's exceedingly strange behavior has not been lost on Aya, and she begins to make some deductions of her own. Both she and Miyagi are well aware of the fact that Sapphire's disappearance has not been taken lightly back in Eden, and as it is, any fallen angels are considered to be a huge disgrace.In the midst of all this, Chihaya is also hiding a secret of his own; one that has to do with the frightening dreams he has been having. His fears are eating away at his heart, and he worries that what happened to Sapphire might be the same thing that caused the abnormal color in his wings and hair.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Angelic Destroyer (OVA 3)","text":"Picking up where the 1st OVA left off, Chihaya and Kagetsuya are trying to infiltrate Dr. Ashino's lab in order to rescue two black angel children who are being held for interrogation by the mad doctor. The pair split up to search for the hostages, and while wandering through the corridors, Chihaya discovers, locked away in a side room, a black-winged angel like himself, attached to wires extending from the walls.The angel's name is Messiah, and Chihaya, desperate to get the dormant figure's attention, exposes his wings at the window of the room. Messiah's memory chip, still in the process of being encrypted, takes in the image of Chihaya's transformation and fills Messiah's mind with strange emotions. He is compelled to approach the angel on the other side of the glass window, but cannot get out of the locked room.An alarm begins to sound, and Chihaya and Kagetsuya meet up again, Kagetsuya carrying the two children. They are forced to evacuate the lab immediately, as it is about to explode. Elvira, the mother of the children, pulls up in her car and help them get away. Chihaya is deeply troubled that he was unable to save the black-winged angel.One morning, while watching the news, Chihaya discovers that Doctor Ashino has arrived in the city accompanied by a strange man in a trenchcoat. Chihaya immediately recognizes the man as Messiah. Ashino has been having dealings with the military, and was commissioned into creating the ultimate weapon of destruction: Messiah. However, he is not in it just for the money. Troubled by the fact that Taki abandoned him, Ashino is plotting revenge against the entire world, who stood by despite his suffering.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final Battle (OVA 4)","text":"Chihaya is reluctant to accept Messiah's disappearance, and no matter how Kagetsuya tries to comfort him, he can only ever think of the android whose wings were like his. Messiah, in the meanwhile, is making his living carrying out errands for a club of drug dealers. He feels accepted by these people, who are appreciative of his physical strength, but longs to find Chihaya again.Using his connection to the world's computer database, Messiah searches for his friend. Chihaya, also online, discovers Messiah's call, and rushes to meet him in the sky. However, Ashino has also been tracking Messiah, and he sends in men to capture the runaway android.Ultimately, Messiah needs to choose between staying with Chihaya and learning more about the emotions that confuse him, or give up his freedom in exchange for the assurance of Chihaya's safety, and become the weapon of destruction he was intended to be.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shōnen-ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen-ai"}],"text":"Because the OVA focused only on two stories out of a manga that contained many others, some things were cut from the plot line. As a result, viewers without prior knowledge of the manga may wonder about the events in the OVAs. Earthian is a shōnen-ai title, and of all the OVAs, but the only time this theme is referenced is for a brief time in the third episode. There is no mention of the manga forbidding of homosexuality in Eden, and as such some degree of depth of conflict is missing for characters who show signs of interest in those of the same gender. This was likely done because the depth of detail that would have to be explained would not be possible for an OVA series.","title":"Presence of Shōnen-ai (in the OVA)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Helen McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The fourth OVA was reviewed by Anime News Network, which called Earthian \"not that good, plot-wise\".[2]Helen McCarthy in 500 Essential Anime Movies says that manga was \"a meditation of mortality, love and the responsibly we have to create our own Eden\", while in the OVA Kagetsuya and Chihaya \"get the most of the screen time\" and the OVA \"crams in so much that there's little time to explain or develop even the remaining cast\".[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Manga","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume list","title":"Media"}]

[{"image_text":"Chihaya in his human form","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Chihaya_from_Earthian_anime_series.jpg/210px-Chihaya_from_Earthian_anime_series.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kagetsuya in the human form","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Kagetsuya_from_Earthian_anime_and_manga_series.jpg/210px-Kagetsuya_from_Earthian_anime_and_manga_series.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinimidyl_4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate

Succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate

["1 References"]

Succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate Names IUPAC name Succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate Other names SMCC, 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid N-succinimidyl ester Identifiers CAS Number 64987-85-5 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:63174 ChemSpider 111419 Y EC Number 613-734-7 PubChem CID 125175 UNII B357P1G1IF Y InChI InChI=1S/C16H18N2O6/c19-12-5-6-13(20)17(12)9-10-1-3-11(4-2-10)16(23)24-18-14(21)7-8-15(18)22/h5-6,10-11H,1-4,7-9H2Key: JJAHTWIKCUJRDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES O=C(C1CCC(CN2C(C=CC2=O)=O)CC1)ON3C(CCC3=O)=O Properties Chemical formula C16H18N2O6 Molar mass 334.328 g·mol−1 Appearance White solid Melting point 175 °C (347 °F; 448 K) Hazards GHS labelling: Pictograms Signal word Warning Hazard statements H315, H319, H335 Precautionary statements P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound Succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) is a heterobifunctional amine-to-sulfhydryl crosslinker, which contains two reactive groups at opposite ends: N-hydroxysuccinimide-ester and maleimide, reactive with amines and thiols respectively. SMCC is often used in bioconjugation to link proteins with other functional entities (fluorescent dyes, tracers, nanoparticles, cytotoxic agents). For example, a targeted anticancer agent – trastuzumab emtansine (antibody-drug conjugate containing an antibody trastuzumab chemically linked to a highly potent drug DM-1) – is prepared using SMCC reagent. References ^ Hermanson, Greg (2013). Bioconjugate Techniques. Elsevier. pp. 299–339. ISBN 978-0-12-382239-0.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizocilpine

Dizocilpine

["1 An animal model of schizophrenia","2 Possible future medical uses","3 Olney's lesions","4 Recreational use","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

Chemical compound DizocilpineClinical dataRoutes ofadministrationBy mouth, IMIdentifiers IUPAC name (5R,10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzocyclohepten-5,10-imine CAS Number77086-21-6 YPubChem CID180081IUPHAR/BPS2403DrugBank? NChemSpider156718 YUNII7PY8KH681IChEBICHEBI:34725ChEMBLChEMBL284237 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID3048447 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC16H15NMolar mass221.303 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive imageMelting point68.75 °C (155.75 °F) SMILES C1(C2=C(C3N1)C=CC=C2)C4=C3C=CC=C4 InChI InChI=1S/C16H15N/c1-16-13-8-4-2-6-11(13)10-15(17-16)12-7-3-5-9-14(12)16/h2-9,15,17H,10H2,1H3/t15-,16+/m1/s1 YKey:LBOJYSIDWZQNJS-CVEARBPZSA-N Y  NY (what is this?)  (verify) Dizocilpine (INN), also known as MK-801, is a pore blocker of the NMDA receptor, a glutamate receptor, discovered by a team at Merck in 1982. Glutamate is the brain's primary excitatory neurotransmitter. The channel is normally blocked with a magnesium ion and requires depolarization of the neuron to remove the magnesium and allow the glutamate to open the channel, causing an influx of calcium, which then leads to subsequent depolarization. Dizocilpine binds inside the ion channel of the receptor at several of PCP's binding sites thus preventing the flow of ions, including calcium (Ca2+), through the channel. Dizocilpine blocks NMDA receptors in a use- and voltage-dependent manner, since the channel must open for the drug to bind inside it. The drug acts as a potent anti-convulsant and probably has dissociative anesthetic properties, but it is not used clinically for this purpose because of the discovery of brain lesions, called Olney's lesions (see below), in laboratory rats. Dizocilpine is also associated with a number of negative side effects, including cognitive disruption and psychotic-spectrum reactions. It inhibits the induction of long term potentiation and has been found to impair the acquisition of difficult, but not easy, learning tasks in rats and primates. Because of these effects of dizocilpine, the NMDA receptor pore blocker ketamine is used instead as a dissociative anesthetic in human medical procedures. While ketamine may also trigger temporary psychosis in certain individuals, its short half-life and lower potency make it a much safer clinical option. However, dizocilpine is the most frequently used uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist in animal models to mimic psychosis for experimental purposes. Dizocilpine has also been found to act as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. It has been shown to bind to and inhibit the serotonin and dopamine transporters as well. An animal model of schizophrenia Dizocilpine has a great deal of potential to be used in research in creating animal models of schizophrenia. Unlike dopaminergic agonists, which mimic only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, a single injection of dizocilpine was successful in modelling both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Another study found that, although repeated low doses of dizocilpine were only successful in mimicking behavioral changes such as a slight hyperlocomotion and decreased prepulse inhibition, repeated administration of a higher dose mimicked both the above changes as well as the neurochemical alterations found in first-episode schizophrenic patients. Not only has temporary use been shown to mimic psychosis but chronic administration in laboratory animals resulted in similar neuropathological changes as in schizophrenia. Possible future medical uses The effects of dizocilpine at NMDA receptors are clear and significant. NMDA receptors are key in the progression of excitotoxicity (a process in which an excessive amount of extracellular glutamate overexcites glutamate receptors and harms neurons). Thus NMDA receptor antagonists including dizocilpine have been extensively studied for use in treatment of diseases with excitotoxic components, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dizocilpine has shown effectiveness in protecting neurons in cell culture and animal models of excitotoxic neurodegeneration. The administration of dizocilpine protected the hippocampus from ischemia-induced neurodegeneration in the gerbil. The ED50 (effective dose 50) for neuroprotection was 0.3 mg/kg and the majority of the animals were protected against the ischemia-induced damage at doses greater than or equal to 3 mg/kg, when dizocilpine was given one hour prior to the occlusion of the carotid arteries, although other studies have shown protection up to 24 hours post-insult. Excitatory amino acids, such as glutamate and aspartate, are released in toxic amounts when the brain is deprived of blood and oxygen and NMDA antagonists are thought to prevent the neurodegeneration through the inhibition of these receptors. Behavioural studies have shown that NMDA receptors are involved in the development of psychological dependence caused by chronic administration of morphine. Dizocilpine suppressed the morphine-induced rewarding effect. It is suggested that stimulating NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor and its associated kinases in the nucleus accumbens leads to the rewarding effect caused by morphine. Inhibition of this receptor and its kinases in the nucleus accumbens by co-treatment with NMDA antagonists prevents morphine-associated psychological dependence. An earlier study has shown that the prevention of morphine-associated psychological dependence was not due to state-dependency effects induced by dizocilpine but rather reflect the impairment of learning that is caused by NMDA antagonists. This is consistent with studies showing that dizocilpine potentiates the addictive potential of morphine and other drugs (see below). As an antidepressant, positive results were found in animal models of depression. NMDA antagonists like dizocilpine have been shown in animal models to attenuate the hearing loss caused by aminoglycosides It is thought that aminoglycosides mimic endogenous polyamines at NMDA receptors and produce excitotoxic damage, leading to hair cell loss. Antagonizing NMDA receptors to reduce the excitotoxicity would prevent that hearing loss. Dizocilpine was found to block the development of kindled seizures, although it does not have any effect on completed kindled seizures. Oddly, it was discovered to decrease rabies virus production and is believed to be the first neurotransmitter antagonist to present with antiviral activity. Rat cortical neuron cells were infected with the rabies virus and those incubated with dizocilpine had virus produced reduced about 1000-fold. It is not known how MK-801 has this effect; the rabies virus suspension, without cells, was inoculated with dizocilpine and the drug failed to produce a virucidal effect, indicated that the mechanism of action is something other than direct discontinuation of virus reproduction. It was also tested against herpes simplex, vesicular stomatitis, poliovirus type I, and HIV. It did not have activity against these other viruses, however. Dizocilpine was also shown to potentiate the ability of levodopa to ameliorate akinesia and muscular rigidity in a rodent model of parkinsonism. When dizocilpine was administered to rats 15 minutes after a spinal trauma, the long-term neurological recovery of the trauma was improved. However, NMDA antagonists like dizocilpine have largely failed to show safety in clinical trials, possibly due to inhibition of NMDA receptor function that is necessary for normal neuronal function. Since dizocilpine is a particularly strong NMDA receptor antagonist, this drug is particularly likely to have psychotomimetic side effects (such as hallucinations) that result from NMDA receptor blockade. Dizocilpine had a promising future as a neuroprotective agent until neurotoxic-like effects, called Olney's Lesions, were seen in certain brain regions of lab rats. Merck, a drug company, promptly dropped development of dizocilpine. Olney's lesions Main article: Olney's lesions Dizocilpine, along with other NMDA antagonists, induce the formation of brain lesions first discovered by John W. Olney in 1989. Dizocilpine leads to the development of neuronal vacuolization in the posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex. Other neurons in the area expressed an abnormal amount of heat shock protein as well as increased glucose metabolism in response to NMDA antagonist exposure. Vacuoles began to form within 30 minutes of a subcutaneous dose of dizocilpine 1 mg/kg. Neurons in this area necrotized and were accompanied by a glial response involving astrocytes and microglia. Recreational use This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dizocilpine may be effective as a recreational drug. Little is known in this context about its effects, dosage, and risks. The high potency of dizocilpine makes its dosage more difficult to accurately control when compared to other similar drugs. As a result, the chances of overdosing are high. Users tend to report that the experience is not as enjoyable as other dissociative drugs, and it is often accompanied by strong auditory hallucinations. Also, dizocilpine is much longer-lasting than similar dissociative drugs such as ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP), and causes far worse amnesia and residual deficits in thinking, which have hindered its acceptance as a recreational drug. Several animal studies have demonstrated the addictive potential of dizocilpine. Rats learned to lever-press in order to obtain injections of dizocilpine into the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex, however, when given a dopamine antagonist at the same time, the lever-pressing was not altered, which shows that the rewarding effect of dizocilpine is not dependent on dopamine. Intraperitoneal administration of dizocilpine also produced an enhancement in self-stimulation responding. Rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer cocaine or phencyclidine, then were offered dizocilpine instead. None of the four monkeys who were used to cocaine chose to self-administer dizocilpine but three out of the four monkeys who had been using phencyclidine self-administered dizocilpine, suggesting again that dizocilpine has potential as a recreational drug for those seeking a dissociative anaesthetic type of experience. It was found that dizocilpine administration elicited conditioned place preference in animals, again demonstrating its reinforcing properties. 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S2CID 20604534. ^ Fix AS, Horn JW, Truex LL, Smith RA, Gomez E (1994). "Neuronal vacuole formation in the rat posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex after treatment with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine maleate)". Acta Neuropathol. 88 (6): 511–9. doi:10.1007/BF00296487. PMID 7879597. S2CID 28368130. ^ Fix AS, Horn JW, Wightman KA, et al. (October 1993). "Neuronal vacuolization and necrosis induced by the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist MK(+)801 (dizocilpine maleate): a light and electron microscopic evaluation of the rat retrosplenial cortex". Exp. Neurol. 123 (2): 204–15. doi:10.1006/exnr.1993.1153. PMID 8405286. S2CID 24839154. ^ Carlezon WA, Wise RA (May 1996). "Rewarding actions of phencyclidine and related drugs in nucleus accumbens shell and frontal cortex". J. Neurosci. 16 (9): 3112–22. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-09-03112.1996. PMC 6579051. PMID 8622141. ^ Herberg LJ, Rose IC (1989). "The effect of MK-801 and other antagonists of NMDA-type glutamate receptors on brain-stimulation reward". Psychopharmacology. 99 (1): 87–90. doi:10.1007/BF00634458. PMID 2550989. S2CID 24305644. ^ Beardsley PM, Hayes BA, Balster RL (March 1990). "The self-administration of MK-801 can depend upon drug-reinforcement history, and its discriminative stimulus properties are phencyclidine-like in rhesus monkeys". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 252 (3): 953–9. PMID 2181113. ^ Layer RT, Kaddis FG, Wallace LJ (January 1993). "The NMDA receptor antagonist M-801 elicits conditioned place preference in rats". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 44 (1): 245–7. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(93)90306-E. PMID 8430127. S2CID 30742891. ^ Papp M, Moryl E, Maccecchini ML (December 1996). "Differential effects of agents acting at various sites of the NMDA receptor complex in a place preference conditioning model". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 317 (2–3): 191–6. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00747-9. PMID 8997600. ^ Mozayani A, Schrode P, Carter J, Danielson TJ (April 2003). "A multiple drug fatality involving MK-801 (dizocilpine), a mimic of phencyclidine". Forensic Science International. 133 (1–2): 113–117. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00070-7. PMID 12742697. ^ "foche - premium research chemicals". 2023-06-01. Archived from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-06-07. Further reading Wong EH, Kemp JA, Priestley T, Knight AR, Woodruff GN, Iversen LL (September 1986). "The anticonvulsant MK-801 is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 83 (18): 7104–8. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83.7104W. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.18.7104. PMC 386661. PMID 3529096. original publications for MK-801: Clineschmidt, BV, Martin GE, Bunting PR (1982). "Anticonvulsant activity of (+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzocycloheptene-5, 10-imine (MK-801), A substance with potent anticonvulsant, central sympathomimetic, and apparent anxiolytic properties". Drug Dev Res. 2 (2): 123–134. doi:10.1002/ddr.430020203. S2CID 221650650. Clineschmidt BV, Martin GE, Bunting PR, Papp NL (1982). "Central Sympathomimetic Activity of (+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzocycloheptene-5, 10-imine (MK-801), a substance with potent anticonvulsant, central sympathomimetic, and apparent anxyiolytic Properties". Drug Dev Res. 2 (2): 135–145. doi:10.1002/ddr.430020204. S2CID 196746088. Clineschmidt BV, Williams M, Witowslowski JJ, Bunting PR, Risley EA, Totaro JT (1982). "Restoration of Shock-Suppressed Behavior by Treatment with (+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzocycloheptene-5, 10-imine (MK-801), a substance with potent anticonvulsant, central sympathomimetic, and apparent anxiolytic properties". Drug Dev Res. 2 (2): 147–163. doi:10.1002/ddr.430020205. S2CID 143727405. External links Erowid Dizocilpine experience vault—includes reports from users of Dizocilpine vteAnticonvulsants (N03)GABAergicsGABAAR PAMs Barbiturates: Barbexaclone Metharbital Methylphenobarbital Pentobarbital Phenobarbital# Primidone; Carbamates: Cenobamate Felbamate; Benzodiazepines: Clobazam Clonazepam Clorazepate Diazepam# Lorazepam# Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Temazepam; Others: Bromide (potassium bromide, sodium bromide) Imepitoin Paraldehyde Stiripentol GABA-T inhibitors Fatty acids (and related): Valproate Valpromide Valproate pivoxil Vigabatrin Others GABAR agonists: Progabide; GAT-1 inhibitors: Tiagabine ChannelmodulatorsSodium blockers Hydantoins: Ethotoin Fosphenytoin Mephenytoin Phenytoin#; Ureides: Acetylpheneturide Chlorphenacemide Phenacemide‡ Pheneturide; Fatty acids: Valproate Valpromide Valproate pivoxil; Carboxamides: Carbamazepine# Eslicarbazepine acetate Oxcarbazepine; Others: Lacosamide Lamotrigine# Rufinamide Topiramate Zonisamide Calcium blockers Oxazolidinediones: Ethadione Paramethadione Trimethadione; Succinimides: Ethosuximide# Mesuximide Phensuximide; Gabapentinoids: Gabapentin Pregabalin; Others: Imepitoin Lamotrigine# Topiramate Zonisamide Potassium openers Retigabine OthersCA inhibitors Sulfonamides: Acetazolamide Ethoxzolamide Sultiame Topiramate Zonisamide Others Albutoin Beclamide Brivaracetam Cannabidiol Carisbamate Etiracetam Fenfluramine Ganaxolone Levetiracetam Perampanel #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III vteHallucinogensPsychedelics(5-HT2Aagonists)Benzofurans 2C-B-FLY 2CBFly-NBOMe 5-MeO-BFE 5-MeO-DiBF Bromo-DragonFLY F-2 F-22 TFMFly Lyserg‐amides 1B-LSD 1cP-LSD 1P-ETH-LAD 1P-LSD 1cP-AL-LAD 1cP-MiPLA 1V-LSD 2-Butyllysergamide 3-Pentyllysergamide AL-LAD ALD-52 BU-LAD Diallyllysergamide Dimethyllysergamide ECPLA Ergometrine ETH-LAD IP-LAD LAE-32 LAMPA LPD-824 LSA LSD LSD-Pip LSH LSM-775 LSZ Methylergometrine MIPLA Methysergide MLD-41 PARGY-LAD PRO-LAD Phenethyl‐amines2C-x 2C-B 2C-B-AN 2C-Bn 2C-Bu 2C-C 2C-CN 2C-CP 2C-D 2C-E 2C-EF 2C-F 2C-G 2C-G-1 2C-G-2 2C-G-3 2C-G-4 2C-G-5 2C-G-6 2C-G-N 2C-H 2C-I 2C-iP 2C-N 2C-NH2 2C-O 2C-O-4 2C-P 2C-Ph 2C-SE 2C-T 2C-T-2 2C-T-3 2C-T-4 2C-T-5 2C-T-6 2C-T-7 2C-T-8 2C-T-9 2C-T-10 2C-T-11 2C-T-12 2C-T-13 2C-T-14 2C-T-15 2C-T-16 2C-T-17 2C-T-18 2C-T-19 2C-T-20 2C-T-21 2C-T-22 2C-T-22.5 2C-T-23 2C-T-24 2C-T-25 2C-T-27 2C-T-28 2C-T-30 2C-T-31 2C-T-32 2C-T-33 2C-TFE 2C-TFM 2C-YN 2C-V 25x-NBx25x-NB 25B-NB 25C-NB 25x-NB3OMe 25B-NB3OMe 25C-NB3OMe 25D-NB3OMe 25E-NB3OMe 25H-NB3OMe 25I-NB3OMe 25N-NB3OMe 25P-NB3OMe 25T2-NB3OMe 25T4-NB3OMe 25T7-NB3OMe 25TFM-NB3OMe 25x-NB4OMe 25B-NB4OMe 25C-NB4OMe 25D-NB4OMe 25E-NB4OMe 25H-NB4OMe 25I-NB4OMe 25N-NB4OMe 25P-NB4OMe 25T2-NB4OMe 25T4-NB4OMe 25T7-NB4OMe 25TFM-NB4OMe 25x-NBF 25B-NBF 25C-NBF 25D-NBF 25E-NBF 25H-NBF 25I-NBF 25P-NBF 25T2-NBF 25T7-NBF 25TFM-NBF 25x-NBMD 25B-NBMD 25C-NBMD 25D-NBMD 25E-NBMD 25F-NBMD 25H-NBMD 25I-NBMD 25P-NBMD 25T2-NBMD 25T7-NBMD 25TFM-NBMD 25x-NBOH 25B-NBOH 25C-NBOH 25CN-NBOH 25D-NBOH 25E-NBOH 25F-NBOH 25H-NBOH 25I-NBOH 25P-NBOH 25T2-NBOH 25T7-NBOH 25TFM-NBOH 25x-NBOMe 25B-NBOMe 25C-NBOMe 25CN-NBOMe 25D-NBOMe 25E-NBOMe 25F-NBOMe 25G-NBOMe 25H-NBOMe 25I-NBOMe 25iP-NBOMe 25N-NBOMe 25P-NBOMe 25T-NBOMe 25T2-NBOMe 25T4-NBOMe 25T7-NBOMe 25TFM-NBOMe Atypical structures 25B-N1POMe 25B-NAcPip 25B-NB23DM 25B-NB25DM 25C-NBCl 25C-NBOEt 25C-NBOiPr 25I-N2Nap1OH 25I-N3MT2M 25I-N4MT3M 25I-NB34MD 25I-NBAm 25I-NBBr 25I-NBMeOH 25I-NBTFM 2CBCB-NBOMe 2CBFly-NBOMe 4-EA-NBOMe 5-APB-NBOMe 5MT-NBOMe C30-NBOMe DOB-NBOMe DOI-NBOMe FECIMBI-36 MDPEA-NBOMe N-Ethyl-2C-B NBOMe-escaline NBOMe-mescaline ZDCM-04 25x-NMx 25B-NMe7BF 25B-NMe7BT 25B-NMe7Bim 25B-NMe7Box 25B-NMe7DHBF 25B-NMe7Ind 25B-NMe7Indz 25B-NMePyr 25I-NMe7DHBF 25I-NMeFur 25I-NMeTHF 25I-NMeTh N-(2C)-fentanyl N-(2C-B) fentanyl N-(2C-C) fentanyl N-(2C-D) fentanyl N-(2C-E) fentanyl N-(2C-G) fentanyl N-(2C-H) fentanyl N-(2C-I) fentanyl N-(2C-IP) fentanyl N-(2C-N) fentanyl N-(2C-P) fentanyl N-(2C-T) fentanyl N-(2C-T-2) fentanyl N-(2C-T-4) fentanyl N-(2C-T-7) fentanyl N-(2C-TFM) fentanyl 3C-x 3C-AL 3C-BZ 3C-DFE 3C-E 3C-MAL 3C-P 4C-x 4C-B 4C-C 4C-D 4C-E 4C-I 4C-N 4C-P 4C-T-2 DOx DOT DOB DOC DOEF DOET DOF DOI DOiPR DOM DON DOPR DOTFM MEM HOT-x HOT-2 HOT-7 HOT-17 MDxx DMMDA DMMDA-2 Lophophine MDA MDAI MDBZ MDMA MMDA MMDA-2 MMDA-3a MMDMA Mescaline (subst.) 2-Bromomescaline 3-TE 4-TE 3-TM 4-TM Allylescaline Asymbescaline Buscaline Cyclopropylmescaline Difluoromescaline Difluoroescaline Escaline Fluoroproscaline Isobuscaline Isoproscaline Jimscaline Mescaline Metaescaline Methallylescaline Proscaline Thioproscaline Trifluoroescaline Trifluoromescaline TMAs TMA TMA-2 TMA-3 TMA-4 TMA-5 TMA-6 Others 2C-B-BUTTERFLY 2C-B-DragonFLY 2C-B-DragonFLY-NBOH 2C-B-FLY-NB2EtO5Cl 2CB-5-hemifly 2CB-Ind 2CD-5EtO 2-TOET 5-TOET 2-TOM 5-TOM BOB BOD βk-2C-B βk-2C-I DESOXY DMCPA DMBMPP DOB-FLY Fenfluramine Ganesha Macromerine MMA TCB-2 TOMSO Piperazines 2C-B-PP BZP pFPP Tryptaminesalpha-alkyltryptamines 4,5-DHP-α-MT 5-MeO-α-ET 5-MeO-α-MT α-ET α-MT x-DALT (Daltocin) 4-HO-DALT (Daltacetin) 4-AcO-DALT 5-MeO-DALT DALT x-DET (Ethacetin) 4-AcO-DET (Ethocin) 4-HO-DET 5-MeO-DET (T-9) DET (Ethocybin) 4-PO-DET x-DiPT (Ipracetin) 4-AcO-DiPT (Iprocin) 4-HO-DiPT 5-MeO-DiPT DiPT x-DMT 4,5-DHP-DMT 2,N,N-TMT 4-AcO-DMT 4-HO-5-MeO-DMT 4,N,N-TMT 4-Propionyloxy-DMT 5,6-diBr-DMT 5-AcO-DMT 5-Bromo-DMT 5-MeO-2,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-4,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-DMT 5-N,N-TMT 7,N,N-TMT α,N,N-TMT (Bufotenin) 5-HO-DMT DMT Norbaeocystin (Psilocin) 4-HO-DMT (Psilocybin) 4-PO-DMT x-DPT (Depracetin) 4-AcO-DPT (Deprocin) 4-HO-DPT 5-MeO-DPT (The Light) DPT Ibogaine-related 18-MAC 18-MC Coronaridine Ibogaine Ibogamine ME-18-MC Noribogaine Tabernanthine Voacangine x-MET (Metocin) 4-HO-MET (Metocetin) 4-AcO-MET 5-MeO-MET MET x-MiPT (Mipracetin) 4-AcO-MiPT (Miprocin) 4-HO-MiPT 5-Me-MiPT (Moxy) 5-MeO-MiPT MiPT Others 4-HO-DBT 4-HO-EPT 4-HO-McPT (Lucigenol) 4-HO-MPMI (Meprocin) 4-HO-MPT 5-MeO-EiPT 5-MeO-MALT 5-MeO-MPMI Aeruginascin Baeocystin DBT DCPT EiPT EPT MPT PiPT Others AL-38022A ALPHA Dimemebfe Efavirenz Glaucine Lorcaserin M-ALPHA RH-34Also empathogens in general (e. g.: 5-APB, 5-MAPB, 6-APB and other substituted benzofurans). Dissociatives(NMDARantagonists)Arylcyclo‐hexylaminesKetamine-related 2-Fluorodeschloroketamine Arketamine ((R)-ketamine) Deschloroketamine Ethketamine (N-Ethylnorketamine) Esketamine ((S)-ketamine) Ketamine Methoxetamine Methoxmetamine Methoxyketamine MXiPr Norketamine Tiletamine PCP-related 2'-Oxo-PCE 3-HO-PCE 3-HO-PCP 3-MeO-PCE 3-MeO-PCMo 3-MeO-PCP 3-MeO-PCPr 3-MeO-PCPy 4-MeO-PCP BDPC Dieticyclidine (PCDE) Eticyclidine (PCE) PCPr Phencyclidine (PCP) Rolicyclidine (PCPy) Tenocyclidine (TCP) Others BTCP Gacyclidine PRE-084 Adamantanes Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine Diarylethylamines Diphenidine Ephenidine Fluorolintane Methoxphenidine Morphinans Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan Others 2-EMSB 2-MDP 8A-PDHQ Aptiganel Budipine Delucemine Dexoxadrol Dizocilpine Etoxadrol Herkinorin Ibogaine Midafotel NEFA Neramexane Nitrous oxide Noribogaine Perzinfotel RB-64 Remacemide Selfotel Xenon Deliriants(mAChRantagonists) Atropine Benactyzine Benzatropine Benzydamine Biperiden BRN-1484501 Brompheniramine BZ CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 Chloropyramine Chlorphenamine Clemastine CS-27349 Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dicycloverine Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Ditran Doxylamine EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Flavoxate Hyoscyamine JB-318 JB-336 Meclozine Mepyramine Orphenadrine Oxybutynin Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Procyclidine Promethazine Scopolamine Tolterodine Trihexyphenidyl Tripelennamine Triprolidine WIN-2299 OthersCannabinoids(CB1 agonists)Natural Salvinorin A THC (Dronabinol) THCV SyntheticAM-x AM-087 AM-251 AM-279 AM-281 AM-356 AM-374 AM-381 AM-404 AM-411 AM-630 AM-661 AM-678 AM-679 AM-694 AM-735 AM-855 AM-881 AM-883 AM-905 AM-906 AM-919 AM-926 AM-938 AM-1116 AM-1172 AM-1220 AM-1221 AM-1235 AM-1241 AM-1248 AM-1710 AM-1714 AM-1902 AM-2201 AM-2212 AM-2213 AM-2232 AM-2233 AM-2389 AM-3102 AM-4030 AM-4054 AM-4056 AM-4113 AM-6545 CP x CP 47,497 CP 55,244 CP 55,940 (±)-CP 55,940 (+)-CP 55,940 (-)-CP 55,940 HU-x HU-210 HU-211 HU-239 HU-243 HU-308 HU-320 HU-331 HU-336 HU-345 JWH-x JWH-007 JWH-015 JWH-018 JWH-019 JWH-030 JWH-047 JWH-048 JWH-051 JWH-057 JWH-073 JWH-081 JWH-098 JWH-116 JWH-120 JWH-122 JWH-133 JWH-139 JWH-147 JWH-148 JWH-149 JWH-149 JWH-161 JWH-164 JWH-166 JWH-167 JWH-171 JWH-175 JWH-176 JWH-181 JWH-182 JWH-184 JWH-185 JWH-192 JWH-193 JWH-194 JWH-195 JWH-196 JWH-197 JWH-198 JWH-199 JWH-200 JWH-203 JWH-205 JWH-210 JWH-210 JWH-213 JWH-220 JWH-229 JWH-234 JWH-249 JWH-250 JWH-251 JWH-253 JWH-258 JWH-300 JWH-302 JWH-307 JWH-336 JWH-350 JWH-359 JWH-387 JWH-398 JWH-424 Misc. designer cannabinoids 4-HTMPIPO 5F-AB-FUPPYCA 5F-AB-PINACA 5F-ADB 5F-ADB-PINACA 5F-ADBICA 5F-AMB 5F-APINACA 5F-CUMYL-PINACA 5F-NNE1 5F-PB-22 5F-SDB-006 A-796,260 A-836,339 AB-001 AB-005 AB-CHFUPYCA AB-CHMINACA AB-FUBINACA AB-PINACA ADAMANTYL-THPINACA ADB-CHMINACA ADB-FUBINACA ADB-PINACA ADBICA ADSB-FUB-187 AMB-FUBINACA APICA APINACA APP-FUBINACA CB-13 CUMYL-PICA CUMYL-PINACA CUMYL-THPINACA DMHP EAM-2201 FAB-144 FDU-PB-22 FUB-144 FUB-APINACA FUB-JWH-018 FUB-PB-22 FUBIMINA JTE 7-31 JTE-907 Levonantradol MDMB-CHMICA MDMB-CHMINACA MDMB-FUBINACA MEPIRAPIM MAM-2201 MDA-19 MN-18 MN-25 NESS-0327 NESS-040C5 Nabilone Nabitan NM-2201 NNE1 Org 28611 Parahexyl PTI-1 PTI-2 PX-1 PX-2 PX-3 QUCHIC QUPIC RCS-4 RCS-8 SDB-005 SDB-006 STS-135 THC-O-acetate THC-O-phosphate THJ-018 THJ-2201 UR-144 WIN 55,212-2 XLR-11 D2 agonists Apomorphine Aporphine Bromocriptine Cabergoline Lisuride LSD Memantine Nuciferine Pergolide Phenethylamine Piribedil Pramipexole Ropinirole Rotigotine Salvinorin AAlso indirect D2 agonists, such as dopamine reuptake inhibitors (cocaine, methylphenidate), releasing agents (amphetamine, methamphetamine), and precursors (levodopa). GABAAenhancers CI-966 Eszopiclone Ibotenic acid Muscimol (Amanita muscaria) Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Inhalants(Mixed MOA) Aliphatic hydrocarbons Butane Gasoline Kerosene Propane Aromatic hydrocarbons Toluene Ethers Diethyl ether Enflurane Haloalkanes Chlorofluorocarbons Chloroform κOR agonists 2-EMSB Alazocine Bremazocine Butorphan Butorphanol Cyclazocine Cyclorphan Cyprenorphine Diprenorphine Enadoline Herkinorin Heroin HZ-2 Ibogaine Ketazocine Levallorphan Levomethorphan Levorphanol LPK-26 Metazocine Morphine Nalbuphine Nalmefene Nalorphine Noribogaine Oxilorphan Pentazocine Phenazocine Proxorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan Salvinorin A Spiradoline Tifluadom U-50488 U-69,593 Xorphanol Oneirogens Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis Galantamine Others Glaucine Isoaminile Noscapine Prenoxdiazine Pukateine vteNeurotoxinsAnimal toxins Batrachotoxin Bestoxin Birtoxin Bungarotoxin Charybdotoxin Conotoxin Fasciculin Huwentoxin Poneratoxin Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Vanillotoxin Spooky toxin (SsTx) Epibatidine Zetekitoxin AB Dendrotoxin Bacterial Botulinum toxin Tetanospasmin Cyanotoxins Anatoxin-a Guanitoxin BMAA Saxitoxin Plant toxins Aconitine Bicuculline Penitrem A Picrotoxin Strychnine Tutin Rotenone Ginkgotoxin Cicutoxin Oenanthotoxin Thujone Volkensin Veratridine Mycotoxins Ibotenic acid Muscarine Muscimol Pesticides Fenpropathrin Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine Bromethalin Crimidine Methamidophos Endosulfan Fipronil Phenylsilatrane Chlorophenylsilatrane Sulfuryl fluoride Mipafox Schradan Dimefox Nerve agents Cyclosarin EA-3148 Novichok agent Sarin Soman Tabun VE VG VM VP VR VX GV EA-3990 EA-4056 T-1123 Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide) Fluorotabun Chinese VX EA-2192 Bicyclic phosphates TBPS TBPO IPTBO Cholinergic neurotoxins Acetylcholine mustard Catecholine Choline mustard Ethylcholine mustard Hemicholinium mustard Other Dimethylcadmium Dimethylmercury Toxopyrimidine IDPN Tetraethyllead Pharmacodynamics vteIonotropic glutamate receptor modulatorsAMPARTooltip α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Fluorowillardiine Acromelic acid (acromelate) AMPA BOAA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Proline Quisqualic acid Willardiine; Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam Cyclothiazide CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448) CX-717 CX-1739 CX-1942 Diazoxide Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) IDRA-21 LY-392098 LY-395153 LY-404187 LY-451646 LY-503430 Mibampator (LY-451395) Nooglutyl ORG-26576 Oxiracetam PEPA Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242) Piracetam Pramiracetam S-18986 Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632) Antagonists: ACEA-1011 ATPO Becampanel Caroverine CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX Fanapanel (MPQX) GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Kynurenine Licostinel (ACEA-1021) NBQX PNQX Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate YM90K Zonampanel; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) Cyclopropane Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Evans blue GYKI-52466 GYKI-53655 Halothane Irampanel Isoflurane Perampanel Pregnenolone sulfate Sevoflurane Talampanel; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: Minocycline KARTooltip Kainate receptor Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Bromowillardiine 5-Iodowillardiine Acromelic acid (acromelate) AMPA ATPA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Kainic acid LY-339434 Proline Quisqualic acid SYM-2081; Positive allosteric modulators: Cyclothiazide Diazoxide Enflurane Halothane Isoflurane Antagonists: ACEA-1011 CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Licostinel (ACEA-1021) LY-382884 NBQX NS102 Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Evans blue NS-3763 Pregnenolone sulfate NMDARTooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor Agonists: Main site agonists: AMAA Aspartate Glutamate Homocysteic acid (L-HCA) Homoquinolinic acid Ibotenic acid NMDA Proline Quinolinic acid Tetrazolylglycine Theanine; Glycine site agonists: β-Fluoro-D-alanine ACBD ACC (ACPC) ACPD AK-51 Apimostinel (NRX-1074) B6B21 CCG D-Alanine D-Cycloserine D-Serine DHPG Dimethylglycine Glycine HA-966 L-687414 L-Alanine L-Serine Milacemide Neboglamine (nebostinel) Rapastinel (GLYX-13) Sarcosine; Polyamine site agonists: Neomycin Spermidine Spermine; Other positive allosteric modulators: 24S-Hydroxycholesterol DHEATooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone (prasterone) DHEA sulfate (prasterone sulfate) Epipregnanolone sulfate Plazinemdor Pregnenolone sulfate SAGE-201 SAGE-301 SAGE-718 Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV) AP7 CGP-37849 CGP-39551 CGP-39653 CGP-40116 CGS-19755 CPP Kaitocephalin LY-233053 LY-235959 LY-274614 MDL-100453 Midafotel (d-CPPene) NPC-12626 NPC-17742 PBPD PEAQX Perzinfotel PPDA SDZ-220581 Selfotel; Glycine site antagonists: 4-Cl-KYN (AV-101) 5,7-DCKA 7-CKA ACC ACEA-1011 ACEA-1328 Apimostinel (NRX-1074) AV-101 Carisoprodol CGP-39653 CNQX D-Cycloserine DNQX Felbamate Gavestinel GV-196771 Harkoseride Kynurenic acid Kynurenine L-689560 L-701324 Licostinel (ACEA-1021) LU-73068 MDL-105519 Meprobamate MRZ 2/576 PNQX Rapastinel (GLYX-13) ZD-9379; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine Co 101676 Diaminopropane Diethylenetriamine Huperzine A Putrescine; Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site): 2-MDP 3-HO-PCP 3-MeO-PCE 3-MeO-PCMo 3-MeO-PCP 4-MeO-PCP 8A-PDHQ 18-MC α-Endopsychosin Alaproclate Alazocine (SKF-10047) Amantadine Aptiganel Argiotoxin-636 Arketamine ARL-12495 ARL-15896-AR ARL-16247 Budipine Coronaridine Delucemine (NPS-1506) Dexoxadrol Dextrallorphan Dextromethadone Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Dieticyclidine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Ephenidine Esketamine Etoxadrol Eticyclidine Fluorolintane Gacyclidine Ibogaine Ibogamine Indantadol Ketamine Ketobemidone Lanicemine Levomethadone Levomethorphan Levomilnacipran Levorphanol Loperamide Memantine Methadone Methorphan Methoxetamine Methoxphenidine Milnacipran Morphanol NEFA Neramexane Nitromemantine Noribogaine Norketamine Orphenadrine PCPr PD-137889 Pethidine (meperidine) Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Propoxyphene Remacemide Rhynchophylline Rimantadine Rolicyclidine Sabeluzole Tabernanthine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Tramadol; Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists: Besonprodil Buphenine (nylidrin) CO-101244 (PD-174494) Eliprodil Haloperidol Isoxsuprine Radiprodil (RGH-896) Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657) Ro 8-4304 Ro 25-6981 Safaprodil Traxoprodil (CP-101606); NR2A-selective antagonists: MPX-004 MPX-007 TCN-201 TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen Magnesium Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene Butane Chloroform Cyclopropane Desflurane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Halothane Hexanol Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Nitrous oxide Octanol Sevoflurane Toluene Trichloroethane Trichloroethanol Trichloroethylene Urethane Xenon Xylene; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: ARR-15896 Bumetanide Caroverine Conantokin D-αAA Dexanabinol Flufenamic acid Flupirtine FPL-12495 FR-115427 Furosemide Hodgkinsine Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976) MDL-27266 Metaphit Minocycline MPEP Niflumic acid Pentamidine Pentamidine isethionate Piretanide Psychotridine Transcrocetin (saffron) Unsorted: Allosteric modulators: AGN-241751 See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators vteMonoamine reuptake inhibitorsDATTooltip Dopamine transporter(DRIsTooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors) Piperazines: DBL-583 GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 Nefazodone Vanoxerine Piperidines: 4-Fluoropethidine Benocyclidine (BTCP) Desoxypipradrol Dexmethylphenidate Difemetorex Ethylphenidate HDMP-28 Methylphenidate Pethidine (meperidine) Phencyclidine Pipradrol Serdexmethylphenidate Tenocyclidine Pyrrolidines: Diphenylprolinol MDPV Naphyrone Prolintane Pyrovalerone Tropanes: Altropane Benzatropine (benztropine) Brasofensine CFT Cocaine Dichloropane Difluoropine Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine) FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT Ioflupane (123I) RTI-55 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-121 RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-177 RTI-229 RTI-336 Tesofensine Troparil Tropoxane WF-11 WF-23 WF-31 WF-33 Others: Adrafinil Amifitadine Armodafinil Amfonelic acid Amineptine Ansofaxine BTQ BTS 74,398 Bupropion Chaenomeles speciosa Ciclazindol Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) Dimethocaine Diphenylpyraline Dizocilpine (MK-801) DOV-102,677 DOV-216,303 Efavirenz Ephenidine Esketamine EXP-561 Fencamfamin Fezolamine Fluorenol GYKI-52895 Hydroxybupropion Indatraline Ketamine Lefetamine Levophacetoperane Liafensine LR-5182 Manifaxine Mazindol Medifoxamine Mesocarb Metaphit MIN-117 (WF-516) Modafinil Nefopam Nomifensine NS-2359 O-2172 Oroxylin A Perafensine Pridefine Radafaxine Rimcazole Sertraline Sibutramine Solriamfetol Tametraline Tedatioxetine Threohydrobupropion Tripelennamine Venlafaxine NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter(NRIsTooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Amedalin Alseroxylon Ciclazindol Daledalin Edivoxetine Esreboxetine Lortalamine Mazindol Nisoxetine Reboxetine Talopram Talsupram Tandamine Teniloxazine Viloxazine Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: Amineptine Bupropion Fencamine Fencamfamin Hydroxybupropion Lefetamine Levophacetoperane LR-5182 Manifaxine Methylphenidate Nomifensine O-2172 Radafaxine Serdexmethylphenidate Solriamfetol Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine) CP-39,332 Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Eclanamine Levomilnacipran McN5652 Milnacipran N-Methyl-PPPA Nafenodone PPPA Tofenacin Venlafaxine Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amifitadine Ansofaxine Bicifadine Brasofensine Centanafadine Cocaine Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) DOV-102677 DOV-216303 EXP-561 Fezolamine HDMP-28 HP-505 Indatraline JNJ-7925476 JZ-IV-10 Liafensine Mazindol Naphyrone Nefazodone Nefopam NS-2359 Perafensine PRC200 Pridefine SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Sibutramine Tedatioxetine Tesofensine Threohydrobupropion Tropanes (e.g., cocaine) Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline Butriptyline Cianopramine Clomipramine Desipramine Dosulepin (dothiepin) Doxepin Imipramine Lofepramine Melitracen Nortriptyline Protriptyline Trimipramine Tetracyclic antidepressants: Amoxapine Maprotiline Mianserin Oxaprotiline Setiptiline Others: Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, pheniramine, tripelennamine) Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone) Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., ketamine, phencyclidine) Dopexamine Ephenidine Ginkgo biloba Indeloxazine Nefazodone Opioids (e.g., desmetramadol, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), tapentadol, tramadol, levorphanol) SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter(SRIsTooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: 6-Nitroquipazine Alaproclate Centpropazine Cericlamine Citalopram Dapoxetine Desmethylcitalopram Didesmethylcitalopram Escitalopram Femoxetine Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Indalpine Ifoxetine Norfluoxetine Omiloxetine Panuramine Paroxetine PIM-35 Pirandamine RTI-353 Seproxetine Sertraline Zimelidine Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators: Etoperidone Litoxetine Lubazodone LY-393558 Quipazine SB-649915 TGBA01AD Trazodone Vilazodone Vortioxetine Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine) Bicifadine CP-39332 Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Eclanamine Levomilnacipran McN5652 Milnacipran N-Methyl-PPPA PPPA Tofenacin Venlafaxine Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amifitadine Ansofaxine Bicifadine Brasofensine Centanafadine Cocaine Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) DOV-102677 DOV-216303 EXP-561 Fezolamine HDMP-28 HP-505 Indatraline JNJ-7925476 JZ-IV-10 Liafensine Mazindol Naphyrone Nefazodone Nefopam NS-2359 Perafensine PRC200 Pridefine SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Sibutramine Tedatioxetine Tesofensine Threohydrobupropion Tropanes (e.g., cocaine) Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline Cianopramine Clomipramine Cyanodothiepin Desipramine Dosulepin (dothiepin) Doxepin Imipramine Lofepramine Nortriptyline Pipofezine Protriptyline Others: A-80426 Amoxapine Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, mepyramine (pyrilamine), pheniramine, tripelennamine) Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone) Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., 3-MeO-PCP, esketamine, ketamine, methoxetamine, phencyclidine) Cyclobenzaprine Delucemine Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Efavirenz Hypidone Medifoxamine Mesembrine Mifepristone MIN-117 (WF-516) N-Me-5-HT Opioids (e.g., dextropropoxyphene, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), levorphanol, tapentadol, tramadol) Roxindole VMATsTooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters Amiodarone Amphetamines (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA) APP AZIK Bietaserpine Deserpidine Deutetrabenazine Dihydrotetrabenazine Efavirenz GBR-12935 GZ-793A Ibogaine Ketanserin Lobeline Methoxytetrabenazine Reserpine Rose bengal Tetrabenazine Valbenazine Vanoxerine (GBR-12909) Others DAT enhancers: Luteolin DAT modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804 SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041 See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Monoamine releasing agents • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine metabolism modulators • Monoamine neurotoxins vteNicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulatorsnAChRsTooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptorsAgonists(and PAMsTooltip positive allosteric modulators) 5-HIAA 6-Chloronicotine A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT-202 ABT-418 ABT-560 ABT-894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatabine Anatoxin-a AR-R17779 Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol (alcohol) Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP-4473 EVP-6124 Galantamine GTS-21 Ispronicline Ivermectin JNJ-39393406 Levamisole Lobeline MEM-63,908 (RG-3487) Morantel Nicotine (tobacco) NS-1738 PHA-543,613 PHA-709,829 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Pyrantel Rivanicline RJR-2429 Sazetidine A SB-206553 Sebacylcholine SIB-1508Y SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 Suberyldicholine Suxamethonium (succinylcholine) Suxethonium (succinyldicholine) TC-1698 TC-1734 TC-1827 TC-2216 TC-5214 TC-5619 TC-6683 Tebanicline Tribendimidine Tropisetron UB-165 Varenicline WAY-317,538 XY-4083 Antagonists(and NAMsTooltip negative allosteric modulators) 18-MAC 18-MC α-Neurotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, α-cobratoxin, α-conotoxin, many others) ABT-126 Alcuronium Allopregnanolone Amantadine Anatruxonium AQW051 Atracurium Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) BNC-210 Bungarotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, κ-bungarotoxin) Bupropion BW284C51 BW-A444 Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide) Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Curare Cyclopropane Dacuronium bromide Decamethonium Dehydronorketamine Desflurane Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dihydrochandonium Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine) Dioscorine Dipyrandium Dizocilpine (MK-801) Doxacurium Encenicline Enflurane Erythravine Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Gantacurium chloride Halothane Hexafluronium Hexamethonium (benzohexonium) Hydroxybupropion Hydroxynorketamine Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudanosine Laudexium (laudolissin) Levacetylmethadol Levomethadone Malouetine ME-18-MC Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan (racemethorphan) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol (racemorphan) Neramexane Nitrous oxide Norketamine Pancuronium bromide Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium bromide Progesterone Promegestone Radafaxine Rapacuronium bromide Reboxetine Rocuronium bromide Sevoflurane Stercuronium iodide Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Threohydrobupropion Toxiferine Tramadol Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate) Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vanoxerine Vecuronium bromide Xenon Precursors(and prodrugs) Acetyl-coA Adafenoxate Choline (lecithin) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also Receptor/signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators vteTricyclicsClasses Acridine Anthracene Dibenzazepine Dibenzocycloheptene Dibenzodiazepine Dibenzothiazepine Dibenzothiepin Dibenzoxazepine Dibenzoxepin Phenothiazine Pyridazinobenzoxazine Pyridinobenzodiazepine Thioxanthene Antidepressants(Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)) Amoxapine Amezepine Amineptine Amitriptyline Amitriptylinoxide Amoxapine Aptazapine Azepindole Batelapine Butriptyline Cianopramine Ciclazindol Cidoxepin Clomipramine Cotriptyline Cyanodothiepin Demexiptiline Depramine (balipramine) (desmethylimipramine) Desmethylclomipramine Desmethyltrimipramine Dibenzepin Dimetacrine Dosulepin (dothiepin) Doxepin Enprazepine Fantridone Fluotracen Hepzidine Homopipramol Imipramine Imipraminoxide Intriptyline Iprindole Ketipramine Litracen Lofepramine Losindole Loxapine Maprotiline Mariptiline Mazindol Melitracen Metapramine Mezepine Mirtazapine Monometacrine Nitroxazepine Norbutriptyline Nordoxepin Northiaden (nordosulepin) Nortriptyline (noramitriptyline) Noxiptiline Octriptyline Opipramol Pipofezine Pirandamine Propizepine Protriptyline Quinupramine Spiroxepin Tandamine Tampramine Tianeptine Tienopramine Trimipramine Antihistamines Azatadine Bisulepin Clobenzepam Cyproheptadine Dacemazine Deptropine Desloratadine Epinastine Etymemazine Fenethazine Hydroxyethylpromethazine Isopromethazine Isothipendyl Ketotifen Latrepirdine Loratadine Mebhydrolin Mequitazine Methdilazine Olopatadine Oxomemazine Phenindamine Pimethixene Promethazine Propiomazine Rupatadine Thiazinamium Antipsychotics Acetophenazine Alimemazine Amoxapine Asenapine Butaclamol Butaperazine Carfenazine (carphenazine) Carpipramine Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Ciclindole Citatepine Clocapramine Clomacran Clorotepine Clotiapine Clozapine Cyanothepin Doclothepin Docloxythepin Erizepine Flucindole Flumezapine Fluotracen Flupentixol Fluphenazine Gevotroline Homopipramol Isofloxythepin Levomepromazine/Methotrimeprazine Loxapine Lurasidone Maroxepin Meperathiepin Mesoridazine Metiapine Metitepine Metoxepin Mosapramine Naranol Octomethothepin Olanzapine Oxyclothepin Oxyprothepin Pentiapine Peradithiepin Perathiepin Perazine Perphenazine Periciazine Pinoxepin Piperacetazine Pipotiazine Piquindone Prochlorperazine Promazine Prothipendyl Quetiapine Savoxepin/Cipazoxapine Sulforidazine Tenilapine Thiethylperazine Thiopropazate Thioridazine Thiothixene Tilozepine Traboxopine Trifluoperazine Triflupromazine Trifluthepin Zotepine Zuclopenthixol Anticonvulsants Carbamazepine Dizocilpine Eslicarbazepine Eslicarbazepine acetate Etazepine Licarbazepine Oxcarbazepine Oxitriptyline Rispenzepine Anticholinergics Profenamine Tropatepine Others Adosopine Aminopromazine Atiprosin Beloxepin Benzoctamine Carvedilol Cidoxepin Cyclobenzaprine Damotepine Darenzepine Elanzepine Fluradoline Methylene blue Monatepil Nuvenzepine Oxetorone Perlapine Pipazethate P7C3 Pinadoline Pirenzepine Pirolate Pitrazepin Pizotifen Serazapine Siltenzepine Telenzepine Tipindole Zolenzepine

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name"},{"link_name":"NMDA receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor"},{"link_name":"glutamate receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_receptor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate"},{"link_name":"neurotransmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter"},{"link_name":"depolarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolarization"},{"link_name":"neuron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ion channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel"},{"link_name":"receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"PCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine"},{"link_name":"ions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"anti-convulsant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-convulsant"},{"link_name":"dissociative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative"},{"link_name":"Olney's lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney%27s_lesions"},{"link_name":"long term potentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_term_potentiation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ketamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine"},{"link_name":"psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis"},{"link_name":"nicotinic acetylcholine receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_antagonist"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1694895-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1715611-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8793902-10"},{"link_name":"inhibit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"serotonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_transporter"},{"link_name":"dopamine transporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_transporter"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10340631-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid-12"}],"text":"Dizocilpine (INN), also known as MK-801, is a pore blocker of the NMDA receptor, a glutamate receptor, discovered by a team at Merck in 1982.[1] Glutamate is the brain's primary excitatory neurotransmitter. The channel is normally blocked with a magnesium ion and requires depolarization of the neuron to remove the magnesium and allow the glutamate to open the channel, causing an influx of calcium, which then leads to subsequent depolarization.[2] Dizocilpine binds inside the ion channel of the receptor at several of PCP's binding sites thus preventing the flow of ions, including calcium (Ca2+), through the channel. Dizocilpine blocks NMDA receptors in a use- and voltage-dependent manner, since the channel must open for the drug to bind inside it.[3] The drug acts as a potent anti-convulsant and probably has dissociative anesthetic properties, but it is not used clinically for this purpose because of the discovery of brain lesions, called Olney's lesions (see below), in laboratory rats. Dizocilpine is also associated with a number of negative side effects, including cognitive disruption and psychotic-spectrum reactions. It inhibits the induction of long term potentiation[4] and has been found to impair the acquisition of difficult, but not easy, learning tasks in rats[5][6] and primates.[7] Because of these effects of dizocilpine, the NMDA receptor pore blocker ketamine is used instead as a dissociative anesthetic in human medical procedures. While ketamine may also trigger temporary psychosis in certain individuals, its short half-life and lower potency make it a much safer clinical option. However, dizocilpine is the most frequently used uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist in animal models to mimic psychosis for experimental purposes.Dizocilpine has also been found to act as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.[8][9][10] It has been shown to bind to and inhibit the serotonin and dopamine transporters as well.[11][12]","title":"Dizocilpine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animal models of schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_models_of_schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"prepulse inhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepulse_inhibition"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Dizocilpine has a great deal of potential to be used in research in creating animal models of schizophrenia. Unlike dopaminergic agonists, which mimic only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, a single injection of dizocilpine was successful in modelling both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.[13] Another study found that, although repeated low doses of dizocilpine were only successful in mimicking behavioral changes such as a slight hyperlocomotion and decreased prepulse inhibition, repeated administration of a higher dose mimicked both the above changes as well as the neurochemical alterations found in first-episode schizophrenic patients.[14] Not only has temporary use been shown to mimic psychosis but chronic administration in laboratory animals resulted in similar neuropathological changes as in schizophrenia.[15]","title":"An animal model of schizophrenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NMDA receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor"},{"link_name":"excitotoxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxicity"},{"link_name":"glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate"},{"link_name":"glutamate receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_receptor"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"traumatic brain injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury"},{"link_name":"neurodegenerative diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease"},{"link_name":"Huntington's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis"},{"link_name":"cell culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture"},{"link_name":"animal models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_experimentation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ayala-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kocaeli-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mukhin-18"},{"link_name":"NMDA antagonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_antagonist"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"animal models of depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_models_of_depression"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"NMDA antagonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_antagonist"},{"link_name":"aminoglycosides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoglycosides"},{"link_name":"polyamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamine"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"rabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"levodopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levodopa"},{"link_name":"akinesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinesia"},{"link_name":"parkinsonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonism"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"NMDA receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor"},{"link_name":"neuronal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"psychotomimetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotomimetic"},{"link_name":"hallucinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination"},{"link_name":"Olney's Lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney%27s_Lesions"},{"link_name":"brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olney89-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellison-32"},{"link_name":"Merck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Co."}],"text":"The effects of dizocilpine at NMDA receptors are clear and significant. NMDA receptors are key in the progression of excitotoxicity (a process in which an excessive amount of extracellular glutamate overexcites glutamate receptors and harms neurons). Thus NMDA receptor antagonists including dizocilpine have been extensively studied for use in treatment of diseases with excitotoxic components, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dizocilpine has shown effectiveness in protecting neurons in cell culture and animal models of excitotoxic neurodegeneration.[16][17][18] The administration of dizocilpine protected the hippocampus from ischemia-induced neurodegeneration in the gerbil. The ED50 (effective dose 50) for neuroprotection was 0.3 mg/kg and the majority of the animals were protected against the ischemia-induced damage at doses greater than or equal to 3 mg/kg, when dizocilpine was given one hour prior to the occlusion of the carotid arteries, although other studies have shown protection up to 24 hours post-insult. Excitatory amino acids, such as glutamate and aspartate, are released in toxic amounts when the brain is deprived of blood and oxygen and NMDA antagonists are thought to prevent the neurodegeneration through the inhibition of these receptors.[19][20]Behavioural studies have shown that NMDA receptors are involved in the development of psychological dependence caused by chronic administration of morphine. Dizocilpine suppressed the morphine-induced rewarding effect. It is suggested that stimulating NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor and its associated kinases in the nucleus accumbens leads to the rewarding effect caused by morphine. Inhibition of this receptor and its kinases in the nucleus accumbens by co-treatment with NMDA antagonists prevents morphine-associated psychological dependence.[21] An earlier study has shown that the prevention of morphine-associated psychological dependence was not due to state-dependency effects induced by dizocilpine[22] but rather reflect the impairment of learning that is caused by NMDA antagonists.[23] This is consistent with studies showing that dizocilpine potentiates the addictive potential of morphine and other drugs (see below).As an antidepressant, positive results were found in animal models of depression.[24] NMDA antagonists like dizocilpine have been shown in animal models to attenuate the hearing loss caused by aminoglycosides It is thought that aminoglycosides mimic endogenous polyamines at NMDA receptors and produce excitotoxic damage, leading to hair cell loss. Antagonizing NMDA receptors to reduce the excitotoxicity would prevent that hearing loss.[25][26] Dizocilpine was found to block the development of kindled seizures, although it does not have any effect on completed kindled seizures.[27] Oddly, it was discovered to decrease rabies virus production and is believed to be the first neurotransmitter antagonist to present with antiviral activity. Rat cortical neuron cells were infected with the rabies virus and those incubated with dizocilpine had virus produced reduced about 1000-fold. It is not known how MK-801 has this effect; the rabies virus suspension, without cells, was inoculated with dizocilpine and the drug failed to produce a virucidal effect, indicated that the mechanism of action is something other than direct discontinuation of virus reproduction. It was also tested against herpes simplex, vesicular stomatitis, poliovirus type I, and HIV. It did not have activity against these other viruses, however.[28] Dizocilpine was also shown to potentiate the ability of levodopa to ameliorate akinesia and muscular rigidity in a rodent model of parkinsonism.[29] When dizocilpine was administered to rats 15 minutes after a spinal trauma, the long-term neurological recovery of the trauma was improved.[30] However, NMDA antagonists like dizocilpine have largely failed to show safety in clinical trials, possibly due to inhibition of NMDA receptor function that is necessary for normal neuronal function. Since dizocilpine is a particularly strong NMDA receptor antagonist, this drug is particularly likely to have psychotomimetic side effects (such as hallucinations) that result from NMDA receptor blockade. Dizocilpine had a promising future as a neuroprotective agent until neurotoxic-like effects, called Olney's Lesions, were seen in certain brain regions of lab rats.[31][32] Merck, a drug company, promptly dropped development of dizocilpine.","title":"Possible future medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NMDA antagonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_antagonist"},{"link_name":"posterior cingulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cingulate"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olney89-31"},{"link_name":"heat shock protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_protein"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"glial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial"},{"link_name":"astrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocytes"},{"link_name":"microglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microglia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Dizocilpine, along with other NMDA antagonists, induce the formation of brain lesions first discovered by John W. Olney in 1989. Dizocilpine leads to the development of neuronal vacuolization in the posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex.[31] Other neurons in the area expressed an abnormal amount of heat shock protein[33] as well as increased glucose metabolism[34] in response to NMDA antagonist exposure. Vacuoles began to form within 30 minutes of a subcutaneous dose of dizocilpine 1 mg/kg.[35] Neurons in this area necrotized and were accompanied by a glial response involving astrocytes and microglia.[36]","title":"Olney's lesions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"overdosing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdosing"},{"link_name":"dissociative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative"},{"link_name":"ketamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine"},{"link_name":"phencyclidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine"},{"link_name":"amnesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"conditioned place preference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditioned_place_preference"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Designer drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_drug"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Dizocilpine may be effective as a recreational drug. Little is known in this context about its effects, dosage, and risks. The high potency of dizocilpine makes its dosage more difficult to accurately control when compared to other similar drugs. As a result, the chances of overdosing are high. Users tend to report that the experience is not as enjoyable as other dissociative drugs, and it is often accompanied by strong auditory hallucinations. Also, dizocilpine is much longer-lasting than similar dissociative drugs such as ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP), and causes far worse amnesia and residual deficits in thinking, which have hindered its acceptance as a recreational drug.[citation needed]\nSeveral animal studies have demonstrated the addictive potential of dizocilpine. Rats learned to lever-press in order to obtain injections of dizocilpine into the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex, however, when given a dopamine antagonist at the same time, the lever-pressing was not altered, which shows that the rewarding effect of dizocilpine is not dependent on dopamine.[37] Intraperitoneal administration of dizocilpine also produced an enhancement in self-stimulation responding.[38] Rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer cocaine or phencyclidine, then were offered dizocilpine instead. None of the four monkeys who were used to cocaine chose to self-administer dizocilpine but three out of the four monkeys who had been using phencyclidine self-administered dizocilpine, suggesting again that dizocilpine has potential as a recreational drug for those seeking a dissociative anaesthetic type of experience.[39] It was found that dizocilpine administration elicited conditioned place preference in animals, again demonstrating its reinforcing properties.[40][41]A multiple drug fatality involving dizocilpine, benzodiazepines, and alcohol has been reported.[42]Dizocilpine has been sold online as a Designer drug.[43]","title":"Recreational use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The anticonvulsant MK-801 is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC386661"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1986PNAS...83.7104W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PNAS...83.7104W"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.83.18.7104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.83.18.7104"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"386661","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC386661"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3529096","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3529096"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ddr.430020203","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fddr.430020203"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"221650650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221650650"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ddr.430020204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fddr.430020204"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"196746088","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:196746088"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ddr.430020205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fddr.430020205"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143727405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143727405"}],"text":"Wong EH, Kemp JA, Priestley T, Knight AR, Woodruff GN, Iversen LL (September 1986). \"The anticonvulsant MK-801 is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist\". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 83 (18): 7104–8. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83.7104W. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.18.7104. PMC 386661. PMID 3529096.\noriginal publications for MK-801:\n\nClineschmidt, BV, Martin GE, Bunting PR (1982). \"Anticonvulsant activity of (+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5, 10-imine (MK-801), A substance with potent anticonvulsant, central sympathomimetic, and apparent anxiolytic properties\". Drug Dev Res. 2 (2): 123–134. doi:10.1002/ddr.430020203. S2CID 221650650.\nClineschmidt BV, Martin GE, Bunting PR, Papp NL (1982). \"Central Sympathomimetic Activity of (+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5, 10-imine (MK-801), a substance with potent anticonvulsant, central sympathomimetic, and apparent anxyiolytic Properties\". Drug Dev Res. 2 (2): 135–145. doi:10.1002/ddr.430020204. S2CID 196746088.\nClineschmidt BV, Williams M, Witowslowski JJ, Bunting PR, Risley EA, Totaro JT (1982). \"Restoration of Shock-Suppressed Behavior by Treatment with (+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5, 10-imine (MK-801), a substance with potent anticonvulsant, central sympathomimetic, and apparent anxiolytic properties\". Drug Dev Res. 2 (2): 147–163. doi:10.1002/ddr.430020205. S2CID 143727405.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"title":"Dextromethorphan (DXM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan"},{"title":"Ibotenic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibotenic_acid"}]

[{"reference":"Foster AC, Fagg GE (1987). \"Neurobiology. Taking apart NMDA receptors\". Nature. 329 (6138): 395–396. doi:10.1038/329395a0. PMID 2443852. S2CID 5486568.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F329395a0","url_text":"10.1038/329395a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2443852","url_text":"2443852"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5486568","url_text":"5486568"}]},{"reference":"Huettner JE, Bean BP (February 1988). \"Block of N-methyl-D-aspartate-activated current by the anticonvulsant MK-801: selective binding to open channels\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 85 (4): 1307–1311. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.4.1307. PMC 279756. PMID 2448800.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC279756","url_text":"\"Block of N-methyl-D-aspartate-activated current by the anticonvulsant MK-801: selective binding to open channels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.85.4.1307","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.85.4.1307"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC279756","url_text":"279756"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2448800","url_text":"2448800"}]},{"reference":"Coan EJ, Saywood W, Collingridge GL (September 1987). \"MK-801 blocks NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission and long term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices\". Neuroscience Letters. 80 (1): 111–114. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(87)90505-2. PMID 2821457. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_SSR

Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

["1 Formal name","2 History","2.1 Sovietization","2.2 New Economic Policy (NEP)","2.3 Stalinism and the Great Purge","2.4 Great Patriotic War","2.5 Armenian immigration","2.6 Khrushchev Thaw","2.7 Brezhnev era","2.8 Glasnost and perestroika","3 Politics","3.1 Government","3.2 Participation in international organizations","4 Military forces","5 Economy","6 Culture","6.1 Literature","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

Coordinates: 40°14′N 44°34′E / 40.23°N 44.57°E / 40.23; 44.57Union republic of the Soviet Union Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia(1920–1936)Հայաստանի Սոցիալիստական Խորհրդային Հանրապետություն (Armenian)Социалистическая Советская Республика Армения (Russian)Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic(1936–1990)Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Ռեսպուբլիկա (Armenian)Армянская Советская Социалистическая Республика (Russian)Republic of Armenia(1990–1991)Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն (Armenian)Республика Армения (Russian)1920–1991(1922–1936; Part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic) Flag (1952–1990) State emblem(1937–1991) Motto: Պրոլետարներ բոլոր երկրների, միացե՜ք (Armenian)Proletarner bolor erkrneri, miac’ek’ (transliteration)"Proletarians of all countries, unite!"Anthem: Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն օրհներգHaykakan Sovetakan Soc’ialistakan Hanrapetut’yun òrhnerg"Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic"(1944–1991)Location of Armenia (red) within the Soviet UnionStatusSemi-independent state (1920–1922)Part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936)Union republic (1936–1991)De facto independent state (1990–1991)Capitaland largest cityYerevanOfficial languagesArmenian (state language)Russian (official)Religion Secular state (de jure)State atheism (de facto)Armenian Apostolic (majority)Demonym(s)ArmenianSovietGovernment 1920–1990:Unitary Marxist-Leninist single-party Soviet socialist republic 1990–1991:Unitary multi-party parliamentary republic Nov–Dec. 1991:Unitary multi-party semi-presidential republic First Secretary • 1920–1921 (first) Gevork Alikhanyan• 1990 (last) Vladimir Movsisyan Head of state • 1920–1921 (first) Sarkis Kasyan• 1990–1991 (last) Levon Ter-Petrosyan Head of government • 1921–1922 (first) Alexander Miasnikian• 1991 (last) Gagik Harutyunyan LegislatureSupreme SovietHistory • Republic proclaimed 2 December 1920• Becomes part of the Transcaucasian SFSR 30 December 1922• Re-established 5 December 1936• First Nagorno-Karabakh War 20 February 1988• Independence declared, Renamed Republic of Armenia 23 August 1990• Independence referendum 21 September 1991• Independence recognized 26 December 1991• Soviet government abolished 5 July 1995 HDI (1991)0.648mediumCurrencySoviet ruble (Rbl) (SUR)Calling code+7 885 Preceded by Succeeded by First Republic of Armenia Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic Republic of Mountainous Armenia Armenia Today part ofArmenia Part of a series on the History of Armenia Coat of Arms of Armenia Prehistory Shulaveri–Shomu culture Kura–Araxes culture Legend of Hayk Trialeti–Vanadzor culture Armani Lchashen–Metsamor culture Hayasa-Azzi Arme–Shupria Mushki Urumu Nairi Confederation Urartu (Kingdom of Van) Etiuni Antiquity Satrapy of Armenia Armenia Minor Kingdom of Armenia Armenian Empire Roman Armenia Christianization of Armenia Kingdom of Sophene Commagene Byzantine Armenia Sasanian Armenia Muslim conquest of Armenia Middle Ages Emirate of Armenia Principality of Hamamshen Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Vaspurakan Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget Kingdom of Syunik Kingdom of Artsakh Zakarid Armenia Principality of Khachen Mongol Armenia Kingdom of Cilicia Early modern age Iranian Armenia Five Melikdoms Ottoman Armenia Russian Armenia Armenian Oblast Armenian question Armenian genocide Western Armenia National movement Modern age First Republic of Armenia Armenian S.S.R. Republic of Mountainous Armenia Contemporary Armenia Republic of Artsakh Timeline • Origins • Etymologyvte The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Armenia, or simply Armenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union, located in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Soviet Armenia bordered the Soviet Republics of Azerbaijan and Georgia and the independent states of Iran and Turkey. The capital of the republic was Yerevan and it contained thirty-seven districts (raions). Other major cities in the ArmSSR included Leninakan, Kirovakan, Hrazdan, Etchmiadzin, and Kapan. The republic was governed by Communist Party of Armenia, a branch of the main Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Soviet Armenia was established on 2 December 1920, with the Sovietization of the short-lived First Republic of Armenia. Consequently, historians often refer to it as the Second Republic of Armenia. It became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR, along with neighboring Georgia and Azerbaijan, which comprised one of the four founding republics of the USSR. When the TSFSR was dissolved in 1936, Armenia became a full republic of the Soviet Union. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia initially experienced stabilization under the administration of Alexander Miasnikian during Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP). During its seventy-one year history, the republic was transformed from a largely agricultural hinterland to an important industrial production center, while its population almost quadrupled from around 880,000 in 1926 to 3.3 million in 1989 due to natural growth and large-scale influx of Armenian genocide survivors and their descendants. Soviet Armenia suffered during the Great Purge of Joseph Stalin, but contributed significantly to the Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War of World War II. After the death of Stalin, Armenia experienced a new period of liberalization during the Khrushchev Thaw. Following the Brezhnev era, Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika led to the rise of the Karabakh movement. The republic declared "state sovereignty" on 23 August 1990, boycotted the March 1991 referendum on the New Union Treaty, and on 21 September 1991 held a successful independence referendum. It was recognized on 26 December 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, although the republic's 1978 Soviet constitution remained in effect with major amendments until 5 July 1995, when the new Armenian constitution was adopted via referendum. Formal name Main article: Name of Armenia Following the Sovietization of Armenia, the republic became officially known as the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia. After the dissolution of the TSFSR in 1936, the name was changed to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was used until 1991. In Armenian, the official name was initially "Socʼialistakan Xorhrdayin Hayastani Hanrapetutʼyun". From 1936, the official name became "Hayastani Socʼialistakan Xorhrdayin Hanrapetutʼyun". The form of "Hayastani" was replaced by "Haykakan", as well as words "Soviet" and "socialist" were swapped the position, which making the name was changed to "Haykakan Xorhrdayin Socʼialistakan Hanrapetutʼyun". In 1940, the direct borrowing translations of "Soviet" and "republic" replaced native Armenian words, adjusting the name to "Haykakan Sovetakan Socʼialistakan Respublika". In the 1960s, the native word for "republic" was restored.. History Main article: History of Armenia Sovietization Main article: First Republic of Armenia Prior to Soviet rule, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF, Dashnaksutiun) had governed the First Republic of Armenia. The Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia was founded in 1920. Diaspora Armenians were divided about this; supporters of the nationalist Dashnaksutiun did not support the Soviet state, while supporters of the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) were more positive about the newly founded Soviet state. From 1828, with the Treaty of Turkmenchay to the October Revolution in 1917, Eastern Armenia had been part of the Russian Empire and partly confined to the borders of the Erivan Governorate. After the October Revolution, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin's government announced that minorities in the empire could pursue a course of self-determination. Following the collapse of the empire, in May 1918, Armenia, and its neighbors Azerbaijan and Georgia, declared their independence from Russian rule and each established their respective republics. After the near-annihilation of the Armenians during the Armenian genocide and the subsequent Turkish-Armenian War, the historic Armenian area in the Ottoman Empire was overrun with despair and devastation. A number of Armenians joined the advancing 11th Soviet Red Army. Afterwards, in the treaties of Moscow and Kars, Turkey renounced its claims to Batumi to Georgia in exchange for Kars, Ardahan, and Surmalu, including the medieval Armenian capital Ani and the cultural icon of the Armenian people, Mount Ararat. Additionally, despite opposition from Armenian Bolshevik revolutionary Alexander Miasnikian, the Soviet government granted Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan to Soviet Azerbaijan, as they did not have direct control over those areas at the time and were primarily concerned with restoring regional stability. New Economic Policy (NEP) From 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936, Armenia was a part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) together with Soviet Georgia and Soviet Azerbaijan. The policies of the first Soviet Armenian government, the Revolutionary Committee (Revkom), headed by young, inexperienced, and militant communists such as Sarkis Kasyan and Avis Nurijanian, were implemented in a highhanded manner and did not take into consideration the poor conditions of the republic and the general weariness of the people after years of conflict and civil strife. As the Soviet Armenian historian Bagrat Borian, who was to later perish during Stalin's purges, wrote in 1929: The Revolutionary Committee started a series of indiscriminate seizures and confiscations, without regard to class, and without taking into account the general economic and psychological state of the peasantry. Devoid of revolutionary planning, and executed with needless brutality, these confiscations were unorganized and promiscuous. Unattended by disciplinary machinery, without preliminary propaganda or enlightenment, and with utter disregard of the country's unusually distressing condition, the Revolutionary Committee issued its orders nationalizing food supply of the cities and peasantry. With amazing recklessness and unconcern, they seized and nationalized everything – military uniforms, artisan tools, rice mills, water mills, barbers' implements, beehives, linen, household furniture, and livestock. Such was the degree and scale of the requisitioning and terror imposed by the local Cheka that in February 1921 the Armenians, led by former leaders of the republic, rose up in revolt and briefly unseated the communists in Yerevan. The Red Army, which was campaigning in Georgia at the time, returned to suppress the revolt and drove its leaders out of Armenia. Convinced that these heavy-handed tactics were the source of the alienation of the native population to Soviet rule, in 1921, Lenin appointed Miasnikian, an experienced administrator, to carry out a more moderate policy and one better attuned to Armenian national sensibilities. With the introduction of the New Economic Policy (NEP), Armenians began to enjoy a period of relative stability. Life under Soviet rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent years of the First Republic. Alexander Tamanian began to realize his city plan for Yerevan and the population received medicine, food, as well as other provisions from Moscow. Prior to his debilitating illness, Lenin encouraged the policy of korenizatsiya or "nativization" in the republics which essentially called for the different nationalities of the Soviet Union to "administer their republics", establishing native-language schools, newspapers, and theaters. In Armenia, the Soviet government directed all illiterate citizens up to the age of fifty to attend school and learn to read Armenian, which became the official language of the republic. Throughout the Soviet era, the number of Armenian-language newspapers (Sovetakan Hayastan), magazines (Garun), and journals (Sovetakan Grakanutyun, Patma-Banasirakan Handes) grew. A Kurdish newspaper, Riya Teze (The New Path), was established in Armenia in 1930. An institute for culture and history was created in 1921 in Ejmiatsin, the Yerevan Opera Theater and a dramatic theater in Yerevan were built and established in the 1920s and 1930s, and popular works in the fields of art and literature were produced by Martiros Saryan, Avetik Isahakian, and Yeghishe Charents, who all adhered to the socialist dictum of creating works "national in form, socialist in content." Armenkino released the first Armenian feature film, Namus (Honor) in 1925 and the first Kurdish film, Zare, in 1926. Both were directed by Hamo Bek-Nazaryan, who would later direct the first Armenian sound film Pepo, released in 1935. Stalinism and the Great Purge See also: Armenian victims of the Great Purge First Secretary Aghasi Khanjian, a native of Van, was killed in 1936 by Lavrentiy Beria The situation in Armenia and the USSR significantly changed after the death of Lenin and the rise of Joseph Stalin to Soviet leader. In the Caucasus, Stalin's ally in Georgia, Lavrentiy Beria, sought to consolidate his control over the region, resulting in a political struggle with Armenian First Secretary Aghasi Khanjian. The struggle culminated in Khanjian's assassination by Beria in Tiflis (Tbilisi) on 9 July 1936, beginning the Great Purge in Armenia. At first, Beria framed Khanjian's death as "suicide", but soon condemned him for abetting "rabid nationalist elements". After Khanjian's death, Beria promoted his loyalists in Armenia, Amatuni Amatuni as Armenian First Secretary and Khachik Mughdusi as chief of the Armenian NKVD. Under the command of Beria's allies, the campaign against "enemies" intensified. Expressions of "nationalism" were suspect and many leading Armenian writers, artists, scientists, and intellectuals were executed or imprisoned, including Charents, Axel Bakunts, Gurgen Mahari, Nersik Stepanyan, and others. According to Amatuni in a June 1937 letter to Stalin, 1,365 people were arrested in the ten months after the death of Khanjian, among them 900 "Dashnak-Trotskyists". The arrest and death of Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan in August 1937 was a turning point in the repressions. When being interrogated by Mughdusi, Ter-Gabrielyan "either jumped or was thrown from" the window of the NKVD building in Yerevan. Stalin was angered that Mughdusi and Amatuni neglected to inform him about the incident. In response, in September 1937, he sent Georgy Malenkov, Mikhail Litvin, and later Anastas Mikoyan to oversee a purge of the Communist Party of Armenia. During his trip to Armenia, Mikoyan tried, but failed, to save one individual (Daniel "Danush" Shahverdyan) from being executed. More than a thousand people were arrested and seven of nine members of the Armenian Politburo were sacked from office. The trip also resulted in the appointment of a new Armenian Party leadership, headed by Grigory Arutinov, who was approved by Beria. The Armenian Apostolic Church was not spared from the repressions. Soviet attacks against the Church under Stalin were known since 1929, but momentarily eased to improve the Soviet Union's relations with the Armenian diaspora. In 1932, Khoren I became Catholicos of All Armenians and assumed the leadership of the church. However, in the late 1930s, the Armenian NKVD, led by Mughdusi and his successor, Viktor Khvorostyan, renewed the attacks against the Church. These attacks culminated in the 1938 murder of Khoren and the closing of the Catholicate of Ejmiatsin, an act for which Beria is usually held responsible. However, the Church survived and was later revived when Stalin eased restrictions on religion at the end of World War II. In addition to the repression of the Church, tens of thousands of Armenians were executed or deported, as with various other ethnic minorities living in the Soviet Union under Stalin. In 1936, Beria and Stalin worked to deport Armenians to Siberia in an attempt to bring Armenia's population under 700,000 in order to justify an annexation into Georgia. Great Patriotic War Soviet Armenian Marshals and Admiral of World War II on stamps: Bagramyan, Isakov, Babadzhanian, Khudyakov Armenia was spared the devastation and destruction that wrought most of the western Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War of World War II. The Wehrmacht never reached the South Caucasus, which they intended to do in order to capture the oil fields in Azerbaijan. Still, Armenia played a valuable role in the war in providing food, manpower and war material. An estimated 300–500,000 Armenians served in the war, almost half of whom did not return. Many attained the highest honor of Hero of the Soviet Union. Over sixty Armenians were promoted to the rank of general, and with an additional four eventually achieving the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union: Ivan Bagramyan (the first non-Slavic commander to hold the position of front commander when he was assigned to be the commander of the First Baltic Front in 1943), Admiral Ivan Isakov, Hamazasp Babadzhanian, and Sergei Khudyakov. Another prominent wartime figure was Artem Mikoyan, the younger brother of Anastas and the designer and co-founder of the Soviet MiG fighter jet company. In an effort to shore up popular support for the war effort, the Soviet government allowed certain expressions of nationalism with the publication of Armenian novels such as Derenik Demirchian's Vardanank, the production of films like David Bek (1944), and the easing of restrictions placed against the Church. Stalin temporarily relaxed his attacks on religion during the war. This led to the election of bishop Gevorg in 1945 as new Catholicos Gevorg VI. He was subsequently allowed to reside in Ejmiatsin. At the end of the war, after Germany's capitulation, the Soviet government attempted to annul the Treaty of Kars, allowing it to regain the provinces of Kars, Ardahan, Artvin, and Surmalu. On 7 June 1945, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed the Turkish ambassador in Moscow that the disputed provinces should be returned to Soviet Union in the name of both the Armenian and Georgian Soviet Republics. Turkey itself was in no condition to fight a war with the Soviet Union, which had emerged as a superpower after the Second World War. The Soviet territorial claims were supported by the Armenian Catholicos and by all shades of the Armenian diaspora, including the anti-Soviet Dashnaksutiun. However, with the onset of the Cold War, especially the Truman Doctrine in 1947, Turkey strengthened its ties with the West. The Soviet Union relinquished its claims over the lost territories, and Ankara joined the anti-Soviet NATO military alliance in 1952. Armenian immigration Monument to the 50th anniversary of Soviet Armenia With the republic suffering heavy losses after the war, Stalin allowed an open immigration policy in Armenia; the diaspora were invited to repatriate to Armenia (nergaght) and revitalize the country's population and bolster its workforce. Armenians living in countries such as Cyprus, France, Greece, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria were primarily the survivors or the descendants of the genocide. They were offered the option of having their expenses paid by the Soviet government for their trip back to their homeland. An estimated 150,000 Armenians immigrated to Soviet Armenia between 1946 and 1948 and settled in Yerevan, Leninakan, Kirovakan and other towns. Lured by numerous incentives such as food coupons, better housing and other benefits, they were received coldly by the Armenians living in the Republic upon their arrival. The repatriates spoke the Western Armenian dialect, instead of the Eastern Armenian spoken in Soviet Armenia. They were often addressed as aghbars ("brothers") by Armenians living in the republic, due to their different pronunciation of the word. Although initially used in humor, the word went on to carry on a more pejorative connotation. Their treatment by the Soviet government was not much better. A number of Armenian immigrants in 1946 had their belongings confiscated upon arrival at Odessa's port, as they had taken with them everything they had, including clothes and jewelry. This was the first disappointment experienced by Armenians; however, as there was no possibility of return the Armenians were forced to continue their journey to Armenia. Many of the immigrants were targeted by Soviet intelligence agencies and the Ministry of Interior for real or perceived ties to Armenian nationalist organizations, and were later sent to labor camps in Siberia and elsewhere, where they would not be released until after Stalin's death. Thousands of Armenians were forcibly exiled to the Altai Krai in 1949. Many were repatriated Armenians who had arrived from the Armenian diaspora, but who were suspected of being Dashnak party members. Khrushchev Thaw Following the power struggle after Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the country's new leader. In his "secret speech" "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences" that he delivered before the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party in 1956, Khrushchev sharply denounced Stalin and his crimes. During the subsequent Khrushchev Thaw, the Soviet leadership largely loosened political restrictions and put more resources into housing and consumer goods. Almost immediately, Armenia underwent a cultural and economic rebirth. Religious freedom, to a limited degree, was granted to Armenia when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. One of Khrushchev's advisers and close friends, Armenian Politburo member Anastas Mikoyan, urged Armenians to reaffirm their national identity. In March 1954, two years before Khrushchev denounced Stalin, Mikoyan gave a speech in Yerevan where he encouraged the republication of Raffi and Raphael Patkanian, the rehabilitation of Charents, and the revival of the memory of Miasnikian. Behind the scenes, he assisted Soviet Armenian leaders in the rehabilitation of former "enemies" in the republic. The massive statue of Stalin that towered over Yerevan was pulled down from its pedestal by troops literally overnight in 1962 and replaced in 1967 with that of Mother Armenia. Contacts between Armenia and the Diaspora were revived, and Armenians from abroad began to visit the republic more frequently. The Matenadaran, a facility to house ancient and medieval manuscripts was erected in 1959, and important historical studies were prepared by a new cadre of Soviet-trained scholars. Mikoyan was not the only Armenian figure who rose to prominence during this era. Other famed Soviet Armenians included composers Aram Khachaturian, Arno Babajanian, Konstantin Orbelyan, and Tigran Mansurian; scientists Viktor Hambardzumyan and Artem Alikhanyan; actors Armen Dzhigarkhanyan and Frunzik Mkrtchyan; filmmakers Frunze Dovlatyan, Henrik Malyan, Sergei Parajanov, and Artavazd Peleshyan; artists Minas Avetisyan, Yervand Kochar, Hakob Kojoyan, and Tereza Mirzoyan; singers Georgi Minasyan, Raisa Mkrtchyan, and Ruben Matevosyan; and writers Silva Kaputikyan, Sero Khanzadyan, Hrant Matevosyan, Paruyr Sevak, and Hovhannes Shiraz, among many others. Brezhnev era Yerevan Youth Palace After Leonid Brezhnev assumed power in 1964, many of Khrushchev's reforms were curtailed. However, although the Soviet state remained ever wary of the resurgence of Armenian nationalism, it did not impose the sort of restrictions as were seen during Stalin's time. On 24 April 1965, thousands of Armenians demonstrated in the streets of Yerevan during the fiftieth anniversary of the Armenian genocide. In the aftermath of these demonstrations, the memorial in honor of the victims of the genocide was completed at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan in 1967. Monuments in honor of other important events in Armenian history, such as that commemorating the Sardarapat and Bash Abaran, were also permitted to be erected, as was the sculpting of the statues of popular Armenian figures like the fifth-century military commander Vardan Mamikonian and the folk hero David of Sassoun. The Brezhnev era also saw the rise of the shadow economy and corruption. Materials allocated for the building of new homes, such as cement and concrete, were diverted for other uses. Bribery and a lack of oversight saw the construction of shoddily built and weakly supported apartment buildings. The impact of such developments was to be demonstrated several years later in the catastrophic earthquake that hit Spitak. When the earthquake hit on the morning of 7 December 1988, the houses and apartments least able to resist collapse were those built during the Brezhnev years. Ironically, the older the dwellings, the better they withstood the quake. Armenian First Secretary Karen Demirchyan assumed office with a mandate to combat these abuses. Glasnost and perestroika Main article: Karabakh movement Armenians demonstrating for the unification of the republic with Nagorno-Karabakh at Opera Square in Yerevan in the summer of 1988 Mikhail Gorbachev's introduction of the reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s fueled Armenian visions of a better life under Soviet rule. Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh, which was promised to Armenia by the Bolsheviks but transferred to Soviet Azerbaijan, began a movement to unite the area with Armenia. The majority Armenian population expressed concern about the forced "Azerification" of the region. On February 20, 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast voted to unify with Armenia. Demonstrations took place in Yerevan in support of the Karabakh Armenians, and grew into what became known as the Karabakh movement. By the beginning of 1988, nearly one million Armenians from several regions of the republic engaged in these demonstrations, centered on Yerevan's Theater Square (currently Freedom Square). However, in neighboring Azerbaijan, violence against Armenians erupted in the city of Sumgait. Ethnic rioting soon broke out between Armenians and Azeris, preventing any peaceful resolution from taking place. Armenians became increasingly disillusioned with the Kremlin's response toward the issue. Gorbachev, who had until then been viewed favorably in Armenia, saw his standing among Armenians deteriorate significantly. Tension between the central government in Moscow and the local government in Yerevan heightened in the final years of the Soviet Union. The reasons largely stemmed from Moscow's perceived indecision on Karabakh, ongoing difficulties with earthquake relief, and the shortcomings of the Soviet economy. On August 23, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR adopted the Declaration of Independence of Armenia, declaring the Republic of Armenia to be a subject of international law. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the Baltics, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted the union-wide referendum in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form. Armenia confirmed its independence in a referendum on 21 September 1991 after the unsuccessful coup attempt in Moscow by the CPSU hardliners. The republic's independence became official with the Belovezh Accords and the formal dissolution of the Soviet state on December 26, 1991, making Armenia a sovereign independent state on the international stage. The constitution of the Armenian SSR of 1978 remained in effect until July 5, 1995, when the Constitution of Armenia was adopted. Politics The administrative divisions of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic Government Main article: Politics of the Soviet Union The structure of government in the Armenian SSR was identical to that of the other Soviet republics. The First Secretary was the administrative head of the republic, and the head of government was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. The republic's legislative body was the Armenian Supreme Soviet, which included the highest judicial branch of the republic, the supreme court. Members of the Supreme Soviet served for a term of five years, whereas regional deputies served for two and a half years. All officials holding office were mandated to be members of the Communist Party and sessions were convened in the Supreme Soviet building in Yerevan. The administrative divisions of the Armenian SSR from 1930 consisted of up 37 raions and 22 city districts. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, these were abolished in 1995 and replaced by larger marzer ("provinces"). Depending on the historical period, Soviet authorities would variously tolerate, co-opt, undermine, or sometimes even attempt to eliminate certain currents within Armenian society, such as nationalism and religion, to strengthen the cohesiveness of the Union. In the eyes of early Soviet policymakers, Armenians, along with Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Georgians, Germans, and Jews were deemed "advanced" (as opposed to "backward") peoples, and were grouped together with Western nationalities. The Caucasus and particularly Armenia were recognized by academic scholars and in Soviet textbooks as the "oldest civilisation on the territory" of the Soviet Union. Lenin Square (Now Republic Square) was the main square of Yerevan from 1926 to 1991 Like all the other republics of the Soviet Union, Armenia had its own flag and coat of arms. According to Nikita Khrushchev, the latter became a source of dispute between the Soviet Union and Turkey in the 1950s, when Ankara objected to the inclusion of Mount Ararat, which holds a deep symbolic importance for Armenians but is located on Turkish territory, in the coat of arms. Turkey felt that the presence of such an image implied Soviet designs on Turkish territory. Khrushchev retorted by asking, "Why do you have a moon depicted on your flag? After all, the moon doesn't belong to Turkey, not even half the moon. Do you want to take over the whole universe?" Turkey dropped the issue after this. Participation in international organizations The Armenian SSR, as a Soviet republic, was internationally recognized by the United Nations as part of the Soviet Union but it had Norair Sisakian as President of the 21st session of the UNESCO General Conference in 1964. The Soviet Union was also a member of Comecon, Warsaw Pact and the International Olympic Committee. Military forces The military forces of the Armenian SSR were provided by the Soviet Army's 7th Guards Combined Arms Army of the Transcaucasian Military District. It was organized into the following: HQ of the 7th Guards Combined Arms Army - Yerevan 15th Motor Rifle Division, Kirovakan 127th Motor Rifle Division, Leninakan (today the Russian 102nd Military Base) 164th Motor Rifle Division, Yerevan 7th Fortified Area, Leninakan 9th Fortified Area, Ejmiatsin Economy Main article: Economy of the Soviet Union Under the Soviet system, the centralized economy of the republic banned private ownership of income-producing property. Beginning in the late 1920s, privately owned farms in Armenia were collectivized and placed under the directive of the state, although this was often met with active resistance by the peasantry. During the same time (1929–1936), the government also began the process of industrialization in Armenia. The Republic's economic foundation is the socialist system of economy and the socialist ownership of the means of production, which has two forms: state property and cooperative and collective-farm property. In addition to the socialist system of economy, which is the predominant form of economy in the Republic, the law permits small private undertakings of individual peasants and handicraftsmen based on their own labor and precluding exploitation of the labor of others. The economic life of the Republic is determined and guided by the state economic plan. By 1935, the gross product of agriculture was 132% of that of 1928 and the gross product of industry was 650% to that of 1928. The economic revolution of the 1930s, however, came at a great cost: it broke up the traditional peasant family and village institution and forced many living in the rural countryside to settle in urban areas. Private enterprise came to a virtual end as it was effectively brought under government control. Culture See also: Culture of the Soviet Union and Public holidays in the Soviet Union The History Museum of Armenia in Yerevan Literature Lazare Indjeyan's Les Années volées and Armand Maloumian's Les Fils du Goulag are two repatriate narratives about being incarcerated and eventual escape from gulags. Many other repatriate narratives explore family memories of the genocide and the decision to resettle in the Soviet Union. Some writers compare the 1949 Soviet deportations to Central Asia and Siberia with earlier Ottoman deportations. Notes ^ Armenian SSR; Armenian: Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Ռեսպուբլիկա, romanized: Haykakan Sovetakan Soc'ialistakan Respublika; Russian: Армянская Советская Социалистическая Республика, romanized: Armyanskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika) ^ Armenian: Սովետական Հայաստան, romanized: Sovetakan Hayastan; Russian: Советская Армения, romanized: Sovetskaya Armeniya ^ Standard pronunciation is in Eastern Armenian (). Western Armenian: . ^ /ɑːrˈmiːniə/ ⓘ; Armenian: Հայաստան, romanized: Hayastan, IPA: ; Russian: Армения, romanized: Armeniya, IPA: References ^ On 4 August 1990, article 6 on the monopoly of the Communist Party of Armenia on power was excluded from the Constitution of the Armenian SSR ^ "Armenia." Dictionary.com Unabridged. 2015. ^ Bournoutian, George A. (2006). A Concise History of the Armenian People (5 ed.). Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers. p. 317. ISBN 1-56859-141-1. ^ Конституция СССР (1936) Глава II. Государственное устройство (ст. 13).. Archived from the original on 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2020-03-21. ^ a b c Jo Laycock (2016). "Survivor or Soviet Stories? Repatriate Narratives in Armenian Histories, Memories and Identities" (PDF). History and Memory. 28 (2): 123–151. doi:10.2979/histmemo.28.2.0123. ISSN 0935-560X. JSTOR 10.2979/histmemo.28.2.0123. S2CID 159467141. ^ The full history of the Armenian republic is covered by Richard G. Hovannisian, Republic of Armenia. 4 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971-1996. ^ Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 74–76, 79. ISBN 978-0300153088. ^ Saparov, Arsène (March 2012). "Why Autonomy? The Making of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region 1918-1925". Europe-Asia Studies. 64 (2): 281–323. doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.642583. S2CID 154783461. Retrieved 30 December 2020. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor. Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993, p. 139. ^ Quoted in Ronald Grigor Suny. "Soviet Armenia", in The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, p. 350. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. Republic of Armenia, vol. 4: Between Crescent and Sickle, Partition and Sovietization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 405-07. ^ Suny, "Soviet Armenia", pp. 355-57. ^ Matossian, Mary Kilbourne (1962). The Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 80. ^ Martin, Terry (2001). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. New York: Cornell University, pp. 10-13. ISBN 0-8014-8677-7. ^ a b Suny, "Soviet Armenia", pp. 356-57. ^ a b Barseghyan, Artak R. (July 9, 2021). "Кто убил Агаси Ханджяна?" . armradio.am (in Russian). Public Radio of Armenia. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021. ^ a b c d e Shakarian, Pietro A. (November 12, 2021). "Yerevan 1954: Anastas Mikoyan and Nationality Reform in the Thaw, 1954–1964". Peripheral Histories. Retrieved December 12, 2021. ^ Melkonian, Eduard (1 December 2010). "Repressions in 1930s Soviet Armenia" (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest. p. 8. Retrieved 12 December 2021. ^ Tucker, Robert (1992). Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 488–489. ISBN 0-393-30869-3. ^ Mirzoyan, Gamlet (March 2009). "Советские правители Армении: ЭСКИЗ седьмой - Арутюнян (Арутинов) Г.А." . noev-kovcheg.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2014-11-16. Retrieved 12 December 2021. ^ a b Matossian. Impact of Soviet Policies, p. 80. ^ Hayrapetyan, Kanakara (2018). "Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոս Խորէն Ա. Մուրադբեկյանի մահվան առեղծվածի վերլուծությունը պատմագիտության մեջ ". Ejmiatsin (in Armenian). 75 (7): 145. ^ Bauer-Manndorff, Elisabeth (1981). Armenia: Past and Present. New York: Armenian Prelacy, p. 178. ^ Walker, Christopher J. (1980). Armenia The Survival of a Nation, 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. . ISBN 978-0-7099-0210-2. ^ (in Armenian) Harutyunyan, Kliment. Hay zhoghovrdi masnaktsutyune Erkrord Hamashkharhayin Paterazmin (1939-1945 թթ.) (Yerevan: Hrazdan, 2001). ^ a b (in Armenian) Khudaverdian, Konstantin. s.v. "Sovetakan Miutyan Hayrenakan Mets Paterazm, 1941-1945" . Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 10, pp. 542-547. ^ Panossian, Razmik (2006). The Armenians: From Kings And Priests to Merchants And Commissars. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. . ISBN 978-0-231-13926-7. ^ Matossian. Impact of Soviet Policies, pp. 194-195. ^ Corley, Felix. "The Armenian Church under the Soviet Regime, Part 1: The Leadership of Kevork", Religion, State and Society 24 (1996): pp. 9-53. ^ a b c Suny, Looking Toward Ararat, pp. 165–169. ^ Krikorian, Robert O. "Kars-Ardahan and Soviet Armenian Irredentism, 1945-1946", in Armenian Kars and Ani, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2011, pp. 393-410. ^ Dekmejian, R. Hrair, "The Armenian Diaspora", in The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, pp. 416-417. ^ Yousefian, Sevan, "The Postwar Repatriation Movement of Armenians to Soviet Armenia, 1945-1948", Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 2011. ^ Maike Lehmann, "A Different Kind of Brothers: Exclusion and Partial Integration after Repatriation to a Soviet 'Homeland'", Ab Imperio 3 (2012): pp. 171-211. ^ Yalanuzyan, Mikael (31 August 2021). "Exile to Siberia". EVN Report. Retrieved 12 December 2021. ^ Polian, Pavel Markovich (2004). Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR. Translated by Anna Yastrzhembska. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 333. ISBN 9789639241688. ^ On the transition from Stalin to Khrushchev as it affected Armenia, consult (in Armenian) Amatuni Virabyan, Hayastane Stalinits minchev Khrushchev: Hasarakakan-kaghakakan kyanke 1945-1957 tt. (Yerevan: Gitutyun Publishing, 2001). ^ a b Panossian. The Armenians, p. 349. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1983). Armenia in the Twentieth Century. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, pp. 72-73. ^ Maike Lehmann, "Apricot Socialism: The National Past, the Soviet Project, and the Imagining of Community in Late Soviet Armenia", Slavic Review 1 (Spring 2015): pp. 9-31. ^ Verluise, Pierre and Levon Chorbajian (1995). Armenia in Crisis: the 1988 Earthquake. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ^ On Karabakh, see Cheterian, Vicken (2009). War and Peace in the Caucasus: Russia's Troubled Frontier. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 87–154. ISBN 978-0-231-70064-1. ^ Kaufman, Stuart (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. New York: Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-8014-8736-1. ^ Malkasian, Mark (1996). Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia. Wayne State University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-8143-2605-6. ^ Tonoyan, Artyom (2021). "Introduction". Black Garden Aflame: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict in the Soviet and Russian Press. Minneapolis: East View Press. pp. xx–xxi. ISBN 978-1879944558. ^ See Ohannes Geukjian, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy (London: Routledge, 2016). ^ Krikorian, Robert O. and Joseph R. Masih. Armenia: At the Crossroads. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999, pp. 19-20. ^ Декларация о независимости Армении ^ "Legislation: National Assembly of RA". www.parliament.am. ^ "Baltic states, Armenia, Georgia, and Moldova boycott USSR referendum". Archived from the original on November 16, 2005. Retrieved 2007-02-06. ^ Маркедонов Сергей Самоопределение по ленинским принципам ^ Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, p. 23. ^ Panossian. The Armenians, pp. 288-89. ^ Khrushchev, Nikita, Sergei Khrushchev (ed.) Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953-1964. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press, pp. 467-68. ISBN 0-271-02935-8. ^ Khrushchev. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, p. 468. ^ Holm, Michael. "7th Guards Combined Arms Army". www.ww2.dk. Retrieved 2016-02-14. ^ Holm, Michael. "91st Motorised Rifle Division". www.ww2.dk. Retrieved 2016-02-14. ^ USSR Armenia. Moscow: Press Agency Publishing House MOSCOW. p. 1967. ^ Matossian. Impact of Soviet Policies, pp. 99-116. Further reading (in Armenian) Aghayan, Tsatur., et al. (eds.), Հայ Ժողովրդի Պատմություն , vols. 7 and 8. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1967, 1970. (in Armenian) Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1974–1987, 12 volumes. Aslanyan, A. A. et al. Soviet Armenia. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971. (in Armenian) Geghamyan, Gurgen M. Սոցիալ-տնտեսական փոփոխությունները Հայաստանում ՆԵՊ-ի տարիներին (1921-1936) . Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1978. Matossian, Mary Kilbourne. The Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1962. Miller, Donald E. and Lorna Touryan Miller, Armenia: Portraits of Survival and Hope. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. Shaginian , Marietta S. Journey through Soviet Armenia. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954. Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Soviet Armenia", in The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. (in Armenian) Virabyan, Amatuni. Հայաստանը Ստալինից մինչև Խրուշչով: Հասարակական-քաղաքական կյանքը 1945-1957 թթ. Yerevan: Gitutyun Publishing, 2001. Walker, Christopher J. Armenia: The Survival of a Nation. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1990. Yeghenian, Aghavnie Y. The Red Flag at Ararat. New York: The Womans Press, 1932. Republished by the Gomidas Institute in London, 2013. External links Look up armenian soviet socialist republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Armenia: big strides in an ancient land by Anton Kochinyan vteRepublics of the Soviet Union (1922–1991)PrincipalFounders Armenian SSR Azerbaijan SSR Byelorussian SSR Georgian SSR Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Former parts of the Russian SFSR Tajik SSR Turkmen SSR Kazakh SSR Kirghiz SSR Uzbek SSR Annexed in 1940 Estonian SSR Latvian SSR Lithuanian SSR Moldavian SSR Short-lived Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936) Non-union republics SSR Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1924) Khorezm SSR (1920–1924) Abkhaz ASSR (1990–1991) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991) vteArmenia articlesHistory (timeline)Early Origins Name Shulaveri–Shomu culture Kura–Araxes culture Hayk Hayasa-Azzi Mitanni Nairi Mushki Urumeans Diauehi Etiuni Kingdom of Urartu Median kingdom Orontid dynasty Achaemenid Empire Satrapy of Armenia Kingdom of Armenia Roman Armenia Parthian Empire Byzantine Armenia Sasanian Armenia Middle Arminiya Sajids Bagratuni Armenia Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Sallarids Ilkhanate Chobanids Aq Qoyunlu Kara Koyunlu Ottoman Armenia 1508–1828 Iranian Armenia Safavid Iran Afsharid Iran Qajar Iran Erivan Khanate Karabakh Khanate Treaty of Turkmenchay Russian Armenia Modern First Republic of Armenia Soviet Armenia Independent Armenia By topic Armenian genocide Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Armenian national movement more... Geography Ararat Plain Armenian highlands Cities Climate Earthquakes Extreme points Lake Sevan Mountains Municipalities Rivers Lakes Shikahogh State Reserve Shirak Plain more... Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Corruption Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT rights Judiciary Military National Assembly National Security Service Police Political parties President Prime Minister President of the National Assembly more on government on politics Economy Agriculture AMX (stock exchange) Central Bank Central Depository Dram (currency) Energy Mining Pension reform Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Waste management Transport South Caucasus Railway Culture Alphabet Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine (wine) Dance Language Eastern Western Literature Music Sport Theatre more... Demographics Census Crime Education Ethnic minorities Health People diaspora Social issues Women more... 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"constituent republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Soviet Republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Leninakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyumri"},{"link_name":"Kirovakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadzor"},{"link_name":"Hrazdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrazdan"},{"link_name":"Etchmiadzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagharshapat"},{"link_name":"Kapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapan"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Armenia_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Sovietization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"First Republic of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic"},{"link_name":"founding republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics"},{"link_name":"Alexander Miasnikian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Miasnikian"},{"link_name":"Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"New Economic Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Economic_Policy"},{"link_name":"hinterland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinterland"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide survivors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide_survivors"},{"link_name":"Great Purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_victims_of_the_Great_Purge"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"death of Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Khrushchev Thaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw"},{"link_name":"Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"glasnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost"},{"link_name":"perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika"},{"link_name":"Karabakh movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_movement"},{"link_name":"state sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"March 1991 referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum"},{"link_name":"New Union Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Union_Treaty"},{"link_name":"independence referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Armenian constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Armenian_constitutional_referendum"}],"text":"Union republic of the Soviet UnionThe Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic,[a] also known as Soviet Armenia,[b] or simply Armenia,[d] was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union, located in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Soviet Armenia bordered the Soviet Republics of Azerbaijan and Georgia and the independent states of Iran and Turkey. The capital of the republic was Yerevan and it contained thirty-seven districts (raions). Other major cities in the ArmSSR included Leninakan, Kirovakan, Hrazdan, Etchmiadzin, and Kapan. The republic was governed by Communist Party of Armenia, a branch of the main Communist Party of the Soviet Union.Soviet Armenia was established on 2 December 1920, with the Sovietization of the short-lived First Republic of Armenia. Consequently, historians often refer to it as the Second Republic of Armenia.[3] It became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR, along with neighboring Georgia and Azerbaijan, which comprised one of the four founding republics of the USSR. When the TSFSR was dissolved in 1936, Armenia became a full republic of the Soviet Union.As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia initially experienced stabilization under the administration of Alexander Miasnikian during Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP). During its seventy-one year history, the republic was transformed from a largely agricultural hinterland to an important industrial production center, while its population almost quadrupled from around 880,000 in 1926 to 3.3 million in 1989 due to natural growth and large-scale influx of Armenian genocide survivors and their descendants.Soviet Armenia suffered during the Great Purge of Joseph Stalin, but contributed significantly to the Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War of World War II. After the death of Stalin, Armenia experienced a new period of liberalization during the Khrushchev Thaw. Following the Brezhnev era, Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika led to the rise of the Karabakh movement. The republic declared \"state sovereignty\" on 23 August 1990, boycotted the March 1991 referendum on the New Union Treaty, and on 21 September 1991 held a successful independence referendum. It was recognized on 26 December 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, although the republic's 1978 Soviet constitution remained in effect with major amendments until 5 July 1995, when the new Armenian constitution was adopted via referendum.","title":"Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Following the Sovietization of Armenia, the republic became officially known as the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia. After the dissolution of the TSFSR in 1936, the name was changed to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was used until 1991.[4]In Armenian, the official name was initially \"Socʼialistakan Xorhrdayin Hayastani Hanrapetutʼyun\". From 1936, the official name became \"Hayastani Socʼialistakan Xorhrdayin Hanrapetutʼyun\". The form of \"Hayastani\" was replaced by \"Haykakan\", as well as words \"Soviet\" and \"socialist\" were swapped the position, which making the name was changed to \"Haykakan Xorhrdayin Socʼialistakan Hanrapetutʼyun\". In 1940, the direct borrowing translations of \"Soviet\" and \"republic\" replaced native Armenian words, adjusting the name to \"Haykakan Sovetakan Socʼialistakan Respublika\". In the 1960s, the native word for \"republic\" was restored.[citation needed].","title":"Formal name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian Revolutionary Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation"},{"link_name":"First Republic of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora"},{"link_name":"Armenian General Benevolent Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_General_Benevolent_Union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laycock-9"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Turkmenchay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Eastern Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Erivan Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erivan_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Turkish-Armenian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish-Armenian_War"},{"link_name":"historic Armenian area in the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Armenia"},{"link_name":"11th Soviet Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Soviet_Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)"},{"link_name":"Kars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars"},{"link_name":"Batumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batumi"},{"link_name":"Kars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ardahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardahan_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Surmalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surmalu_uezd"},{"link_name":"Ani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani_(Armenia)"},{"link_name":"Mount Ararat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ararat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Alexander Miasnikian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Miasnikian"},{"link_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh"},{"link_name":"Nakhichevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhichevan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Soviet Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Sovietization","text":"Prior to Soviet rule, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF, Dashnaksutiun) had governed the First Republic of Armenia. The Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia was founded in 1920. Diaspora Armenians were divided about this; supporters of the nationalist Dashnaksutiun did not support the Soviet state, while supporters of the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) were more positive about the newly founded Soviet state.[5]From 1828, with the Treaty of Turkmenchay to the October Revolution in 1917, Eastern Armenia had been part of the Russian Empire and partly confined to the borders of the Erivan Governorate. After the October Revolution, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin's government announced that minorities in the empire could pursue a course of self-determination. Following the collapse of the empire, in May 1918, Armenia, and its neighbors Azerbaijan and Georgia, declared their independence from Russian rule and each established their respective republics.[6] After the near-annihilation of the Armenians during the Armenian genocide and the subsequent Turkish-Armenian War, the historic Armenian area in the Ottoman Empire was overrun with despair and devastation.A number of Armenians joined the advancing 11th Soviet Red Army. Afterwards, in the treaties of Moscow and Kars, Turkey renounced its claims to Batumi to Georgia in exchange for Kars, Ardahan, and Surmalu, including the medieval Armenian capital Ani and the cultural icon of the Armenian people, Mount Ararat.[7] Additionally, despite opposition from Armenian Bolshevik revolutionary Alexander Miasnikian, the Soviet government granted Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan to Soviet Azerbaijan, as they did not have direct control over those areas at the time and were primarily concerned with restoring regional stability.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transcaucasian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic"},{"link_name":"Soviet Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Soviet Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Revkom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revkom"},{"link_name":"militant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militant"},{"link_name":"Sarkis Kasyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkis_Kasyan"},{"link_name":"Avis Nurijanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis_Nurijanyan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Stalin's purges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Cheka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka"},{"link_name":"rose up in revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"campaigning in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"New Economic Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Economic_Policy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Alexander Tamanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Tamanian"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"korenizatsiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korenizatsiya"},{"link_name":"nativization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativization"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Patma-Banasirakan Handes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patma-Banasirakan_Handes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suny-19"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages"},{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_press"},{"link_name":"Riya Teze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ria_Taza_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Ejmiatsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejmiatsin"},{"link_name":"Yerevan Opera Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_Opera_Theater"},{"link_name":"Martiros Saryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martiros_Saryan"},{"link_name":"Avetik Isahakian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avetik_Isahakian"},{"link_name":"Yeghishe Charents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeghishe_Charents"},{"link_name":"Armenkino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenfilm"},{"link_name":"Namus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namus_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"Zare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zare_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hamo Bek-Nazaryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamo_Beknazarian"},{"link_name":"Pepo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepo_(film)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suny-19"}],"sub_title":"New Economic Policy (NEP)","text":"From 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936, Armenia was a part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) together with Soviet Georgia and Soviet Azerbaijan. The policies of the first Soviet Armenian government, the Revolutionary Committee (Revkom), headed by young, inexperienced, and militant communists such as Sarkis Kasyan and Avis Nurijanian, were implemented in a highhanded manner and did not take into consideration the poor conditions of the republic and the general weariness of the people after years of conflict and civil strife.[9] As the Soviet Armenian historian Bagrat Borian, who was to later perish during Stalin's purges, wrote in 1929:The Revolutionary Committee started a series of indiscriminate seizures and confiscations, without regard to class, and without taking into account the general economic and psychological state of the peasantry. Devoid of revolutionary planning, and executed with needless brutality, these confiscations were unorganized and promiscuous. Unattended by disciplinary machinery, without preliminary propaganda or enlightenment, and with utter disregard of the country's unusually distressing condition, the Revolutionary Committee issued its orders nationalizing food supply of the cities and peasantry. With amazing recklessness and unconcern, they seized and nationalized everything – military uniforms, artisan tools, rice mills, water mills, barbers' implements, beehives, linen, household furniture, and livestock.[10]Such was the degree and scale of the requisitioning and terror imposed by the local Cheka that in February 1921 the Armenians, led by former leaders of the republic, rose up in revolt and briefly unseated the communists in Yerevan. The Red Army, which was campaigning in Georgia at the time, returned to suppress the revolt and drove its leaders out of Armenia.[11]Convinced that these heavy-handed tactics were the source of the alienation of the native population to Soviet rule, in 1921, Lenin appointed Miasnikian, an experienced administrator, to carry out a more moderate policy and one better attuned to Armenian national sensibilities. With the introduction of the New Economic Policy (NEP), Armenians began to enjoy a period of relative stability. Life under Soviet rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent years of the First Republic.[12] Alexander Tamanian began to realize his city plan for Yerevan and the population received medicine, food, as well as other provisions from Moscow.[13]Prior to his debilitating illness, Lenin encouraged the policy of korenizatsiya or \"nativization\" in the republics which essentially called for the different nationalities of the Soviet Union to \"administer their republics\", establishing native-language schools, newspapers, and theaters.[14] In Armenia, the Soviet government directed all illiterate citizens up to the age of fifty to attend school and learn to read Armenian, which became the official language of the republic. Throughout the Soviet era, the number of Armenian-language newspapers (Sovetakan Hayastan), magazines (Garun), and journals (Sovetakan Grakanutyun, Patma-Banasirakan Handes) grew.[15] A Kurdish newspaper, Riya Teze (The New Path), was established in Armenia in 1930.An institute for culture and history was created in 1921 in Ejmiatsin, the Yerevan Opera Theater and a dramatic theater in Yerevan were built and established in the 1920s and 1930s, and popular works in the fields of art and literature were produced by Martiros Saryan, Avetik Isahakian, and Yeghishe Charents, who all adhered to the socialist dictum of creating works \"national in form, socialist in content.\" Armenkino released the first Armenian feature film, Namus (Honor) in 1925 and the first Kurdish film, Zare, in 1926. Both were directed by Hamo Bek-Nazaryan, who would later direct the first Armenian sound film Pepo, released in 1935.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian victims of the Great Purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_victims_of_the_Great_Purge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aghasi_Khanjian_1934.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aghasi Khanjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghasi_Khanjian"},{"link_name":"Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Lavrentiy Beria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria"},{"link_name":"death of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Lavrentiy Beria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria"},{"link_name":"Aghasi Khanjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghasi_Khanjian"},{"link_name":"Tiflis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Great Purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khanjian-20"},{"link_name":"Amatuni Amatuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amatuni_Vardapetyan"},{"link_name":"Khachik Mughdusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yerevan-1954-21"},{"link_name":"Axel Bakunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Bakunts"},{"link_name":"Gurgen Mahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgen_Mahari"},{"link_name":"Nersik Stepanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6"},{"link_name":"Trotskyists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trotskyist"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khanjian-20"},{"link_name":"Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahak_Ter-Gabrielyan"},{"link_name":"Yerevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yerevan-1954-21"},{"link_name":"Georgy Malenkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Litvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Anastas Mikoyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Armenia_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Daniel \"Danush\" Shahverdyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yerevan-1954-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Grigory Arutinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Arutinov"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Armenian Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"Armenian diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Khoren I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoren_I_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Catholicos of All Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians"},{"link_name":"Viktor Khvorostyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matossian-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matossian-25"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"annexation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauer-27"}],"sub_title":"Stalinism and the Great Purge","text":"See also: Armenian victims of the Great PurgeFirst Secretary Aghasi Khanjian, a native of Van, was killed in 1936 by Lavrentiy BeriaThe situation in Armenia and the USSR significantly changed after the death of Lenin and the rise of Joseph Stalin to Soviet leader. In the Caucasus, Stalin's ally in Georgia, Lavrentiy Beria, sought to consolidate his control over the region, resulting in a political struggle with Armenian First Secretary Aghasi Khanjian. The struggle culminated in Khanjian's assassination by Beria in Tiflis (Tbilisi) on 9 July 1936, beginning the Great Purge in Armenia. At first, Beria framed Khanjian's death as \"suicide\", but soon condemned him for abetting \"rabid nationalist elements\".[16]After Khanjian's death, Beria promoted his loyalists in Armenia, Amatuni Amatuni as Armenian First Secretary and Khachik Mughdusi as chief of the Armenian NKVD.[17] Under the command of Beria's allies, the campaign against \"enemies\" intensified. Expressions of \"nationalism\" were suspect and many leading Armenian writers, artists, scientists, and intellectuals were executed or imprisoned, including Charents, Axel Bakunts, Gurgen Mahari, Nersik Stepanyan, and others. According to Amatuni in a June 1937 letter to Stalin, 1,365 people were arrested in the ten months after the death of Khanjian, among them 900 \"Dashnak-Trotskyists\".[16]The arrest and death of Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan in August 1937 was a turning point in the repressions. When being interrogated by Mughdusi, Ter-Gabrielyan \"either jumped or was thrown from\" the window of the NKVD building in Yerevan.[18] Stalin was angered that Mughdusi and Amatuni neglected to inform him about the incident.[17] In response, in September 1937, he sent Georgy Malenkov, Mikhail Litvin, and later Anastas Mikoyan to oversee a purge of the Communist Party of Armenia. During his trip to Armenia, Mikoyan tried, but failed, to save one individual (Daniel \"Danush\" Shahverdyan) from being executed.[17] More than a thousand people were arrested and seven of nine members of the Armenian Politburo were sacked from office.[19] The trip also resulted in the appointment of a new Armenian Party leadership, headed by Grigory Arutinov, who was approved by Beria.[20]The Armenian Apostolic Church was not spared from the repressions. Soviet attacks against the Church under Stalin were known since 1929, but momentarily eased to improve the Soviet Union's relations with the Armenian diaspora. In 1932, Khoren I became Catholicos of All Armenians and assumed the leadership of the church. However, in the late 1930s, the Armenian NKVD, led by Mughdusi and his successor, Viktor Khvorostyan, renewed the attacks against the Church.[21] These attacks culminated in the 1938 murder of Khoren and the closing of the Catholicate of Ejmiatsin, an act for which Beria is usually held responsible.[22] However, the Church survived and was later revived when Stalin eased restrictions on religion at the end of World War II.[21]In addition to the repression of the Church, tens of thousands of Armenians were executed or deported, as with various other ethnic minorities living in the Soviet Union under Stalin. In 1936, Beria and Stalin worked to deport Armenians to Siberia in an attempt to bring Armenia's population under 700,000 in order to justify an annexation into Georgia.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArmenianStamps-066-069.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marshals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Bagramyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Bagramyan"},{"link_name":"Isakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Isakov"},{"link_name":"Babadzhanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamazasp_Babadzhanian"},{"link_name":"Khudyakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Khudyakov"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"South Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"oil fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAE-30"},{"link_name":"Marshal of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Ivan Bagramyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Bagramyan"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peoples"},{"link_name":"First Baltic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Baltic_Front"},{"link_name":"Ivan Isakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Isakov"},{"link_name":"Hamazasp Babadzhanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamazasp_Babadzhanian"},{"link_name":"Sergei Khudyakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Khudyakov"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAE-30"},{"link_name":"Artem Mikoyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artem_Mikoyan"},{"link_name":"MiG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG"},{"link_name":"Derenik Demirchian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derenik_Demirchian"},{"link_name":"Vardanank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardanank_(novel)"},{"link_name":"David Bek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bek"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panossian-31"},{"link_name":"Gevorg VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Ejmiatsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejmiatsin"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Kars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars"},{"link_name":"Kars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kars_oblast"},{"link_name":"Ardahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardahan_okrug"},{"link_name":"Artvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artvin_okrug"},{"link_name":"Surmalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surmalu_uezd"},{"link_name":"Vyacheslav Molotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suny2-34"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suny2-34"},{"link_name":"Soviet territorial claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_territorial_claims_against_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suny2-34"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Truman Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Great Patriotic War","text":"Soviet Armenian Marshals and Admiral of World War II on stamps: Bagramyan, Isakov, Babadzhanian, KhudyakovArmenia was spared the devastation and destruction that wrought most of the western Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War of World War II. The Wehrmacht never reached the South Caucasus, which they intended to do in order to capture the oil fields in Azerbaijan. Still, Armenia played a valuable role in the war in providing food, manpower and war material. An estimated 300–500,000 Armenians served in the war, almost half of whom did not return.[24][25] Many attained the highest honor of Hero of the Soviet Union.[26] Over sixty Armenians were promoted to the rank of general, and with an additional four eventually achieving the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union: Ivan Bagramyan (the first non-Slavic commander to hold the position of front commander when he was assigned to be the commander of the First Baltic Front in 1943), Admiral Ivan Isakov, Hamazasp Babadzhanian, and Sergei Khudyakov.[26] Another prominent wartime figure was Artem Mikoyan, the younger brother of Anastas and the designer and co-founder of the Soviet MiG fighter jet company.In an effort to shore up popular support for the war effort, the Soviet government allowed certain expressions of nationalism with the publication of Armenian novels such as Derenik Demirchian's Vardanank, the production of films like David Bek (1944), and the easing of restrictions placed against the Church.[27] Stalin temporarily relaxed his attacks on religion during the war. This led to the election of bishop Gevorg in 1945 as new Catholicos Gevorg VI. He was subsequently allowed to reside in Ejmiatsin.[28][29]At the end of the war, after Germany's capitulation, the Soviet government attempted to annul the Treaty of Kars, allowing it to regain the provinces of Kars, Ardahan, Artvin, and Surmalu. On 7 June 1945, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed the Turkish ambassador in Moscow that the disputed provinces should be returned to Soviet Union in the name of both the Armenian and Georgian Soviet Republics.[30] Turkey itself was in no condition to fight a war with the Soviet Union, which had emerged as a superpower after the Second World War.[30] The Soviet territorial claims were supported by the Armenian Catholicos and by all shades of the Armenian diaspora, including the anti-Soviet Dashnaksutiun.[30] However, with the onset of the Cold War, especially the Truman Doctrine in 1947, Turkey strengthened its ties with the West. The Soviet Union relinquished its claims over the lost territories, and Ankara joined the anti-Soviet NATO military alliance in 1952.[31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Erywa%C5%84,_Pomnik_Odrodzonej_Armenii_na_Kaskadach_(02).jpg"},{"link_name":"open immigration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_migration"},{"link_name":"diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Diaspora"},{"link_name":"repatriate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Leninakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandropol_uezd"},{"link_name":"Kirovakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirovakan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Western Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Armenian"},{"link_name":"Eastern Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Armenian"},{"link_name":"pejorative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"},{"link_name":"labor camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_camp"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Stalin's death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Altai Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Krai"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"repatriated Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_of_Armenians"},{"link_name":"Dashnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laycock-9"}],"sub_title":"Armenian immigration","text":"Monument to the 50th anniversary of Soviet ArmeniaWith the republic suffering heavy losses after the war, Stalin allowed an open immigration policy in Armenia; the diaspora were invited to repatriate to Armenia (nergaght) and revitalize the country's population and bolster its workforce. Armenians living in countries such as Cyprus, France, Greece, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria were primarily the survivors or the descendants of the genocide. They were offered the option of having their expenses paid by the Soviet government for their trip back to their homeland. An estimated 150,000 Armenians immigrated to Soviet Armenia between 1946 and 1948 and settled in Yerevan, Leninakan, Kirovakan and other towns.[32][33]Lured by numerous incentives such as food coupons, better housing and other benefits, they were received coldly by the Armenians living in the Republic upon their arrival. The repatriates spoke the Western Armenian dialect, instead of the Eastern Armenian spoken in Soviet Armenia. They were often addressed as aghbars (\"brothers\") by Armenians living in the republic, due to their different pronunciation of the word. Although initially used in humor, the word went on to carry on a more pejorative connotation.[34]Their treatment by the Soviet government was not much better. A number of Armenian immigrants in 1946 had their belongings confiscated upon arrival at Odessa's port, as they had taken with them everything they had, including clothes and jewelry. This was the first disappointment experienced by Armenians; however, as there was no possibility of return the Armenians were forced to continue their journey to Armenia. Many of the immigrants were targeted by Soviet intelligence agencies and the Ministry of Interior for real or perceived ties to Armenian nationalist organizations, and were later sent to labor camps in Siberia and elsewhere, where they would not be released until after Stalin's death.Thousands of Armenians were forcibly exiled to the Altai Krai in 1949.[35][36] Many were repatriated Armenians who had arrived from the Armenian diaspora, but who were suspected of being Dashnak party members.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences"},{"link_name":"20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Khrushchev Thaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw"},{"link_name":"Religious freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Vazgen I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazgen_I"},{"link_name":"Politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo"},{"link_name":"Anastas Mikoyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan"},{"link_name":"national identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identity"},{"link_name":"Raffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffi_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Raphael Patkanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Patkanian"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yerevan-1954-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yerevan-1954-21"},{"link_name":"Mother Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panossian._p._349-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Matenadaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matenadaran"},{"link_name":"cadre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Aram Khachaturian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian"},{"link_name":"Arno Babajanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Babajanian"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Orbelyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Orbelyan"},{"link_name":"Tigran Mansurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Mansurian"},{"link_name":"Viktor Hambardzumyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Ambartsumian"},{"link_name":"Artem Alikhanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artem_Alikhanian"},{"link_name":"Armen Dzhigarkhanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen_Dzhigarkhanyan"},{"link_name":"Frunzik Mkrtchyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frunzik_Mkrtchyan"},{"link_name":"Frunze Dovlatyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frunze_Dovlatyan"},{"link_name":"Henrik Malyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Malyan"},{"link_name":"Sergei Parajanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Parajanov"},{"link_name":"Artavazd Peleshyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artavazd_Peleshyan"},{"link_name":"Minas Avetisyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Avetisyan"},{"link_name":"Yervand Kochar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yervand_Kochar"},{"link_name":"Hakob Kojoyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakob_Kojoyan"},{"link_name":"Tereza Mirzoyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tereza_Mirzoyan"},{"link_name":"Georgi Minasyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B9)"},{"link_name":"Raisa Mkrtchyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1_%D5%84%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6"},{"link_name":"Ruben Matevosyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A9%D6%87%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6"},{"link_name":"Silva Kaputikyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silva_Kaputikyan"},{"link_name":"Sero Khanzadyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sero_Khanzadyan"},{"link_name":"Hrant Matevosyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrant_Matevosyan"},{"link_name":"Paruyr Sevak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paruyr_Sevak"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Shiraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Shiraz"}],"sub_title":"Khrushchev Thaw","text":"Following the power struggle after Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the country's new leader.[37] In his \"secret speech\" \"On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences\" that he delivered before the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party in 1956, Khrushchev sharply denounced Stalin and his crimes. During the subsequent Khrushchev Thaw, the Soviet leadership largely loosened political restrictions and put more resources into housing and consumer goods.Almost immediately, Armenia underwent a cultural and economic rebirth. Religious freedom, to a limited degree, was granted to Armenia when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. One of Khrushchev's advisers and close friends, Armenian Politburo member Anastas Mikoyan, urged Armenians to reaffirm their national identity. In March 1954, two years before Khrushchev denounced Stalin, Mikoyan gave a speech in Yerevan where he encouraged the republication of Raffi and Raphael Patkanian, the rehabilitation of Charents, and the revival of the memory of Miasnikian.[17] Behind the scenes, he assisted Soviet Armenian leaders in the rehabilitation of former \"enemies\" in the republic.[17] The massive statue of Stalin that towered over Yerevan was pulled down from its pedestal by troops literally overnight in 1962 and replaced in 1967 with that of Mother Armenia.[38][39] Contacts between Armenia and the Diaspora were revived, and Armenians from abroad began to visit the republic more frequently. The Matenadaran, a facility to house ancient and medieval manuscripts was erected in 1959, and important historical studies were prepared by a new cadre of Soviet-trained scholars.Mikoyan was not the only Armenian figure who rose to prominence during this era. Other famed Soviet Armenians included composers Aram Khachaturian, Arno Babajanian, Konstantin Orbelyan, and Tigran Mansurian; scientists Viktor Hambardzumyan and Artem Alikhanyan; actors Armen Dzhigarkhanyan and Frunzik Mkrtchyan; filmmakers Frunze Dovlatyan, Henrik Malyan, Sergei Parajanov, and Artavazd Peleshyan; artists Minas Avetisyan, Yervand Kochar, Hakob Kojoyan, and Tereza Mirzoyan; singers Georgi Minasyan, Raisa Mkrtchyan, and Ruben Matevosyan; and writers Silva Kaputikyan, Sero Khanzadyan, Hrant Matevosyan, Paruyr Sevak, and Hovhannes Shiraz, among many others.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Youth_Palace_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"Armenian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"thousands of Armenians demonstrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Yerevan_demonstrations"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Tsitsernakaberd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsitsernakaberd"},{"link_name":"Hrazdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrazdan"},{"link_name":"gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon"},{"link_name":"Armenian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Sardarapat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarapat"},{"link_name":"Bash Abaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bash_Abaran"},{"link_name":"Vardan Mamikonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardan_Mamikonian"},{"link_name":"David of Sassoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_of_Sassoun"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panossian._p._349-42"},{"link_name":"Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"shadow economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"earthquake that hit Spitak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Armenian_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Karen Demirchyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Demirchyan"}],"sub_title":"Brezhnev era","text":"Yerevan Youth PalaceAfter Leonid Brezhnev assumed power in 1964, many of Khrushchev's reforms were curtailed. However, although the Soviet state remained ever wary of the resurgence of Armenian nationalism, it did not impose the sort of restrictions as were seen during Stalin's time. On 24 April 1965, thousands of Armenians demonstrated in the streets of Yerevan during the fiftieth anniversary of the Armenian genocide.[40] In the aftermath of these demonstrations, the memorial in honor of the victims of the genocide was completed at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan in 1967. Monuments in honor of other important events in Armenian history, such as that commemorating the Sardarapat and Bash Abaran, were also permitted to be erected, as was the sculpting of the statues of popular Armenian figures like the fifth-century military commander Vardan Mamikonian and the folk hero David of Sassoun.[38]The Brezhnev era also saw the rise of the shadow economy and corruption. Materials allocated for the building of new homes, such as cement and concrete, were diverted for other uses. Bribery and a lack of oversight saw the construction of shoddily built and weakly supported apartment buildings. The impact of such developments was to be demonstrated several years later in the catastrophic earthquake that hit Spitak. When the earthquake hit on the morning of 7 December 1988, the houses and apartments least able to resist collapse were those built during the Brezhnev years. Ironically, the older the dwellings, the better they withstood the quake.[41] Armenian First Secretary Karen Demirchyan assumed office with a mandate to combat these abuses.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karabakh_movement_demonstration_at_Yerevan_Opera_square_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"glasnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost"},{"link_name":"perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika"},{"link_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Karabakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh"},{"link_name":"Karabakh movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_movement"},{"link_name":"Freedom Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Square,_Yerevan"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"violence against Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumgait_pogrom"},{"link_name":"Sumgait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumgait"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Azeris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis"},{"link_name":"Kremlin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ria.ru-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Baltics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"union-wide referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewsBrief-54"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"unsuccessful coup attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apn.ru-55"},{"link_name":"Belovezh Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belovezh_Accords"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia"}],"sub_title":"Glasnost and perestroika","text":"Armenians demonstrating for the unification of the republic with Nagorno-Karabakh at Opera Square in Yerevan in the summer of 1988Mikhail Gorbachev's introduction of the reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s fueled Armenian visions of a better life under Soviet rule. Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh, which was promised to Armenia by the Bolsheviks but transferred to Soviet Azerbaijan, began a movement to unite the area with Armenia. The majority Armenian population expressed concern about the forced \"Azerification\" of the region.[42] On February 20, 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast voted to unify with Armenia.[43]Demonstrations took place in Yerevan in support of the Karabakh Armenians, and grew into what became known as the Karabakh movement. By the beginning of 1988, nearly one million Armenians from several regions of the republic engaged in these demonstrations, centered on Yerevan's Theater Square (currently Freedom Square).[44] However, in neighboring Azerbaijan, violence against Armenians erupted in the city of Sumgait.[45] Ethnic rioting soon broke out between Armenians and Azeris, preventing any peaceful resolution from taking place. Armenians became increasingly disillusioned with the Kremlin's response toward the issue. Gorbachev, who had until then been viewed favorably in Armenia, saw his standing among Armenians deteriorate significantly.[46]Tension between the central government in Moscow and the local government in Yerevan heightened in the final years of the Soviet Union. The reasons largely stemmed from Moscow's perceived indecision on Karabakh, ongoing difficulties with earthquake relief, and the shortcomings of the Soviet economy.[47] On August 23, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR adopted the Declaration of Independence of Armenia, declaring the Republic of Armenia to be a subject of international law.[48][49] On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the Baltics, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted the union-wide referendum in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.[50] Armenia confirmed its independence in a referendum on 21 September 1991 after the unsuccessful coup attempt in Moscow by the CPSU hardliners.[51]The republic's independence became official with the Belovezh Accords and the formal dissolution of the Soviet state on December 26, 1991, making Armenia a sovereign independent state on the international stage. The constitution of the Armenian SSR of 1978 remained in effect until July 5, 1995, when the Constitution of Armenia was adopted.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Soviet_Armenia.gif"},{"link_name":"administrative divisions of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"}],"text":"The administrative divisions of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Armenian Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet"},{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"raions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raion"},{"link_name":"marzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_people"},{"link_name":"Belarusians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_people"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF.jpg"},{"link_name":"Republic Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Square,_Yerevan"},{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Government","text":"The structure of government in the Armenian SSR was identical to that of the other Soviet republics. The First Secretary was the administrative head of the republic, and the head of government was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. The republic's legislative body was the Armenian Supreme Soviet, which included the highest judicial branch of the republic, the supreme court. Members of the Supreme Soviet served for a term of five years, whereas regional deputies served for two and a half years. All officials holding office were mandated to be members of the Communist Party and sessions were convened in the Supreme Soviet building in Yerevan.The administrative divisions of the Armenian SSR from 1930 consisted of up 37 raions and 22 city districts. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, these were abolished in 1995 and replaced by larger marzer (\"provinces\").Depending on the historical period, Soviet authorities would variously tolerate, co-opt, undermine, or sometimes even attempt to eliminate certain currents within Armenian society, such as nationalism and religion, to strengthen the cohesiveness of the Union. In the eyes of early Soviet policymakers, Armenians, along with Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Georgians, Germans, and Jews were deemed \"advanced\" (as opposed to \"backward\") peoples, and were grouped together with Western nationalities.[52] The Caucasus and particularly Armenia were recognized by academic scholars and in Soviet textbooks as the \"oldest civilisation on the territory\" of the Soviet Union.[53]Lenin Square (Now Republic Square) was the main square of Yerevan from 1926 to 1991Like all the other republics of the Soviet Union, Armenia had its own flag and coat of arms. According to Nikita Khrushchev, the latter became a source of dispute between the Soviet Union and Turkey in the 1950s, when Ankara objected to the inclusion of Mount Ararat, which holds a deep symbolic importance for Armenians but is located on Turkish territory, in the coat of arms. Turkey felt that the presence of such an image implied Soviet designs on Turkish territory. Khrushchev retorted by asking, \"Why do you have a moon depicted on your flag? After all, the moon doesn't belong to Turkey, not even half the moon. Do you want to take over the whole universe?\"[54] Turkey dropped the issue after this.[55]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Norair Sisakian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norair_Sisakian"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Comecon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comecon"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Pact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"}],"sub_title":"Participation in international organizations","text":"The Armenian SSR, as a Soviet republic, was internationally recognized by the United Nations as part of the Soviet Union but it had Norair Sisakian as President of the 21st session of the UNESCO General Conference in 1964. The Soviet Union was also a member of Comecon, Warsaw Pact and the International Olympic Committee.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"7th Guards Combined Arms Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasian Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasian_Military_District"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"15th Motor Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Motor_Rifle_Division"},{"link_name":"Kirovakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadzor"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"127th Motor Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/127th_Motor_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Leninakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyumri"},{"link_name":"Russian 102nd Military Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_102nd_Military_Base"},{"link_name":"164th Motor Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/167th_Motor_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"}],"text":"The military forces of the Armenian SSR were provided by the Soviet Army's 7th Guards Combined Arms Army of the Transcaucasian Military District. It was organized into the following:HQ of the 7th Guards Combined Arms Army - Yerevan[56]\n15th Motor Rifle Division, Kirovakan[57]\n127th Motor Rifle Division, Leninakan (today the Russian 102nd Military Base)\n164th Motor Rifle Division, Yerevan\n7th Fortified Area, Leninakan\n9th Fortified Area, Ejmiatsin","title":"Military forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"industrialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation"},{"link_name":"collective-farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_farming"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Under the Soviet system, the centralized economy of the republic banned private ownership of income-producing property. Beginning in the late 1920s, privately owned farms in Armenia were collectivized and placed under the directive of the state, although this was often met with active resistance by the peasantry. During the same time (1929–1936), the government also began the process of industrialization in Armenia.The Republic's economic foundation is the socialist system of economy and the socialist ownership of the means of production, which has two forms: state property and cooperative and collective-farm property. In addition to the socialist system of economy, which is the predominant form of economy in the Republic, the law permits small private undertakings of individual peasants and handicraftsmen based on their own labor and precluding exploitation of the labor of others. The economic life of the Republic is determined and guided by the state economic plan.[58]By 1935, the gross product of agriculture was 132% of that of 1928 and the gross product of industry was 650% to that of 1928. The economic revolution of the 1930s, however, came at a great cost: it broke up the traditional peasant family and village institution and forced many living in the rural countryside to settle in urban areas. Private enterprise came to a virtual end as it was effectively brought under government control.[59]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Culture of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Public holidays in the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hraparak_fountains02.jpg"},{"link_name":"History Museum of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Museum_of_Armenia"}],"text":"See also: Culture of the Soviet Union and Public holidays in the Soviet UnionThe History Museum of Armenia in Yerevan","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armand Maloumian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Maloumian"},{"link_name":"narratives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratives"},{"link_name":"gulags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laycock-9"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"Lazare Indjeyan's Les Années volées and Armand Maloumian's Les Fils du Goulag are two repatriate narratives about being incarcerated and eventual escape from gulags. Many other repatriate narratives explore family memories of the genocide and the decision to resettle in the Soviet Union. Some writers compare the 1949 Soviet deportations to Central Asia and Siberia with earlier Ottoman deportations.[5]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Ռեսպուբլիկա","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[hɑjɑsˈtɑn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian"},{"link_name":"[hɑjɑsˈdɑn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"/ɑːrˈmiːniə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/En-us-Armenia.ogg/En-us-Armenia.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Armenia.ogg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian"},{"link_name":"[hɑjɑsˈtɑn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"[ɐrˈmʲenʲɪjə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"}],"text":"^ Armenian SSR; Armenian: Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Ռեսպուբլիկա, romanized: Haykakan Sovetakan Soc'ialistakan Respublika; Russian: Армянская Советская Социалистическая Республика, romanized: Armyanskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika)\n\n^ Armenian: Սովետական Հայաստան, romanized: Sovetakan Hayastan; Russian: Советская Армения, romanized: Sovetskaya Armeniya\n\n^ Standard pronunciation is in Eastern Armenian ([hɑjɑsˈtɑn]). Western Armenian: [hɑjɑsˈdɑn].\n\n^ /ɑːrˈmiːniə/ ⓘ;[2] Armenian: Հայաստան, romanized: Hayastan, IPA: [hɑjɑsˈtɑn];[c] Russian: Армения, romanized: Armeniya, IPA: [ɐrˈmʲenʲɪjə]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aghayan, Tsatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsatur_Aghayan"},{"link_name":"Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Matossian, Mary Kilbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kilbourne_Matossian"},{"link_name":"Suny, Ronald Grigor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny"},{"link_name":"Gomidas Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomidas_Institute"}],"text":"(in Armenian) Aghayan, Tsatur., et al. (eds.), Հայ Ժողովրդի Պատմություն [History of the Armenian People], vols. 7 and 8. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1967, 1970.\n(in Armenian) Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1974–1987, 12 volumes.\nAslanyan, A. A. et al. Soviet Armenia. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971.\n(in Armenian) Geghamyan, Gurgen M. Սոցիալ-տնտեսական փոփոխությունները Հայաստանում ՆԵՊ-ի տարիներին (1921-1936) [Socio-Economic Changes in the Armenia during the NEP Years, (1921–1936)]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1978.\nMatossian, Mary Kilbourne. The Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1962.\nMiller, Donald E. and Lorna Touryan Miller, Armenia: Portraits of Survival and Hope. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.\nShaginian [Shahinyan], Marietta S. Journey through Soviet Armenia. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954.\nSuny, Ronald Grigor. \"Soviet Armenia\", in The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.\n(in Armenian) Virabyan, Amatuni. Հայաստանը Ստալինից մինչև Խրուշչով: Հասարակական-քաղաքական կյանքը 1945-1957 թթ. [Armenia from Stalin to Khrushchev: Social-political life, 1945-1957] Yerevan: Gitutyun Publishing, 2001.\nWalker, Christopher J. Armenia: The Survival of a Nation. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1990.\nYeghenian, Aghavnie Y. The Red Flag at Ararat. New York: The Womans Press, 1932. Republished by the Gomidas Institute in London, 2013.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Armenia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/50px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png"},{"image_text":"First Secretary Aghasi Khanjian, a native of Van, was killed in 1936 by Lavrentiy Beria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Aghasi_Khanjian_1934.jpg/190px-Aghasi_Khanjian_1934.jpg"},{"image_text":"Soviet Armenian Marshals and Admiral of World War II on stamps: Bagramyan, Isakov, Babadzhanian, Khudyakov","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ArmenianStamps-066-069.jpg/220px-ArmenianStamps-066-069.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument to the 50th anniversary of Soviet Armenia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Pomnik_Odrodzonej_Armenii_na_Kaskadach_%2802%29.jpg/220px-2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Pomnik_Odrodzonej_Armenii_na_Kaskadach_%2802%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yerevan Youth Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Youth_Palace_01.jpg/220px-Youth_Palace_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Armenians demonstrating for the unification of the republic with Nagorno-Karabakh at Opera Square in Yerevan in the summer of 1988","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Karabakh_movement_demonstration_at_Yerevan_Opera_square_%282%29.jpg/250px-Karabakh_movement_demonstration_at_Yerevan_Opera_square_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The administrative divisions of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_Soviet_Armenia.gif/320px-Map_of_Soviet_Armenia.gif"},{"image_text":"Lenin Square (Now Republic Square) was the main square of Yerevan from 1926 to 1991","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF.jpg/220px-%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF.jpg"},{"image_text":"The History Museum of Armenia in Yerevan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hraparak_fountains02.jpg/300px-Hraparak_fountains02.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Bournoutian, George A. (2006). A Concise History of the Armenian People (5 ed.). Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers. p. 317. ISBN 1-56859-141-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bournoutian","url_text":"Bournoutian, George A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56859-141-1","url_text":"1-56859-141-1"}]},{"reference":"Конституция СССР (1936) Глава II. Государственное устройство (ст. 13).. Archived from the original on 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2020-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200320192423/https://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1936/red_1936/3958676/chapter/4d6cc5b8235f826b2c67847b967f8695/","url_text":"Конституция СССР (1936) Глава II. Государственное устройство (ст. 13)."},{"url":"https://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1936/red_1936/3958676/chapter/4d6cc5b8235f826b2c67847b967f8695/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jo Laycock (2016). \"Survivor or Soviet Stories? Repatriate Narratives in Armenian Histories, Memories and Identities\" (PDF). History and Memory. 28 (2): 123–151. doi:10.2979/histmemo.28.2.0123. ISSN 0935-560X. JSTOR 10.2979/histmemo.28.2.0123. S2CID 159467141.","urls":[{"url":"http://shura.shu.ac.uk/14114/1/Laycock%20-%20Survivor%20or%20soviet%20stories.pdf","url_text":"\"Survivor or Soviet Stories? 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ISBN 978-0300153088.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300153088","url_text":"978-0300153088"}]},{"reference":"Saparov, Arsène (March 2012). \"Why Autonomy? The Making of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region 1918-1925\". Europe-Asia Studies. 64 (2): 281–323. doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.642583. S2CID 154783461. Retrieved 30 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.com/stable/41478346","url_text":"\"Why Autonomy? The Making of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region 1918-1925\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2011.642583","url_text":"10.1080/09668136.2011.642583"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154783461","url_text":"154783461"}]},{"reference":"Matossian, Mary Kilbourne (1962). The Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 80.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kilbourne_Matossian","url_text":"Matossian, Mary Kilbourne"}]},{"reference":"Barseghyan, Artak R. (July 9, 2021). \"Кто убил Агаси Ханджяна?\" [Who killed Aghasi Khanjian?]. armradio.am (in Russian). Public Radio of Armenia. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ru.armradio.am/2021/07/09/%d0%ba%d1%82%d0%be-%d1%83%d0%b1%d0%b8%d0%bb-%d0%b0%d0%b3%d0%b0%d1%81%d0%b8-%d1%85%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%b4%d0%b6%d1%8f%d0%bd%d0%b0/","url_text":"\"Кто убил Агаси Ханджяна?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Radio_of_Armenia","url_text":"Public Radio of Armenia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709055939/https://ru.armradio.am/2021/07/09/%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE-%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shakarian, Pietro A. (November 12, 2021). \"Yerevan 1954: Anastas Mikoyan and Nationality Reform in the Thaw, 1954–1964\". Peripheral Histories. Retrieved December 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peripheralhistories.co.uk/post/yerevan-1954-anastas-mikoyan-and-nationality-reform-in-the-thaw-1954-1964","url_text":"\"Yerevan 1954: Anastas Mikoyan and Nationality Reform in the Thaw, 1954–1964\""}]},{"reference":"Melkonian, Eduard (1 December 2010). \"Repressions in 1930s Soviet Armenia\" (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest. p. 8. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laender-analysen.de/cad/pdf/CaucasusAnalyticalDigest22.pdf","url_text":"\"Repressions in 1930s Soviet Armenia\""}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Robert (1992). Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 488–489. ISBN 0-393-30869-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Tucker","url_text":"Tucker, Robert"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stalininpowerrev00tuck/page/488","url_text":"Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stalininpowerrev00tuck/page/488","url_text":"488–489"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-30869-3","url_text":"0-393-30869-3"}]},{"reference":"Mirzoyan, Gamlet (March 2009). \"Советские правители Армении: ЭСКИЗ седьмой - Арутюнян (Арутинов) Г.А.\" [Soviet Leaders of Armenia: Excerpt Seven - Arutyunyan (Arutinov) G. A.]. noev-kovcheg.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2014-11-16. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://noev-kovcheg.ru/mag/2009-03/1558.html","url_text":"\"Советские правители Армении: ЭСКИЗ седьмой - Арутюнян (Арутинов) Г.А.\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141116174107/http://noev-kovcheg.ru/mag/2009-03/1558.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hayrapetyan, Kanakara (2018). \"Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոս Խորէն Ա. Մուրադբեկյանի մահվան առեղծվածի վերլուծությունը պատմագիտության մեջ [Historiographical analysis of the mysterious death of Khoren I Muradbekyan, Catholicos of All Armenians]\". Ejmiatsin (in Armenian). 75 (7): 145.","urls":[{"url":"http://echmiadzin.asj-oa.am/16176/","url_text":"\"Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոս Խորէն Ա. Մուրադբեկյանի մահվան առեղծվածի վերլուծությունը պատմագիտության մեջ [Historiographical analysis of the mysterious death of Khoren I Muradbekyan, Catholicos of All Armenians]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etchmiadzin_(magazine)","url_text":"Ejmiatsin"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Christopher J. (1980). Armenia The Survival of a Nation, 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. [1]. ISBN 978-0-7099-0210-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_J._Walker","url_text":"Walker, Christopher J."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/armeniasurvivalo0000walk/page/355","url_text":"Armenia The Survival of a Nation, 2nd ed"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/armeniasurvivalo0000walk/page/355%E2%80%93356","url_text":"[1]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0210-2","url_text":"978-0-7099-0210-2"}]},{"reference":"Panossian, Razmik (2006). The Armenians: From Kings And Priests to Merchants And Commissars. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. [2]. ISBN 978-0-231-13926-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/armeniansfromkin00razm/page/351","url_text":"The Armenians: From Kings And Priests to Merchants And Commissars"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/armeniansfromkin00razm/page/351","url_text":"[2]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13926-7","url_text":"978-0-231-13926-7"}]},{"reference":"Yalanuzyan, Mikael (31 August 2021). \"Exile to Siberia\". EVN Report. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://evnreport.com/magazine-issues/exile-to-siberia","url_text":"\"Exile to Siberia\""}]},{"reference":"Polian, Pavel Markovich (2004). Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR. Translated by Anna Yastrzhembska. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 333. ISBN 9789639241688.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Polian","url_text":"Polian, Pavel Markovich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_Their_Will_(Polyan_book)","url_text":"Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_University_Press","url_text":"Central European University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639241688","url_text":"9789639241688"}]},{"reference":"Cheterian, Vicken (2009). War and Peace in the Caucasus: Russia's Troubled Frontier. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 87–154. ISBN 978-0-231-70064-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70064-1","url_text":"978-0-231-70064-1"}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Stuart (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. New York: Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-8014-8736-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8736-1","url_text":"978-0-8014-8736-1"}]},{"reference":"Malkasian, Mark (1996). Gha-ra-bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia. Wayne State University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-8143-2605-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2605-6","url_text":"0-8143-2605-6"}]},{"reference":"Tonoyan, Artyom (2021). \"Introduction\". Black Garden Aflame: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict in the Soviet and Russian Press. Minneapolis: East View Press. pp. xx–xxi. ISBN 978-1879944558.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1879944558","url_text":"978-1879944558"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislation: National Assembly of RA\". www.parliament.am.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?ID=2602&lang=eng&sel=show","url_text":"\"Legislation: National Assembly of RA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baltic states, Armenia, Georgia, and Moldova boycott USSR referendum\". Archived from the original on November 16, 2005. Retrieved 2007-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051116105136/http://ukrweekly.com/Archive/1998/129805.shtml","url_text":"\"Baltic states, Armenia, Georgia, and Moldova boycott USSR referendum\""},{"url":"http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1998/129805.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Holm, Michael. \"7th Guards Combined Arms Army\". www.ww2.dk. Retrieved 2016-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/armies/7gvoa.htm","url_text":"\"7th Guards Combined Arms Army\""}]},{"reference":"Holm, Michael. \"91st Motorised Rifle Division\". www.ww2.dk. Retrieved 2016-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/msd/91msd.htm","url_text":"\"91st Motorised Rifle Division\""}]},{"reference":"USSR Armenia. Moscow: Press Agency Publishing House MOSCOW. p. 1967.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry

Grand Ole Opry

["1 History","1.1 Beginnings","1.2 Name","1.3 Larger venues","1.4 1960s","1.5 Grand Ole Opry House","1.6 Return to Ryman Auditorium","1.7 2010 flooding","1.8 COVID-19 pandemic response","1.9 Current","2 Broadcasts","3 Membership","4 Controversies","5 Commercialization","6 Honors","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]

Country music concert and radio and television program in Nashville, Tennessee, US Radio show Grand Ole OpryOther namesWSM Barn Dance (1925–1927)GenreCountrybluegrassgospelRunning timeSaturdays: 120 minutes (+15-minute intermission) (7:00 pm – 9:15 pm)Country of originUnited StatesHome stationWSMSyndicatesWillie's Roadhouse (radio)Circle (television)AnnouncerBill CodyMike TerryCharlie MattosKelly SuttonLarry Gatlin (spin-off shows)Bobby Bones (television broadcast)Created byGeorge D. HayRecording studio Grand Ole Opry House (Nashville) (1974–present) Ryman Auditorium (Nashville) (1943–1974, winter venue 1999–2020, 2023-present) War Memorial Auditorium (Nashville) (1939–1943) Dixie Tabernacle (Nashville) (1936–1939) Hillsboro Theatre (Nashville) (1934–1936) National Life and Accident Insurance Company, Studio C (Nashville) (1925–1934) Original releaseNovember 28, 1925 (1925-11-28) –presentNo. of episodes5,125 (as of March 23, 2024; counting only Saturday prime time editions)Sponsored byHumanaWebsiteopry.com The Grand Ole Opry is a regular live country-music radio broadcast originating from Nashville, Tennessee, on WSM, held between two and five nights per week, depending on the time of year. It was founded on November 28, 1925, by George D. Hay as the WSM Barn Dance, taking its current name in 1927. Currently owned and operated by Opry Entertainment (a joint venture between NBCUniversal, Atairos and majority shareholder Ryman Hospitality Properties), it is the longest-running radio broadcast in U.S. history. Dedicated to honoring country music and its history, the Opry showcases a mix of famous singers and contemporary chart-toppers performing country, bluegrass, Americana, folk, and gospel music as well as comedic performances and skits. It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio and internet listeners. In the 1930s, the show began hiring professionals and expanded to four hours. Broadcasting by then at 50,000 watts, WSM made the program a Saturday night musical tradition in nearly 30 states. In 1939, it debuted nationally on NBC Radio. The Opry moved to its most famous former home, the Ryman Auditorium, in 1943. As it developed in importance, so did the city of Nashville, which became America's "country music capital". The Grand Ole Opry holds such significance in Nashville that it is included as a "home of" mention on the welcome signs seen by motorists at the Metro Nashville/Davidson County line. Membership in the Opry remains one of country music's crowning achievements. Since 1974, the show has been broadcast from the Grand Ole Opry House east of downtown Nashville, with an annual three-month winter foray back to the Ryman from 1999 to 2020, and again for shorter winter residencies beginning in 2023. In addition to the radio programs, performances have been sporadically televised over the years. Video compilations of previous Opry performances are distributed digitally every Saturday evening on FAST network Circle Country as well as the Opry's YouTube and Facebook outlets, and syndicated to a number of television stations across North America. History Beginnings Decorative brickwork at Opryland Hotel depicting Ryman Auditorium with Minnie Pearl and Roy Acuff The Grand Ole Opry started as the WSM Barn Dance in the new fifth-floor radio studio of the National Life & Accident Insurance Company in downtown Nashville on November 28, 1925. On October 17, 1925, management began a program featuring "Dr. Humphrey Bate and his string quartet of old-time musicians." On November 2, WSM hired long-time announcer and program director George D. Hay, an enterprising pioneer from the National Barn Dance program at WLS in Chicago, who was also named the most popular radio announcer in America as a result of his radio work with both WLS and WMC in Memphis, Tennessee. Though only 29 when he was hired by WSM and turned 30 a week later, Hay (known as the "Solemn Old Judge") launched the WSM Barn Dance with 77-year-old fiddler Uncle Jimmy Thompson on November 28, 1925, and that date is celebrated as the day the Grand Ole Opry began. Some of the bands regularly on the show during its early days included Bill Monroe, the Possum Hunters (with Humphrey Bate), the Fruit Jar Drinkers with Uncle Dave Macon, the Crook Brothers, the Binkley Brothers' Dixie Clodhoppers, Sid Harkreader, DeFord Bailey, Fiddlin' Arthur Smith, and the Gully Jumpers. Judge Hay liked the Fruit Jar Drinkers and asked them to appear last on each show because he wanted to always close each segment with "red hot fiddle playing". They were the second band accepted on Barn Dance, with the Crook Brothers being the first. When the Opry began having square dancers on the show, the Fruit Jar Drinkers always played for them. In 1926, Uncle Dave Macon, a Tennessee banjo player who had recorded several songs and toured on the vaudeville circuit, became its first real star. Signs welcoming motorists to Nashville on all major roadways include the phrase "Home of the Grand Ole Opry". Name The phrase "Grand Ole Opry" was first uttered on radio on December 10, 1927. At the time, the NBC Red Network's Music Appreciation Hour, a program with classical music and selections from grand opera, was followed by Hay's Barn Dance. That evening, as he was introducing DeFord Bailey, the show's first performer of the night, George Hay said the following words: For the past hour, we have been listening to music largely from Grand Opera, but from now on, we will present 'The Grand Ole Opry'. Larger venues The Hillsboro Theatre (now the Belcourt Theatre), home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1934 to 1936 The War Memorial Auditorium, home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1939 to 1943 As audiences for the live show increased, National Life & Accident Insurance's radio venue became too small to accommodate the hordes of fans. They built a larger studio, but it was still not large enough. After several months with no audiences, National Life decided to allow the show to move outside its home offices. In October 1934, the Opry moved into then-suburban Hillsboro Theatre (now the Belcourt) before moving to the Dixie Tabernacle in East Nashville on June 13, 1936. The Opry then moved to the War Memorial Auditorium, a downtown venue adjacent to the State Capitol, and a 25-cent admission fee was charged to try to curb the large crowds, but to no avail. In June 1943, the Opry moved to Ryman Auditorium. Roy Acuff Ryman Auditorium, the "Mother Church of Country Music", home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1943 to 1974, and seasonally since 1999 One hour of the Opry was nationally broadcast by the NBC Red Network from 1939 to 1956, and for much of its run, it aired one hour after the program that had inspired it, National Barn Dance. The NBC segment, originally known by the name of its sponsor, The Prince Albert Show, was first hosted by Acuff, who was succeeded by Red Foley from 1946 to 1954. From October 15, 1955, to September 1956, ABC-TV aired a live, hour-long television version once a month on Saturday nights (sponsored by Ralston-Purina) that pre-empted one hour of the then-90-minute Ozark Jubilee. From 1955 to 1957, Al Gannaway owned and produced both The Country Show and Stars of the Grand Ole Opry, both filmed programs syndicated by Flamingo Films. Gannaway's Stars of the Grand Ole Opry was the first television show shot in color. On October 2, 1954, a teenage Elvis Presley had his only Opry performance. Although the audience reacted politely to his revolutionary brand of rockabilly music, Opry manager Jim Denny told Presley's producer Sam Phillips after the show that the singer's style did not suit the program. 1960s In the 1960s, as the hippie counterculture movement spread, the Opry maintained a strait-laced, conservative image with "longhairs" not being featured on the show. Artists were expected to dress conservatively, with women regularly wearing gingham country dresses; Jeannie Seely, upon joining the Opry in 1967, fought management to wear more contemporary attire such as miniskirts and go-go boots, arguing that if the Opry were going to have a dress code, it should enforce it upon the audience as well, and that she was only wearing what most young women of the time were wearing. Seely's actions effectively caused the fall of a "gingham curtain". Despite her disputes with the dress code, Seely would remain loyal to the Opry, setting the record for most appearances on the program over 55 years (and ongoing) as a member. The Byrds were a notable exception. Country rock pioneer Gram Parsons, who was a member of The Byrds at the time, was in Nashville to work on the band's country rock album, Sweetheart of the Rodeo. The band's record label, Columbia Records, had arranged for The Byrds to perform at the Ryman on March 15, 1968, a prospect that thrilled Parsons. However, when the band took the stage the audience's response was immediately hostile, resulting in derisive heckling, booing, and mocking calls of "tweet, tweet" and "cut your hair" The Byrds further outraged the Opry establishment by ignoring accepted protocol when they performed Parsons' song "Hickory Wind" instead of the Merle Haggard song "Life in Prison", as had been announced by Tompall Glaser. Two decades later, long after Parsons' death, members of The Byrds reconciled with the Opry and collaborated on the 1989 album Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two. Another artist that ran afoul of the Opry's stringent standards was Jerry Lee Lewis, who made his first and only appearance on the show on January 20, 1973, after several years of success on the country charts. Lewis was given two conditions for his appearance – no rock and roll and no profanity – and he proceeded to disregard both, even referring to himself as a "motherfucker" at one point. In a continuous 40-minute set, Lewis played a mixture of his rock and roll hits and covers of other singers' country songs. It has been said that he was bitter about how he was treated when he first arrived in Nashville in 1955, and he supposedly used his Opry appearance to exact revenge on the Nashville music industry. Country legend Johnny Cash, who made his Opry debut on July 5, 1956, and met his future wife June Carter Cash on that day, was banned from the program in 1965 after drunkenly smashing the stage lights with the microphone stand. Cash commented on the incident years later: "I don't know how much they wanted me in the first place," he says, "but the night I broke all the stage lights with the microphone stand, they said they couldn't use me anymore. So I went out and used it as an excuse to really get wild and ended up in the hospital the third time I broke my nose." Cash was accepted back in 1968, after the success of his At Folsom Prison album and his recovery from addiction. Grand Ole Opry House For the venue named Grand Ole Opry House from 1943 to 1974, see Ryman Auditorium. For the 1929 Disney short film, see The Opry House. United States historic placeGrand Ole Opry HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places The Grand Ole Opry House in 2022Show map of TennesseeShow map of the United StatesLocation600 Opry Mills Dr, Nashville, Tennessee 37214Area4 acres (approx.)Built1972-74ArchitectWelton Becket & Associates; Pierre CabrolArchitectural styleModern/BrutalistRestored2010 (flood damage remediation)NRHP reference No.14001222Added to NRHPJanuary 27, 2015 Interior in 2022 Ryman Auditorium was home to the Opry until 1974. By the late 1960s, National Life & Accident desired a new, larger, more modern home for the long-running radio show. Already 51 years old at the time the Opry moved there, the Ryman was beginning to suffer from disrepair as the downtown neighborhood around it fell victim to increasing urban decay. Despite these shortcomings, the show's popularity continued to increase, and its weekly crowds were outgrowing the 2,362-seat venue. The Opry's operators wanted to build a new air-conditioned theater, with greater seating capacity, ample parking, and the ability to serve as a television production facility. Their ideal location would be in a less urbanized part of town to provide visitors with a "safer, more controlled, and more enjoyable experience". National Life & Accident purchased farmland owned by a local sausage manufacturer (Rudy's Farm) in the Pennington Bend area of Nashville, nine miles east of downtown and adjacent to the newly constructed Briley Parkway. The new Opry venue was the centerpiece of a grand entertainment complex at that location, which later included Opryland USA Theme Park and Opryland Hotel. The theme park opened to the public on June 30, 1972, well ahead of the 4,000-seat Opry House, which debuted nearly two years later, on Saturday, March 16, 1974. The last show of the Grand Ole Opry at the Ryman Auditorium was held on March 15, 1974. Opening night was attended by sitting U.S. President Richard Nixon, who played a few songs on the piano. To carry on the tradition of the show's run at the Ryman, a six-foot circle of oak was cut from the corner of the Ryman's stage and inlaid into center stage at the new venue. Artists on stage usually stood on the circle as they performed, and most modern performers still follow this tradition. The theme park was closed and demolished following the 1997 season, but the Grand Ole Opry House remains in use. The immediate area around it was left intact, even throughout the construction of Opry Mills, which opened in May 2000. The outside was decorated with the commemorative plaques of country music Grammy winners, formerly of Opryland's StarWalk, until the display was retired, reconfigured, and moved downtown to become the Music City Walk of Fame in 2006. The Grand Ole Opry continues to be performed every Tuesday, Friday, Saturday, and occasionally Wednesday and Sunday at the Grand Ole Opry House. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 27, 2015. The Grand Ole Opry House was also the home of the Country Music Association Awards from 1974 to 2004, and hosted three weeks of tapings for the long-running game show Wheel of Fortune in 2003. The venue has also been the site of the GMA Dove Awards on multiple occasions. On December 21, 2018, the backstage band room was officially named the Jimmy Capps Music Room in honor of Capps's 60th anniversary on the Opry. Return to Ryman Auditorium Following the departure of the Opry, Ryman Auditorium sat mostly vacant and decaying for 20 years. An initial effort by National Life & Accident to tear down the Ryman and use its bricks to build a chapel at Opryland USA was met with resounding resistance from the public, including many influential musicians of the time. The plans were abandoned, and the building remained standing with an uncertain future. Despite the absence of performances, the building remained a tourist attraction throughout the remainder of the 1970s and 1980s. In 1991 and 1992, Emmylou Harris performed a series of concerts there and released some of the recordings as an album entitled At the Ryman. The concert and album's high acclaim renewed interest in reviving Ryman Auditorium as an active venue. Beginning in September 1993, Gaylord Entertainment initiated a full renovation of the Ryman, restoring it to a world-class concert hall that reopened with a broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion on June 4, 1994. On Sunday, October 18, 1998, the Opry held a benefit show at Ryman Auditorium, marking its return to the venue for the first time since its final show on March 15, 1974. Beginning in November 1999, the Opry was held at Ryman Auditorium for three months, partly due to the ongoing construction of Opry Mills. The Opry returned to the Ryman for the three winter months every year until 2019–20, allowing the show to acknowledge its roots while also taking advantage of a smaller venue during an off-peak season for tourism. Following a COVID-19 pandemic-related hiatus after the 2020 season, the show has returned to The Ryman for shorter winter residencies since 2023. While still officially the Grand Ole Opry, the shows there are billed as Opry at the Ryman. From 2002 to 2014, a traveling version of the Radio City Christmas Spectacular took up residence at the Grand Ole Opry House each holiday season while the Opry was away. It was replaced by Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical from 2015 in 2017 and by Cirque Dreams Holidaze in 2018. 2010 flooding Grand Ole Opry logo used from 2005 to 2015In May 2010, the Opry House was flooded, along with much of Nashville, when the Cumberland River overflowed its banks. Repairs were made, and the Opry itself remained uninterrupted. Over the course of the summer of 2010, the broadcast temporarily originated from alternate venues in Nashville, with Ryman Auditorium hosting the majority of the shows. Other venues included TPAC War Memorial Auditorium, another former Opry home; TPAC's Andrew Jackson Hall; Nashville Municipal Auditorium; Allen Arena at Lipscomb University; and Two Rivers Baptist Church. Much of the auditorium's main floor seating, the backstage areas, and the entire stage—including the six foot inlaid circle of wood from Ryman's stage—was underwater during the flood. While the Grand Ole Opry House's stage was replaced, the Ryman circle was restored and again placed at center stage in the Grand Ole Opry House before shows resumed. The renovations following the flood also resulted in an updated and much-expanded backstage area, including the construction of more dressing rooms and a performer's lounge. The Opry returned to the Grand Ole Opry House on September 28, 2010, in a special edition of the Opry entitled Country Comes Home that was televised live on Great American Country. COVID-19 pandemic response The Opry closed its doors to spectators and trimmed its staff in March 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee but continued to air weekly episodes on radio and television, relying on advertising revenue to remain solvent. The Opry resumed allowing spectators on a limited basis in October, and resumed full operations in May 2021. Due to the restrictions, the show did not move to the Ryman Auditorium in November 2020 as was customary. The Winter Ryman residency did not resume in 2021–22, partly due to scheduling conflicts from Ryman concerts postponed during the pandemic closure. The Opry livestreams were celebrated by viewers as something to look forward to during the pandemic, with the majority of viewers being under lockdown. According to Pollstar, Opry Live was the number one most-watched livestream series in 2020 across all genres and received more than fifty million viewers from over fifty countries throughout the year, with two individual episodes (Vince Gill/Reba McEntire and Brad Paisley/Carrie Underwood) placing at numbers nine and ten respectively in the top ten. President of Opry Entertainment Scott Bailey explained that "as the stewards of the Grand Ole Opry, it was never a question of if the Opry would play on, but how could it provide a safe and much-needed source of comfort during what has been an extraordinary year around the world. We are proud of this tremendous result and the numbers of viewers who have tuned in, not only for what it has meant for Circle, but also for what it says about the country music genre and country music fans. On behalf of all of us at the Grand Ole Opry and Opry Entertainment, I'd like to thank the artist community, industry and music lovers around the world for their continued support". After seven months of performing without a live audience, in October 2020, the Opry kicked off its 95th anniversary by welcoming back 500 guests to the Opry House – and so began a month-long celebration of the Opry, country music, its artists, and its fans. The Grand Ole Opry celebrated its 5,000th Saturday night show on October 30, 2021, with performances by country superstars and Opry members such as Garth Brooks, Trisha Yearwood, Darius Rucker, Vince Gill, Chris Young and several others. Current NBCUniversal and Atairos acquired a combined 30% stake in the Grand Ole Opry and its parent company Opry Entertainment Group in 2022. The crossover allows for NBCUniversal's television outlets, including NBC, to carry several Opry television specials. A memorial concert was held for longtime member Loretta Lynn a few weeks after Lynn's death in October 2023; the concert featured performances by George Strait (who himself has only appeared once, in 1982, on the Opry radio show), Tanya Tucker, Wynonna, and several other artists. Thousands of Lynn’s friends, family, and fans were in attendance at the Opry House. The Opry unveiled a new, upgraded stage with all-new, advanced audio technology – the first major updates to the set in over two decades – in February 2023. Opry NextStage, a program that spotlights a select number of up-and-coming country artists each year, began bringing younger and more diverse acts to the Opry stage in 2019. Artists from more genres like Folk, Americana, Gospel, Blues, and Southern Rock frequently appear on the show. And in 2022, Opry management invited two new comedians – Henry Cho (the Opry’s first Asian American member) and Gary Mule Deer – to become Opry members. Broadcasts Dolly Parton at the Opry in 2005 Eddie Stubbs announcing for the Opry in 2012 The Grand Ole Opry is broadcast live on WSM-AM at 7 p.m. CT on Saturday nights, changed from a previous time start of 6:30. A similar program, Friday Night Opry, airs live on Friday nights. From February through December, Tuesday Night Opry is also aired live. Wednesday shows are typically presented in the summer months, while an "Opry Country Classics" program sporadically airs on Thursdays, devoted solely to older artists. Additional Christmas-themed shows, entitled Opry Country Christmas, began production during the 2021 holiday season. The Opry provides a fourteen-piece house band for performers should they not have a band of their own. The Opry can also be heard live on Willie's Roadhouse on channel 59 on Sirius XM Satellite Radio, and the program streams on WSM's website. ABC broadcast the Grand Ole Opry as a monthly series from 1955 to 1956, and PBS televised annual live performances from 1978 to 1981. In 1985, The Nashville Network, co-owned by Gaylord, began airing an edited half-hour version of the program as Grand Ole Opry Live. The show moved to Country Music Television, also owned by Gaylord, where it expanded to an hour, and then to the Great American Country (GAC) cable network, which no longer televised its Opry Live show after both networks channel drifted towards generic Southern lifestyle programming. Circle, a new over-the-air digital subchannel network operated by Gray Television and Ryman Hospitality Properties, resumed telecasting the Opry as its flagship program when it launched in 2020, and former WSM radio sister station WSMV-DT5 is the network's flagship station. Initially simulcasting the radio version, since 2021, the television Opry Live has been pre-recorded live to tape telecasts of recent Opry shows (the show's time slot often coincides with intermission and less demographic-friendly radio segments such as square dancing and audience participation bits). Circle ended its over-the-air operations at the end of 2023, with Opry Live being moved to syndication. RFD-TV carries reruns of Opry telecasts under the title Opry Encore. Sky Arts simulcasts Opry Live in the United Kingdom. Membership Main article: List of Grand Ole Opry members New members are invited to join the Opry by other members. Here, Mel Tillis (right) receives his Opry induction offer from Bill Anderson, 2007. Jeannie Seely (pictured at the Opry in 2012) has made the most appearances on the Grand Ole Opry, inducted as a member in 1967, she has made over 5,000 appearances on the Opry, more than anyone else. Regular performers at the Grand Ole Opry can be inducted into the organization as a member. Opry management, when it decides to induct a new member, directs an existing member to publicly ask them to join, usually during a live episode; an induction ceremony happens several weeks later, where the inductee is presented with a trophy and gives an acceptance speech. As the Opry is a running series, membership in the show's cast must be maintained throughout an artist's career, through frequent performances, and expires when the performer dies. Only once has a member been inducted posthumously: Keith Whitley, who was scheduled to be invited three weeks after his death in May 1989, was retroactively classified as a member in October 2023. Duos and groups remain members until all members have died; following the death of a member, the others maintain Opry membership. More recent protocols have allowed performers who are incapacitated or retired (such as Barbara Mandrell, Jeanne Pruett, Stu Phillips and Ricky Van Shelton) to maintain Opry membership until they die. Randy Travis has maintained his Opry membership largely through non-singing appearances since his 2013 stroke, while Loretta Lynn was granted similar accommodation from 2017 until her 2022 death. The Opry maintains a wall of fame listing every member of the Opry in the show's history. Receiving Opry membership is considered an honor that is similar in prestige to a Hall of Fame induction, with the caveat that a number of prominent country musicians never received it. When Don Schlitz was inducted on August 30, 2022, he became the first-ever member of the Opry inducted for his songwriting and not as a performer, having begun regular appearances only after Travis's incapacitation, performing songs he had written for Travis and for non-Opry member Kenny Rogers. The Opry also has a history of inviting comedians to join the cast, though none were invited to join between Jerry Clower's induction in 1973 and when Henry Cho and Gary Mule Deer became members in 2023. Following the induction of Jon Pardi—the only Opry member to hail from the state of California—in October 2023, there are 71 active Opry members, plus the Opry Square Dancers, who enjoy sui generis membership status and open every Saturday show. Controversies In April 1963, Opry management mandated that members had to perform no less than 26 shows a year in order to maintain their membership. WSM decreased the number of those required performances to 20 in January 1964, and the minimum number was 12 in 2000. Although the minimum number of performances has been reduced over the years, artists offered membership are expected to display their dedication to the Opry with frequent attendance. Another controversy raged for years over permissible instrumentation, especially the use of drums and electrically amplified instruments. Some purists were appalled at the prospect; traditionally, a string bass provided the rhythm component in country music, and percussion instruments were seldom used. Electric amplification, new in the beginning days of the Opry, was regarded as the province of popular music and jazz in the 1940s. Although the Opry allowed electric guitars and steel guitars by World War II, the restrictions against drums and horns continued, causing a conflict when Bob Wills and Pee Wee King defied the show's ban on drums. Wills openly flouted the rule. King, who performed at the Ryman in 1945 after Franklin Delano Roosevelt's death, did not technically defy the ban. He did not use his drums on the Opry, but this particular Saturday night, the Opry was cancelled due to FDR's death. He and his band were asked to perform their theater show (with their drummer) because a number of fans showed up assuming the Opry would go on. It took years after that before drums became commonly accepted at the Opry; as late as 1967, an item in Billboard claimed that " full set of drums was used on the 'Grand Ole Opry' for the first time in history when Jerry Reed performed last week. Jerry's drummer, Willie Akerman, was allowed to use the entire set during his guest performance there." Stonewall Jackson, an Opry member since 1956, sued the Opry management in 2007 alleging that manager Pete Fisher was trying to purge older members of the Opry from its membership and committing age discrimination. Jackson settled the lawsuit in 2008 and resumed appearing on the program until retiring in 2012. In early 2022, Morgan Wallen performed on the Grand Ole Opry alongside Ernest. This move was criticized, as Wallen had been taped less than a year prior shouting a racial slur, and the Opry had previously made stances against racism on social media. In response to the latter, music writer Holly G. founded the Black Opry as a means of raising awareness of black artists in country music. Commercialization June Carter Cash at the Opry in 1999 The company has enforced its trademark on the name "Grand Ole Opry", with trademark registrations in the United States and in numerous countries around the world. It has taken court action to limit use of the word "Opry"—not directly trademarked—to members of the Opry and products associated with or licensed by it and to discourage use of the word in ways that would imply a connection to the Grand Ole Opry. In late 1968, for instance, WSM sued Opry Records, a record label that was independent of WSM, and the court decided that "the record is replete with newspaper and magazine articles and clippings which demonstrate conclusively that the term 'Opry', standing alone as defendant has used it, is constantly used in country and western music circles in referring to plaintiff's 'Grand Ole Opry'". The court also stated "the defendant has appropriated, at its peril, the dominant or salient term in the plaintiff's mark, a term which identified the 'Grand Ole Opry' in the mind of the public many years before the inception of 'Opry Records'—the name adopted by defendant". In another case, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted summary judgment that the term "Opry" is a generic term (and thus no more protected than the words "Grand" or "Ole"), but the Federal Circuit court reversed this decision. As recently as 2009, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted judgment against Texas Opry House, LLC, which had filed a trademark application for TEXAS OPRY HOUSE. In 2004, the Grand Ole Opry sold naming rights to its first "presenting sponsor", Cracker Barrel. Insurance company Humana became a sponsor in September 2007, was the presenting sponsor by no later than January 2010, and still holds that top sponsorship level as of May 2023. Honors Peabody Award, 1983 National Radio Hall of Fame induction, 1992 See also Country Music Association Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum Music & the Spoken Word - "The longest-running continuous network radio program in the world" (began July 15, 1929). Notes ^ a b Littleton, Cynthia (April 4, 2022). "'Grand Ole Opry' Owner Sells Minority Stake to Atairos and NBCUniversal for Nearly $300 Million". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved April 6, 2022. ^ a b "Music & the Spoken Word". National Radio Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 11, 2020. ^ "Grand Ole Opry". National Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017. radio's longest-running musical program ^ "About The Opry". Grand Ole Opry. Gaylord Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 27, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2010. ^ "Music/Grand Ole Opry". The Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2010. ^ "Grand Ole Opry". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press. Retrieved January 26, 2010. ^ "Country Music History". Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. Country Music Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on November 3, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010. ^ "Our Story - The Show that Made Country Music Famous". Grand Ole Opry. Retrieved March 1, 2022. ^ a b Tassin, Myron (1975), Fifty Years at the Grand Ole Opry (1st ed.), Pelican Publishing, ISBN 978-0882890890 ^ a b "Deford Bailey". Country Music Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020. ^ "Lost and Found Sound: The Pan American Blues". NPR. November 20, 2000. Retrieved July 21, 2011. ^ "10 things to know about the 'Grand Ole Opry'". USA Today. October 2, 2015. ^ "ABC-TV to Air 'Ole Opry' Live Once Monthly" (October 8, 1955), The Billboard, p. 1 ^ Gaar, Gillian G. "Box Set Spotlights Elvis Presley's Surviving Early Work at Sun Studio." Goldmine Feb. 2013: 40-44. Print. ^ Burns, Ken (September 2019). "Country Music (The Sons and Daughters of America)". PBS. ^ Oermann, Robert K.; Bufwack, Mary A. (2003). Finding Her Voice: Women in Country Music: 1800–2000. Nashville, TN: The Country Music Press & Vanderbilt University Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-8265-1432-4. ^ Windsor, Pam. "Country Singer Jeannie Seely Honored For 55 Years As A Member Of The Grand Ole Opry". Forbes. Retrieved September 27, 2022. ^ a b c Rogan, Johnny (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited. Rogan House. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X. ^ Allen, Michael. (2005). I Just Want to Be a Cosmic Cowboy. ^ Fricke, David (2003). Sweetheart of the Rodeo: Legacy Edition (2003 CD liner notes). ^ Dunkerley, Beville. Flashback: Jerry Lee Lewis Drops an F-Bomb on the Grand Ole Opry Archived June 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 21, 2015. ^ Dukes, Billy. Country's Most Shocking Moments – Johnny Cash Banned From the Grand Ole Opry. Taste of Country. Retrieved August 27, 2020. ^ Kahn, Andy. Remembering Johnny Cash: Performing At The Grand Ole Opry. Jambase. Retrieved August 27, 2020. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ a b c d e "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Grand Ole Opry House" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015. ^ Escott, Colin (February 28, 2009). The Grand Ole Opry: The Making of an American Icon - Colin Escott - Google Boeken. Center Street. ISBN 9781599952482. Retrieved August 9, 2012. ^ "Theme Park Timelines". Timelines.home.insightbb.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012. ^ Hurst, Jack Nashville's Grand Ole Opry (New York: H.N. Abrams, 1975) ^ Smith, Loran (January 24, 2013). "A visit to the Grand Ole Opry brings precious memories". The News-Reporter. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2014. ^ "Mall has grand opening plans". Tennessean. May 9, 2000. ^ Mayor, Alan (2014). The Nashville Family Album: A Country Music Scrapbook. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1466885677. ^ Eleanor Kennedy, "Nashville's newest historic place: The Grand Ole Opry House", Nashville Business Journal, February 26, 2015. ^ Todd Barnes, , The Tennessean, February 27, 2015. ^ "GMA Dove Awards". Tennessean. October 14, 2019. ^ "Wills Invited To Join The Opry, Capps Celebrates 60". Nashville.com. December 23, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2019. ^ a b The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Oxford University Press, USA. January 4, 2012. p. 444. ISBN 978-0-19-992083-9. ^ a b Fay, Byron (January 25, 2010). "Grand Ole Opry Ryman Reunion Celebration-October 18, 1998". Fayfare's Opry Blog. Retrieved June 29, 2015. ^ "The Grinch to Steal Christmas in Nashville". PR Newswire. May 13, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015. ^ "Home | Grand Ole Opry". Search2.opry.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2014. ^ Cooper, Peter (May 10, 2010). "Opry House's famed circle stays center stage after flood". USA Today. Retrieved June 29, 2015. ^ Hackett, Vernell (August 25, 2010). "Grand Ole Opry Floor Restored for September 28 Reopening". TheBoot.com. Retrieved June 29, 2015. ^ "Country Comes Home: Grand Ole Opry Announces September 28 Re-Opening of Opry House as Historic Circle of Wood is Returned To Opry Stage". Grand Ole Opry. August 25, 2010. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. ^ Kazin, Matthew (June 14, 2020). "How the Grand Ole Opry kept the coronavirus from breaking a 95-year-old winning streak". Fox Business Network. Retrieved June 15, 2020. ^ "Audience returning to Grand Ole Opry for 95th anniversary show in October". MSN. ^ "'Opry Live' Tops Pollstar's Year-End Livestream Charts". ^ "Blake Shelton, Brad Paisley to host Grand Ole Opry 95th anniversary special". TODAY.com. January 19, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2023. ^ Rojas, Rick (October 31, 2021). "5,000 Shows Later, the Grand Ole Opry Is Still the Sound of Nashville". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 20, 2023. ^ Trigger (February 16, 2021). "George Strait Isn't a Grand Ole Opry Member. Has He Even Played?". Saving Country Music. Retrieved December 4, 2023. ^ "Loretta Lynn remembered during Grand Ole Opry tribute show". www.tennessean.com. Retrieved April 20, 2023. ^ "Grand Ole Opry unveils new set while welcoming more acts than ever to stage". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 20, 2023. ^ Dowling, Marcus K. "Opry NextStage celebrates a 'vibrant, diverse future' in country music". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 20, 2023. ^ "Gary Mule Deer, Henry Cho invited to join Grand Ole Opry". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 20, 2023. ^ a b "Tune In". Grand Ole Opry. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ "The Opry Band". ^ Fay, Byron (March 3, 2012). "First Televised Opry Show on PBS-March 4, 1978". FayFare's Opry Blog. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ "History of the Opry". Grand Ole Opry. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ "GAC's Presents Opry Live". GAC (Great American Country). Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ a b Bouma, Luke (November 10, 2023). "The OTA TV Network Circle Is Shutting Down & Will Be Replaced By Warner Bros. Discovery's New Network". Cord Cutter News. Retrieved November 11, 2023. ^ "Opry Encore". Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2017. ^ "Keith Whitley to be celebrated by Garth Brooks, more, at October Opry event". The Tennessean. Retrieved October 15, 2023. ^ Kruh, Nancy (October 26, 2023). "Jon Pardi Inducted into Grand Ole Opry by His Hero Garth Brooks". People. Retrieved November 28, 2023. ^ a b "Four Dropped From 'Opry' To Return on Christmas". Billboard. November 27, 1965. p. 50. ^ a b Morris, Edward (April 20, 2000). "Grand Ole Opry Looking Toward Building Its Audience". CMT/CMT News. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ Kienzle, Richard. (2003). Southwest shuffle: pioneers of honky-tonk, Western swing, and country jazz. New York: Routledge. pp. 254-257. ^ Hall, Wade. (1998). "Pee Wee King". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 283–4. ^ Williams, Bill (September 30, 1967). "Nashville Scene". Billboard. pp. 50, 53. ^ "Yahoo! News, 1/12/07". ^ "Stonewall Jackson's Lawsuit Against Opry Settled" Cmt.com, October 6, 2008 ^ Garcia, Tony (December 4, 2021). "Longtime country singer Stonewall Jackson dies at 89". WSMV-TV. Retrieved December 4, 2021. ^ "'People are much too sensitive': Opinions get heated over Morgan Wallen's Opry performance". Local 12. January 12, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022. ^ "WSM Back in Court Again - Files 2d Suit Over Name". Billboard. Vol. 81, no. 21. May 24, 1969. p. 51. ^ "Opry Records Sued For Infringement". Billboard. Vol. 80, no. 50. December 14, 1968. p. 29. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ WSM v. Bailey, United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee.297 F. Supp. 870 (M.D. Tenn. 1969), at 872-3. ^ WSM v. Bailey, 297 F. Supp. 870 (M.D. Tenn. 1969), at 873. ^ Opryland USA, Inc. v. The Great American Music Show, Inc., 970 F.2d 847 (Fed. Cir. 1992). ^ US Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, opposition number 91188534. ^ Lovel, Jim (December 20, 2004). "Cracker Barrel Reloads Marketing Arsenal". AdWeek. Retrieved December 9, 2012. ^ "Humana becomes Grand Ole Opry sponsor". Louisville Business First. American City Business Journals. September 6, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2023. Health insurer Humana Inc. will try to appeal to Grand Ole Opry patrons by becoming an official sponsor of the country music venue. ^ "Grand Ole Opry | Sponsors". Grand Ole Opry. January 13, 2010. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2023. Humana - Presenting Sponsor of the Grand Ole Opry ^ "Grand Ole Opry". Grand Ole Opry. May 8, 2023. Archived from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023. Presented by Humana ^ "Peabody Award winners 1983". The Peabody Awards. Retrieved February 24, 2020. ^ "Grand Ole Opry - Radio Hall of Fame". National Radio Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 24, 2020. References Hay, George D. A Story of the Grand Ole Opry. 1945. Kingsbury, Paul (1998). "Grand Ole Opry". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 208–9. Wolfe, Charles K. A Good-Natured Riot: The Birth of the Grand Ole Opry. Nashville: Country Music Foundation Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8265-1331-X. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Ole Opry. Official website Grand Ole Opry on TV Internet Archive Complete show of April 28, 1956, in black & white Library of Congress Local Legacies Project: Grand Ole Opry vteMusic venues of TennesseeOutdoor venues Ascend Amphitheater Finley Stadium Great Stage Park Levitt Shell Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium Mud Island Nissan Stadium Theaters and clubs Bijou Theatre Bluebird Café Exit/In Grand Ole Opry Ryman Auditorium Tennessee Theatre War Memorial Auditorium Station Inn Robert's Western World Arenas Bridgestone Arena FedExForum Freedom Hall Civic Center McKenzie Arena Murphy Center Nashville Municipal Auditorium Oman Arena Mid-South Coliseum Thompson–Boling Arena Viking Hall Civic Center Festivals Bonnaroo Music Festival Live on the Green Music Festival CMA Music Festival Beale Street Music Festival Big Ears Festival Mempho Music Festival Historic venues Pyramid Arena Starwood Amphitheatre vteGrand Ole OpryFounder: George D. Hay — Year of induction in (parentheses)Member Groups Dailey & Vincent (2017) Diamond Rio (1998) Gatlin Brothers (1976) The Isaacs (2021) Jim and Jesse McReynolds (1964) Lady A (2021) Little Big Town (2014) Montgomery Gentry (2009) Oak Ridge Boys (1947, 2011) Old Crow Medicine Show (2013) Opry Square Dancers (1952) Bobby Osborne and Rocky Top X-Press (1964) Rascal Flatts (2011) Riders in the Sky (1982) The Whites (1984) The French Family Band (2023) Member Female Artists Lauren Alaina (2022) Kelsea Ballerini (2019) Mandy Barnett (2021) Terri Clark (2004) Crystal Gayle (2017) Emmylou Harris (1992) Alison Krauss (1993) Patty Loveless (1988) Loretta Lynn (1962) Barbara Mandrell (1972) Martina McBride (1995) Reba McEntire (1986) Lorrie Morgan (1984) Dolly Parton (1969) Carly Pearce (2021) Jeanne Pruett (1973) Jeannie Seely (1967) Connie Smith (1965) Pam Tillis (2000) Carrie Underwood (2008) Rhonda Vincent (2021) Trisha Yearwood (1999) Member Male Artists Trace Adkins (2003) Bill Anderson (1961) Bobby Bare (1964, 2018) Clint Black (1991) Garth Brooks (1990) John Conlee (1981) Luke Combs (2019) Vince Gill (1991) Alan Jackson (1991) Stonewall Jackson (1956) Chris Janson (2018) Jamey Johnson (2022) Dustin Lynch (2018) Del McCoury (2003) Ronnie Milsap (1976) Craig Morgan (2008) Brad Paisley (2001) Stu Phillips (1967) Ray Pillow (1966) Darius Rucker (2012) Blake Shelton (2010) Ricky Van Shelton (1988) Ricky Skaggs (1982) Mike Snider (1990) Marty Stuart (1992) Randy Travis (1986) Travis Tritt (1992) Josh Turner (2007) Keith Urban (2012) Steve Wariner (1996) Gene Watson (2020) Mark Wills (2019) Chris Young (2017) Member Artist Legends Roy Acuff Johnny Cash Patsy Cline Jan Howard Carter Family George Jones Bill Monroe Minnie Pearl Charley Pride Ernest Tubb Porter Wagoner Hank Williams Kitty Wells Dottie West Venues WSM Studios (1925-34) Hillsboro Theater (1934-36) Dixie Tabernacle (1936-39) War Memorial Auditorium (1939-43, 2010) Ryman Auditorium (1943-74, 1999-present) (New) Grand Ole Opry House (1974-present) Related articles WSM (AM) Circle Ryman Hospitality Properties National Life and Accident Insurance Company Complete list of past and present Opry members Barn dance Black Opry vteMembers of the Grand Ole OpryCurrent members Trace Adkins Lauren Alaina Bill Anderson Kelsea Ballerini Bobby Bare Mandy Barnett Dierks Bentley Clint Black Garth Brooks T. Graham Brown Henry Cho Terri Clark Luke Combs John Conlee Dailey & Vincent Diamond Rio Sara Evans Larry Gatlin and the Gatlin Brothers Crystal Gayle Vince Gill Emmylou Harris The Isaacs Alan Jackson Chris Janson Jamey Johnson Alison Krauss Lady A Little Big Town Patty Loveless Dustin Lynch Barbara Mandrell Martina McBride Ashley McBryde Del McCoury Charlie McCoy Scotty McCreery Reba McEntire Ronnie Milsap Eddie Montgomery Craig Morgan Lorrie Morgan Gary Mule Deer The Oak Ridge Boys Old Crow Medicine Show Brad Paisley Jon Pardi Dolly Parton Carly Pearce Stu Phillips Jeanne Pruett Rascal Flatts Riders in the Sky Darius Rucker Don Schlitz Jeannie Seely Blake Shelton Ricky Van Shelton Ricky Skaggs Connie Smith Mike Snider Marty Stuart Pam Tillis Randy Travis Travis Tritt Josh Turner Carrie Underwood Keith Urban Rhonda Vincent Steve Wariner Gene Watson The Whites Mark Wills Trisha Yearwood Chris Young Former members Roy Acuff David "Stringbean" Akeman Jack Anglin Eddy Arnold Ernest Ashworth Chet Atkins DeFord Bailey Bashful Brother Oswald Humphrey Bate Binkley Brothers' Dixie Clodhoppers Margie Bowes Rod Brasfield Jim Ed Brown The Browns Carl Butler and Pearl Archie Campbell Bill Carlisle Martha Carson The Carter Sisters Maybelle Carter Johnny Cash June Carter Cash Roy Clark Zeke Clements Patsy Cline Jerry Clower Stoney Cooper Wilma Lee Cooper Cowboy Copas Charlie Daniels Skeeter Davis The Delmore Brothers The DeZurik Sisters Little Jimmy Dickens Joe Diffie Danny Dill Jimmy Driftwood Roy Drusky The Duke of Paducah Holly Dunn The Everly Brothers Lester Flatt Red Foley Curly Fox Lefty Frizzell Troy Gentry Don Gibson Billy Grammer Jack Greene The Gully Jumpers Theron Hale Tom T. Hall George Hamilton IV Sid Harkreader Hawkshaw Hawkins George D. Hay Hoot Hester Goldie Hill David Houston Jan Howard Ferlin Husky Stonewall Jackson Sonny James Norma Jean Jim & Jesse Johnnie & Jack George Jones Grandpa Jones The Jordanaires Doug Kershaw Hal Ketchum Bradley Kincaid Pee Wee King Hank Locklin Lonzo and Oscar Bobby Lord The Louvin Brothers Charlie Louvin Ira Louvin Bob Luman Loretta Lynn Uncle Dave Macon Rose Maddox Mel McDaniel Jesse McReynolds McGee Brothers Bill Monroe George Morgan Moon Mullican Willie Nelson Jimmy C. Newman Bobby Osborne Sonny Osborne Johnny Paycheck Minnie Pearl Webb Pierce Ray Pillow Ray Price Charley Pride Del Reeves Jim Reeves Leon Rhodes Tex Ritter Marty Robbins Johnny Russell Rusty and Doug Earl Scruggs Jean Shepard Mississippi Slim Carl Smith Fiddlin' Arthur Smith Hank Snow Red Sovine Ralph Stanley Texas Ruby B. J. Thomas Uncle Jimmy Thompson Mel Tillis Tompall & the Glaser Brothers Ernest Tubb Justin Tubb Leroy Van Dyke Porter Wagoner Billy Walker Charlie Walker Kitty Wells Dottie West Keith Whitley† Slim Whitman The Wilburn Brothers Don Williams Hank Williams Boxcar Willie The Willis Brothers Chubby Wise Del Wood Marion Worth Johnnie Wright Tammy Wynette Faron Young †Honorary former member; was scheduled to be invited, but died before the invitation was extended Pending members Lainey Wilson vteRyman Hospitality PropertiesFounded in 1925Properties Grand Ole Opry Ryman Auditorium General Jackson Showboat Wildhorse Saloon Gaylord Hotels Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center Gaylord Palms Resort & Convention Center Gaylord Texan Resort & Convention Center Gaylord National Resort & Convention Center Broadcasting WSM AM Circle Country Previously owned Opryland USA theme park Fiesta Texas Theme Park (minority interest) WKY Radio, Oklahoma City ResortQuest International, Inc. Bass Pro Shops' Outdoor World (minority interest) Acuff-Rose Music Corporate Magic The Nashville Network CMT CMT Europe Nashville Predators (minority interest) Opry Mills (minority interest) Word Entertainment Pandora Z Music Television (Christian music video channel) The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers rymanhp.com Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States Geographic MusicBrainz place

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Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_D._Hay"},{"link_name":"NBCUniversal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal"},{"link_name":"Ryman Hospitality Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryman_Hospitality_Properties"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcminority-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"chart-toppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"Americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americana_(music)"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"comedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy"},{"link_name":"skits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_comedy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_The_Opry-4"},{"link_name":"50,000 watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel_station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"NBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Red_Network"},{"link_name":"Ryman Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Metro Nashville/Davidson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_ad-supported_streaming_television"},{"link_name":"Circle Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Country"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"}],"text":"Radio showThe Grand Ole Opry is a regular live country-music radio broadcast originating from Nashville, Tennessee, on WSM, held between two and five nights per week, depending on the time of year. It was founded on November 28, 1925, by George D. Hay as the WSM Barn Dance, taking its current name in 1927. Currently owned and operated by Opry Entertainment (a joint venture between NBCUniversal, Atairos and majority shareholder Ryman Hospitality Properties[1]), it is the longest-running radio broadcast in U.S. history.[2][3] Dedicated to honoring country music and its history, the Opry showcases a mix of famous singers and contemporary chart-toppers performing country, bluegrass, Americana, folk, and gospel music as well as comedic performances and skits.[4] It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio and internet listeners.In the 1930s, the show began hiring professionals and expanded to four hours. Broadcasting by then at 50,000 watts, WSM made the program a Saturday night musical tradition in nearly 30 states.[5] In 1939, it debuted nationally on NBC Radio. The Opry moved to its most famous former home, the Ryman Auditorium, in 1943. As it developed in importance, so did the city of Nashville, which became America's \"country music capital\".[6] The Grand Ole Opry holds such significance in Nashville that it is included as a \"home of\" mention on the welcome signs seen by motorists at the Metro Nashville/Davidson County line.Membership in the Opry remains one of country music's crowning achievements.[7] Since 1974, the show has been broadcast from the Grand Ole Opry House east of downtown Nashville, with an annual three-month winter foray back to the Ryman from 1999 to 2020, and again for shorter winter residencies beginning in 2023. In addition to the radio programs, performances have been sporadically televised over the years. Video compilations of previous Opry performances are distributed digitally every Saturday evening on FAST network Circle Country as well as the Opry's YouTube and Facebook outlets, and syndicated to a number of television stations across North America.","title":"Grand Ole Opry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Ole_Opry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Minnie Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Pearl"},{"link_name":"Roy Acuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Acuff"},{"link_name":"National Life & Accident Insurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Life_and_Accident_Insurance_Company"},{"link_name":"George D. Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_D._Hay"},{"link_name":"National Barn Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Barn_Dance"},{"link_name":"WLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Uncle Jimmy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Jimmy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bill Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Bate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Bate"},{"link_name":"Uncle Dave Macon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Dave_Macon"},{"link_name":"Binkley Brothers' Dixie Clodhoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binkley_Brothers%27_Dixie_Clodhoppers"},{"link_name":"Sid Harkreader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Harkreader"},{"link_name":"DeFord Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeFord_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Fiddlin' Arthur Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddlin%27_Arthur_Smith"},{"link_name":"Gully Jumpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gully_Jumpers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fifty-9"},{"link_name":"banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fifty-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davidson_Co_Tennessee_Road_Sign.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings","text":"Decorative brickwork at Opryland Hotel depicting Ryman Auditorium with Minnie Pearl and Roy AcuffThe Grand Ole Opry started as the WSM Barn Dance in the new fifth-floor radio studio of the National Life & Accident Insurance Company in downtown Nashville on November 28, 1925. On October 17, 1925, management began a program featuring \"Dr. Humphrey Bate and his string quartet of old-time musicians.\" On November 2, WSM hired long-time announcer and program director George D. Hay, an enterprising pioneer from the National Barn Dance program at WLS in Chicago, who was also named the most popular radio announcer in America as a result of his radio work with both WLS and WMC in Memphis, Tennessee. Though only 29 when he was hired by WSM and turned 30 a week later, Hay (known as the \"Solemn Old Judge\") launched the WSM Barn Dance with 77-year-old fiddler Uncle Jimmy Thompson on November 28, 1925, and that date is celebrated as the day the Grand Ole Opry began.[8]Some of the bands regularly on the show during its early days included Bill Monroe, the Possum Hunters (with Humphrey Bate), the Fruit Jar Drinkers with Uncle Dave Macon, the Crook Brothers, the Binkley Brothers' Dixie Clodhoppers, Sid Harkreader, DeFord Bailey, Fiddlin' Arthur Smith, and the Gully Jumpers.[9]Judge Hay liked the Fruit Jar Drinkers and asked them to appear last on each show because he wanted to always close each segment with \"red hot fiddle playing\". They were the second band accepted on Barn Dance, with the Crook Brothers being the first. When the Opry began having square dancers on the show, the Fruit Jar Drinkers always played for them. In 1926, Uncle Dave Macon, a Tennessee banjo player who had recorded several songs and toured on the vaudeville circuit, became its first real star.[9]Signs welcoming motorists to Nashville on all major roadways include the phrase \"Home of the Grand Ole Opry\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame-10"},{"link_name":"Music Appreciation Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Appreciation_Hour"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"grand opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_opera"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Name","text":"The phrase \"Grand Ole Opry\" was first uttered on radio on December 10, 1927.[10] At the time, the NBC Red Network's Music Appreciation Hour, a program with classical music and selections from grand opera, was followed by Hay's Barn Dance. That evening, as he was introducing DeFord Bailey, the show's first performer of the night, George Hay said the following words:For the past hour, we have been listening to music largely from Grand Opera, but from now on, we will present 'The Grand Ole Opry'.[10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSCF9014-crop1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Belcourt Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belcourt_Theatre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WMA_plaza.jpg"},{"link_name":"War Memorial Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Memorial_Auditorium_(Nashville,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"War Memorial Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Memorial_Auditorium_(Nashville,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Ryman Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roy_Acuff_1950.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rymanauditorium1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ryman Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"NBC Red Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Red_Network"},{"link_name":"National Barn Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Barn_Dance"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_tobacco"},{"link_name":"Red Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Foley"},{"link_name":"ABC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Ozark Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozark_Jubilee"},{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_syndication"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"rockabilly music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabilly_music"},{"link_name":"Sam Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Phillips"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Larger venues","text":"The Hillsboro Theatre (now the Belcourt Theatre), home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1934 to 1936The War Memorial Auditorium, home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1939 to 1943As audiences for the live show increased, National Life & Accident Insurance's radio venue became too small to accommodate the hordes of fans. They built a larger studio, but it was still not large enough. After several months with no audiences,[clarification needed] National Life decided to allow the show to move outside its home offices. In October 1934, the Opry moved into then-suburban Hillsboro Theatre (now the Belcourt) before moving to the Dixie Tabernacle in East Nashville on June 13, 1936. The Opry then moved to the War Memorial Auditorium, a downtown venue adjacent to the State Capitol, and a 25-cent admission fee was charged to try to curb the large crowds, but to no avail. In June 1943, the Opry moved to Ryman Auditorium.[12]Roy AcuffRyman Auditorium, the \"Mother Church of Country Music\", home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1943 to 1974, and seasonally since 1999One hour of the Opry was nationally broadcast by the NBC Red Network from 1939 to 1956, and for much of its run, it aired one hour after the program that had inspired it, National Barn Dance. The NBC segment, originally known by the name of its sponsor, The Prince Albert Show, was first hosted by Acuff, who was succeeded by Red Foley from 1946 to 1954. From October 15, 1955, to September 1956, ABC-TV aired a live, hour-long television version once a month on Saturday nights (sponsored by Ralston-Purina) that pre-empted one hour of the then-90-minute Ozark Jubilee. From 1955 to 1957, Al Gannaway owned and produced both The Country Show and Stars of the Grand Ole Opry, both filmed programs syndicated by Flamingo Films. Gannaway's Stars of the Grand Ole Opry was the first television show shot in color.[13]On October 2, 1954, a teenage Elvis Presley had his only Opry performance. Although the audience reacted politely to his revolutionary brand of rockabilly music, Opry manager Jim Denny told Presley's producer Sam Phillips after the show that the singer's style did not suit the program.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hippie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie"},{"link_name":"counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s"},{"link_name":"gingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingham"},{"link_name":"Jeannie Seely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannie_Seely"},{"link_name":"miniskirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniskirt"},{"link_name":"go-go boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-go_boot"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"\"gingham curtain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honored55years-17"},{"link_name":"The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"Country rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_rock"},{"link_name":"Gram Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Sweetheart of the Rodeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetheart_of_the_Rodeo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeless-18"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeless-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hickory Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory_Wind"},{"link_name":"Merle Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Haggard"},{"link_name":"Tompall Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompall_Glaser"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeless-18"},{"link_name":"Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_the_Circle_Be_Unbroken:_Volume_Two"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lee Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"profanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profanity"},{"link_name":"motherfucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherfucker"},{"link_name":"music industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cash"},{"link_name":"June Carter Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Carter_Cash"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"At Folsom Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Folsom_Prison"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"1960s","text":"In the 1960s, as the hippie counterculture movement spread, the Opry maintained a strait-laced, conservative image with \"longhairs\" not being featured on the show. Artists were expected to dress conservatively, with women regularly wearing gingham country dresses; Jeannie Seely, upon joining the Opry in 1967, fought management to wear more contemporary attire such as miniskirts and go-go boots, arguing that if the Opry were going to have a dress code, it should enforce it upon the audience as well, and that she was only wearing what most young women of the time were wearing.[15] Seely's actions effectively caused the fall of a \"gingham curtain\".[16] Despite her disputes with the dress code, Seely would remain loyal to the Opry, setting the record for most appearances on the program over 55 years (and ongoing) as a member.[17]The Byrds were a notable exception. Country rock pioneer Gram Parsons, who was a member of The Byrds at the time, was in Nashville to work on the band's country rock album, Sweetheart of the Rodeo.[18] The band's record label, Columbia Records, had arranged for The Byrds to perform at the Ryman on March 15, 1968, a prospect that thrilled Parsons.[18] However, when the band took the stage the audience's response was immediately hostile, resulting in derisive heckling, booing, and mocking calls of \"tweet, tweet\" and \"cut your hair\"[19][20] The Byrds further outraged the Opry establishment by ignoring accepted protocol when they performed Parsons' song \"Hickory Wind\" instead of the Merle Haggard song \"Life in Prison\", as had been announced by Tompall Glaser.[18] Two decades later, long after Parsons' death, members of The Byrds reconciled with the Opry and collaborated on the 1989 album Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two.Another artist that ran afoul of the Opry's stringent standards was Jerry Lee Lewis, who made his first and only appearance on the show on January 20, 1973, after several years of success on the country charts. Lewis was given two conditions for his appearance – no rock and roll and no profanity – and he proceeded to disregard both, even referring to himself as a \"motherfucker\" at one point. In a continuous 40-minute set, Lewis played a mixture of his rock and roll hits and covers of other singers' country songs. It has been said that he was bitter about how he was treated when he first arrived in Nashville in 1955, and he supposedly used his Opry appearance to exact revenge on the Nashville music industry.[21]Country legend Johnny Cash, who made his Opry debut on July 5, 1956, and met his future wife June Carter Cash on that day, was banned from the program in 1965 after drunkenly smashing the stage lights with the microphone stand. Cash commented on the incident years later: \"I don't know how much they wanted me in the first place,\" he says, \"but the night I broke all the stage lights with the microphone stand, they said they couldn't use me anymore. So I went out and used it as an excuse to really get wild and ended up in the hospital the third time I broke my nose.\"[22] Cash was accepted back in 1968, after the success of his At Folsom Prison album and his recovery from addiction.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryman Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"The Opry House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Opry_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Ole_Opry_House_2022e.png"},{"link_name":"urban decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_decay"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Briley Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_155"},{"link_name":"Opryland USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opryland_USA"},{"link_name":"Opryland Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Opryland_Resort_%26_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Opry Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opry_Mills"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"StarWalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarWalk"},{"link_name":"Music City Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_City_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Country Music Association Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Awards"},{"link_name":"Wheel of Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(American_game_show)"},{"link_name":"GMA Dove Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Dove_Awards"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Grand Ole Opry House","text":"For the venue named Grand Ole Opry House from 1943 to 1974, see Ryman Auditorium. For the 1929 Disney short film, see The Opry House.United States historic placeInterior in 2022Ryman Auditorium was home to the Opry until 1974. By the late 1960s, National Life & Accident desired a new, larger, more modern home for the long-running radio show. Already 51 years old at the time the Opry moved there, the Ryman was beginning to suffer from disrepair as the downtown neighborhood around it fell victim to increasing urban decay. Despite these shortcomings, the show's popularity continued to increase, and its weekly crowds were outgrowing the 2,362-seat venue. The Opry's operators wanted to build a new air-conditioned theater, with greater seating capacity, ample parking, and the ability to serve as a television production facility. Their ideal location would be in a less urbanized part of town to provide visitors with a \"safer, more controlled, and more enjoyable experience\".[26]National Life & Accident purchased farmland owned by a local sausage manufacturer (Rudy's Farm) in the Pennington Bend area of Nashville, nine miles east of downtown and adjacent to the newly constructed Briley Parkway. The new Opry venue was the centerpiece of a grand entertainment complex at that location, which later included Opryland USA Theme Park and Opryland Hotel. The theme park opened to the public on June 30, 1972,[27] well ahead of the 4,000-seat Opry House, which debuted nearly two years later, on Saturday, March 16, 1974. The last show of the Grand Ole Opry at the Ryman Auditorium was held on March 15, 1974.Opening night was attended by sitting U.S. President Richard Nixon, who played a few songs on the piano.[28] To carry on the tradition of the show's run at the Ryman, a six-foot circle of oak was cut from the corner of the Ryman's stage and inlaid into center stage at the new venue.[29] Artists on stage usually stood on the circle as they performed, and most modern performers still follow this tradition.The theme park was closed and demolished following the 1997 season, but the Grand Ole Opry House remains in use. The immediate area around it was left intact, even throughout the construction of Opry Mills, which opened in May 2000.[30] The outside was decorated with the commemorative plaques of country music Grammy winners, formerly of Opryland's StarWalk, until the display was retired, reconfigured, and moved downtown to become the Music City Walk of Fame in 2006.[31]The Grand Ole Opry continues to be performed every Tuesday, Friday, Saturday, and occasionally Wednesday and Sunday at the Grand Ole Opry House. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 27, 2015.[32][33]The Grand Ole Opry House was also the home of the Country Music Association Awards from 1974 to 2004, and hosted three weeks of tapings for the long-running game show Wheel of Fortune in 2003. The venue has also been the site of the GMA Dove Awards on multiple occasions.[34]On December 21, 2018, the backstage band room was officially named the Jimmy Capps Music Room in honor of Capps's 60th anniversary on the Opry.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RymanDormant-36"},{"link_name":"Emmylou Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmylou_Harris"},{"link_name":"At the Ryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Ryman"},{"link_name":"A Prairie Home Companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Prairie_Home_Companion"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RymanDormant-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RymanReturn-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RymanReturn-37"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Radio City Christmas Spectacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_City_Christmas_Spectacular"},{"link_name":"Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Seuss%27_How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas!_The_Musical"},{"link_name":"Cirque Dreams Holidaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_Productions"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Return to Ryman Auditorium","text":"Following the departure of the Opry, Ryman Auditorium sat mostly vacant and decaying for 20 years. An initial effort by National Life & Accident to tear down the Ryman and use its bricks to build a chapel at Opryland USA was met with resounding resistance from the public, including many influential musicians of the time. The plans were abandoned, and the building remained standing with an uncertain future. Despite the absence of performances, the building remained a tourist attraction throughout the remainder of the 1970s and 1980s.[36]In 1991 and 1992, Emmylou Harris performed a series of concerts there and released some of the recordings as an album entitled At the Ryman. The concert and album's high acclaim renewed interest in reviving Ryman Auditorium as an active venue. Beginning in September 1993, Gaylord Entertainment initiated a full renovation of the Ryman, restoring it to a world-class concert hall that reopened with a broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion on June 4, 1994.[36]On Sunday, October 18, 1998, the Opry held a benefit show at Ryman Auditorium, marking its return to the venue for the first time since its final show on March 15, 1974.[37]Beginning in November 1999, the Opry was held at Ryman Auditorium for three months, partly due to the ongoing construction of Opry Mills. The Opry returned to the Ryman for the three winter months every year until 2019–20, allowing the show to acknowledge its roots while also taking advantage of a smaller venue during an off-peak season for tourism.[37] Following a COVID-19 pandemic-related hiatus after the 2020 season, the show has returned to The Ryman for shorter winter residencies since 2023. While still officially the Grand Ole Opry, the shows there are billed as Opry at the Ryman. From 2002 to 2014, a traveling version of the Radio City Christmas Spectacular took up residence at the Grand Ole Opry House each holiday season while the Opry was away. It was replaced by Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical from 2015 in 2017 and by Cirque Dreams Holidaze in 2018.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Ole_Opry_Logo_2005.png"},{"link_name":"Cumberland River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_River"},{"link_name":"overflowed its banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2010_Tennessee_floods"},{"link_name":"TPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Performing_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"War Memorial Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Memorial_Auditorium_(Nashville,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Hall"},{"link_name":"Nashville Municipal Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Municipal_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"Allen Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Arena"},{"link_name":"Lipscomb University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipscomb_University"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RymanCircleSaved-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RymanCircleRestored-41"},{"link_name":"Great American Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Country"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"2010 flooding","text":"Grand Ole Opry logo used from 2005 to 2015In May 2010, the Opry House was flooded, along with much of Nashville, when the Cumberland River overflowed its banks. Repairs were made, and the Opry itself remained uninterrupted. Over the course of the summer of 2010, the broadcast temporarily originated from alternate venues in Nashville, with Ryman Auditorium hosting the majority of the shows. Other venues included TPAC War Memorial Auditorium, another former Opry home; TPAC's Andrew Jackson Hall; Nashville Municipal Auditorium; Allen Arena at Lipscomb University; and Two Rivers Baptist Church.[39]Much of the auditorium's main floor seating, the backstage areas, and the entire stage—including the six foot inlaid circle of wood from Ryman's stage—was underwater during the flood. While the Grand Ole Opry House's stage was replaced, the Ryman circle was restored and again placed at center stage in the Grand Ole Opry House before shows resumed.[40][41] The renovations following the flood also resulted in an updated and much-expanded backstage area, including the construction of more dressing rooms and a performer's lounge. The Opry returned to the Grand Ole Opry House on September 28, 2010, in a special edition of the Opry entitled Country Comes Home that was televised live on Great American Country.[42]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"closed its doors to spectators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Pollstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollstar"},{"link_name":"Vince Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gill"},{"link_name":"Reba McEntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_McEntire"},{"link_name":"Brad Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Paisley"},{"link_name":"Carrie Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Underwood"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"COVID-19 pandemic response","text":"The Opry closed its doors to spectators and trimmed its staff in March 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee but continued to air weekly episodes on radio and television, relying on advertising revenue to remain solvent.[43] The Opry resumed allowing spectators on a limited basis in October, and resumed full operations in May 2021.[44] Due to the restrictions, the show did not move to the Ryman Auditorium in November 2020 as was customary. The Winter Ryman residency did not resume in 2021–22, partly due to scheduling conflicts from Ryman concerts postponed during the pandemic closure.The Opry livestreams were celebrated by viewers as something to look forward to during the pandemic, with the majority of viewers being under lockdown. According to Pollstar, Opry Live was the number one most-watched livestream series in 2020 across all genres and received more than fifty million viewers from over fifty countries throughout the year, with two individual episodes (Vince Gill/Reba McEntire and Brad Paisley/Carrie Underwood) placing at numbers nine and ten respectively in the top ten. President of Opry Entertainment Scott Bailey explained that \"as the stewards of the Grand Ole Opry, it was never a question of if the Opry would play on, but how could it provide a safe and much-needed source of comfort during what has been an extraordinary year around the world. We are proud of this tremendous result and the numbers of viewers who have tuned in, not only for what it has meant for Circle, but also for what it says about the country music genre and country music fans. On behalf of all of us at the Grand Ole Opry and Opry Entertainment, I'd like to thank the artist community, industry and music lovers around the world for their continued support\".[45]After seven months of performing without a live audience, in October 2020, the Opry kicked off its 95th anniversary by welcoming back 500 guests to the Opry House – and so began a month-long celebration of the Opry, country music, its artists, and its fans.[46]The Grand Ole Opry celebrated its 5,000th Saturday night show on October 30, 2021, with performances by country superstars and Opry members such as Garth Brooks, Trisha Yearwood, Darius Rucker, Vince Gill, Chris Young and several others.[47]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBCUniversal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcminority-1"},{"link_name":"George Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Strait"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"NBCUniversal and Atairos acquired a combined 30% stake in the Grand Ole Opry and its parent company Opry Entertainment Group in 2022. The crossover allows for NBCUniversal's television outlets, including NBC, to carry several Opry television specials.[1]A memorial concert was held for longtime member Loretta Lynn a few weeks after Lynn's death in October 2023; the concert featured performances by George Strait (who himself has only appeared once, in 1982, on the Opry radio show[48]), Tanya Tucker, Wynonna, and several other artists. Thousands of Lynn’s friends, family, and fans were in attendance at the Opry House.[49]The Opry unveiled a new, upgraded stage with all-new, advanced audio technology – the first major updates to the set in over two decades – in February 2023.[50] Opry NextStage, a program that spotlights a select number of up-and-coming country artists each year, began bringing younger and more diverse acts to the Opry stage in 2019.[51] Artists from more genres like Folk, Americana, Gospel, Blues, and Southern Rock frequently appear on the show. And in 2022, Opry management invited two new comedians – Henry Cho (the Opry’s first Asian American member) and Gary Mule Deer – to become Opry members.[52]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dolly_parton_grand_ole_opry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dolly Parton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eddie_Stubbs_at_the_Grand_Ole_Opry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eddie Stubbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Stubbs"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opry-53"},{"link_name":"house band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_band"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Willie's Roadhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%27s_Roadhouse"},{"link_name":"Sirius XM Satellite Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM_Satellite_Radio"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opry-53"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"The Nashville Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nashville_Network"},{"link_name":"Country Music Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television"},{"link_name":"Great American Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Country"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"channel drifted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_drift"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"digital subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"Gray Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Television"},{"link_name":"WSMV-DT5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSMV-TV"},{"link_name":"flagship station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"live to tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_to_tape"},{"link_name":"syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circle_Ends-58"},{"link_name":"RFD-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFD-TV"},{"link_name":"reruns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerun"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Sky Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Arts"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circle_Ends-58"}],"text":"Dolly Parton at the Opry in 2005Eddie Stubbs announcing for the Opry in 2012The Grand Ole Opry is broadcast live on WSM-AM at 7 p.m. CT on Saturday nights, changed from a previous time start of 6:30. A similar program, Friday Night Opry, airs live on Friday nights. From February through December, Tuesday Night Opry is also aired live.[53] Wednesday shows are typically presented in the summer months, while an \"Opry Country Classics\" program sporadically airs on Thursdays, devoted solely to older artists. Additional Christmas-themed shows, entitled Opry Country Christmas, began production during the 2021 holiday season.The Opry provides a fourteen-piece house band for performers should they not have a band of their own.[54]The Opry can also be heard live on Willie's Roadhouse on channel 59 on Sirius XM Satellite Radio, and the program streams on WSM's website.[53] ABC broadcast the Grand Ole Opry as a monthly series from 1955 to 1956, and PBS televised annual live performances from 1978 to 1981.[55] In 1985, The Nashville Network, co-owned by Gaylord, began airing an edited half-hour version of the program as Grand Ole Opry Live. The show moved to Country Music Television, also owned by Gaylord, where it expanded to an hour, and then to the Great American Country (GAC) cable network,[56] which no longer televised its Opry Live show after both networks channel drifted towards generic Southern lifestyle programming.[57] Circle, a new over-the-air digital subchannel network operated by Gray Television and Ryman Hospitality Properties, resumed telecasting the Opry as its flagship program when it launched in 2020, and former WSM radio sister station WSMV-DT5 is the network's flagship station. Initially simulcasting the radio version, since 2021, the television Opry Live has been pre-recorded live to tape telecasts of recent Opry shows (the show's time slot often coincides with intermission and less demographic-friendly radio segments such as square dancing and audience participation bits). Circle ended its over-the-air operations at the end of 2023, with Opry Live being moved to syndication.[58] RFD-TV carries reruns of Opry telecasts under the title Opry Encore.[59]Sky Arts simulcasts Opry Live in the United Kingdom.[58]","title":"Broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mel_Tillis_Asked_to_Join_Opry_(3460914437).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mel Tillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Tillis"},{"link_name":"Bill Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Anderson_(singer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeannie_Seely_at_the_Opry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeannie Seely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannie_Seely"},{"link_name":"Keith Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Whitley"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Barbara Mandrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Pruett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Pruett"},{"link_name":"Stu Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stu_Phillips_(country_singer)"},{"link_name":"Ricky Van Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Van_Shelton"},{"link_name":"Randy Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Travis"},{"link_name":"Loretta Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Don Schlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Schlitz"},{"link_name":"Kenny Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Rogers"},{"link_name":"comedians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-up_comedy"},{"link_name":"Jerry Clower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Clower"},{"link_name":"Henry Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cho"},{"link_name":"Gary Mule Deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Mule_Deer"},{"link_name":"Jon Pardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Pardi"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"sui generis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis"}],"text":"New members are invited to join the Opry by other members. Here, Mel Tillis (right) receives his Opry induction offer from Bill Anderson, 2007.Jeannie Seely (pictured at the Opry in 2012) has made the most appearances on the Grand Ole Opry, inducted as a member in 1967, she has made over 5,000 appearances on the Opry, more than anyone else.Regular performers at the Grand Ole Opry can be inducted into the organization as a member. Opry management, when it decides to induct a new member, directs an existing member to publicly ask them to join, usually during a live episode; an induction ceremony happens several weeks later, where the inductee is presented with a trophy and gives an acceptance speech. As the Opry is a running series, membership in the show's cast must be maintained throughout an artist's career, through frequent performances, and expires when the performer dies. Only once has a member been inducted posthumously: Keith Whitley, who was scheduled to be invited three weeks after his death in May 1989, was retroactively classified as a member in October 2023.[60] Duos and groups remain members until all members have died; following the death of a member, the others maintain Opry membership. More recent protocols have allowed performers who are incapacitated or retired (such as Barbara Mandrell, Jeanne Pruett, Stu Phillips and Ricky Van Shelton) to maintain Opry membership until they die. Randy Travis has maintained his Opry membership largely through non-singing appearances since his 2013 stroke, while Loretta Lynn was granted similar accommodation from 2017 until her 2022 death. The Opry maintains a wall of fame listing every member of the Opry in the show's history. Receiving Opry membership is considered an honor that is similar in prestige to a Hall of Fame induction, with the caveat that a number of prominent country musicians never received it. When Don Schlitz was inducted on August 30, 2022, he became the first-ever member of the Opry inducted for his songwriting and not as a performer, having begun regular appearances only after Travis's incapacitation, performing songs he had written for Travis and for non-Opry member Kenny Rogers. The Opry also has a history of inviting comedians to join the cast, though none were invited to join between Jerry Clower's induction in 1973 and when Henry Cho and Gary Mule Deer became members in 2023. Following the induction of Jon Pardi—the only Opry member to hail from the state of California—in October 2023, there are 71 active Opry members,[61] plus the Opry Square Dancers, who enjoy sui generis membership status and open every Saturday show.","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Christmas-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Christmas-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMT_News-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMT_News-63"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"string bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_bass"},{"link_name":"rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm"},{"link_name":"percussion instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"Bob Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wills"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Pee Wee King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pee_Wee_King"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Stonewall Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"age discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_discrimination"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Morgan Wallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Wallen"},{"link_name":"Ernest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Black Opry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Opry"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"In April 1963, Opry management mandated that members had to perform no less than 26 shows a year in order to maintain their membership.[62] WSM decreased the number of those required performances to 20 in January 1964,[62] and the minimum number was 12 in 2000.[63] Although the minimum number of performances has been reduced over the years, artists offered membership are expected to display their dedication to the Opry with frequent attendance.[63]Another controversy raged for years over permissible instrumentation, especially the use of drums and electrically amplified instruments. Some purists were appalled at the prospect; traditionally, a string bass provided the rhythm component in country music, and percussion instruments were seldom used. Electric amplification, new in the beginning days of the Opry, was regarded as the province of popular music and jazz in the 1940s. Although the Opry allowed electric guitars and steel guitars by World War II, the restrictions against drums and horns continued, causing a conflict when Bob Wills[64] and Pee Wee King[65] defied the show's ban on drums. Wills openly flouted the rule. King, who performed at the Ryman in 1945 after Franklin Delano Roosevelt's death, did not technically defy the ban. He did not use his drums on the Opry, but this particular Saturday night, the Opry was cancelled due to FDR's death. He and his band were asked to perform their theater show (with their drummer) because a number of fans showed up assuming the Opry would go on. It took years after that before drums became commonly accepted at the Opry; as late as 1967, an item in Billboard claimed that \"[a] full set of drums was used on the 'Grand Ole Opry' for the first time in history when Jerry Reed performed last week. Jerry's drummer, Willie Akerman, was allowed to use the entire set during his guest performance there.\"[66]Stonewall Jackson, an Opry member since 1956, sued the Opry management in 2007 alleging that manager Pete Fisher was trying to purge older members of the Opry from its membership and committing age discrimination.[67] Jackson settled the lawsuit in 2008[68] and resumed appearing on the program until retiring in 2012.[69]In early 2022, Morgan Wallen performed on the Grand Ole Opry alongside Ernest. This move was criticized, as Wallen had been taped less than a year prior shouting a racial slur, and the Opry had previously made stances against racism on social media. In response to the latter, music writer Holly G. founded the Black Opry as a means of raising awareness of black artists in country music.[70]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_ole_opry_1999.jpg"},{"link_name":"June Carter Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Carter_Cash"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"naming rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_rights"},{"link_name":"Cracker Barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_Barrel"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Humana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humana"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"June Carter Cash at the Opry in 1999The company has enforced its trademark on the name \"Grand Ole Opry\", with trademark registrations in the United States and in numerous countries around the world. It has taken court action to limit use of the word \"Opry\"—not directly trademarked—to members of the Opry and products associated with or licensed by it and to discourage use of the word in ways that would imply a connection to the Grand Ole Opry.[71] In late 1968, for instance, WSM sued Opry Records, a record label that was independent of WSM,[72] and the court decided that \"the record is replete with newspaper and magazine articles and clippings which demonstrate conclusively that the term 'Opry', standing alone as defendant has used it, is constantly used in country and western music circles in referring to plaintiff's 'Grand Ole Opry'\".[73] The court also stated \"the defendant has appropriated, at its peril, the dominant or salient term in the plaintiff's mark, a term which identified the 'Grand Ole Opry' in the mind of the public many years before the inception of 'Opry Records'—the name adopted by defendant\".[74]In another case, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted summary judgment that the term \"Opry\" is a generic term (and thus no more protected than the words \"Grand\" or \"Ole\"), but the Federal Circuit court reversed this decision.[75] As recently as 2009, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted judgment against Texas Opry House, LLC, which had filed a trademark application for TEXAS OPRY HOUSE.[76]In 2004, the Grand Ole Opry sold naming rights to its first \"presenting sponsor\", Cracker Barrel.[77] Insurance company Humana became a sponsor in September 2007,[78] was the presenting sponsor by no later than January 2010,[79] and still holds that top sponsorship level as of May 2023.[80]","title":"Commercialization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peabody Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foster_Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"National Radio Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Radio_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"text":"Peabody Award, 1983[81]\nNational Radio Hall of Fame induction, 1992[82]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nbcminority_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nbcminority_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"'Grand Ole Opry' Owner Sells Minority Stake to Atairos and NBCUniversal for Nearly $300 Million\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//variety.com/2022/music/news/grand-ole-opry-sale-nbcuniversal-1235224437/"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Music & the Spoken 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Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved April 6, 2022.\n\n^ a b \"Music & the Spoken Word\". National Radio Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 11, 2020.\n\n^ \"Grand Ole Opry\". National Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017. radio's longest-running musical program\n\n^ \"About The Opry\". Grand Ole Opry. Gaylord Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 27, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2010.\n\n^ \"Music/Grand Ole Opry\". The Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2010.\n\n^ \"Grand Ole Opry\". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press. Retrieved January 26, 2010.\n\n^ \"Country Music History\". Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. Country Music Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on November 3, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.\n\n^ \"Our Story - The Show that Made Country Music Famous\". Grand Ole Opry. Retrieved March 1, 2022.\n\n^ a b Tassin, Myron (1975), Fifty Years at the Grand Ole Opry (1st ed.), Pelican Publishing, ISBN 978-0882890890\n\n^ a b \"Deford Bailey\". Country Music Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.\n\n^ \"Lost and Found Sound: The Pan American Blues\". NPR. November 20, 2000. Retrieved July 21, 2011.\n\n^ \"10 things to know about the 'Grand Ole Opry'\". USA Today. October 2, 2015.\n\n^ \"ABC-TV to Air 'Ole Opry' Live Once Monthly\" (October 8, 1955), The Billboard, p. 1\n\n^ Gaar, Gillian G. \"Box Set Spotlights Elvis Presley's Surviving Early Work at Sun Studio.\" Goldmine Feb. 2013: 40-44. Print.\n\n^ Burns, Ken (September 2019). \"Country Music (The Sons and Daughters of America)\". PBS.\n\n^ Oermann, Robert K.; Bufwack, Mary A. (2003). Finding Her Voice: Women in Country Music: 1800–2000. Nashville, TN: The Country Music Press & Vanderbilt University Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-8265-1432-4.\n\n^ Windsor, Pam. \"Country Singer Jeannie Seely Honored For 55 Years As A Member Of The Grand Ole Opry\". Forbes. Retrieved September 27, 2022.\n\n^ a b c Rogan, Johnny (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited. Rogan House. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.\n\n^ Allen, Michael. (2005). I Just Want to Be a Cosmic Cowboy.\n\n^ Fricke, David (2003). Sweetheart of the Rodeo: Legacy Edition (2003 CD liner notes).\n\n^ Dunkerley, Beville. Flashback: Jerry Lee Lewis Drops an F-Bomb on the Grand Ole Opry Archived June 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 21, 2015.\n\n^ Dukes, Billy. Country's Most Shocking Moments – Johnny Cash Banned From the Grand Ole Opry. Taste of Country. Retrieved August 27, 2020.\n\n^ Kahn, Andy. Remembering Johnny Cash: Performing At The Grand Ole Opry. Jambase. Retrieved August 27, 2020.\n\n^ \"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.\n\n^ a b c d e \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Grand Ole Opry House\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015.\n\n^ Escott, Colin (February 28, 2009). The Grand Ole Opry: The Making of an American Icon - Colin Escott - Google Boeken. Center Street. ISBN 9781599952482. Retrieved August 9, 2012.\n\n^ \"Theme Park Timelines\". Timelines.home.insightbb.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012.\n\n^ Hurst, Jack Nashville's Grand Ole Opry (New York: H.N. Abrams, 1975)\n\n^ Smith, Loran (January 24, 2013). \"A visit to the Grand Ole Opry brings precious memories\". The News-Reporter. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2014.\n\n^ \"Mall has grand opening plans\". Tennessean. May 9, 2000.\n\n^ Mayor, Alan (2014). The Nashville Family Album: A Country Music Scrapbook. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1466885677.\n\n^ Eleanor Kennedy, \"Nashville's newest historic place: The Grand Ole Opry House\", Nashville Business Journal, February 26, 2015.\n\n^ Todd Barnes, [Grand Ole Opry House added to National Register], The Tennessean, February 27, 2015.\n\n^ \"GMA Dove Awards\". Tennessean. October 14, 2019.\n\n^ \"Wills Invited To Join The Opry, Capps Celebrates 60\". Nashville.com. December 23, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2019.\n\n^ a b The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Oxford University Press, USA. January 4, 2012. p. 444. ISBN 978-0-19-992083-9.\n\n^ a b Fay, Byron (January 25, 2010). \"Grand Ole Opry Ryman Reunion Celebration-October 18, 1998\". Fayfare's Opry Blog. Retrieved June 29, 2015.\n\n^ \"The Grinch to Steal Christmas in Nashville\". PR Newswire. May 13, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.\n\n^ \"Home | Grand Ole Opry\". Search2.opry.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2014.\n\n^ Cooper, Peter (May 10, 2010). \"Opry House's famed circle stays center stage after flood\". USA Today. Retrieved June 29, 2015.\n\n^ Hackett, Vernell (August 25, 2010). \"Grand Ole Opry Floor Restored for September 28 Reopening\". TheBoot.com. Retrieved June 29, 2015.\n\n^ \"Country Comes Home: Grand Ole Opry Announces September 28 Re-Opening of Opry House as Historic Circle of Wood is Returned To Opry Stage\". Grand Ole Opry. August 25, 2010. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013.\n\n^ Kazin, Matthew (June 14, 2020). \"How the Grand Ole Opry kept the coronavirus from breaking a 95-year-old winning streak\". Fox Business Network. Retrieved June 15, 2020.\n\n^ \"Audience returning to Grand Ole Opry for 95th anniversary show in October\". MSN.\n\n^ \"'Opry Live' Tops Pollstar's Year-End Livestream Charts\".\n\n^ \"Blake Shelton, Brad Paisley to host Grand Ole Opry 95th anniversary special\". TODAY.com. January 19, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2023.\n\n^ Rojas, Rick (October 31, 2021). \"5,000 Shows Later, the Grand Ole Opry Is Still the Sound of Nashville\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 20, 2023.\n\n^ Trigger (February 16, 2021). \"George Strait Isn't a Grand Ole Opry Member. Has He Even Played?\". Saving Country Music. Retrieved December 4, 2023.\n\n^ \"Loretta Lynn remembered during Grand Ole Opry tribute show\". www.tennessean.com. Retrieved April 20, 2023.\n\n^ \"Grand Ole Opry unveils new set while welcoming more acts than ever to stage\". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 20, 2023.\n\n^ Dowling, Marcus K. \"Opry NextStage celebrates a 'vibrant, diverse future' in country music\". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 20, 2023.\n\n^ \"Gary Mule Deer, Henry Cho invited to join Grand Ole Opry\". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 20, 2023.\n\n^ a b \"Tune In\". Grand Ole Opry. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ \"The Opry Band\".\n\n^ Fay, Byron (March 3, 2012). \"First Televised Opry Show on PBS-March 4, 1978\". FayFare's Opry Blog. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ \"History of the Opry\". Grand Ole Opry. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ \"GAC's Presents Opry Live\". GAC (Great American Country). Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ a b Bouma, Luke (November 10, 2023). \"The OTA TV Network Circle Is Shutting Down & Will Be Replaced By Warner Bros. Discovery's New Network\". Cord Cutter News. Retrieved November 11, 2023.\n\n^ \"Opry Encore\". Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2017.\n\n^ \"Keith Whitley to be celebrated by Garth Brooks, more, at October Opry event\". The Tennessean. Retrieved October 15, 2023.\n\n^ Kruh, Nancy (October 26, 2023). \"Jon Pardi Inducted into Grand Ole Opry by His Hero Garth Brooks\". People. Retrieved November 28, 2023.\n\n^ a b \"Four Dropped From 'Opry' To Return on Christmas\". Billboard. November 27, 1965. p. 50.\n\n^ a b Morris, Edward (April 20, 2000). \"Grand Ole Opry Looking Toward Building Its Audience\". CMT/CMT News. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ Kienzle, Richard. (2003). Southwest shuffle: pioneers of honky-tonk, Western swing, and country jazz. New York: Routledge. pp. 254-257.\n\n^ Hall, Wade. (1998). \"Pee Wee King\". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 283–4.\n\n^ Williams, Bill (September 30, 1967). \"Nashville Scene\". Billboard. pp. 50, 53.\n\n^ \"Yahoo! News, 1/12/07\".\n\n^ \"Stonewall Jackson's Lawsuit Against Opry Settled\" Cmt.com, October 6, 2008\n\n^ Garcia, Tony (December 4, 2021). \"Longtime country singer Stonewall Jackson dies at 89\". WSMV-TV. Retrieved December 4, 2021.\n\n^ \"'People are much too sensitive': Opinions get heated over Morgan Wallen's Opry performance\". Local 12. January 12, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.\n\n^ \"WSM Back in Court Again - Files 2d Suit Over Name\". Billboard. Vol. 81, no. 21. May 24, 1969. p. 51.\n\n^ \"Opry Records Sued For Infringement\". Billboard. Vol. 80, no. 50. December 14, 1968. p. 29. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ WSM v. Bailey, United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee.297 F. Supp. 870 (M.D. Tenn. 1969), at 872-3.\n\n^ WSM v. Bailey, 297 F. Supp. 870 (M.D. Tenn. 1969), at 873.\n\n^ Opryland USA, Inc. v. The Great American Music Show, Inc., 970 F.2d 847 (Fed. Cir. 1992).\n\n^ US Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, opposition number 91188534.\n\n^ Lovel, Jim (December 20, 2004). \"Cracker Barrel Reloads Marketing Arsenal\". AdWeek. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ \"Humana becomes Grand Ole Opry sponsor\". Louisville Business First. American City Business Journals. September 6, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2023. Health insurer Humana Inc. will try to appeal to Grand Ole Opry patrons by becoming an official sponsor of the country music venue.\n\n^ \"Grand Ole Opry | Sponsors\". Grand Ole Opry. January 13, 2010. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2023. Humana - Presenting Sponsor of the Grand Ole Opry\n\n^ \"Grand Ole Opry\". Grand Ole Opry. May 8, 2023. Archived from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023. Presented by Humana\n\n^ \"Peabody Award winners 1983\". The Peabody Awards. Retrieved February 24, 2020.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ \"Grand Ole Opry - Radio Hall of Fame\". National Radio Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 24, 2020.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Decorative brickwork at Opryland Hotel depicting Ryman Auditorium with Minnie Pearl and Roy Acuff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_Ole_Opry.jpg/220px-Grand_Ole_Opry.jpg"},{"image_text":"Signs welcoming motorists to Nashville on all major roadways include the phrase \"Home of the Grand Ole Opry\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Davidson_Co_Tennessee_Road_Sign.jpg/150px-Davidson_Co_Tennessee_Road_Sign.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Hillsboro Theatre (now the Belcourt Theatre), home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1934 to 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DSCF9014-crop1.jpg/220px-DSCF9014-crop1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The War Memorial Auditorium, home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1939 to 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/WMA_plaza.jpg/220px-WMA_plaza.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roy Acuff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Roy_Acuff_1950.JPG/90px-Roy_Acuff_1950.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ryman Auditorium, the \"Mother Church of Country Music\", home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1943 to 1974, and seasonally since 1999","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rymanauditorium1.jpg/150px-Rymanauditorium1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grand_Ole_Opry_House_2022e.png/220px-Grand_Ole_Opry_House_2022e.png"},{"image_text":"Grand Ole Opry logo used from 2005 to 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Grand_Ole_Opry_Logo_2005.png/220px-Grand_Ole_Opry_Logo_2005.png"},{"image_text":"Dolly Parton at the Opry in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dolly_parton_grand_ole_opry.jpg/200px-Dolly_parton_grand_ole_opry.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eddie Stubbs announcing for the Opry in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eddie_Stubbs_at_the_Grand_Ole_Opry.jpg/200px-Eddie_Stubbs_at_the_Grand_Ole_Opry.jpg"},{"image_text":"New members are invited to join the Opry by other members. Here, Mel Tillis (right) receives his Opry induction offer from Bill Anderson, 2007.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mel_Tillis_Asked_to_Join_Opry_%283460914437%29.jpg/180px-Mel_Tillis_Asked_to_Join_Opry_%283460914437%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jeannie Seely (pictured at the Opry in 2012) has made the most appearances on the Grand Ole Opry, inducted as a member in 1967, she has made over 5,000 appearances on the Opry, more than anyone else.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jeannie_Seely_at_the_Opry.jpg/180px-Jeannie_Seely_at_the_Opry.jpg"},{"image_text":"June Carter Cash at the Opry in 1999","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Grand_ole_opry_1999.jpg/220px-Grand_ole_opry_1999.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Country Music Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Association"},{"title":"Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"title":"Music & the Spoken Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_the_Spoken_Word"},{"title":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}]

[{"reference":"Littleton, Cynthia (April 4, 2022). \"'Grand Ole Opry' Owner Sells Minority Stake to Atairos and NBCUniversal for Nearly $300 Million\". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved April 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/music/news/grand-ole-opry-sale-nbcuniversal-1235224437/","url_text":"\"'Grand Ole Opry' Owner Sells Minority Stake to Atairos and NBCUniversal for Nearly $300 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Music & the Spoken Word\". National Radio Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiohalloffame.com/music-the-spoken-word","url_text":"\"Music & the Spoken Word\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Radio_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"National Radio Hall of Fame"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Ole Opry\". National Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017. radio's longest-running musical program","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052412/http://www.radiohof.org/grand_ole_opry.htm","url_text":"\"Grand Ole Opry\""},{"url":"http://www.radiohof.org/grand_ole_opry.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About The Opry\". Grand Ole Opry. Gaylord Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 27, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160727231806/http://www.opry.com/about/index.html","url_text":"\"About The Opry\""},{"url":"http://opry.com/about/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Music/Grand Ole Opry\". The Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080908041736/http://www.radiohof.org/music/grandoleopry.html","url_text":"\"Music/Grand Ole Opry\""},{"url":"http://www.radiohof.org/music/grandoleopry.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Ole Opry\". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press. Retrieved January 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/arts/performing/pop-jazz/grand-ole-opry","url_text":"\"Grand Ole Opry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Country Music History\". Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. Country Music Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on November 3, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101103142812/http://countrymusichalloffame.org/grand-ole-opry/","url_text":"\"Country Music History\""},{"url":"http://www.countrymusichalloffame.org/grand-ole-opry/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Story - The Show that Made Country Music Famous\". Grand Ole Opry. Retrieved March 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opry.com/our-story/","url_text":"\"Our Story - The Show that Made Country Music Famous\""}]},{"reference":"Tassin, Myron (1975), Fifty Years at the Grand Ole Opry (1st ed.), Pelican Publishing, ISBN 978-0882890890","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0882890890","url_text":"978-0882890890"}]},{"reference":"\"Deford Bailey\". Country Music Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200129002317/https://countrymusichalloffame.org/artist/deford-bailey/","url_text":"\"Deford Bailey\""},{"url":"https://countrymusichalloffame.org/artist/deford-bailey/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lost and Found Sound: The Pan American Blues\". NPR. November 20, 2000. Retrieved July 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1114520","url_text":"\"Lost and Found Sound: The Pan American Blues\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 things to know about the 'Grand Ole Opry'\". USA Today. October 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/10/02/things-know-grand-ole-opry/73244698/","url_text":"\"10 things to know about the 'Grand Ole Opry'\""}]},{"reference":"Burns, Ken (September 2019). \"Country Music (The Sons and Daughters of America)\". PBS.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS","url_text":"PBS"}]},{"reference":"Oermann, Robert K.; Bufwack, Mary A. (2003). Finding Her Voice: Women in Country Music: 1800–2000. Nashville, TN: The Country Music Press & Vanderbilt University Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-8265-1432-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/findinghervoicew0000bufw","url_text":"Finding Her Voice: Women in Country Music: 1800–2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8265-1432-4","url_text":"0-8265-1432-4"}]},{"reference":"Windsor, Pam. \"Country Singer Jeannie Seely Honored For 55 Years As A Member Of The Grand Ole Opry\". Forbes. Retrieved September 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/pamwindsor/2022/09/19/country-singer-jeannie-seely-honored-for-55-years-as-a-member-of-the-grand-ole-opry/","url_text":"\"Country Singer Jeannie Seely Honored For 55 Years As A Member Of The Grand Ole Opry\""}]},{"reference":"Rogan, Johnny (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited. Rogan House. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9529540-1-X","url_text":"0-9529540-1-X"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Michael. (2005). I Just Want to Be a Cosmic Cowboy.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fricke, David (2003). Sweetheart of the Rodeo: Legacy Edition (2003 CD liner notes).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Grand Ole Opry House\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402195728/http://tn.gov/environment/history/docs/national-register_grand-ole-opry.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Grand Ole Opry House\""},{"url":"http://tn.gov/environment/history/docs/national-register_grand-ole-opry.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Escott, Colin (February 28, 2009). The Grand Ole Opry: The Making of an American Icon - Colin Escott - Google Boeken. Center Street. ISBN 9781599952482. Retrieved August 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Escott","url_text":"Escott, Colin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vMZPXcMxD28C&pg=PT238","url_text":"The Grand Ole Opry: The Making of an American Icon - Colin Escott - Google Boeken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599952482","url_text":"9781599952482"}]},{"reference":"\"Theme Park Timelines\". Timelines.home.insightbb.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120904124044/http://timelines.home.insightbb.com/ol_years.htm","url_text":"\"Theme Park Timelines\""},{"url":"http://timelines.home.insightbb.com/ol_years.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Loran (January 24, 2013). \"A visit to the Grand Ole Opry brings precious memories\". The News-Reporter. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205045214/http://www.news-reporter.com/news/2013-01-24/Opinions/A_visit_to_the_Grand_Ole_Opry_brings_precious_memo.html?print=1","url_text":"\"A visit to the Grand Ole Opry brings precious memories\""},{"url":"http://www.news-reporter.com/news/2013-01-24/Opinions/A_visit_to_the_Grand_Ole_Opry_brings_precious_memo.html?print=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mall has grand opening plans\". Tennessean. May 9, 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/109026681","url_text":"\"Mall has grand opening plans\""}]},{"reference":"Mayor, Alan (2014). The Nashville Family Album: A Country Music Scrapbook. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1466885677.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1jGlBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77","url_text":"The Nashville Family Album: A Country Music Scrapbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466885677","url_text":"978-1466885677"}]},{"reference":"\"GMA Dove Awards\". Tennessean. October 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/10/14/gma-dove-awards-what-expect-during-50th-anniversary-show/3774880002/","url_text":"\"GMA Dove Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wills Invited To Join The Opry, Capps Celebrates 60\". Nashville.com. December 23, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nashville.com/wills-invited-to-join-the-opry-capps-celebrates-60/","url_text":"\"Wills Invited To Join The Opry, Capps Celebrates 60\""}]},{"reference":"The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Oxford University Press, USA. January 4, 2012. p. 444. ISBN 978-0-19-992083-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tLZz02EzmBYC&pg=PA444","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Country Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992083-9","url_text":"978-0-19-992083-9"}]},{"reference":"Fay, Byron (January 25, 2010). \"Grand Ole Opry Ryman Reunion Celebration-October 18, 1998\". Fayfare's Opry Blog. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMBR1

LMBR1

["1 References","2 Further reading"]

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens LMBR1IdentifiersAliasesLMBR1, ACHP, C7orf2, DIF14, PPD2, TPT, ZRS, LSS, THYP, limb development membrane protein 1External IDsOMIM: 605522; MGI: 1861746; HomoloGene: 49706; GeneCards: LMBR1; OMA:LMBR1 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 7 (human)Band7q36.3Start156,668,946 bpEnd156,893,216 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 5 (mouse)Band5 B1|5 14.81 cMStart29,434,800 bpEnd29,583,388 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed insural nerveAchilles tendonbone marrow cellsright adrenal cortexleft adrenal glandleft adrenal cortexepithelium of colonganglionic eminenceislet of Langerhanssmooth muscle tissueTop expressed inspermatidspermatocyteRostral migratory streamsubstantia nigraprimary oocytenucleus accumbensinterventricular septumsecondary oocytePaneth celltemporal lobeMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez6432756873EnsemblENSG00000105983ENSMUSG00000010721UniProtQ8WVP7Q9JIT0RefSeq (mRNA)NM_022458NM_001350953NM_001350954NM_001350955NM_001350956NM_001350957NM_001350958NM_001363409NM_001363410NM_001363411NM_001363412NM_001363413NM_020295RefSeq (protein)NP_071903NP_001337882NP_001337883NP_001337884NP_001337885NP_001337886NP_001337887NP_001350338NP_001350339NP_001350340NP_001350341NP_001350342NP_064691Location (UCSC)Chr 7: 156.67 – 156.89 MbChr 5: 29.43 – 29.58 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Limb region 1 protein homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LMBR1 gene. This gene encodes a member of the LMBR1-like membrane protein family. Another member of this protein family has been shown to be a lipocalin transmembrane receptor. A highly conserved, cis-acting regulatory module for the sonic hedgehog (protein) gene is located within an intron of this gene. Consequently, disruption of this genic region can alter sonic hedgehog expression and affect limb patterning, but if this gene functions directly in limb development is unknown. Mutations and chromosomal deletions and rearrangements in this genic region are associated with acheiropody and preaxial polydactyly, which likely result from altered sonic hedgehog expression. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000105983 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000010721 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ Heus HC, Hing A, van Baren MJ, Joosse M, Breedveld GJ, Wang JC, Burgess A, Donnis-Keller H, Berglund C, Zguricas J, Scherer SW, Rommens JM, Oostra BA, Heutink P (Aug 1999). "A physical and transcriptional map of the preaxial polydactyly locus on chromosome 7q36". Genomics. 57 (3): 342–51. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5796. PMID 10329000. ^ Ianakiev P, van Baren MJ, Daly MJ, Toledo SP, Cavalcanti MG, Neto JC, Silveira EL, Freire-Maia A, Heutink P, Kilpatrick MW, Tsipouras P (Jan 2001). "Acheiropodia is caused by a genomic deletion in C7orf2, the human orthologue of the Lmbr1 gene". Am J Hum Genet. 68 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1086/316955. PMC 1234933. PMID 11090342. ^ a b "Entrez Gene: LMBR1 limb region 1 homolog (mouse)". Further reading Hing AV, Helms C, Slaugh R, et al. (1996). "Linkage of preaxial polydactyly type 2 to 7q36". Am. J. Med. Genet. 58 (2): 128–35. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320580208. PMID 8533803. Sanger Centre T, Washington University Genome Sequencing Cente T (1999). "Toward a complete human genome sequence". Genome Res. 8 (11): 1097–108. doi:10.1101/gr.8.11.1097. PMID 9847074. Clark RM, Marker PC, Kingsley DM (2001). "A novel candidate gene for mouse and human preaxial polydactyly with altered expression in limbs of Hemimelic extra-toes mutant mice". Genomics. 67 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6225. PMID 10945466. Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (2001). "DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination". Genome Res. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863. Dundar M, Gordon TM, Ozyazgan I, et al. (2001). "A novel acropectoral syndrome maps to chromosome 7q36". J. Med. Genet. 38 (5): 304–9. doi:10.1136/jmg.38.5.304. PMC 1734869. PMID 11333865. Clark RM, Marker PC, Roessler E, et al. (2002). "Reciprocal mouse and human limb phenotypes caused by gain- and loss-of-function mutations affecting Lmbr1". Genetics. 159 (2): 715–26. doi:10.1093/genetics/159.2.715. PMC 1461845. PMID 11606546. Lettice LA, Horikoshi T, Heaney SJ, et al. (2002). "Disruption of a long-range cis-acting regulator for Shh causes preaxial polydactyly". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (11): 7548–53. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.7548L. doi:10.1073/pnas.112212199. PMC 124279. PMID 12032320. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Horikoshi T, Endo N, Shibata M, et al. (2003). "Disruption of the C7orf2/Lmbr1 genic region is associated with preaxial polydactyly in humans and mice". J. Bone Miner. Metab. 21 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1007/s007740300000. PMID 12491086. S2CID 13391423. Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR, et al. (2003). "Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology". Science. 300 (5620): 767–72. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..767S. doi:10.1126/science.1083423. PMC 2882961. PMID 12690205. Lettice LA, Heaney SJ, Purdie LA, et al. (2003). "A long-range Shh enhancer regulates expression in the developing limb and fin and is associated with preaxial polydactyly" (PDF). Hum. Mol. Genet. 12 (14): 1725–35. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg180. PMID 12837695. Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, et al. (2003). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7". Nature. 424 (6945): 157–64. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..157H. doi:10.1038/nature01782. PMID 12853948. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. Sagai T, Masuya H, Tamura M, et al. (2004). "Phylogenetic conservation of a limb-specific, cis-acting regulator of Sonic hedgehog ( Shh)". Mamm. Genome. 15 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1007/s00335-033-2317-5. PMID 14727139. S2CID 21869000. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, et al. (2004). "From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics pipeline". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2136–44. doi:10.1101/gr.2576704. PMC 528930. PMID 15489336. Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. (2006). "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560. Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, et al. (2006). "The LIFEdb database in 2006". Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (Database issue): D415–8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj139. PMC 1347501. PMID 16381901. This article on a gene on human chromosome 7 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LMBR1&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-7-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-7-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-7-stub"}],"text":"Hing AV, Helms C, Slaugh R, et al. (1996). \"Linkage of preaxial polydactyly type 2 to 7q36\". Am. J. Med. Genet. 58 (2): 128–35. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320580208. PMID 8533803.\nSanger Centre T, Washington University Genome Sequencing Cente T (1999). \"Toward a complete human genome sequence\". Genome Res. 8 (11): 1097–108. doi:10.1101/gr.8.11.1097. PMID 9847074.\nClark RM, Marker PC, Kingsley DM (2001). \"A novel candidate gene for mouse and human preaxial polydactyly with altered expression in limbs of Hemimelic extra-toes mutant mice\". Genomics. 67 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6225. PMID 10945466.\nHartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (2001). \"DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination\". Genome Res. 10 (11): 1788–95. doi:10.1101/gr.143000. PMC 310948. PMID 11076863.\nDundar M, Gordon TM, Ozyazgan I, et al. (2001). \"A novel acropectoral syndrome maps to chromosome 7q36\". J. Med. Genet. 38 (5): 304–9. doi:10.1136/jmg.38.5.304. PMC 1734869. PMID 11333865.\nClark RM, Marker PC, Roessler E, et al. (2002). \"Reciprocal mouse and human limb phenotypes caused by gain- and loss-of-function mutations affecting Lmbr1\". Genetics. 159 (2): 715–26. doi:10.1093/genetics/159.2.715. PMC 1461845. PMID 11606546.\nLettice LA, Horikoshi T, Heaney SJ, et al. (2002). \"Disruption of a long-range cis-acting regulator for Shh causes preaxial polydactyly\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (11): 7548–53. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.7548L. doi:10.1073/pnas.112212199. PMC 124279. PMID 12032320.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nHorikoshi T, Endo N, Shibata M, et al. (2003). \"Disruption of the C7orf2/Lmbr1 genic region is associated with preaxial polydactyly in humans and mice\". J. Bone Miner. Metab. 21 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1007/s007740300000. PMID 12491086. S2CID 13391423.\nScherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR, et al. (2003). \"Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology\". Science. 300 (5620): 767–72. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..767S. doi:10.1126/science.1083423. PMC 2882961. PMID 12690205.\nLettice LA, Heaney SJ, Purdie LA, et al. (2003). \"A long-range Shh enhancer regulates expression in the developing limb and fin and is associated with preaxial polydactyly\" (PDF). Hum. Mol. Genet. 12 (14): 1725–35. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg180. PMID 12837695.\nHillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA, et al. (2003). \"The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7\". Nature. 424 (6945): 157–64. Bibcode:2003Natur.424..157H. doi:10.1038/nature01782. PMID 12853948.\nOta T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). \"Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs\". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.\nSagai T, Masuya H, Tamura M, et al. (2004). \"Phylogenetic conservation of a limb-specific, cis-acting regulator of Sonic hedgehog ( Shh)\". Mamm. Genome. 15 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1007/s00335-033-2317-5. PMID 14727139. S2CID 21869000.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.\nWiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, et al. (2004). \"From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics pipeline\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2136–44. doi:10.1101/gr.2576704. PMC 528930. PMID 15489336.\nKimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, et al. (2006). \"Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes\". Genome Res. 16 (1): 55–65. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMC 1356129. PMID 16344560.\nMehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, et al. (2006). \"The LIFEdb database in 2006\". Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (Database issue): D415–8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj139. PMC 1347501. PMID 16381901.This article on a gene on human chromosome 7 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_student_protests_in_Chile

2011–2013 Chilean student protests

["1 Background","2 Demands","2.1 University students","2.2 High school students","3 First wave of protests","4 July 2011 government proposal","5 Continued protests","6 August 2011 government proposal and subsequent protest","7 Third government proposal","7.1 August 24–25 protests","8 Pinochet coup anniversary protests","9 October breakdown of negotiations","10 Second cabinet shuffle","11 Leadership changes","11.1 2012","11.2 2013","11.3 2015","12 See also","13 References"]

Student-led movement for restructuring education You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (October 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Movilización estudiantil en Chile de 2011}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. 2011–2013 Chilean protestsSign reading "Education is not for sale" during a Chilean student protest in June 2011DateMay 2011–2013LocationChileGoalsThe end of the Chilean school voucher system, its replacement by a public education system managed by the state. The end of for-profit education. Changes to tax code to better finance education.Methods Demonstrations Occupations National strikes Flash mobs Online activism Hunger strikes Barricades Resulted inProtests quelledCasualtiesDeath(s)One student protester (Manuel Gutierrez Reinoso)InjuriesSeveral hundred protesters500+ police officersArrested~1800 studentsvteImpact of the Arab Spring 2011 Armenian protests 2011 Azerbaijani protests 2011 Burkinabé protests Anti-austerity movement in Spain 2011–2013 Chilean student protests 2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests 2011–2012 Iranian protests 2011 Israeli social justice protests Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity Occupy movement Tuareg rebellion The 2011–2013 Chilean protests – known as the Chilean Winter (in particular reference to the massive protests of August 2011) or the Chilean Education Conflict (as labelled in Chilean media) – were a series of student-led protests across Chile, demanding a new framework for education in the country, including more direct state participation in secondary education and an end to the existence of profit in higher education. Currently in Chile, only 45% of high school students study in traditional public schools and most universities are also private. No new public universities have been built since the end of the Chilean transition to democracy in 1990, even though the number of university students has increased. Beyond the specific demands regarding education, there is a feeling that the protests reflect a "deep discontent" among some parts of society with Chile's high level of inequality. Protests have included massive non-violent marches, but also a considerable amount of violence on the part of a side of protestors as well as riot police. The first clear government response to the protests was a proposal for a new education fund and a cabinet shuffle which replaced Minister of Education Joaquín Lavín and was seen as not fundamentally addressing student movement concerns. Other government proposals were also rejected. Student protestors have not achieved all their objectives, but they contributed to a dramatic fall in Piñera's approval rating, which was measured at 26–30% in August 2011 polls by respected Chilean pollsters and had not increased by January 2012. Background See also: Education in Chile, 2006 student protests in Chile, and 2008 student protests in Chile Protest march in Santiago during the 2006 Penguin Revolution The onset of the 2011 Chilean protests have been attributed to several causes. The Economist explained the protests as being the result of "one of world’s lowest levels of public funding for higher education, some of the longest degrees and no comprehensive system of student grants or subsidized loans" and a flat job market as the detonant. Historian Gabriel Salazar describes the student conflict as being the continuation of a long strife between popular citizen movements and civic and military dictatorships. BBC have attributed "students' anger" to "a perception that Chile's education system is grossly unfair – that it gives rich students access to some of the best schooling in Latin America while dumping poor pupils in shabby, under-funded state schools." Many newspapers and analysts have traced the protests back to the 2006 Penguin Revolution that occurred during the government of Michelle Bachelet, some claiming that these are the same secondary students who headed the 2006 movement that when in university are heading the 2011 student protests. Bachelet has defended the legacy of her government and said that in the aftermath of the Penguin Revolution the right-wing opposition prevented them from eliminating for-profit activity in education. Right-wing politician Cristián Monckeberg responded to this by saying that if Bachelet had solved the problem in 2006, the students would not be protesting now. On June 5 it was noted in the Chilean TV discussion show Tolerancia Cero that the Chilean students protests followed a cyclic pattern with major protests every 5 or 7 years. Víctor Lobos, intendant of Biobío Region attributed the protests to the increasing number of children born outside matrimony claiming that this condition made them susceptible to "anarchism". Demands Protest march in Santiago, 14 July 2011 University students University students are represented by CONFECH, the Confederation of Chilean Student Federations, a national body made up of student governments at Chilean universities and led by Camila Vallejo of the University of Chile and Giorgio Jackson of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. The CONFECH's proposal, known as the "Social Agreement for Chilean Education" (Acuerdo Social por la Educación Chilena), demands: Increased state support for public universities, which currently finance their activities mostly through tuition More equitable admissions process to prestigious universities, with less emphasis on the Prueba de Selección Universitaria standardized test Free public education, so access to higher education doesn't depend on families' economic situation. Creation of a government agency to apply the law against profit in higher education and prosecute those universities that are allegedly using loopholes to profit. The students oppose direct (fellowship and voucher) and indirect government aid (government-backed loans) to for-profit schools. A more serious accreditation process to improve quality and end indirect state support for poor quality institutions Creation of an "intercultural university" that meets the unique demands of Mapuche students Repeal of laws forbidding student participation in university governance High school students High school students are more loosely organized than the university students, with no national federation. However, their demands have also been included in CONFECH's proposal and include: Central government control over secondary and primary public schools, to replace the current system of municipal control which allegedly leads to inequalities The application of Chile's school voucher system in pre-school, primary and secondary levels be applicable only to nonprofit schools. The Chilean system, although defended by researchers linked to The Heritage Foundation, is criticized by researchers like Martin Carnoy, blaming it for the tremendous inequalities across all the Chilean educational system, measured by OECD's standards. Increases in state spending. Chile only spends 4.4% of GDP on education, compared to the 7% of GDP recommended by the UN for developed nations. Additionally, Chile ranks behind only Peru in educational segregation among the 65 countries that take the PISA test. Prominent Chilean education researcher Mario Waissbluth has called the Chilean system "educational apartheid" Use of student bus pass throughout the year Development of more vocational high schools Reconstruction of schools damaged during the 2010 Chilean earthquake Moratorium on the creation of new voucher/charter schools Higher pay for teachers and a national plan to attract the best talent to the profession and raise its social stature. Additionally, some segments of the student movement have called for additional changes, such as a constitutional amendment guaranteeing quality education, an increase in the tax rate of higher earners (which is low in comparison to OECD countries), higher taxes for foreign extractors of or renationalization of Chile's copper resources. First wave of protests Liceo Andres Bello currently occupied by students, commune of San Miguel, Chile, from on June 13, 2011. The 2011 student protests in Chile began gradually in May, and can be traced to the so-called "penguin revolution", or 2006 student protests in Chile. It is also important to note that the student protests began on the heels of other national protests, over the HidroAysén dam project and gas prices in Magallanes Province. The protests are commonly portrayed as a new social movement loosely based on Spain's 15-M Movement or even the Arab Spring. The protests were triggered in part by the initiative of the then-Minister of Education Joaquín Lavín to increase government funding of non-traditional Universities. Although, officially nonprofit, some of these institutions were known to use legal loopholes to turn profits. Lavín had invested in several firms that render services to Universidad del Desarrollo. According to students cited by El Mercurio on June 13, there were 100 schools being occupied by students as a form of protest, of which 80 were in the Santiago Metropolitan Region Sources differ; Chilean police listed on June 13 only 50 schools as occupied. On June 30, there was a massive demonstration that mobilized between one hundred and two hundred thousand demonstrators. The student protests have included several creative acts which received foreign media attention, such as flash mobs and kiss-ins. July 2011 government proposal Chilean president Sebastián Piñera announcing with then- Education Minister Joaquín Lavín a series of proposals in a televised speech On July 5 Chilean President Sebastián Piñera announced in a televised speech educational reforms that his government planned to do in order to satisfy the student demands. The plans announced revolved mainly around a project labelled "GANE" (Spanish acronym for Grand National Accord of Education, forming the Spanish word for win), which would cost 4 billion dollars. The project is to be, if implemented, financed from the Funds of Economical and Social Stabilization (Fondo de Estabilización Económica y Social or FEES) with which a fund named Fund for the Education (Fondo por la Educación) will be created from which the dividends and interest (under 300 million dollars) will be used annually to support public education. Piñera also announced the shaping of a new legal framework for universities which will allow higher education providers to legally engage in for-profit activity and rejected the public ownership of education proposed by students as a "serious mistake and something that damages deeply the quality as well as the freedom of education". The announcement was received with skepticism by students, some of whom criticized harshly the announcements. Camila Vallejo, one of the movement's spokespersons and the president of the University of Chile student federation said that the presidential discourse "was a great disappointment and a backward step" and emphasized that the proposal to legalize for-profit activity in education, which is currently illegal but widely practised in private institutions, goes against the Chilean state of law and that the government rejected categorically the main point presented by the secondary students which was to place public secondary and primary education under state management instead of being under municipalities. Additionally, some opposition senators from the center-left Concertación criticized the speech, signaling that the proposal was not "in tune with the student movement" After the televised speech students of the University of Chile went out from the university to protest against the proposal blocking transit in Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins before confrontations with special forces of the police. Continued protests The front of the University of Chile, which is currently occupied by students. The sign reads La lucha es de la sociedad entera / Todos por la educación gratuita, which means "The fight is of the whole society / Everybody for free education". Students marched on July 14 together with contractors from El Teniente mine that were on strike in one of the largest protests since the return to democracy in Chile two decades prior. Although the protests were downplayed by the Chilean government, they were described as a complete success by the organizers. On July 18, Chilean Minister of Education Joaquín Lavín was replaced by Felipe Bulnes, as President Sebastián Piñera opted for a cabinet shuffle in response to the months of protest. The change came two weeks without any clear movement on the issues, Lavín received a new ministerial role as Minister of Development and Planning. Meanwhile, the Chilean student federation insists that it will continue its occupations and other mobilizations, as well as attempt to broaden the movement into other political areas. On July 19, La Tercera reported that 148 high schools remained occupied, but some universities such as the Universidad Austral de Chile and the Universidad de Santiago de Chile were ending their occupations. August 2011 government proposal and subsequent protest An allegory of Uncle Sam represented by Sebastián Piñera, asking for student grants at street protests. On August 1, the government of Sebastian Piñera introduced a new 21-point proposal to reorganize Chilean education from pre-school to higher education and thus reach an agreement with the student movement. The proposal included many of the students' demands, such as: a constitutional guarantee to a quality education allowing student participation in university governance the end of local control over public secondary education increase university scholarships and provide help for people with unpayable student debt However, student leaders did not accept the proposal and signalled that the student mobilizations would continue with a national strike and march on August 4 and an official written response on August 5. In interviews, they noted that the proposal did not criminalize profiteering in education, did not seek to provide free or equitable access to higher education, and was not specific. Using the same language that was used to describe the July proposal, the August proposal was called "a backward step" and "a band-aid solution." The protests of August 4 were the most confrontational of the movement to date. 874 protestors were detained, and the center of Santiago was called a "state of siege" by University of Chile student federation president Camila Vallejo. Police cordoned off the streets and used tear gas. Protesters destroyed signs and set small fires in the street. Additionally, 90 carabineros (militarized police) were injured and a La Polar department store was burnt down. The evening saw a cacerolazo protest, where protesters bang pots and pans, often from their homes. Third government proposal On August 18, the government offered a third proposal for ending the conflict; primary among the new means was a reduction of government-backed student loan rates to 2% APR. However, this proposal still has not placated the students, who held a massive march (100,000 marchers) on that date and another massive (estimates of attendance from 100,000 to 1,000,000) concert/protest on August 21. August 24–25 protests March for free education in Pichilemu on August 25. Large sign says "We teachers that are marching, are also educating." Sign at the right says "No more profit " The Workers' United Center of Chile organized a nationwide two-day strike on August 24 and 25. During the strike, four separate marches took place in Santiago, as well as additional protests across the country. According to union officials, a total of about 600,000 people were involved in protests. On the 24th, upwards of three hundred people were arrested, with six police officers wounded in Santiago, where protesters constructed roadblocks and damaged cars and buildings. On the 25th, another 450 people were arrested with several dozen reported injured. In Santiago, police forces used tear gas and water cannons on protesters at the end of the demonstrations; earlier, some protesters had thrown stones and started fires. One person, 16-year-old Manuel Gutierrez Reinoso, later died from gunshot wounds to the chest; witnesses claim that he was shot by a police officer. According to Claudio Urrutia, an official at the Workers' United Center of Chile, said that the Chilean government "is a right-wing government that has demonized social demonstrations This government doesn't seek dialogue. We have to change the tax regime in this country." According to Labor Minister Evelyn Matthei, unions had refused to begin discussions with the government, and she was "working actively trying to resolve problems in education and in labor and many problems that come from the past." On August 31, the Education Committee of the Chilean Senate approved 4-1 a bill that would prohibit indirect or direct state support of for-profit educational institutions, a fundamental demand of the student movement. Pinochet coup anniversary protests On the 38th anniversary of Augusto Pinochet's 1973 coup d'état against socialist president Salvador Allende on September 11, 2011, police arrested around 280 people in protests in Santiago. One 15-year-old girl suffered a bullet wound. "There were more than 350 places with barricades and blocked streets, and 130,000 homes suffered power cuts," said Deputy Interior Minister Rodrigo Ubilla. A day later on September 12, 2011, 30 people stormed the headquarters of the Communist Party of Chile Central Committee assaulting party workers, and destroying computers and furniture. Carabineros attempted to storm the building on August 4. October breakdown of negotiations In October the student representatives engaged in negotiations with government representatives headed by education minister Felipe Bulnes. The students withdrew from negotiations October 5 citing that the government had in their words only proposed an improved version of their "GANE" proposal from July, something students considered a "provocation". Camila Vallejo said that it was government that broke the negotiations by lacking "political will" and "capacity to attend the demands of the majority of the country". Students reported that minister Felipe Bulnes attacked David Urrea during the negotiations saying to him "you came here to break the negotiations, you are in a hostile position". In a meeting held in the Isla Teja Campus of the Southern University of Chile the Chilean university students union (CONFECH) representative David Urrea made a call to radicalize the movement and to "prepare for harsh times". Government spokesman Andrés Chadwick blamed "the ultras" and "the intransigents" in the student movement as responsible for the breakdown of negotiations. Giorgio Jackson said of these comments that the label "ultra" form part of a strategy aimed to divide the student movement, a strategy Jackson said the government have been using since the beginning of the conflict. Second cabinet shuffle In December 2011 Education Minister Felipe Bulnes was replaced by Harald Beyer, an analyst with the Center for Public Studies. Leadership changes 2012 This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2012) In April 2012 Education Minister Harald Beyer proposed a new university funding plan, which would remove private sector banks from the process of granting student loans and reduce interest rates on loans from six to two percent. Gabriel Boric, president of the University of Chile Student Federation, rejected the plan, stating: "We don't want to trade debt for debt, which is what the government is offering us". A national student strike was organised for 28 June. The strike was marked with a march in Santiago which was attended by 150,000, according to the demonstration's organisers. In August 2012 a number of schools and universities including Instituto Nacional, Liceo José Victorino Lastarria and Universidad de Chile were occupied by students. The UNESCO seat in Santiago was also occupied by secondary students aiming to speak against the Hinzpeter Law at the UN. Government spokesman Andrés Chadwick rejected the demands of the students. 2013 Michelle Bachelet, member of the Chilean Socialist Party and candidate for a broad center-left coalition, won the presidential elections of 2013 stating that a principal objective of the New Majority coalition will be to achieve and establish a system of universal and free access to higher education within a time frame of six years. Meanwhile, in the elections for the Chilean parliament two ex main leaders of the protests, Camila Vallejo and Gabriel Boric became elected as members of parliament, one for the Chilean Communist Party and the other for the Autonomous Left party respectively. While this happened, the position of president of the University of Chile Student Federation, held previously by Vallejo and Boric, is now held by a member of an anarchist student organization (the Libertarian Students Federation), Melissa Sepulveda, who is a medical student. 2015 On October 14, 2015, members of CONFECH gathered at Plaza Italia in downtown Santiago and marched down Bernardo O'Higgins until they reached Echaurren Street. Due to increasing tuition and decreasing salaries, students and educators alike were advocating for structural changes surrounding Chile's for-profit education system that originated during the Pinochet Era. According to the Council of Hemispheric Affairs, Chile's current education system is "stratified" by socioeconomic status, making access to affordable education a contentious issue for today's youth. The U.S. Department of State's Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) released an official warning to American companies based in Chile about potential violence between the student protesters and the militarized police force. As predicted, clashes between students and the carabineros gradually ensued. Known for retaliating harshly, the metropolitan police responded to paint bombs being thrown at their armored vehicles with water cannons against protesters. As mentioned in "Take Back the Streets: Repression and Criminalization of Protest Around the World," Chilean law enforcement officers using "less-than lethal" weapons against demonstrators exemplifies the publication's proposal to increase regulation of less-lethal weapons, whether they be water cannons or tear gas. In accordance to Brooke Gladstone views on mainstream media bias in "The Influence Machine," Chilean journalists have been criticized for their minimal coverage surrounding the ongoing student protests and cases of police brutality. For example, the 2015 Freedom of the Press Index declared that self-censorship and political bias is common in Chile where the media tends to promote governmental economic interests in addition to what some may call "infotainment." See also 2006 student protests in Chile 2008 student protests in Chile 2011 Magallanes protests Leaders of the 2011 Chilean protests List of protests in the 21st century References ^ Long, Gideon (May 24, 2013). "Quiénes son los encapuchados de las protestas en Chile" (in Spanish). BBC News. ^ a b The fraught politics of the classroom, The Economist, Oct 29, 2011. ^ Long, Gideon (August 11, 2011). "Chile student protests point to deep discontent". BBC News. 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Retrieved August 26, 2011. ^ Camila Vallejo: El discurso de Piñera fue una gran decepción y un retroceso, Radio Cooperativa July 6, 2011 Accessdate July 6 of 2010 ^ Senadores arremeten contra propuesta gubernamental para la educación Oliveros, Iván. Radio Biobío/UPI July 6, 2011. Access date July 6, 2011 ^ Cerca de 200 estudiantes se toman por breves minutos la Alameda en las afueras del Mineduc Oliveros, Iván. Radio Biobío/UPI July 6, 2011. Access date July 6, 2011 ^ http://diario.latercera.com/2011/07/17/01/contenido/pais/31-76796-9-confech-estudia-darle-proyeccion-politica-a-movimiento.shtml Archived July 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Hernandez, Alfonso. La Tercera July 17, 2011. Access date July 18, 2011. ^ http://diario.latercera.com/2011/07/19/01/contenido/pais/31-77021-9-estudiantes-votan-y-finalizan-tomas-en-usach-y-u-austral.shtml Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Araya, Carolina. La Tercera July 19, 2011. Access date July 19, 2011. ^ "Políticas y propuestas de acción para el desarrollo de la educación chilena": Gobierno propone 21 medidas para alcanzar pacto en educación". Mineduc. Retrieved August 4, 2011. ^ Salazar, Paulina (August 3, 2011). "11 universidades rechazan la propuesta educativa del gobierno". La Tercera. Archived from the original on August 4, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2011. ^ Ebergenyi, Ivan (August 4, 2011). "Students and police face off in Chile's capital". Santiago Times. Retrieved August 5, 2011. ^ "Gobierno confirma 874 detenidos a nivel nacional y 90 carabineros heridos tras protestas estudiantiles". La Tercera. August 5, 2011. Archived from the original on October 27, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2011. ^ Franklin, Jonathan (August 5, 2011). "Chile student protests explode into violence". The Guardian. Retrieved August 5, 2011. ^ "Gobierno Regional detalla importante paquete de medidas educacionales". Ministry of Education of Chile. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2011. ^ "Bajo una intensa lluvia y mucho frío, miles de estudiantes marcharon por Santiago". Clarín. August 18, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2011. ^ Aguiló Bascuñán, Cristóbal. "Medio millón de chilenos llegan al Parque O'Higgins por la educación". Suite 101. Archived from the original on February 22, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2011. ^ a b c d e "Thousands of Chileans Protest for Education, Labor Reforms". Bloomberg. August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on October 27, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2011. ^ a b c "Dozens injured after clashes on day two of Chile's strike". The Guardian. UK. August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2011. ^ "Chile strike: Clashes mar anti-government protest". BBC News. August 26, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011. ^ Nuñez, María Paz (August 31, 2011). "Comisión de Educación del Senado aprueba proyecto que pone fin al lucro y pasa a discusión en la sala". La Tercera. Retrieved September 17, 2011. ^ "Hundreds arrested in Chilean coup anniversary protests". Monsters and Critics. September 12, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011. ^ "JJCC(CH) | Sede del ComitĂŠ Central del Partido Comunista es violentamente atacada". Jjcc.cl. Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011. ^ a b c Confech llama a "radicalizar movilización" y a no comenzar el segundo semestre Archived October 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, La Tercera, October 9 of 2011. ^ a b COPESA, Consorcio Periodistico de Chile S.A. "Gobierno reimpulsa agenda legislativa y sindica a "ultras" como responsables de quiebre". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2014. ^ "Giorgio Jackson: "El Gobierno nos trata de dividir diciendo que somos 'ultra'"". Emol. October 10, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2014. ^ "Beyer y Mayol, Los Nuevos Ministros de Educación y Agricultura". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2012. ^ a b Pearson, Brittany (June 29, 2012). "Chilean Students Demand Education Reform". The Nation. Retrieved July 6, 2012. ^ Vergara, Carlos (August 23, 2012). "Chile: se radicalizan los estudiantes". La Nación. Retrieved October 31, 2014. ^ "Bachelet aseguró que uno de sus objetivos es lograr la gratuidad en educación en seis años" (in Spanish). CNN Chile. August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2013. ^ "Chilean leaders of the massive student protests elected to Congress". MercoPress. Retrieved October 31, 2014. ^ a b "Los nuevos desafíos de la FECH tras la elección de Melissa Sepúlveda". Retrieved October 31, 2014.

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_educaci%C3%B3n_no_se_vende.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Chilean school voucher system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Chile"},{"link_name":"for-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For-profit"},{"link_name":"Demonstrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_(people)"},{"link_name":"Occupations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_(protest)"},{"link_name":"National strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action"},{"link_name":"Flash mobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_mob"},{"link_name":"Online activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_activism"},{"link_name":"Hunger strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"Barricades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barricade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eco29oct-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eco29oct-2"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring"},{"link_name":"Impact of the Arab Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring"},{"link_name":"2011 Armenian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests"},{"link_name":"2011 Azerbaijani protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests"},{"link_name":"2011 Burkinabé protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Burkinab%C3%A9_protests"},{"link_name":"Anti-austerity movement in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"2011–2013 Chilean student protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests"},{"link_name":"2011–2012 Iranian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests"},{"link_name":"2011 Israeli social justice protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Israeli_social_justice_protests"},{"link_name":"Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity"},{"link_name":"Occupy movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_movement"},{"link_name":"Tuareg rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)"},{"link_name":"student-led","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_voice"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"education in the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Chile"},{"link_name":"Chilean transition to democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_transition_to_democracy"},{"link_name":"high level of inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_inequality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GANE-4"},{"link_name":"cabinet shuffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_shuffle"},{"link_name":"Minister of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Lavín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Lav%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latercera1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"2011–2013 Chilean protestsSign reading \"Education is not for sale\" during a Chilean student protest in June 2011DateMay 2011–2013LocationChileGoalsThe end of the Chilean school voucher system, its replacement by a public education system managed by the state. The end of for-profit education. Changes to tax code to better finance education.Methods\nDemonstrations\nOccupations\nNational strikes\nFlash mobs\nOnline activism\nHunger strikes\nBarricades\nResulted inProtests quelledCasualtiesDeath(s)One student protester (Manuel Gutierrez Reinoso)InjuriesSeveral hundred protesters[1]500+ police officers[2]Arrested~1800 students[2]vteImpact of the Arab Spring\n2011 Armenian protests\n2011 Azerbaijani protests\n2011 Burkinabé protests\nAnti-austerity movement in Spain\n2011–2013 Chilean student protests\n2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests\n2011–2012 Iranian protests\n2011 Israeli social justice protests\nMovement for Peace with Justice and Dignity\nOccupy movement\nTuareg rebellionThe 2011–2013 Chilean protests – known as the Chilean Winter (in particular reference to the massive protests of August 2011) or the Chilean Education Conflict (as labelled in Chilean media) – were a series of student-led protests across Chile, demanding a new framework for education in the country, including more direct state participation in secondary education and an end to the existence of profit in higher education. Currently in Chile, only 45% of high school students study in traditional public schools and most universities are also private. No new public universities have been built since the end of the Chilean transition to democracy in 1990, even though the number of university students has increased.Beyond the specific demands regarding education, there is a feeling that the protests reflect a \"deep discontent\" among some parts of society with Chile's high level of inequality.[3] Protests have included massive non-violent marches, but also a considerable amount of violence on the part of a side of protestors as well as riot police.The first clear government response to the protests was a proposal for a new education fund[4] and a cabinet shuffle which replaced Minister of Education Joaquín Lavín[5] and was seen as not fundamentally addressing student movement concerns. Other government proposals were also rejected.Student protestors have not achieved all their objectives, but they contributed to a dramatic fall in Piñera's approval rating, which was measured at 26–30% in August 2011 polls by respected Chilean pollsters and had not increased by January 2012.[6][7]","title":"2011–2013 Chilean student protests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education in Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Chile"},{"link_name":"2006 student protests in Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_student_protests_in_Chile"},{"link_name":"2008 student protests in Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_student_protests_in_Chile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcha_de_escolares_en_Santiago.jpg"},{"link_name":"Penguin Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Revolution"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"job market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_market"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Salazar"},{"link_name":"military dictatorships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC11Ag-10"},{"link_name":"Penguin Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Michelle Bachelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Penguin Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Revolution"},{"link_name":"for-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For-profit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cristián Monckeberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristi%C3%A1n_Monckeberg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"intendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendant"},{"link_name":"Biobío Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biob%C3%ADo_Region"},{"link_name":"matrimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimony"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"See also: Education in Chile, 2006 student protests in Chile, and 2008 student protests in ChileProtest march in Santiago during the 2006 Penguin RevolutionThe onset of the 2011 Chilean protests have been attributed to several causes. The Economist explained the protests as being the result of \"one of world’s lowest levels of public funding for higher education, some of the longest degrees and no comprehensive system of student grants or subsidized loans\" and a flat job market as the detonant.[8] Historian Gabriel Salazar describes the student conflict as being the continuation of a long strife between popular citizen movements and civic and military dictatorships.[9] BBC have attributed \"students' anger\" to \"a perception that Chile's education system is grossly unfair – that it gives rich students access to some of the best schooling in Latin America while dumping poor pupils in shabby, under-funded state schools.\"[10]Many newspapers and analysts have traced the protests back to the 2006 Penguin Revolution that occurred during the government of Michelle Bachelet, some claiming that these are the same secondary students who headed the 2006 movement that when in university are heading the 2011 student protests.[11] Bachelet has defended the legacy of her government and said that in the aftermath of the Penguin Revolution the right-wing opposition prevented them from eliminating for-profit activity in education.[12] Right-wing politician Cristián Monckeberg responded to this by saying that if Bachelet had solved the problem in 2006, the students would not be protesting now.[13] On June 5 it was noted in the Chilean TV discussion show Tolerancia Cero that the Chilean students protests followed a cyclic pattern with major protests every 5 or 7 years.Víctor Lobos, intendant of Biobío Region attributed the protests to the increasing number of children born outside matrimony claiming that this condition made them susceptible to \"anarchism\".[14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcha_estudiantes_Chile.jpg"}],"text":"Protest march in Santiago, 14 July 2011","title":"Demands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Confederation of Chilean Student Federations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Chilean_Students"},{"link_name":"Camila Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Vallejo"},{"link_name":"University of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Prueba de Selección Universitaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prueba_de_Selecci%C3%B3n_Universitaria"},{"link_name":"government-backed loans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-backed_loan"},{"link_name":"Mapuche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Chileno-15"}],"sub_title":"University students","text":"University students are represented by CONFECH, the Confederation of Chilean Student Federations, a national body made up of student governments at Chilean universities and led by Camila Vallejo of the University of Chile and Giorgio Jackson of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. The CONFECH's proposal, known as the \"Social Agreement for Chilean Education\" (Acuerdo Social por la Educación Chilena), demands:Increased state support for public universities, which currently finance their activities mostly through tuition\nMore equitable admissions process to prestigious universities, with less emphasis on the Prueba de Selección Universitaria standardized test\nFree public education, so access to higher education doesn't depend on families' economic situation.\nCreation of a government agency to apply the law against profit in higher education and prosecute those universities that are allegedly using loopholes to profit. The students oppose direct (fellowship and voucher) and indirect government aid (government-backed loans) to for-profit schools.\nA more serious accreditation process to improve quality and end indirect state support for poor quality institutions\nCreation of an \"intercultural university\" that meets the unique demands of Mapuche students\nRepeal of laws forbidding student participation in university governance[15]","title":"Demands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"school voucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_voucher"},{"link_name":"The Heritage Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Martin Carnoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Carnoy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carnoy-16"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH-riot-17"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"PISA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PISA"},{"link_name":"Mario Waissbluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Waissbluth"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-18"},{"link_name":"2010 Chilean earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Chilean_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Chileno-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waissbluth_on_taxes-19"}],"sub_title":"High school students","text":"High school students are more loosely organized than the university students, with no national federation. However, their demands have also been included in CONFECH's proposal and include:Central government control over secondary and primary public schools, to replace the current system of municipal control which allegedly leads to inequalities\nThe application of Chile's school voucher system in pre-school, primary and secondary levels be applicable only to nonprofit schools. The Chilean system, although defended by researchers linked to The Heritage Foundation, is criticized by researchers like Martin Carnoy,[16] blaming it for the tremendous inequalities across all the Chilean educational system, measured by OECD's standards.\nIncreases in state spending. Chile only spends 4.4% of GDP on education, compared to the 7% of GDP recommended by the UN for developed nations.[17] Additionally, Chile ranks behind only Peru in educational segregation among the 65 countries that take the PISA test. Prominent Chilean education researcher Mario Waissbluth has called the Chilean system \"educational apartheid\"[18]\nUse of student bus pass throughout the year\nDevelopment of more vocational high schools\nReconstruction of schools damaged during the 2010 Chilean earthquake\nMoratorium on the creation of new voucher/charter schools\nHigher pay for teachers and a national plan to attract the best talent to the profession and raise its social stature.[15]Additionally, some segments of the student movement have called for additional changes, such as a constitutional amendment guaranteeing quality education, an increase in the tax rate of higher earners (which is low in comparison to OECD countries),[19] higher taxes for foreign extractors of or renationalization of Chile's copper resources.","title":"Demands"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liceo_andres_bello_en_toma.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Miguel, Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Miguel,_Chile"},{"link_name":"2006 student protests in Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_student_protests_in_Chile"},{"link_name":"HidroAysén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HidroAys%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Magallanes Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallanes_Province"},{"link_name":"15-M Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-M_Movement"},{"link_name":"Arab Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Lavín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Lav%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CiperChile-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mostrador1-21"},{"link_name":"El Mercurio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mercurio"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emol1-22"},{"link_name":"Santiago Metropolitan Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Region"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LaTercera1-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LaTercera1-23"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH-riot-17"},{"link_name":"flash mobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_mob"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Liceo Andres Bello currently occupied by students, commune of San Miguel, Chile, from on June 13, 2011.The 2011 student protests in Chile began gradually in May, and can be traced to the so-called \"penguin revolution\", or 2006 student protests in Chile. It is also important to note that the student protests began on the heels of other national protests, over the HidroAysén dam project and gas prices in Magallanes Province. The protests are commonly portrayed as a new social movement loosely based on Spain's 15-M Movement or even the Arab Spring.The protests were triggered in part by the initiative of the then-Minister of Education Joaquín Lavín to increase government funding of non-traditional Universities. Although, officially nonprofit, some of these institutions were known to use legal loopholes to turn profits. Lavín had invested in several firms that render services to Universidad del Desarrollo.[20][21]According to students cited by El Mercurio on June 13, there were 100 schools being occupied by students as a form of protest,[22] of which 80 were in the Santiago Metropolitan Region[23] Sources differ; Chilean police listed on June 13 only 50 schools as occupied.[23]On June 30, there was a massive demonstration that mobilized between one hundred and two hundred thousand demonstrators.[17]The student protests have included several creative acts which received foreign media attention, such as flash mobs[24] and kiss-ins.[25]","title":"First wave of protests"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era_anuncia_el_GANE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sebastián Piñera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Lavín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Lav%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Sebastián Piñera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GANE-4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"public ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_ownership"},{"link_name":"freedom of education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_education"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GANE-4"},{"link_name":"Camila Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Vallejo"},{"link_name":"for-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For-profit"},{"link_name":"state of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtsstaat"},{"link_name":"secondary students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Concertación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertaci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"University of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenida_Libertador_General_Bernardo_O%27Higgins"},{"link_name":"the police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Chilean president Sebastián Piñera announcing with then- Education Minister Joaquín Lavín a series of proposals in a televised speechOn July 5 Chilean President Sebastián Piñera announced in a televised speech educational reforms that his government planned to do in order to satisfy the student demands. The plans announced revolved mainly around a project labelled \"GANE\" (Spanish acronym for Grand National Accord of Education, forming the Spanish word for win), which would cost 4 billion dollars.[4] The project is to be, if implemented, financed from the Funds of Economical and Social Stabilization (Fondo de Estabilización Económica y Social or FEES) with which a fund named Fund for the Education (Fondo por la Educación) will be created from which the dividends and interest (under 300 million dollars) will be used annually to support public education.[26]Piñera also announced the shaping of a new legal framework for universities which will allow higher education providers to legally engage in for-profit activity and rejected the public ownership of education proposed by students as a \"serious mistake and something that damages deeply the quality as well as the freedom of education\".[4]The announcement was received with skepticism by students, some of whom criticized harshly the announcements. Camila Vallejo, one of the movement's spokespersons and the president of the University of Chile student federation said that the presidential discourse \"was a great disappointment and a backward step\" and emphasized that the proposal to legalize for-profit activity in education, which is currently illegal but widely practised in private institutions, goes against the Chilean state of law and that the government rejected categorically the main point presented by the secondary students which was to place public secondary and primary education under state management instead of being under municipalities.[27]Additionally, some opposition senators from the center-left Concertación criticized the speech, signaling that the proposal was not \"in tune with the student movement\"[28] After the televised speech students of the University of Chile went out from the university to protest against the proposal blocking transit in Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins before confrontations with special forces of the police.[29]","title":"July 2011 government proposal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_educaci%C3%B3n_no_cabe_en_tu_Moneda.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"El Teniente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Teniente"},{"link_name":"return to democracy in Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_transition_to_democracy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emol1-22"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Lavín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Lav%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Felipe Bulnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Bulnes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latercera1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latercera1-5"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Universidad Austral de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Austral_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"Universidad de Santiago de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Santiago_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The front of the University of Chile, which is currently occupied by students. The sign reads La lucha es de la sociedad entera / Todos por la educación gratuita, which means \"The fight is of the whole society / Everybody for free education\".Students marched on July 14 together with contractors from El Teniente mine that were on strike in one of the largest protests since the return to democracy in Chile two decades prior.[22] Although the protests were downplayed by the Chilean government, they were described as a complete success by the organizers. On July 18, Chilean Minister of Education Joaquín Lavín was replaced by Felipe Bulnes, as President Sebastián Piñera opted for a cabinet shuffle in response to the months of protest.[5] The change came two weeks without any clear movement on the issues, Lavín received a new ministerial role as Minister of Development and Planning.[5] Meanwhile, the Chilean student federation insists that it will continue its occupations and other mobilizations, as well as attempt to broaden the movement into other political areas.[30] On July 19, La Tercera reported that 148 high schools remained occupied, but some universities such as the Universidad Austral de Chile and the Universidad de Santiago de Chile were ending their occupations.[31]","title":"Continued protests"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncle_Sebastian.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uncle Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Sam"},{"link_name":"Sebastián Piñera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mineduccl-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Camila Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Vallejo"},{"link_name":"La Polar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Polar"},{"link_name":"cacerolazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacerolazo"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"An allegory of Uncle Sam represented by Sebastián Piñera, asking for student grants at street protests.On August 1, the government of Sebastian Piñera introduced a new 21-point proposal to reorganize Chilean education from pre-school to higher education and thus reach an agreement with the student movement. The proposal included many of the students' demands, such as:a constitutional guarantee to a quality education\nallowing student participation in university governance\nthe end of local control over public secondary education\nincrease university scholarships and provide help for people with unpayable student debt[32]However, student leaders did not accept the proposal and signalled that the student mobilizations would continue with a national strike and march on August 4 and an official written response on August 5. In interviews, they noted that the proposal did not criminalize profiteering in education, did not seek to provide free or equitable access to higher education, and was not specific. Using the same language that was used to describe the July proposal, the August proposal was called \"a backward step\" and \"a band-aid solution.\"[33]The protests of August 4 were the most confrontational of the movement to date. 874 protestors were detained, and the center of Santiago was called a \"state of siege\" by University of Chile student federation president Camila Vallejo. Police cordoned off the streets and used tear gas. Protesters destroyed signs and set small fires in the street. Additionally, 90 carabineros (militarized police) were injured and a La Polar department store was burnt down. The evening saw a cacerolazo protest, where protesters bang pots and pans, often from their homes.[34][35][36]","title":"August 2011 government proposal and subsequent protest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"On August 18, the government offered a third proposal for ending the conflict; primary among the new means was a reduction of government-backed student loan rates to 2% APR.[37] However, this proposal still has not placated the students, who held a massive march (100,000 marchers) on that date and another massive (estimates of attendance from 100,000 to 1,000,000) concert/protest on August 21.[38][39]","title":"Third government proposal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Free_education_protests_Pichilemu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pichilemu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichilemu"},{"link_name":"Workers' United Center of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_United_Center_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-40"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-40"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Matthei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Matthei"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-40"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"August 24–25 protests","text":"March for free education in Pichilemu on August 25. Large sign says \"We teachers that are marching, are also educating.\" Sign at the right says \"No more profit [in education]\"The Workers' United Center of Chile organized a nationwide two-day strike on August 24 and 25.[40] During the strike, four separate marches took place in Santiago, as well as additional protests across the country.[41] According to union officials, a total of about 600,000 people were involved in protests.[41] On the 24th, upwards of three hundred people were arrested, with six police officers wounded in Santiago, where protesters constructed roadblocks and damaged cars and buildings.[40] On the 25th, another 450 people were arrested with several dozen reported injured.[41] In Santiago, police forces used tear gas and water cannons on protesters at the end of the demonstrations; earlier, some protesters had thrown stones and started fires.[40] One person, 16-year-old Manuel Gutierrez Reinoso, later died from gunshot wounds to the chest; witnesses claim that he was shot by a police officer.[42]According to Claudio Urrutia, an official at the Workers' United Center of Chile, said that the Chilean government \"is a right-wing government that has demonized social demonstrations [...] This government doesn't seek dialogue. We have to change the tax regime in this country.\"[40] According to Labor Minister Evelyn Matthei, unions had refused to begin discussions with the government, and she was \"working actively trying to resolve problems [...] in education and in labor and many problems that come from the past.\"[40]On August 31, the Education Committee of the Chilean Senate approved 4-1 a bill that would prohibit indirect or direct state support of for-profit educational institutions, a fundamental demand of the student movement.[43]","title":"Third government proposal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augusto Pinochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet"},{"link_name":"1973 coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Salvador Allende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Allende"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"Carabineros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"On the 38th anniversary of Augusto Pinochet's 1973 coup d'état against socialist president Salvador Allende on September 11, 2011, police arrested around 280 people in protests in Santiago. One 15-year-old girl suffered a bullet wound. \"There were more than 350 places with barricades and blocked streets, and 130,000 homes suffered power cuts,\" said Deputy Interior Minister Rodrigo Ubilla.[44]A day later on September 12, 2011, 30 people stormed the headquarters of the Communist Party of Chile Central Committee assaulting party workers, and destroying computers and furniture. Carabineros attempted to storm the building on August 4.[45]","title":"Pinochet coup anniversary protests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"education minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"Felipe Bulnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Bulnes"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radical-46"},{"link_name":"Camila Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Vallejo"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radical-46"},{"link_name":"Felipe Bulnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Bulnes"},{"link_name":"David Urrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Urrea"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chadwi-47"},{"link_name":"Isla Teja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Teja"},{"link_name":"Southern University of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_University_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radical-46"},{"link_name":"Andrés Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"the ultras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-leftism"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chadwi-47"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"In October the student representatives engaged in negotiations with government representatives headed by education minister Felipe Bulnes. The students withdrew from negotiations October 5 citing that the government had in their words only proposed an improved version of their \"GANE\" proposal from July, something students considered a \"provocation\".[46] Camila Vallejo said that it was government that broke the negotiations by lacking \"political will\" and \"capacity to attend the demands of the majority of the country\".[46] Students reported that minister Felipe Bulnes attacked David Urrea during the negotiations saying to him \"you came here to break the negotiations, you are in a hostile position\".[47] In a meeting held in the Isla Teja Campus of the Southern University of Chile the Chilean university students union (CONFECH) representative David Urrea made a call to radicalize the movement and to \"prepare for harsh times\".[46]Government spokesman Andrés Chadwick blamed \"the ultras\" and \"the intransigents\" in the student movement as responsible for the breakdown of negotiations.[47] Giorgio Jackson said of these comments that the label \"ultra\" form part of a strategy aimed to divide the student movement, a strategy Jackson said the government have been using since the beginning of the conflict.[48]","title":"October breakdown of negotiations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harald Beyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Beyer_Burgos"},{"link_name":"Center for Public Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Public_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"In December 2011 Education Minister Felipe Bulnes was replaced by Harald Beyer, an analyst with the Center for Public Studies.[49]","title":"Second cabinet shuffle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leadership changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabriel Boric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Boric"},{"link_name":"University of Chile Student Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chile_Student_Federation"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nation-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nation-50"},{"link_name":"Instituto Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Liceo José Victorino Lastarria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liceo_Jos%C3%A9_Victorino_Lastarria_(Santiago)"},{"link_name":"Universidad de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Hinzpeter Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Hinzpeter"},{"link_name":"Andrés Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"2012","text":"In April 2012 Education Minister Harald Beyer proposed a new university funding plan, which would remove private sector banks from the process of granting student loans and reduce interest rates on loans from six to two percent. Gabriel Boric, president of the University of Chile Student Federation, rejected the plan, stating: \"We don't want to trade debt for debt, which is what the government is offering us\".[50]A national student strike was organised for 28 June. The strike was marked with a march in Santiago which was attended by 150,000, according to the demonstration's organisers.[50]In August 2012 a number of schools and universities including Instituto Nacional, Liceo José Victorino Lastarria and Universidad de Chile were occupied by students. The UNESCO seat in Santiago was also occupied by secondary students aiming to speak against the Hinzpeter Law at the UN. Government spokesman Andrés Chadwick rejected the demands of the students.[51]","title":"Leadership changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle Bachelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet"},{"link_name":"Chilean Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"presidential elections of 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_presidential_election,_2013"},{"link_name":"New Majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Majority_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"universal and free access to higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_education"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNChile-52"},{"link_name":"Camila Vallejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Vallejo"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Chilean Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnnchile.com-54"},{"link_name":"University of Chile Student Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chile_Student_Federation"},{"link_name":"anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnnchile.com-54"}],"sub_title":"2013","text":"Michelle Bachelet, member of the Chilean Socialist Party and candidate for a broad center-left coalition, won the presidential elections of 2013 stating that a principal objective of the New Majority coalition will be to achieve and establish a system of universal and free access to higher education within a time frame of six years.[52] Meanwhile, in the elections for the Chilean parliament two ex main leaders of the protests, Camila Vallejo and Gabriel Boric became elected as members of parliament,[53] one for the Chilean Communist Party and the other for the Autonomous Left party respectively.[54] While this happened, the position of president of the University of Chile Student Federation, held previously by Vallejo and Boric, is now held by a member of an anarchist student organization (the Libertarian Students Federation), Melissa Sepulveda, who is a medical student.[54]","title":"Leadership changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"According","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.coha.org/the-failings-of-chile%E2%80%99s-education-system-institutionalized-inequality-and-a-preference-for-the-affluent/"},{"link_name":"Take Back the Streets: Repression and Criminalization of Protest Around the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aclu.org/files/assets/global_protest_suppression_report_inclo.pdf"}],"sub_title":"2015","text":"On October 14, 2015, members of CONFECH gathered at Plaza Italia in downtown Santiago and marched down Bernardo O'Higgins until they reached Echaurren Street. Due to increasing tuition and decreasing salaries, students and educators alike were advocating for structural changes surrounding Chile's for-profit education system that originated during the Pinochet Era. According to the Council of Hemispheric Affairs, Chile's current education system is \"stratified\" by socioeconomic status, making access to affordable education a contentious issue for today's youth. The U.S. Department of State's Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) released an official warning to American companies based in Chile about potential violence between the student protesters and the militarized police force.As predicted, clashes between students and the carabineros gradually ensued. Known for retaliating harshly, the metropolitan police responded to paint bombs being thrown at their armored vehicles with water cannons against protesters. As mentioned in \"Take Back the Streets: Repression and Criminalization of Protest Around the World,\" Chilean law enforcement officers using \"less-than lethal\" weapons against demonstrators exemplifies the publication's proposal to increase regulation of less-lethal weapons, whether they be water cannons or tear gas.In accordance to Brooke Gladstone views on mainstream media bias in \"The Influence Machine,\" Chilean journalists have been criticized for their minimal coverage surrounding the ongoing student protests and cases of police brutality. For example, the 2015 Freedom of the Press Index declared that self-censorship and political bias is common in Chile where the media tends to promote governmental economic interests in addition to what some may call \"infotainment.\"","title":"Leadership changes"}]

[{"image_text":"Protest march in Santiago during the 2006 Penguin Revolution","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Marcha_de_escolares_en_Santiago.jpg/200px-Marcha_de_escolares_en_Santiago.jpg"},{"image_text":"Protest march in Santiago, 14 July 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marcha_estudiantes_Chile.jpg/220px-Marcha_estudiantes_Chile.jpg"},{"image_text":"Liceo Andres Bello currently occupied by students, commune of San Miguel, Chile, from on June 13, 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Liceo_andres_bello_en_toma.jpg/220px-Liceo_andres_bello_en_toma.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chilean president Sebastián Piñera announcing with then- Education Minister Joaquín Lavín a series of proposals in a televised speech","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era_anuncia_el_GANE.jpg/220px-Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era_anuncia_el_GANE.jpg"},{"image_text":"The front of the University of Chile, which is currently occupied by students. The sign reads La lucha es de la sociedad entera / Todos por la educación gratuita, which means \"The fight is of the whole society / Everybody for free education\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/La_educaci%C3%B3n_no_cabe_en_tu_Moneda.jpg/220px-La_educaci%C3%B3n_no_cabe_en_tu_Moneda.jpg"},{"image_text":"An allegory of Uncle Sam represented by Sebastián Piñera, asking for student grants at street protests.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Uncle_Sebastian.jpg/150px-Uncle_Sebastian.jpg"},{"image_text":"March for free education in Pichilemu on August 25. Large sign says \"We teachers that are marching, are also educating.\" Sign at the right says \"No more profit [in education]\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Free_education_protests_Pichilemu.jpg/220px-Free_education_protests_Pichilemu.jpg"}]

[{"title":"2006 student protests in Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_student_protests_in_Chile"},{"title":"2008 student protests in Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_student_protests_in_Chile"},{"title":"2011 Magallanes protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Magallanes_protests"},{"title":"Leaders of the 2011 Chilean protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaders_of_the_2011_Chilean_protests"},{"title":"List of protests in the 21st century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protests_in_the_21st_century"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry

Irish bardic poetry

["1 Background","2 Role in Irish and Scottish society","3 Example","4 Bardic texts","5 Selected poets","6 Selected poems","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

Bardic poetry is the writings produced by a class of poets trained in the bardic schools of Ireland and the Gaelic parts of Scotland, as they existed down to about the middle of the 17th century or, in Scotland, the early 18th century. Most of the texts preserved are in Middle Irish or in early Modern Irish, however, even though the manuscripts were very plentiful, very few have been published. It is considered a period of great literary stability due to the formalised literary language that changed very little. Background See also: Chief Ollam of Ireland According to the Uraicecht Becc in Old Irish Law, bards and filid were distinct groups: filid involved themselves with law, language, lore and court poetry, whereas bards were versifiers. However, in time, these terms came to be used interchangeably. With the arrival of Christianity, the poets were still given a high rank in society, equal to that of a bishop, but even the highest-ranked poet, the ollamh was now only 'the shadow of a high-ranking pagan priest or druid.' The bards memorized and preserved the history and traditions of clan and country, as well as the technical requirements of the various poetic forms, such as the dán díreach (a syllabic form which uses assonance, half rhyme and alliteration). Much of their work consists of extended genealogies and almost journalistic accounts of the deeds of their lords and ancestors: the Irish bard was not necessarily an inspired poet, but rather a professor of literature and letters, highly trained in the use of a polished literary medium, belonging to a hereditary caste of high prestige in a conservative, aristocratic society, and holding an official position therein by virtue of extensive training and knowledge. Role in Irish and Scottish society As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles, such as chroniclers and satirists. Effectively, their job was to praise their employers and curse those who crossed them. Their approach to official duties was very traditional and drawn from precedent, rather like the roles played by Welsh bards and Viking skalds, with a similar emphasis on complex, often highly alliterative forms of verse. However, even though many bardic poets were traditional in their approach, there were also some who added personal feelings into their poems and also had the ability to adapt with changing situations although conservative. While they were employed by kings and other powerful figures in Irish society, bards also acted independently and were highly respected individuals for their own power. Irish society focused largely on a fame or shame mentality. Which one you received largely depended on if the bard liked you or not, therefore, many people would go out of their way to please the bards in the hopes that they would get a song or poem composed about them. The Irish people had no illusions about death, knowing that everything eventually died, but they believed the way into immortality was through a great story that only a bard could compose. This led the bards to have great power among the Irish because the ability to provide great fame or great shame to any individual. The bardic tradition was incredibly important to Irish society and even infatuated many outsiders. This sparked a tradition of founding bardic schools which often only would teach to people that had a bard in their family history. Other requirements included being skilled at reading and having a good memory. In these schools the fundamentals of being a bard were taught and often students would have to compose overnight so as to not be able to write things down, therefore keeping the oral tradition alive. The next morning they would be allowed to write them down, perform them, and critique their compositions. Overall, these schools were at least partly responsible for keeping the bardic tradition alive into the modern era. Example The following is an example of a bardic poem from the translations of Osborn Bergin: Consolations Filled with sharp dart-like pens Limber tipped and firm, newly trimmed Paper cushioned under my hand Percolating upon the smooth slope The leaf a fine and uniform script A book of verse in ennobling Goidelic. I learnt the roots of each tale, branch Of valour and the fair knowledge, That I may recite in learned lays Of clear kindred stock and each person's Family tree, exploits of wonder Travel and musical branch Soft voiced, sweet and slumberous A lullaby to the heart. Grant me the gladsome gyre, loud Brilliant, passionate and polished Rushing in swift frenzy, like a blue edged Bright, sharp-pointed spear In a sheath tightly corded; The cause itself worthy to contain. Anonymous An example of a bardic poet can also be seen in the novel The Year of the French (1979) by Thomas Flanagan. In this book, a character by the name of Owen MacCarthy is a bard known for his training with the native language as well as English. He is turned to write specific, important letters by a group named the "Whiteboys". They are in need of someone skilled with writing letters, such as a bard like MacCarthy. Bardic texts Tinnakill Duanaire Royal Irish Academy MS 24 P 33 23 N 10 The Book of the White Earl Egerton 1782 Saltair na Rann Selected poets Dallán Forgaill (c. 530 – c. 598) Colmán mac Lénéni (530–606) Niníne Éces (fl. 700) Óengus Céile Dé (d. 824) Saint Dungal (fl. 811 – 828) Sedulius Scottus (fl. 840 – 860) Flann mac Lonáin (d. 896) Cináed Ua Hartacáin (d. 975) Mael Ísu Ó Brolcháin (d. 1086) Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde (fl. 1072) Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside (fl. 1147) Muireadhach Albanach (fl. early 13th century) Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe (c. 1210 – c. 1272) Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh (d. 1244) Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire (d. 1266) Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh (d. 1387) Seaán Ó Clumháin (fl. 1450 – 1500) Aithbhreac Inghean Coirceadal (fl. 1470) Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte (fl. 16th century) Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail (fl. c. 1500 – c. 1550) Fear Flatha Ó Gnímh (c. 1540 – c. 1630) Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn (c. 1550 – c. 1591) Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin (1550–1600) Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa (1567–1617) Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin (fl. 1585) Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh (fl. 1586) Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte (fl. c. 1601) Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh (fl. c. 1610) Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh (fl. 1624 – 1664) Cormac Mac Con Midhe (d. 1627) Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh (fl. 1630) Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird (fl. 1670) Proinsias Ó Doibhlin (d. c. 1724) Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill (fl. early 18th century) Selected poems Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean Is acher in gaíth in-nocht... Is trúag in ces i mbiam Sen dollotar Ulaid ... An Díbirt go Connachta Foraire Uladh ar Aodh A theachtaire tig ón Róimh An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin? Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol Pangur Bán Liamuin Buile Shuibhne The Prophecy of Berchán Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide See also Early Irish literature Irish poetry Irish syllabic poetry Dán díreach References ^ a b Welch, Robert (1996). The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature (1st ed.). New York: Clarendon Press. p. 33. ISBN 0198661584. ^ Welch, Robert. "bardic poetry". The Concise Oxford Companion to Irish Literature Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ a b Bergin, Osborn. Irish Bardic Poetry. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. pp. 3–5. Retrieved 8 December 2015. ^ Carney, James (1985). Medieval Irish Lyrics with The Irish Bardic Poet. Mountrath: Dolmen Press. pp. 1107–8. ISBN 0-85105-360-2. Further reading Michelle O'Riordan, Irish Bardic Poetry and Rhetorical Reality, Cork University Press (2007) Robert Welch and Bruce Stewart, The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature Eleanor Knott, The bardic poems of Tadhg Dall Ó Huiginn (1550-1591),An introduction to Irish syllabic poetry of the period 1200-1600 with selections, notes and glossary (Cork, 1928),Irish classical poetry commonly called bardic poetry (Dublin, 1957). Knott, Eleanor. "Catalogue of Eleanor Knotts works" (PDF). ria.ie/library/eleanor-knott-collection. External links Authors and textual sources at celt.dias.ie 'Bardic Poetry: a lecture delivered in 1912', by Osborn Bergin, in Irish Bardic Poetry, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (1970). vteIrish poetryTopics Irish poetry Aisling Dán Díreach Metrical Dindshenchas Irish syllabic poetry Kildare Poems Filí Chief Ollam of Ireland Irish bardic poetry Contention of the bards Irish Literary Revival Weaver Poets An Gúm Táin Bó Cúailnge PoetsBardic Mael Ísu Ua Brolcháin Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh Flann mac Lonáin Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh Fear Flatha Ó Gnímh Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin Cormac Mac Con Midhe Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa Proinsias Ó Doibhlin Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn Niníne Éces Colmán of Cloyne Cináed ua hArtacáin Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh Dallán Forgaill Óengus of Tallaght Sedulius Scottus Saint Dungal Maol Sheachluinn na n-Uirsgéal Ó hÚigínn Philip Ó Duibhgeannain 15th/16th century Tomás Ó Cobhthaigh 17th century Dáibhí Ó Bruadair Piaras Feiritéar Donnchadh Mac an Caoilfhiaclaigh Aogán Ó Rathaille 18th century Aogán Ó Rathaille Brian Merriman Jonathan Swift Oliver Goldsmith John Hewitt 19th century Thomas Moore Charles Gavan Duffy James Clarence Mangan Samuel Ferguson William Allingham Douglas Hyde James Henry Antoine Ó Raifteiri Aeneas Coffey Robert Dwyer Joyce Thomas Davis Speranza Katharine Tynan Edward Walsh Oscar Wilde 20th century James Joyce Patrick Pearse Joseph Plunkett Thomas MacDonagh Francis Ledwidge Padraic Colum F. R. Higgins Austin Clarke Samuel Beckett Brian Coffey Denis Devlin Thomas MacGreevy Blanaid Salkeld Mary Devenport O'Neill Patrick Kavanagh John Hewitt Louis MacNeice Máirtín Ó Direáin Seán Ó Ríordáin Máire Mhac an tSaoi Michael Hartnett Gabriel Rosenstock Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill Micheál Mac Liammóir Robert Greacen Roy McFadden Padraic Fiacc John Montague Michael Longley Derek Mahon Seamus Heaney Paul Muldoon Thomas Kinsella Michael Smith Trevor Joyce Geoffrey Squires Augustus Young Randolph Healy John Jordan Paul Durcan Basil Payne Eoghan Ó Tuairisc Patrick Galvin Cathal Ó Searcaigh Bobby Sands Nora Tynan O'Mahony Rita Ann Higgins Eavan Boland Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin Medbh McGuckian Paula Meehan Dennis O'Driscoll Seán Dunne Anthony Cronin W. F. Marshall W. B. Yeats 21st century Thomas McCarthy John Ennis Pat Boran Mairéad Byrne Ciarán Carson Patrick Chapman Harry Clifton Tony Curtis Pádraig J. Daly Gerald Dawe Greg Delanty Leontia Flynn Eamon Grennan Vona Groarke Seamus Heaney Pat Ingoldsby Trevor Joyce Brendan Kennelly Hugh McFadden Sinéad Morrissey Gerry Murphy Bernard O'Donoghue Conor O'Callaghan Caitriona O'Reilly Justin Quinn Maurice Riordan Maurice Scully William Wall Catherine Walsh PoemsAnthologies Faber Book of Irish Verse Epics The Wanderings of Oisin Bardic Timna Cathaír Máir Caithréim Cellaig Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean Is acher in gaíth in-nocht... Is trúag in ces i mbiam Sen dollotar Ulaid ... An Díbirt go Connachta Foraire Uladh ar Aodh A aonmhic Dé do céasadh thrínn A theachtaire tig ón Róimh An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin? Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol Pangur Bán Liamuin Buile Shuibhne The Prophecy of Berchán Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide Tuireamh na hÉireann 18th century The Traveller Suantraí dá Mhac Tabhartha Mná na hÉireann 19th century Tone's Grave The Wind That Shakes the Barley Contemporary Love Songs of Connacht Hi Uncle Sam Meeting The British Horse Latitudes Sweeney Astray Prayer Before Birth D-Day Organisations Poetry Ireland Seamus Heaney Centre Publishers Dedalus Press Dolmen Press Gallery Press HardPressed Poetry Lapwing Publications Salmon Poetry SurVision Cork University Press (general) Publications Cyphers The Dublin Magazine (defunct) Icarus (magazine) The Lace Curtain (defunct) Poetry Ireland Review The Stinging Fly The Honest Ulsterman Events Cúirt International Festival of Literature SoundEye Festival Awards / prizes Patrick Kavanagh Poetry Award Poetry Now Award vteGaelsGeneral history Gaelic Ireland Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups High King of Ireland Irish kingdoms Dál Riata Alba Nine Years' War Statutes of Iona Flight of the Earls Plantation of Ulster 1641 Rebellion Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 Jacobitism Jacobite rising of 1745 Penal Laws Great Hunger Irish diaspora Highland Clearances Gaelic Revival Gaeltacht Gàidhealtachd Gaelic culture Ogham Brehon law Gaelic mythology Lebor Gabála Érenn Gaelic warfare Gaelic astrology Gaelic kinship Bardic poetry Gaelic literature (Early Irish, Modern Irish, Scottish Gaelic & Manx) Gaelic type Insular script Fáinne Gaelic folk music Sean-nós singing Oireachtas na Gaeilge Am Mòd Gaelic games Highland games Túath Insular Christianity Gaelic Christian mission Language Primitive Irish Old Irish Middle Irish Classical Gaelic Irish Manx Scottish Gaelic ClansIrish Royal families Kings Medical families Nobility Genealogy List Connachta (incl. Uí Néill, Clan Colla, Clan Donald, Uí Mháine, etc) Dalcassians (incl. Déisi) Eóganachta Érainn (incl. Dál Riata, Corcu Loígde, Dál Fiatach, etc) Laigin Ulaid (incl. Dál nAraidi, Conmaicne, and Cíarraige) Ulster Scottish ListRelatedorganisations Údarás na Gaeltachta Foras na Gaeilge Bòrd na Gàidhlig Culture Vannin Conradh na Gaeilge An Comunn Gàidhealach Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh Seachtain na Gaeilge Gael Linn ULTACH Trust Comunn na Gàidhlig Columba Project Clans of Ireland An Coimisinéir Teanga Related subjects Haplogroup R-M269 (human genetics) Celts Norse–Gaels (incl. Uí Ímair and Clan MacLeod) Kingdom of Munster Kingdom of the Isles Gaelicisation Category vteÓ DálaighGeneral Connachta Uí Néill Northern Uí Néill Cenél nEógain (Branches) Gaelic nobility of Ireland Chief Ollam of Ireland Irish bardic poetry Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide Baron Dunsandle and Clanconal Early progenitors Niall of the Nine Hostages Eógan mac Néill Muiredach mac Eógain Muirchertach mac Muiredaig Domnall Ilchelgach Áed Uaridnach Máel Fithrich mac Áedo Máel Dúin mac Máele Fithrich Ó Dálaigh family members Dálach Uí Néill Cú Connacht Ua Dálaigh Ragnall Ua Dálaigh Gilla na Trínóite Ua Dálaigh Tadhg Doichleach Ua Dálaigh Aonghus Ó Dálaigh Máel Íosa Ua Dálaigh Ó Dálaigh Fionn family members Cearbhall Fionn Ó Dálaigh Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh Aonghus Fionn Ó Dálaigh Aonghus Ruadh na nAor Ó Dálaigh Daniel O'Daly Ó Dálaigh Fionn Bheara family members Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh Aonghus Ruadh Ó Dálaigh Cearbhall mac Lochlainn Ó Dálaigh Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh Dermot Ó Daly Denis Daly James Daly St George Daly Denis Daly Robert Daly Denis Bowes Daly Dominick Daly Malachy Bowes Daly Denis St. George Daly Anthony Daly Mac Mhuirich family members Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Irish bardic poetry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief Ollam of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Ollam_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Uraicecht Becc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraicecht_Becc"},{"link_name":"Old Irish Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brehon_Law"},{"link_name":"filid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fili"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergin1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan"},{"link_name":"dán díreach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1n_d%C3%ADreach"},{"link_name":"syllabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_verse"},{"link_name":"assonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assonance"},{"link_name":"half rhyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_rhyme"},{"link_name":"alliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliteration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergin1-3"}],"text":"See also: Chief Ollam of IrelandAccording to the Uraicecht Becc in Old Irish Law, bards and filid were distinct groups: filid involved themselves with law, language, lore and court poetry, whereas bards were versifiers.[2] However, in time, these terms came to be used interchangeably.[3] With the arrival of Christianity, the poets were still given a high rank in society, equal to that of a bishop, but even the highest-ranked poet, the ollamh was now only 'the shadow of a high-ranking pagan priest or druid.'[4] The bards memorized and preserved the history and traditions of clan and country, as well as the technical requirements of the various poetic forms, such as the dán díreach (a syllabic form which uses assonance, half rhyme and alliteration).Much of their work consists of extended genealogies and almost journalistic accounts of the deeds of their lords and ancestors: the Irish bard was not necessarily an inspired poet, but rather a professor of literature and letters, highly trained in the use of a polished literary medium, belonging to a hereditary caste of high prestige in a conservative, aristocratic society, and holding an official position therein by virtue of extensive training and knowledge.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chroniclers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle"},{"link_name":"satirists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire"},{"link_name":"Welsh bards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature"},{"link_name":"skalds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skald"},{"link_name":"alliterative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliterative_verse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarendon_Press-1"}],"text":"As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles, such as chroniclers and satirists. Effectively, their job was to praise their employers and curse those who crossed them. Their approach to official duties was very traditional and drawn from precedent, rather like the roles played by Welsh bards and Viking skalds, with a similar emphasis on complex, often highly alliterative forms of verse. However, even though many bardic poets were traditional in their approach, there were also some who added personal feelings into their poems and also had the ability to adapt with changing situations although conservative.[1]While they were employed by kings and other powerful figures in Irish society, bards also acted independently and were highly respected individuals for their own power. Irish society focused largely on a fame or shame mentality. Which one you received largely depended on if the bard liked you or not, therefore, many people would go out of their way to please the bards in the hopes that they would get a song or poem composed about them. The Irish people had no illusions about death, knowing that everything eventually died, but they believed the way into immortality was through a great story that only a bard could compose. This led the bards to have great power among the Irish because the ability to provide great fame or great shame to any individual.The bardic tradition was incredibly important to Irish society and even infatuated many outsiders. This sparked a tradition of founding bardic schools which often only would teach to people that had a bard in their family history. Other requirements included being skilled at reading and having a good memory. In these schools the fundamentals of being a bard were taught and often students would have to compose overnight so as to not be able to write things down, therefore keeping the oral tradition alive. The next morning they would be allowed to write them down, perform them, and critique their compositions. Overall, these schools were at least partly responsible for keeping the bardic tradition alive into the modern era.","title":"Role in Irish and Scottish society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osborn Bergin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborn_Bergin"},{"link_name":"Thomas Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Flanagan_(writer)"}],"text":"The following is an example of a bardic poem from the translations of Osborn Bergin:Consolations\n\nFilled with sharp dart-like pens\nLimber tipped and firm, newly trimmed\nPaper cushioned under my hand\nPercolating upon the smooth slope\nThe leaf a fine and uniform script\nA book of verse in ennobling Goidelic.\n\nI learnt the roots of each tale, branch\nOf valour and the fair knowledge,\nThat I may recite in learned lays\nOf clear kindred stock and each person's\nFamily tree, exploits of wonder\nTravel and musical branch\nSoft voiced, sweet and slumberous\nA lullaby to the heart.\n\nGrant me the gladsome gyre, loud\nBrilliant, passionate and polished\nRushing in swift frenzy, like a blue edged\nBright, sharp-pointed spear\nIn a sheath tightly corded;\nThe cause itself worthy to contain.\n\n\nAnonymousAn example of a bardic poet can also be seen in the novel The Year of the French (1979) by Thomas Flanagan. In this book, a character by the name of Owen MacCarthy is a bard known for his training with the native language as well as English. He is turned to write specific, important letters by a group named the \"Whiteboys\". They are in need of someone skilled with writing letters, such as a bard like MacCarthy.","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tinnakill Duanaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnakill_Duanaire"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Academy MS 24 P 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy_MS_24_P_33"},{"link_name":"23 N 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_N_10"},{"link_name":"The Book of the White Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_the_White_Earl"},{"link_name":"Egerton 1782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egerton_1782"},{"link_name":"Saltair na Rann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltair_na_Rann"}],"text":"Tinnakill Duanaire\nRoyal Irish Academy MS 24 P 33\n23 N 10\nThe Book of the White Earl\nEgerton 1782\nSaltair na Rann","title":"Bardic texts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallán Forgaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dall%C3%A1n_Forgaill"},{"link_name":"Colmán mac Lénéni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm%C3%A1n_mac_L%C3%A9n%C3%A9ni"},{"link_name":"Niníne Éces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nin%C3%ADne_%C3%89ces"},{"link_name":"Óengus Céile Dé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93engus_C%C3%A9ile_D%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Saint Dungal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Dungal"},{"link_name":"Sedulius Scottus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedulius_Scottus"},{"link_name":"Flann mac Lonáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flann_mac_Lon%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Cináed Ua Hartacáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A1ed_Ua_Hartac%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Mael Ísu Ó Brolcháin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mael_%C3%8Dsu_%C3%93_Brolch%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilla_C%C3%B3m%C3%A1in_mac_Gilla_Samthainde"},{"link_name":"Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilla_Mo_Dutu_%C3%9Aa_Caiside"},{"link_name":"Muireadhach Albanach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muireadhach_Albanach"},{"link_name":"Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giolla_Brighde_Mac_Con_Midhe"},{"link_name":"Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnchadh_M%C3%B3r_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh"},{"link_name":"Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1eleoin_B%C3%B3dur_%C3%93_Maolconaire"},{"link_name":"Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gofraidh_Fionn_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh"},{"link_name":"Seaán Ó Clumháin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Clumh%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Aithbhreac Inghean Coirceadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aithbhreac_Inghean_Coirceadal"},{"link_name":"Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Feasa_%C3%93%27n_Ch%C3%A1inte"},{"link_name":"Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoghan_Carrach_%C3%93_Siadhail"},{"link_name":"Fear Flatha Ó Gnímh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Flatha_%C3%93_Gn%C3%ADmh"},{"link_name":"Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadhg_Dall_%C3%93_h%C3%9Aig%C3%ADnn"},{"link_name":"Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baothghalach_M%C3%B3r_Mac_Aodhag%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eochaidh_%C3%93_h%C3%89oghusa"},{"link_name":"Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathghamhain_%C3%93_hIfearn%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muircheartach_%C3%93_Cobhthaigh"},{"link_name":"Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadhg_Olltach_%C3%93_an_Ch%C3%A1inte"},{"link_name":"Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochlann_%C3%93g_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh"},{"link_name":"Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BA_Choigcr%C3%ADche_%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh"},{"link_name":"Cormac Mac Con Midhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormac_Mac_Con_Midhe"},{"link_name":"Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cearbhall_%C3%93g_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh"},{"link_name":"Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmaid_Mac_an_Bhaird"},{"link_name":"Proinsias Ó Doibhlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsias_%C3%93_Doibhlin"},{"link_name":"Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarlach_Rua_Mac_D%C3%B3naill"}],"text":"Dallán Forgaill (c. 530 – c. 598)\nColmán mac Lénéni (530–606)\nNiníne Éces (fl. 700)\nÓengus Céile Dé (d. 824)\nSaint Dungal (fl. 811 – 828)\nSedulius Scottus (fl. 840 – 860)\nFlann mac Lonáin (d. 896)\nCináed Ua Hartacáin (d. 975)\nMael Ísu Ó Brolcháin (d. 1086)\nGilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde (fl. 1072)\nGilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside (fl. 1147)\nMuireadhach Albanach (fl. early 13th century)\nGiolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe (c. 1210 – c. 1272)\nDonnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh (d. 1244)\nMáeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire (d. 1266)\nGofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh (d. 1387)\nSeaán Ó Clumháin (fl. 1450 – 1500)\nAithbhreac Inghean Coirceadal (fl. 1470)\nFear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte (fl. 16th century)\nEoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail (fl. c. 1500 – c. 1550)\nFear Flatha Ó Gnímh (c. 1540 – c. 1630)\nTadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn (c. 1550 – c. 1591)\nBaothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin (1550–1600)\nEochaidh Ó hÉoghusa (1567–1617)\nMathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin (fl. 1585)\nMuircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh (fl. 1586)\nTadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte (fl. c. 1601)\nLochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh (fl. c. 1610)\nCú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh (fl. 1624 – 1664)\nCormac Mac Con Midhe (d. 1627)\nCearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh (fl. 1630)\nDiarmaid Mac an Bhaird (fl. 1670)\nProinsias Ó Doibhlin (d. c. 1724)\nTarlach Rua Mac Dónaill (fl. early 18th century)","title":"Selected poets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_d%C3%ADs_cuirthear_cl%C3%BA_Laighean"},{"link_name":"Is acher in gaíth in-nocht...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_acher_in_ga%C3%ADth_in-nocht..."},{"link_name":"Is trúag in ces i mbiam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_tr%C3%BAag_in_ces_i_mbiam"},{"link_name":"Sen dollotar Ulaid ...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_dollotar_Ulaid_..."},{"link_name":"An Díbirt go Connachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_D%C3%ADbirt_go_Connachta"},{"link_name":"Foraire Uladh ar Aodh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraire_Uladh_ar_Aodh"},{"link_name":"A theachtaire tig ón Róimh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_theachtaire_tig_%C3%B3n_R%C3%B3imh"},{"link_name":"An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_sluagh_sidhe_so_i_nEamhuin%3F"},{"link_name":"Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3ir_Connacht_ar_chath_Laighean"},{"link_name":"Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_libh_a_laochruidh_Gaoidhiol"},{"link_name":"Pangur Bán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangur_B%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Liamuin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liamuin"},{"link_name":"Buile Shuibhne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buile_Shuibhne"},{"link_name":"The Prophecy of Berchán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prophecy_of_Berch%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_Torrach,_fa_Tuar_Broide"}],"text":"Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean\nIs acher in gaíth in-nocht...\nIs trúag in ces i mbiam\nSen dollotar Ulaid ...\nAn Díbirt go Connachta\nForaire Uladh ar Aodh\nA theachtaire tig ón Róimh\nAn sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?\nCóir Connacht ar chath Laighean\nDia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol\nPangur Bán\nLiamuin\nBuile Shuibhne\nThe Prophecy of Berchán\nBean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide","title":"Selected poems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eleanor Knott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Knott"},{"link_name":"\"Catalogue of Eleanor Knotts works\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ria.ie/sites/default/files/eleanor-knott-col-catalogue-sp-list-a039.pdf"}],"text":"Michelle O'Riordan, Irish Bardic Poetry and Rhetorical Reality, Cork University Press (2007)\nRobert Welch and Bruce Stewart, The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature\nEleanor Knott, The bardic poems of Tadhg Dall Ó Huiginn (1550-1591),An introduction to Irish syllabic poetry of the period 1200-1600 with selections, notes and glossary (Cork, 1928),Irish classical poetry commonly called bardic poetry (Dublin, 1957).\nKnott, Eleanor. \"Catalogue of Eleanor Knotts works\" (PDF). ria.ie/library/eleanor-knott-collection.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adagio_(acrobatics)

Adagio (acrobatics)

["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Adagio" acrobatics – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Adagio swan, performed by an acro dance duo Adagio stag shoulder stand Adagio is the performance of partner acrobalance poses and associated movements that involve stationary balances by a pair of performers. It is performed in professional circus, in various dance disciplines including acro dance and ballet, in pair skating, and as a hobby in university circus groups. An adagio pair consists of one person acting as a flier and another as a base. The base remains in contact with the floor and the flier is balanced in the air. The base may move between a variety of positions including lying on the floor, crouching, standing and kneeling. The flier may be balanced on the base's feet, hands, shoulders, knees, thighs, back or combinations of these, in a variety of positions and orientations including horizontal, vertical or even upside down. In general, it is easier for the flier to be lighter and the base heavier and stronger, though this is not a requirement as equal partner weights or even an imbalance of weights in the other direction can be leveraged. See also Acrobatic gymnastics Acrobatics References ^ University of New South Wales Circus Society Inc. Circus Skills Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Further reading Cullen, Frank; Hackman, Florence; McNeilly, Donald (2007). "Adagio act". Vaudeville old & new: an encyclopedia of variety performances in America. Psychology Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-415-93853-2. O'Meally, Robert G.; O'Meally, Robert (1998). The Jazz Cadence of American Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-231-10448-7. Bollen, Jonathan (2020). Touring Variety in the Asia Pacific Region, 1946–1975. Springer Nature. pp. 98–100. ISBN 978-3-030-39411-0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adagio (acrobatics). vteCircus skillsAcrobatics, balance, andcontortion Acrobalance Adagio Aerial hoop Aerial silk Aerial straps Balance board Chair acrobatics Chinese pole Cloud swing Contortion Corde lisse Cradle Cyr wheel Hair hang Hand to hand Human pyramid Perch Risley Rolling globe Roman ladders Russian bar Russian swing Slacklining Slackwire Spanish web Tightrope Trapeze Flying Static Trick riding Juggling and objectmanipulation Bullwhip Cigar box manipulation Contact juggling Diabolo Hat manipulation Twirling Baton Hoop Plate Fire performance Fire breathing Fire eating Firewalking Toss juggling Vaulting Equestrian vaulting Human cannonball Teeterboard Trampoline Other Animal trainer Lion taming Clown Circus clown Globe of death Human firecracker Ringmaster Strongman Target girl Wheel of Death Related Carny Circus school Roustabout Showman Sideshow Flea circus Category Commons This dance-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Davis

H. L. Davis

["1 Early life","2 Writing career","3 Later life","4 Evaluation","5 Works","6 Notes","7 External links"]

American novelist This article is about the novelist and poet. For other people of the same name, see Harold Davis (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "H. L. Davis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Harold Lenoir DavisBornOctober 18, 1894Douglas County, Oregon, U.S.DiedOctober 31, 1960(1960-10-31) (aged 66)San Antonio, Texas, U.S.Notable worksHoney in the HornNotable awardsPulitzer PrizeGuggenheim Fellowship Harold Lenoir Davis (October 18, 1894 – October 31, 1960), also known as H. L. Davis, was an American novelist and poet. A native of Oregon, he won the Pulitzer Prize for his novel Honey in the Horn, the only Pulitzer Prize for Literature given to a native Oregonian. Later living in California and Texas, he also wrote short stories for magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post. Early life Davis was born in Nonpareil, Douglas County, Oregon, in the Umpqua River Valley, and lived in Roseburg in his early years. His father was a teacher and the family moved frequently as he took up different teaching positions. They moved to Antelope, Oregon in 1906, and two years later they were in The Dalles, where his father was now a principal. In 1912 Davis graduated from high school there. He held various short-term jobs, with the county, with Pacific Power and Light, and in a local bank. He also worked as a railroad timekeeper and with a survey party near Mount Adams. Writing career His first poems were published in April 1919 in Poetry, edited by Harriet Monroe. These were eleven poems published together under the title Primapara. Later that year they won the magazine's Levinson Prize, worth $200. Davis also received a letter of praise from poet Carl Sandburg. Davis continued to publish poems in the magazine throughout the 1920s, and also sold some poems to H. L. Mencken's The American Mercury. Mencken encouraged him to begin writing prose. In 1926, Davis and James Stevens privately published a small booklet, Status Rerum: A Manifesto Upon the Present Condition of Northwest Literature. Although only a few copies were printed, the booklet attracted notice because of its bluntness and invective against the local literary scene of Portland. Robinson Jeffers memorably described the pamphlet as a "rather grimly powerful wheel to break butterflies on." Together with his new wife, the former Marion Lay of The Dalles, Davis moved to Seattle in August 1928. There he increased his literary efforts. His first published prose began appearing in The American Mercury in 1929. These were picturesque but hardly complimentary sketches of The Dalles and Eastern Oregon. One of the first was entitled "A Town in Eastern Oregon", a historical sketch of The Dalles. It caused quite a controversy in the region for its irreverence. In 1932, Davis was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. The award allowed him to move to Jalisco, Mexico, where he lived for two years, concentrating on his writing. There he completed the novel Honey in the Horn, about southern Oregon pioneer life. It is a coming-of-age tale set in the early twentieth century. This novel received the Harper Prize for best first novel of 1935, together with a $7,500 cash award. It was well reviewed by writers such as Robert Penn Warren, although New Yorker critic Clifton Fadiman did not like it. The following spring the book won the Pulitzer Prize, and is the only Pulitzer Prize ever awarded to an Oregon born author. Davis did not go to New York to receive the Pulitzer in person, saying he did not want to put himself on exhibit. The Davises bought a small ranch near Napa, California currently owned by Aaron and Claire Pott and is the estate vineyard known as Châteauneuf du Pott. There Davis wrote short stories as his primary source of income, publishing them in such magazines as Collier's and The Saturday Evening Post. He continued to work on novels. His second novel, Harp of a Thousand Strings, appeared in 1941. The long interval from his Pulitzer-winning first novel meant that his second did not receive the notice it would have earlier. In fact, although Davis continued to improve as a writer, none of his later efforts received the attention of Honey in the Horn. Davis was also undergoing crises in his life. He was divorced in 1943. He also changed publishers, from Harper & Brothers to William Morrow & Company, apparently because of a long-running dispute over royalty payments. Later life Over the next ten years, he published three more novels and a collection of earlier short stories. His fourth novel, Winds of Morning, was well received and became a Book of the Month Club selection. In 1953 he remarried, to Elizabeth Martin del Campo. As a result of arteriosclerosis, his left leg was amputated. He suffered chronic pain, but continued to write. In 1960 he died of a heart attack in San Antonio, Texas. Evaluation Although often considered a regional novelist, Davis rejected that evaluation. He undoubtedly used regional themes, but contended that he did so in the service of the universal. Influences on his work can be found in a wide range of American and European literature. His prose is considered wry, ironic, and cryptic. His stories are realistic, without the romantic stereotypes expected of "Western" fiction. The landscape is a major component of his novels. Works Honey in the Horn. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1935, ISBN 0-89301-155-X Also published as an Armed Services Edition Proud Riders and Other Poems. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1942 Harp of a Thousand Strings (novel). New York, William Morrow & Co., 1941 Beulah Land (novel). New York, William Morrow & Company, 1949 Winds of Morning (novel). New York, William Morrow & Company, 1952, ISBN 0-8371-5785-4 Team Bells Woke Me and Other Stories. William Morrow & Company, 1953, ISBN 0-8371-7125-3 The Distant Music (novel). New York, William Morrow & Company, 1957, ISBN 0-89174-045-7 Kettle of Fire. New York, William Morrow & Company, 1957, ISBN 1-299-07362-X The Selected Poems of H. L. Davis. Introduction by Thomas Hornsby Ferril, Boise, Idaho, Ahsahta Press, 1978, ISBN 0-916272-07-9 Notes ^ Oregonian, Special to The (2015-07-07). "Who's the only Oregonian to win the Pulitzer Prize for Literature?". oregonlive. Retrieved 2022-12-02. ^ Phyllis McGinley, born in Ontario, Oregon, won the Pulitzer for Poetry in 1961. ^ a b c d Baker, Jeff (December 2, 2009). "Rediscovering H.L. Davis". The Oregonian. Retrieved December 4, 2009. ^ Quoted in H.L. Davis, Collected Essays and Short Stories (Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho Press, n.d.), p. 330 External links Works by H. L. Davis at Faded Page (Canada) A short biography with a chronology Discussion of his work The Literary Encyclopedia A brief biography First Edition of Honey in the Horn (1936 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction) A large collection of Davis's manuscripts and photographs reside at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. vtePulitzer Prize for FictionPreviously the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel from 1917–19471918–1925 His Family by Ernest Poole (1918) The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington (1919) The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton (1921) Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington (1922) One of Ours by Willa Cather (1923) The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson (1924) So Big by Edna Ferber (1925) 1926–1950 Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis (1926; declined) Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield (1927) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder (1928) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin (1929) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge (1930) Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes (1931) The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck (1932) The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling (1933) Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller (1934) Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson (1935) Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis (1936) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell (1937) The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand (1938) The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (1939) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (1940) In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow (1942) Dragon's Teeth by Upton Sinclair (1943) Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin (1944) A Bell for Adano by John Hersey (1945) All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren (1947) Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener (1948) Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens (1949) The Way West by A. B. Guthrie Jr. (1950) 1951–1975 The Town by Conrad Richter (1951) The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk (1952) The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway (1953) A Fable by William Faulkner (1955) Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor (1956) A Death in the Family by James Agee (1958) The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor (1959) Advise and Consent by Allen Drury (1960) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1961) The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor (1962) The Reivers by William Faulkner (1963) The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau (1965) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter (1966) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud (1967) The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron (1968) House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday (1969) The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford (1970) Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner (1972) The Optimist's Daughter by Eudora Welty (1973) No award given (1974) The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara (1975) 1976–2000 Humboldt's Gift by Saul Bellow (1976) No award given (1977) Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson (1978) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever (1979) The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer (1980) A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole (1981) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike (1982) The Color Purple by Alice Walker (1983) Ironweed by William Kennedy (1984) Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie (1985) Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry (1986) A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor (1987) Beloved by Toni Morrison (1988) Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler (1989) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos (1990) Rabbit at Rest by John Updike (1991) A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley (1992) A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler (1993) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx (1994) The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields (1995) Independence Day by Richard Ford (1996) Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser (1997) American Pastoral by Philip Roth (1998) The Hours by Michael Cunningham (1999) Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri (2000) 2001–present The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon (2001) Empire Falls by Richard Russo (2002) Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides (2003) The Known World by Edward P. Jones (2004) Gilead by Marilynne Robinson (2005) March by Geraldine Brooks (2006) The Road by Cormac McCarthy (2007) The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz (2008) Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout (2009) Tinkers by Paul Harding (2010) A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan (2011) No award given (2012) The Orphan Master's Son by Adam Johnson (2013) The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt (2014) All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr (2015) The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen (2016) The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead (2017) Less by Andrew Sean Greer (2018) The Overstory by Richard Powers (2019) The Nickel Boys by Colson Whitehead (2020) The Night Watchman by Louise Erdrich (2021) The Netanyahus by Joshua Cohen (2022) Demon Copperhead by Barbara Kingsolver / Trust by Hernan Diaz (2023) Night Watch by Jayne Anne Phillips (2024) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland People Trove Other SNAC IdRef

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Davis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nonpareil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpareil,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Douglas County, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Umpqua River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpqua_River"},{"link_name":"Roseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseburg,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oregonian-3"},{"link_name":"Antelope, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"The Dalles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oregonian-3"},{"link_name":"Pacific Power and Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PacifiCorp"},{"link_name":"Mount Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington)"}],"text":"Davis was born in Nonpareil, Douglas County, Oregon, in the Umpqua River Valley, and lived in Roseburg in his early years.[3] His father was a teacher and the family moved frequently as he took up different teaching positions. They moved to Antelope, Oregon in 1906, and two years later they were in The Dalles, where his father was now a principal.[3] In 1912 Davis graduated from high school there. He held various short-term jobs, with the county, with Pacific Power and Light, and in a local bank. He also worked as a railroad timekeeper and with a survey party near Mount Adams.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Harriet Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Levinson Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levinson_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carl Sandburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sandburg"},{"link_name":"H. L. Mencken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Mencken"},{"link_name":"The American Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Mercury"},{"link_name":"James Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stevens_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Robinson Jeffers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Jeffers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington"},{"link_name":"The Dalles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dalles"},{"link_name":"Eastern Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Honey in the Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_in_the_Horn"},{"link_name":"pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler"},{"link_name":"Harper Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Prize"},{"link_name":"Robert Penn Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren"},{"link_name":"New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"Clifton Fadiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Fadiman"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oregonian-3"},{"link_name":"Napa, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa,_California"},{"link_name":"Collier's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"The Saturday Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"Harper & Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers"},{"link_name":"William Morrow & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morrow_%26_Company"}],"text":"His first poems were published in April 1919 in Poetry, edited by Harriet Monroe. These were eleven poems published together under the title Primapara. Later that year they won the magazine's Levinson Prize, worth $200. Davis also received a letter of praise from poet Carl Sandburg. Davis continued to publish poems in the magazine throughout the 1920s, and also sold some poems to H. L. Mencken's The American Mercury. Mencken encouraged him to begin writing prose.In 1926, Davis and James Stevens privately published a small booklet, Status Rerum: A Manifesto Upon the Present Condition of Northwest Literature. Although only a few copies were printed, the booklet attracted notice because of its bluntness and invective against the local literary scene of Portland. Robinson Jeffers memorably described the pamphlet as a \"rather grimly powerful wheel to break butterflies on.\"[4]Together with his new wife, the former Marion Lay of The Dalles, Davis moved to Seattle in August 1928. There he increased his literary efforts. His first published prose began appearing in The American Mercury in 1929. These were picturesque but hardly complimentary sketches of The Dalles and Eastern Oregon. One of the first was entitled \"A Town in Eastern Oregon\", a historical sketch of The Dalles. It caused quite a controversy in the region for its irreverence.In 1932, Davis was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. The award allowed him to move to Jalisco, Mexico, where he lived for two years, concentrating on his writing. There he completed the novel Honey in the Horn, about southern Oregon pioneer life. It is a coming-of-age tale set in the early twentieth century. This novel received the Harper Prize for best first novel of 1935, together with a $7,500 cash award. It was well reviewed by writers such as Robert Penn Warren, although New Yorker critic Clifton Fadiman did not like it. The following spring the book won the Pulitzer Prize, and is the only Pulitzer Prize ever awarded to an Oregon born author.[3] Davis did not go to New York to receive the Pulitzer in person, saying he did not want to put himself on exhibit.The Davises bought a small ranch near Napa, California currently owned by Aaron and Claire Pott and is the estate vineyard known as Châteauneuf du Pott. There Davis wrote short stories as his primary source of income, publishing them in such magazines as Collier's and The Saturday Evening Post. He continued to work on novels. His second novel, Harp of a Thousand Strings, appeared in 1941. The long interval from his Pulitzer-winning first novel meant that his second did not receive the notice it would have earlier. In fact, although Davis continued to improve as a writer, none of his later efforts received the attention of Honey in the Horn.Davis was also undergoing crises in his life. He was divorced in 1943. He also changed publishers, from Harper & Brothers to William Morrow & Company, apparently because of a long-running dispute over royalty payments.","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Book of the Month Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Month_Club"},{"link_name":"arteriosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriosclerosis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oregonian-3"}],"text":"Over the next ten years, he published three more novels and a collection of earlier short stories. His fourth novel, Winds of Morning, was well received and became a Book of the Month Club selection. In 1953 he remarried, to Elizabeth Martin del Campo. As a result of arteriosclerosis, his left leg was amputated. He suffered chronic pain, but continued to write. In 1960 he died of a heart attack in San Antonio, Texas.[3]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Although often considered a regional novelist, Davis rejected that evaluation. He undoubtedly used regional themes, but contended that he did so in the service of the universal. Influences on his work can be found in a wide range of American and European literature. His prose is considered wry, ironic, and cryptic. His stories are realistic, without the romantic stereotypes expected of \"Western\" fiction. The landscape is a major component of his novels.","title":"Evaluation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honey in the Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_in_the_Horn"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89301-155-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89301-155-X"},{"link_name":"Armed Services Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Services_Edition"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8371-5785-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-5785-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8371-7125-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-7125-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89174-045-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89174-045-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-299-07362-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-299-07362-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-916272-07-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916272-07-9"}],"text":"Honey in the Horn. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1935, ISBN 0-89301-155-X Also published as an Armed Services Edition\nProud Riders and Other Poems. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1942\nHarp of a Thousand Strings (novel). New York, William Morrow & Co., 1941\nBeulah Land (novel). New York, William Morrow & Company, 1949\nWinds of Morning (novel). New York, William Morrow & Company, 1952, ISBN 0-8371-5785-4\nTeam Bells Woke Me and Other Stories. William Morrow & Company, 1953, ISBN 0-8371-7125-3\nThe Distant Music (novel). New York, William Morrow & Company, 1957, ISBN 0-89174-045-7\nKettle of Fire. New York, William Morrow & Company, 1957, ISBN 1-299-07362-X\nThe Selected Poems of H. L. Davis. Introduction by Thomas Hornsby Ferril, Boise, Idaho, Ahsahta Press, 1978, ISBN 0-916272-07-9","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Who's the only Oregonian to win the Pulitzer Prize for Literature?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oregonlive.com/books/2015/07/whos_the_only_oregonian_to_win.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Phyllis McGinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_McGinley"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-oregonian_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-oregonian_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-oregonian_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-oregonian_3-3"},{"link_name":"\"Rediscovering H.L. Davis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oregonlive.com/books/index.ssf/2009/12/rediscovering_hl_davis.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"University of Idaho Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Idaho_Press"}],"text":"^ Oregonian, Special to The (2015-07-07). \"Who's the only Oregonian to win the Pulitzer Prize for Literature?\". oregonlive. Retrieved 2022-12-02.\n\n^ Phyllis McGinley, born in Ontario, Oregon, won the Pulitzer for Poetry in 1961.\n\n^ a b c d Baker, Jeff (December 2, 2009). \"Rediscovering H.L. Davis\". The Oregonian. Retrieved December 4, 2009.\n\n^ Quoted in H.L. Davis, Collected Essays and Short Stories (Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho Press, n.d.), p. 330","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Guys

The Art Guys

["1 History","2 Not artists","3 Solo exhibitions","4 Selected group exhibitions","5 Selected bibliography","6 References","7 External links"]

The Art GuysBornMichael Galbreth: 1956, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jack Massing: 1959, Buffalo, New YorkDiedMichael:19 October 2019(2019-10-19) (aged 62–63) Houston, TexasNationalityAmericanOccupationArtistsKnown forPerformance Art, Conceptual Art, Sculpture, Drawing, Installation, VideoWebsitewww.theartguys.com The Art Guys (Michael Galbreth (born 1956 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, died 2019 in Houston, Texas) and Jack Massing (born 1959 in Buffalo, New York) are a collaborative artist team based in Houston, Texas. History The Art Guys have worked together since 1983 after meeting while students at the University of Houston. For the exploration of their ideas, they employ a wide variety of media including sculpture, drawing, performances, installations and video. Food, drugs, pencils, baseball bats, car lot flags, toothbrushes and matches are among the unconventional materials they have used. Described in the New York Times as "a cross between Dada, David Letterman, John Cage and the Smothers Brothers," The Art Guys present a blend of performance, conceptual and visual art that explores the absurdities of contemporary life. They have received Artadia Awards in both 2004 and 2006. Not artists The Art Guys became "not artists" on April 1, 2016, at 12:05 am after 33 years of collaboration. Hallelujah! the blind can see again; the water's fine. Solo exhibitions The Art Guys have shown in the following solo exhibitions: 2015-“The Tunnel of Love”, One Allen Center, Houston, Texas 2015-“Some Conceptions”, Gensler, Houston, Texas 2014-“Nullities and Vacuities”, Kimura Gallery, University of Alaska-Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska 2014-“Scattershot”, Wynne Home Arts Center, Huntsville, Texas 2012-“The State of Texas v. Gary Sweeney v. The Art Guys”, Unit B Gallery, San Antonio, Texas 2012-“Funny Space”, organized by Snack Projects, The Menil Collection Bookstore, Houston, Texas 2011-“The Art Guys: Right Before Your Eyes”, Bradbury Gallery, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 2011-“Idle Chatter”, Space 204, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 2011-“The Meronomic Antinomy of the Transfinite Realm (She's a Brick House)”, The Wrong Again Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee 2009-“New Clichés”, McClain Gallery, Houston, Texas 2009-“The Art Guys: Bag of Tricks”, Ben Bailey Art Gallery, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas 2007-“The Art Guys: Cloud Cuckoo Land Selections from 25 Years of Drawings, Proposals, Failed Schemes and Pipe Dreams”, Galveston Art Center, Galveston, Texas (traveling exhibition) 2007-“The Art Guys: Seeing Double”, Tampa Museum of Art, Tampa, Florida 2007-“Two guys walk into a hardware store...”, Galleri Andersson Sandstrom, Umeå, Sweden 2007-“White Wash” (The Art Guys with That's Painting Productions), l’ecole du BAOUM, Grenoble, France 2006-“Two guys walk into a hardware store...”, Birke Art Gallery, Huntington, West Virginia 2006-“The Art Guys: Nothing To It”, Beeville Art Museum, Beeville, Texas 2005-“The Art Guys: Food For Thought”, Art League of Houston, Houston, Texas 2004-“Reality TV: A New Series”, Marfa Book Company, Marfa, Texas 2004-“America's Greatest Artists”, Galerie Stefan Andersson, Umeå, Sweden 2003-“What's The Big Idea?”, Cornell DeWitt Gallery, New York, New York 2002-“The Art Guys: Sweet And Sour”, (in conjunction with FotoFest 2002) Central Market, Houston, Texas 2002-“Serenity”, Sawhill Gallery, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 2001-“Once Is Not Enough”, Redbud Gallery, Houston, Texas 2001-“Once Is Not Enough - Again”, Cornell DeWitt Gallery, New York, New York 2001-“SUITS: The Clothes Make The Man”, The Museum of Fine Arts-Houston, Houston, Texas 2001-“Laughing Building”, Masonic Lodge, Marfa, Texas 2000-“Tunnel of Love”, Sala Diaz, San Antonio, Texas 1999-“The Art Guys Again and Again”, Tacoma Art Museum, Tacoma, Washington 1999-“Kit and Caboodle”, Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art (SMoCA), Scottsdale, Arizona 1999-“The Art Guys: An Exhibition of New Work”, Barry Whistler Gallery, Dallas, Texas 1998-“Business As Unusual”, Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art (SECCA), Winston-Salem, North Carolina 1998-“Common Nonsense”, De Saisset Museum, Santa Clara, California 1998-“Call of the Wild”, Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia 1997-“The Great Hunting And Fishing Expo”, Braunstein/Quay Gallery, San Francisco, California 1997-“seeing the elephant”, Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center, Buffalo, New York 1997-“Hunting And Gathering”, Halsey Gallery, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 1997-“Wildlife”, Austin Museum of Art, Laguna Gloria, Austin, Texas 1996-“The Great Outdoors”, Lynn Goode Gallery, Houston, Texas 1996-“The Art Guys: Goods and Services”, Blue Star Art Space, San Antonio, Texas 1996-“Visualize The Art Guys”, Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art and Design, Kansas City, Missouri 1995-“The Art Guys: Think Twice”, Contemporary Arts Museum-Houston, Texas (catalog, traveled to the Tyler Museum of Art, Tyler, Texas 1995-“The Art Guys Variety Show”, Braunstein/Quay Gallery, San Francisco, California 1995-“The Fan Array (And Other New Work)”, Capp Street Project, San Francisco, California 1995-“The Game Show”, Barry Whistler Gallery, Dallas, Texas 1994-“Good and Plenty”, Lesikar Gallery, Houston, Texas 1994-“Today's Special”, Palomar Restaurant, Houston, Texas (catalog) 1993-“Something From Nothing”, UAA Gallery, University of Alaska-Anchorage 1993-“Art Guise”, Janie Beggs Gallery, Aspen, Colorado 1993-“Those Art Guys Again”, Barry Whistler Gallery, Dallas, Texas 1992-“Group Show”, 0-1 Gallery, Los Angeles, California 1991-“AAAArt Guys”, Barry Whistler Gallery, Dallas, Texas 1991-“Art Guys”, Gallery 3, Huntington, West Virginia 1990-“Art Guys”, Barry Whistler Gallery, Dallas, Texas 1989-“Talking Pictures: The Art Guys at Full Tilt”, Sonic Arts Gallery, San Diego, California 1989-“don't get left behind get right behind”, San Jacinto College, Houston, Texas 1986-“Mustaches For Seattle: Sea/Hou-Hou/Sea”, 911, Seattle, Washington 1985-Untitled Installation, Butler Gallery, Houston, Texas 1985-“Particles”, Midtown Art Center, Houston, Texas 1983-“GMAALSBSRIENTGH”, Studio One, Houston, Texas Selected group exhibitions Notable group shows include: 2012-“Western Sequels, Art from the Lone Star State”, Athens School of Fine Arts, Athens, Greece, traveled to Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul, Turkey 2009-“No Zoning: Artists Engage Houston”, Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, Texas 2007-"Duiying–Yingdui – Corresponding & Responding”, curated by James Surls, National Art Museum of China, Beijing, China 2007-“40 Years of Public Art in New York City Parks”, The Arsenal Gallery, Arsenal, Central Park, New York, New York 2006-Texas In China”, Shanghai Museum, Shanghai, China 1993-“Here's Looking At Me”, Espace Lyonnais D’Art Contemporain, Lyon, France (catalog) 1992-"Flux Attitudes," The New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, New York (catalog) 1989-"Project Diomede," The Clocktower, P.S.1, New York, New York Selected bibliography The Art Guys: Cloud Cuckoo Land (Selections from 25 Years of Drawings, Proposals, Failed Schemes and Pipe Dreams). Galveston, Texas, Galveston Arts Center, 2007. Creative Time: The Book. New York, New York, 2006. Houston Contemporary Art. Shanghai, Shanghai Art Museum, 2006. Suits: The Clothes Make the Man. New York, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2000. Guinness World Records 2000 Millennium Edition, Britain: Guinness World Records, Ltd., 2000. The Art Guys Think Twice. New York, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1995. Autoportraits Contemporains: Here's Looking At Me. Lyons, France: Espace Lyonnaise d’art Contemporain, 1993. FluxAttitudes. New York, New York: The New Museum of Contemporary Art, 1991. References ^ "The Art Guys at Capp Street Projects" (PDF). CCA Libraries. 1995-07-31. Retrieved 2016-02-04. ^ "The Art Guys". Artadia, Artist Registry. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2018. ^ "Visiting Artists Program Hosts Seminar with The Art Guys". Texas Today. Retrieved 24 December 2018. ^ "AT WORK WITH: The Art Guys; In Performance: Life Imitates Art Imitating Life," Sam Howe Verhovek, New York Times, August 9, 1995. Retrieved on 2008-01-06. ^ "The Art Guys". Artadia. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 2019-06-10. ^ Glenzter, Molly (July 28, 2016). "A final word with the Art Guys". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 26 December 2018. ^ a b "Art Guys, Biography, Résumé" (PDF). The Art Guys. Retrieved 26 December 2018. External links The Art Guys official website Authority control databases: Artists Museum of Modern Art

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Art Guys (Michael Galbreth (born 1956 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, died 2019 in Houston, Texas) and Jack Massing (born 1959 in Buffalo, New York) are a collaborative artist team based in Houston, Texas.[1]","title":"The Art Guys"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"David Letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Letterman"},{"link_name":"John Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cage"},{"link_name":"Smothers Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smothers_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-4"},{"link_name":"Artadia Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artadia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Art Guys have worked together since 1983 after meeting while students at the University of Houston.[2] For the exploration of their ideas, they employ a wide variety of media including sculpture, drawing, performances, installations and video. Food, drugs, pencils, baseball bats, car lot flags, toothbrushes and matches are among the unconventional materials they have used.[3]Described in the New York Times as \"a cross between Dada, David Letterman, John Cage and the Smothers Brothers,\" The Art Guys present a blend of performance, conceptual and visual art that explores the absurdities of contemporary life.[4]They have received Artadia Awards in both 2004 and 2006.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"not artists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theartguys.com"},{"link_name":"33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33_(number)"},{"link_name":"Hallelujah! the blind can see again; the water's fine.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ayearfrommonday.com/2012/01/on-robert-rauschenberg-artist-and-his.html"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Art Guys became \"not artists\" on April 1, 2016, at 12:05 am after 33 years of collaboration. Hallelujah! the blind can see again; the water's fine.[6]","title":"Not artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-7"},{"link_name":"University of Alaska-Anchorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alaska-Anchorage"},{"link_name":"Anchorage, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Huntsville, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Antonio, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_University"},{"link_name":"Jonesboro, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonesboro,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University-Kingsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University-Kingsville"},{"link_name":"Kingsville, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Galveston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Tampa Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Tampa, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Umeå, Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Grenoble, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble,_France"},{"link_name":"Huntington, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Beeville, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Marfa, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfa,_Texas"},{"link_name":"James Madison University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison_University"},{"link_name":"Harrisonburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Tacoma Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Tacoma, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art (SECCA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Center_for_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"Winston-Salem, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"De Saisset Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Saisset_Museum"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California"},{"link_name":"Columbus State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_State_University"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallwalls_Contemporary_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"College of Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Charleston"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Austin Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemper_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Tyler Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Tyler, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Capp Street Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capp_Street_Project"},{"link_name":"Aspen, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"San Jacinto College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jacinto_College"},{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington"}],"text":"The Art Guys have shown in the following solo exhibitions:[7]2015-“The Tunnel of Love”, One Allen Center, Houston, Texas\n2015-“Some Conceptions”, Gensler, Houston, Texas\n2014-“Nullities and Vacuities”, Kimura Gallery, University of Alaska-Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska\n2014-“Scattershot”, Wynne Home Arts Center, Huntsville, Texas\n2012-“The State of Texas v. Gary Sweeney v. The Art Guys”, Unit B Gallery, San Antonio, Texas\n2012-“Funny Space”, organized by Snack Projects, The Menil Collection Bookstore, Houston, Texas\n2011-“The Art Guys: Right Before Your Eyes”, Bradbury Gallery, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas\n2011-“Idle Chatter”, Space 204, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee\n2011-“The Meronomic Antinomy of the Transfinite Realm (She's a Brick House)”, The Wrong Again Gallery, Memphis, Tennessee\n2009-“New Clichés”, McClain Gallery, Houston, Texas\n2009-“The Art Guys: Bag of Tricks”, Ben Bailey Art Gallery, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, Texas\n2007-“The Art Guys: Cloud Cuckoo Land Selections from 25 Years of Drawings, Proposals, Failed Schemes and Pipe Dreams”, Galveston Art Center, Galveston, Texas (traveling exhibition)\n2007-“The Art Guys: Seeing Double”, Tampa Museum of Art, Tampa, Florida\n2007-“Two guys walk into a hardware store...”, Galleri Andersson Sandstrom, Umeå, Sweden\n2007-“White Wash” (The Art Guys with That's Painting Productions), l’ecole du BAOUM, Grenoble, France\n2006-“Two guys walk into a hardware store...”, Birke Art Gallery, Huntington, West Virginia\n2006-“The Art Guys: Nothing To It”, Beeville Art Museum, Beeville, Texas\n2005-“The Art Guys: Food For Thought”, Art League of Houston, Houston, Texas\n2004-“Reality TV: A New Series”, Marfa Book Company, Marfa, Texas\n2004-“America's Greatest Artists”, Galerie Stefan Andersson, Umeå, Sweden\n2003-“What's The Big Idea?”, Cornell DeWitt Gallery, New York, New York\n2002-“The Art Guys: Sweet And Sour”, (in conjunction with FotoFest 2002) Central Market, Houston, Texas\n2002-“Serenity”, Sawhill Gallery, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia\n2001-“Once Is Not Enough”, Redbud Gallery, Houston, Texas\n2001-“Once Is Not Enough - Again”, Cornell DeWitt Gallery, New York, New York\n2001-“SUITS: The Clothes Make The Man”, The Museum of Fine Arts-Houston, Houston, Texas\n2001-“Laughing Building”, Masonic Lodge, Marfa, Texas\n2000-“Tunnel of Love”, Sala Diaz, San Antonio, Texas\n1999-“The Art Guys Again and Again”, Tacoma Art Museum, Tacoma, Washington\n1999-“Kit and Caboodle”, Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art (SMoCA), Scottsdale, Arizona\n1999-“The Art Guys: An Exhibition of New Work”, Barry Whistler Gallery, Dallas, Texas\n1998-“Business As Unusual”, Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art (SECCA), Winston-Salem, North Carolina\n1998-“Common Nonsense”, De Saisset Museum, Santa Clara, California\n1998-“Call of the Wild”, Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia\n1997-“The Great Hunting And Fishing Expo”, Braunstein/Quay Gallery, San Francisco, California\n1997-“seeing the elephant”, Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center, Buffalo, New York\n1997-“Hunting And Gathering”, Halsey Gallery, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina\n1997-“Wildlife”, Austin Museum of Art, Laguna Gloria, Austin, Texas\n1996-“The Great Outdoors”, Lynn Goode Gallery, Houston, Texas\n1996-“The Art Guys: Goods and Services”, Blue Star Art Space, San Antonio, Texas\n1996-“Visualize The Art Guys”, Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art and Design, Kansas City, Missouri\n1995-“The Art Guys: Think Twice”, Contemporary Arts Museum-Houston, Texas (catalog, traveled to the Tyler Museum of Art, Tyler, Texas\n1995-“The Art Guys Variety Show”, Braunstein/Quay Gallery, San Francisco, California\n1995-“The Fan Array (And Other New Work)”, Capp Street Project, San Francisco, California\n1995-“The Game Show”, Barry Whistler Gallery, Dallas, Texas\n1994-“Good and Plenty”, Lesikar Gallery, Houston, Texas\n1994-“Today's Special”, Palomar Restaurant, Houston, Texas (catalog)\n1993-“Something From Nothing”, UAA Gallery, University of Alaska-Anchorage\n1993-“Art Guise”, Janie Beggs Gallery, Aspen, Colorado\n1993-“Those Art Guys Again”, Barry Whistler Gallery, Dallas, Texas\n1992-“Group Show”, 0-1 Gallery, Los Angeles, California\n1991-“AAAArt Guys”, Barry Whistler Gallery, Dallas, Texas\n1991-“Art Guys”, Gallery 3, Huntington, West Virginia\n1990-“Art Guys”, Barry Whistler Gallery, Dallas, Texas\n1989-“Talking Pictures: The Art Guys at Full Tilt”, Sonic Arts Gallery, San Diego, California\n1989-“don't get left behind get right behind”, San Jacinto College, Houston, Texas\n1986-“Mustaches For Seattle: Sea/Hou-Hou/Sea”, 911, Seattle, Washington\n1985-Untitled Installation, Butler Gallery, Houston, Texas\n1985-“Particles”, Midtown Art Center, Houston, Texas\n1983-“GMAALSBSRIENTGH”, Studio One, Houston, Texas","title":"Solo exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-7"},{"link_name":"Athens School of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_School_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Athens, Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimar_Sinan_Fine_Arts_University"},{"link_name":"Istanbul, Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"James Surls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Surls"},{"link_name":"National Art Museum of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Art_Museum_of_China"},{"link_name":"Beijing, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing,_China"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_(Central_Park)"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Museum"},{"link_name":"Shanghai, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai,_China"},{"link_name":"Lyon, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon,_France"},{"link_name":"The New Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"The Clocktower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clocktower"},{"link_name":"P.S.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoMA_PS1"}],"text":"Notable group shows include:[7]2012-“Western Sequels, Art from the Lone Star State”, Athens School of Fine Arts, Athens, Greece, traveled to Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul, Turkey\n2009-“No Zoning: Artists Engage Houston”, Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, Texas\n2007-\"Duiying–Yingdui – Corresponding & Responding”, curated by James Surls, National Art Museum of China, Beijing, China\n2007-“40 Years of Public Art in New York City Parks”, The Arsenal Gallery, Arsenal, Central Park, New York, New York\n2006-Texas In China”, Shanghai Museum, Shanghai, China\n1993-“Here's Looking At Me”, Espace Lyonnais D’Art Contemporain, Lyon, France (catalog)\n1992-\"Flux Attitudes,\" The New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, New York (catalog)\n1989-\"Project Diomede,\" The Clocktower, P.S.1, New York, New York","title":"Selected group exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Art Guys: Cloud Cuckoo Land (Selections from 25 Years of Drawings, Proposals, Failed Schemes and Pipe Dreams). Galveston, Texas, Galveston Arts Center, 2007.\nCreative Time: The Book. New York, New York, 2006.\nHouston Contemporary Art. Shanghai, Shanghai Art Museum, 2006.\nSuits: The Clothes Make the Man. New York, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2000.\nGuinness World Records 2000 Millennium Edition, Britain: Guinness World Records, Ltd., 2000.\nThe Art Guys Think Twice. New York, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1995.\nAutoportraits Contemporains: Here's Looking At Me. Lyons, France: Espace Lyonnaise d’art Contemporain, 1993.\nFluxAttitudes. New York, New York: The New Museum of Contemporary Art, 1991.","title":"Selected bibliography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"The Art Guys at Capp Street Projects\" (PDF). CCA Libraries. 1995-07-31. Retrieved 2016-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://libraries.cca.edu/capp/prop_r95f001.pdf","url_text":"\"The Art Guys at Capp Street Projects\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Art Guys\". Artadia, Artist Registry. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://artadia.org/artist/the-art-guys/","url_text":"\"The Art Guys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visiting Artists Program Hosts Seminar with The Art Guys\". Texas Today. Retrieved 24 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://calendar.utexas.edu/event/visiting_artists_program_presents_seminar_with_the_art_guys#.XCD2wVxKhhE","url_text":"\"Visiting Artists Program Hosts Seminar with The Art Guys\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Art Guys\". Artadia. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 2019-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://artadia.org/artist/the-art-guys/","url_text":"\"The Art Guys\""}]},{"reference":"Glenzter, Molly (July 28, 2016). \"A final word with the Art Guys\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 26 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/A-final-word-with-the-Art-Guys-8516968.php","url_text":"\"A final word with the Art Guys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art Guys, Biography, Résumé\" (PDF). The Art Guys. Retrieved 26 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theartguys.com/BIO_RESUME_2018.pdf","url_text":"\"Art Guys, Biography, Résumé\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winamac

Winamac

["1 Wilamet","2 War of 1812 era","2.1 Anti-American Winamac","2.2 Pro-American Winamac","3 Namesakes","4 References"]

Name of several leaders and warriors of the Potawatomi Native American people "Winnemac" redirects here. For the setting of several Sinclair Lewis novels, see Winnemac (fictional U.S. state). For the real town, see Winamac, Indiana. Winamac was the name of a number of Potawatomi leaders and warriors beginning in the late 17th century. The name derives from a man named Wilamet, a Native American from an eastern tribe who in 1681 was appointed to serve as a liaison between New France and the natives of the Lake Michigan region. Wilamet was adopted by the Potawatomis, and his name, which meant "Catfish" in his native Eastern Algonquian language, was soon transformed into "Winamac", which means the same thing in the Potawatomi language. The Potawatomi version of the name has been spelled in a variety of ways, including Winnemac, Winamek, and Winnemeg. The Winamac name became associated with prominent members of the Fish clan of the Potawatomi tribe. In 1701, Winamac or Wilamet was a chief of the Potawatomi villages along the St. Joseph River in what is now the U.S. state of Michigan. This man or another of the same name was an ally of New France who helped negotiate an end to the Fox Wars in the 1730s. Two other Winamacs were prominent during the War of 1812. One was active opponent of the United States, while the other was a U.S. ally. These two Winamacs have often been confused with each other. Wilamet In 1681, a group of Native Americans from several Algonquian tribes of New England accompanied French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle on an expedition to the west. One of these Natives, Wilamet (or Ouilamette or Wilamek), was appointed by La Salle to serve as a laison between New France and the natives of the Lake Michigan region. Wilamet was adopted by the Potawatomis, and his name, which meant "Catfish" in his native Eastern Algonquian language, was eventually transformed into "Winamac", which means the same thing in the Potawatomi language. Before long, he was recognized by the French as the "chief" of the Potawatomi villages along the St. Joseph River in what is now the U.S. state of Michigan. Wilamet was therefore not a traditional Potawatomi leader (or okama), but was instead a "chief" appointed by the French. French-appointed chiefs were a common feature of the Franco-Indian alliance. According to historian Richard White, "as the French singled out certain leaders to be the channels by which French power entered the villages, they created a new kind of chief which can best be distinguished as an alliance chief". Wilamet helped La Salle promote French policies while countering Iroquois influence in the Lake Michigan region. In 1694, a man named Ouilamek, probably the same Wilamet, led 30 Potawatomis in an expedition under Cadillac against the Iroquois. In 1701, Wilamet and Onanghisse (or Onangizes), another prominent Potawatomi alliance chief, represented the Potawatomis at the great Treaty of Montreal, which ended the war with the Iroquois. During the Fox Wars (1712–1733), a Wilamek was a leader of the Fish clan of the St. Joseph Potawatomis. Historian David Edmunds portrays this man as the same one who had attended the 1701 treaty, although Richard White writes that a Wilamek of this era was of a man of Sauk and Meskwaki (Fox) parentage who had married into the Potawatomi tribe. In 1719, Wilamek traveled to Montreal with a group of Meskwaki leaders in an effort to make peace. The following year, his son was captured by the Meskwakis, but he was later released. War of 1812 era Further information: Indiana in the War of 1812 and Illinois Territory in the War of 1812 During the War of 1812 era, the Potawatomis, like other tribes, were divided over whether to oppose the expansion of the United States or to seek peaceful accommodation. Two men named Winamac were prominent in this era. One was an active opponent of the United States, while the other became a U.S. ally. These two men have often been confused with each other. American historians have often distinguished them by referring to the "anti-American" or "hostile" Winamek and the "pro-American" or "friendly" Winamek. Anti-American Winamac The "anti-American" Winamac was a Potawatomi leader who first appears in the historical record in 1810. That year, while returning from an unsuccessful raid against the Osages, Winamac's party stole horses from some white Illinois settlers. The settlers pursued the raiders, and the Potawatomis attacked, killing four men. Governor Ninian Edwards demanded that the Potawatomis surrender the raiders, but chief Gomo informed U.S. officials that the raiders had gone to Prophetstown in Indiana, headquarters of the anti-American resistance movement led by the Shawnee Prophet and his brother Tecumseh. Along with chiefs Shabbona and Waubonsie, Winamac led the Potawatomi contingent against the Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe at Prophetstown in 1811. Winamac began the organization for the 1812 siege of Fort Wayne. Late in August, Winamac called together a war party from northern Indiana and Michigan. First attempting to convince Captain Rhea of their friendly intent, they sought entry to the post. Rebuffed, on August 28, 1812 the warriors killed a clerk who left the post for the Ohio. What followed were occasional firing of outbuildings and shots aimed at any and all movement seen from the outside. On September 4, Winamac approached under a flag of truce. Making no offer, Winamac found the fort susceptible to attack. The next day, two soldiers were killed outside the fort. Late in the afternoon, Winamac approached the fort with a small delegation and sought admittance to see the commander. Inside, they were heavily guarded, ending their ploy to kill the commander and attack from inside. The following day, September 6, saw the greatest action in the siege, but without help, the fort could not be taken. On September 11, a relief column under Governor Harrison arrived from Piqua and the siege ended. After the siege of Fort Wayne, Winamac served as a scout under British Indian agent Matthew Elliott. On November 22, 1812, Winamac was with a scouting party that captured several Indians, including Shawnee chief Logan (Spemica Lawba), a U.S. ally. Winamac was killed in an exchange of gunfire when Logan and his companions escaped; Logan died later from his wounds. Pro-American Winamac The "pro-American" Winamek was a chief from the Tippecanoe Potawatomi on the Wabash. Beginning in 1807 he and Five Medals and Topinabee continued to ask the American government for agricultural help. The equipment was sent but never used, as only these chiefs were interested in agriculture, not their people. Previous attempts at farming the land south of Fort Wayne were also made in the early spring of 1805 by Chief Little Turtle, who welcomed two visiting Quakers that came upon the area at Little Turtle's request for their instruction, knowing their farming methods were sufficient. However, as would occur in 1807, although equipped with the proper methods and lands, these efforts would soon prove futile as the native people were apathetic towards the agricultural mission, with their focus remaining largely on local affairs and settlement conflicts. In 1807, President Monroe wanted to acquire more Indian land. A council was called at Fort Wayne in September. Winamac led the Potawatomi delegation. When the other chiefs and the Miami refused to negotiate land cessions, it was Winamac who persuaded first the Miami and then the Potawatomi to agree to the cession. When 3 million acres (12,000 km2) were agreed to, none were lands of the Potawatomi. Winamac and the Potawatomi received a generous share of the payment for these lands. The months following the treaty found Winamac at Detroit settling disputes for the lands in northwest Ohio. Because of the Fort Wayne Treaty, discontent was growing and the number of warriors at Prophetstown was increasing. Winamac provided information to Governor Harrison on the plans and activities at Prophetstown. Harrison invited the Prophet to Washington and in June, Tecumseh led a delegation to Vincennes to meet with Harrison. Here, Tecumseh denounced Winamac as a 'black dog' for supporting the American interests. Through the winter of 1811–1812, Potawatomi raids were launched against settlements in southern Indiana and Illinois. To end the destruction, councils were held at Cahokia and Vincennes. Winamac and Five Medals assured the agents that the few anti-American warriors were not representative of the Potawatomi. Because of the influence of the pro-British chiefs, Winamac and Five Medals refused a trip to Washington. Tecumseh the Shawnee spoke at the council blaming Winamac and Five Medals for not controlling their warriors. When Gov. Harrison marched north to Prophetstown on the Tippecanoe in November 1811, Winamac marched with him. When they were a short march from Prophetstown, Winamac went ahead to talk with the Prophet. Winamac returned south to meet Harrison, but was on the far side of the Wabash and passed him by. On the night of November 6, Gov. Harrison encamped for the night, planning on entering Prophetstown the next day. When the sun rose, the confederacy had surrounded the troops. The Potawatomi were led by Shabbona with Waubansee and Winamac (2nd another chief among the Potawatomi). The defeat of the Indian confederacy scattered the tribes to their home villages. The dispersal of the Indian confederacy did not end the raids among the settlements. Tension was so bad, even Winamac was warned to stay out of the settlements. His unfailing support of the Americans would not protect him from harm. When the war between the United States and England was known, Winamac continued to support the Americans and led a delegation to the Lake Peoria villages seeking the warriors accused of raiding the settlements. He was ridiculed by the Potawatomi warriors and left unsuccessful. It was Winamac who carried William Hulls orders from Detroit to Fort Dearborn (Chicago) to evacuate, an attack was eminent. Winamac told Commander Heald that they must leave that day to save themselves, this was on August 9. On August 13, an escort of 13 Miami Indians arrived. On August 15, Mad Sturgeon and Blackbird led the Potawatomi ambush of 500+ warriors against the 62 soldiers and 27 civilians in the dunes of Lake Michigan. Fifty-three of the Americans died that day. Fifteen of the Indians died. Fort Dearborn fell on August 15, 1812 to an ambush, then Mackinac. These were followed by the siege of Detroit, which surrendered to the British on August 16. In September 1817, Winamac and Metea represented the eastern Potawatomis at the treaty of Fort Meigs, in which they sold lands in Ohio and south central Michigan to the United States. Winamac died in 1821. Namesakes Winnemac (fictional state), a fictional state in the United States, invented by writer Sinclair Lewis. Winnemac Avenue and Winnemac Park on the north side of Chicago, Illinois Win-E-Mac School District in northwestern Minnesota Winamac, Indiana Winamac Drive, Pocono Lake, Pennsylvania Winameg, Ohio References Notes ^ a b Clifton, 19–20. ^ Clifton, 20. ^ Susan Sleeper-Smith, Indian Women and French Men: Rethinking Cultural Encounter in the Western Great Lakes (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), 175n35. ^ a b Clifton, 78. ^ Clifton, 57. ^ Clifton, 85–86. ^ White, 38. ^ Clifton, 83. ^ White, 39. ^ Clifton, 86. ^ a b Clifton, 89. ^ White, 171. ^ Clifton, 89; Edmunds, 34. ^ a b Edmunds, 307n66. ^ Clifton, 528; Edmunds, 307n66. ^ Edmunds, 172–173. ^ Edmunds, 177. ^ Edmunds, 192. ^ Poinsatte, 97 ^ a b c Indian Names in Indiana by Alan McPherson, 1993 ^ Edmunds, 219. Works cited Clifton, James A. The Prairie People: Continuity and Change in Potawatomi Indian Culture 1665–1965. Lawrence, Kansas: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1977. ISBN 0-7006-0155-4. Edmunds, R. David. The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire. University of Oklahoma Press, 1978. ISBN 0-8061-1478-9. White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-521-42460-7.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnemac (fictional U.S. state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnemac_(fictional_U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Winamac, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winamac,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Potawatomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"Lake Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Eastern Algonquian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian"},{"link_name":"means the same thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque"},{"link_name":"Potawatomi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi_language"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph_River_(Lake_Michigan)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Fox Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Wars"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"}],"text":"\"Winnemac\" redirects here. For the setting of several Sinclair Lewis novels, see Winnemac (fictional U.S. state). For the real town, see Winamac, Indiana.Winamac was the name of a number of Potawatomi leaders and warriors beginning in the late 17th century. The name derives from a man named Wilamet, a Native American from an eastern tribe who in 1681 was appointed to serve as a liaison between New France and the natives of the Lake Michigan region. Wilamet was adopted by the Potawatomis, and his name, which meant \"Catfish\" in his native Eastern Algonquian language, was soon transformed into \"Winamac\", which means the same thing in the Potawatomi language. The Potawatomi version of the name has been spelled in a variety of ways, including Winnemac, Winamek, and Winnemeg.The Winamac name became associated with prominent members of the Fish clan of the Potawatomi tribe. In 1701, Winamac or Wilamet was a chief of the Potawatomi villages along the St. Joseph River in what is now the U.S. state of Michigan. This man or another of the same name was an ally of New France who helped negotiate an end to the Fox Wars in the 1730s. Two other Winamacs were prominent during the War of 1812. One was active opponent of the United States, while the other was a U.S. ally. These two Winamacs have often been confused with each other.","title":"Winamac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algonquian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_peoples"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clifton,_19-20-1"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"Lake Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Potawatomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Eastern Algonquian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian"},{"link_name":"Potawatomi language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clifton,_19-20-1"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph_River_(Lake_Michigan)"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clifton,_78-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Franco-Indian alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Indian_alliance"},{"link_name":"Richard White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_White_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clifton,_78-4"},{"link_name":"Cadillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Laumet_de_La_Mothe,_sieur_de_Cadillac"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Onanghisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onanghisse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Montreal"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fox Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Wars"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clifton,_89-11"},{"link_name":"Sauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_people"},{"link_name":"Meskwaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskwaki"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clifton,_89-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 1681, a group of Native Americans from several Algonquian tribes of New England accompanied French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle on an expedition to the west.[1] One of these Natives, Wilamet (or Ouilamette or Wilamek), was appointed by La Salle to serve as a laison between New France and the natives of the Lake Michigan region.[2] Wilamet was adopted by the Potawatomis,[3] and his name, which meant \"Catfish\" in his native Eastern Algonquian language, was eventually transformed into \"Winamac\", which means the same thing in the Potawatomi language.[1] Before long, he was recognized by the French as the \"chief\" of the Potawatomi villages along the St. Joseph River in what is now the U.S. state of Michigan.[4]Wilamet was therefore not a traditional Potawatomi leader (or okama[5]), but was instead a \"chief\" appointed by the French.[6] French-appointed chiefs were a common feature of the Franco-Indian alliance. According to historian Richard White, \"as the French singled out certain leaders to be the channels by which French power entered the villages, they created a new kind of chief which can best be distinguished as an alliance chief\".[7]Wilamet helped La Salle promote French policies while countering Iroquois influence in the Lake Michigan region.[4] In 1694, a man named Ouilamek, probably the same Wilamet, led 30 Potawatomis in an expedition under Cadillac against the Iroquois.[8] In 1701, Wilamet and Onanghisse (or Onangizes), another prominent Potawatomi alliance chief,[9] represented the Potawatomis at the great Treaty of Montreal, which ended the war with the Iroquois.[10]During the Fox Wars (1712–1733), a Wilamek was a leader of the Fish clan of the St. Joseph Potawatomis.[11] Historian David Edmunds portrays this man as the same one who had attended the 1701 treaty, although Richard White writes that a Wilamek of this era was of a man of Sauk and Meskwaki (Fox) parentage who had married into the Potawatomi tribe.[12] In 1719, Wilamek traveled to Montreal with a group of Meskwaki leaders in an effort to make peace.[11] The following year, his son was captured by the Meskwakis, but he was later released.[13]","title":"Wilamet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana in the War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Illinois Territory in the War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edmunds,_307n66-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Further information: Indiana in the War of 1812 and Illinois Territory in the War of 1812During the War of 1812 era, the Potawatomis, like other tribes, were divided over whether to oppose the expansion of the United States or to seek peaceful accommodation. Two men named Winamac were prominent in this era. One was an active opponent of the United States, while the other became a U.S. ally. These two men have often been confused with each other.[14] American historians have often distinguished them by referring to the \"anti-American\" or \"hostile\" Winamek and the \"pro-American\" or \"friendly\" Winamek.[15]","title":"War of 1812 era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_people"},{"link_name":"Ninian Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninian_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Gomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Gomo"},{"link_name":"Prophetstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetstown_(village)"},{"link_name":"Shawnee Prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa"},{"link_name":"Tecumseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecumseh"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Shabbona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbona"},{"link_name":"Waubonsie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waubonsie"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tippecanoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"siege of Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Matthew Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Elliott_(loyalist)"},{"link_name":"Spemica Lawba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spemica_Lawba"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Anti-American Winamac","text":"The \"anti-American\" Winamac was a Potawatomi leader who first appears in the historical record in 1810. That year, while returning from an unsuccessful raid against the Osages, Winamac's party stole horses from some white Illinois settlers. The settlers pursued the raiders, and the Potawatomis attacked, killing four men. Governor Ninian Edwards demanded that the Potawatomis surrender the raiders, but chief Gomo informed U.S. officials that the raiders had gone to Prophetstown in Indiana, headquarters of the anti-American resistance movement led by the Shawnee Prophet and his brother Tecumseh.[16] Along with chiefs Shabbona and Waubonsie, Winamac led the Potawatomi contingent against the Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe at Prophetstown in 1811.[17]Winamac began the organization for the 1812 siege of Fort Wayne. Late in August, Winamac called together a war party from northern Indiana and Michigan. First attempting to convince Captain Rhea of their friendly intent, they sought entry to the post. Rebuffed, on August 28, 1812 the warriors killed a clerk who left the post for the Ohio. What followed were occasional firing of outbuildings and shots aimed at any and all movement seen from the outside. On September 4, Winamac approached under a flag of truce. Making no offer, Winamac found the fort susceptible to attack. The next day, two soldiers were killed outside the fort. Late in the afternoon, Winamac approached the fort with a small delegation and sought admittance to see the commander. Inside, they were heavily guarded, ending their ploy to kill the commander and attack from inside. The following day, September 6, saw the greatest action in the siege, but without help, the fort could not be taken. On September 11, a relief column under Governor Harrison arrived from Piqua and the siege ended.After the siege of Fort Wayne, Winamac served as a scout under British Indian agent Matthew Elliott. On November 22, 1812, Winamac was with a scouting party that captured several Indians, including Shawnee chief Logan (Spemica Lawba), a U.S. ally. Winamac was killed in an exchange of gunfire when Logan and his companions escaped; Logan died later from his wounds.[18]","title":"War of 1812 era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Five Medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Medals"},{"link_name":"Topinabee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topinabee_(I)"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_(fort)"},{"link_name":"Chief Little Turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Turtle"},{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Tecumseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecumseh"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McPherson-20"},{"link_name":"Cahokia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahokia"},{"link_name":"Vincennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Shawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee"},{"link_name":"Gov. Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Prophetstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetstown_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Tippecanoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippecanoe_River"},{"link_name":"Shabbona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbona"},{"link_name":"Waubansee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waubonsie"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McPherson-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McPherson-20"},{"link_name":"Fort Dearborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dearborn"},{"link_name":"Metea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metea"},{"link_name":"treaty of Fort Meigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edmunds,_307n66-14"}],"sub_title":"Pro-American Winamac","text":"The \"pro-American\" Winamek was a chief from the Tippecanoe Potawatomi on the Wabash. Beginning in 1807 he and Five Medals and Topinabee continued to ask the American government for agricultural help. The equipment was sent but never used, as only these chiefs were interested in agriculture, not their people. Previous attempts at farming the land south of Fort Wayne were also made in the early spring of 1805 by Chief Little Turtle, who welcomed two visiting Quakers that came upon the area at Little Turtle's request for their instruction, knowing their farming methods were sufficient.[19] However, as would occur in 1807, although equipped with the proper methods and lands, these efforts would soon prove futile as the native people were apathetic towards the agricultural mission, with their focus remaining largely on local affairs and settlement conflicts. In 1807, President Monroe wanted to acquire more Indian land. A council was called at Fort Wayne in September. Winamac led the Potawatomi delegation. When the other chiefs and the Miami refused to negotiate land cessions, it was Winamac who persuaded first the Miami and then the Potawatomi to agree to the cession. When 3 million acres (12,000 km2) were agreed to, none were lands of the Potawatomi. Winamac and the Potawatomi received a generous share of the payment for these lands. The months following the treaty found Winamac at Detroit settling disputes for the lands in northwest Ohio. Because of the Fort Wayne Treaty, discontent was growing and the number of warriors at Prophetstown was increasing. Winamac provided information to Governor Harrison on the plans and activities at Prophetstown. Harrison invited the Prophet to Washington and in June, Tecumseh led a delegation to Vincennes to meet with Harrison. Here, Tecumseh denounced Winamac as a 'black dog' for supporting the American interests.[20]Through the winter of 1811–1812, Potawatomi raids were launched against settlements in southern Indiana and Illinois. To end the destruction, councils were held at Cahokia and Vincennes. Winamac and Five Medals assured the agents that the few anti-American warriors were not representative of the Potawatomi. Because of the influence of the pro-British chiefs, Winamac and Five Medals refused a trip to Washington. Tecumseh the Shawnee spoke at the council blaming Winamac and Five Medals for not controlling their warriors. When Gov. Harrison marched north to Prophetstown on the Tippecanoe in November 1811, Winamac marched with him. When they were a short march from Prophetstown, Winamac went ahead to talk with the Prophet. Winamac returned south to meet Harrison, but was on the far side of the Wabash and passed him by. On the night of November 6, Gov. Harrison encamped for the night, planning on entering Prophetstown the next day. When the sun rose, the confederacy had surrounded the troops. The Potawatomi were led by Shabbona with Waubansee and Winamac (2nd another chief among the Potawatomi). The defeat of the Indian confederacy scattered the tribes to their home villages. The dispersal of the Indian confederacy did not end the raids among the settlements. Tension was so bad, even Winamac was warned to stay out of the settlements. His unfailing support of the Americans would not protect him from harm.[20]When the war between the United States and England was known, Winamac continued to support the Americans and led a delegation to the Lake Peoria villages seeking the warriors accused of raiding the settlements. He was ridiculed by the Potawatomi warriors and left unsuccessful. It was Winamac who carried William Hulls orders from Detroit to Fort Dearborn (Chicago) to evacuate, an attack was eminent. Winamac told Commander Heald that they must leave that day to save themselves, this was on August 9. On August 13, an escort of 13 Miami Indians arrived. On August 15, Mad Sturgeon and Blackbird led the Potawatomi ambush of 500+ warriors against the 62 soldiers and 27 civilians in the dunes of Lake Michigan. Fifty-three of the Americans died that day. Fifteen of the Indians died.[20] Fort Dearborn fell on August 15, 1812 to an ambush, then Mackinac. These were followed by the siege of Detroit, which surrendered to the British on August 16.In September 1817, Winamac and Metea represented the eastern Potawatomis at the treaty of Fort Meigs, in which they sold lands in Ohio and south central Michigan to the United States.[21] Winamac died in 1821.[14]","title":"War of 1812 era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnemac (fictional state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnemac_(fictional_state)"},{"link_name":"Sinclair Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Winnemac Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winnemac_Avenue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Winnemac Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winnemac_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Win-E-Mac School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Win-E-Mac_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Winamac, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winamac,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Pocono Lake, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_Lake,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Winameg, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winameg,_Ohio"}],"text":"Winnemac (fictional state), a fictional state in the United States, invented by writer Sinclair Lewis.\nWinnemac Avenue and Winnemac Park on the north side of Chicago, Illinois\nWin-E-Mac School District in northwestern Minnesota\nWinamac, Indiana\nWinamac Drive, Pocono Lake, Pennsylvania\nWinameg, Ohio","title":"Namesakes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Barcelos

Duke of Barcelos

["1 List of the Dukes of Barcelos","2 See also","3 Bibliography"]

This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Original Coat of Arms of the Dukes of Braganza. The Dukes of Barcelos (Portuguese: Duque de Barcelos) was a title of nobility granted by King Sebastian of Portugal on 5 August 1562 to the heir of the Duke of Braganza. After the Braganza accession to the throne, the title continued to be the title of the heir of the Duke of Braganza, alongside the title of Prince of Beira. This title (originally Count of Barcelos) belonged to the Braganzas since Alphonse, 8th Count of Barcelos and 1st Duke of Braganza. The first Duke of Barcelos was John I, eldest son of Teodósio I, 5th Duque of Braganza, who become later John I, 6th Duke of Braganza. List of the Dukes of Barcelos John I, 6th Duke of Braganza (1543–1583), 1st Duke of Barcelos from his birth until his father's death (1563); Teodósio II, 7th Duke of Braganza (1568–1630), 2nd Duke of Barcelos (until 1583); John II, 8th Duke of Braganza (1604–1656), 3rd Duke of Barcelos (until 1630). Became King of Portugal in 1640. After the Braganzas ascended to the Portuguese throne, the title of Duke of Barcelos was among those used by the Portuguese Prince of Beira. See also Duke of Braganza Count of Barcelos List of Portuguese Dukedoms Bibliography "Nobreza de Portugal e Brazil" – Vol II, page 401. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989. vtePortuguese royaltyDesignated royal titles King and Queen of Portugal Prince and Princess Royal of Portugal Prince and Princess of Brazil Prince and Princess of Portugal Prince and Princess of Beira Duke and Duchess of Braganza Duke and Duchess of Barcelos Duke and Duchess of Porto Duke and Duchess of Beja Infante and Infanta of Portugal Undesignated royal titles Duke and Duchess of Coimbra Duke and Duchess of Viseu Duke and Duchess of Guimarães Duke and Duchess of Guarda Royal households House of the Infantado List of heirs to the Portuguese throne - Portuguese nobility

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armas_duques_bragan%C3%A7a.png"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"},{"link_name":"Sebastian of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Duke of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Prince of Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Beira"},{"link_name":"Count of Barcelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Barcelos"},{"link_name":"Braganzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Alphonse, 8th Count of Barcelos and 1st Duke of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Teodósio I, 5th Duque of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio_I,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"John I, 6th Duke of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_6th_Duke_of_Braganza"}],"text":"Original Coat of Arms of the Dukes of Braganza.The Dukes of Barcelos (Portuguese: Duque de Barcelos) was a title of nobility granted by King Sebastian of Portugal on 5 August 1562 to the heir of the Duke of Braganza. After the Braganza accession to the throne, the title continued to be the title of the heir of the Duke of Braganza, alongside the title of Prince of Beira.This title (originally Count of Barcelos) belonged to the Braganzas since Alphonse, 8th Count of Barcelos and 1st Duke of Braganza.The first Duke of Barcelos was John I, eldest son of Teodósio I, 5th Duque of Braganza, who become later John I, 6th Duke of Braganza.","title":"Duke of Barcelos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John I, 6th Duke of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_6th_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Teodósio II, 7th Duke of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio_II,_Duke_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"John II, 8th Duke of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"King of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Braganzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Prince of Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Beira"}],"text":"John I, 6th Duke of Braganza (1543–1583), 1st Duke of Barcelos from his birth until his father's death (1563);\nTeodósio II, 7th Duke of Braganza (1568–1630), 2nd Duke of Barcelos (until 1583);\nJohn II, 8th Duke of Braganza (1604–1656), 3rd Duke of Barcelos (until 1630). 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Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.vtePortuguese royaltyDesignated royal titles\nKing and Queen of Portugal\nPrince and Princess Royal of Portugal\nPrince and Princess of Brazil\nPrince and Princess of Portugal\nPrince and Princess of Beira\nDuke and Duchess of Braganza\nDuke and Duchess of Barcelos\nDuke and Duchess of Porto\nDuke and Duchess of Beja\nInfante and Infanta of Portugal\nUndesignated royal titles\nDuke and Duchess of Coimbra\nDuke and Duchess of Viseu\nDuke and Duchess of Guimarães\nDuke and Duchess of Guarda\nRoyal households\nHouse of the Infantado\nList of heirs to the Portuguese throne - Portuguese nobility","title":"Bibliography"}]

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[]

[]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Aerospace_Electronic_Systems

BAE Systems Electronic Systems

["1 History","2 Businesses","2.1 Electronic Combat","2.2 C4ISR Systems","2.3 Precision Strike & Sensing","2.4 Countermeasure & Electromagnetic Attack","2.5 Controls & Avionics","2.6 Power & Propulsion","3 References"]

BAE Systems Electronic SystemsCompany typeDivisionIndustryAerospace & DefenseFounded2005HeadquartersArlington, Virginia, United StatesKey peopleTerry Crimmins (President)ProductsAvionicsElectronic WarfareCommunicationsSensor systemsIntelligence systems.Revenue£4.6 billion (2020)Operating income£0.65 billion (2020)Number of employees16,600 (2020)ParentBAE Systems Inc.Websitewww.baesystems.com BAE Systems Electronic Systems (ES) is one of three operating groups of BAE Systems Inc., the North American subsidiary of the British global defence contractor BAE Systems PLC. History BAE Systems acquired Lockheed Martin Aerospace Electronic Systems (AES) and Lockheed Martin Control Systems in 2000. BAE Systems Electronic Systems was formed in June 2005 by an internal reorganisation of these businesses. Lockheed had identified AES as a candidate for disposal following a strategic review in 1999. BAE Systems agreed to acquire the group in July and completed its acquisition of AES on 27 November 2000. The group encompassed Sanders Associates, Fairchild Systems and Lockheed Martin Space Electronics & Communications. The purchase of this group by BAE has been described as "precedent setting" given the advanced and classified nature of many of that company's products. In August 2004 BAE acquired Boeing Commercial Electronics for $66 million (£36m). This was an Irving, Texas-based division of Boeing responsible for the manufacture of electronic components for the company's aircraft. Boeing announced the sale of the division in 2003 as part of a move to outsource component manufacture and "concentrate on the integration and final assembly of commercial aircraft." The Fort Worth Star Telegram said "Boeing has sought to sell several operations that it said are too narrowly focused and costly for the company to manage efficiently." Businesses BAE Systems Electronic Systems reports its sales under the following headings, 86% of which were to military customers in 2020: Electronic Combat ES produces electronic warfare (EW) systems for combat aircraft, for example for the F-35 Lightning II. C4ISR Systems Military communications. This includes the Airborne Tactical Radio business acquired from Raytheon. Precision Strike & Sensing GPS products and weapon parts, for example seekers for THAAD missiles. The GPS business was expanded in 2020 by the $1.9 billion purchase of the Collins Aerospace military GPS division of United Technologies Corporation. Countermeasure & Electromagnetic Attack Missile warning systems and offensive electronic warfare systems on aircraft including the Lockheed EC-130H Compass Call. Controls & Avionics Full Authority Digital Engine Controls and Fly by wire controls. General Electric and Boeing are major customers for this unit. Power & Propulsion Hybrid and full electric drive systems for public transit, marine/port, and military applications. References ^ a b c d "Annual Report 2020: BAE Systems plc" (PDF). investors.baesystems.com/. 2020-03-31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ "Contract for BAE". The Times. Times Newspapers. 2000-11-28. ^ Parreault, Carl (2004-07-14). "British aerospace firm buys Sanders". The Union Leader. ^ Schneider, Greg (2000-11-07). "Arms Across the Atlantic; A Yank Leads the Former British Aerospace To the Top Tier of U.S. Defense Contractors". The Washington Post. ^ "BAE SYSTEMS Completes Acquisition of Boeing Commercial Electronics Unit". www.businesswire.com. 2004-08-13. Retrieved 2020-11-28. ^ Cox, Bob (2003-08-28). "Boeing set to sell 2nd area unit". Fort Worth Star Telegram. Star-Telegram Newspaper. ^ "BAE Systems completes $275 million airborne tactical radios deal". Reuters. 2020-05-04. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ "BAE Systems completes acquisition of Collins' military GPS business". SpaceNews. 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2021-06-28. vteBAE SystemsSubsidiaries anddivisions BAE Systems Australia Maritime Services Maritime - Naval Ships Maritime - Submarines Military Air & Information Regional Aircraft BAE Systems Inc Electronic Systems BAE Systems Platforms & Services CORDA Joint ventures Air Astana (49%) CTA International (50%) Eurofighter GmbH (33%) FNSS Defence Systems (49%) MBDA (37.5%) Category Authority control databases ISNI

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Boeing announced the sale of the division in 2003 as part of a move to outsource component manufacture and \"concentrate on the integration and final assembly of commercial aircraft.\" The Fort Worth Star Telegram said \"Boeing has sought to sell several operations that it said are too narrowly focused and costly for the company to manage efficiently.\"[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BAE2020-1"}],"text":"BAE Systems Electronic Systems reports its sales under the following headings, 86% of which were to military customers in 2020:[1]","title":"Businesses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"},{"link_name":"F-35 Lightning II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II"}],"sub_title":"Electronic Combat","text":"ES produces electronic warfare (EW) systems for combat aircraft, for example for the F-35 Lightning II.","title":"Businesses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raytheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"C4ISR Systems","text":"Military communications. 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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_An_Bei

Tomb of An Bei

["1 Life","2 Tomb","3 References"]

Tomb of An BeiOne of the decorated panels of the tomb of An Bei, showing a procession of non-Chinese foreigners led by An Bei. Created589 CELuoyangShow map of Continental AsiaLuoyangShow map of China Sogdian tombs in China Anyang funerary bed550–577 CETomb of Kang Ye571 CE Miho funerary couchc. 570 CE Tomb of An Jia579 CE Tomb of Wirkak580 CE Tomb of An Bei589 CE Tomb of Yu Hong592 CE Kooros couch557–618 CE Tianshui tomb581–624 CE vte The Tomb of Ān Bèi (Chinese: 安備墓), is a 589 CE (Sui dynasty) funeral monument of a Sogdian man named "An Bei" in his Chinese epitaph. The tomb was looted in 2006-2007, and its content sold in the art market. Part of the base of the tomb as well as the epitaph are now in the Tang West Market Museum (大唐西市博物館) in Xi'an. Life An Bei was probably a third generation Sogdian immigrant to China. His family originated from the city of Bukhara, as suggested by the name "An". An's family came to China during the Northern Wei dynasty, and some of his relatives served in the Bureau of Tributaries. Anbei's father was named An Zhishi, and he served as a middle-ranking officer in the honour guards of the court. According to the epitaph, An Bei lived in Luoyang. He became a low-level clerk in the military headquarters of a vassal of the emperor, during the Northern Qi period. When the Northern Qi were replaced by the Northern Zhou in 577 CE, An Bei returned to Luoyang where he died at the young age of 34, in 589 CE. An Bei followed the Confucian moral principles of filial piety, and practiced Zoroastrianism. Tomb The tomb was composed of a stone couch with decorative panels, a structure which is typical of tombs built in China at that time. The panels show a procession and a caravan of non-Chinese people, a banquet scene with Sogdian music and dance, and a drinking scene in a garden. One panel show the deceased leading a caravan, another the deceased leading a procession of nimbate men, a possible scene of the afterlife. Many wear pseudo-Sasanian crowns. Another panel shows a banquet scene, with danse and music. The last panel scene seems to belong to the afterlife, showing Bacchantic individuals, similar to the Indian Kubera, drinking wine. Other known tombs of Sogdians in China generally belong to high-ranked officials who were heads of a Prefecture, or "Sàbǎo" (薩保, "Protector, Guardian", derived from the Sogdian word s'rtp'w, "caravan leader"), used for government-appointed leaders of the Sogdian immigrant-merchant community. On the contrary, An Bei was far from being an aristocrat, and was a quite ordinary person. He was also quite integrated to Chinese society, as, according to the epitaph, "Although he is a foreigner, after a long life in China, there is no difference between him and the Chinese". Tomb panel showing a Central Asian caravan led by An Bei. Tomb panel showing a banquet with Sogdian dance and music. Tomb panel showing a drinking party in a garden. References Epitaph of An Bei ^ a b c d e Grenet, Frantz (2020). Histoire et cultures de l'Asie centrale préislamique. Paris, France: Collège de France. p. 324. ISBN 978-2-7226-0516-9. ^ a b c d e Mueller, Shing (1 January 2019). "Funerary Beds and Houses of the Northern Dynasties". Early Medieval North China: Archaeological and Textual Evidence: 450. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Li, Yusheng (2016). "Study of Tombs of Hu People in Late 6th Century Northern China". Newsletter di Archeologia CISA. 17: 102–103. ^ Mueller, Shing (1 January 2019). "Funerary Beds and Houses of the Northern Dynasties". Early Medieval North China: Archaeological and Textual Evidence. ^ Mao, Yangguang (2011). "Textual Research on the Newly Discovered An Bei' s Epitaph of the Sui Dynasty in Luoyang". Archaeology and Cultural Relics. ^ Epitaph of An Bei: "故开府长兼行参军安君墓志铭”，全文记载“君名备，字五相，阳城县龙口乡曹刘里人。其先出于安居耶尼国，上世慕中夏之风。大魏入朝，名沾典客。父知识，齐车骑大将军、直荡都督、千乘县散男。君种类虽胡，入夏世久，与汉不殊。此即蓬生麻中，不扶自直者也。善于白圭之术，蕴而不为，玄髙之业，弃而不慕。讷言慜行，唯事安亲。室名龙驹，乡号指南。孝悌之响，闻于邦国。武平之末，齐许昌王莫府初开，牒为长兼行参军。一参府寮，备经驱使。虽未执断，小心恭奉。时辈之中，谦直逊顺。屡展懃诚，渐望昇进。但事与愿违，遇周统齐，许昌失宠，归于廉之第。君便义绝，遂还旧庐。敛志东皋，归田二顷。忽萦疾，医僚无工。大命运穷，奄从朝露。时年卅有四，以大隋开皇九年岁次己酉十月辛酉朔廿四日甲申葬于瀔水之南，张分桥侧。恐山壑时移，乃为铭曰：门标贵胄，世代高良。比兰斯馨，譬蕊能芳。弱冠释褐，奉事君王。年始过立，奄归元常。" in "墓誌數據庫詳情-浙大墓誌庫". csid.zju.edu.cn. ^ Xu, Jin 徐津 (1 January 2019). "The Funerary Couch of An Jia and the Art of Sogdian Immigrants in Sixth-century China". The Burlington Magazine.

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Part of the base of the tomb as well as the epitaph are now in the Tang West Market Museum (大唐西市博物館) in Xi'an.[3][4]","title":"Tomb of An Bei"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YL-3"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YL-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YL-3"},{"link_name":"Luoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang"},{"link_name":"Northern Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Qi"},{"link_name":"Northern Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Zhou"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YL-3"},{"link_name":"Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"An Bei was probably a third generation Sogdian immigrant to China. His family originated from the city of Bukhara, as suggested by the name \"An\".[3] An's family came to China during the Northern Wei dynasty, and some of his relatives served in the Bureau of Tributaries.[3] Anbei's father was named An Zhishi, and he served as a middle-ranking officer in the honour guards of the court.[3]According to the epitaph, An Bei lived in Luoyang. He became a low-level clerk in the military headquarters of a vassal of the emperor, during the Northern Qi period. When the Northern Qi were replaced by the Northern Zhou in 577 CE, An Bei returned to Luoyang where he died at the young age of 34, in 589 CE.[3] An Bei followed the Confucian moral principles of filial piety, and practiced Zoroastrianism.[5][6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YL-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SM450-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FG324-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FG324-1"},{"link_name":"Bacchantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchus"},{"link_name":"Kubera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FG324-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XJ-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YL-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YL-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YL-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_An_Bei_(panel_2).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FG324-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SM450-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_An_Bei_(panel_3).jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SM450-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_An_Bei_(panel_4).jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SM450-2"}],"text":"The tomb was composed of a stone couch with decorative panels, a structure which is typical of tombs built in China at that time.[3] The panels show a procession and a caravan of non-Chinese people, a banquet scene with Sogdian music and dance, and a drinking scene in a garden.[2]\nOne panel show the deceased leading a caravan, another the deceased leading a procession of nimbate men, a possible scene of the afterlife. Many wear pseudo-Sasanian crowns.[1] Another panel shows a banquet scene, with danse and music.[1] The last panel scene seems to belong to the afterlife, showing Bacchantic individuals, similar to the Indian Kubera, drinking wine.[1]Other known tombs of Sogdians in China generally belong to high-ranked officials who were heads of a Prefecture, or \"Sàbǎo\" (薩保, \"Protector, Guardian\", derived from the Sogdian word s'rtp'w, \"caravan leader\"), used for government-appointed leaders of the Sogdian immigrant-merchant community.[7][3] On the contrary, An Bei was far from being an aristocrat, and was a quite ordinary person.[3] He was also quite integrated to Chinese society, as, according to the epitaph, \"Although he is a foreigner, after a long life in China, there is no difference between him and the Chinese\".[3]Tomb panel showing a Central Asian caravan led by An Bei.[1][2]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTomb panel showing a banquet with Sogdian dance and music.[2]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTomb panel showing a drinking party in a garden.[2]","title":"Tomb"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_myth

Czechoslovak myth

[]

Ahistorical image of interwar Czechoslovakia Interwar Czechoslovakia The Czechoslovak myth is a narrative that Czechoslovakia between 1918 and 1938 was a tolerant and liberal democratic country, oriented towards Western Europe, and free of antisemitism compared to other countries in Central Europe and Eastern Europe. For example, the country was described as "a welcoming and tolerant place for Jews," and an "island of democracy in Eastern Europe". Jewish aspect The alleged architects of the myth were Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš. Tatjana Lichtenstein notes that these politicians were "often depicted as tolerant, progressive, and politically sophisticated strategists bestowing rights on 'their' Jews". However, Masaryk endorsed antisemitic theories about Jewish control of the press, writing to Beneš in October 1918: "Hilsner helped us a lot now: Zionists and other Jews have publicly accepted our programme." Beneš refused to sign a treaty guaranteeing minority rights to Czechoslovak Jews because he declared it to be a form of defamation against Czechoslovakia. When Jewish activists pressed the issue, Beneš referred to increasing antisemitism in Czechoslovakia and warned that further demands could "provoke renewed recriminations from one side or the other". The myth of Czechoslovak exceptionalism was promoted in polemic fashion and exploited for political gain by Czechoslovak politicians from the Paris Peace Conference after World War I, throughout the First Czechoslovak Republic and the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, and in the Third Czechoslovak Republic until the 1948 Communist coup. Jan Láníček emphasizes the importance of a 1930 issue of the Jewish Daily Bulletin, dedicated to Masaryk and featuring praise from American Jewish leaders Stephen Samuel Wise and Felix Frankfurter, as well as the Zionist Vladimir Jabotinsky and American vice president Charles Curtis, especially for Masaryk's support for Zionism. "Masaryk cult" Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (right) accompanied with Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld on his visit in Jerusalem (1927) According to Andrea Orzoff the "Masaryk cult", an element in the Czechoslovak myth, exaggerates the importance and positive qualities of Masaryk, while downplaying the role that domestic resistance played in securing Czechoslovak independence. However, historians disagree on whether "cult of personality" is the right term, noting the differences between Masaryk and Joseph Stalin. Historicity Orzoff notes that "all successful myths incorporate elements of generally recognized truth": Czechoslovakia was the last central European state to retain its democracy, up until 1938; its minorities enjoyed greater protections than in other countries; and Czechoslovakia was in many respects closer to Western Europe than its neighbors. She does not intend the term "myth" to be pejorative: "Rather, the term “myth” helps highlight the essentialist, fabulistic narrative underscoring political and academic discourse on the “natively democratic” Czechs and Czechoslovakia since 1918". However, the narrative is inconsistent with some events in Czechoslovak history, such as antisemitic violence between 1918 and 1920. References ^ Lichtenstein 2014, p. 2. ^ a b Lichtenstein 2014, p. 3. ^ Láníček 2013, pp. 4, 10. ^ a b Láníček 2013, p. 5. ^ Orzoff 2009, pp. 18–20. ^ Orzoff, Andrea (28 April 2009b). "The Husbandman: Tomáš Masaryk's Leader Cult in Interwar Czechoslovakia". Austrian History Yearbook. 39: 121–137. doi:10.1017/S0667237808000072. S2CID 144231156. ^ Hajkova, Dagmar; Wingfield, Nancy (2010). "Czech(-Oslovak) national commemorations during the interwar period: Tomáš G. Masaryk and the battle of White Mountain avenged". Acta Historiae. 18 (3): 425–452. ^ Vlnas, “Mýty a kýče první republiky” , Nová Přítomnost 8 (1991): 28–29 ^ Vondra, Pavel (14 September 2007). "Historian: Cult of personality fit for Stalin, not TGM". Aktuálně.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 1 August 2020. ^ Orzoff 2009, p. 21. ^ Orzoff 2009, p. 14. ^ Láníček 2013, pp. 5–6. Sources Láníček, Jan (2013). Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-31747-6. Lichtenstein, Tatjana (2014). "Jewish power and powerlessness: Prague Zionists and the Paris Peace Conference". East European Jewish Affairs. 44 (1): 2–20. doi:10.1080/13501674.2014.904583. S2CID 143998973. Orzoff, Andrea (2009). Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970995-3. Further reading Čapková, Kateřina (2012). Czechs, Germans, Jews?: National Identity and the Jews of Bohemia. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-475-1. Frankl, Michal; Szabó, Miloslav (2015). Budování státu bez antisemitismu?: násilí, diskurz loajality a vznik Československa (in Czech). Nakladatelství Lidové noviny. ISBN 978-80-7422-422-5. Kopeček, Michal (2019). "Czechoslovak interwar democracy and its critical introspections". Journal of Modern European History. 17 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1177/1611894418820217. Pynsent, Robert B. (1994). Questions of Identity: Czech and Slovak Ideas of Nationality and Personality. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-1-85866-005-9. Blaive, Muriel (2016). "National Narratives of Czech Identity From the 19th Century to the Present". In Anton Pelinka; et al. (eds.). Geschichtsbuch Mitteleuropa. Vom Fin de Siècle bis zur Gegenwart. New Academic Press. pp. 161–189. Štrama, Vladimír (2023). "Czech Question as an Answer? The Problem of Unpredictability of National Myths". International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity: 1–26. doi:10.1163/22130624-20230008. vteHistorical negationism Denialism Disinformation Knowledge falsification Pseudohistory school textbook controversies Rationalization Victim blaming Genocide denial / denial of mass killingsand atrocities Armenian genocide Atrocities against Indigenous peoples Bosnian genocide Cambodian genocide Genocide of Serbs during WWII Croatian Wikipedia Holodomor Katyn massacre Khojaly massacre Nanjing Massacre U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes Rohingya genocide Rwandan genocide Denial of the 7 October attacks Holocaust Austria victim theory Clean Wehrmacht Rommel / Speer myth Italiani brava gente Trivialization Double genocide theory Vichy syndrome Sonderaktion 1005 Other whitewashingof governments Cuba de ayer Czechoslovak myth Denial of state terrorism in Argentina Driftwood theory Ferdinand Marcos apologism Lost Cause of the Confederacy Dunning School Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil  / Chile Neo-Stalinism Operation Legacy (UK) Other manifestations Allah as a lunar deity Ancient astronauts Ancient Egyptian race controversy Antiquization Book burnings list Censorship of Great Zimbabwe Christ myth theory Dacianism Damnatio memoriae Destruction of cultural heritage Islamic State Saudi Arabia Myth of English aid  Izbrisani Khazar hypothesis LGBT erasure Like sheep to the slaughter Myth of the golden exile Phantom time hypothesis / New chronology Sarmatism Shakespeare authorship question Territorial losses of Thailand Azerbaijan Destruction of Armenian heritage Cemetery in Julfa Nakhchivan  Nizami Ganjavi Western Azerbaijan Germany Borussian myth Myth of Langemarck  Stab-in-the-back myth Israel / Palestine Denial of the 7 October attacks Nakba denial Temple denial There was no such thing as Palestinians Russia Accusations of genocide in Donbas All-Russian nation On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians Censorship of images in the Soviet Union Turkey Denial of Kurds History Thesis Sun Language Theory United States 1776 Commission Irish slaves myth Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth Organizations Adelaide Institute ASİMKK Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War CODOH Dalit Voice FactCheckArmenia.com Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung HIAG Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum Institute for Armenian Research Institute for Historical Review Nippon Kaigi Turkish Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt Publications A Town Betrayed A Verdade Sufocada The Birth of a Nation Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun Did Six Million Really Die? Falsifiers of History Flatline Folk og Land A History of the Palestinian People (2017) Hitler Diaries The Hoax of the Twentieth Century I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle Jasenovac – istina Journal of Historical Review Leuchter report The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism The Ottoman Lieutenant Report about Case Srebrenica Conferences International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust Publishing houses Arndt Verlag J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing Munin Verlag Nation Europa Verlag Legal statusStatute law Austria Belgium France Germany Case law R v Zundel (1992) Lehideux and Isorni v France (1998) Irving v Penguin Books Ltd (2000) Perinçek v. Switzerland (2013) International law Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime Right to truth Related Historical fiction Historical revisionism Historical misconceptions Accusation in a mirror Ash heap of history Censorship Cherry picking Conspiracy theories False attribution Furtive fallacy Genocide justification Propaganda Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia01.png"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtenstein20142-1"}],"text":"Interwar CzechoslovakiaThe Czechoslovak myth is a narrative that Czechoslovakia between 1918 and 1938 was a tolerant and liberal democratic country, oriented towards Western Europe, and free of antisemitism compared to other countries in Central Europe and Eastern Europe. For example, the country was described as \"a welcoming and tolerant place for Jews,\" and an \"island of democracy in Eastern Europe\".[1]","title":"Czechoslovak myth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk"},{"link_name":"Edvard Beneš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Tatjana Lichtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatjana_Lichtenstein"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtenstein20143-2"},{"link_name":"Jewish control of the press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_control_of_the_press"},{"link_name":"Hilsner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilsner_affair"},{"link_name":"Zionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionists"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A1n%C3%AD%C4%8Dek20134,_10-3"},{"link_name":"defamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtenstein20143-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A1n%C3%AD%C4%8Dek20135-4"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919%E2%80%931920"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"First Czechoslovak Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovak government-in-exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile"},{"link_name":"Third Czechoslovak Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic"},{"link_name":"1948 Communist coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Communist_coup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzoff200918%E2%80%9320-5"},{"link_name":"Jan Láníček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_L%C3%A1n%C3%AD%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Jewish Daily Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Daily_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"Stephen Samuel Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Samuel_Wise"},{"link_name":"Felix Frankfurter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Jabotinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Jabotinsky"},{"link_name":"Charles Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Curtis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A1n%C3%AD%C4%8Dek20135-4"}],"text":"The alleged architects of the myth were Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš. Tatjana Lichtenstein notes that these politicians were \"often depicted as tolerant, progressive, and politically sophisticated strategists bestowing rights on 'their' Jews\".[2] However, Masaryk endorsed antisemitic theories about Jewish control of the press, writing to Beneš in October 1918: \"Hilsner helped us a lot now: Zionists and other Jews have publicly accepted our programme.\"[3] Beneš refused to sign a treaty guaranteeing minority rights to Czechoslovak Jews because he declared it to be a form of defamation against Czechoslovakia. When Jewish activists pressed the issue, Beneš referred to increasing antisemitism in Czechoslovakia and warned that further demands could \"provoke renewed recriminations from one side or the other\".[2][4] The myth of Czechoslovak exceptionalism was promoted in polemic fashion and exploited for political gain by Czechoslovak politicians from the Paris Peace Conference after World War I, throughout the First Czechoslovak Republic and the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, and in the Third Czechoslovak Republic until the 1948 Communist coup.[5] Jan Láníček emphasizes the importance of a 1930 issue of the Jewish Daily Bulletin, dedicated to Masaryk and featuring praise from American Jewish leaders Stephen Samuel Wise and Felix Frankfurter, as well as the Zionist Vladimir Jabotinsky and American vice president Charles Curtis, especially for Masaryk's support for Zionism.[4]","title":"Jewish aspect"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonnenfeld-Masaryk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrea Orzoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Orzoff"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"cult of personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_personality"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (right) accompanied with Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld on his visit in Jerusalem (1927)According to Andrea Orzoff the \"Masaryk cult\", an element in the Czechoslovak myth, exaggerates the importance and positive qualities of Masaryk, while downplaying the role that domestic resistance played in securing Czechoslovak independence.[6][7][8] However, historians disagree on whether \"cult of personality\" is the right term, noting the differences between Masaryk and Joseph Stalin.[9]","title":"\"Masaryk cult\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzoff200921-10"},{"link_name":"pejorative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzoff200914-11"},{"link_name":"antisemitic violence between 1918 and 1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%A1n%C3%AD%C4%8Dek20135%E2%80%936-12"}],"text":"Orzoff notes that \"all successful myths incorporate elements of generally recognized truth\": Czechoslovakia was the last central European state to retain its democracy, up until 1938; its minorities enjoyed greater protections than in other countries; and Czechoslovakia was in many respects closer to Western Europe than its neighbors.[10] She does not intend the term \"myth\" to be pejorative: \"Rather, the term “myth” helps highlight the essentialist, fabulistic narrative underscoring political and academic discourse on the “natively democratic” Czechs and Czechoslovakia since 1918\".[11] However, the narrative is inconsistent with some events in Czechoslovak history, such as antisemitic violence between 1918 and 1920.[12]","title":"Historicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Láníček, Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lanicek"},{"link_name":"Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs,_Slovaks_and_the_Jews,_1938%E2%80%9348:_Beyond_Idealisation_and_Condemnation"},{"link_name":"Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-137-31747-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-31747-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/13501674.2014.904583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F13501674.2014.904583"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143998973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143998973"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-970995-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970995-3"}],"text":"Láníček, Jan (2013). Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-31747-6.\nLichtenstein, Tatjana (2014). \"Jewish power and powerlessness: Prague Zionists and the Paris Peace Conference\". East European Jewish Affairs. 44 (1): 2–20. doi:10.1080/13501674.2014.904583. S2CID 143998973.\nOrzoff, Andrea (2009). Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970995-3.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85745-475-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-475-1"},{"link_name":"Frankl, Michal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_Frankl"},{"link_name":"Nakladatelství Lidové noviny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakladatelstv%C3%AD_Lidov%C3%A9_noviny"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-80-7422-422-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7422-422-5"},{"link_name":"\"Czechoslovak interwar democracy and its critical introspections\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F1611894418820217"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/1611894418820217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F1611894418820217"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85866-005-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85866-005-9"},{"link_name":"\"National Narratives of Czech Identity From the 19th Century to the Present\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/31228202"},{"link_name":"\"Czech Question as an Answer? The Problem of Unpredictability of National Myths\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F22130624-20230008"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/22130624-20230008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F22130624-20230008"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Falsification_of_history"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Falsification_of_history"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Falsification_of_history"},{"link_name":"Historical negationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_negationism"},{"link_name":"Denialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialism"},{"link_name":"Disinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation"},{"link_name":"Knowledge 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authorship question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question"},{"link_name":"Territorial losses of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_losses_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsification_of_history_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Cemetery in Julfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_cemetery_in_Julfa"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Destruction_of_Armenian_heritage_in_Nakhchivan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5"},{"link_name":"Nizami 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Genocide Memorial and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Genocide_Memorial_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Institute for Armenian Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Armenian_Research"},{"link_name":"Institute for Historical Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review"},{"link_name":"Nippon Kaigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi"},{"link_name":"Turkish Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"United Daughters of the Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitgeschichtliche_Forschungsstelle_Ingolstadt"},{"link_name":"A Town Betrayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Town_Betrayed"},{"link_name":"A Verdade Sufocada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Verdade_Sufocada"},{"link_name":"The Birth of a Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation"},{"link_name":"Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverage_of_the_Hillsborough_disaster_by_The_Sun"},{"link_name":"Did Six Million Really Die?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F"},{"link_name":"Falsifiers of History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiers_of_History"},{"link_name":"Flatline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatline_(B.o.B_song)"},{"link_name":"Folk og Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_og_Land"},{"link_name":"A History of the Palestinian People (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_the_Palestinian_People"},{"link_name":"Hitler Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Diaries"},{"link_name":"The Hoax of the Twentieth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hoax_of_the_Twentieth_Century"},{"link_name":"I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_More_Than_a_Wolf_Whistle"},{"link_name":"Jasenovac – istina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasenovac_%E2%80%93_istina"},{"link_name":"Journal of Historical Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Historical_Review"},{"link_name":"Leuchter report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuchter_report"},{"link_name":"The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Side:_The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Nazism_and_Zionism"},{"link_name":"The Ottoman Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ottoman_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Report about Case Srebrenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Report_about_Case_Srebrenica"},{"link_name":"International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_to_Review_the_Global_Vision_of_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Arndt Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arndt_Verlag"},{"link_name":"J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.J._Fedorowicz_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Munin Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munin_Verlag"},{"link_name":"Nation Europa Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_Europa"},{"link_name":"Statute law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbotsgesetz_1947"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Holocaust_denial_law"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayssot_Act"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksverhetzung"},{"link_name":"R v Zundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_v_Zundel"},{"link_name":"Lehideux and Isorni v France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehideux_and_Isorni_v_France"},{"link_name":"Irving v Penguin Books Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_v_Penguin_Books_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Perinçek v. Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perin%C3%A7ek_v._Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additional_Protocol_to_the_Convention_on_Cybercrime"},{"link_name":"Right to truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_truth"},{"link_name":"Historical fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fiction"},{"link_name":"Historical revisionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionism"},{"link_name":"Historical misconceptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_misconception"},{"link_name":"Accusation in a mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror"},{"link_name":"Ash heap of history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history"},{"link_name":"Censorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"Cherry picking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_picking"},{"link_name":"Conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"False attribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_attribution"},{"link_name":"Furtive fallacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furtive_fallacy"},{"link_name":"Genocide justification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_justification"},{"link_name":"Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_negationism"}],"text":"Čapková, Kateřina (2012). Czechs, Germans, Jews?: National Identity and the Jews of Bohemia. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-475-1.\nFrankl, Michal; Szabó, Miloslav (2015). Budování státu bez antisemitismu?: násilí, diskurz loajality a vznik Československa [Building a state without antisemitism?: violence, loyalty discourse, and the establishment of Czechoslovakia] (in Czech). Nakladatelství Lidové noviny. ISBN 978-80-7422-422-5.\nKopeček, Michal (2019). \"Czechoslovak interwar democracy and its critical introspections\". Journal of Modern European History. 17 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1177/1611894418820217.\nPynsent, Robert B. (1994). Questions of Identity: Czech and Slovak Ideas of Nationality and Personality. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-1-85866-005-9.\nBlaive, Muriel (2016). \"National Narratives of Czech Identity From the 19th Century to the Present\". In Anton Pelinka; et al. (eds.). Geschichtsbuch Mitteleuropa. Vom Fin de Siècle bis zur Gegenwart. New Academic Press. pp. 161–189.\nŠtrama, Vladimír (2023). \"Czech Question as an Answer? The Problem of Unpredictability of National Myths\". International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity: 1–26. doi:10.1163/22130624-20230008.vteHistorical negationism\nDenialism\nDisinformation\nKnowledge falsification\nPseudohistory\nschool textbook controversies\nRationalization\nVictim blaming\nGenocide denial / denial of mass killingsand atrocities\nArmenian genocide\nAtrocities against Indigenous peoples\nBosnian genocide\nCambodian genocide\nGenocide of Serbs during WWII\nCroatian Wikipedia\nHolodomor\nKatyn massacre\nKhojaly massacre\nNanjing Massacre\nU.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes\nRohingya genocide\nRwandan genocide\nDenial of the 7 October attacks\n Holocaust\nAustria victim theory\nClean Wehrmacht\nRommel / Speer myth\nItaliani brava gente\nTrivialization\nDouble genocide theory\nVichy syndrome\nSonderaktion 1005\n\nOther whitewashingof governments\nCuba de ayer\nCzechoslovak myth\nDenial of state terrorism in Argentina\nDriftwood theory\nFerdinand Marcos apologism\nLost Cause of the Confederacy\nDunning School\nNegationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil [pt] / Chile\nNeo-Stalinism\nOperation Legacy (UK)\nOther manifestations\nAllah as a lunar deity\nAncient astronauts\nAncient Egyptian race controversy\nAntiquization\nBook burnings\nlist\nCensorship of Great Zimbabwe\nChrist myth theory\nDacianism\nDamnatio memoriae\nDestruction of cultural heritage\nIslamic State\nSaudi Arabia\nMyth of English aid [es]\nIzbrisani\nKhazar hypothesis\nLGBT erasure\nLike sheep to the slaughter\nMyth of the golden exile\nPhantom time hypothesis / New chronology\nSarmatism\nShakespeare authorship question\nTerritorial losses of Thailand\n Azerbaijan\nDestruction of Armenian heritage\nCemetery in Julfa\nNakhchivan [ru]\nNizami Ganjavi\nWestern Azerbaijan\nGermany\nBorussian myth\nMyth of Langemarck [de]\nStab-in-the-back myth\nIsrael / Palestine\nDenial of the 7 October attacks\nNakba denial\nTemple denial\nThere was no such thing as Palestinians\nRussia\nAccusations of genocide in Donbas\nAll-Russian nation\nOn the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians\nCensorship of images in the Soviet Union\nTurkey\nDenial of Kurds\nHistory Thesis\nSun Language Theory\nUnited States\n1776 Commission\nIrish slaves myth\nVietnam stab-in-the-back myth\n\nOrganizations\nAdelaide Institute\nASİMKK\nCentre for the Study of the Causes of the War\nCODOH\nDalit Voice\nFactCheckArmenia.com\nGesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung\nHIAG\nIğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum\nInstitute for Armenian Research\nInstitute for Historical Review\nNippon Kaigi\nTurkish Historical Society\nUnited Daughters of the Confederacy\nZeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt\nPublications\nA Town Betrayed\nA Verdade Sufocada\nThe Birth of a Nation\nCoverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun\nDid Six Million Really Die?\nFalsifiers of History\nFlatline\nFolk og Land\nA History of the Palestinian People (2017)\nHitler Diaries\nThe Hoax of the Twentieth Century\nI Am More Than a Wolf Whistle\nJasenovac – istina\nJournal of Historical Review\nLeuchter report\nThe Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism\nThe Ottoman Lieutenant\nReport about Case Srebrenica\nConferences\nInternational Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust\nPublishing houses\nArndt Verlag\nJ.J. Fedorowicz Publishing\nMunin Verlag\nNation Europa Verlag\nLegal statusStatute law\nAustria\nBelgium\nFrance\nGermany\nCase law\nR v Zundel (1992)\nLehideux and Isorni v France (1998)\nIrving v Penguin Books Ltd (2000)\nPerinçek v. Switzerland (2013)\nInternational law\nAdditional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime\nRight to truth\nRelated\nHistorical fiction\nHistorical revisionism\nHistorical misconceptions\n\nAccusation in a mirror\nAsh heap of history\nCensorship\nCherry picking\nConspiracy theories\nFalse attribution\nFurtive fallacy\nGenocide justification\nPropaganda\n\n Category","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Interwar Czechoslovakia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Czechoslovakia01.png/220px-Czechoslovakia01.png"},{"image_text":"Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (right) accompanied with Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld on his visit in Jerusalem (1927)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sonnenfeld-Masaryk.jpg/220px-Sonnenfeld-Masaryk.jpg"}]

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Masaryk and the battle of White Mountain avenged\""}]},{"reference":"Vondra, Pavel (14 September 2007). \"Historian: Cult of personality fit for Stalin, not TGM\". Aktuálně.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 1 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/historian-cult-of-personality-fit-for-stalin-not-tgm/r~i:article:505136/","url_text":"\"Historian: Cult of personality fit for Stalin, not TGM\""}]},{"reference":"Láníček, Jan (2013). Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-31747-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lanicek","url_text":"Láníček, Jan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs,_Slovaks_and_the_Jews,_1938%E2%80%9348:_Beyond_Idealisation_and_Condemnation","url_text":"Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_(publisher)","url_text":"Springer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-31747-6","url_text":"978-1-137-31747-6"}]},{"reference":"Lichtenstein, Tatjana (2014). \"Jewish power and powerlessness: Prague Zionists and the Paris Peace Conference\". East European Jewish Affairs. 44 (1): 2–20. doi:10.1080/13501674.2014.904583. S2CID 143998973.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501674.2014.904583","url_text":"10.1080/13501674.2014.904583"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143998973","url_text":"143998973"}]},{"reference":"Orzoff, Andrea (2009). Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970995-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970995-3","url_text":"978-0-19-970995-3"}]},{"reference":"Čapková, Kateřina (2012). Czechs, Germans, Jews?: National Identity and the Jews of Bohemia. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-475-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-475-1","url_text":"978-0-85745-475-1"}]},{"reference":"Frankl, Michal; Szabó, Miloslav (2015). Budování státu bez antisemitismu?: násilí, diskurz loajality a vznik Československa [Building a state without antisemitism?: violence, loyalty discourse, and the establishment of Czechoslovakia] (in Czech). Nakladatelství Lidové noviny. ISBN 978-80-7422-422-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_Frankl","url_text":"Frankl, Michal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakladatelstv%C3%AD_Lidov%C3%A9_noviny","url_text":"Nakladatelství Lidové noviny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7422-422-5","url_text":"978-80-7422-422-5"}]},{"reference":"Kopeček, Michal (2019). \"Czechoslovak interwar democracy and its critical introspections\". Journal of Modern European History. 17 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1177/1611894418820217.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1611894418820217","url_text":"\"Czechoslovak interwar democracy and its critical introspections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1611894418820217","url_text":"10.1177/1611894418820217"}]},{"reference":"Pynsent, Robert B. (1994). 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International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity: 1–26. doi:10.1163/22130624-20230008.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22130624-20230008","url_text":"\"Czech Question as an Answer? The Problem of Unpredictability of National Myths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22130624-20230008","url_text":"10.1163/22130624-20230008"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act

Copyright Remedy Clarification Act

["1 Unconstitutionality","2 Allen v. Cooper","3 Case law","4 References","5 External links","6 See also"]

United States copyright law Copyright Remedy Clarification ActLong titleTo amend chapters 5 and 9 of title 17, United States Code, to clarify that States, instrumentalities of States, and officers and employees of States acting in their official capacity, are subject to suit in Federal court by any person for infringement of copyright and infringement of exclusive rights in mask works, and that all the remedies can be obtained in such suit that can be obtained in a suit against a private person or against other public entities.Acronyms (colloquial)CRCAEnacted bythe 101st United States CongressCitationsPublic lawPub. L. 101-553Statutes at Large104 Stat. 2749 (1990)CodificationActs amendedCopyright Act of 1976Titles amended17 (Copyrights)U.S.C. sections amended17 USC 511(a)Legislative historyIntroduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 3045 by Robert Kastenmeier (D–WI) on July 28, 1989 The Copyright Remedy Clarification Act (CRCA) is a United States copyright law that attempted to abrogate sovereign immunity of states for copyright infringement. The CRCA amended 17 USC 511(a): In general. Any State, any instrumentality of a State, and any officer or employee of a State or instrumentality of a State acting in his or her official capacity, shall not be immune, under the Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of the United States or under any other doctrine of sovereign immunity, from suit in Federal Court by any person, including any governmental or nongovernmental entity, for a violation of any of the exclusive rights of a copyright owner provided by sections 106 through 122, for importing copies of phonorecords in violation of section 602, or for any other violation under this title. Unconstitutionality The CRCA has been struck down as unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in Allen v. Cooper (March 23, 2020). The Supreme Court decision followed district and appellate courts in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 9th, and 11th Circuits. The 11th Circuit did not strike down the CRCA but did not allow it to be used to avoid sovereign immunity on the facts that were before it. A case in the 9th Circuit settled before decision. Courts have generally followed the logic applied by the US Supreme Court in Seminole Tribe v. Florida, and applied in the patent context in Florida Prepaid v. College Savings Bank, 527 U.S. 627 (1999). In these cases the Court held that the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits Congress from using its Article I powers to abrogate states' sovereign immunity (a holding that later Supreme Court cases such as Central Virginia Community College v. Katz have qualified), and that the Patent Remedy Clarification Act did not have a sufficient basis to meet Fourteenth Amendment requirements. Although most courts have refused to enforce the CRCA, one district court upheld the Act in 2017 and the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals should rule on an appeal from that decision in mid to late 2018. Several cases upheld the sovereign immunity of state universities in particular. Legal scholars Paul J. Heald and Michael Wells wrote that the majority of lower courts that have addressed the question have assumed state universities to be arms of the state for the purpose of asserting Eleventh Amendment immunity. Putting aside until later the case of state officials sued in their official capacities, an entity that successfully proves it is an arm of the state presumptively is entitled to absolute immunity from suit in federal court, irrespective of the nature of the cause of action pleaded against it. Further, cases for copyright violation by university radio stations were also dismissed as the radio, funded mostly by the university, was found to enjoy the same immunity. Here, the evidence is convincing and clear that WKMS is both financially and operationally dependent on the University and its Board of Regents, which, as we have already established, is considered the Commonwealth of Kentucky for purposes of Eleventh Amendment immunity. See Jackson v. Murray State Univ., 834 F. Supp. 2d. Based on this evidence, it is clear that the Murray State University Board of Regents and the Commonwealth of Kentucky remain the real parties in interest to this action notwithstanding Plaintiff’s amendments in his Second Amended Complaint. We therefore lack subject matter jurisdiction over this case given that none of the exceptions to the state's sovereign immunity apply here. See Philpot v. WUIS/University of Illinois Springfield, 2015 WL 5037551 (Aug. 25, 2015) (dismissing for lack of jurisdiction). The CRCA attempt was repeated by Congress with the Intellectual Property Protection Restoration Act of 2001. Allen v. Cooper The North Carolina Legislature passed "Blackbeard's Law", N.C. General Statute §121-25(b), which stated, "All photographs, video recordings, or other documentary materials of a derelict vessel or shipwreck or its contents, relics, artifacts, or historic materials in the custody of any agency of North Carolina government or its subdivisions shall be a public record pursuant to Chapter 132 of the General Statutes." The state government of North Carolina accordingly uploaded videos of the wreck of the Queen Anne's Revenge to its website. Nautilus Productions, the company documenting the recovery since 1998, filed suit in federal court over copyright violations. The Supreme Court granted certiorari in the case in 2019. On November 5, 2019 the United States Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Allen v. Cooper. On March 23, 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States issued an opinion in Allen v. Cooper, holding that Congress had no Constitutional authority to abrogate state sovereign immunity via the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act. In other words, the CRCA is unconstitutional. Congress failed to provide evidence to support the need to abrogate sovereign immunity. The case had received broad participation. The American Library Association and others filed an amicus brief siding with the state, saying that "state-run libraries and archives have not abused state sovereign immunity; copyright holders have sufficient means of enforcing their rights against state-run libraries and archives; elimination of the sovereign immunity for copyright claims would endanger digital preservation efforts by state-run libraries and archives". Thirteen amici filed briefs in support of Allen, including the United States Chamber of Commerce, the Recording Industry Association of America, the Copyright Alliance, the Software and Information Industry Association, and the National Press Photographers Association. Those briefs proposed various doctrines under which the CRCA could validly abrogate sovereign immunity and variously re-asserted and supported the reasons why Congress examined and enacted CRCA, claiming that Congress was fair in finding that states had abused immunity and that an alternative remedy was needed. The brief by APLU and AAU stated the opposite on all counts. 30 states also filed a brief in support of Cooper, denying that the states had ever given up their sovereign immunity by ratifying the Progress Clause or otherwise. The brief by a law professor stated that there was no copyright infringement in the first place, under de minimis and fair use. Following the ruling, Senators Thom Tillis (R-North Carolina) and Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont), of the intellectual property subcommittee on the Senate Judiciary Committee, sent letters to the U.S. Copyright Office and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office requesting a study detailing copyright infringements by state governments. The United States Copyright Office gave intellectual property owners suffering infringement by state entities until August 3, 2020 to publicly comment as part of this inquiry. In September 2020 the U.S. Copyright Office began publishing comments where the copyright industry alleged hundreds of copyright violations by state entities across decades, while libraries and state entities denied the significance or intentionality of the alleged infringements. The subsequent report, issued on August 31, 2021 by the U.S. Copyright Office, referenced 132 copyright lawsuits filed against state entities and stated that "The Office..continues to believe that infringement by state entities is an issue worthy of congressional action." As a result of the ruling Nautilus filed a motion for reconsideration in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina. On August 18, 2021 Judge Terrence Boyle granted the motion for reconsideration which North Carolina promptly appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. The 4th Circuit denied the state's motion on October 14, 2022. Nautilus then filed their second amended complaint on February 8, 2023 alleging 5th and 14th Amendment violations of Nautilus' constitutional rights, additional copyright violations, and claiming that North Carolina's "Blackbeard's Law," N.C. General Statute §121-25(b), represents a Bill of Attainder. In a press release Nautilus noted that, "North Carolina...and state entities can sue others for copyright infringement and damages. However, U.S. citizens and corporations are legally barred from suing states or state entities for those very same copyright infringements or for damages!” Eight years after the law's passage, on June 30, 2023, North Carolina Gov. Roy Cooper signed a bill repealing Blackbeard's Law. Case law Chavez v. Arte Publico Press, 204 F.3d 601 (5th Cir. 2000) Salerno v. City University of New York, 191 F. Supp. 2d 352 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) Hairston v. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 2005 WL 2136923 (M.D.N.C. 2005) De Romero v. Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, 466 F. Supp. 2d 410 (D.P.R. 2006) Marketing Information Masters v. The Trustees of the California State University, 522 F.Supp. 2d 1088 (S.D. Cal. 2008) Romero v. California Dept. of Transportation, 2009 WL 650629 (C.D. Cal. 2009) Jacobs v. Memphis Convention and Visitors Bureau, 710 F. Supp. 2d 663 (W.D. Tenn. 2010) Parker v. Dufreshne, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 64481 (W.D. La. 2010) Whipple v. Utah, 2011 WL 4368568 (D. Utah 2011) National Association of Boards of Pharmacy v. University of Georgia (11th Cir. 2011) – says CRCA could be justified by 14th Amendment but the case before it did not present a factually sufficient due process claim. Reiner v. Saginaw Valley State University et al (Thomas Canale), E.D. Mich. March 15, 2018 (following other circuits in not entertaining a CRCA claim) Coyle v. University of Kentucky, 2. F. Supp. 3d 1014 (E.D. Ky. March 4, 2014) Issaenko v. University of Minnesota, 57 F.Supp. 3d 985 (D. Minn. 2014) Philpot v. WUIS/University of Illinois Springfield, S.D. Ind. Aug. 25, 2015. Campinha-Bacote v. Regents of the University of Michigan, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5958 (S.D. Ohio Jan. 19, 2016) American Shooting Center, Inc. v. Sefcor Int'l, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96111 (S.D. Cal. July 22, 2016) Alisa Wolf v. Oakland University, E.D. Mich. Dec. 5, 2016 (finding Chavez and Jacobs to be "highly persuasive") Nettleman III v. Florida Atlantic University, S.D. Fla. Jan. 5, 2017 (finding plaintiff did not state a complaint under the CRCA sufficient to abrogate state immunity, and noting the 5th Circuit's Chavez holding CRCA to be unconstitutional) Bell v. Indiana University (S.D. Ind. March 9, 2018) Allen v. Cooper, (U.S. Supreme Court March 23, 2020) References ^ "Court Confirms Sovereign Immunity for State Universities in Copyright Suit". Copyright Licensing Office. Retrieved 2019-01-22. ^ "Are Public Universities Immune from Copyright Infringement?". Copyright Licensing Office. Retrieved 2019-01-22. ^ Heald, Paul; Wells, Michael (1 June 1998). "Remedies for the Misappropriation ofIntellectual Property by State and MunicipalGovernments Before and After SeminoleTribe: The Eleventh Amendmentand Other Immunity Doctrines". Washington and Lee Law Review. 55 (3): 849. ^ Philpot v. WKMS (United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana Indianapolis Division 2016-03-30), Text. ^ Roberts, Alisa (2002). "Congress' Latest Attempt to Abrogate States' Sovereign Immunity Defense Against Copyright Infringement Actions: Will IPPRA Help the Music Industry Combat Online Piracy on College Campuses?". DePaul Journal of Art, Technology & Intellectual Property Law. 12 (39). ^ "§ 121-25. License to conduct exploration, recovery or salvage operations" (PDF). ncleg.gov. North Carolina. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "Allen v Cooper, et al". Supreme Court of the United States. Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved 22 June 2019. ^ Gresko, Jessica (3 June 2019). "High court will hear copyright dispute involving pirate ship". Associated Press. Retrieved 22 June 2019. ^ Wolverton, Paul (2 November 2019). "Pirate ship lawsuit from Fayetteville goes to Supreme Court on Tuesday". Fayetteville Observer. Retrieved 2 November 2019. ^ "Allen v. Cooper". ^ "No. 18-877". Supreme Court of the United States. Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved 25 July 2019. ^ Liptak, Adam (2 September 2019). "Blackbeard's Ship Heads to Supreme Court in a Battle Over Another Sort of Piracy". New York Times. Retrieved 20 October 2019. ^ Gardner, Eriq (5 November 2019). "Supreme Court Wrestles With Consequences for Piracy by State Governments". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 16 November 2019. ^ Murphy, Brian (5 November 2019). "How Blackbeard's ship and a diver with an 'iron hand' ended up at the Supreme Court". Charlotte Observer. Retrieved 16 November 2019. ^ Wolf, Richard (5 November 2019). "Aarrr, matey! Supreme Court justices frown on state's public display of pirate ship's salvage operation". USA Today. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ Livni, Ephrat (5 November 2019). "A Supreme Court piracy case involving Blackbeard proves truth is stranger than fiction". Quartz. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ Woolverton, Paul (5 November 2019). "Supreme Court justices skeptical in Blackbeard pirate ship case from Fayetteville". Fayetteville Observer. Retrieved 27 December 2019. ^ "LCA Joins Amicus Brief: Frederick L. Allen, et al., v. Roy A. Cooper, III". 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2019-11-17. ^ "Allen v. Cooper". Copyright Alliance. Retrieved 18 November 2019. ^ "NPPA, ASMP asks SCOTUS for protection of copyright infringement by states". NPPA. Retrieved 18 November 2019. ^ "Allen v. Cooper". U.S. Chamber Litigation Center. Retrieved 18 November 2019. ^ Kass, Dani. "Copyright Cavalry Supports Pirate Ship Photog At High Court". Constitutional Accountability Center. Retrieved 17 November 2019. ^ Gardner, Eriq (29 April 2020). "Senators Ask U.S. Copyright, Patent Offices to Study Infringement by States". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 15 June 2020. ^ "State Sovereign Immunity Study". Copyright.gov. U.S. Copyright Office. Retrieved 15 June 2020. ^ "Sovereign Immunity Study". Regulations.gov. Retrieved 15 October 2020. ^ Madigan, Kevin. "Copyright Alliance Survey Reveals Growing Threat of State Infringement". Copyright Alliance. Retrieved 15 October 2020. ^ "Copyright and State Sovereign Immunity" (PDF). copyright.gov. U.S. Copyright Office. Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ McKlveen, Gina (28 October 2022). "A North Carolina Filmmaker Continues to Challenge State Sovereign Immunity". Institute of Art & Law. Retrieved 24 March 2023. ^ "Reconsideration Granted" (PDF). Nautilus Productions. Retrieved 5 April 2023. ^ "4th Circuit Recon" (PDF). Nautilus Productions. Retrieved 5 April 2023. ^ "§ 121-25. License to conduct exploration, recovery or salvage operations" (PDF). ncleg.gov. North Carolina. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ "PLAINTIFFS' SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT" (PDF). IPWatchdog. IPWatchdog. Retrieved 24 March 2023. ^ Barnes, Greg (14 February 2023). "Fayetteville's Blackbeard shipwreck filmmaker fires back in new court case". CityView. Retrieved 24 March 2023. ^ "Blackbeard Copyright Case Gets Second Chance in Federal Court". PRLOG. Nautilus Productions. Retrieved 27 October 2023. ^ "AN ACT TO MAKE VARIOUS CHANGES TO THE STATUTES GOVERNING THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES, AS RECOMMENDED BY THE DEPARTMENT" (PDF). ncleg.gov. North Carolina. Retrieved 21 July 2023. External links SCOTUS considers ‘Blackbeard’s Law’ in shipwreck copyright suit, World Intellectual Property Review Justices pillage state arguments for sovereign immunity for copyright infringement, SCOTUS Blog Allen v. Cooper: Suing States for IP Infringement Patently-O Blackbeard’s Revenge: Sovereign Immunity and Copyright, Plagiarism Today How Blackbeard’s ship and a diver with an ‘iron hand’ ended up at the Supreme Court, Charlotte Observer Episode 955: Pirate Videos, Planet Money, NPR Sovereign Immunity Study: Notice and Request for Public Comment, U.S. Copyright Office Sovereign Immunity Study: Comments U.S. Copyright Office Holding States Accountable for Copyright Piracy Regulatory Transparency Project Copyright and State Sovereign Immunity, U.S. Copyright Office Blackbeard Just Broke Copyright Law, and Now States Are the Pirates, The Escapist Allen v. Cooper, IPWatchdog Allen v. Cooper, JDSupra See also Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank vteCopyright law of the United States 17 U.S.C. Copyright Clause United States Copyright Office Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices CARP → CRB Copyright Catalog Register of Copyrights Section 108 Study Group Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States StatutesPre-1976 Copyright Act of 1790 Copyright Act of 1831 Copyright Act of 1870 International Copyright Act of 1891 Printing Act of 1895 Copyright Act of 1909 1970s Copyright Act of 1976 1980s Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 1990s Visual Artists Rights Act (1990) Copyright Remedy Clarification Act (1990) Copyright Renewal Act of 1992 Audio Home Recording Act (1992) Uruguay Round Agreements Act (1994) No Electronic Theft Act (1994) Copyright Term Extension Act (1998) Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act 2000s Family Entertainment and Copyright Act (2005) 2010s Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act (2014) Music Modernization Act (2018) 2020s CASE Act (2020) Precedentsand rulingsSupreme Court Wheaton v. Peters (1834) Baker v. Selden (1879) Trade-Mark Cases (1879) Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony (1884) Banks v. Manchester (1888) Callaghan v. Myers (1888) Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus (1908) White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. (1908) Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States (1975) Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. (1984) Feist v. Rural (1991) Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. (1994) Quality King v. L'anza (1998) Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003) MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. (2005) Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A. (2010) Golan v. Holder (2012) Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2013) American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. (2014) Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands (2017) Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com (2019) Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. (2020) Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. (2021) Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith (2023) Appeals courts Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc. (2d Cir. 1964) Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co. (9th Cir. 1970) Eltra Corp. v. Ringer (4th Cir. 1978) Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates (9th Cir. 1978) Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc. (7th Cir. 1983) Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp. (3d Cir. 1983) Fisher v. Dees (9th Cir. 1986) Whelan v. Jaslow (3d Cir. 1986) Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd. (5th Cir. 1988) Rogers v. Koons (2nd Cir. 1992) Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc. (2d Cir. 1992) American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc. (2nd Cir. 1995) Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.(9th Cir. 1997) Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc. (2d Cir. 1998) Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp. (9th Cir. 2000) Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp. (1st Cir. 2000) A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. (9th Cir. 2001) Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l (5th Cir. 2002) Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp. (9th Cir. 2002 / 2003) In re Aimster Copyright Litigation (7th Cir. 2003) NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute (2d Cir. 2004) BMG Music v. Gonzalez (7th Cir. 2005) Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd. (2nd Cir. 2006) Blanch v. Koons (2nd Cir. 2006) Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc. (9th Cir. 2006) Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc. (2nd Cir. 2008) Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc. (9th Cir. 2010) Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha (2d Cir. 2011) Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc. (9th Cir. 2012) Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. (2d Cir. 2012) Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc (9th Cir. 2013) Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. (2d Cir. 2015) Lenz v. Universal Music Corp. (9th Cir. 2015) Naruto v. Slater (9th Cir. 2018) Lower courts Folsom v. Marsh (C.C.D. Mass. 1841) Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc. (E.D.N.Y. 1973) Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc. (N.D. Cal. 1986) Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena (M.D. Fla. 1993) Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp. (S.D.N.Y. 1999) RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc. (W.D. Wash. 2000) Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC (S.D.N.Y. 2010) Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc. (S.D.N.Y. 2013) Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc. (C.D. Cal. 2015) Hachette v. Internet Archive (S.D.N.Y. 2023) Berne Convention Uruguay Round Don't Copy That Floppy Home Recording Rights Coalition Nimmer on Copyright "You Wouldn't Steal a Car" vteU.S. Supreme Court Article I case lawEnumeration Clause of Section II Utah v. Evans (2002) Department of Commerce v. New York (2019) Trump v. New York (2020) Qualifications Clauses of Sections II and III Powell v. McCormack (1969) U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995) Cook v. Gralike (2001) Elections Clause of Section IV Ex parte Siebold (1879) Smiley v. Holm (1932) U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995) Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission (2015) Moore v. Harper (2023) Speech or Debate Clause of Section VI Kilbourn v. Thompson (1881) United States v. Johnson (1966) Gravel v. United States (1972) Origination Clause of Section VII Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. (1911) United States v. Munoz-Flores (1990) Presentment Clause of Section VII Pocket Veto Case (1929) Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983) Clinton v. City of New York (1998) Taxing and Spending Clause of Section VIII Hylton v. United States (1796) Collector v. Day (1871) Springer v. United States (1881) Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895) Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co. (1916) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. (1922) United States v. Butler (1936) Helvering v. Davis (1937) South Dakota v. Dole (1987) Sabri v. United States (2004) National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) Commerce Clause of Section VIIIDormant Commerce Clause Brown v. Maryland (1827) Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co. (1829) Cooley v. Board of Wardens (1852) Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886) Swift & Co. v. United States (1905) George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy (1925) Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc. (1935) Edwards v. California (1941) Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona (1945) Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison (1951) Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland (1954) Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc. (1959) National Bellas Hess v. Illinois (1967) Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc. (1970) Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp. (1976) Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady (1977) Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission (1977) City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey (1978) Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland (1978) Reeves, Inc. v. Stake (1980) Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp. (1981) Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas (1982) White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers (1983) South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke (1984) Maine v. Taylor (1986) Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc. (1989) Quill Corp. v. North Dakota (1992) Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt (1992) Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon (1994) C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown (1994) West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy (1994) Granholm v. Heald (2005) United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority (2007) Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis (2008) Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne (2015) South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. (2018) Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas (2019) National Pork Producers Council v. Ross (2023) Others Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Passenger Cases (1849) Paul v. Virginia (1869) Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson (1885) Kidd v. Pearson (1888) In re Debs (1895) United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895) Champion v. Ames (1903) Southern Railway Co. v. United States (1911) Hoke v. United States (1913) Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States (1914) Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen (1923) A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935) Gold Clause Cases (1935) Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan (1935) Carter v. Carter Coal Co. (1936) NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. (1937) United States v. Carolene Products Co. (1938) McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. (1940) United States v. Darby Lumber Co. (1941) United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co. (1942) Wickard v. Filburn (1942) United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n (1944) North American Co. v. SEC (1946) H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond (1949) Henderson v. United States (1950) Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan (1951) Boynton v. Virginia (1960) Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964) Katzenbach v. McClung (1964) Maryland v. Wirtz (1968) National League of Cities v. Usery (1976) Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc. (1981) Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana (1981) EEOC v. Wyoming (1983) Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985) New York v. United States (1992) United States v. Lopez (1995) Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida (1996) Reno v. Condon (2000) United States v. Locke (2000) Jones v. United States (2000) United States v. Morrison (2000) Gonzales v. Raich (2005) National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) Taylor v. United States (2016) Coinage Clause of Section VIIILegal Tender Cases Knox v. Lee (1871) Juilliard v. Greenman (1884) Copyright Clause of Section VIIICopyright Act of 1790 Wheaton v. Peters (1834) Paige v. Banks (1872) Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker (1908) Patent Act of 1793 Tyler v. Tuel (1810) Evans v. Eaton (1818) Evans v. Eaton (1822) Evans v. Hettich (1822) Patent infringement case law Evans v. Jordan (1815) Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co. (1885) Rowell v. Lindsay (1885) Schillinger v. United States (1894) Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell (1913) General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co. (1938) Patentability case law Pennock v. Dialogue (1829) Hotchkiss v. Greenwood (1851) O'Reilly v. Morse (1853) Cochrane v. Deener (1876) City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co. (1878) Egbert v. Lippmann (1881) Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co. (1885) Voss v. Fisher (1885) Copyright Act of 1831 Wheaton v. Peters (1834) Backus v. Gould (1849) Stephens v. Cady (1853) Stevens v. Gladding (1854) Little v. Hall (1856) Paige v. Banks (1872) Baker v. Selden (1879) Callaghan v. Myers (1888) Higgins v. Keuffel (1891) Holmes v. Hurst (1899) Brady v. Daly (1899) Bolles v. Outing Co. (1899) Mifflin v. R. H. White Company (1903) Mifflin v. Dutton (1903) Copyright Act of 1870 Perris v. Hexamer (1879) Trade-Mark Cases (1879) Merrell v. Tice (1881) Schreiber v. Sharpless (1884) Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony (1884) Thornton v. Schreiber (1888) Banks v. Manchester (1888) Callaghan v. Myers (1888) Thompson v. Hubbard (1889) Higgins v. Keuffel (1891) Belford v. Scribner (1892) Brady v. Daly (1899) Bolles v. Outing Co. (1899) Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co. (1903) McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co. (1903) American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister (1907) Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co. (1907) United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co. (1907) White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. (1908) Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n (1908) Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus (1908) Scribner v. Straus (1908) Bong v. Campbell Art Co. (1909) Henry v. A.B. Dick Co. (1912) Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 Straus v. American Publishers Association (1913) Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States (1939) Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC (1941) United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. (1948) Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc. (1979) International Copyright Act of 1891 Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe (1896) McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co. (1903) American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister (1907) White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. (1908) Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker (1908) Bong v. Campbell Art Co. (1909) Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co. (1909) Hills and Co. v. Hoover (1911) Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros. (1911) Copyright Act of 1909 Hills and Co. v. Hoover (1911) DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co. (1914) Herbert v. Shanley Co. (1917) Manners v. Morosco (1920) Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles (1923) Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co. (1931) Douglas v. Cunningham (1935) Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson (1939) Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. (1940) Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons (1943) F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc. (1952) Mazer v. Stein (1954) De Sylva v. Ballentine (1956) Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co. (1964) Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States (1973) Patent misuse case law Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co. (1917) Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co. (1942) Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC (1941) Dowling v. United States (1985) Lanham Act Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc. (1982) San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee (1987) Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc. (1992) Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co. (1995) College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board (1999) Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc. (2001) TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc. (2001) Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. (2003) Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc. (2003) Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc. (2014) POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co. (2014) Matal v. Tam (2017) Iancu v. Brunetti (2019) Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc. (2020) Copyright Act of 1976 Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. (1977) Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. (1984) Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder (1985) Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985) Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid (1989) Stewart v. Abend (1990) Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co. (1991) Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc. (1994) Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. (1994) Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc. (1996) Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc. (1998) Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc. (1998) New York Times Co. v. Tasini (2001) Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003) MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. (2005) Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick (2010) Golan v. Holder (2012) Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2013) Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. (2014) American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. (2014) Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. (2017) Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com (2019) Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc. (2019) Allen v. Cooper (2020) Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. (2020) Other copyright cases American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister (1911) Ferris v. Frohman (1912) Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser (1914) International News Service v. Associated Press (1918) L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co. (1919) Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc. (1923) Educational Films Corp. v. Ward (1931) Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal (1932) George v. Victor Talking Machine Co. (1934) KVOS v. Associated Press (1936) Gibbs v. Buck (1939) Buck v. Gallagher (1939) Commissioner v. Wodehouse (1949) Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc. (1960) Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover (1962) Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc. (1968) Goldstein v. California (1973) Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting (1974) Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken (1975) Other patent cases Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. (1908) Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde (1916) United States v. General Electric Co. (1926) United States v. Univis Lens Co. (1942) Altvater v. Freeman (1943) Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp. (1945) Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co. (1948) Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp. (1950) Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co. (1950) Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co. (1961) Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc. (1964) Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther (1964) Brulotte v. Thys Co. (1964) Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp. (1965) Graham v. John Deere Co. (1966) United States v. Adams (1966) Brenner v. Manson (1966) Lear, Inc. v. Adkins (1969) Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co. (1969) Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc. (1971) Gottschalk v. Benson (1972) United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd. (1973) Dann v. Johnston (1976) Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc. (1976) Parker v. Flook (1978) Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980) Diamond v. Diehr (1981) Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc. (1989) Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc. (1990) Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc. (1996) Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co. (1997) Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc. (1998) Dickinson v. Zurko (1999) Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank (1999) J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. (2001) Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co. (2002) Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd. (2005) eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C. (2006) Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc. (2006) LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc. (2006) MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc. (2007) KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc. (2007) Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp. (2007) Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. (2008) Bilski v. Kappos (2010) Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A. (2011) Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. (2011) Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership (2011) Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. (2012) Kappos v. Hyatt (2012) Bowman v. Monsanto Co. (2013) Gunn v. Minton (2013) Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. (2013) FTC v. Actavis, Inc. (2013) Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International (2014) Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc. (2014) Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc. (2015) Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC (2015) Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. (2016) TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC (2017) Peter v. NantKwest, Inc. (2019) Other trademark cases G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co. (1915) Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co. (1938) Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V. (2020) Necessary and Proper Clause of Section VIII McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Lambert v. Yellowley (1926) Sabri v. United States (2004) Gonzales v. Raich (2005) United States v. Comstock (2010) United States v. Kebodeaux (2013) Habeas corpus Suspension Clause of Section IX Ex parte Bollman (1807) Ex parte Merryman (1861) Ex parte Endo (1944) Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr (2001) Boumediene v. Bush (2008) Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam (2020) No Bills of Attainder or Ex post facto Laws Clause of Section IX Calder v. Bull (1798) Sturges v. Crowninshield (1819) Garner v. Board of Public Works (1851) De Veau v. Braisted (1860) Ex parte Garland (1866) Hawker v. New York (1898) Samuels v. McCurdy (1925) Barr v. City of Columbia (1964) Teague v. Lane (1989) Kansas v. Hendricks (1997) Smith v. Doe (2003) Contract Clause of Section XLegal Tender Cases Hepburn v. Griswold (1870) Others Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Sturges v. Crowninshield (1819) Ogden v. Saunders (1827) Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) Bronson v. Kinzie (1843) Stone v. Mississippi (1880) Smyth v. Ames (1898) Block v. Hirsh (1921) Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell (1934) W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh (1935) City of El Paso v. Simmons (1965) U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey (1977) Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus (1978) Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co. (1983) Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton (1983) Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis (1987) Sveen v. Melin (2018) Import-Export Clause of Section X Brown v. Maryland (1827) Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan (1951) Compact Clause of Section X Florida v. Georgia (1855) Virginia v. West Virginia (1871) Virginia v. Tennessee (1893) Wharton v. Wise (1894) Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors (1985) New Jersey v. New York (1998) Virginia v. Maryland (2003) Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez (2009) Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado (2018)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"sovereign immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_immunity"}],"text":"The Copyright Remedy Clarification Act (CRCA) is a United States copyright law that attempted to abrogate sovereign immunity of states for copyright infringement. The CRCA amended 17 USC 511(a):In general. Any State, any instrumentality of a State, and any officer or employee of a State or instrumentality of a State acting in his or her official capacity, shall not be immune, under the Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of the United States or under any other doctrine of sovereign immunity, from suit in Federal Court by any person, including any governmental or nongovernmental entity, for a violation of any of the exclusive rights of a copyright owner provided by sections 106 through 122, for importing copies of phonorecords in violation of section 602, or for any other violation under this title.","title":"Copyright Remedy Clarification Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allen v. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_v._Cooper"},{"link_name":"Seminole Tribe v. Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_v._Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida Prepaid v. College Savings Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Prepaid_v._College_Savings_Bank"},{"link_name":"Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Central Virginia Community College v. Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Virginia_Community_College_v._Katz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Paul J. Heald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_J._Heald"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"university radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_radio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Intellectual Property Protection Restoration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_Property_Protection_Restoration_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The CRCA has been struck down as unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in Allen v. Cooper (March 23, 2020).The Supreme Court decision followed district and appellate courts in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 9th, and 11th Circuits. The 11th Circuit did not strike down the CRCA but did not allow it to be used to avoid sovereign immunity on the facts that were before it. A case in the 9th Circuit settled before decision. Courts have generally followed the logic applied by the US Supreme Court in Seminole Tribe v. Florida, and applied in the patent context in Florida Prepaid v. College Savings Bank, 527 U.S. 627 (1999). In these cases the Court held that the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits Congress from using its Article I powers to abrogate states' sovereign immunity (a holding that later Supreme Court cases such as Central Virginia Community College v. Katz have qualified), and that the Patent Remedy Clarification Act did not have a sufficient basis to meet Fourteenth Amendment requirements. Although most courts have refused to enforce the CRCA, one district court upheld the Act in 2017 and the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals should rule on an appeal from that decision in mid to late 2018.Several cases upheld the sovereign immunity of state universities in particular.[1][2] Legal scholars Paul J. Heald and Michael Wells wrote[3] thatthe majority of lower courts that have addressed the question have assumed state universities to be arms of the state for the purpose of asserting Eleventh Amendment immunity. Putting aside until later the case of state officials sued in their official capacities, an entity that successfully proves it is an arm of the state presumptively is entitled to absolute immunity from suit in federal court, irrespective of the nature of the cause of action pleaded against it.Further, cases for copyright violation by university radio stations were also dismissed as the radio, funded mostly by the university, was found to enjoy the same immunity.[4]Here, the evidence is convincing and clear that WKMS is both financially and operationally dependent on the University and its Board of Regents, which, as we have already established, is considered the Commonwealth of Kentucky for purposes of Eleventh Amendment immunity. See Jackson v. Murray State Univ., 834 F. Supp. 2d. Based on this evidence, it is clear that the Murray State University Board of Regents and the Commonwealth of Kentucky remain the real parties in interest to this action notwithstanding Plaintiff’s amendments in his Second Amended Complaint. We therefore lack subject matter jurisdiction over this case given that none of the exceptions to the state's sovereign immunity apply here. See Philpot v. WUIS/University of Illinois Springfield, 2015 WL 5037551 (Aug. 25, 2015) (dismissing for lack of jurisdiction).The CRCA attempt was repeated by Congress with the Intellectual Property Protection Restoration Act of 2001.[5]","title":"Unconstitutionality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackbeard's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbeard%27s_Law"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nautilus Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_Productions"},{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"certiorari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"American Library Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Association"},{"link_name":"state-run libraries and archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_libraries_and_archives"},{"link_name":"digital preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_preservation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"United States Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Copyright Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Software and Information Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_and_Information_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"National Press Photographers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Press_Photographers_Association"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"APLU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Public_and_Land-grant_Universities"},{"link_name":"AAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities"},{"link_name":"Progress Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Clause"},{"link_name":"de minimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_minimis"},{"link_name":"fair use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use"},{"link_name":"Thom Tillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Tillis"},{"link_name":"Patrick Leahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Leahy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Terrence Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Boyle"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Bill of Attainder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Attainder"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Roy Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The North Carolina Legislature passed \"Blackbeard's Law\", N.C. General Statute §121-25(b),[6] which stated, \"All photographs, video recordings, or other documentary materials of a derelict vessel or shipwreck or its contents, relics, artifacts, or historic materials in the custody of any agency of North Carolina government or its subdivisions shall be a public record pursuant to Chapter 132 of the General Statutes.\" The state government of North Carolina accordingly uploaded videos of the wreck of the Queen Anne's Revenge to its website.Nautilus Productions, the company documenting the recovery since 1998, filed suit in federal court over copyright violations.[7][8][9]\nThe Supreme Court granted certiorari in the case in 2019.[10][11][12][13]On November 5, 2019 the United States Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Allen v. Cooper.[14][15][16][17] On March 23, 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States issued an opinion in Allen v. Cooper, holding that Congress had no Constitutional authority to abrogate state sovereign immunity via the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act. In other words, the CRCA is unconstitutional. Congress failed to provide evidence to support the need to abrogate sovereign immunity.The case had received broad participation. The American Library Association and others filed an amicus brief siding with the state, saying that \"state-run libraries and archives have not abused state sovereign immunity; copyright holders have sufficient means of enforcing their rights against state-run libraries and archives; elimination of the sovereign immunity for copyright claims would endanger digital preservation efforts by state-run libraries and archives\".[18] Thirteen amici filed briefs in support of Allen, including the United States Chamber of Commerce, the Recording Industry Association of America, the Copyright Alliance, the Software and Information Industry Association, and the National Press Photographers Association.[19][20][21]\nThose briefs proposed various doctrines under which the CRCA could validly abrogate sovereign immunity and variously re-asserted and supported the reasons why Congress examined and enacted CRCA, claiming that Congress was fair in finding that states had abused immunity and that an alternative remedy was needed.[22] The brief by APLU and AAU stated the opposite on all counts. 30 states also filed a brief in support of Cooper, denying that the states had ever given up their sovereign immunity by ratifying the Progress Clause or otherwise. The brief by a law professor stated that there was no copyright infringement in the first place, under de minimis and fair use.Following the ruling, Senators Thom Tillis (R-North Carolina) and Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont), of the intellectual property subcommittee on the Senate Judiciary Committee, sent letters to the U.S. Copyright Office and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office requesting a study detailing copyright infringements by state governments.[23] The United States Copyright Office gave intellectual property owners suffering infringement by state entities until August 3, 2020 to publicly comment as part of this inquiry.[24] In September 2020 the U.S. Copyright Office began publishing comments where the copyright industry alleged hundreds of copyright violations by state entities across decades, while libraries and state entities denied the significance or intentionality of the alleged infringements.[25][26] The subsequent report, issued on August 31, 2021 by the U.S. Copyright Office, referenced 132 copyright lawsuits filed against state entities and stated that \"The Office..continues to believe that infringement by state entities is an issue worthy of congressional action.\"[27]As a result of the ruling Nautilus filed a motion for reconsideration in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina.[28] On August 18, 2021 Judge Terrence Boyle granted the motion for reconsideration which North Carolina promptly appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.[29] The 4th Circuit denied the state's motion on October 14, 2022.[30] Nautilus then filed their second amended complaint on February 8, 2023 alleging 5th and 14th Amendment violations of Nautilus' constitutional rights, additional copyright violations, and claiming that North Carolina's \"Blackbeard's Law,\" N.C. General Statute §121-25(b),[31] represents a Bill of Attainder.[32][33]In a press release Nautilus noted that, \"North Carolina...and state entities can sue others for copyright infringement and damages. However, U.S. citizens and corporations are legally barred from suing states or state entities for those very same copyright infringements or for damages!”[34] Eight years after the law's passage, on June 30, 2023, North Carolina Gov. Roy Cooper signed a bill repealing Blackbeard's Law.[35]","title":"Allen v. Cooper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E.D. Mich. March 15, 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/michigan/miedce/2:2016cv11728/310927/50/0.pdf?ts=1521190070"},{"link_name":"Coyle v. University of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/kentucky/kyedce/5:2012cv00369/71444/37/0.pdf?ts=1394110653"},{"link_name":"Philpot v. WUIS/University of Illinois Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/indiana/insdce/1:2014cv01791/55301/32/0.pdf?ts=1440581531"},{"link_name":"Campinha-Bacote v. Regents of the University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/ohio/ohsdce/1:2015cv00330/184169/22/0.pdf?ts=1453299647"},{"link_name":"Alisa Wolf v. Oakland University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/michigan/miedce/2:2015cv13560/305166/31/0.pdf?ts=1481024497"},{"link_name":"Nettleman III v. Florida Atlantic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nettleman_III_v._Florida_Atlantic_University&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bell v. Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/indiana/insdce/1:2016cv02463/68220/58/0.pdf?ts=1520674428"},{"link_name":"Allen v. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-877.html"}],"text":"Chavez v. Arte Publico Press, 204 F.3d 601 (5th Cir. 2000)\nSalerno v. City University of New York, 191 F. Supp. 2d 352 (S.D.N.Y. 2001)\nHairston v. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 2005 WL 2136923 (M.D.N.C. 2005)\nDe Romero v. Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, 466 F. Supp. 2d 410 (D.P.R. 2006)\nMarketing Information Masters v. The Trustees of the California State University, 522 F.Supp. 2d 1088 (S.D. Cal. 2008)\nRomero v. California Dept. of Transportation, 2009 WL 650629 (C.D. Cal. 2009)\nJacobs v. Memphis Convention and Visitors Bureau, 710 F. Supp. 2d 663 (W.D. Tenn. 2010)\nParker v. Dufreshne, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 64481 (W.D. La. 2010)\nWhipple v. Utah, 2011 WL 4368568 (D. Utah 2011)\nNational Association of Boards of Pharmacy v. University of Georgia (11th Cir. 2011) – says CRCA could be justified by 14th Amendment but the case before it did not present a factually sufficient due process claim.\nReiner v. Saginaw Valley State University et al (Thomas Canale), E.D. Mich. March 15, 2018 (following other circuits in not entertaining a CRCA claim)\nCoyle v. University of Kentucky, 2. F. Supp. 3d 1014 (E.D. Ky. March 4, 2014)\nIssaenko v. University of Minnesota, 57 F.Supp. 3d 985 (D. Minn. 2014)\nPhilpot v. WUIS/University of Illinois Springfield, S.D. Ind. Aug. 25, 2015.\nCampinha-Bacote v. Regents of the University of Michigan, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5958 (S.D. Ohio Jan. 19, 2016)\nAmerican Shooting Center, Inc. v. Sefcor Int'l, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 96111 (S.D. Cal. July 22, 2016)\nAlisa Wolf v. Oakland University, E.D. Mich. Dec. 5, 2016 (finding Chavez and Jacobs to be \"highly persuasive\")\nNettleman III v. Florida Atlantic University, S.D. Fla. Jan. 5, 2017 (finding plaintiff did not state a complaint under the CRCA sufficient to abrogate state immunity, and noting the 5th Circuit's Chavez holding CRCA to be unconstitutional)\nBell v. Indiana University (S.D. Ind. March 9, 2018)\nAllen v. Cooper, (U.S. Supreme Court March 23, 2020)","title":"Case law"}]

[]

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Kalo Inoculant Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_Bros._Seed_Co._v._Kalo_Inoculant_Co."},{"title":"Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Atlantic_%26_Pacific_Tea_Co._v._Supermarket_Equipment_Corp."},{"title":"Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graver_Tank_%26_Manufacturing_Co._v._Linde_Air_Products_Co."},{"title":"Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro_Manufacturing_Co._v._Convertible_Top_Replacement_Co."},{"title":"Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compco_Corp._v._Day-Brite_Lighting,_Inc."},{"title":"Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur-Ellis_Co._v._Kuther"},{"title":"Brulotte v. Thys Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brulotte_v._Thys_Co."},{"title":"Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. 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Hilton Davis Chemical Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner-Jenkinson_Co._v._Hilton_Davis_Chemical_Co."},{"title":"Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfaff_v._Wells_Electronics,_Inc."},{"title":"Dickinson v. Zurko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson_v._Zurko"},{"title":"Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board_v._College_Savings_Bank"},{"title":"J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._E._M._Ag_Supply,_Inc._v._Pioneer_Hi-Bred_International,_Inc."},{"title":"Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festo_Corp._v._Shoketsu_Kinzoku_Kogyo_Kabushiki_Co."},{"title":"Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_KGaA_v._Integra_Lifesciences_I,_Ltd."},{"title":"eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay_Inc._v._MercExchange,_L.L.C."},{"title":"Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Tool_Works_Inc._v._Independent_Ink,_Inc."},{"title":"LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LabCorp_v._Metabolite,_Inc."},{"title":"MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedImmune,_Inc._v._Genentech,_Inc."},{"title":"KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSR_International_Co._v._Teleflex_Inc."},{"title":"Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._AT%26T_Corp."},{"title":"Quanta Computer, Inc. v. 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Minton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunn_v._Minton"},{"title":"Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Molecular_Pathology_v._Myriad_Genetics,_Inc."},{"title":"FTC v. Actavis, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTC_v._Actavis,_Inc."},{"title":"Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Corp._v._CLS_Bank_International"},{"title":"Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai_Techs.,_Inc._v._Limelight_Networks,_Inc.#Supreme_Court"},{"title":"Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teva_Pharmaceuticals_USA,_Inc._v._Sandoz,_Inc."},{"title":"Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimble_v._Marvel_Entertainment,_LLC"},{"title":"Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc._v._Samsung_Electronics_Co."},{"title":"TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TC_Heartland_LLC_v._Kraft_Foods_Group_Brands_LLC"},{"title":"Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_v._NantKwest,_Inc."},{"title":"trademark cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_trademark_case_law"},{"title":"G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._%26_C._Merriam_Co._v._Syndicate_Pub._Co."},{"title":"Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg_Co._v._National_Biscuit_Co."},{"title":"Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. 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Thuraissigiam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Thuraissigiam"},{"title":"No Bills of Attainder or Ex post facto Laws Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clauses_2_and_3:_Civil_and_legal_protections"},{"title":"Calder v. Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calder_v._Bull"},{"title":"Sturges v. Crowninshield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturges_v._Crowninshield"},{"title":"Garner v. Board of Public Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works"},{"title":"De Veau v. Braisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Veau_v._Braisted"},{"title":"Ex parte Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte_Garland"},{"title":"Hawker v. New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_v._New_York"},{"title":"Samuels v. McCurdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuels_v._McCurdy"},{"title":"Barr v. 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Crowninshield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturges_v._Crowninshield"},{"title":"Ogden v. Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_v._Saunders"},{"title":"Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River_Bridge_v._Warren_Bridge"},{"title":"Bronson v. Kinzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronson_v._Kinzie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Stone v. Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_v._Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Smyth v. Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyth_v._Ames"},{"title":"Block v. Hirsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_v._Hirsh"},{"title":"Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Building_%26_Loan_Ass%27n_v._Blaisdell"},{"title":"W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W.B._Worthen_Co._v._Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"City of El Paso v. Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_El_Paso_v._Simmons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Trust_Co._of_N.Y._v._New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allied_Structural_Steel_Co._v._Spannaus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_Reserves_Group_v._Kansas_P._%26_L._Co.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exxon_Corp._v._Eagerton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Bituminous_Coal_Ass%27n_v._DeBenedictis"},{"title":"Sveen v. Melin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveen_v._Melin"},{"title":"Import-Export Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import-Export_Clause"},{"title":"Brown v. Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Maryland"},{"title":"Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Railroad_Co._v._Rogan"},{"title":"Compact Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Compact_Clause"},{"title":"Florida v. Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_v._Georgia_(1855)"},{"title":"Virginia v. West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_v._West_Virginia"},{"title":"Virginia v. Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_v._Tennessee"},{"title":"Wharton v. Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_v._Wise"},{"title":"Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_New_England#Formation_and_interstate_growth"},{"title":"New Jersey v. New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_v._New_York"},{"title":"Virginia v. Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_v._Maryland"},{"title":"Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Tankers,_Inc._v._City_of_Valdez"},{"title":"Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_v._New_Mexico_and_Colorado"}]

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License to conduct exploration, recovery or salvage operations\" (PDF). ncleg.gov. North Carolina. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_121/GS_121-25.pdf","url_text":"\"§ 121-25. License to conduct exploration, recovery or salvage operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allen v Cooper, et al\". Supreme Court of the United States. Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved 22 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-877.html","url_text":"\"Allen v Cooper, et al\""}]},{"reference":"Gresko, Jessica (3 June 2019). \"High court will hear copyright dispute involving pirate ship\". Associated Press. 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[{"Link":"https://cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/michigan/miedce/2:2016cv11728/310927/50/0.pdf?ts=1521190070","external_links_name":"E.D. Mich. March 15, 2018"},{"Link":"https://cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/kentucky/kyedce/5:2012cv00369/71444/37/0.pdf?ts=1394110653","external_links_name":"Coyle v. University of Kentucky"},{"Link":"https://cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/indiana/insdce/1:2014cv01791/55301/32/0.pdf?ts=1440581531","external_links_name":"Philpot v. WUIS/University of Illinois Springfield"},{"Link":"https://cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/ohio/ohsdce/1:2015cv00330/184169/22/0.pdf?ts=1453299647","external_links_name":"Campinha-Bacote v. Regents of the University of Michigan"},{"Link":"https://cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/michigan/miedce/2:2015cv13560/305166/31/0.pdf?ts=1481024497","external_links_name":"Alisa Wolf v. Oakland University"},{"Link":"https://cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/indiana/insdce/1:2016cv02463/68220/58/0.pdf?ts=1520674428","external_links_name":"Bell v. Indiana University"},{"Link":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-877.html","external_links_name":"Allen v. Cooper"},{"Link":"https://copyright.byu.edu/content/court-confirms-sovereign-immunity-state-universities-copyright-suit","external_links_name":"\"Court Confirms Sovereign Immunity for State Universities in Copyright Suit\""},{"Link":"https://copyright.byu.edu/content/are-public-universities-immune-copyright-infringement","external_links_name":"\"Are Public Universities Immune from Copyright Infringement?\""},{"Link":"https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/wlulr/vol55/iss3/11/","external_links_name":"\"Remedies for the Misappropriation ofIntellectual Property by State and MunicipalGovernments Before and After SeminoleTribe: The Eleventh Amendmentand Other Immunity Doctrines\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/gov.uscourts.insd.55298/gov.uscourts.insd.55298.37.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Text"},{"Link":"https://via.library.depaul.edu/jatip/vol12/iss1/6","external_links_name":"\"Congress' Latest Attempt to Abrogate States' Sovereign Immunity Defense Against Copyright Infringement Actions: Will IPPRA Help the Music Industry Combat Online Piracy on College Campuses?\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_121/GS_121-25.pdf","external_links_name":"\"§ 121-25. License to conduct exploration, recovery or salvage operations\""},{"Link":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-877.html","external_links_name":"\"Allen v Cooper, et al\""},{"Link":"https://www.apnews.com/bc8c92c2c8b449158537c356a44cf757","external_links_name":"\"High court will hear copyright dispute involving pirate ship\""},{"Link":"https://www.fayobserver.com/news/20191102/pirate-ship-lawsuit-from-fayetteville-goes-to-supreme-court-on-tuesday","external_links_name":"\"Pirate ship lawsuit from Fayetteville goes to Supreme Court on Tuesday\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/allen-v-cooper/","external_links_name":"\"Allen v. 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Supreme Court justices frown on state's public display of pirate ship's salvage operation\""},{"Link":"https://qz.com/1742690/scotus-piracy-case-involving-blackbeard-is-stranger-than-fiction/","external_links_name":"\"A Supreme Court piracy case involving Blackbeard proves truth is stranger than fiction\""},{"Link":"https://www.fayobserver.com/news/20191105/supreme-court-justices-skeptical-in-blackbeard-pirate-ship-case-from-fayetteville","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court justices skeptical in Blackbeard pirate ship case from Fayetteville\""},{"Link":"https://www.librarycopyrightalliance.org/documents/united-states-documents/amicus-briefs/lca-joins-amicus-brief-frederick-l-allen-et-al-v-roy-a-cooper-iii/","external_links_name":"\"LCA Joins Amicus Brief: Frederick L. Allen, et al., v. Roy A. Cooper, III\""},{"Link":"https://copyrightalliance.org/copyright-law/copyright-cases/allen-v-cooper/","external_links_name":"\"Allen v. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Italy

List of wars involving Italy

["1 Italian Wars of Unification","2 Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)","3 Italian Republic (1946-present)","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]

This article is about wars involving modern Italy from 1861 onwards. For wars involving ancient Rome, see List of Roman external wars and battles. This is a list of wars involving the Italian Republic and its predecessor states since the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861, but does not include wars fought by the historic states of Italy. The result of these conflicts follows this legend:   Italian victory   Italian defeat   Another result*   Ongoing conflict *e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside Italy, status quo ante bellum, or a treaty or peace without a clear result. Italian Wars of Unification The Risorgimento movement emerged to unite Italy in the 19th century. Piedmont-Sardinia took the lead in a series of wars to liberate Italy from foreign control. Following three Wars of Italian Independence against the Habsburg Austrians in the north, the Expedition of the Thousand against the Spanish Bourbons in the south, and the Capture of Rome, the unification of the country was completed in 1871 when Rome was declared capital of Italy. Start Finish Name of conflict Belligerents Outcome Combatant 1 Combatant 2 1848 1849 First Italian War of Independence Kingdom of Sardinia Italian Volunteer Army Supported by: Provisional Government of Milan Republic of San Marco Kingdom of Sicily Grand Duchy of Tuscany Duchy of Modena and Reggio Duchy of Parma and Piacenza Roman Republic Austrian Empire Lombardy–Venetia French Republic Kingdom of Two Sicilies Papal States Grand Duchy of Tuscany Austrian-French Victory 1853 1856 Crimean War France Ottoman Empire Egypt Tunis  Britain SardiniaSupported by: Austrian Empire Caucasus Imamate Circassia Abkhazia Russian Empire Mingrelia Kurdish rebels Greece Allied Victory Treaty of Paris 1859 1859 Second Italian War of Independence French Empire Kingdom of SardiniaSupport: United Principalities Austrian EmpireKingdom of Lombardy–Venetia Italian Victory, Armistice of Villafranca (12 July 1859) Sardinia annexed Lombardy from Austria. Sardinia occupied and later annexed Habsburg-ruled Tuscany and Emilia. France gains Savoy and Nice from Sardinia. 1860 1861 Expedition of the Thousand Sardinia  Two SiciliesSupported by Papal States France Spain Italian Victory: Sicily, Southern Italy, Marche and Umbria annexed by Sardinia Collapse of Two Sicilies Foundation of the Kingdom of Italy 1861 1865 Brigandage in Southern Italy  Italy Southern Italian Briganti Bourbon legitimists Spanish partisans Italian Victory 1866 1866 Third Italian War of Independence  Italy  Austrian Empire Austrian withdrawal after defeat in the northern front: Armistice of Cormons and Treaty of Vienna: Kingdom of Italy annexes Venetia and Friuli. 1866 1866 The Seven and a Half Days Revolt  Italy Palermitan Rebels Italian Victory, rebellion suppressed 1870 1870 Capture of Rome  Italy  Papal States Italian Victory, Debellation of the Papal States. Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946) Start Finish Name of conflict Belligerents Outcome Combatant 1 Combatant 2 1885 1895 Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889  Italy  Ethiopia Mahdist Sudan Italian Victory, establishment of Italian Eritrea. 1889 1920 Pacification of Somalia  Italy Various rebels Dervish State Italian Victory, consolidation of Italian Somaliland. 1890 1894 Mahdist War  Italy Mahdist Sudan Italian VictoryAll Sudanese invasions repulsedItalians take Kassala 1895 1896 First Italo-Ethiopian War  Italy  Ethiopia Inconclusive/Other OutcomeTreaty of Addis Ababa: Ethiopia recognised as independent country by Italy. Italy abrogates the Treaty of Wuchale with the establishment of a corridor between Eritrea and Italian Somaliland 1896 1925 Bīmāl revolt  Italy Bimaal Rebels Italian Victory Suppression of the Bimaal revolt 1897 1897 Greco-Turkish War (1897) Greece Italian volunteers Armenian volunteers  Ottoman Empire Turkish Victory Small parts of Thessaly ceded to the Ottoman Empire Cretan State established through the intervention of the great powers of Europe 1897 1898 Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) (International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898)) Cretan revolutionaries Kingdom of Greece British Empire France Italy Russian Empire Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898) German Empire (until March 16th, 1898)  Ottoman Empire Italian Victory Establishment of the Cretan State. Withdraw of Ottoman forces from Crete. 1899 1901 Boxer Rebellion United Kingdom  Japan  Russia France  United States  Germany  Italy  Austria-Hungary Righteous Harmony Society  Manchu-China Italian Allied Victory, Boxer Protocol: Anti-foreign societies banned in China. Italy obtains the Italian concession of Tientsin 1900 1920 Somaliland Campaign  Italy United Kingdom Dervish movement Ethiopian Empire Italian-British Victory Collapse of the Dervish state 1902 1903 Venezuelan naval blockade United Kingdom Germany Italy Venezuela Inconclusive/Other Outcome Venezuelan debt dispute resolved 1911 1912 Italo-Turkish War  Italy  Ottoman Empire Italian Victory: Italy gains Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Fezzan and the Dodecanese Islands. 1911 1917 Italo-Senussi War  Italy Senussi Order Ottoman Empire Italian Victory: Extension of Italian control in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica 1912 1913 First Balkan War Balkan League: Bulgaria Serbia Greece Montenegro Italian volunteers Russia  Ottoman Empire Austria-Hungary Balkan League Victory: Treaty of London 1914 1918 World War I Allied Powers  France  British Empire  United Kingdom  Canada  Newfoundland  Australia  New Zealand  India  South Africa  Russia  United States  Italy  Japan  China  Serbia  Montenegro  Romania  Belgium  Greece  Portugal  Brazil Central Powers  Germany  Austria-Hungary  Ottoman Empire  Bulgaria Italian Allied Victory: Destruction of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Annexation of Trentino-Alto Adige, Gorizia and Gradisca, Istria, Trieste, Zara and the Julian March to the Kingdom of Italy. Armistice of Villa Giusti Treaty of Versailles: German demobilisation Russia pulls out in 1917 Russian Civil War Creation of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin Rises to power Creation of League of Nations 1918 1920 Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War White Movement  British Empire  United Kingdom  Canada  Australia  India  South Africa  United States France  Italy  Japan  Czechoslovakia  Greece  Estonia  Serbia  Poland  Romania  China  Russian SFSR  Far Eastern Republic Latvian SSR Ukrainian SSR Commune of Estonia Mongolian Communists Bolshevik Victory: White Army defeated Allied withdrawal from Russia Soviet Union new Russian Power 1918 1923 Occupation of Constantinople  United Kingdom France Italy  Ottoman Empire Temporary occupation Constantinople Military occupation by the United Kingdom, followed by France and Italy, then abandoned. Britain officially dismantled the Ottoman Empire parliament on 16 March 1920 and restored it on 9 September 1922 to the Ankara Government 1919 1923 Turkish War of Independence  Ottoman Empire Soviet Russia Italy  United Kingdom France Greece Armenia Georgia Italian Allied Victory Treaty of Lausanne 1920 1920 Vlora War  Italy Principality of Albania Compromise agreement Italy voluntarily abandons Vlora, but annexes the island of Saseno. Italy abandons plans to establish a mandate over Albania, but retains diplomatic protection over the country to guarantee its special interests. 1920 1920 Bloody Christmas  Italy Italian Regency of Carnaro Italian Victory: Expulsion of D'Annunzio's forces. Conquest of the Italian Regency of Carnaro. Independence of the Free State of Fiume. 1921 1921 Anti-fascist uprising in Albona  Italy Labin Republic Italian Victory: Fall of the Labin Republic Italian re-annexation of Labin 1923 1932 Pacification of Libya  Italy Senussi Order Italian Victory: Stabilization of Italian rule in Libya. Ethnic cleansing of the Cyrenaican indigenous population. Mass deaths of Cyrenaican indigenous civilians. 1924 1927 Pacification of Italian Somaliland  Italy Somali rebels Italian Victory: All-out defeat of Somali rebels The independent Majeerteen Sultanate is brutally suppressed in 1927, finalizing the Italian occupation of Somalia. 1924 1940 Italian conquest of the Horn of Africa  Italy Sultanate of Hobyo Majeerteen Sultanate  Ethiopian Empire  Britain Italian Victory: Italian conquest of the Horn of Africa. 1935 1937 Second Italo-Abyssinian War  Italy Italian Eritrea Italian Somaliland  Ethiopian Empire Italian Victory: Debellation of Ethiopia, foundation of Italian East Africa. 1936 1939 Spanish Civil War Nationalist  Italy  Germany Portugal Foreign volunteers Republican Foreign volunteers  Soviet Union (1936–1938)  Mexico Italian Allied Victory Defeat of the Second Spanish Republic Beginning of Franco's dictatorship 1939 1939 Invasion of Albania  Italy Albania Italian Victory, Italian occupation of Albania. 1939 1945 World War II Italian Civil War Axis Powers  Germany  Japan  Italy (until 1943)  Italian Social Republic(from 23 Sep. 1943)  Hungary  Romania (until 1944)  Bulgaria (until 1944) Serbia (until 1944)  Slovakia  Croatia  Finland (until 1944) Vichy France  Thailand  Manchukuo  Mengjiang Allied Powers  United States  Soviet Union  United Kingdom  China France Poland  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  India  South Africa  Yugoslavia  Greece  Denmark  Norway  Netherlands  Belgium  Luxembourg  Czechoslovakia  Brazil  Mexico  Ethiopia  Italy (from 1943)  Romania (from 1944)  Bulgaria (from 1944)  Finland (from 1944) 'United Nations' Allied victory: Kingdom of Italy signs the Armistice of Cassibile, declares war on Germany and becomes a co-belligerent of the Allies from 1943-1945. Italian Social Republic, part of the Axis from 1943-1945, is defeated in the Italian Campaign/Italian Civil War by the Allies and the Italian Resistance; Italy signs the Treaty of Paris and is forced to cede Istria, Zara and most of the Julian March to Jugoslavia, Brigue and Tende to France, as well as losing all its colonies and part of its surviving fleet, and paying reparations to several countries. Italian Republic (1946-present) Start Finish Name of Conflict Belligerents Outcome Combatant 1 Combatant 2 1982 1984 Multinational Force in Lebanon  Italy  United States  France  United Kingdom Islamic Jihad Organization Iran Syria Progressive Socialist Party Amal Movement Syrian Allied Victory Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into sectarian militias. Multinational forces evacuated after the US embassy and US Marine barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization. Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization. Civil war continues until 1990. Syrian occupation continues until 2005. 1991 1991 Gulf War Operazione Locusta  Kuwait  United States  Saudi Arabia  France  Egypt  Syria  United Kingdom  Italy Other Allies Iraq Italian Allied Victory Kuwait regains its independence 1992 1995 Bosnian War Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States  Republika Srpska Italian Allied Victory Dayton Accords Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the Dayton Accords Deployment of NATO-led IFOR to oversee the peace agreement Massive civilian casualties for the Bosniak ethnic group 1992 1995 Somali Civil War  United States United Kingdom Italy Saudi Arabia Malaysia Pakistan Spain India Greece Germany France Canada Botswana Belgium Australia Various Somali factions UN withdrawal UN withdrawal. About 100,000 lives were saved by outside resistance. Civil war is ongoing. 1997 1997 1997 Albanian civil unrest(Operation Alba) Government of Sali Berisha (Operation Alba) Italian Armed Forces French Armed Forces Turkish Armed Forces Hellenic Armed Forces Romanian Armed Forces Austrian Armed Forces (Operation Libelle) German Armed Forces (Operation Silver Wake) United States Armed Forces Rebels Italian Allied Victory New Parliamentary Elections. 1998 1999 Kosovo War  United States  France  Canada  Denmark  Germany  Italy Kosovo Liberation Army  Yugoslavia Italian Allied Victory Kosovo occupied by Nato forces Kosovo administered by UNMIK 2001 2001 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia National Liberation Army NATO  Republic of Macedonia Supported by:  Ukraine(main arms supply)  Bulgaria (arms supply) FR Yugoslavia (arms supply)  Russia (arm supply and Contractors) Inconclusive/Other Outcome Ohrid Agreement Macedonian offensive stopped by NATO involvement Ceasefire established The majority of Albanian insurgents agree to disarm in exchange for greater ethnic rights Low intensity resurgence since November 2001 2001 2021 Afghanistan War  Afghanistan United States United Kingdom Italy Germany France Canada Australia New Zealand Georgia Poland Romania Turkey ISAF  Albania  Armenia  Austria  Azerbaijan  Bahrain  Belgium  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bulgaria  Croatia  Czech Republic  Denmark  El Salvador  Estonia  Finland  Greece  Hungary  Iceland  Ireland  Jordan  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Malaysia  Mongolia  Montenegro  Netherlands  Norway  Portugal  Republic of Macedonia  Singapore  Slovakia  Slovenia  South Korea  Spain  Sweden   Switzerland  Tonga  Ukraine  United Arab Emirates Northern Alliance Taliban al-Qaeda Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan HI-Gulbuddin Hezb-e Islami Khalis Haqqani network Lashkar-e-Taiba Jaish-e-Mohammed East Turkestan Islamic Movement Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Islamic Emirate of Waziristan Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi Islamic Jihad Union  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Defeat Invasion of Afghanistan Fall of the Taliban government in Afghanistan Destruction of al-Qaeda camps Over two thirds of al-Qaeda's leadership demolished Occupation of Afghanistan Establishment of a new Afghan Government and Security Force Taliban insurgency Killing of Osama bin Laden Escape of Ayman al-Zawahiri Taliban retakes Kabul 2003 2006 Iraq War  Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Multi-National Force – Iraq:  United States  United Kingdom  Italy  Australia  New Zealand  Spain  Netherlands  Poland  South Korea  Ukraine  Georgia Other Allies Islamic State of Iraq al-QaedaVarious insurgents  Ba'athist Iraq Italian Allied Victory Overthrow of Ba'ath Party government Execution of Saddam Hussein Deployment in Dhi Qar Province Iraqi insurgency, emergence of al-Qaeda in Iraq, and Sectarian Violence Rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the successor of al-Qaeda in Iraq Italian withdrawal in 2006, US withdrawal in 2011 2011 2011 First Libyan Civil War Many NATO members acting under UN mandate, including:  United States  France  Denmark  Italy  Canada and Anti-Gaddafi forces several Arab League states Sweden  Libya Pro-Gaddafi forces Italian Allied Victory Fall of Gaddafi regime Muammar Gaddafi killed National Transitional Council take control 2023 Ongoing Operation Prosperity Guardian  United States  United Kingdom  Canada  France  Greece  Italy  Netherlands  Norway  Spain  Bahrain  Seychelles  Sri Lanka  New Zealand Supreme Political Council  Houthi movement Ongoing conflict See also History of Italy Military history of Italy Notes ^ From 1854 ^ a b From 1855 ^ Until 1855 ^ Until 1854 References ^ Milan Vego (23 November 2004). Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 9781135777159. ^ Indro Montanelli, Storia d'Italia, vol. 6 1861 - 1919, RCS Libri S.p.A., 2006 ^ Pacification of Somalia. ^ Kokkinos, P. (1965). Կոկինոս Պ., Հունահայ գաղութի պատմությունից (1918–1927) (in Armenian). Yerevan: National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. pp. 14, 208–209. ISBN 9789609952002. Cited in Vardanyan, Gevorg (12 November 2012). Հայ-հունական համագործակցության փորձերը Հայոց ցեղասպանության տարիներին (1915–1923 թթ.) ]. akunq.net (in Armenian). Research Center on Western Armenian Studies. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020. ^ Gyula Andrássy, Bismarck, Andrássy, and Their Successors, Houghton Mifflin, 1927, p. 273. ^ Mehmed'in kanı ile kazandığını, değişmez kaderimiz !-barış masasında yine kaybetmiştik..., Cemal Kutay, Etniki Eterya'dan Günümüze Ege'nin Türk Kalma Savaşı, Boğaziçi Yayınları, 1980, p. 141. (in Turkish) ^ Yunanistan'ın savaş meydanındaki yenilgisi ise Büyük Devletler sayesinde barış masasında zafere dönüşmüş, ilk defa Lozan müzakerelerinde aksi yaşanacak olan, Yunanistan'ın mağlubiyetlerle gelişme ve büyümesi bu savaş sonunda bir kez daha görülmüştür., M. Metin Hülagü, "1897 Osmanlı-Yunan Savaşı'nın Sosyal Siyasal ve Kültürel Sonuçları", in Güler Eren, Kemal Çiçek, Halil İnalcık, Cem Oğuz (ed.), Osmanlı, Cilt 2, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, 1999, ISBN 975-6782-05-6, pp. 315–316. (in Turkish) ^ Italy, who had occupied Constantinople and a part of southwestern Anatolia, protected Turkish civilians from Greek and Allied troops and accepted Turkish refugees who had to flee from the regions invaded by the Greek army. The Place of the Turkish Independence War in the American Press (1918-1923) by Bülent Bilmez ^ "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". 23 September 1982. ^ "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". The New York Times. 11 March 1984. ^ Zerkalo Nedeli (28 February 2002). "Paper critical of Western call on Ukraine to stop selling arms to Macedonia". Free Republic. Retrieved 5 May 2015. ^ Carlotta Gall (23 July 2001). "Rebels Secure a Base in Macedonian Town". New York Times. Retrieved 5 May 2015. ^ Taras Kuzio (31 October 2001). "UKRAINE FORGES MILITARY ALLIANCE WITH MACEDONIA". The Jamestown. Retrieved 5 May 2015. ^ "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad's image". NBC News. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2007. ^ "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2014. ^ "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S. Department of State. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2010. vteLists of wars involving European countriesSovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"List of Roman external wars and battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles"},{"link_name":"wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"},{"link_name":"Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"historic states of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"status quo ante bellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum"}],"text":"This article is about wars involving modern Italy from 1861 onwards. For wars involving ancient Rome, see List of Roman external wars and battles.This is a list of wars involving the Italian Republic and its predecessor states since the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861, but does not include wars fought by the historic states of Italy. The result of these conflicts follows this legend:Italian victory\n  Italian defeat\n  Another result*\n  Ongoing conflict*e.g. result unknown or indecisive/inconclusive, result of internal conflict inside Italy, status quo ante bellum, or a treaty or peace without a clear result.","title":"List of wars involving Italy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Risorgimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento"},{"link_name":"Wars of Italian Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Italian_Independence"},{"link_name":"Expedition of the Thousand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand"},{"link_name":"Capture of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Rome"}],"text":"The Risorgimento movement emerged to unite Italy in the 19th century. Piedmont-Sardinia took the lead in a series of wars to liberate Italy from foreign control. Following three Wars of Italian Independence against the Habsburg Austrians in the north, the Expedition of the Thousand against the Spanish Bourbons in the south, and the Capture of Rome, the unification of the country was completed in 1871 when Rome was declared capital of Italy.","title":"Italian Wars of Unification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Italian Republic (1946-present)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-from1854_1-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-from1855_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-from1855_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-until1855_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-until1854_4-0"}],"text":"^ From 1854\n\n^ a b From 1855\n\n^ Until 1855\n\n^ Until 1854","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"title":"History of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italy"},{"title":"Military history of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Tournament_of_the_Americas

1988 Tournament of the Americas

["1 Qualification","2 Format","3 Squads","4 Preliminary round","5 Knockout stage","6 Awards","7 Final standings","8 References"]

International basketball competition 1988 Tournament of the AmericasTournament detailsHost countryUruguayDates22–31 MayTeams7Venue(s)1 (in 1 host city)Final positionsChampions Brazil (2nd title)Runners-up Puerto RicoThird place CanadaFourth place Uruguay← 1984 1989 → The 1988 Tournament of the Americas, later known as the FIBA Americas Championship and the FIBA AmeriCup, was a basketball championship hosted by Uruguay from 22 to 31 May 1988. The games were played in Montevideo. This FIBA AmeriCup was to earn the three berths allocated to the Americas for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The United States did not participate in the tournament, as the team had already been awarded a berth in the Olympics. Brazil defeated Puerto Rico in the final to win the tournament. Canada beat Uruguay in the third place game to claim the final Olympic berth. Qualification Eight teams qualified during the qualification tournaments held in their respective zones in 1987; Canada qualified automatically since they are one of only two members of the North America zone. Panama and the Dominican Republic withdrew from the tournament. The teams formed a single group of seven teams. North America:  Canada Caribbean and Central America: Dominican Republic,  Mexico,  Panama,  Puerto Rico South America:  Argentina,  Brazil,  Uruguay,  Venezuela Format The top four teams from the main group advance to the semifinals. The winners in the knockout semifinals advanced to the Final and were granted berths in the 1988 Summer Olympics tournament in Seoul. The losers figure in a third-place playoff where the winner was given the third and final place in the Olympics. Squads Main article: 1988 Tournament of the Americas squads Preliminary round Qualified for the semifinals Team Pld W L PF PA PD Pts  Brazil 6 5 1 591 559 +32 11  Puerto Rico 6 5 1 493 456 +37 11  Canada 6 3 3 507 506 +1 9  Uruguay 6 3 3 533 487 +46 9  Argentina 6 3 3 533 567 −34 9  Mexico 6 2 4 546 549 −3 8  Venezuela 6 0 6 471 570 −99 6 22 May Puerto Rico  80–63  Canada Montevideo 22 May Brazil  113–93  Argentina Montevideo 22 May Uruguay  100–67  Venezuela Montevideo 23 May Puerto Rico  94–81  Argentina Montevideo 23 May Uruguay  98–84  Mexico Montevideo 23 May Canada  94–88  Venezuela Montevideo 24 May Brazil  98–92  Puerto Rico Montevideo 24 May Canada  84–81  Mexico Montevideo 24 May Argentina  110–77  Venezuela Montevideo 25 May Uruguay  79–68  Canada Montevideo 25 May Argentina  91–89  Mexico Montevideo 25 May Brazil  91–83  Venezuela Montevideo 26 May Puerto Rico  65–63  Venezuela Montevideo 26 May Mexico  111–103  Brazil Montevideo 26 May Argentina  90–82  Uruguay Montevideo 27 May Puerto Rico  80–71  Mexico Montevideo 27 May Brazil  96–94  Uruguay Montevideo 27 May Canada  112–88  Argentina Montevideo 28 May Puerto Rico  82–80  Uruguay Montevideo 28 May Brazil  90–86  Canada Montevideo 28 May Mexico  110–93  Venezuela Montevideo Knockout stage  Semi-finalsFinal        30 May   Puerto Rico62 31 May  Canada60   Brazil101 30 May  Puerto Rico92   Brazil90   Uruguay83  Third place  31 May   Canada87   Uruguay80 Awards  1988 Tournament of the Americas winners  BrazilSecond title Final standings Qualified for the 1988 Olympic Tournament Rank Team Record  Brazil 7–1  Puerto Rico 6–2  Canada 4–4 4  Uruguay 3–5 5  Argentina 3–3 6  Mexico 2–4 7  Venezuela 0–6 References ^ a b "Brazil defeats P. R. for gold". The San Juan Star. 1988-06-01. Retrieved 2011-09-16. 1988 Olympic Qualifying Tournament for Men, FIBA.com. vteFIBA AmeriCupTournaments Puerto Rico 1980 Brazil 1984 Uruguay 1988 Mexico 1989 United States 1992 Puerto Rico 1993 Argentina 1995 Uruguay 1997 Puerto Rico 1999 Argentina 2001 Puerto Rico 2003 Dominican Republic 2005 United States 2007 Puerto Rico 2009 Argentina 2011 Venezuela 2013 Mexico 2015 Argentina / Colombia / Uruguay 2017 Brazil 2022 Nicaragua 2025 Qualification 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2022 2025 Squads 1980 1984 1988 1989 1992 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2022 Awards and records Most Valuable Player Top Scorer All-Tournament Team Winning head coaches Records vteInternational men's basketball FIBA National teams Olympics World Cup Universiade U-21 World Cup U-19 World Cup U-17 World Cup DBB U-18 Invitational TBF U-16 Invitational World Ranking Africa FIBA Africa – AfroBasket AfroCan U-18 U-16 African Games Basketball Africa League (BAL) Americas FIBA Americas – FIBA AmeriCup U-18 U-16 CBC Championship Centrobasket COCABA Championship Marchand Cup Pan American Games South American Championship Basketball Champions League Americas (BCLA) Asia FIBA Asia – FIBA Asia Cup (includes Oceania) U-18 U-16 Asian Games FIBA Asia Challenge Basketball Champions League Asia Stanković Cup East Asian Championship East Asian Games SABA Championship SEABA Championship South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Championship West Asian Games William Jones Cup ASEAN Basketball League Europe FIBA Europe – EuroBasket U-20 U-18 U-16 Acropolis Tournament Adecco Cup Belgrade Trophy FIBA European Championship for Small Countries Games of the Small States of Europe World Cup (Turkey) Basketball Champions League (BCL) Oceania FIBA Oceania – FIBA Oceania Championship (defunct) U-20 U-17 U-15 Pacific Games Othertournaments FIBA Intercontinental Cup Arab Basketball Championship Arab Games Commonwealth Games Diamond Ball FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament Lusophone Games Mediterranean Games Note: The Under-21 Championship is no longer held. Basketball portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"FIBA AmeriCup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_AmeriCup"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRA_vs_PR-1"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_basketball_team"}],"text":"The 1988 Tournament of the Americas, later known as the FIBA Americas Championship and the FIBA AmeriCup, was a basketball championship hosted by Uruguay from 22 to 31 May 1988. The games were played in Montevideo. This FIBA AmeriCup was to earn the three berths allocated to the Americas for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The United States did not participate in the tournament, as the team had already been awarded a berth in the Olympics. Brazil defeated Puerto Rico in the final to win the tournament.[1] Canada beat Uruguay in the third place game to claim the final Olympic berth.","title":"1988 Tournament of the Americas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Caribbean and Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Centrobasket"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_men%27s_national_basketball_team"}],"text":"Eight teams qualified during the qualification tournaments held in their respective zones in 1987; Canada qualified automatically since they are one of only two members of the North America zone. Panama and the Dominican Republic withdrew from the tournament. The teams formed a single group of seven teams.North America:  Canada\nCaribbean and Central America: Dominican Republic,  Mexico,  Panama,  Puerto Rico\nSouth America:  Argentina,  Brazil,  Uruguay,  Venezuela","title":"Qualification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"}],"text":"The top four teams from the main group advance to the semifinals.\nThe winners in the knockout semifinals advanced to the Final and were granted berths in the 1988 Summer Olympics tournament in Seoul. The losers figure in a third-place playoff where the winner was given the third and final place in the Olympics.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Squads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"}],"text":"22 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPuerto Rico \n80–63\n Canada\n\n\n\nMontevideo22 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBrazil \n113–93\n Argentina\n\n\n\nMontevideo22 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUruguay \n100–67\n Venezuela\n\n\n\nMontevideo23 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPuerto Rico \n94–81\n Argentina\n\n\n\nMontevideo23 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUruguay \n98–84\n Mexico\n\n\n\nMontevideo23 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCanada \n94–88\n Venezuela\n\n\n\nMontevideo24 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBrazil \n98–92\n Puerto Rico\n\n\n\nMontevideo24 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCanada \n84–81\n Mexico\n\n\n\nMontevideo24 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArgentina \n110–77\n Venezuela\n\n\n\nMontevideo25 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUruguay \n79–68\n Canada\n\n\n\nMontevideo25 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArgentina \n91–89\n Mexico\n\n\n\nMontevideo25 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBrazil \n91–83\n Venezuela\n\n\n\nMontevideo26 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPuerto Rico \n65–63\n Venezuela\n\n\n\nMontevideo26 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMexico \n111–103\n Brazil\n\n\n\nMontevideo26 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArgentina \n90–82\n Uruguay\n\n\n\nMontevideo27 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPuerto Rico \n80–71\n Mexico\n\n\n\nMontevideo27 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBrazil \n96–94\n Uruguay\n\n\n\nMontevideo27 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCanada \n112–88\n Argentina\n\n\n\nMontevideo28 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPuerto Rico \n82–80\n Uruguay\n\n\n\nMontevideo28 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBrazil \n90–86\n Canada\n\n\n\nMontevideo28 May\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMexico \n110–93\n Venezuela\n\n\n\nMontevideo","title":"Preliminary round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final standings"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Fernandez

Sid Fernandez

["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Los Angeles Dodgers","2.2 New York Mets","2.3 Baltimore Orioles","2.4 Philadelphia Phillies","2.5 Houston Astros","3 Post-retirement and comeback attempt","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]

American baseball player This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Baseball player Sid FernandezPitcherBorn: (1962-10-12) October 12, 1962 (age 61)Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutSeptember 20, 1983, for the Los Angeles DodgersLast MLB appearanceApril 5, 1997, for the Houston AstrosMLB statisticsWin–loss record114–96Earned run average3.36Strikeouts1,743 Teams Los Angeles Dodgers (1983) New York Mets (1984–1993) Baltimore Orioles (1994–1995) Philadelphia Phillies (1995–1996) Houston Astros (1997) Career highlights and awards 2× All-Star (1986, 1987) World Series champion (1986) Charles Sidney Fernandez (born October 12, 1962) is an American former professional baseball left-handed pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets, Baltimore Orioles, Philadelphia Phillies, and Houston Astros, from 1983 to 1997. Known by his nickname as El Sid, he finished his career with 114 wins, was a two-time All-Star, and helped the Mets win the World Series in 1986. Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Fernandez was proud of his roots and wore uniform number 50 in honor of Hawaii being the 50th state. The theme song to Hawaii Five-O was often played before his starts at Shea Stadium during his days with the Mets. Fernandez had an unorthodox pitching motion with a hesitation at the end, followed by a sudden slingshot sidearm delivery. This deceptive motion, coupled with an effective curveball and a rising fastball, made him a major strikeout threat throughout his career. Fernandez's strikeouts were often commemorated by Mets' fans in the upper deck putting up taped signs marked with the letter "S" for Sid. Fernandez has the fourth-lowest ratio of hits allowed per innings pitched in Major League history, behind only Nolan Ryan, Clayton Kershaw, and Sandy Koufax. Early life According to the Portuguese Heritage Foundation, Fernandez is believed to be of Portuguese descent. He attended St. Louis High School (briefly) and Kaiser High School in Honolulu and pitched a no-hitter in his first high school start. He led the Kaiser High School Cougars to a state championship in 1981 and was drafted out of high school at age 18 by the Los Angeles Dodgers, who chose him in the third round (73rd overall) of the 1981 Major League Baseball draft. Career Los Angeles Dodgers Over 76 innings pitched with the Pioneer League's Lethbridge Dodgers, Fernandez struck out 128 batters, and posted a 5-1 record, with a 1.54 ERA his first professional season. After going 8-1 with a 1.91 ERA and 137 strikeouts for the class high A Vero Beach Dodgers in the first half of the 1982 season, Fernandez was promoted to the AAA Albuquerque Dukes, though he was less successful there, and was assigned to the AA San Antonio Dodgers for 1983. At San Antonio, Fernandez went 13-4 with a 2.82 ERA and 209 strikeouts to become only the second pitcher ever to win the Texas League's pitching triple crown. Fernandez was named the Texas League Pitcher of the Year, and received a September call-up to the Los Angeles Dodgers, making his major league debut on September 20 versus the Houston Astros, entering the game in the sixth inning, and allowing one earned run in three innings of work. He made his first Major League start in the last game of the season, losing to the San Francisco Giants. Fernandez fought weight problems throughout his time in the Dodgers organization. He did not make the Dodgers' post-season roster, and following their loss to the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1983 National League Championship Series, the Dodgers traded him and infielder Ross Jones to the New York Mets for Carlos Diaz and Bob Bailor. New York Mets In 1984, Fernandez posted a record of 6-5 with a 2.56 ERA and 123 strikeouts with the Triple-A Tidewater Tides, earning a call-up to the Mets in mid-July. Fernandez earned his first Major League win in his first start with the Mets in a 13-3 victory against the Houston Astros at the Astrodome on July 16. For the season, he went 6-6 with a 3.50 ERA in 15 starts in the big leagues. Fernandez in 1986 Fernandez split the 1985 season between Tidewater and the Mets. In 1701⁄3 innings, Fernandez struck out 180 batters, while only allowing 108 hits for New York. Both ratios were the best in the Major Leagues, with second place in both categories going to teammate and Cy Young Award winner Dwight Gooden. Fernandez's average 5.71 hits allowed per nine innings was the second-best in National League history, behind only Carl Lundgren's mark of 5.65 in 1907. Fernandez struggled with walks and wound up finishing the year with a record of 9-9. In seven of his nine losses, he gave up two earned runs or fewer. Despite having the third-best record in baseball at 98-64, the Mets placed second in their division and missed the postseason. Fernandez finished with a career-best record of 16-6 in 1986. A 12-2 start resulted in his first All-Star Game appearance and the first-ever appearance by a Hawaii native in the game. In his only inning of the All-Star Game, Fernandez walked the first two batters, but then struck out Brook Jacoby, Jim Rice, and Don Mattingly in succession to get out of the inning. During the regular season, Fernandez posted a 2.17 ERA at home and had a 5.03 in road games. Fernandez was one of four Mets pitchers to receive consideration for the 1986 Cy Young Award, marking the only Cy Young vote of his career. He finished seventh behind the Houston Astros' Mike Scott. The Mets easily won the National League East with their record of 108-54. In Game 4 of the 1986 National League Championship Series, Fernandez went head to head with Scott with a chance to give Mets a 3-1 lead in the series. Fernandez gave up two home runs in the game, ultimately allowing three earned runs in six innings as the Astros prevailed by a 3-1 score. The Mets recovered to win the next two games and advance to the World Series. In the World Series, Mets' manager Davey Johnson opted to go with a three-man rotation and use Fernandez out of the bullpen against the Boston Red Sox. Gooden struggled in Game 5, falling behind 4-0 in the game. Fernandez took over in the fifth inning and shut down the Red Sox for the next four innings, but Boston still came away with a 4-2 win to go up 3-2 in the series. After the Mets won the legendary Bill Buckner Game 6, the Red Sox took an early 3-0 lead in the decisive Game 7, forcing Mets' starter Ron Darling out of the game. Fernandez came in and retired seven batters in a row, including four strikeouts, to give New York some momentum. The Mets came back by scoring three runs in the sixth inning, three more in the seventh, and two in the eighth to get the 8-5 victory and claim their second World Series crown. In 1987, Fernandez once again started strong to earn another All-Star Game bid, but was only 3-3 during the second half of the season, missing three weeks in August due to a knee injury. For the second year in row, Fernandez fared much better at home by 9-3 with a 2.98 ERA at Shea, compared to 3-5 record and a 5.05 ERA on the road. Similar to 1985, the Mets had a better record than two division winners, but were unable to win the NL East, and thus missed the postseason. 1988 saw Fernandez get out to a tough start and then recover later in the campaign. His ERA was 5.57 in mid-May, but dropped all the way to 3.32 at the All-Star break. Around that time, Fernandez went on a strikeout tear, punching out 50 batters in a five-game span. Fernandez finished the season well and the Mets won 100 games to make the playoffs for the second time in three years. Fernandez led the Majors in hits allowed per nine innings for the second time in his career. For the third year in a row, home-field advantage was a big factor for Fernandez, who went 8-4 with a 1.83 in home games and was 4-6 with a 4.36 ERA away from Shea. With the 1988 National League Championship Series tied 2-2, Fernandez was tabbed to start Game 5 against the Los Angeles Dodgers. He pitched well for the first three innings, but gave up three runs in the fourth inning, and then allowed a three-run homer to Kirk Gibson in the fifth as the Dodgers went on to get a 7-4 victory. Los Angeles ultimately won the series in seven games. Fernandez started the 1989 season in the bullpen, but quickly worked his way back in the rotation. Heading into the All-Star break, he had a record of 7-2 with an ERA under 3.00. In his first game after the break, Fernandez struck out a career-high 16 batters in eight innings against the Atlanta Braves, but lost the game on a ninth-inning home run. The strikeout total is still the all-time Mets' record for a left-hander. Fernandez ended the season with record of 14-5, the best winning percentage in the National League, and was ranked in the top 10 in the league in ERA, strikeouts, hits allowed per nine innings, strikeouts per nine innings, and strikeout-to-walk ratio. He pitched well on the road by compiling a 7-3 record with a 2.91 ERA. Fernandez won his last three games, although the Mets came up short of the postseason by placing second in their division. In 1990, Fernandez finished the season with a record of 9-14, the worst of his career. He pitched well at home, going 8-5 with a 2.41 ERA, but was 1-9 with a 4.94 ERA on the road. Fernandez broke his arm during spring training in 1991. He returned in mid-July and then went down again with knee problems in early September. At the time of his knee surgery at the end of the 1991 season, Fernandez weighed 261 pounds (118 kg) and his weight was a cause of concern for the organization. Prior to the 1992 season, however, Fernandez lost 43 pounds (20 kg). Fernandez posted a team-leading 14 wins for the Mets, who finished in fifth place in their division for the second-straight year. 1993 saw the Mets finish with their worst record in recent memory at 59-103. Fernandez missed half the season after suffering another knee injury while covering first base. He came back to put up decent numbers and ultimately concluded the campaign with a 2.93 ERA. Fernandez left the Mets via free agency during the offseason. Baltimore Orioles After 1993, Fernandez never came close to his numbers with the Mets and never again played in the postseason. He was signed by the Baltimore Orioles for 1994 and managed to strike out 7.41 batters per nine innings in his only full season there before the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike. But his 5.15 ERA was the worst of his career to that point and, despite again spending time on the disabled list, his 27 home runs allowed was second-worst in the Majors. During the 1994 season, his weight had ballooned back up to 265 pounds (120 kg) and Fernandez feared that his weight had caused or exacerbated his recurring lower body injuries. At the beginning of spring training in 1995, however, he had gotten his weight back down to 225 pounds (102 kg). He spent more time on the disabled list in 1995. On June 29, Fernandez allowed three home runs in a game for the first time in his career in a 5-1 loss to the Toronto Blue Jays, dropping his record to 0-4. He was released during the All-Star break. Philadelphia Phillies Three days after being released by the Orioles, Fernandez was signed by the Philadelphia Phillies. He showed flashes of brilliance — including a one-hit game over seven innings on July 26 — and went 6-1 for the Phils. He was named NL Pitcher of the Month in August by going 5-0. The resurgence earned Fernandez his only opening day start in 1996 but injuries ended his season in June and he again a free agent. Houston Astros Fernandez was signed by the Houston Astros for 1997, but complained of elbow problems during spring training. After just one start, he was back on the disabled list; after unsuccessful rehabilitation, Fernandez retired on August 1, 1997. Fernandez allowed only 6.85 hits per nine innings for his career which is the fourth-best total in history behind only Nolan Ryan, Clayton Kershaw, and Sandy Koufax. Opponents batted only .209 against him. Post-retirement and comeback attempt After retiring as a player, Fernandez moved back to his native Hawaiʻi. He was hired as an executive assistant to Mayor of Honolulu Jeremy Harris in an effort to find sponsors and users for sporting facilities on Hawaiʻi's Oʻahu island. In 1998, he was then made Honolulu sports industry development director and traveled with Harris to Japan to recruit baseball teams there. In 2000, Fernandez was the pitching coach of the semi-pro Alaska Baseball League's Hawaiʻi Island Movers. In February 2001, Fernandez surprised many by showing up at New York Yankees Spring training. He was given a minor league contract and pitched in one game for the Columbus Clippers on April 7. He pitched poorly and ended with a sore knee which put him back on the disabled list. He re-retired about a week later. In 2003, Fernandez received two votes in his only Hall of Fame ballot. In 2004, Fernandez served as a coach in a Hawaiʻi high school baseball all-star game. Fernandez was selected by CNN Sports Illustrated as one of the 50 greatest sports figures in Hawai'i history. On December 20, 2007, Fernandez's name appeared in the unsealed Kirk Radomski affidavit. The affidavit details Radomski receiving a $3,500 check from Fernandez dated February 2005, but the affidavit does not specify its purpose. Fernandez was one of only four baseball players listed in the affidavit who was not referred to in the Mitchell Report, the others being Rick Holifield, Pete Rose Jr. and Ryan Schurman. Personal life After retiring, Fernandez worked as an executive assistant to the Mayor of Honolulu. He also coached his son's high school baseball team. Fernandez and his wife, Noelani, had two children. They established the Sid Fernandez Foundation, which awarded college scholarships to students at their alma mater, Kaiser High School. On September 28, 1996, Fernandez's father-in-law, Don Mike Gillis, was shot to death in Honolulu. Fernandez soon announced the dedication of his 1997 season to Gillis. A disturbed co-worker was eventually convicted of the murder. References ^ a b "Career Leaders & Records for Hits per 9 IP". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019. ^ "Distinguished Persons with Portuguese ancestry, by field of endeavor (Sports)". Portuguese American Historical & Research Foundation. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Kwon, Bill. "Sid Quits". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved June 24, 2009. ^ "Texas League Directors Elect 12 to Hall of Fame". June 27, 2005. ^ "Houston Astros 15, Los Angeles Dodgers 2". Baseball-Reference.com. September 20, 1983. ^ "San Francisco Giants 4, Los Angeles Dodgers 3". Baseball-Reference.com. October 2, 1983. ^ "New York Mets 13, Houston Astros 3". Baseball-Reference.com. July 16, 1984. ^ Kwon, Bill (August 10, 2000). "Sid Recalls His 'Unsung" World Series". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. ^ "1986 All-Star Game". Baseball-Reference.com. July 15, 1986. ^ "Baseball: Fernandez Sharp in Tune-Up". The New York Times. June 23, 1991. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Noble, Marty (February 12, 1992). "From El Sid to El Slim : Fernandez Now Hopes of Be Shadow of His Former Self Only in Appearance". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 24, 2022. ^ Marbella, Jean (May 12, 1995). "Sid's Battle of the Bulge". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved March 24, 2022. ^ "Toronto Blue Jays 5, Baltimore Orioles 1". Baseball-Reference.com. June 15, 1995. ^ a b Kwon, Bill (August 1, 1997). "Sid quits". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved March 24, 2022. ^ "El Sid Mounts a Comeback". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. February 21, 2001. ^ "Hawaii Beat". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. April 15, 2001. ^ http://starbulletin.com/2004/05/28/sports/prepbeat.html ^ T.J. Quinn and Pedro Gomez (December 21, 2007). "Unsealed Radomski affidavit reveals names of Sid Fernandez, others". ESPN. Retrieved December 31, 2007. ^ Red, Christian; O'Keeffe, Michael (December 21, 2007). "Ex-Met Sid Fernandez named in Radomski affidavit". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b Sherman, Erik (September 2020). Kings of Queens: Life Beyond Baseball with the '86 Mets. Penguin. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-593-19941-1. Retrieved March 24, 2022. ^ Kussoy, Howie (May 27, 2016). "1986 Mets: Where are they now?". New York Post. Retrieved March 24, 2022. ^ "Three-vehicle crash on Maui leaves 3 dead". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. September 3, 1996. ^ "Man Gets 20 Years For Killing Boss". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. June 10, 1997. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Sid Fernandez at the SABR Baseball Biography Project Preceded byNolan RyanJosé DeLeón NL hits per nine innings 19881990 Succeeded byJosé DeLeónPete Harnisch vteNew York Mets 1986 World Series champions 1 Mookie Wilson 2 Kevin Elster 3 Rafael Santana 4 Lenny Dykstra 6 Wally Backman 7 Kevin Mitchell 8 Gary Carter 11 Tim Teufel 12 Ron Darling 13 Lee Mazzilli 16 Dwight Gooden 17 Keith Hernandez 18 Darryl Strawberry 19 Bob Ojeda 20 Howard Johnson 22 Ray Knight (World Series MVP) 25 Danny Heep 35 John Gibbons 38 Rick Aguilera 39 Doug Sisk 40 Randy Niemann 42 Roger McDowell 47 Jesse Orosco 49 Ed Hearn 50 Sid Fernandez Manager 5 Davey Johnson Coaches 23 Bud Harrelson 28 Bill Robinson 30 Mel Stottlemyre 51 Vern Hoscheit 52 Greg Pavlick Regular season National League Championship Series vtePhiladelphia Phillies Opening Day starting pitchers Grover Cleveland Alexander Andy Ashby Dick Barrett Dennis Bennett Cy Blanton Charlie Buffinton Jim Bunning Hal Carlson Steve Carlton Dan Casey John Coleman Phil Collins Frank Corridon Harry Coveleski Omar Daal Ed Daily Curt Davis Red Donahue Bill Duggleby Jack Dunn Hal Elliott Jumbo Elliott Harry Felix Charlie Ferguson Sid Fernandez Chick Fraser Al Gerheauser Kid Gleason Roy Halladay Cole Hamels Ken Heintzelman Jeremy Hellickson Kirby Higbe Bill Hubbell Elmer Jacobs Si Johnson Syl Johnson Oscar Judd Jim Kaat Tim Keefe Wayne LaMaster Cliff Lee Dutch Leonard Jon Lieber Johnny Lush Art Mahaffey Erskine Mayer George McQuillan Lee Meadows Kevin Millwood Earl Moore Hugh Mulcahy Terry Mulholland Brett Myers Aaron Nola Al Orth Robert Person Wiley Piatt Togie Pittinger Ken Raffensberger Shane Rawley Flint Rhem Jimmy Ring Eppa Rixey Robin Roberts Schoolboy Rowe Bruce Ruffin Curt Schilling Tom Seaton Chris Short Les Sweetland Jack Taylor Bucky Walters Gus Weyhing Zack Wheeler Claude Willoughby Floyd Youmans

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Honolulu, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_(number)"},{"link_name":"Hawaii Five-O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_(1968_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Shea Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Stadium"},{"link_name":"curveball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curveball"},{"link_name":"fastball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastball"},{"link_name":"strikeout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Nolan Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Clayton Kershaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Kershaw"},{"link_name":"Sandy Koufax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Koufax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h9sid-1"}],"text":"American baseball playerBaseball playerCharles Sidney Fernandez (born October 12, 1962) is an American former professional baseball left-handed pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets, Baltimore Orioles, Philadelphia Phillies, and Houston Astros, from 1983 to 1997. Known by his nickname as El Sid, he finished his career with 114 wins, was a two-time All-Star, and helped the Mets win the World Series in 1986.Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Fernandez was proud of his roots and wore uniform number 50 in honor of Hawaii being the 50th state. The theme song to Hawaii Five-O was often played before his starts at Shea Stadium during his days with the Mets.Fernandez had an unorthodox pitching motion with a hesitation at the end, followed by a sudden slingshot sidearm delivery. This deceptive motion, coupled with an effective curveball and a rising fastball, made him a major strikeout threat throughout his career. Fernandez's strikeouts were often commemorated by Mets' fans in the upper deck putting up taped signs marked with the letter \"S\" for Sid.Fernandez has the fourth-lowest ratio of hits allowed per innings pitched in Major League history, behind only Nolan Ryan, Clayton Kershaw, and Sandy Koufax.[1]","title":"Sid Fernandez"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"St. Louis High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_School"},{"link_name":"Kaiser High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_J._Kaiser_High_School_(Hawaii)"},{"link_name":"no-hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hitter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"1981 Major League Baseball draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Major_League_Baseball_draft"}],"text":"According to the Portuguese Heritage Foundation, Fernandez is believed to be of Portuguese descent.[2] He attended St. Louis High School (briefly) and Kaiser High School in Honolulu and pitched a no-hitter in his first high school start.[3] He led the Kaiser High School Cougars to a state championship in 1981 and was drafted out of high school at age 18 by the Los Angeles Dodgers, who chose him in the third round (73rd overall) of the 1981 Major League Baseball draft.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pioneer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Lethbridge Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethbridge_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Vero Beach Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vero_Beach_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque Dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque_Dukes"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Texas League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_League"},{"link_name":"triple crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_crown_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"earned run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"1983 National League Championship Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_National_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"infielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infielder"},{"link_name":"Ross Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Jones"},{"link_name":"Carlos Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Diaz_(pitcher)"},{"link_name":"Bob Bailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Bailor"}],"sub_title":"Los Angeles Dodgers","text":"Over 76 innings pitched with the Pioneer League's Lethbridge Dodgers, Fernandez struck out 128 batters, and posted a 5-1 record, with a 1.54 ERA his first professional season. After going 8-1 with a 1.91 ERA and 137 strikeouts for the class high A Vero Beach Dodgers in the first half of the 1982 season, Fernandez was promoted to the AAA Albuquerque Dukes, though he was less successful there, and was assigned to the AA San Antonio Dodgers for 1983. At San Antonio, Fernandez went 13-4 with a 2.82 ERA and 209 strikeouts to become only the second pitcher ever to win the Texas League's pitching triple crown.[4]Fernandez was named the Texas League Pitcher of the Year, and received a September call-up to the Los Angeles Dodgers, making his major league debut on September 20 versus the Houston Astros, entering the game in the sixth inning, and allowing one earned run in three innings of work.[5] He made his first Major League start in the last game of the season, losing to the San Francisco Giants.[6]Fernandez fought weight problems throughout his time in the Dodgers organization. He did not make the Dodgers' post-season roster, and following their loss to the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1983 National League Championship Series, the Dodgers traded him and infielder Ross Jones to the New York Mets for Carlos Diaz and Bob Bailor.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Tidewater Tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_Tides"},{"link_name":"Astrodome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrodome"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sid_Fernandez_1986_by_Barry_Colla.jpg"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Cy Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"Dwight Gooden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Gooden"},{"link_name":"Carl Lundgren's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Lundgren"},{"link_name":"1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bases_on_balls"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brook Jacoby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_Jacoby"},{"link_name":"Jim Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rice"},{"link_name":"Don Mattingly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Mattingly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mike Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Scott_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"National League East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_East"},{"link_name":"1986 National League Championship Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_National_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Davey Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Bill Buckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Buckner"},{"link_name":"Game 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_World_Series#Game_6"},{"link_name":"Ron Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Darling"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1988 National League Championship Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_National_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Kirk Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Gibson"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"strikeouts per nine innings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeouts_per_nine_innings"},{"link_name":"strikeout-to-walk ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout-to-walk_ratio"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_in_baseball"}],"sub_title":"New York Mets","text":"In 1984, Fernandez posted a record of 6-5 with a 2.56 ERA and 123 strikeouts with the Triple-A Tidewater Tides, earning a call-up to the Mets in mid-July. Fernandez earned his first Major League win in his first start with the Mets in a 13-3 victory against the Houston Astros at the Astrodome[7] on July 16. For the season, he went 6-6 with a 3.50 ERA in 15 starts in the big leagues.Fernandez in 1986Fernandez split the 1985 season between Tidewater and the Mets. In 1701⁄3 innings, Fernandez struck out 180 batters, while only allowing 108 hits for New York. Both ratios were the best in the Major Leagues, with second place in both categories going to teammate and Cy Young Award winner Dwight Gooden. Fernandez's average 5.71 hits allowed per nine innings was the second-best in National League history, behind only Carl Lundgren's mark of 5.65 in 1907. Fernandez struggled with walks and wound up finishing the year with a record of 9-9. In seven of his nine losses, he gave up two earned runs or fewer. Despite having the third-best record in baseball at 98-64, the Mets placed second in their division and missed the postseason.Fernandez finished with a career-best record of 16-6 in 1986. A 12-2 start resulted in his first All-Star Game appearance and the first-ever appearance by a Hawaii native in the game.[8] In his only inning of the All-Star Game, Fernandez walked the first two batters, but then struck out Brook Jacoby, Jim Rice, and Don Mattingly in succession to get out of the inning.[9] During the regular season, Fernandez posted a 2.17 ERA at home and had a 5.03 in road games. Fernandez was one of four Mets pitchers to receive consideration for the 1986 Cy Young Award, marking the only Cy Young vote of his career. He finished seventh behind the Houston Astros' Mike Scott.The Mets easily won the National League East with their record of 108-54. In Game 4 of the 1986 National League Championship Series, Fernandez went head to head with Scott with a chance to give Mets a 3-1 lead in the series. Fernandez gave up two home runs in the game, ultimately allowing three earned runs in six innings as the Astros prevailed by a 3-1 score. The Mets recovered to win the next two games and advance to the World Series.In the World Series, Mets' manager Davey Johnson opted to go with a three-man rotation and use Fernandez out of the bullpen against the Boston Red Sox. Gooden struggled in Game 5, falling behind 4-0 in the game. Fernandez took over in the fifth inning and shut down the Red Sox for the next four innings, but Boston still came away with a 4-2 win to go up 3-2 in the series. After the Mets won the legendary Bill Buckner Game 6, the Red Sox took an early 3-0 lead in the decisive Game 7, forcing Mets' starter Ron Darling out of the game. Fernandez came in and retired seven batters in a row, including four strikeouts, to give New York some momentum. The Mets came back by scoring three runs in the sixth inning, three more in the seventh, and two in the eighth to get the 8-5 victory and claim their second World Series crown.In 1987, Fernandez once again started strong to earn another All-Star Game bid, but was only 3-3 during the second half of the season, missing three weeks in August due to a knee injury. For the second year in row, Fernandez fared much better at home by 9-3 with a 2.98 ERA at Shea, compared to 3-5 record and a 5.05 ERA on the road. Similar to 1985, the Mets had a better record than two division winners, but were unable to win the NL East, and thus missed the postseason.1988 saw Fernandez get out to a tough start and then recover later in the campaign. His ERA was 5.57 in mid-May, but dropped all the way to 3.32 at the All-Star break. Around that time, Fernandez went on a strikeout tear, punching out 50 batters in a five-game span. Fernandez finished the season well and the Mets won 100 games to make the playoffs for the second time in three years. Fernandez led the Majors in hits allowed per nine innings for the second time in his career. For the third year in a row, home-field advantage was a big factor for Fernandez, who went 8-4 with a 1.83 in home games and was 4-6 with a 4.36 ERA away from Shea.With the 1988 National League Championship Series tied 2-2, Fernandez was tabbed to start Game 5 against the Los Angeles Dodgers. He pitched well for the first three innings, but gave up three runs in the fourth inning, and then allowed a three-run homer to Kirk Gibson in the fifth as the Dodgers went on to get a 7-4 victory. Los Angeles ultimately won the series in seven games.Fernandez started the 1989 season in the bullpen, but quickly worked his way back in the rotation. Heading into the All-Star break, he had a record of 7-2 with an ERA under 3.00. In his first game after the break, Fernandez struck out a career-high 16 batters in eight innings against the Atlanta Braves, but lost the game on a ninth-inning home run. The strikeout total is still the all-time Mets' record for a left-hander. Fernandez ended the season with record of 14-5, the best winning percentage in the National League, and was ranked in the top 10 in the league in ERA, strikeouts, hits allowed per nine innings, strikeouts per nine innings, and strikeout-to-walk ratio. He pitched well on the road by compiling a 7-3 record with a 2.91 ERA. Fernandez won his last three games, although the Mets came up short of the postseason by placing second in their division.In 1990, Fernandez finished the season with a record of 9-14, the worst of his career. He pitched well at home, going 8-5 with a 2.41 ERA, but was 1-9 with a 4.94 ERA on the road.Fernandez broke his arm during spring training in 1991. He returned in mid-July and then went down again with knee problems in early September.[10]At the time of his knee surgery at the end of the 1991 season, Fernandez weighed 261 pounds (118 kg) and his weight was a cause of concern for the organization. Prior to the 1992 season, however, Fernandez lost 43 pounds (20 kg).[11] Fernandez posted a team-leading 14 wins for the Mets, who finished in fifth place in their division for the second-straight year.1993 saw the Mets finish with their worst record in recent memory at 59-103. Fernandez missed half the season after suffering another knee injury while covering first base. He came back to put up decent numbers and ultimately concluded the campaign with a 2.93 ERA. Fernandez left the Mets via free agency during the offseason.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1994–95 Major League Baseball strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Major_League_Baseball_strike"},{"link_name":"disabled list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disabled_list"},{"link_name":"home runs allowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_runs_allowed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bulge-12"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Baltimore Orioles","text":"After 1993, Fernandez never came close to his numbers with the Mets and never again played in the postseason. He was signed by the Baltimore Orioles for 1994 and managed to strike out 7.41 batters per nine innings in his only full season there before the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike. But his 5.15 ERA was the worst of his career to that point and, despite again spending time on the disabled list, his 27 home runs allowed was second-worst in the Majors.During the 1994 season, his weight had ballooned back up to 265 pounds (120 kg) and Fernandez feared that his weight had caused or exacerbated his recurring lower body injuries. At the beginning of spring training in 1995, however, he had gotten his weight back down to 225 pounds (102 kg).[12]He spent more time on the disabled list in 1995. On June 29, Fernandez allowed three home runs in a game for the first time in his career in a 5-1 loss to the Toronto Blue Jays, dropping his record to 0-4.[13] He was released during the All-Star break.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_in_baseball"}],"sub_title":"Philadelphia Phillies","text":"Three days after being released by the Orioles, Fernandez was signed by the Philadelphia Phillies. He showed flashes of brilliance — including a one-hit game over seven innings on July 26 — and went 6-1 for the Phils. He was named NL Pitcher of the Month in August by going 5-0. The resurgence earned Fernandez his only opening day start in 1996 but injuries ended his season in June and he again a free agent.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sid_quits-14"},{"link_name":"hits per nine innings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hits_per_nine_innings"},{"link_name":"Nolan Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Clayton Kershaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Kershaw"},{"link_name":"Sandy Koufax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Koufax"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h9sid-1"},{"link_name":"batted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"}],"sub_title":"Houston Astros","text":"Fernandez was signed by the Houston Astros for 1997, but complained of elbow problems during spring training. After just one start, he was back on the disabled list; after unsuccessful rehabilitation, Fernandez retired on August 1, 1997.[14]Fernandez allowed only 6.85 hits per nine innings for his career which is the fourth-best total in history behind only Nolan Ryan, Clayton Kershaw, and Sandy Koufax.[1] Opponents batted only .209 against him.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayor of Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Harris_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Oʻahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"Alaska Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Spring training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_training"},{"link_name":"Columbus Clippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Clippers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame ballot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_balloting,_2003"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Kirk Radomski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Radomski"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Report_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Pete Rose Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rose_Jr."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"After retiring as a player, Fernandez moved back to his native Hawaiʻi. He was hired as an executive assistant to Mayor of Honolulu Jeremy Harris in an effort to find sponsors and users for sporting facilities on Hawaiʻi's Oʻahu island. In 1998, he was then made Honolulu sports industry development director and traveled with Harris to Japan to recruit baseball teams there.In 2000, Fernandez was the pitching coach of the semi-pro Alaska Baseball League's Hawaiʻi Island Movers.In February 2001, Fernandez surprised many by showing up at New York Yankees Spring training. He was given a minor league contract and pitched in one game for the Columbus Clippers on April 7. He pitched poorly and ended with a sore knee which put him back on the disabled list.[15] He re-retired about a week later.[16]In 2003, Fernandez received two votes in his only Hall of Fame ballot. In 2004, Fernandez served as a coach in a Hawaiʻi high school baseball all-star game.[17]Fernandez was selected by CNN Sports Illustrated as one of the 50 greatest sports figures in Hawai'i history.On December 20, 2007, Fernandez's name appeared in the unsealed Kirk Radomski affidavit. The affidavit details Radomski receiving a $3,500 check from Fernandez dated February 2005, but the affidavit does not specify its purpose. Fernandez was one of only four baseball players listed in the affidavit who was not referred to in the Mitchell Report, the others being Rick Holifield, Pete Rose Jr. and Ryan Schurman.[18][19]","title":"Post-retirement and comeback attempt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayor of Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Honolulu"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sherman-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sherman-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sid_quits-14"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"After retiring, Fernandez worked as an executive assistant to the Mayor of Honolulu.[20] He also coached his son's high school baseball team.[21]Fernandez and his wife, Noelani, had two children.[20] They established the Sid Fernandez Foundation, which awarded college scholarships to students at their alma mater, Kaiser High School.[14]On September 28, 1996, Fernandez's father-in-law, Don Mike Gillis, was shot to death in Honolulu. Fernandez soon announced the dedication of his 1997 season to Gillis.[22] A disturbed co-worker was eventually convicted of the murder.[23]","title":"Personal life"}]

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Retrieved June 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120717191438/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/23/sports/baseball-fernandez-sharp-in-tune-up.html","url_text":"\"Baseball: Fernandez Sharp in Tune-Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Noble, Marty (February 12, 1992). \"From El Sid to El Slim : Fernandez Now Hopes of Be Shadow of His Former Self Only in Appearance\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-02-12-sp-1469-story.html","url_text":"\"From El Sid to El Slim : Fernandez Now Hopes of Be Shadow of His Former Self Only in Appearance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Marbella, Jean (May 12, 1995). \"Sid's Battle of the Bulge\". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved March 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1995-05-12-1995132029-story.html","url_text":"\"Sid's Battle of the Bulge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Toronto Blue Jays 5, Baltimore Orioles 1\". Baseball-Reference.com. June 15, 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/TOR/TOR199506290.shtml","url_text":"\"Toronto Blue Jays 5, Baltimore Orioles 1\""}]},{"reference":"Kwon, Bill (August 1, 1997). \"Sid quits\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved March 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.starbulletin.com/1997/08/01/news/story1.html","url_text":"\"Sid quits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"\"El Sid Mounts a Comeback\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. February 21, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://starbulletin.com/2001/02/21/sports/story1.html","url_text":"\"El Sid Mounts a Comeback\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hawaii Beat\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. April 15, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://starbulletin.com/2001/04/15/sports/hawaiibeat.html","url_text":"\"Hawaii Beat\""}]},{"reference":"T.J. Quinn and Pedro Gomez (December 21, 2007). \"Unsealed Radomski affidavit reveals names of Sid Fernandez, others\". ESPN. Retrieved December 31, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Gomez_(sports_reporter)","url_text":"Pedro Gomez"},{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=3164232&campaign=rss&source=ESPNHeadlines","url_text":"\"Unsealed Radomski affidavit reveals names of Sid Fernandez, others\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Red, Christian; O'Keeffe, Michael (December 21, 2007). \"Ex-Met Sid Fernandez named in Radomski affidavit\". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121003004746/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/ex-met-sid-fernandez-named-radomski-affidavit-article-1.273492","url_text":"\"Ex-Met Sid Fernandez named in Radomski affidavit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Sherman, Erik (September 2020). Kings of Queens: Life Beyond Baseball with the '86 Mets. Penguin. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-593-19941-1. Retrieved March 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vXj1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA327","url_text":"Kings of Queens: Life Beyond Baseball with the '86 Mets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-19941-1","url_text":"978-0-593-19941-1"}]},{"reference":"Kussoy, Howie (May 27, 2016). \"1986 Mets: Where are they now?\". New York Post. Retrieved March 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2016/05/27/1986-mets-where-are-they-now/","url_text":"\"1986 Mets: Where are they now?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Three-vehicle crash on Maui leaves 3 dead\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. September 3, 1996.","urls":[{"url":"http://starbulletin.com/96/09/30/news/briefs.html","url_text":"\"Three-vehicle crash on Maui leaves 3 dead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man Gets 20 Years For Killing Boss\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. June 10, 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.starbulletin.com/1997/06/10/news/briefs.html","url_text":"\"Man Gets 20 Years For Killing Boss\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citic_Publishing

CITIC Press Group

["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]

Chinese state-owned publishing house CITIC Press GroupJiaming Center, which houses the companyCompany typeState-owned enterpriseIndustryPublishingFounded2008HeadquartersBeijing, ChinaParentCITIC GroupWebsitewww.citicpub.com CITIC Press Group (Chinese: 中信出版集团), formerly CITIC Publishing Group, is a publishing company founded in 1988 based in Beijing, China. The publisher is a subsidiary of the state-owned CITIC Group. They engage in digital and physical book retail and provide professional education. History The company was established in 1988 as China CITIC Press. In 2001, Wang Bin was hired to run the publishing house. It was reorganized to CITIC Publishing Group in 2008, and renamed back to CITIC Press in 2013. Since 2010, the CITIC Press Group has been developing a network of bookstores in major airports and other important buildings in China. By December 2015, the company owned 132 bookstores, and announced its plan to open of a 1,000 more the following year. In January 2017, the company announced the launch of its content product aggregation platform Citic Academy. In September 2017, the CITIC Press Group signed a deal with Japan's Culture Convenience Club to create a joint cultural content distribution platform. References ^ "Citic Press Corporation: Private Company Information - Bloomberg". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2018-06-16. ^ "Wang Bin of China CITIC Press: If It Does Not Evolve, Traditional Publishing Has No Future". Upenn.edu. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2019. ^ 出版企业跨越式发展战略探析 (in Chinese). People's Daily Online. July 24, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2013. ^ "About CITIC Press Group - 中信出版集团". press.citic. Retrieved 2018-06-16. ^ Zhu Wenqian (17 December 2015). "CITIC Press bets on Web to fuel its future growth". Chinadaily.com. Retrieved 27 January 2019. ^ "Citic publishing house shi hongjun three or five years of publishing industry will not change will be destroyed citic publishing house shi hongjun three or five years of publishing industry will not change will die". Gate-of-china.com. 13 January 2017. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019. External links Official website vteCITIC GroupSubsidiariesCITIC Limited China CITIC Bank CITIC International Financial Holdings CITIC Bank International CITIC Capital CITIC Financial Asset Management CITIC Pacific Special Steel CITIC Trust Dah Chong Hong Other CITIC Construction CITIC Resources CITIC Telecom CPC CITIC Telecom International CITIC Offshore Helicopter CITIC Publishing CITIC 1616 Holdings Former subsidiaries(now equity investments) AsiaSat Baiyin Nonferrous Beijing Sinobo Guoan F.C. CITIC Guoan Group CITIC Guoan Information Industry CITIC Guoan Wine CITIC Securities Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Japan Australia Poland Academics CiNii This publishing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Morris

James H. Morris

["1 Biography","2 Selected papers","3 References"]

American computer scientist James H. MorrisBorn1941NationalityAmericanAlma materCarnegie Mellon University (B.S.) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MBA and Ph.D.)Scientific careerFieldsComputer Science, Human-Computer Interaction James Hiram Morris (born 1941) is a professor (emeritus) of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon. He was previously dean of the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science and Dean of Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley. Biography A native of Pittsburgh, Morris received a Bachelor's degree from Carnegie Mellon University, an S.M. in Management from the MIT Sloan School of Management, and Ph.D. in Computer Science from MIT. Morris taught at the University of California, Berkeley, where he developed some important underlying principles of programming languages: inter-module protection and lazy evaluation. He was a co-discoverer of the Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm for string-search. For eight years, he worked at the Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), where he was part of the team that developed the Xerox Alto System. He also directed the Cedar programming environment project. From 1983 to 1988, Morris directed the Information Technology Center at Carnegie Mellon University, a joint project with IBM, which developed a prototype university computing system, the Andrew Project. He has been the principal investigator of two National Science Foundation projects aimed at computer-mediated communication: EXPRES and Prep. He was a founder of the Carnegie Mellon's Human-Computer Interaction Institute and MAYA Design Group, a consulting firm specializing in interactive product design. He wrote a memoir, Thoughts of a Reformed Computer Scientist. Selected papers D. E. Knuth, J. H. Morris, V. R. Pratt (1977). Fast Pattern Matching in Strings, SIAM Journal on Computing. 6 (2): 323–350 Morris, J. H., Satyanarayanan, M., Conner, M. H., Howard, J. H., Rosenthal, D. S., & Smith, F. D. (1986). Andrew: a distributed personal computing environment. Communications of the Acm, 29(3), 184-201. Henderson, P., & Morris, J. H. (1976). A lazy evaluator. ACM Sigact-Sigplan Symposium on Principles on Programming Languages (pp. 95–103). DBLP. Neuwirth, C. M., Kaufer, D. S., Chandhok, R., & Morris, J. H. (1990). Issues in the design of computer support for co-authoring and commenting. ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (pp. 183–195). ACM. Geschke, C. M., Morris, J. H., & Satterthwaite, E. H. (1977). Early experience with mesa. Communications of the Acm, 20(8), 540-553. Morris, J. H. (1973). Protection in programming languages. Communications of the Acm, 16(16), 15-21. Neuwirth, C. M., Kaufer, D. S., Chandhok, R., & Morris, J. H. (1994). Computer support for distributed collaborative writing: defining parameters of interaction. ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (pp. 145–152). ACM. References ^ "Dr. James H. Morris—web page". Carnegie Mellon University. (quote: 1941 • Born) ^ a b c d e f g h "Advisory Board — (SCS Advisory Board Member Bios:)". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on 2009-10-16. ^ "James H.Morris Personal Webpage". 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-07. ^ "Baidu Scholar". 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-07. Authority control databases International VIAF Academics Association for Computing Machinery DBLP Google Scholar Other IdRef

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Morris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"S.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"MIT Sloan School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"Computer Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Science"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMU01-2"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"lazy evaluation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_evaluation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMU01-2"},{"link_name":"Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth%E2%80%93Morris%E2%80%93Pratt_algorithm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMU01-2"},{"link_name":"Xerox PARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_PARC"},{"link_name":"Xerox Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Alto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMU01-2"},{"link_name":"Cedar programming environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_(programming_language)#Cedar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMU01-2"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Andrew Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Project"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMU01-2"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMU01-2"},{"link_name":"MAYA Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MAYA_Design&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMU01-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A native of Pittsburgh, Morris received a Bachelor's degree from Carnegie Mellon University, an S.M. in Management from the MIT Sloan School of Management, and Ph.D. in Computer Science from MIT.[2]Morris taught at the University of California, Berkeley, where he developed some important underlying principles of programming languages: inter-module protection and lazy evaluation.[2] He was a co-discoverer of the Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm for string-search.[2]For eight years, he worked at the Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), where he was part of the team that developed the Xerox Alto System.[2] He also directed the Cedar programming environment project.[2]From 1983 to 1988, Morris directed the Information Technology Center at Carnegie Mellon University, a joint project with IBM, which developed a prototype university computing system, the Andrew Project.[2] He has been the principal investigator of two National Science Foundation projects aimed at computer-mediated communication: EXPRES and Prep.[2]He was a founder of the Carnegie Mellon's Human-Computer Interaction Institute and MAYA Design Group, a consulting firm specializing in interactive product design.[2][3][4]He wrote a memoir, Thoughts of a Reformed Computer Scientist.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D. E. Knuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._E._Knuth"},{"link_name":"V. R. Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Pratt"}],"text":"D. E. Knuth, J. H. Morris, V. R. Pratt (1977). Fast Pattern Matching in Strings, SIAM Journal on Computing. 6 (2): 323–350\nMorris, J. H., Satyanarayanan, M., Conner, M. H., Howard, J. H., Rosenthal, D. S., & Smith, F. D. (1986). Andrew: a distributed personal computing environment. Communications of the Acm, 29(3), 184-201.\nHenderson, P., & Morris, J. H. (1976). A lazy evaluator. ACM Sigact-Sigplan Symposium on Principles on Programming Languages (pp. 95–103). DBLP.\nNeuwirth, C. M., Kaufer, D. S., Chandhok, R., & Morris, J. H. (1990). Issues in the design of computer support for co-authoring and commenting. ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (pp. 183–195). ACM.\nGeschke, C. M., Morris, J. H., & Satterthwaite, E. H. (1977). Early experience with mesa. Communications of the Acm, 20(8), 540-553.\nMorris, J. H. (1973). Protection in programming languages. Communications of the Acm, 16(16), 15-21.\nNeuwirth, C. M., Kaufer, D. S., Chandhok, R., & Morris, J. H. (1994). Computer support for distributed collaborative writing: defining parameters of interaction. ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (pp. 145–152). ACM.","title":"Selected papers"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Coburn

Walt Coburn

["1 Western author","2 Bibliography","2.1 Stories","2.2 Non-fiction","3 References"]

American novelist Walter John Coburn (October 23, 1889 – May 1971) was an American writer of Westerns. Coburn was born in White Sulphur Springs, Montana Territory, the son of Robert Coburn Senior, the founder of the noted Circle C Ranch located south of Malta. Coburn served in the Army aviation corps during the World War I era. He later spent time as a cowboy and a surveyor, before becoming a full-time writer in the 1920s. Western author Coburn began his career with Western stories in general fiction pulp magazines such as Adventure and Argosy. Later Coburn moved on to pulps specializing in Westerns, including Western Story Magazine, Lariat Story Magazine, Ace-High Western and Frontier Stories. He often wrote for the Fiction House pulp magazines, which promoted Coburn as "the Cowboy Author". Coburn was enormously prolific; Flanagan states Coburn wrote almost two million words of fiction over a thirty year period. Coburn at his most prolific, averaged over 600,000 published words per year. He was so popular that eventually, two pulp magazines - Walt Coburn’s Western Magazine and Walt Coburn’s Action Novels were issued, consisting mainly of reprints of Coburn's work. After the pulps ended in the 1950s, Coburn switched his focus to writing paperback originals. Coburn was a devout Christian. Coburn claimed, in his posthumously published autobiography Western Word Wrangler (1973) that God had chosen him to spread the Christian message through his fiction. Coburn committed suicide at age 82 in Prescott, Arizona. Bibliography Stories The Ringtailed Rannyhans (1927) Mavericks (1929) Barb Wire (1931) Walt Coburn's action novels; four western novels (1931) The Passing of Poker Joe (Dime Western Magazine 1933-02) Son of a Gun Man (Dime Western Magazine 1933-03) Guns beyond the Border (Dime Western Magazine 1933-10) Brand of the Badlands (Dime Western Magazine 1933-12) Outlawed! (Dime Western Magazine 1934-01) The Hoot-Owl Pool (Dime Western Magazine 1934-02) The Hell Creek Maverick (Dime Western Magazine 1934-03) Cowman's Law (Dime Western Magazine 1934-04) Outlawed Orphan (Dime Western Magazine 1934-05) Maverick Men (Dime Western Magazine 1934-06) The Death Maverick (Dime Western Magazine 1934-07) Men of the Dark Trails (Dime Western Magazine 1934-08) Rim-Rock Renegades (Dime Western Magazine 1934-09-01) Black Outlaw (Dime Western Magazine 1934-10-01) Renegade Law (Dime Western Magazine 1934-10-15) Brand Blotters' Blood Tally (Dime Western Magazine 1934-11-01) The Rio Renegade (Dime Western Magazine 1934-12-15) Creed of the Lawless (Dime Western Magazine 1935-01-01) Satan's Saddle Mates (Dime Western Magazine 1935-02-15) Ghost Guns of Black Coulee (Dime Western Magazine 1935-03-01) The Rolling-R Rides to Glory (Dime Western Magazine 1935-04-01) Badlands Orphan (Dime Western Magazine 1935-04-15) Six Gringos Ride to Hell (Dime Western Magazine 1935-05-01) Branded Men (Dime Western Magazine 1935-05-15) Hate for a Lawman (Dime Western Magazine 1935-06-01) Feud Guns of Brady's Basin (Dime Western Magazine 1935-06-15) The Partner of Buckshot Blue (Dime Western Magazine 1935-07-01) Wanted Man's Gamble (Dime Western Magazine 1935-07-15) Badlands Lawman (Dime Western Magazine 1935-08-01) Son of the Owlhoot (Dime Western Magazine 1935-08-15) The Law Rides to Wolf Hole (Dime Western Magazine 1935-09-01) Tom Ball--Gun-Doctor (Dime Western Magazine 1935-10-01) Gunsmoke Born (Dime Western Magazine 1935-10-15) Wild-Bunch Lawman (Dime Western Magazine 1935-11-01) Gun Ghosts of Skull Creek (Dime Western Magazine 1935-12-01) Vigilante Vengeance (Dime Western Magazine 1936-02) Wild Men in Buckskin (Dime Western Magazine 1936-03) Missouri River Renegade (Dime Western Magazine 1936-04) Six-Gun Quarantine (Dime Western Magazine 1936-05) The Dead-Game Tinhorn (Dime Western Magazine 1936-06) The Badlands Vigilante (Dime Western Magazine 1936-07) The Button rides to War (Dime Western Magazine 1936-08) Trail Herd to Perdition (Dime Western Magazine 1936-09) The Wagon Train Feud (Dime Western Magazine 1936-10) A New Marshall for Pinto (Dime Western Magazine 1936-11) Gun Cub of the Black Wolf (Dime Western Magazine 1937-01) Blind Man's Gun Bluff (Dime Western Magazine 1937-02) Straw Boss for the Damned (Dime Western Magazine 1937-03) A Renegade rules the S-C Ranch (Dime Western Magazine 1937-04) Death rides with the Black Fergusons (Dime Western Magazine 1937-05) The Gringo who wouldn't die (Dime Western Magazine 1937-06) Last Stand of the Gila Pool Cowmen (Dime Western Magazine 1937-07) Lone Wolf of the Feud Pack (Dime Western Magazine 1937-09) The Raw Red Trail to Dodge! (Dime Western Magazine 1937-10) Trail Herd's Gunsmoke Market (Dime Western Magazine 1937-11) Sun Prairie's Powdersmoke Revival (Dime Western Magazine 1937-12) Guns break trail for a Texan's Herd (Dime Western Magazine 1938-01) Death waits West of Dodge (Dime Western Magazine 1938-02) Rawhide, Gunsmoke--and Texas Cattle! (Dime Western Magazine 1938-03) Stepson of the Wild Bunch (Dime Western Magazine 1938-04) His Partner, the Gun Ghost (Dime Western Magazine 1938-05) The Badlands send a Fighting Man (Dime Western Magazine 1938-06) Signed on to die! (Dime Western Magazine 1938-07) Fear God and shoot straight! (Dime Western Magazine 1938-08) The Owlhoot makes a Cowman (Dime Western Magazine 1938-09) Doc Masters' last gun deal (Dime Western Magazine 1938-10) The Gunsmoke Cub finds a Brand (Dime Western Magazine 1938-11) Recruit for the Hang-Noose Syndicate (Dime Western Magazine 1938-12) The Trail Drive God forgot (Dime Western Magazine 1939-01) Breaking of the Horse-Thief Pool (Dime Western Magazine 1939-02) Gun Call for Wind River Riders (Dime Western Magazine 1939-03) The Square Dealer of Last Chance (Dime Western Magazine 1939-04) Gunsmoke Bonus for Stolen Beef (Dime Western Magazine 1939-05) Button Brewster rides to war (Dime Western Magazine 1939-06) Lon Pike's last Gunsmoke Sermon (Dime Western Magazine 1939-07) Marked with Satan's Road-Brand (Dime Western Magazine 1939-08) The Summer of the Black Snow (Dime Western Magazine 1939-09) Free Bullets for the Quick-Grave Legion (Dime Western Magazine 1939-10) Gun Guide for Satan's Border-Jumpers (Dime Western Magazine 1939-11) Gray Wool brings Gunsmoke (Dime Western Magazine 1939-12) War Smoke guides the Western Mails (Dime Western Magazine 1940-01) New Graves at Hide-Out Ranch (Dime Western Magazine 1940-02) Gunsmoke Key to the Padlocked Deadline (Dime Western Magazine 1940-03) Too Soft for the Owlhoot (Dime Western Magazine 1940-04) Gun Partners of the Overland Mail (Dime Western Magazine 1940-05) Smoke McGonigal's last Gun-Chore (Dime Western Magazine 1940-06) Gun-Call for Buckskin Warriors (Dime Western Magazine 1940-07) A Greenhorn rides the Death Watch (Dime Western Magazine 1940-09) The Bear-Paw Man-Breaker (Dime Western Magazine 1940-10) The Fighting Flaggs ride at Midnight! (Dime Western Magazine 1940-11) The Mad Gunman of Wolf Tooth Point (Dime Western Magazine 1940-12) Law Rides the Range (1935) Sky-Pilot Cowboy (1937) Hired to Kill (Dime Western Magazine 1945-12) Pardners of the Dim Trails (1951) (vt: Tough Texan) The Way of a Texan (1953) Drift Fence (1953) The Burnt Ranch (1954) Gun Grudge (1955) Wet Cattle (1955) (vt: Violent Maverick) The Square Shooter (1956) Border Jumper (1956) The Night Branders (1956) One Step Ahead of the Posse (1956) Cayuse (1956) Stirrup High (1957) Fear Branded (1957) Horse Thief Trail (1957) Spider-Web Ridge (1958) Beyond the Wild Missouri (1958) Buffalo Run (1958) (vt: Fast Gun) Free Rangers (1959) Dark and Bloody Ground (1960) Guns Blaze on Spiderweb Range (1961) Invitation to a Hanging (1963) Ramrod (1963) Branded (1963) Sons of Gunfighters (1963) The Kansas Killers (1966) Feud Valley (1969) The Renegade (1969) La Jornada (1971) Sleeper's Mark (1990) Showdown Mesa (1992) Coffin Ranch : a western trio (1998; edited by Jon Tuska). Non-fiction Pioneer Cattleman in Montana: Story of the Circle C Ranch (1968) Western Word Wrangler (1973) References ^ a b c John D. Flanagan, "Coburn, Walt", in Twentieth Century Western Writers, edited by Geoff Sadler. St. James Press, 1991, ISBN 0-912289-98-8 , (pages 129-34) ^ "Walter Coburn, Writer of "Westerns" Arrives Here", Tucson Daily Citizen, Tucson, Arizona, volume LXV, number 298, October 25, 1934, page 6. ^ a b c Lee Server, "Coburn, Walt" in Encyclopedia of Pulp Fiction Writers. Facts on File, 2002 ISBN 978-0-8160-4578-5 (pp. 65-66) ^ Jon Tuska, The Western Story: A Chronological Treasury, University of Nebraska Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-8032-9439-4 (page xxviii). ^ Jon Tuska, Star Western, Gramercy Books, 1995, ISBN 0-517-14688-6 (page 132). ^ a b "Walt Coburn Papers". Special Collections at the University of Arizona Libraries. University of Arizona. Retrieved 3 April 2017. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands People Trove Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_fiction"},{"link_name":"White Sulphur Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sulphur_Springs,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Montana Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Territory"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta,_Montana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jdf-1"},{"link_name":"Army aviation corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Walter John Coburn (October 23, 1889 – May 1971) was an American writer of Westerns. Coburn was born in White Sulphur Springs, Montana Territory, the son of Robert Coburn Senior, the founder of the noted Circle C Ranch located south of Malta.[1]Coburn served in the Army aviation corps during the World War I era.[2] He later spent time as a cowboy and a surveyor, before becoming a full-time writer in the 1920s.","title":"Walt Coburn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Argosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ls-3"},{"link_name":"Western Story Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Story_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fiction House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction_House"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jdf-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walt_Coburn_Papers-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ls-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ls-3"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jdf-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walt_Coburn_Papers-6"}],"text":"Coburn began his career with Western stories in general fiction pulp magazines such as Adventure\nand Argosy.[3]\nLater Coburn moved on to pulps specializing in Westerns, including Western Story Magazine, Lariat Story Magazine, Ace-High Western and Frontier Stories.[4] He often wrote for the Fiction House pulp magazines, which promoted Coburn as \"the Cowboy Author\".[5]Coburn was enormously prolific; Flanagan states Coburn wrote almost two million words of fiction over\na thirty year period.[1] Coburn at his most prolific, averaged over 600,000 published words per year.[6] He was so popular that eventually, two pulp magazines -\nWalt Coburn’s Western Magazine and Walt Coburn’s Action Novels were issued, consisting mainly\nof reprints of Coburn's work.[3]After the pulps ended in the 1950s, Coburn switched his focus to writing paperback originals.[3]Coburn was a devout Christian. Coburn claimed, in his posthumously published\nautobiography Western Word Wrangler (1973) that God had chosen him to spread the Christian message\nthrough his fiction.[1]Coburn committed suicide at age 82 in Prescott, Arizona.[6]","title":"Western author"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stories","text":"The Ringtailed Rannyhans (1927)\nMavericks (1929)\nBarb Wire (1931)\nWalt Coburn's action novels; four western novels (1931)\nThe Passing of Poker Joe (Dime Western Magazine 1933-02)\nSon of a Gun Man (Dime Western Magazine 1933-03)\nGuns beyond the Border (Dime Western Magazine 1933-10)\nBrand of the Badlands (Dime Western Magazine 1933-12)\nOutlawed! (Dime Western Magazine 1934-01)\nThe Hoot-Owl Pool (Dime Western Magazine 1934-02)\nThe Hell Creek Maverick (Dime Western Magazine 1934-03)\nCowman's Law (Dime Western Magazine 1934-04)\nOutlawed Orphan (Dime Western Magazine 1934-05)\nMaverick Men (Dime Western Magazine 1934-06)\nThe Death Maverick (Dime Western Magazine 1934-07)\nMen of the Dark Trails (Dime Western Magazine 1934-08)\nRim-Rock Renegades (Dime Western Magazine 1934-09-01)\nBlack Outlaw (Dime Western Magazine 1934-10-01)\nRenegade Law (Dime Western Magazine 1934-10-15)\nBrand Blotters' Blood Tally (Dime Western Magazine 1934-11-01)\nThe Rio Renegade (Dime Western Magazine 1934-12-15)\nCreed of the Lawless (Dime Western Magazine 1935-01-01)\nSatan's Saddle Mates (Dime Western Magazine 1935-02-15)\nGhost Guns of Black Coulee (Dime Western Magazine 1935-03-01)\nThe Rolling-R Rides to Glory (Dime Western Magazine 1935-04-01)\nBadlands Orphan (Dime Western Magazine 1935-04-15)\nSix Gringos Ride to Hell (Dime Western Magazine 1935-05-01)\nBranded Men (Dime Western Magazine 1935-05-15)\nHate for a Lawman (Dime Western Magazine 1935-06-01)\nFeud Guns of Brady's Basin (Dime Western Magazine 1935-06-15)\nThe Partner of Buckshot Blue (Dime Western Magazine 1935-07-01)\nWanted Man's Gamble (Dime Western Magazine 1935-07-15)\nBadlands Lawman (Dime Western Magazine 1935-08-01)\nSon of the Owlhoot (Dime Western Magazine 1935-08-15)\nThe Law Rides to Wolf Hole (Dime Western Magazine 1935-09-01)\nTom Ball--Gun-Doctor (Dime Western Magazine 1935-10-01)\nGunsmoke Born (Dime Western Magazine 1935-10-15)\nWild-Bunch Lawman (Dime Western Magazine 1935-11-01)\nGun Ghosts of Skull Creek (Dime Western Magazine 1935-12-01)\nVigilante Vengeance (Dime Western Magazine 1936-02)\nWild Men in Buckskin (Dime Western Magazine 1936-03)\nMissouri River Renegade (Dime Western Magazine 1936-04)\nSix-Gun Quarantine (Dime Western Magazine 1936-05)\nThe Dead-Game Tinhorn (Dime Western Magazine 1936-06)\nThe Badlands Vigilante (Dime Western Magazine 1936-07)\nThe Button rides to War (Dime Western Magazine 1936-08)\nTrail Herd to Perdition (Dime Western Magazine 1936-09)\nThe Wagon Train Feud (Dime Western Magazine 1936-10)\nA New Marshall for Pinto (Dime Western Magazine 1936-11)\nGun Cub of the Black Wolf (Dime Western Magazine 1937-01)\nBlind Man's Gun Bluff (Dime Western Magazine 1937-02)\nStraw Boss for the Damned (Dime Western Magazine 1937-03)\nA Renegade rules the S-C Ranch (Dime Western Magazine 1937-04)\nDeath rides with the Black Fergusons (Dime Western Magazine 1937-05)\nThe Gringo who wouldn't die (Dime Western Magazine 1937-06)\nLast Stand of the Gila Pool Cowmen (Dime Western Magazine 1937-07)\nLone Wolf of the Feud Pack (Dime Western Magazine 1937-09)\nThe Raw Red Trail to Dodge! (Dime Western Magazine 1937-10)\nTrail Herd's Gunsmoke Market (Dime Western Magazine 1937-11)\nSun Prairie's Powdersmoke Revival (Dime Western Magazine 1937-12)\nGuns break trail for a Texan's Herd (Dime Western Magazine 1938-01)\nDeath waits West of Dodge (Dime Western Magazine 1938-02)\nRawhide, Gunsmoke--and Texas Cattle! (Dime Western Magazine 1938-03)\nStepson of the Wild Bunch (Dime Western Magazine 1938-04)\nHis Partner, the Gun Ghost (Dime Western Magazine 1938-05)\nThe Badlands send[s] a Fighting Man (Dime Western Magazine 1938-06)\nSigned on to die! (Dime Western Magazine 1938-07)\nFear God and shoot straight! (Dime Western Magazine 1938-08)\nThe Owlhoot makes a Cowman (Dime Western Magazine 1938-09)\nDoc Masters' last gun deal (Dime Western Magazine 1938-10)\nThe Gunsmoke Cub finds a Brand (Dime Western Magazine 1938-11)\nRecruit for the Hang-Noose Syndicate (Dime Western Magazine 1938-12)\nThe Trail Drive God forgot (Dime Western Magazine 1939-01)\nBreaking of the Horse-Thief Pool (Dime Western Magazine 1939-02)\nGun Call for Wind River Riders (Dime Western Magazine 1939-03)\nThe Square Dealer of Last Chance (Dime Western Magazine 1939-04)\nGunsmoke Bonus for Stolen Beef (Dime Western Magazine 1939-05)\nButton Brewster rides to war (Dime Western Magazine 1939-06)\nLon Pike's last Gunsmoke Sermon (Dime Western Magazine 1939-07)\nMarked with Satan's Road-Brand (Dime Western Magazine 1939-08)\nThe Summer of the Black Snow (Dime Western Magazine 1939-09)\nFree Bullets for the Quick-Grave Legion (Dime Western Magazine 1939-10)\nGun Guide for Satan's Border-Jumpers (Dime Western Magazine 1939-11)\nGray Wool brings Gunsmoke (Dime Western Magazine 1939-12)\nWar Smoke guides the Western Mails (Dime Western Magazine 1940-01)\nNew Graves at Hide-Out Ranch (Dime Western Magazine 1940-02)\nGunsmoke Key to the Padlocked Deadline (Dime Western Magazine 1940-03)\nToo Soft for the Owlhoot (Dime Western Magazine 1940-04)\nGun Partners of the Overland Mail (Dime Western Magazine 1940-05)\nSmoke McGonigal's last Gun-Chore (Dime Western Magazine 1940-06)\nGun-Call for Buckskin Warriors (Dime Western Magazine 1940-07)\nA Greenhorn rides the Death Watch (Dime Western Magazine 1940-09)\nThe Bear-Paw Man-Breaker (Dime Western Magazine 1940-10)\nThe Fighting Flaggs ride at Midnight! (Dime Western Magazine 1940-11)\nThe Mad Gunman of Wolf Tooth Point (Dime Western Magazine 1940-12)\nLaw Rides the Range (1935)\nSky-Pilot Cowboy (1937)\nHired to Kill (Dime Western Magazine 1945-12)\nPardners of the Dim Trails (1951) (vt: Tough Texan)\nThe Way of a Texan (1953)\nDrift Fence (1953)\nThe Burnt Ranch (1954)\nGun Grudge (1955)\nWet Cattle (1955) (vt: Violent Maverick)\nThe Square Shooter (1956)\nBorder Jumper (1956)\nThe Night Branders (1956)\nOne Step Ahead of the Posse (1956)\nCayuse (1956)\nStirrup High (1957)\nFear Branded (1957)\nHorse Thief Trail (1957)\nSpider-Web Ridge (1958)\nBeyond the Wild Missouri (1958)\nBuffalo Run (1958) (vt: Fast Gun)\nFree Rangers (1959)\nDark and Bloody Ground (1960)\nGuns Blaze on Spiderweb Range (1961)\nInvitation to a Hanging (1963)\nRamrod (1963)\nBranded (1963)\nSons of Gunfighters (1963)\nThe Kansas Killers (1966)\nFeud Valley (1969)\nThe Renegade (1969)\nLa Jornada (1971)\nSleeper's Mark (1990)\nShowdown Mesa (1992)\nCoffin Ranch : a western trio (1998; edited by Jon Tuska).","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Non-fiction","text":"Pioneer Cattleman in Montana: Story of the Circle C Ranch (1968)\nWestern Word Wrangler (1973)","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gulliver

James Gulliver

["1 Career","2 Personal life and death","3 References"]

British businessman (1930–1996) James Gerald Gulliver CVO FRSE FRSA FICE (17 August 1930 – 12 September 1996) was the founder of Argyll Foods, one of the United Kingdom's largest retail businesses. Career He was born in Campbeltown, Scotland, the son of successful grocer William Frederick Gulliver and Mary (née Lafferty). He was educated at Campbeltown Grammar School then studied at University of Glasgow and Georgia Institute of Technology, Gulliver served for three years in the Royal Navy before joining Urwick Orr & Partners, management consultants. In 1965 he joined Fine Fare where he became chairman within two years. In 1977, together with Alistair Grant, a marketing specialist who he had worked with at Fine Fare, and David Webster, a merchant banker, he founded James Gulliver Associates. In September 1978, he bought the meat company belonging to Manchester United chairman Louis Edwards for £100,000 plus shares and renamed it Argyll Foods, acquiring numerous retail concerns including 130 Safeway outlets. Within 10 years of the purchase, the company was worth £1.7 billion. Gulliver also bought 100,000 of Edwards' shares in Manchester United for £250,000 and was given a seat on the club's board of directors (although fellow director and former manager Matt Busby abstained from the vote to give Gulliver a seat, saying he did not know who Gulliver was). Gulliver later became the club's vice-president. He sold his stake in 1986, but retained two seats in the directors' box at the club's Old Trafford ground. He was also the vice-chairman of Heart of Midlothian. In 1985, he tried unsuccessfully to acquire Distillers but lost the bidding to Guinness. He retired from the business later that year. In 1990, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Hugh Sutherland, Ronald Roberts, Sir Kenneth Alexander and Sir Monty Finniston. He was awarded the CVO in 1995 for his services to the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme. Personal life and death He was married four times: to Margaret Joan Cormack (1958), Joanne Simms (1977), Marjorie H. Moncrieff (1985) and lastly Melanie Crossley (1993). He had five children with his first wife. Gulliver died in Edinburgh in 1996. References ^ Ibrahim, Youssef M. (17 September 1996). "James Gulliver, Chairman Of Food Group, Dies at 66". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com. ^ People of Today 1995 edition, Debrett's Peerage Ltd, 1995, p. 827 ^ "Gulliver, James Gerald (1930–1996), businessman". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/63338. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b c Biological index of former fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2016. ^ a b c d James Gulliver Chairman of Food Group dies at 66 New York Times, 17 September 1996 ^ Dewhurst, Keith (2009). When You Put on a Red Shirt. London: Yellow Jersey Press. p. 258. ISBN 9780224082839. ^ Basham, Brian (23 September 1996). "Obituary:James Gulliver". The Independent. Independent Print. Retrieved 17 April 2015. ^ a b c "RSE Fellowship" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 19 July 2009. This Scottish business-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a British businessperson born in the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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In September 1978, he bought the meat company belonging to Manchester United chairman Louis Edwards for £100,000 plus shares and renamed it Argyll Foods, acquiring numerous retail concerns including 130 Safeway outlets.[5] Within 10 years of the purchase, the company was worth £1.7 billion. Gulliver also bought 100,000 of Edwards' shares in Manchester United for £250,000 and was given a seat on the club's board of directors (although fellow director and former manager Matt Busby abstained from the vote to give Gulliver a seat, saying he did not know who Gulliver was).[6] Gulliver later became the club's vice-president. He sold his stake in 1986, but retained two seats in the directors' box at the club's Old Trafford ground.[7] He was also the vice-chairman of Heart of Midlothian.[8]In 1985, he tried unsuccessfully to acquire Distillers but lost the bidding to Guinness. He retired from the business later that year.[5]In 1990, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Hugh Sutherland, Ronald Roberts, Sir Kenneth Alexander and Sir Monty Finniston.[4]He was awarded the CVO in 1995 for his services to the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rse-8"}],"text":"He was married four times: to Margaret Joan Cormack (1958), Joanne Simms (1977), Marjorie H. Moncrieff (1985) and lastly Melanie Crossley (1993).[4] He had five children with his first wife.Gulliver died in Edinburgh in 1996.[8]","title":"Personal life and death"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_F.K.10

Armstrong Whitworth F.K.10

["1 Development","2 Variants","3 Operators","4 Specifications (F.K.10 (130 hp Clerget))","5 See also","6 References"]

British WWI quadruplane fighter aircraft F.K.10 F.K.10 Role FighterType of aircraft Manufacturer Armstrong Whitworth Designer Frederick Koolhoven First flight 1916 Number built 9 (1 F.K.9 + 8 F.K.10) The Armstrong Whitworth F.K.10 was a British two-seat quadruplane (i.e., four wing) fighter aircraft built by Armstrong Whitworth during the First World War. While it was ordered in small numbers for the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service, it was not used operationally. It is one of the few quadruplane aircraft to reach production. Development The F.K.10 was designed in 1916 by Frederick Koolhoven, the chief designer of Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft as a single-engine two-seat fighter. Koolhoven chose the novel quadruplane layout, also used by Pemberton-Billing (later known as Supermarine) for the P.B.29E and Supermarine Nighthawk anti-Zeppelin aircraft, and the contemporary Wight Quadruplane scout. At roughly the same time, Sopwith were building the successful Sopwith Triplane fighter. The first prototype, the F.K.9 was built and first flown in the summer of 1916, powered by a 110 hp (80 kW) Clerget 9Z rotary engine. It had a shallow fuselage, with the wings joined by plank-like interplane struts, similar to those used by the Sopwith Triplane. After evaluation at the Central Flying School in late 1916, a production order for 50 was placed by the RFC for a modified version, the F.K.10. The production F.K.10 had a new, deeper fuselage, and a new tail, but retained the wing planform of the F.K.9. The F.K.10 showed inferior performance to the Sopwith 1½ Strutter, which was already in service as a successful two-seat fighter, and only five were built of the RFC order, with a further three built for the RNAS. They were not used operationally and the design was not developed further. Variants F.K.10 F.K.9 Prototype powered by 110 hp (80 kW) Clerget 9Z engine. F.K.10 Production version with revised fuselage and tail, powered by 130 hp (100 kW) Clerget 9B or Le Rhône 9J engine. 50 ordered, 8 built. Operators  United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps Royal Naval Air Service Specifications (F.K.10 (130 hp Clerget)) Data from Warplanes of the First World War, Fighters Volume One, Great Britain.General characteristics Crew: Two Length: 22 ft 3 in (6.78 m) Wingspan: 27 ft 10 in (8.48 m) Height: 11 ft 6 in (3.51 m) Wing area: 390.4 sq ft (36.27 m2) Empty weight: 1,236 lb (561 kg) Gross weight: 2,019 lb (916 kg) Powerplant: 1 × Clerget 9B nine-cylinder rotary engine, 130 hp (97 kW) Performance Maximum speed: 84 mph (135 km/h, 73 kn) at 6,500 ft (2,000 m) Endurance: 2 hr 30 min Service ceiling: 10,000 ft (3,000 m) Time to altitude: 37 min 10 sec to 10,000 ft (3,000 m) Armament Guns: 1 × fixed, forward-firing .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun and 1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Gun in observer's cockpit See also Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Bristol F.2 Fighter Sopwith 1½ Strutter Wight Quadruplane References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armstrong Whitworth FK.10. ^ Mason 1992, p.76. ^ a b c Green and Swanborough 1994, p.25. ^ Bruce 1965, p.11-12. ^ Bruce 1965, p.13. ^ Bruce 1965, p.14. Bruce, J.M. (1965). Warplanes of the First World War, Fighters Volume One, Great Britain. London: Macdonald. Green, W.; Swanborough, G. (1994). The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark. ISBN 0-8317-3939-8. Mason, Francis K (1992). The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Ma: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-082-7. vteArmstrong Whitworth AircraftManufacturernumericaldesignationsFirst World War F.K.1 F.K.2 F.K.3 F.K.4 F.K.5 F.K.6 F.K.7 F.K.8 F.K.9 F.K.10 F.K.12 F.K.13 F.M.4 Post-First World War A.W.14 A.W.15 A.W.16 A.W.17 A.W.18 A.W.19 A.W.20 A.W.21 A.W.22 A.W.23 A.W.24 A.W.25 A.W.26 A.W.27 A.W.28 A.W.29 A.W.30 A.W.31 A.W.32 A.W.33 A.W.34 A.W.35 A.W.36 A.W.37 A.W.38 A.W.39 A.W.40 A.W.41 A.W.43 A.W.44 A.W.45 A.W.48 A.W.49 A.W.50 A.W.51 A.W.52 A.W.53 A.W.54 A.W.55 A.W.56 A.W.57 A.W.58 A.W.59 A.W.168 A.W.169 A.W.171 A.W.650 A.W.660 A.W.670 A.W.680 A.W.681 A.W.690 By name Ajax Albemarle Apollo Ara Argosy (1) Argosy (2) Aries Armadillo Atalanta Atlas Awana Ensign Meteor Sea Hawk Scimitar Siskin Sinaia Sissit Starling Tadpole Whitley Wolf By roleAirliners Argosy (1920s) Atalanta Ensign Apollo Airships 25r R29 R33 Army co-operation Atlas/Ajax/Aries Bombers A.W.19 A.W.23 A.W.29 Sinaia Whitley Experimental Ape A.W.52 A.W.171 Fighters F.K.9/F.K.10 A.W.16 Ara Armadillo Scimitar Siskin Starling General purpose F.K.3 F.K.8 Reconnaissance Tadpole Wolf Transports Albemarle Argosy (AW.660) Awana vteKoolhoven aircraftPre-World War I aircraft Koolhoven Heidevogel Armstrong Whitworth aircraft F.K.1 Sissit F.K.2 F.K.3 F.K.4 F.K.5 F.K.6 F.K.7 F.K.8 F.K.9 F.K.10 F.K.12 F.K.13 British Aerial Transport aircraft F.K.22 F.K.23 Bantam F.K.24 Baboon F.K.25 Basilisk F.K.26 F.K.27 F.K.28 Crow Nationale Vliegtuig Industrie aircraft] F.K.29 F.K.31 F.K.32 F.K.33 F.K.34 F.K.35 N.V. Koolhoven Vliegtuige aircraft F.K.30 F.K.36 F.K.40 F.K.41 F.K.42 F.K.43 F.K.44 F.K.45 F.K.46 F.K.47 F.K.48 F.K.49 F.K.50 F.K.51 F.K.52 F.K.53 F.K.54 F.K.55 F.K.56 F.K.57 F.K.58 F.K.59

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It is one of the few quadruplane aircraft to reach production.","title":"Armstrong Whitworth F.K.10"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Koolhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Koolhoven"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason_fighter_p76-1"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Supermarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine"},{"link_name":"Supermarine Nighthawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Nighthawk"},{"link_name":"Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Wight Quadruplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wight_Quadruplane"},{"link_name":"Sopwith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Aviation_Company"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Triplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Triplane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete_fighters-2"},{"link_name":"Clerget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerget"},{"link_name":"rotary engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_engine"},{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"interplane struts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplane_strut"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce_fighter_v1_p11-12-3"},{"link_name":"Central Flying School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Flying_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete_fighters-2"},{"link_name":"tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empennage"},{"link_name":"Sopwith 1½ Strutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_1%C2%BD_Strutter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete_fighters-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce_fighter_v1_p13-4"}],"text":"The F.K.10 was designed in 1916 by Frederick Koolhoven,[1] the chief designer of Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft as a single-engine two-seat fighter. Koolhoven chose the novel quadruplane layout, also used by Pemberton-Billing (later known as Supermarine) for the P.B.29E and Supermarine Nighthawk anti-Zeppelin aircraft, and the contemporary Wight Quadruplane scout. At roughly the same time, Sopwith were building the successful Sopwith Triplane fighter.The first prototype, the F.K.9 [2] was built and first flown in the summer of 1916, powered by a 110 hp (80 kW) Clerget 9Z rotary engine. It had a shallow fuselage, with the wings joined by plank-like interplane struts,[3] similar to those used by the Sopwith Triplane. After evaluation at the Central Flying School in late 1916, a production order for 50 was placed by the RFC for a modified version, the F.K.10.[2]The production F.K.10 had a new, deeper fuselage, and a new tail, but retained the wing planform of the F.K.9. The F.K.10 showed inferior performance to the Sopwith 1½ Strutter, which was already in service as a successful two-seat fighter, and only five were built of the RFC order, with a further three built for the RNAS.[2] They were not used operationally and the design was not developed further.[4]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armstrong_Whitworth_F.K.10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Le Rhône 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Rh%C3%B4ne_9"}],"text":"F.K.10F.K.9\nPrototype powered by 110 hp (80 kW) Clerget 9Z engine.\nF.K.10\nProduction version with revised fuselage and tail, powered by 130 hp (100 kW) Clerget 9B or Le Rhône 9J engine. 50 ordered, 8 built.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service"}],"text":"United KingdomRoyal Flying Corps\nRoyal Naval Air Service","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce_fighter_v1_p14-5"},{"link_name":"Clerget 9B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerget_9B"},{"link_name":"rotary engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_engine"},{"link_name":".303 in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.303_British"},{"link_name":"Vickers machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Lewis Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Gun"}],"text":"Data from Warplanes of the First World War, Fighters Volume One, Great Britain.[5]General characteristicsCrew: Two\nLength: 22 ft 3 in (6.78 m)\nWingspan: 27 ft 10 in (8.48 m)\nHeight: 11 ft 6 in (3.51 m)\nWing area: 390.4 sq ft (36.27 m2)\nEmpty weight: 1,236 lb (561 kg)\nGross weight: 2,019 lb (916 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Clerget 9B nine-cylinder rotary engine, 130 hp (97 kW)PerformanceMaximum speed: 84 mph (135 km/h, 73 kn) at 6,500 ft (2,000 m)\nEndurance: 2 hr 30 min\nService ceiling: 10,000 ft (3,000 m)\nTime to altitude: 37 min 10 sec to 10,000 ft (3,000 m)ArmamentGuns: 1 × fixed, forward-firing .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun and 1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Gun in observer's cockpit","title":"Specifications (F.K.10 (130 hp Clerget))"}]

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[]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_of_Watchmen

Production of Watchmen (film)

["1 Pre-production","1.1 Failed projects","1.2 Successful development","2 Production","3 Post-production","3.1 Music","3.2 Editing","3.3 Moore and Gibbons' involvement","3.4 Litigation","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography"]

Teaser poster drawn by Watchmen illustrator Dave Gibbons for the 2007 Comic-Con International Watchmen is a 2009 film based on the twelve-issue graphic novel series of the same name created by writer Alan Moore, artist Dave Gibbons, and colorist John Higgins, published by DC Comics between 1986 and 1987. The graphic novel's film rights were acquired by producer Lawrence Gordon in 1986. Many problems halted the adaptation's development, with four different studios and various directors and screenwriters being attached to the project through twenty years. In 2006, Zack Snyder, who at the time was filming another comic book adaptation, was hired by Warner Bros. to helm Watchmen. Filming started in 2007, and following deals with two of the previous companies involved in the development—Paramount Pictures was responsible for international distribution rights after budgetary issues in 2004, resulting in a lawsuit by 20th Century Fox. Fox, which was already contacted by Gordon in 1987, received $1 million of the gross—the Watchmen adaptation was finally released in March 2009. Pre-production Failed projects In August 1986, producer Lawrence Gordon acquired the film rights to Watchmen for 20th Century Fox, with producer Joel Silver working on the film. Fox asked author Alan Moore to write a screenplay based on his story, but when Moore declined the studio enlisted screenwriter Sam Hamm. On September 9, 1988, Hamm turned in his first draft, but said that condensing a 338-page, nine-panel-a-page comic book into a 128-page script was arduous. He took the liberty of re-writing Watchmen's complicated ending into a "more manageable" conclusion involving an assassination and a time paradox. Fox put the film into turnaround in 1991, and Gordon set up the project at a new company, Largo International, with Fox distributing the film. Although Largo closed three years later, Fox was promised that they would be involved if the project was revived. Gordon and Silver moved the project to Warner Bros., where Terry Gilliam was attached to direct. Unsatisfied with how Hamm's script fleshed out the characters, Gilliam brought in Charles McKeown to rewrite it. The second draft, which was credited to Gilliam, Warren Skaaren, and Hamm rather than McKeown, used the character Rorschach's journal as a voice-over, and restored scenes from the comic book that Hamm had removed. According to Watchmen artist Dave Gibbons, filming was to take place at Pinewood Studios. Silver wanted to cast Arnold Schwarzenegger as Dr. Manhattan. Because both Gilliam and Silver's previous films, The Adventures of Baron Munchausen and Die Hard 2 respectively, went over budget, they were only able to raise $25 million for the film—a quarter of the necessary budget. As a result, Gilliam abandoned the project, and ultimately decided that Watchmen was unfilmable. Gilliam explained, "Reducing to a two or two-and-a-half hour film seemed to me to take away the essence of what Watchmen is about." When Warner Bros. dropped the project, Gordon invited Gilliam back to helm the film independently. The director again declined, believing that the comic book would be better directed as a five-hour miniseries. " was considered too dark, too complex, too 'smart'. But the world has changed . I think that the new global climate has finally caught up with the vision that Alan Moore had in 1986. It is the perfect time to make this movie." David Hayter, in October 2001, on the project's timing In October 2001, Gordon and Universal Studios signed screenwriter David Hayter to write and direct Watchmen in a "seven-figure deal". Hayter hoped to begin filming in early 2002, but did not turn in his first draft until July 2002. In May 2003, Hayter said he had Alan Moore's blessing on the film, despite Moore's disagreement with the project since its first incarnation. In July 2003, Watchmen producer Lloyd Levin announced the completion of Hayter's script, which he called "a great adaptation that absolutely celebrates the book". Ultimately, Hayter and the producers left Universal over creative differences, and in October 2003, Gordon and Levin expressed interest in setting up Watchmen at Revolution Studios. The pair intended to shoot the film in Prague, but the project fell apart at Revolution Studios. In July 2004, it was announced Paramount Pictures would produce Watchmen, and they hired Darren Aronofsky to direct Hayter's script. Gordon and Levin remained attached, collaborating with Aronofsky's producing partner, Eric Watson. Eventually, Aronofsky left to focus on The Fountain, and Paramount replaced him with Paul Greengrass, with a target release date of summer 2006. At this time, Paddy Considine was involved in negotiations for Rorschach. Jude Law (a fan of the comic) and Tom Cruise both lobbied for Ozymandias. Greengrass wanted Joaquin Phoenix for Dan Dreiberg and Hilary Swank as Laurie. To publicize the film, Paramount launched a now-defunct Watchmen teaser website that had a message board as well as computer wallpaper available to download. Graphic artist Tristan Schane drew designs of Dr. Manhattan for the film, which depicted him with visible intestines. Gilliam read Greengrass's revision of Hayter's script and liked it, but told the director he did not think the studio would greenlight such a dark film. In March 2005, with rumors that high-profile projects, including Watchmen, were in danger of being cut, Paramount's CEO Donald De Line began urging a reduction in Watchmen's budget so the film could get the greenlight. When Brad Grey took over as Paramount's CEO, Levin feared potential budget cuts, so he made plans to move the project outside the UK in an effort to save money. Before he could, Paramount placed Watchmen in turnaround, again. In March 2019, concept footage from David Hayter's project was released on Supervoid Cinema's YouTube channel, featuring Iain Glen in the role of Nite-Owl and Ray Stevenson in the role of Rorschach. In October 2005, Gordon and Levin began talks with Warner Bros., originally the second studio to be attached to Watchmen, and confirmed in December 2005 that Warner Bros. had picked up the film, but that Greengrass was no longer attached to direct. In addition, the film was marked as an "open writing assignment", which meant David Hayter's script would be put aside. Despite this change, Hayter expressed his hope that his script would be used by Warner Bros. and that he would be attached to direct his "dream project". Successful development After Warner Bros. officially became involved, the studio claimed that because Paramount had not fully reimbursed Universal for its development costs, Paramount had no legal claim over the film rights. Therefore, it would not be entitled to co-finance the film with Warner Bros. After negotiations between the studios, they agreed that Paramount would own 25% of the film and would distribute it outside North America. Impressed with Zack Snyder's work on the film 300, an adaptation of Frank Miller's comic book of the same name, Warner Bros. approached him to direct an adaptation of Watchmen. After spending a couple of weeks deciding whether he wanted to direct the film or not, Warner Bros. officially announced Snyder’s hiring on June 23, 2006, with Alex Tse attached to write the script. Drawing from "the best elements" from two of Hayter’s drafts, Tse’s script returned to the original Cold War setting of the Watchmen comic. Warner Bros. was open to keeping the 1980s setting, although less so to the R-rating that Snyder wanted; Snyder also decided to add a title montage sequence to introduce the audience to the alternate history of the United States that the film presented. Snyder kept the ending from one of Hayter's drafts, which simplified details of the conspiracy within the story, because he felt it would allow more screen time to explore characters' backstories. "I didn't update for a couple of reasons. I thought Nixon was important to the movie. He's not in the movie a lot, but says a lot, what a villain is. In the graphic novel, he's written with a lot of ambiguity of whether he's a bad guy or not. if you update this and make it about the war on terror, you're now asking me to make a comment of how I feel about the war on terror. This way, it's up to you how you decide to feel about it." Zack Snyder Snyder said that he wanted the film to hold the same level of detail that was contained within the comic, with all of the easter eggs that were hidden within each frame of the comic's panels. As such, Snyder used the comic book as his storyboard, travelling with a copy and making notes on its pages. Next to the novel, Snyder cited Taxi Driver and Seven as visual influences. To make the film more topical, Snyder emphasized the existing subplot concerning energy resources. Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman met with Snyder twice during the later stages of pre-production to further revise the script, although Snyder explained the script was merely a document for the studio, and it was his storyboards that were his true guide while making the movie. James Kakalios, author of The Physics of Superheroes, was also hired as a scientific consultant. Production Snyder hoped to have principal photography take place from June–September 2007, but filming was delayed until September 17, 2007. Snyder wanted a $150 million budget, but Warner Bros. preferred the budget remain under $100 million; the film ultimately finished with a budget of approximately $120 million. The production took place in Vancouver, where a New York City back lot was built. Sound stages were used for apartments and offices, while sequences on Mars and Antarctica were shot against green screens. Ten visual effects companies, Sony Pictures Imageworks and Intelligent Creatures among them, came on board to work on the film, which ended up having 1,100 shots featuring effects, a quarter of them being computer-generated imagery. The Comedian's handguns on display at the 2008 Comic-Con Comic book artists Adam Hughes and John Cassaday were hired to work on character and costume designs for the film. Costume tests were being done by March 2007. 300 associate producer Wesley Coller portrayed Rorschach in a costume test, which Snyder inserted into a trailer that accompanied the release of 300. Although he intended to stay faithful to the look of the characters in the comic, Snyder wanted Nite Owl to look scarier and Ozymandias to possess authentic Egyptian attire and artifacts. Ultimately, Oyzmandias, Nite Owl and Silk Spectre changed most from the comic, as Snyder felt "audiences might not appreciate the naiveté of the original costumes. So, there has been some effort to give them a modern look—and not modern in the sense of 2007, but modern in terms of the superhero aesthetic". Costume designer Michael Wilkinson added that the costumes had to look realistic and protective, and that the Nite Owl costume should reflect Dan's interest in aerodynamics. The chain mail in his costume resemble a bird's feathers. Snyder also wanted the costumes to "comment directly on many of today’s modern masked vigilantes": The Ozymandias costume, with its molded muscles and nipples, parodies the costumes in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin. Throughout filming, Snyder also kept adding in dialogue to mention more of the characters' backstories so the film would be as faithful as possible. Production designer Alex McDowell intended Nixon's war room to pay tribute to the war room in the film Dr. Strangelove. He also wanted Dr. Manhattan's apartment, which is inside his laboratory, to look like the work of Maison Jansen, explaining that "the powers that be, who know nothing about design, but needed to feel like he was the most important guy in America". The apartment also echoes the film The Man Who Fell to Earth, with a book prop named Masterpieces in Paint and Poetry and a tennis courtroom with similar wallpaper. Set designers selected four Kansas City sculptors' works for use on the set of Dr. Manhattan's apartment, after discovering their works on the Internet. Filming ended on February 19, 2008. Post-production Music Main articles: Watchmen: Original Motion Picture Score and Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture Composer Tyler Bates began scoring Watchmen in November 2007. He planned to visit the shoot for a week during each month, and view assembly cuts of scenes to begin rough composing. Snyder and Bates listened to the soundtracks of 1980s films such as Manhunter, Blade Runner, and To Live and Die in L.A. for inspiration. Bates switched between a Yamaha CS-80 or an MOTM for moments that he felt should have more ambience or synthesizers. Snyder wanted a scene where Nite Owl and Silk Spectre rescue people from a burning building to have a more traditional superhero feel, so Bates implemented a four to the floor guitar rhythm. A 64-strong choir and the 87-piece ensemble from the Hollywood Studio Symphony were hired for the more orchestral themes. The film uses some of the songs mentioned in the comic. Bates said the challenge was composing music that would transition effectively into these famous songs. One of the songs is "The Times They Are a-Changin'" by Bob Dylan from whom Snyder and Bates received permission to use the stems so the three-minute song could play over the six-minute opening montage. My Chemical Romance, whose members are fans of the comic, covered Dylan's "Desolation Row" for the first half of the closing credits. The film also features two pieces from Philip Glass' score to 1982 film Koyaanisqatsi accompanying the birth of Dr. Manhattan. Two albums, Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture and Watchmen: Original Motion Picture Score were released on February 24, 2009 by Warner Sunset and Reprise Records. Additionally, a 12" vinyl picture disc was released on January 27, 2009. The A-side features My Chemical Romance's cover version of "Desolation Row", and the B-side features "Prison Fight" composed by Tyler Bates for the film's score. Both songs will also be featured on the Music From the Motion Picture and Original Motion Picture Soundtrack albums, respectively. A box set consisting of seven 7" picture disks was released on March 24, 2009. This set will also include My Chemical Romance performing "Desolation Row", as well as thirteen tracks from the Tyler Bates score. Editing Snyder's first cut of the film was three hours long. In keeping the film tight, Snyder dubbed himself "the gatekeeper" of the comic's easter eggs, "while conspire to say, 'No. Length, length, length. Playability.' I've lost perspective on that now, because to me, the honest truth is I geek out on little stuff now as much as anybody. Like, people will go, 'We've got to cut. You don't need that shot of Hollis Mason's garage sign.' And I'm like, 'What are you talking about? Of course you do. Are you crazy? How will people enjoy the movie without shit like that in it?' So it's hard for me." Snyder cut the film down to 162 minutes when he realized there was a way to further trim the film: removing the murder of Hollis Mason, the first Nite Owl, which "was easy without destroying the movie". Moore and Gibbons' involvement See also: Watchmen's publication and ownership When 20th Century Fox acquired the film rights to Watchmen, the comic's writer Alan Moore was initially excited about the film adaptation. In a 1987 edition of Comics Interview, he revealed Sam Hamm, who was attached to write, visited him in Northampton for lunch and that he felt Hamm would provide an adaptation faithful to the comic's spirit. Ultimately, Hamm's script altered the ending, having Adrian Veidt die and Dr. Manhattan alter time so that Jon Osterman is not affected by the radiation. As a result, the remaining characters are teleported to the real world created as a result of time travel. In an interview with Variety's Danny Graydon, during Warner Bros.'s first possession of feature film rights for Watchmen, Moore changed his mind, adamantly opposing a film adaptation of his comic book. Moore felt that, contrary to others' opinion, the comic book was not cinematic. When he was approached by Terry Gilliam on how to film the comic book, Moore stated that he "didn't think it was filmable". Moore clarified for Graydon, "I didn't design it to show off the similarities between cinema and comics, which are there, but in my opinion are fairly unremarkable. It was designed to show off the things that comics could do that cinema and literature couldn't." In December 2001, Moore further explained his opposition, citing how a reader can take the time to absorb the character backgrounds, by having the option of turning back the pages so that they can connect elements they had just read to past elements, but that film forces you to watch the story at 24 frames per second. Moore's opposition to the film adaptation crystallized after the 2003 film version of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen was released, and he intended to give any resulting royalties from Watchmen to the comic's artist, Dave Gibbons. In Moore’s opinion, Hayter's script was the closest anyone could get to the original comic, but added that he would not be going to see the film when completed. Moore said, "My book is a comic book. Not a movie, not a novel. A comic book. It's been made in a certain way, and designed to be read a certain way: in an armchair, nice and cozy next to a fire, with a steaming cup of coffee." In November 2006, Zack Snyder said that he hoped to speak to Moore before filming, though the writer had sworn off involvement with film or television productions after his disagreement over the V for Vendetta film adaptation. Moore signed a deal to go uncredited on the film, and for his share of the income be given to Gibbons, as he had done on V for Vendetta. Before filming began, Snyder said, " totally respect his wishes to not be involved in the movie." Moore expressed discontent over the choice of the director, saying that he "had a lot of problems" with the comic book 300 and that, while he had not seen it, he had heard that Snyder's film adaptation was racist, homophobic, and "sublimely stupid". In an early interview with Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker, Watchmen artist Dave Gibbons said that he thought the time had passed to make a Watchmen movie. Gibbons felt that the window to make a Watchmen movie was during the success of the 1989 Batman film. When that time passed, Gibbons also told Neon magazine that he was " glad because it wouldn't have been up to the book". Gibbons felt it would probably be better adapted as a television series like The Prisoner. When given the opportunity, Gibbons enjoyed the script by Alex Tse. Gibbons gave Snyder some script advice, which the director accepted. He drew licensing art for the film, consulted on merchandise and the webcomics, publicized the film with Snyder, and wrote a tie-in book about the creation of the comic, entitled Watching the Watchmen. Moore did not mind Gibbons' involvement and felt it did not have any impact on their friendship. Snyder asked Gibbons to draw up a storyboard for the film's altered ending, which the comics' colorist John Higgins also returned to work on. Gibbons believed watching the film on DVD would emulate flipping through the book, with viewers pausing or rewinding the film to catch details. Litigation On February 14, 2008, 20th Century Fox brought a lawsuit against Warner Bros. that alleged copyright infringement on the Watchmen film property. The studio believed it held the rights to produce the film, or at least distribute it, no matter how many studios Watchmen passed through, and sought to block its release. Warner Bros. said that Fox repeatedly failed to exercise its rights over various incarnations of the production. Through producer Lawrence Gordon, Fox had bought the rights to the comic book in 1986. Fox alleges that when it put the project into turnaround in 1994, a separate 1991 deal that transferred some of the rights to Gordon still gave them the option of distribution, sequel rights, and a share of the profits should it be made by any other studio. Fox's interpretation of the 1994 turnaround deal also meant that Gordon would not fully control the rights until the studio's development costs—estimated by Fox at $1 million—had been reimbursed. Despite originally passing on the project, Fox also alleged that its agreement with Gordon contained a "changed elements" clause, meaning that if Gordon changed any of the key creative personnel on the film, Fox would have first option on participation, claiming that Gordon did not inform them of Snyder's joining the production in 2005. Fox alleged that it contacted Warner Bros. before production began in 2005, and told the studio that it had violated Fox's 1991 and 1994 deals with Gordon. Warner Bros. claimed that it was originally unaware of either deal, and that in 2005 Fox had declined to produce the Hayter screenplay that formed the basis of the production. Warner Bros. also claimed that the 1994 deal did not cover distribution rights and had conferred upon Gordon all the rights he needed to take the film to Warner Bros. The studio's motion to dismiss the case in August 2008 was rejected by the judge. On December 24, 2008, Judge Gary A. Feess granted 20th Century Fox's claim to a copyright interest in the film. An attorney for 20th Century Fox said that the studio would seek an order to delay the release of Watchmen. Producer Lloyd Levin revealed in an open letter that in 2005 both Fox and Warner Bros. were offered the chance to make Watchmen. Fox passed on the project while Warner Bros. made a deal to acquire the movie rights and move forward with development. An internal Fox email documented that executives at Fox felt the script was "one of the most unintelligible pieces of shit they had read in years". On January 15, 2009, the trade press reported that Fox and Warner Bros. had reached a settlement. Fox would receive a share of the box office, but no future ownership of the film. The settlement awarded Fox up to $10 million in development costs and legal fees, plus worldwide gross participation scaling from 5 to 8.5 percent. References Citations ^ a b Thompson, Anne (1986-08-26). "Filmmakers intent on producing new comic-book movies". Sun-Sentinel. ^ a b c d (Hughes 2008, p. 147) ^ Cieply, Michael (2008-09-20). "Battle Over 'Watchmen' Surrounds a Producer". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-20. ^ a b c Jensen, Jeff (2005-10-25). "Watchmen: An Oral History". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2007-02-02. ^ Rebello, Stephen (November 1989). "Sam Hamm – Screenwriter". Cinefantastique. pp. 34–41. ^ "Python Won't Bite For Watchmen". Empire Online. 2000-11-13. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ Plume, Kenneth (2000-11-17). "Interview with Terry Gilliam (Part 3 of 4)". IGN. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ a b Stax (2001-10-27). "David Hayter Watches The Watchmen". IGN. Retrieved 2020-03-11. ^ "David Hayter Talks Watchmen Movie". Comics Continuum. 2001-11-07. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ "X-Men Sequel Update". Comics Continuum. 2002-07-27. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ Stax (2003-05-02). "Hayter on Watchmen". IGN. Retrieved 2020-03-11. ^ Head, Steve (2003-07-13). "Hayter Completes Watchmen Script". IGN. Retrieved 2020-03-11. ^ Kit, Borys (2005-12-19). "'Watchmen' on Duty at Warner Bros". The Book Standard. Archived from the original on March 28, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-25. ^ McWeeny, Drew (2003-10-31). "Updated! More On Watchmen Casting!". Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ Meils, Cathy (2003-12-03). "Czech film biz at rest after active year". Variety. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ Linder, Brian (2004-07-23). "Aronofsky Still Watching Watchmen". IGN. Retrieved 2020-03-11. ^ Borys Kit (2004-07-23). "Watchmen unmasked for Par, Aronofsky". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 5, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ Kit, Borys; Liza Foreman (2004-11-22). "Greengrass, Par on Watchmen". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ "Moriarty Takes A Look At Where Paul Greengrass Is With The Development Of WATCHMEN!!". aintitcool.com. 2008-11-15. ^ "WatchmenMovie.com at Internet Archive". Internet Archive. May 11, 2005. Archived from the original on May 11, 2005. ^ Paul Davidson (2005-03-09). "Watchmen Website Update". IGN. Retrieved 2020-03-11. ^ Omar Aviles (2005-04-06). "Watchmen concept art". JoBlo.com. Retrieved 2020-03-11. ^ a b c Crocker, Jonathan (February 2009). "Hero Complex". Total Film. pp. 52–59. ^ Stax (2005-03-29). "Who Watches the Watchmens Wallet?". IGN. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ "Save Our Watchmen!". Empire Online. 2005-04-04. Retrieved 2020-03-11. ^ "Someone To Watch Over Watchmen". Empire Online. 2005-06-07. Retrieved 2020-03-11. ^ Stax (2005-10-25). "Watchmen Resurrected?". IGN. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ Stax (2005-12-16). "Exclusive: Which Studio Is Watching Watchmen?". IGN. Retrieved 2020-03-11. ^ Stax (2006-02-07). "10 Questions: David Hayter". IGN. Retrieved 2020-03-11. ^ a b c d John Horn (2008-11-16). "A super battle over 'Watchmen'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2008-12-28. Retrieved 2008-11-17. ^ Robert Sanchez (2007-02-13). "Exclusive Interview: Zack Snyder Is Kickin' Ass With 300 and Watchmen!". IESB. Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. Retrieved 2007-02-14. ^ a b c Lovece, Frank (2009-02-19). "CGI: 'Watchmen'—Zack Snyder brings superhero saga to the finish line". Film Journal International. Archived from the original on 2009-04-16. Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ Borys Kit (2006-06-23). "Snyder gets duty on WB's Watchmen". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 2006-07-09. Retrieved 2006-07-24. ^ Ellwood, Gregory (2006-07-18). "World awaits Watchmen". Variety. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ a b "Exclusive: Zack Snyder talks Watchmen". Empire Online. 2006-10-05. Retrieved 2006-10-05. ^ Patrick Lee (2006-11-09). "Snyder: Watchmen Remains True". Sci Fi Wire. Archived from the original on 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2006-11-09. ^ a b c Itzkoff, Dave (2009-02-01). "Watchmen Skulk to the Screen". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-03. ^ a b Itier, Emmanuel (2008-12-22). "'Watchmen' director Zack Snyder discusses his latest comic book adaptation". iF Magazine. Archived from the original on 2009-02-01. Retrieved 2008-12-22. ^ a b c Weiland, Jonah (2007-03-14). "300 Post-Game: One-on-One with Zack Snyder". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2007-03-16. ^ Jeff Jensen (2008-07-17). "'Watchmen': An Exclusive First Look". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-07-18. ^ Sanchez, Robert (2007-10-01). "Exclusive: The Watchmen Recruited New Writers!". IESB. Archived from the original on 2008-04-29. Retrieved 2011-04-07. ^ "He Blinded Me With Science". WatchmenComicMovie.com. 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2008-08-22. ^ ScoreKeeper (2007-02-22). "ScoreKeeper With Composer Tyler Bates Re: 300, Watchmen, And Rob Zombie's Halloween!!". Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved 2007-02-22. ^ Eric Vespe (2007-07-29). "Zack Snyder and Quint have a brief conversation about Watchmen! Pirate storyline! Rorschach! More!!!!". Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved 2007-07-29. ^ Kit, Borys (2007-03-13). "Watchmen feeding off 300 spoils". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2007-03-13. ^ a b c Kiel Phegley (2007-08-21). "Zack Snyder prepares for Watchmen". Wizard. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. Retrieved 2008-02-07. ^ a b Jonah Weiland (2006-11-09). "Snyder Gives A Watchmen Update". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2006-11-09. ^ "Watchmen". Cinefex. Retrieved 2008-03-15. ^ Desowitz, Bill (2009-03-10). "Deconstructing Watchmen -- Part 2". Animation World Network. Retrieved 2010-04-12. ^ Warmoth, Brian (2006-12-14). "Casssaday costumes for Watchmen". Wizard. Archived from the original on 2007-01-06. Retrieved 2006-12-18. ^ a b "Zack Snyder Fan Q&A — Part II". WatchmenComicMovie.com. 2008-02-14. Retrieved 2008-02-15. ^ Erich Wood (2009-02-16). "On Set Watchmen Interview: Michael Wilkinson – Costume Designer". IESB. Retrieved 2009-02-16. ^ "Exclusive Zack Snyder Video Interview Backstage at Saturn Awards". Collider.com. 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2008-06-27. ^ Jennifer Vineyard (2008-07-16). "Patrick Wilson Says 'Watchmen' Ending Remains The Same". MTV. Retrieved 2008-07-16. ^ "What Is David Bowie Doing In Dr. Manhattan's Sweet Pad?". io9. 2009-01-02. Retrieved 2008-01-03. ^ Robert W. Butler (2007-10-13). "KC screenwriter a finalist for $30,000 national fellowship". The Kansas City Star. ^ Zack Snyder (2008-02-19). "That's a wrap!". Warner Bros. Retrieved 2008-02-24. ^ Edward Douglas (2007-08-17). "Exclusive: Tyler Bates Interview!". ShockTillYouDrop. Archived from the original on 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2007-08-17. ^ Drew McWeeny (2008-10-02). "Moriarty Sees A Half-Hour Of Watchmen In Hollywood!". Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved 2008-10-03. ^ a b Spencer D. (2009-02-06). "Watchmen Composer Sounds Off". IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2009-02-08. ^ Dan Goldwasser (2009-01-26). "Tyler Bates scores Watchmen". ScoringSessions.com. Retrieved 2009-01-27. ^ Larry Carroll (2008-07-23). "Snyder Reveals Hendrix, Dylan, Other Tracks in 'Watchmen,' No Smashing Pumpkins". MTV Splash Page. Retrieved 2008-07-23. ^ Rob Vaux (2009-03-06). "He Watches the Watchmen". Mania. Archived from the original on 2009-03-07. Retrieved 2009-03-07. ^ "Warner Sunset/Reprise Records to Release 12" Picture Disc of My Chemical Romance's Reinterpretation of "Desolation Row" for Watchmen on January 27, 2009". Buzznet. 2009-01-13. Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. Retrieved 2009-01-21. ^ Hoffman, Jordan (2009-01-07). "Japanese 'Watchmen' Trailer Reminds Us Why The Studios Are Bickering". UGO. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2009-06-20. ^ a b c "Warner Sunset/Reprise Records to Release 12" Picture Disc of My Chemical Romance's Reinterpretation of "Desolation Row" for Watchmen on January 27, 2009". Business Wire. 2009-01-13. Retrieved 2009-01-13. ^ "Watchmen Music". Warner Bros. Records. Retrieved 2009-01-13. ^ "Watchmen Limited Edition 7" Singles Box Set". Warner Bros. Record Store. Archived from the original on 2010-12-29. Retrieved 2009-03-09. ^ Cindy White (2008-06-26). "Snyder Cutting Watchmen". Sci Fi Wire. Archived from the original on 2008-06-27. Retrieved 2008-06-26. ^ Bill Desowitz (2009-02-18). "Snyder Discusses Extended Versions of Watchmen". VFXWorld. Archived from the original on 2009-07-10. Retrieved 2009-02-19. ^ Daniel Manu (2008-10-16). "Alan Moore endorsed Watchmen Movie... in 1987". Television Without Pity. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2008-10-25. ^ (Hughes 2008, p. 146) ^ Brian Hiatt (2001-12-10). "Watching the Detectives". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2007-12-25. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ a b "Talking With Dave Gibbons". WatchmenComicMovie.com. 2008-10-16. Retrieved 2008-10-25. ^ Gopalan, Nisha (2008-07-16). "Alan Moore Still Knows the Score!". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-07-22. ^ a b "Dave Gibbons Interview" (Video). WatchmenComicMovie.com. 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2009-02-12. ^ Douglas, Edward (2007-07-27). "Zack Snyder Talks Watchmen!". Comingsoon.net. Retrieved 2007-07-27. ^ MICHAEL CIEPLY (2008-12-25). "Judge Says Fox Owns Rights to a Warner Movie". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-25. ^ "Fox will fight for 'Watchmen' delay". The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. 2008-12-29. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-29. ^ Drew McWeeny (2008-12-06). "An Open Letter From 'Watchmen' Producers". hitflix. Retrieved 2009-01-08. ^ Matthew Belloni and Borys Kit (2009-01-15). "Warner, Fox settle over 'Watchmen' settlement". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-12. ^ "Update: Warner Bros. and Fox Settle Watchmen Dispute". comingsoon.net. Bibliography Hughes, David (2008), "Who Watches the Watchmen? – How The Greatest Graphic Novel of Them All Confounded Hollywood", The Greatest Sci-Fi Movies Never Made (4th ed.), Chicago Review Press; updated and expanded edition Titan Books, pp. 144–151, ISBN 978-1-84576-755-6 vteWatchmenCreated by Alan Moore, Dave GibbonsComics Watchmen Before Watchmen "The Button" Doomsday Clock Dark Nights: Death Metal Rorschach Flashpoint Beyond AdaptationsFilm Production Soundtrack Score The End Is Nigh TV series Episodes "It's Summer and We're Running Out of Ice" "Martial Feats of Comanche Horsemanship" "She Was Killed by Space Junk" "If You Don't Like My Story, Write Your Own" "Little Fear of Lightning" "This Extraordinary Being" "An Almost Religious Awe" "A God Walks into Abar" "See How They Fly" Soundtrack Other Motion Comic CharactersWatchmen Comedian Doctor Manhattan Nite Owl Rorschach Silk Spectre Adrian Veidt Doomsday Clock Reggie Long Parodies Saturday Morning Watchmen Watchmensch See also Charlton Comics Blue Beetle Captain Atom Mr. A Nightshade Peacemaker Peter Cannon, Thunderbolt Punch and Jewelee Question DC Rebirth The New Golden Age Category

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The graphic novel's film rights were acquired by producer Lawrence Gordon in 1986. Many problems halted the adaptation's development, with four different studios and various directors and screenwriters being attached to the project through twenty years. In 2006, Zack Snyder, who at the time was filming another comic book adaptation, was hired by Warner Bros. to helm Watchmen. Filming started in 2007, and following deals with two of the previous companies involved in the development—Paramount Pictures was responsible for international distribution rights after budgetary issues in 2004, resulting in a lawsuit by 20th Century Fox. Fox, which was already contacted by Gordon in 1987, received $1 million of the gross—the Watchmen adaptation was finally released in March 2009.","title":"Production of Watchmen (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pre-production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lawrence Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Gordon_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Watchmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Joel Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Silver"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thomson-1"},{"link_name":"Alan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moore"},{"link_name":"Sam 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needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jude Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude_Law"},{"link_name":"Tom Cruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise"},{"link_name":"Joaquin Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Hilary Swank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Swank"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"computer wallpaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_wallpaper"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tf-23"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Donald De 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Fox, with producer Joel Silver working on the film.[1] Fox asked author Alan Moore to write a screenplay based on his story, but when Moore declined the studio enlisted screenwriter Sam Hamm. On September 9, 1988, Hamm turned in his first draft, but said that condensing a 338-page, nine-panel-a-page comic book into a 128-page script was arduous. He took the liberty of re-writing Watchmen's complicated ending into a \"more manageable\" conclusion involving an assassination and a time paradox.[2] Fox put the film into turnaround in 1991, and Gordon set up the project at a new company, Largo International, with Fox distributing the film. Although Largo closed three years later, Fox was promised that they would be involved if the project was revived.[3]Gordon and Silver moved the project to Warner Bros., where Terry Gilliam was attached to direct. Unsatisfied with how Hamm's script fleshed out the characters, Gilliam brought in Charles McKeown to rewrite it. The second draft, which was credited to Gilliam, Warren Skaaren, and Hamm rather than McKeown, used the character Rorschach's journal as a voice-over, and restored scenes from the comic book that Hamm had removed.[2] According to Watchmen artist Dave Gibbons,[4] filming was to take place at Pinewood Studios.[5] Silver wanted to cast Arnold Schwarzenegger as Dr. Manhattan. Because both Gilliam and Silver's previous films, The Adventures of Baron Munchausen and Die Hard 2 respectively, went over budget, they were only able to raise $25 million for the film—a quarter of the necessary budget.[2] As a result, Gilliam abandoned the project, and ultimately decided that Watchmen was unfilmable. Gilliam explained, \"Reducing [the story] to a two or two-and-a-half hour film [...] seemed to me to take away the essence of what Watchmen is about.\"[6] When Warner Bros. dropped the project, Gordon invited Gilliam back to helm the film independently. The director again declined, believing that the comic book would be better directed as a five-hour miniseries.[7]\"[Watchmen] was considered too dark, too complex, too 'smart'. But the world has changed [after the September 11, 2001 attacks]. I think that the new global climate has finally caught up with the vision that Alan Moore had in 1986. It is the perfect time to make this movie.\"\n\n\nDavid Hayter, in October 2001, on the project's timing[8]In October 2001, Gordon and Universal Studios signed screenwriter David Hayter to write and direct Watchmen in a \"seven-figure deal\".[8] Hayter hoped to begin filming in early 2002,[9] but did not turn in his first draft until July 2002.[10] In May 2003, Hayter said he had Alan Moore's blessing on the film, despite Moore's disagreement with the project since its first incarnation.[11] In July 2003, Watchmen producer Lloyd Levin announced the completion of Hayter's script, which he called \"a great adaptation [...] that absolutely celebrates the book\".[12] Ultimately, Hayter and the producers left Universal over creative differences,[13] and in October 2003, Gordon and Levin expressed interest in setting up Watchmen at Revolution Studios.[14] The pair intended to shoot the film in Prague,[15] but the project fell apart at Revolution Studios.[16]In July 2004, it was announced Paramount Pictures would produce Watchmen, and they hired Darren Aronofsky to direct Hayter's script. Gordon and Levin remained attached, collaborating with Aronofsky's producing partner, Eric Watson.[17] Eventually, Aronofsky left to focus on The Fountain, and Paramount replaced him with Paul Greengrass, with a target release date of summer 2006.[18] At this time, Paddy Considine[citation needed] was involved in negotiations for Rorschach. Jude Law (a fan of the comic) and Tom Cruise both lobbied for Ozymandias. Greengrass wanted Joaquin Phoenix for Dan Dreiberg and Hilary Swank as Laurie.[19] To publicize the film, Paramount launched a now-defunct Watchmen teaser website[20] that had a message board as well as computer wallpaper available to download.[21] Graphic artist Tristan Schane drew designs of Dr. Manhattan for the film, which depicted him with visible intestines.[22] Gilliam read Greengrass's revision of Hayter's script and liked it, but told the director he did not think the studio would greenlight such a dark film.[23] In March 2005, with rumors that high-profile projects, including Watchmen, were in danger of being cut, Paramount's CEO Donald De Line began urging a reduction in Watchmen's budget so the film could get the greenlight.[24] When Brad Grey took over as Paramount's CEO, Levin feared potential budget cuts, so he made plans to move the project outside the UK in an effort to save money.[25] Before he could, Paramount placed Watchmen in turnaround, again.[26] In March 2019, concept footage from David Hayter's project was released on Supervoid Cinema's YouTube channel, featuring Iain Glen in the role of Nite-Owl and Ray Stevenson in the role of Rorschach.[citation needed]In October 2005, Gordon and Levin began talks with Warner Bros., originally the second studio to be attached to Watchmen,[27] and confirmed in December 2005 that Warner Bros. had picked up the film, but that Greengrass was no longer attached to direct. In addition, the film was marked as an \"open writing assignment\", which meant David Hayter's script would be put aside.[28] Despite this change, Hayter expressed his hope that his script would be used by Warner Bros. and that he would be attached to direct his \"dream project\".[29]","title":"Pre-production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horn-30"},{"link_name":"Zack Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_Snyder"},{"link_name":"300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_(film)"},{"link_name":"Frank Miller's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Miller_(comics)"},{"link_name":"comic book of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kickin_ass-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journal-32"},{"link_name":"Alex Tse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Tse"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snyderduty-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exclusive-35"},{"link_name":"R-rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America_film_rating_system"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tf-23"},{"link_name":"alternate history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skulk-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guide-38"},{"link_name":"easter eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(virtual)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exclusive-35"},{"link_name":"storyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post_game-39"},{"link_name":"Taxi Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_Driver"},{"link_name":"Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tf-23"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewfirstlook-40"},{"link_name":"Roberto Orci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Orci"},{"link_name":"Alex Kurtzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Kurtzman"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guide-38"},{"link_name":"James Kakalios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kakalios"},{"link_name":"The Physics of Superheroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Physics_of_Superheroes"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Successful development","text":"After Warner Bros. officially became involved, the studio claimed that because Paramount had not fully reimbursed Universal for its development costs, Paramount had no legal claim over the film rights. Therefore, it would not be entitled to co-finance the film with Warner Bros. After negotiations between the studios, they agreed that Paramount would own 25% of the film and would distribute it outside North America.[30] Impressed with Zack Snyder's work on the film 300, an adaptation of Frank Miller's comic book of the same name, Warner Bros. approached him to direct an adaptation of Watchmen.[31] After spending a couple of weeks deciding whether he wanted to direct the film or not,[32] Warner Bros. officially announced Snyder’s hiring on June 23, 2006, with Alex Tse attached to write the script.[33] Drawing from \"the best elements\" from two of Hayter’s drafts,[34] Tse’s script returned to the original Cold War setting of the Watchmen comic.[35] Warner Bros. was open to keeping the 1980s setting, although less so to the R-rating that Snyder wanted;[23] Snyder also decided to add a title montage sequence to introduce the audience to the alternate history of the United States that the film presented.[36] Snyder kept the ending from one of Hayter's drafts, which simplified details of the conspiracy within the story, because he felt it would allow more screen time to explore characters' backstories.[37]\"I didn't update [the 1985 setting] for a couple of reasons. I thought Nixon was important to the movie. He's not in the movie a lot, but [his presence] says a lot, [especially about] what a villain is. In the graphic novel, he's written with a lot of ambiguity of whether he's a bad guy or not. [Also] if you update this and make it about the war on terror, you're now asking me to make a comment of how I feel about the war on terror. This way, it's up to you how you decide to feel about it.\"\n\n\nZack Snyder[38]Snyder said that he wanted the film to hold the same level of detail that was contained within the comic, with all of the easter eggs that were hidden within each frame of the comic's panels.[35] As such, Snyder used the comic book as his storyboard, travelling with a copy and making notes on its pages.[39] Next to the novel, Snyder cited Taxi Driver and Seven as visual influences.[23] To make the film more topical, Snyder emphasized the existing subplot concerning energy resources.[40] Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman met with Snyder twice during the later stages of pre-production to further revise the script,[41] although Snyder explained the script was merely a document for the studio, and it was his storyboards that were his true guide while making the movie.[38] James Kakalios, author of The Physics of Superheroes, was also hired as a scientific consultant.[42] [citation needed]","title":"Pre-production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bates-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skulk-37"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Sound stages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_stage"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prepare-46"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"green screens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_key"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-update-47"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Imageworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Imageworks"},{"link_name":"Intelligent Creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Creatures"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"computer-generated imagery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Comedian_weapons.jpg"},{"link_name":"Comic book artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book_artist"},{"link_name":"Adam Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Hughes"},{"link_name":"John Cassaday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cassaday"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costumes-50"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post_game-39"},{"link_name":"Nite Owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nite_Owl"},{"link_name":"Ozymandias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozymandias_(Watchmen)"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-post_game-39"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fanqaa-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fanqaa-51"},{"link_name":"Batman Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Forever"},{"link_name":"Batman & Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_(film)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-same-54"},{"link_name":"Alex McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_McDowell"},{"link_name":"Dr. Strangelove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Strangelove"},{"link_name":"Maison Jansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Jansen"},{"link_name":"The Man Who Fell to Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Fell_to_Earth_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sculptures-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Snyder hoped to have principal photography take place from June–September 2007,[43] but filming was delayed until September 17, 2007.[44] Snyder wanted a $150 million budget, but Warner Bros. preferred the budget remain under $100 million;[45] the film ultimately finished with a budget of approximately $120 million.[37] The production took place in Vancouver, where a New York City back lot was built. Sound stages were used for apartments and offices,[46] while sequences on Mars and Antarctica were shot against green screens.[47] Ten visual effects companies, Sony Pictures Imageworks and Intelligent Creatures among them, came on board to work on the film,[48] which ended up having 1,100 shots featuring effects, a quarter of them being computer-generated imagery.[49]The Comedian's handguns on display at the 2008 Comic-ConComic book artists Adam Hughes and John Cassaday were hired to work on character and costume designs for the film.[50] Costume tests were being done by March 2007. 300 associate producer Wesley Coller portrayed Rorschach in a costume test, which Snyder inserted into a trailer that accompanied the release of 300.[39] Although he intended to stay faithful to the look of the characters in the comic, Snyder wanted Nite Owl to look scarier and Ozymandias to possess authentic Egyptian attire and artifacts.[39] Ultimately, Oyzmandias, Nite Owl and Silk Spectre changed most from the comic, as Snyder felt \"audiences might not appreciate the naiveté of the original costumes. So, there has been some effort to give them a [...] modern look—and not modern in the sense of 2007, but modern in terms of the superhero aesthetic\".[51] Costume designer Michael Wilkinson added that the costumes had to look realistic and protective, and that the Nite Owl costume should reflect Dan's interest in aerodynamics. The chain mail in his costume resemble a bird's feathers.[52] Snyder also wanted the costumes to \"comment directly on many of today’s modern masked vigilantes\":[51] The Ozymandias costume, with its molded muscles and nipples, parodies the costumes in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin.[53] Throughout filming, Snyder also kept adding in dialogue to mention more of the characters' backstories so the film would be as faithful as possible.[54]Production designer Alex McDowell intended Nixon's war room to pay tribute to the war room in the film Dr. Strangelove. He also wanted Dr. Manhattan's apartment, which is inside his laboratory, to look like the work of Maison Jansen, explaining that \"the powers that be, who know nothing about design, but needed [Manhattan] to feel like he was the most important guy in America\". The apartment also echoes the film The Man Who Fell to Earth, with a book prop named Masterpieces in Paint and Poetry and a tennis courtroom with similar wallpaper.[55] Set designers selected four Kansas City sculptors' works for use on the set of Dr. Manhattan's apartment, after discovering their works on the Internet.[56] Filming ended on February 19, 2008.[57]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Post-production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyler Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Bates"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Manhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunter_(film)"},{"link_name":"Blade Runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner"},{"link_name":"To Live and Die in L.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Live_and_Die_in_L.A._(film)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Yamaha CS-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_CS-80"},{"link_name":"MOTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOTM"},{"link_name":"ambience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music"},{"link_name":"four to the floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_to_the_floor"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soundoff-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soundoff-60"},{"link_name":"The Times They Are a-Changin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_They_Are_a-Changin%27_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"stems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_mixing_and_mastering"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"My Chemical Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Chemical_Romance"},{"link_name":"Desolation Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desolation_Row"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Koyaanisqatsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyaanisqatsi"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen:_Music_from_the_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"Watchmen: Original Motion Picture Score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen:_Original_Motion_Picture_Score"},{"link_name":"Warner Sunset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Sunset_Records"},{"link_name":"Reprise Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise_Records"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vinyl-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"12\" vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-inch_single"},{"link_name":"picture disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unusual_types_of_gramophone_records#Picture_discs"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vinyl-66"},{"link_name":"Tyler Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Bates"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vinyl-66"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Composer Tyler Bates began scoring Watchmen in November 2007. He planned to visit the shoot for a week during each month, and view assembly cuts of scenes to begin rough composing.[58] Snyder and Bates listened to the soundtracks of 1980s films such as Manhunter, Blade Runner, and To Live and Die in L.A. for inspiration.[59] Bates switched between a Yamaha CS-80 or an MOTM for moments that he felt should have more ambience or synthesizers. Snyder wanted a scene where Nite Owl and Silk Spectre rescue people from a burning building to have a more traditional superhero feel, so Bates implemented a four to the floor guitar rhythm. A 64-strong choir and the 87-piece ensemble from the Hollywood Studio Symphony were hired for the more orchestral themes.[60][61]The film uses some of the songs mentioned in the comic.[62] Bates said the challenge was composing music that would transition effectively into these famous songs.[60] One of the songs is \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\" by Bob Dylan from whom Snyder and Bates received permission to use the stems so the three-minute song could play over the six-minute opening montage.[63] My Chemical Romance, whose members are fans of the comic, covered Dylan's \"Desolation Row\" for the first half of the closing credits.[64] The film also features two pieces from Philip Glass' score to 1982 film Koyaanisqatsi accompanying the birth of Dr. Manhattan.[65]Two albums, Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture and Watchmen: Original Motion Picture Score were released on February 24, 2009 by Warner Sunset and Reprise Records.[66][67] Additionally, a 12\" vinyl picture disc was released on January 27, 2009.[66] The A-side features My Chemical Romance's cover version of \"Desolation Row\", and the B-side features \"Prison Fight\" composed by Tyler Bates for the film's score. Both songs will also be featured on the Music From the Motion Picture and Original Motion Picture Soundtrack albums, respectively.[66] A box set consisting of seven 7\" picture disks was released on March 24, 2009. This set will also include My Chemical Romance performing \"Desolation Row\", as well as thirteen tracks from the Tyler Bates score.[68]","title":"Post-production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journal-32"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murder-70"}],"sub_title":"Editing","text":"Snyder's first cut of the film was three hours long. In keeping the film tight, Snyder dubbed himself \"the gatekeeper\" of the comic's easter eggs, \"while [the studio] conspire to say, 'No. Length, length, length. Playability.' [...] I've lost perspective on that now, because to me, the honest truth is I geek out on little stuff now as much as anybody. Like, people will go, 'We've got to cut. You don't need that shot of Hollis Mason's garage sign.' And I'm like, 'What are you talking about? Of course you do. Are you crazy? How will people enjoy the movie without shit like that in it?' So it's hard for me.\"[69] Snyder cut the film down to 162 minutes when he realized there was a way to further trim the film:[32] removing the murder of Hollis Mason, the first Nite Owl, which \"was easy without destroying the movie\".[70]","title":"Post-production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Watchmen's publication and ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen#Publication_and_reception"},{"link_name":"Alan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moore"},{"link_name":"Sam Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hamm"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Watchmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dave Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"Hayter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hayter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"V for Vendetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_for_Vendetta_(film)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-update-47"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibbonschat-74"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prepare-46"},{"link_name":"300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Neon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hughes147-2"},{"link_name":"The Prisoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prisoner"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prisoner-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snydercon07-77"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prepare-46"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibbonschat-74"},{"link_name":"John Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Higgins_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skulk-37"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prisoner-76"}],"sub_title":"Moore and Gibbons' involvement","text":"See also: Watchmen's publication and ownershipWhen 20th Century Fox acquired the film rights to Watchmen, the comic's writer Alan Moore was initially excited about the film adaptation. In a 1987 edition of Comics Interview, he revealed Sam Hamm, who was attached to write, visited him in Northampton for lunch and that he felt Hamm would provide an adaptation faithful to the comic's spirit. Ultimately, Hamm's script altered the ending, having Adrian Veidt die and Dr. Manhattan alter time so that Jon Osterman is not affected by the radiation. As a result, the remaining characters are teleported to the real world created as a result of time travel.[71] In an interview with Variety's Danny Graydon, during Warner Bros.'s first possession of feature film rights for Watchmen, Moore changed his mind, adamantly opposing a film adaptation of his comic book. Moore felt that, contrary to others' opinion, the comic book was not cinematic. When he was approached by Terry Gilliam on how to film the comic book, Moore stated that he \"didn't think it was filmable\". Moore clarified for Graydon, \"I didn't design it to show off the similarities between cinema and comics, which are there, but in my opinion are fairly unremarkable. It was designed to show off the things that comics could do that cinema and literature couldn't.\"[72]In December 2001, Moore further explained his opposition, citing how a reader can take the time to absorb the character backgrounds, by having the option of turning back the pages so that they can connect elements they had just read to past elements, but that film forces you to watch the story at 24 frames per second.[73] Moore's opposition to the film adaptation crystallized after the 2003 film version of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen was released, and he intended to give any resulting royalties from Watchmen to the comic's artist, Dave Gibbons.[4] In Moore’s opinion, Hayter's script was the closest anyone could get to the original comic, but added that he would not be going to see the film when completed. Moore said, \"My book is a comic book. Not a movie, not a novel. A comic book. It's been made in a certain way, and designed to be read a certain way: in an armchair, nice and cozy next to a fire, with a steaming cup of coffee.\"[4]In November 2006, Zack Snyder said that he hoped to speak to Moore before filming, though the writer had sworn off involvement with film or television productions after his disagreement over the V for Vendetta film adaptation.[47] Moore signed a deal to go uncredited on the film, and for his share of the income be given to Gibbons, as he had done on V for Vendetta.[74] Before filming began, Snyder said, \"[I] totally respect his wishes to not be involved in the movie.\"[46] Moore expressed discontent over the choice of the director, saying that he \"had a lot of problems\" with the comic book 300 and that, while he had not seen it, he had heard that Snyder's film adaptation was racist, homophobic, and \"sublimely stupid\".[75]In an early interview with Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker, Watchmen artist Dave Gibbons said that he thought the time had passed to make a Watchmen movie. Gibbons felt that the window to make a Watchmen movie was during the success of the 1989 Batman film. When that time passed, Gibbons also told Neon magazine that he was \"[…] glad because it wouldn't have been up to the book\".[2] Gibbons felt it would probably be better adapted as a television series like The Prisoner.[76] When given the opportunity, Gibbons enjoyed the script by Alex Tse.[77] Gibbons gave Snyder some script advice, which the director accepted.[46] He drew licensing art for the film, consulted on merchandise and the webcomics, publicized the film with Snyder, and wrote a tie-in book about the creation of the comic, entitled Watching the Watchmen. Moore did not mind Gibbons' involvement and felt it did not have any impact on their friendship.[74] Snyder asked Gibbons to draw up a storyboard for the film's altered ending, which the comics' colorist John Higgins also returned to work on.[37] Gibbons believed watching the film on DVD would emulate flipping through the book, with viewers pausing or rewinding the film to catch details.[76]","title":"Post-production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horn-30"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thomson-1"},{"link_name":"turnaround","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnaround_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horn-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-horn-30"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-settlement-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journal-32"}],"sub_title":"Litigation","text":"On February 14, 2008, 20th Century Fox brought a lawsuit against Warner Bros. that alleged copyright infringement on the Watchmen film property. The studio believed it held the rights to produce the film, or at least distribute it, no matter how many studios Watchmen passed through, and sought to block its release. Warner Bros. said that Fox repeatedly failed to exercise its rights over various incarnations of the production.[30] Through producer Lawrence Gordon, Fox had bought the rights to the comic book in 1986.[1] Fox alleges that when it put the project into turnaround in 1994, a separate 1991 deal that transferred some of the rights to Gordon still gave them the option of distribution, sequel rights, and a share of the profits should it be made by any other studio. Fox's interpretation of the 1994 turnaround deal also meant that Gordon would not fully control the rights until the studio's development costs—estimated by Fox at $1 million—had been reimbursed. Despite originally passing on the project, Fox also alleged that its agreement with Gordon contained a \"changed elements\" clause, meaning that if Gordon changed any of the key creative personnel on the film, Fox would have first option on participation, claiming that Gordon did not inform them of Snyder's joining the production in 2005.[30]Fox alleged that it contacted Warner Bros. before production began in 2005, and told the studio that it had violated Fox's 1991 and 1994 deals with Gordon. Warner Bros. claimed that it was originally unaware of either deal, and that in 2005 Fox had declined to produce the Hayter screenplay that formed the basis of the production. Warner Bros. also claimed that the 1994 deal did not cover distribution rights and had conferred upon Gordon all the rights he needed to take the film to Warner Bros. The studio's motion to dismiss the case in August 2008 was rejected by the judge.[30]On December 24, 2008, Judge Gary A. Feess granted 20th Century Fox's claim to a copyright interest in the film.[78] An attorney for 20th Century Fox said that the studio would seek an order to delay the release of Watchmen.[79] Producer Lloyd Levin revealed in an open letter that in 2005 both Fox and Warner Bros. were offered the chance to make Watchmen. Fox passed on the project while Warner Bros. made a deal to acquire the movie rights and move forward with development. An internal Fox email documented that executives at Fox felt the script was \"one of the most unintelligible pieces of shit they had read in years\".[80] On January 15, 2009, the trade press reported that Fox and Warner Bros. had reached a settlement.[81] Fox would receive a share of the box office, but no future ownership of the film.[82] The settlement awarded Fox up to $10 million in development costs and legal fees, plus worldwide gross participation scaling from 5 to 8.5 percent.[32]","title":"Post-production"}]

[{"image_text":"Teaser poster drawn by Watchmen illustrator Dave Gibbons for the 2007 Comic-Con International","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Watchmen_poster.jpg/220px-Watchmen_poster.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Comedian's handguns on display at the 2008 Comic-Con","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/The_Comedian_weapons.jpg/220px-The_Comedian_weapons.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_executed_for_homosexuality_in_Europe

List of people executed for homosexuality in Europe

["1 Executed individuals","1.1 Belgium","1.2 France","1.3 Germany","1.4 Ireland","1.5 Italy","1.6 Malta","1.7 Netherlands","1.8 Poland","1.9 Portugal","1.10 Spain","1.11 Sweden","1.12 Switzerland","1.13 United Kingdom","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

List of persons executed for homosexual activity This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Societal attitudes towards same-sex relationships have varied over time and place, from expecting all males to engage in same-sex relationships, to casual integration, through acceptance, to seeing the practice as a minor sin, repressing it through law enforcement and judicial mechanisms, and to proscribing it under penalty of death. The following individuals received the death penalty for it. Executed individuals Belgium Name Date Notes John de Wettre 8 September 1292 A "maker of small knives" condemned at Ghent and burned at the pillory next to St. Peter's.: 17  Willem Case 1373 Executed in Antwerp. Jan van Aersdone Two unknowns 1375 Executed in Ypres. Unknown 1391 One of 17 defendants (including 2 women) at a mass trial in Mechelen; only one to confess. Three unknowns 28 June 1578 Franciscan friars, burned in Bruges. Unknown 1601 Jesuit, burned in Antwerp. France Name Date Notes Robert de Peronne 1317 Also known as de Bray, burned in Laon; brother Jean given unknown sentence for same charge the next year. Pierre Poirer 1334 Burned in Dorche. Unknown 1344 Burned at Dorche, Savoy. Unknown 1372 Burned at Reims. Johannes Rorer 1400 Strasbourg bathhouse owner; his partner, carpenter Heinzmann Hiltebrant, fled the city. Isaach Salamó 1403 Jew, burned in Perpignan. Eighteen unknowns 24 December 1474 Lombard soldiers, executed in Burgundy. Gilles de Nevers 1457 "Host of the golden head", burned in Lille. Jerome 1506 A bottlemaker and Jerome, burned in Strasbourg. Unknown Jean Moret 13 December 1519 Burned alive in Amiens, sentenced by city bailiff. Unknown 1535 A woman from Fontaines who dressed as a man and married a maid of Foy; burned, case reported by Henri Estienne. Dominique Phinot 1556 Composer of the Renaissance, executed in Lyon. Unknown 1557 Pronotary of Montault, sentenced to be burned. Marie 1580 Female weaver in Montier-en-Der, born in Chaumont; dressed as a man, married another woman, and used "illicit devices"; hanged. Nicolas Dadon 1 February 1584 Rector of the University of Paris, from Nulli Saint-Front, hanged and burned (along with his trial) for sodomy in Paris. Unknown April 1584 Italian, burned alive in front of the Louvre in Paris. Richard Renvoisy 6 March 1586 Canon of Sainte-Chapelle du Roi in Dijon and "master of children", wrote Quelques odes d'Anacreon mises en musique in 1559. His "too free association with his young students made him fall into a crime", and he was subsequently burned. Ruffin "Defrozieres" Fortias 22 December 1598 Hanged and body burned in Issoudun. Sentenced by bailiwick on 28 November. Jean-Imbert Brunet 4 May 1601 Local priest of Ollioules, burned by the Parliament of Provence. Unknown 7 March 1654 Italian priest accused of sodomy, one of three tortured prisoners. He, "having confessed by all rigorosity (sic) of his pains, was condemned to be first hanged, and afterwards burnt - a sentence carried out the next day" in Paris. Antoine Mazouer 1666 Burned in Paris. Emery Ange Dugaton Antoine Bouquet 26 August 1671 Sentenced to burn alive. Unknown 31 March 1677 60-year-old, burned in the Marché-Neuf in Paris. Sentenced earlier that day. Philippe Basse 1720 Burned in Paris, also convicted of blasphemy. Bernard Mocmanesse Benjamin Deschauffours 1726 Procurer, burned on Place de Grève in Paris. Accused of killing a kidnapped boy. Two unknowns 1745 Former associates of the bandit Raffiat, who was broken on the wheel in 1742. They were pierced in their tongues, hanged and burned; they were also charged with blasphemy. Jean Diot 6 July 1750 The last two to be executed for sodomy in France Bruno Lenoir Unknown 1757 Parish priest of Ludres, condemned to be burned by the sovereign court of Lorraine; made an edifying speech to his parishioners speech before he was executed, and organized pilgrimages were made to the execution site afterwards. Germany Name Date Notes Heinrich Schreiber 1378 Convicted by a Munich civil court, probably executed. Br. Hans Storzl 1381 Two monks, two Beghards, and a peasant, burned in Augsburg for "having committed heresy with one another." Br. Eberhard of St. Lienhart Three unknowns Ulrich Frey 1408 or 1409 From Augsburg; one burned, other 4 (all ecclesiastics) bound hand and foot in a wooden cage to starve. Jacob Kyss Ulrich Two unknowns Two unknowns 1418 Clerics, convicted to burn in Konstanz; probably executed. Br. Conradt 1464 Burned in Konstanz. Ulrich Vischer Georg Semler 1471 Decapitated in Regensburg. Fritz Rottel Stefan Karl Andre Vetter Katherina Hetzeldorfer 1477 German cross-dressing lesbian executed for heresy against nature after having used a dildo on two female partners. Cristan Schriber 1488 Burned in Konstanz. Jacob Miller 1532 Decapitated in Augsburg. Wagner was caught giving Will a jacket and a rapier "as an outward sign of their connection." Bernhard/Berlin Wagner Michel Will Franz von Alsten 1536 or 1537 Decapitated in Munster. Christopher Mayer 13 August 1594 Mayer, a weaver of fustian, and Weber, a fruiterer, both citizens of Nuremberg, committed sodomy together for 3 years until they were spotted in the act behind a hedge by a hook-maker's apprentice. Weber had also committed sodomy with Endressen, a cook, an Alexander, and others over the past 20 years. Mayer was beheaded, and his body was burnt with Weber as he was burned alive. Hans Weber Hans Wolff Marti 11 March 1596 Marti, a tradesman, citizen of Wehr, had committed sodomy in various places and times, including first with a bargeman at Ibss, with another partner at Brauningen, and with a peasant at Miltenburck. Beheaded with the sword "as a favour" before his body was burned. Ludwig le Gros 15 June 1704 Prussian soldiers, beheaded in Berlin after confessing to having sexual relations with each other under Charles V's code of 1532 which criminalized sodomy. Martin Schultze Catharina Margaretha Linck 1721 Prussian cross-dressing lesbian executed for sodomy in Halberstadt; her execution was the last for lesbian sexual activity in Europe. Ephraim Ostermann 31 January 1729 Baker, age 30. Arrested for two sexual acts with his apprentice, Martin Köhler, who allegedly died of "unnatural loss of semen". Admitted under torture to similar acts on 20 other men. Beheaded in Potsdam under the court of Friedrich Wilhelm I. After the Nazi takeover in 1933, the persecution of homosexuals in Germany became a priority of the Nazi police state. Between 1933 and 1945, an estimated 100,000 men were arrested as homosexuals; ten thousands of which were sentenced by courts. Most of these men served time in regular prisons, and between 5,000 and 6,000 were imprisoned in concentration camps. The death rate of these prisoners has been estimated at 60 percent, a higher rate than those of other prisoner groups. A smaller number of men were sentenced to death or killed at Nazi euthanasia centres. After the war, homosexuals were initially not counted as victims of Nazism because homosexuality continued to be illegal in Nazi Germany's successor states. Ireland Name Date Notes John Atherton 1640 Bishop of Waterford and Lismore and his tithe proctor, hanged in Waterford. They were convicted under a law Atherton had voiced support for. John Childe Italy Name Date Notes Niger de Pulis 1287 Burned in Parma. Adenolfo IV 13 July 1293 Count of Acerra, impaled in Perugia by Charles II of Anjou. Agostino di Ercole 1348 Likely executed in Florence. He did not believe his crime was serious and felt that if he was worthy of death, "then many others were to be considered worthy of death". Pietro di Ferrara 20 February 1349 Servant, burned in Venice. Tried and convicted by the Lords of the Night along with fellow servant Giacomello di Bologna on December 29, 1348, who was only banished as he did not confess. Rolandina Roncaglia 20 March 1354 Transgender female prostitute, burned in Venice. Originally from Padua, prior to presenting as female she was sometimes mistaken for a woman because of her feminine mannerisms. Initially married to a woman, but later had sex with a man and began presenting as female before moving to Venice. Sold eggs by day and sexual favors by night; most clients did not know of Roncaglia's sex, but per her account no one in Venice objected to her transitioning. Worked for 7 years before she was reported by a client and arrested. Nicoleto Marmagna 3 October 1357 Venetian boatman and his servant, burned by the Lords of Night. Marmagna was married to Braganza's sister. Giovanni Braganza Giovanni di Giovanni 7 May 1365 15-year-old Italian boy charged with being "a public and notorious passive sodomite". Nanni di Firenze 27 July 1401 Likely burned in Venice. Nani Silvestri 20 December 1401 Merchant, likely burned in Venice. Domenico da Fermo 3 January 1402 Barber, burned in Venice. Resisted interrogative torture, refusing to and retracting any given confessions. Clario Contarini 1407 A group of young nobles and clerics, burned in Venice. From a group of 35, including 14 nobles, tried by the Council of Ten; scandal ensued due to the backgrounds of the accused. Fifteen or sixteen unknowns Domenico di Giovanni 29 July 1420 Decapitated in Florence. Alvisio 1421 Burned in Piazza del Mercato, Bologna. Francesco Guglielimi 1422 Burned in Piazza del Mercato, Bologna. Guglielmi's house in Valdonica was also burned and his heirs' property was confiscated. Stefano da Prato Francesco Mancini 1 December 1423 Sicilian university law professor and his servant, beheaded in Piazza del Comune, Bologna. Antonio Micileto Antonio d'Ugolino 9 May 1443 From S. Michele di Mugello, hanged and burned in Florence. Buried in the temple. Simon Barbiere Bizzello 28 May 1443 or 20 May 1444 Decapitated in Florence. Mafeo Barbaro 1464 Beheaded and burned in Venice. Their younger (puer) companions, Giovanni Basadona and Giovanni Filippo Priuli, were both exiled for 8 years. Ermolao Foscari Antonio di Giovanni Pucca 17 April 1469 Beccamorto, decapitated in Florence. Padano d'Otranto 1474 Beheaded and burned together in Piazza San Marco, Venice, by the Council of Ten. Two from a group of six tried by the Council, and the only ones executed due to their active status; the others received lesser punishments. Marino Alegeti Marco Baffo 11 September 1476 Hanged in Venice by the Council of Ten. Baffo was married to the daughter of Piramo da Veglia. Francesco Toniuti Francesco Cercato 1480 Hanged between the columns of a square in Venice. Marco Baffo 1485 Hanged in Venice. Unknown 1490s 17-year-old hanged in Ferrara. Geronimo 15 March 1504 Burned in the public square of Vastato, Genoa. Giovanni di Piero Masini 25 August 1514 Baker's boy, hanged and burned in the courtyard of the Bargello. Unknown 1540 Executed in Bologna. Unknown 1541 Executed in Bologna. Francesco Fabrizio 1545 Priest of San Giuliano and poet, decapitated and burned by the Council of Ten. Two unknowns 1547 Executed (one hanged and burned, the other quartered) in Bologna. Unknown 1549 Hanged and burned in Bologna. Jacopo Bonfadio 19 July 1550 Humanist and historian, beheaded and burnt in Genoa. Francesco Calcagno 23 December 1550 Franciscan friar (laicized and expelled), executed in Venice. Antonio di Giovanni Bandoni 24 October 1551 Hanged and burned (or quartered) in Florence. Grazia di Negroponte 15 June 1553 Turkish footman; strangled and burned in Pratello, Florence. Converted to Christianity nine months prior. Buried in the temple. Messer Rinieri 25 September 1556 56-year-old cathedral canon and man of letters from the Franchi family, hanged and burned in Perugia by Sixtus V for "having repeatedly scaled the walls of the seminary of said Perugia, on behalf of sodomy." Gabriele Thomaein 17 February 1559 German from Augsburg, burned in Rome with 3 heretics. Baptistam Bariliarum 11 October 1561 Decapitated on a high platform between two columns and burned in Venice. Paseto Portador 12 December 1562 Decapitated on a high platform between two columns in Piazza di San Marco, Venice, and burned. Also convicted of homicide. Nicola da Germinà 12 July 1565 Burned in Bargello, Milan. Ambrogio di Croce 8 April 1566 Hanged and burned in Milan. Unknown July 1566 Young man burned on a bridge in Rome. Giuseppe D'Angelo 18 December 1566 From Monte di Trapani (Erice), hanged and burned in Palermo. Cornelio Mantovani 1567 Policeman, burned in Bologna. Cosimo la Mirabella 13 June 1567 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Santoni Giuliano Bernardino di Marsala 8 October 1567 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Nico 2 December 1567 Becher, beheaded and burned between the two columns of San Zulian, Venice; convicted of sodomy "among other faults", which we were read alound from a platform over the Grand Canal. Sebastiano Vita 20 February 1568 Executed and burned in Palermo. Unknown 21 August 1568 Young man burned in Rome; many "false doors" were ordered closed that night. Valerio 1570 Hanged in Bologna. Surname not reported. Luigi Fontino March 1570 Musician and canon of the Basilica of Nostra Signora di Loreto, laicizied and beheaded in Loreto for relations with a student of his, 16-year-old Luigi Dalla Balla. Giovanni Leonardo Primavera, another lover of Dalla Balla, escaped persecution in 1585. Cosimo la Piccola 23 June 1570 Strangled and burned in Palermo. Francesco la Motta 7 May 1573 Strangled and burned in Palermo. Simone Micara Melchiorre di Trapani 24 November 1574 Strangled and burned in Palermo. Unknown 25 June 1576 From Pesaro, hanged and burned in Milan. Battista August 1578 From a group of eleven, mostly Portuguese and Spanish, who were arrested in a church near San Giovanni Laterano for organizing same-sex marriage ceremonies, burned in Rome: Battista, an Albanian boatman. Vélez, a Catalan. Herrera, from Toledo. Alfar, from Seville. Robles, from Madrid. Pinto, from Viana do Alentejo. Paz, from Toledo. Martín, from Vitoria. Antonio de Vélez Francisco Hererra Bernardino de Alfar Alfonso de Robles Marcos Pinto Jerómino de Paz Gaspar de Martín Luciano lo Terrosi 19 November 1578 Strangled and burned in Palermo. Giovanni di Bella 4 December 1578 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Giuseppe Benanti 15 May 1579 Strangled in Palermo; also executed was Giacopo di Giacopo, who made false allegations against Giuseppe de Marino in another sodomy trial. D. Carlo Barone 3 August 1579 Executed (Barone unknown, Bevaceto beheaded, Russitano and Scolaro strangled) and burned in Palermo. The father of D. Pietro Vinacito paid the court 15,000 scudi to spare the men, but the executions were still carried out. Don Paolo Bevaceto Giacomo Russitano Antonio Scolaro Prospero Magri 11 April 1580 Strangled in Palermo. Giovanni Bentivoglio 29 July 1580 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Fabrizio Lisci Matteo Paladino 25 August 1581 Brigand, strangled and burned in Palermo. Geronimo Galesi 19 November 1582 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Pietro d'Olieri Innocenzo Bonamico 2 May 1583 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Muscato Antonino Polito 18 May 1583 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Also convicted of country theft. Lazzarino Almirotto 14 January 1584 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Giovanni Borgognone 29 November 1584 Executioner, burned outside of Porta Ticinese, Milan. Giuseppe Serio 29 May 1585 Hanged and burned in Palermo for relations with two young beardless men. Vincenzo Malatesta 25 June 1585 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Leonardo d'Amadeo 2 December 1585 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Unknown 9 May 1586 20-year-old pedant (teacher) from Ponticelo, hanged in the Archi and burned in Genoa; tried along with another teacher who was also sentenced to death but it is unknown if he too was executed. G. Battista Inbrunetta 26 April 1586 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Two unknowns June 1586 Priest and boy, both burned in Rome even though they had both voluntarily confessed. Andrea li Sarti 17 June 1586 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Scipione di Nicolò 11 July 1586 Hanged and burned in Palermo for relations with two clean-shaven young men. Aurelio Ciafaglione 23 December 1586 Hanged and burned in Palermo for relations with a young beardless man. Girolamo Incudina 2 January 1587 Body quartered and displayed in the streets of Palermo. Also convicted of theft and murder. Francesco Carlini 1588 Hanged and burned in Bologna. Also convicted of theft and heresy. Giuseppe Magliocco 7 January 1588 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Don Vincenzo Alteato 14 November 1589 Burned outside Porta Ticinese, Milan; buried in S. Giovanni. Giovanni Mazzone 1 February 1590 Hanged in Palermo. Bernardino di Camillo 1592 Hanged together in Ponte, Rome, after being led through the city. Muzio di Senso Ottaviano Bargellini 1593 A member of a senatorial family (Bargellini) and a Jew (Orsini), beheaded together in Bologna. Orsini converted to Christianity before the execution as Paolo and his body was displayed in Piazza Maggiore. Allegro Orsini Antonio d'Assena 24 March 1593 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Two unknowns 23 May 1593 Likely hanged and burned after a long trial in Bologna. Andria Badulato 24 November 1593 Hanged in Palermo. Ioanni Costa 1 June 1594 Hanged in Palermo. Leonardo Cortese 30 August 1594 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Mariano Pignataro 22 April 1598 Choked and burned in Palermo. Mario di Croce 18 January 1599 Partner of nobleman Francesco Sessa, hanged and burned in Milan. Gio. Batta Aricardi 3 April 1599 Weaver, partner of nobleman Francesco Sessa, hanged and burned in Milan. Paolo Ferrare 27 July 1599 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Ausebio Bonhomo 13 August 1599 From Nicosia, hanged and burned in Piano di S. Erasmo, Palermo. Alessandro Cabiate 14 August 1599 Partner of nobleman Francesco Sessa, hanged and burned in Milan. Petro "Haro" Curchio 22 March 1601 Choked on a stake and burned in Palermo. Domenico Galletti 12 September 1601 Strangled and burned on Piano di S. Erasmo, Palermo. Francesco Cappadona 28 September 1601 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Mustafà Giorgio 4 June 1602 Turkish slave of the Duchess of Maqueda and a Spanish soldier in the company of D. Ernando di Gusman, hanged in Palermo. Petro Scudero Francesco La Barbara 12 June 1602 Strangled and burned on Piano della Marina, Palermo. Bartolo di Bernabeo Aquilanti 27 August 1602 Hanged for "pimping sodomy" in Florence. Minico la Sola 20 June 1603 From Partanna, hanged in Palermo. Paulu Simonetto 19 April 1606 Hanged in Palermo. Giovanni Maria Bonfiglioli 1607 Hanged and burned in Bologna. Giovanni Garsè 21 February 1607 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Sebastiano/Vespasiano Spalletta 26 March 1607 Hanged in Palermo. Giuseppe di Tommaso 27 November 1607 From Castello a Mare (Longbardi), hanged and burned together in Palermo. Antonio Longobardi Rocco Febo 15 March 1608 City executioner, hanged and burned in Palermo. Vincenzo "Bella di Sciacca" d'Amico 17 June 1608 Habitual sodomite, hanged and burned in Palermo. Antonio Carcano 22 September 1609 Hanged and burned in Milan. Two unknowns 1610 Hanged and burned in Bologna. Giovanni di Bernardo Pieri 4 July 1610 Hanged and burned in Florence. Vincenzo "Scannaserpi" d'Abbene 1 December 1610 Hanged in Palermo. Also convicted of "field theft". Leonardo Rocco Melchiore "Franzosino" da Verè 15 February 1611 Burned in Milan, buried in S. Giovanni. Giovanni Batta d'Antonio 15 July 1611 Cloth weaver, strangled on a stake and burned in Florence. Giuseppe Colomba 3 March 1612 From Termini and Castronovo respectively, hanged and burned together in Palermo. Paolo Simonetta Francesco "Picalupo" Lo Re 11 July 1612 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Paolo Zani 1613 Hanged and burned in Bologna. Vito Anello 16 July 1613 Hanged in Palermo. Caviaro 1613 or 1615 Executioner of Modena, hanged. He mocked the exhortations of clergy at the execution. Giacomo Biavati 1614 Porter, hanged and burned in Bologna. Orlando Crispo 17 February 1614 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Bartolomeo di Giovanni Carletti 30 October 1614 Musician, hanged and burned in Florence. Gio. Batta Rovida 24 December 1614 Hanged and burned in Milan. Avril or Avrile 1615 Young Provençal, burned in Turin. His lover, Giovan Battista Marino, fled to France. Domenico "Meneghino" Facchino 2 March 1615 Hanged and burned in Milan. Maurizio "Prè Strazzone" Lana 10 October 1615 Son of Madonna Benedetta, burned in La Vetra, Milan; buried in S. Giovanni. Antonio Crotto 14 January 1616 From Bergamo, hanged and burned in Milan. Giovanne Corvo 5 May 1617 Hanged in Palermo. Paolo "Pizo" Marino 7 June 1618 Hanged in Palermo. Cola Ioanni Cassisi 12 April 1619 Hanged in Palermo. Giulio di Giovanni Sorbi 9 July 1621 Formerly of Guardia de' Lioni, strangled on a stake and burned in the middle of Pratello, Florence. Giovanni Incardona 10 December 1622 Hanged in Palermo. Francesco lo Guzzo 7 December 1623 Hanged on Piano della Marina, Palermo. Francesco "Cappellitto" Garagazzo 19 December 1623 Hanged in Palermo. Petro Costa Piero di Marsilio di Marradi 17 July 1627 34 or 40 and 43, hanged and burned in Florence. Sources are conflicting on details. Angiolo di Ottavio Cappelli Giovanni Angelo Maggio 19 August 1627 Hanged and burned in Milan. Antonio d'Aprile 3 August 1628 Hanged in Palermo. Soliman Moro 26 August 1628 Turkish slave, hanged and burned in Palermo. Pietro "D. Ramundo" l'Indovino 14 May 1631 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Francesco Rotundo 17 April 1632 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Vincenzo "Muratore" Dammacanale 12 October 1633 Hanged and burned in Palermo. Francesco Turturici 20 June 1634 Hanged in Palermo. Lorenzo Bivona 7 August 1634 Hanged in Palermo. Filippo Bonanno Xacca/Sciacca 17 July 1638 Hanged in Palermo under the Grande Almirante. Blasi Canizzo 5 November 1640 From Licodia, hanged and burned in Palermo. Vincenzo Oddo 3 November 1646 Hanged in Palermo. Nicolò Morello 22 July 1655 From Ascoli, hanged and burned in Milan. Francesco di Vincenzo 22 August 1660 From Viterbo, carried on a cart on a donkey and then beheaded in Florence. Bernardino Restello 6 February 1662 Hanged and burned in Milan. Giuseppe Colombo 20 December 1664 Hanged and burned in Milan. Giuseppe Lopez 1668 Hanged in Naples with Nicola Fanfano. At his execution he admitted that his implication of Fanfano was made under torture, but Fanfano was still hanged. Alessandro Borromeo 3 June 1668 20-year-old Paduan noble, son of Girolamo Borromeo, beheaded and burned in Venice by the Council of Ten. Described as "scandalous" and "without Christian law" for seducing his friends. Paolo Cricetti 10 December 1668 19-year-old friend of Borromeo, beheaded and burned in Venice. Unknown 1686 Hanged in Bologna. Giacomo "il Marangone" Redaello 22 April 1692 Tortured, strangled with a noose and burned in Milan; also convicted of other crimes. His accomplices were also tortured. Unknown 29 March 1710 Hanged and beheaded in Milan. Voluntarily confessed to having passive and continued relations with his master, along with "treasonous homicide" and robbery; head displayed at Boschi di Longhignana. Antonio Fontana 15 September 1724 From Verona, beheaded and burned in Venice. Also convicted of sacrilegious theft. Pellegrino Torri 1727 Hanged in Bologna; his eyes and nose were also cut off to render his body unrecognizable. Vincenzo Pelliciari 20 July 1727 Hanged in Modena. Publicly boasted that he had married the devil and had regular relations with him, along with other heresies and blasphemies; tried by the Inquisition and executed by the secular wing. Giovanni Antonio Cremis 28 May 1736 From Felizzano, hanged and burnt in Alessandria. His accomplice, 15-year-old Giovanni Stefano Barnaba Mordea of Asti, is sentenced to row oars in the royal fleet for 5 years. Unknown 12 September 1736 28-year-old barber of the boat in S. Giovanni de' Fiorentini, hanged on the bridge of Sant'Angelo, Rome. Giuseppe del già Domenico Rossi 21 October 1747 Hanged and burned in Florence. Bernardo Gabrieli 15 May 1748 Cleric, decapitated on a platform between the two columns of St. Mark's, Venice. Andrea Brazzoi/Brasola 1749 Mantuan, beheaded and burned in Venice. Antonio Lambranzi 31 August 1752 30-year-old becher from Cannaregio, beheaded and burned in Venice by the Council of Ten for "sodomy having used many iniquities". Bartolomeo Luisetti 10 April 1764 Son of quondam Antonio of Villa Albese, suffocated and burned in the square of del Brolo, Milan, in front of S. Stefano. Pietro Verri reported on the case, claiming Lusietti was a pederast but that he "had never committed a misdeed in his life". Unknown 1771 Monk burned in Venice Malta Name Date Notes Two unknowns March 1616 Spanish soldier (or sailor) and a local Maltese bardasso (teenage prostitute), both burned; execution described by the Scottish traveller William Lithgow. More than 100 bardassoes fled to Sicily on a galley the following night. Netherlands Name Date Notes Gooswyn de Wilde 1447 President of the States of Holland, beheaded. Unknown 1463 Likely burned by the Court of Holland. Unknown 1605 Burned in Middelburg. Ingel Harmensz 1643 A young Dutch sailor and a Mardijker, executed (Harmensz drowned, de Sal burned) in Batavia under the VOC. Bento de Sal Jan van Cleef 1644 A soldier, a Batavia burgher, and a Council of the Indies member, strangled and burned at the orders of Anthony van Diemen. Pieter Egbertsz Joost Schouten Gerrit Jansz de Wit 1645 Boatswain, drowned in a bag in Batavia, former partner of Joost Schouten. Four unknowns 1646 Chinese, burned in Batavia, also convicted of counterfeiting money. Two unknowns 1647 A ship's captain and a young boy, executed (the captain burnt and the boy drowned) in Batavia. Five unknowns 1647 Chinese, executed (two burned, two strangled and burned, and one drowned) in Malacca, also convicted of counterfeiting money. Four unknowns 1648 Chinese, presumed burned in Malacca. Six unknowns 1652 A 40-year-old Dane and five "black" boys, executed (the Dane burnt, and the boys drowned) in Batavia. Unknown 1676 Executed in Utrecht, one of three defendants (including a burgomaster). Two unknowns 1686 Two men, likely drowned in a barrel in Amsterdam. Two unknowns 1702 Two men, executed in Rotterdam for having relations in an almoner's house. Unknown 1721 Executed in Utrecht. Leendert Hasenbosch 1725 Adriaen Spoor 2 December 1727 Dutch sailors from St. Maertensdyck and Ghent, aged 23 and 18 respectively, on the Zeewijk which wrecked on the Houtman Abrolhos on 9 June. While on the islands, they were caught in "the abominable and god-forsaken deeds of Sodom and Gomorrah." They were subsequently marooned on separate rocky islands nearby. Pieter Engels Two unknowns 13 May 1728 Two slaves, drowned together on the Cape of Good Hope; names not recorded. Jan Backer 12 June 1730 hanged and burned in the Hague. Backer was a house servant hiring middleman. Jan Schut Frans Verheyden Occupation unknown, milkman, coat embroiderer, occupation unknown, and servant, hanged and thrown into the sea at Scheveningen with 50-pound weights. Cornelius Wassermaar Pieter Styn Dirk van Royen Herman Mouillant Pieter Marteyn Janes Sohn 24 June 1730 Strangled and burned in Amsterdam. Keep was a decorator. Johannes Keep Maurits van Eeden House servant and Johannes Keep's servant, age 18, drowned in a barrel in Amsterdam. Cornelius Boes Jan Westhoff 29 June 1730 Soldiers, strangled and buried under the gallows in Kampen. Steven Klok Leendert de Haas 17 July 1730 60-year-old candlemaker, distiller, and a gentleman's servant, strangled and burnt in Rotterdam, and their ashes dumped from a boat at sea. Casper Schroder Huibert van Borselen Pieter van der Hal 21 July 1730 Grain carrier, glove launderer, agent, and tavern keeper; hanged and thrown into the sea at Scheveningen with 100-pound weights. Adriaen Kuyleman David Munstlager Willem la Feber Antonie Byweegen Fishmonger, hanged and burned to ashes in the Hague. Laurens Hospinjon 16 September 1730 Chief of detectives in the Navy, strangled and thrown in water with a 100-pound weight in Amsterdam. Cornelis Palamedes 19 October 1730 Teacher, age 56, half strangled and burnt to ash in Veen near Heusden; previously had relationship with Dirk van Royen (see 12 June 1730). Two unknowns 22 September 1731 A drummer and an orphan, beheaded in Groningen. Gerrit Loer 24 September 1731 Executions in Zuidhorn: Loer, 48, farmer, scorched alive and strangled before being burnt to ash; had committed sodomy with several persons, including on his way to and from church. Berents, 32, a Liplander, scorched alive and strangled before being burnt to ash. Immes, 45, from Huifinga, strangled to death and burned. Jans, 40 or 41, from Aduwert, strangled to death and burned; no response. Hendrix, 40, from Nieuwkerk, strangled to death and burned; no response. Wygers, 45, from Doefem, strangled to death and burned; no response. Brakel, 37, strangled to death and burned; no response. Rol, 32 or 36, from Esinga, strangled and burnt; swayed back and forth upon being sentenced and bowed to all present before leaving. Donderen, 30, strangled and burnt; cried out "Oh! Oh!" upon hearing sentence. Egberts, 19, strangled and burnt; corrected the judge when age was listed incorrectly in sentence, and bowed saying "It is all right, sir," before leaving. Peter Cornelisz, 20 or 21, strangled and burnt; appeared to be about to faint as sentence was read but sighed instead. Hendrik Cornelisz, 21, strangled and burnt; said "I forgive you and thank you gentlemen for the sentence which I shall receive." Leuwes, 19, strangled and burned; sighed and quickly left. Idses, 18, strangled and burnt; told the court "I forgive you for the sin you have committed against me." Jan Jansz, 18, strangled and burnt; no response. Cornelis Jansz, 18; told the court "You may see how you direct me." Harms, 16, strangled and burnt; no response. Tamme Jansz, 14, strangled and burnt; remained silent when sentenced. Iacobs, 16 or 18, from Nieuhooven, strangled and burnt; no response. Hendrick Berents Asinga Immes Eysse Jans Gosen Hendrix Jan Wygers Jan Harms Brakel Mindelt Jansz Rol Jan Jacobs den Donderen Jan Egberts Peter Cornelisz Hendrik Cornelisz Hindrik Leuwes Jan Idses Jan Jansz Cornelis Jansz Gerrit Harms Tamme Jansz Thomas Iacobs Jan van der Lelie Hanged and thrown into the sea in the Hague. Class Blanc 1735 Dutch, executed in Batavia. Jacobsz, a sailor, was formerly accused of sodomy in 1713. Rijkaert Jacobsz Jan Kemmer 1765 Young man executed in Amsterdam. Claimed his first act took place when still in an orphanage and connected to known sodomite networks after an encounter in Amsterdam's town hall's citizens' hall. Named 15 other boys in his confession. Described as "particularly acquainted with the Truths (Biblical truths)." Abraham Feijs 1772 19-year-old tailor in Leiden, declared in interrogation he had never slept with a woman and had committed sodomy "hundreds of times". Last execution in Leiden. Jillis Bruggeman 9 March 1803 Last person executed for sodomy in Netherlands Poland Name Date Notes Marcin Gołek 9 November 1633 Master baker and his apprentice, burned in Sieradz. Both accused the other of initiating the relationship. Wojciech ze Sromotki Portugal Name Date Notes Two unknowns 1621 Effeminate dancers, burned alive in Lisbon. They were part of a group called Dança dos Fanchonos led by 30-year-old mulatto Antonio Rodrigues. Santos de Almeida 1645 66-year-old royal chaplain, burned in Lisbon; said to have resided over a "conventicle of fanchonos". Two unknowns 1647 Old Christians, burned for sodomy and religious visions in a Lisbon auto-da-fé. Unknown 3 April 1669 Old Christian priest, burned for sodomy in a Lisbon auto-da-fé with 79 Judaizers. Unknown 1671 Priest, executed by the Portuguese Inquisition in Lisbon. Last person executed as a fanchono. Spain Name Date Notes Unknown 1290 Moor, burned at Arguedas "for lying with others". Juce Abolfaça 1345 Jews from Puente la Reina, burned together at Olite. Simuel Nahamán Pascoal de Rojas 1346 Burned at Tudela for "heresy with his body". Unknown 1373 Servant, burned in Olite for relations with another servant. Antoni 1395 Slave of Francesc Peres in Barcelona, burned. Mahoma Mofari 1458 Muslim potters in Lleida sentenced to burn for mutual same-sex relations as well as heterosexual relations with Christian prostitutes. Mahoma converted to Christianity and adopted the name Pere Cirera before the execution, so he was drowned before being burned. Açen Margarida Borràs 1460 Cross-dressing transgender woman. Joan de Llobera 28 May 1464 Llobera, a councilor of Barcelona in 1463, and Polo, an "immoral hermit", were strangled and burnt in La Rambla. Bartomeu Polo Gaspar Rajadell 21 July 1464 Rajadell and Sori, a scribe, were drowned in a wine bucket and then burnt in La Rambla. Joan Sori Five unknowns 1476 Burned in Barcelona during a plague attack. Six unknowns 1495 Italians, seen hanged upside down by a German traveler in Almeria. Two unknowns 1495 Castilians, seen hanged upside down in the same manner as the Italians by the same German traveler in Madrid. Two unknowns 1501–1600 Two nuns burned for using "material instruments", recorded by Antonio Gomez. Twelve unknowns 1506 Dozen men, burned in Seville. Salomon Antón 20 December 1519 Sicilian master of the Victoria, strangled and burned under Ferdinand Magellan at Santa Lucia, Brazil. Caught in the act off the coast of Guinea. His partner, Genoese apprentice sailor António Varesa, drowned on 27 April 1520 when thrown overboard by his shipmates. Salvador Vidal 1541 Rural priest, "relaxed" (handed over to be executed) to the secular arm by Saragossa tribunal. Unknown 1546 Layman, burned in a Saragossa auto-da-fé. Unknown 1551 Castilian soldier, executed in Saragossa awaiting a public auto-da-fé. Four unknowns 1558 A Castilian jurist/lawyer, 2 priests, and a French shepherd boy, all burned in a Saragossa auto-da-fé. Unknown 1566 A French interpreter who lived with the Guale, garroted under the orders of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés at Santa Elena. Pedro's nephew and an ensign told him that he was "a Lutheran and a great sodomite," so he lured the interpreter out by claiming he had presents to give to the cacique. The cacique's oldest son, one of two natives living with the interpreter, cried upon hearing this and begged him "to return at once." The interpreter was killed in secrecy on arrival, and the Guale were told that he had disappeared. Three unknowns 1572 Foreigners, burned in a Saragossa auto-da-fé with 9 Aragonese peasants convicted of bestiality along with their animals. Two unknowns 1573 Trinitarian monks, executed in Valencia. Martín de Castro 1574 Male prostitute, burned in Madrid; present at the trials of two high-ranking clients, Don Pedro Luis Galceran de Borgia and the Count of Ribagorza, in 1572. Miguel Salvador de Morales 25 June 1574 Morales, a Trinitarian friar, and Tafolla had known each other since childhood, even sleeping in the same room. Tafolla had just returned from traveling in Italy and went to Morales's monastery in Valencia, where they were caught; both were burned. Baptista Tafolla Juan Bautista Finocho July 1575 Mariner on the galleon San Tadeo, burned in the harbor of La Havana. Two unknowns 1579 Teenage boys, executed in Seville for "frolicking in bed together." Unknown 1581 Neapolitan, burned for a "habit of Italy" in Seville. Diego Maldonado 1585 Sodomite group, burned together in Seville by secular authorities. Maldonado, a member of a "well-to-do family" from Granada, was the group leader. Salvador Martín Alonso Sánchez Five unknowns Muyuca or Machuco 1585 African, probably a freed slave, burned in Seville as a alcahuete (procurer). Described as "very well known for the dealings he had with good-looking gentlemen." He wore a ruff, cosmetics, and a wig at his execution, likely as forced humiliation rather than by choice. Seven unknowns 1587 7 adolescents under 21 years old, executed in Aragon (Saragossa). Gaspar Arrimen 1588 Moriscos in Valencia, both age 20; both burned. Pedro Alache Two unknowns 1588 17-year-olds, executed in Aragon (Saragossa). Two unknowns 1588 French, burned in Seville. Twelve unknowns 1600 Dozen men, burned in Seville. Gerónimo Ponce de Leon 1603 Mulattoes, tried and executed by the Audencia de la Casa de la Contratación in Seville. Domingo López Unknown 1604 Street vendor of Triana, burned in Seville; described as "fat, deaf, and blind." Jose Estravagante 1607 Galley prisoners, 31 and 20, respectively; Teixidor had been convicted of sodomy and Estravagente of another crime. Fellow prisoners denounced they were having an affair and they were subsequently burned in Valencia by the Inquisition. Bartolomeo Teixidor Two unknowns 1616 Colored, burned in Seville. Names not recorded. Nicolas Gonzales 1625 20-year-old prostitute from Orihuela and those he implicated under questioning (including 7 slaves, such as a 40-year-old Turk), burned together in Valencia. He named over 60 men and boys when questioned. Gonzales admitted to not only prostituting himself, but also procuring others his age (usually to slaves). 128 quintals of wood were needed to burn all 12 over a 7-hour period, "something never seen or heard of in Valencia". Eleven unknowns Two unknowns 1626 Executed in Valencia outside of the inquisition palace "without making a noise". Unknown 1640 Burned in Granada. Unknown 1647 Burned in a Barcelona auto-da-fé. Francisco 1648 Portuguese mulatto, tried and executed by the Audencia de la Casa de la Contratación in Seville. Juan Chapinero 1651 Two blacks (one free, the latter a slave), publicly garroted and their corpses burnt in Mexico City. Nicolás Juan de la Cruz March 1670 Indigenous resident of La Lagunilla, publicly burned in the public market of San Juan, Mexico City on a Monday at 4:00 PM. Five unknowns 25 June 1671 Two mulattoes and three blacks, burned in San Lázaro, Mexico City; caught in the act at Juan de Ávila's mill in Mixcoac. The site of their execution is today the location of Mexico's national archives. Seven unknowns 13 November 1673 A group of mulattoes, blacks, and mestizos, burned in Mexico City; caught in the act in the same textile mill. Two unknowns 20 November 1686 A mulatto and a mestizo, burned together in Mexico City; a black man was publicly shamed as an accomplice. Two unknowns February 1735 Sentenced to death and their corpses burned in Mexico City "for the grave crime of Sodomy"; case reported in the Gazeta de México. Two unknowns 27 August 1738 Indigenous, sentenced to burn in Mexico City for the "nefarious crime"; on the way to be executed, members of the local cofradía accompanied them. Unknown 23 June 1784 "The nefarious offender of this royal jail", burned in Mexico City and his body reduced to ashes in the accustomed site. Sweden Name Date Notes Lisbetha Olsdotter November 1679 Switzerland Name Date Notes Lord Haspisperch 1277 German-Swiss aristocrat, burned by Rudolph I in Basel. Unknown if politically motivated. Friedrich 1399 Cook, burned in Basel; his partner, Friedrich Schregelin, was banished. Hermann von Hohenlandberg 1431 Burgher and noble, accused of robbing travelers outside of Zurich in 1419; executed for multiple relationships with male adolescents. Reportedly offered a 14-year-old "clothes" for accompanying him. Two unknowns 1444 Bishop of Geneva's personal chef, a Greek, and his Genevan partner, both hanged; first executions in Geneva for sodomy. Two unknowns 1464 Sexton of a pilgrimage church and a boy, both burned in Einsiedeln. Eighteen unknowns 1474 Captured Lombard mercenaries, burned in Basel. Richard Puller von Hohenburg 24 September 1482 Alsatian nobleman and knight and his servant, burned in Zurich. Anton Mätzler Hans Zogg 1489 Burned in Lucerne. Uli im Tann Hans Waldmann (mayor) 6 April 1489 Executed for multiple crimes, including sodomy. Jehan Ruaulx 1493 Pastry chef in Fribourg, returned from France with an ear and his penis missing for attempted sodomy in Sisteron; confessed to relations with men, including a cleric, in Lausanne and Fribourg. Heinrich Baltschmid 1506 Burned in Lucerne. Felix Bluntschli Caspar Noll Hans Honegger Jacob von Schloss 1515 Burned in Zurich; arrested for theft, found to have had relations with several men of superior age and economic status. First seduced by a notary in the Savoy court of Geneva, he blamed the welsch (French, Savoyards, etc.) of introducing "such viciousness" to Germans. Andres von Tschafel 1519 Broken on the wheel and burned in Lucerne. Blasius Hipold 1519 Burned in Lucerne. Bonifaz Dorn 27 January 1519 Decapitated in Lucerne. Johannes Nusser 1520 Broken on the wheel in Lucerne. Case brought before council of Lucerne after it was discovered he had been given a jacket for having sex with a man under a bridge in Rome. Confessed to sex with "human and animals, women and men, boys and adult men, Italians and Germans, laypeople and clerics" while serving as papal guard in Rome. Rewarded lavishly with "three double jackets" for prostituting himself to a monk in a stable. Nusser also acted as a priest, having "sermonized and heard confession." Hans Propstli 1525 Decapitated and burned; first execution in Solothurn, blamed the welsch. Hans Fritschi 1530 Monastery laborer from Pfungen, decapitated in Schaffhausen. Tried alongside Hans Räs for "unchristian and heretical (sodomitical) acts". They had met while working in Rheinau monastery two years prior. Fritschi asked to be decapitated instead of burned, a mercy the court granted. Fritschi was likely 15 to 25, Räs probably the same or slightly older. Räs also gave Fritschi a new pair of pants for Christmas. Räs, the instigator, may have been fugitive after the trial. Balthasar Bar 1532 Drowned in Lucerne, blamed the welsch. Conrat Mulibach 1533 Burned in St. Gallen. Marx Anthon 1537 Burned in Zurich. Jorg Sigler 1537 Burned in Lucerne. Bonifacius Amerbach 1538 Burned in Schaffhausen. Uli Rugger 1540 Decapitated in Zurich. Hans Blatter 1540 Burned in Zurich. Jacob Muller 1545 Decapitated and burned in Zurich. Unknown 1550 Young French man, hanged in Geneva. Jean Fontaine 1554 or 1555 Executed in Geneva, was involved with Branlard (see 1561). Unknown 1556 French man, hanged in Geneva. Five unknowns 1560 Three Turkish galley slaves and two French Catholics from a captured Savoy fort, burned together by Genevan forces. The slaves first admitted to the act, and implicated the Catholics when questioned. Guillaume Brancard/Branlard 1561 Drowned in Geneva. His partner, Ramel, was given a reduced sentence due to his age. Branlard had never had a relationship with a woman per court records. Thoni Ruttiman 1561 Hanged in Zurich. Pierre Jobert 1562 French, had a long-standing relationship; both drowned in Geneva. Thibaud Lespligny Unknown 1566 Italian student, age 22, drowned in Geneva. Bartholomé Tecia 10 June 1566 Piedmontese student, age 15, drowned in Geneva. Rudolf Bachmann 1567 Decapitated and burned in Zurich. Uli Frei Unknown 1568 French man, drowned in Geneva. Francoise-Jeanne Morel 1568 Itinerant plague worker accused of molesting a woman she was sharing a bed with, Morel had admitted to fornication with a male 5 years earlier. She initially used this to deny the charge but later retracted this, and subsequently admitted her guilt under torture, and admitted to having relations with both men and women (she had never taken money for sex). She was subsequently drowned. Wilhelm von Muhlhausen 1579 Burned in Zurich. Unknown 28 May 1586 Burned between Lenzburg and Aarau. Two unknowns 1590 French soldier, age 25, and his valet (also French), age 18; both burned in Geneva. Three unknowns 1590 Turkish galley slaves, burned in Geneva. Jean Chaffrey February 1590 Two Europeans (Chaffrey, age 20, from Dauphine; Chappuis, age 15, Genevan) and 3 Muslim converts to Calvinism (Mohamet, age 35, from Martara; Assan, age 20, from Turkey; and Arnaud, age 34, from Rumania) executed following trial for group homosexuality in Geneva. A 3rd European was acquitted. Etienne Chappuis Tatare Mohamet Assan Ali Arnaud Franciscus de Rouiere 1596 Burned in Sankt Gallen. Pierre Dufour 13 November 1600 Genevan citizen and his partner, a local peasant. Brelat, a cowherd, openly boasted about their relationship due to Dufour's high social standing, but Brelat claimed Dufour was guilty of buggery (but not a bugger itself) after a violent fistfight. Both were subsequently drowned. Pierre Brelat Jephat Scheurmann 1609 Possibly executed in Lucerne; claimed to have been "seduced" as a young man "in foreign countries" by an apprentice from Fribourg. Pierre Canal 2 February 1610 Official burned in Geneva. Arrested for treason and homicide, confessed under torture. Three unknowns 1610 3 partners of Pierre Canal, including a gatekeeper, all drowned. Jean de la Rue 1617 Age 80, arrested for making a pass in an inn. Openly admitted to having had relations with many people in Geneva and elsewhere "for pleasure, for grain, and for poverty". Burned after this single interrogation. Unknown 1621 Catholic Savoyard, age 50, burned in Geneva. Melchior Brütschli 1629 Executed in Lucerne. Unknown 1634 Neapolitan, burned in Geneva; his partner, his French valet, banished. Two unknowns 1647 Italians, executed (one hanged and the other burned) in Geneva. United Kingdom See also: History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom, Sodomy law § United Kingdom, and LGBT rights in the United Kingdom § Homosexuality as an offence The details of the accusation are often not given in contemporary sources, with euphemisms such as "unnatural offence" used. However, such terms were also used to describe bestiality, non-consensual acts, and crimes against minors. Due to this, sources discussing and listing capital offences for homosexuality, including the table below, may inadvertently include men executed for such offences. Name Date Notes Peter Chambers 5 October 1609 Catholic seminarian who converted to Protestantism, hanged in Exeter. He was convicted of sodomy with one of his choirboys at the Exeter assizes; he lived in Exeter Cathedral "to teach the singing boys" under Matthew Sutcliffe's sponsorship. Chambers protested at his execution that in Italy he was able to suppress his urges as a Catholic, but quickly relapsed in Protestantism. Mervyn Tuchet 1631 2nd Earl of Castlehaven, executed for sodomy with his male servants and procuring the rape of his wife. William Plaine 1646 Founder of Guilford, Connecticut, executed in New Haven. Plaine, despite being married, had committed sodomy with "two persons in England" and had "corrupted a great part of the youth of Guilford" (reason for execution unknown). Francis Dilly 4 February 1679 Non-white sailor on the Jersey, executed as chief ringleader of a 4-man sodomite group at Port Royal. Other three members spared as they were white, "white men being scarce among us." Unknown September 1684 Young man, hanged in Portsmouth; name not recorded. James Hunt 25 August 1743 Hunt was a barge builder aged 37 and Collins was 57, a former weaver and soldier. They were accused of sodomy together in a toilet at Pepper Alley in Southwark, near London Bridge, which they each denied though their accounts differed. Their trial was at Surrey assizes 4 August and they were hanged at Kennington Common. Thomas Collins Richard Arnold 15 September 1753 Arnold was around 60 and the landlord of the Lamb and Flag and Critchard was a footman aged around 20. They were convicted 31 August 1753 of felony and buggery for an act witnessed in the Swan Inn, Broad Street, Bristol. They were hanged together at St. Michael's Hill; they declined to implicate anyone else and Arnold was reported to have kissed Critchard's hand before the cart was pulled from under them. William Critchard Joseph Wright 15 August 1755 Trial at Coventry assizes. Hanged on Whitley Common. Wright admitted that he had been guilty of sodomy, but never with Grimes, while Grimes said that he had never committed any such offence. Wright was also found guilty of killing Mr. Warner of Winhall. Thomas Grimes Richard Whatley 23 March 1776 Trial at Hampshire assizes 5 March. Whatley, aged 41 and also known as Richard Churchill, was convicted of sodomy against Benjamin Dupre, a coachman employed by Lovell Stanhope. He admitted that he had attempted the offence (which took place at Avington), but had not actually committed it. Benjamin Loveday 12 October 1781 Trial at Bristol assizes. Hanged on St Michael's Hill. Loveday worked as a waiter before keeping a public house on Tower Street, Bristol while Burke was a midshipman, and they were accused of sexual activity together that they denied. Loveday was also accused by James Morgan. Joseph Giles and James Lane were also accused with Loveday, but were only sentenced for misdemeanours, and William Ward was acquitted. Loveday may have been running a molly house. John Burke John Lad or Ladd (one source says Thomas) 10 April 1786 A Methodist preacher, he was tried at Surrey assizes on 22 March and taken from New Gaol to be hanged on Peckham Common. Thomas Crispin 17 August 1787 Trial at Devon assizes 30 July. Hanged at Heavitree gallows near Exeter. Crispin, aged 45, was a potter from Pilton who had been living in a workhouse for seven years. His co-accused Hugh Gribble was reprieved owing to mental incapacity. Crispin acknowledged his guilt but showed no remorse. John Southwell 3 April 1790 Trial at Suffolk assizes in Bury 17 March. Hanged at Rushmere Heath. John Smith Henry Allen 1797 Captain of the sloop Rattler, hanged for sodomy on the ships' yardarm "despite his rank and excellent social connections." William Powell 30 August 1797 Powell was a pauper at Melford workhouse. His trial was at Suffolk assizes on 9 August. He was hanged at Bury St Edmunds at the age of 70, but he did not confess. Joseph Bird 26 August 1803 Trial at Warwickshire assizes, executed in Warwick. Bird was a Methodist, convicted on the testimony of John Privett. Privett withdrew his statement, only to then say this was because Bird's son bribed him. Mathuselah Spalding aka Methuselah. 8 February 1804 His trial was at the Old Bailey in November, where he was convicted of having "a venereal affair" with James Hankinson. He was hanged at Newgate. He was hanged with a forger, Ann Hurle - they were led out of Debtor's Door and rather than the New Drop they were hanged by a cart being driven from under them. David Robertson 13 August 1806 Trial at the Old Bailey and executed at Newgate after attempting suicide. Robertson was 48 years old and said to keep a brothel at Charles Street, Covent Garden. He was convicted of an offence with 17-year-old George Foulston. James Stockton aka Samuel Stockton 13 September 1806 Known as the Remarkable Trials, twenty seven men aged 17 to 84 from in and around Warrington, Manchester, and Liverpool were arrested in May 1806 for sodomy and nine were tried by John Borron and Richard Gwillym at the Lancaster assizes. Harry Cocks notes that the arrests came amid concerns post-1789 about Jacobins and other men meeting in private. Men of different social classes, they met among other places on Mondays and Fridays at Hitchin's house in Great Sankey, Cheshire, and were said by the press to be Freemasons and call each other "brother". Holland was a rich pawnbroker and there were rumours that members of the gentry were involved with the group, even members of Parliament. Those hanged were convicted on the testimonies of John Knight and Thomas Taylor, members of the group who gave evidence to avoid being hanged themselves. Rix also testified that sodomy was widespread and considered normal in Warrington, Manchester, and Liverpool, describing casual encounters in the street, but the magistrate refused a deal, while Hitchin denied the charges. Stockton, Holland and Powell were hanged at Lancaster castle on 13 September, and Hitchin and Rix later that month after they were further interrogated to find other conspirators. Joshua Newsom and George Ellis were found guilty of lesser offences and the rest were acquitted. The magistrates attempted to investigate further, but were stopped by the Home Office. Joseph Holland John Powell Isaac Hitchin 27 September 1806 Part of the "Remarkable Trials" Thomas Rix William Billey 31 March 1808 Aged 45, he was accused of an offence against Thomas Douglas of Crayford and for attempted offences against others. His trial was at Kent Lent Assizes in Maidstone, and he was hanged on Penenden Heath. He had no family and the Kentish Gazette said he "appeared a perfect idiot". Richard Neighbour 24 November 1808 Neighbour of Gresse Street, Rathbone Place, aged 26, was convicted of a crime against the body of Joshua Archer, aged 17 or 18, an apprentice to an engraver. Attempts were made to bribe Archer to leave the country. Neighbour was sentenced to hang at the Old Bailey in October 1808, but he poisoned himself with arsenic at Newgate the next month, less than a week before his execution was due. James Bartlett 4 April 1809 Trial at Surrey Assizes, executed at Horsemonger Lane Gaol. He was buried at Limehouse and left £1,500 to his daughter. Samuel Mounser 31 August 1810 Trial at the Chelmsford Summer Assizes, from Stanford-le-Hope Thomas White 7 March 1811 Main article: Vere Street Coterie Ensign John Newball Hepburn, in his forties, and Drummer Thomas White, 16, tried at the Old Bailey and hanged in front of Newgate Prison, London John Hepburn David Thompson Myers 4 May 1812 Myers was a draper of Stamford, accused by Thomas Crow (or Crowe), an 18-year-old apprentice to a tailor, Mr. Horden of Stamford. Myers was acquitted in Lincolnshire due to Crow being suspected of lying, but he was then convicted at trial at Peterborough accused again by Crow of offences at Burghley Park. Myers was hanged at Fengate, Peterborough, the last man to be publicly executed in the city. George Godfrey 1 April 1813 Godfrey was a butler in the house of Mr. Atkinson at Lee, who was indicted for "unnatural offences" with a footman, Henry Greenhurst, from May to December 1812. The latter was "unconscious of the heinous character of the offence" and told another servant, who informed Mr. Atkinson. Godfrey was hanged at Penenden Heath. Henry Youens 18 August 1814 Trial at the Kent Assizes in Maidstone, hanged at Penenden Heath. Ottaway, 33, and Youens, 21, were soldiers. John Ottaway (spelled variously Ottoway, Otooway, Ottway, and Otway) Abraham Adams 26 July 1815 Trial at the Old Bailey, hanged aged 51 at Newgate alongside Elizabeth Fenning John Charles 1 February 1816 Sailors on the HMS Africaine under captain Edward Rodney, hanged at Portsmouth at 11 AM. Two other men, John Parsons and Joseph Hubbard, were whipped, with Hubbard receiving less lashes than Parsons due to medical concerns. Many reports of sodomy surfaced onboard the ship during its four-year tour of the East Indies, with Westerman being named as a participant from the start. For the first incident, Westerman was demoted from captain's servant boy to ordinary crewman, with further demotion for a later incident. More incidents surfaced until the ship returned to England in 1815, and an investigation was ordered by the Royal Navy. The initial 23 suspects identified in December 1815 was reduced to just four (Westerman, Joseph Tall, Seraco, and Treake). The origins of the sodomy amongst the crew was determined to be Seraco and Treake, both Italians. Seraco was condemned with Charles (a prisoner), Treake was initially pardoned with Joseph Tall but re-condemned with Westerman. Raphael Seraco Raphael Treake John Westerman George Siggins 21 August 1817 Trial at Kent Assizes in Maidstone for a crime in Chatham, executed on Penenden Heath Joseph Charlton 14 April 1819 A watchmaker aged 26 who was tried at the Guildhall, Newcastle and hanged at Morpeth. His funeral was attended by 2000 people. John Markham 29 December 1819 A pauper aged 26 who was an inmate at St. Giles's workhouse, his hanging was heard by John Cam Hobhouse, who was being held at Newgate. Hobhouse noted in his diary, "Tis dreadful hanging a man for this practice". Thomas Foster 3 May 1820 Trial at Kent Assizes and hanged at Penenden Heath. Convicted of an offence with John Whyneard (charged as an accomplice, but not hanged) at the Isle of Sheppey. John Holland 25 November 1822 Aged 42 and 32 respectively, tried at the Old Bailey and executed at Newgate. William King William Arden 21 March 1823 Respectively a gentleman and half-pay officer aged 35, a valet to the Duke of Newcastle aged 36, and a cabinet maker aged 35, they were tried at Lincoln Assizes by Mr. Justice Park and convicted on the evidence of a 19-year-old apprentice draper named Henry Hackett. A love letter from Hackett to Candler had been addressed to the Duke to save on postage: the Duke received and read the letter and had Hackett confronted, upon which he also implicated Doughty and Arden, who had associated with each other in Grantham in summer 1822. They were part of a group of up to 36 men led by Arden, who went on hunger strike in jail. The convicted men were hanged at Lincoln Castle. Benjamin Candler John Doughty Charles Clutton 13 August 1824 Aged 25, he was charged in June 1824 with Charles Paul, aged 17, for an offence at Weedon Bec barracks in May 1823 - they were both privates in the 53rd regiment. He was sentenced by Mr. Justice Holroyd and hanged at the New Drop, Northamptonshire Joseph Bennett 20 April 1825 Aged about 30 and from Witney and aged 22 and from Radstock, respectively, they were hanged at Ilchester Gaol in Somerset George Maggs Captain Henry Nicholl (also reported as Nichol and Nicholls) 12 August 1833 A 50-year-old veteran of the Peninsular War, Nicholl was hanged at Horsemonger Lane Gaol in Southwark, London. He was renounced by his prominent family, and his body was handed over to a hospital for dissection as they refused to accept it for burial. George Cropper 26 December 1833 A 26-year-old soldier, he was convicted of an offence at Deptford with a fellow soldier, Charles Pike, who was aged 18, but Pike was acquitted. Cropper was hanged at New Sessions House in Maidstone, the same day as a rapist. John Spershott (also reported as John Sparshott and John Sparsholt) 22 August 1835 A labourer aged 19, he was convicted of an offence with George Howard (who was not charged) at Mid Lavant and hanged at Horsham, Surrey, alongside a burglar. "Spershott's hanging was perhaps the last occasion at which was performed the folk ritual of the hangman passing the dead man's hands over the neck and bosoms of young women as a cure for glandular enlargements." John Smith 27 November 1835 The last two men to be hanged for homosexuality in England John Pratt See also Capital punishment for homosexuality Criminalization of homosexuality in majority-Muslim countries Homosexuality in society List of executed people Violence against LGBT people References ^ Also given as "Rozieres" ^ Date also given as 21 October 1627 and 27 July 1654. ^ No date given; presumed to be same year. ^ 16th century; exact date unknown. ^ Also named as Antonio Salamone and Antonio Salomón ^ Date also given as 20 September 1519 ^ Also listed as quartermaster ^ Also named as Antonio Ginovés, also listed as a "ship's boy" or "grummet" ^ Also reported as a suicide or execution, with some sources stating he too was sentenced to death. ^ Both for homosexuality and bestiality; no details given. ^ Also named Ralph Serraco ^ Also named Raphaelo Troyac ^ a b c d e Crompton, Louis (1981). Salvatore J. Licata; Robert P. Petersen (eds.). Historical Perspectives on Homosexuality. 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Henry Nichols ; Trial and execution of Captain Henry Nichols ; who suffered this morning at Horse Monger Lane, Prison, Boro". English Crime and Execution Broadsides - CURIOSity Digital Collections. Retrieved 2022-05-01. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Newspaper Reports, 1833". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2023. ^ "The trials and behaviour of George Cropper, and William Allen ; who were executed this morning, December 26, 1833, in front of the New Sessions House, Maidstone, Kent". Harvard Library. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2023. ^ Norton, Rictor. "Execution of John Spershott, 1835". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2023. ^ "Full particulars of the trials and execution of Richard Sheppard and John Sparshott, who were executed at Horsham, on Saturday, Aug. 22nd, 1835". Harvard University. 1835. Archived from the original on March 14, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2023. ^ ""Unnatural" act of being gay saw teen lad hanged". West Sussex County Times. 6 July 2017. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2023. ^ "Homepage". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023. External links Claude Courouve, Procès de sodomie en France, (1307-1783). (In French) Stefano Bolognini & Giovanni Dall'Orto, List of executions for sodomy in Italy (1293-1782) (in Italian), "WikiPink". vteCriminalization of homosexualityDeath penalty Afghanistan Brunei Iran Mauritania Saudi Arabia Uganda (Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023) Yemen Active British colonies (Section 377, 1860–) Malaysia (1860–, with caning) Uganda (1894–) Invalidated Ecuador (1871-1997) India (Section 377, 1861–2018) Sri Lanka (Article 365, 1883–) United States Repealed Australia (1975/1997) Brazil (1533–1830) Canada (?–1969) Cyprus (Section 171, 1929–1998) Germany (Paragraph 175, 1871–1969/1994) New Zealand (1840–1986) Singapore (Section 377A, 1938–2007/2022) Norway (Section 213, ?–1972) Romania (Article 200, 1968–1996/2001) Russia (1832–1917, 1933–1993) South Africa (Section 20A, ?–2007) United Kingdom (1533–1967/1982) Related articles Decriminalization of homosexuality Sodomy law LGBT rights Sharia law vteLGBT peopleOverall African Americans Jews Catholics Politicians in the United Kingdom Ambassadors of the United States Members of the United States Congress Heads of government Political officials in the Netherlands Political officials in Australia First holders of political offices In Canada In the United Kingdom In the United States Academy Award winners and nominees Sportspeople Artists Writers YouTubers Supreme court justices Non-heterosexuals Pansexuals Sexually fluid people Lesbian filmmakers LGB A Ba–Bh Bi–Bz C D–E F G H I–J K L M N–O P–Q R Sa–Sc Sd–Si Sj–Sz T–V W–Z Bisexuals A–F G–M N–S T–Z Transgender people Murder victims Political office-holders Intersex persons Aromantic people Asexual people Non-binary people Writers Cross-dressers Wartime cross-dressers Drag kings Drag queens Exóticos Other Androgynous people See also List of people executed for homosexuality in Europe LGBT-related suicides Same-sex married couples Rights activists Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_people_executed_for_homosexuality_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Societal attitudes towards same-sex relationships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_homosexuality"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.Societal attitudes towards same-sex relationships have varied over time and place, from expecting all males to engage in same-sex relationships, to casual integration, through acceptance, to seeing the practice as a minor sin, repressing it through law enforcement and judicial mechanisms, and to proscribing it under penalty of death. The following individuals received the death penalty for it.","title":"List of people executed for homosexuality in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Executed individuals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Belgium","title":"Executed individuals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"France","title":"Executed individuals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi takeover in 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machtergreifung"},{"link_name":"persecution of homosexuals in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"police state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_state"},{"link_name":"concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"successor states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"After the Nazi takeover in 1933, the persecution of homosexuals in Germany became a priority of the Nazi police state. Between 1933 and 1945, an estimated 100,000 men were arrested as homosexuals; ten thousands of which were sentenced by courts. Most of these men served time in regular prisons, and between 5,000 and 6,000 were imprisoned in concentration camps. The death rate of these prisoners has been estimated at 60 percent, a higher rate than those of other prisoner groups. A smaller number of men were sentenced to death or killed at Nazi euthanasia centres. After the war, homosexuals were initially not counted as victims of Nazism because homosexuality continued to be illegal in Nazi Germany's successor states.","title":"Executed individuals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ireland","title":"Executed individuals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Italy","title":"Executed individuals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Malta","title":"Executed individuals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Netherlands","title":"Executed individuals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Poland","title":"Executed individuals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Portugal","title":"Executed individuals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spain","title":"Executed individuals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sweden","title":"Executed individuals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Switzerland","title":"Executed individuals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sodomy law § United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy_law#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights in the United Kingdom § Homosexuality as an offence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom#Homosexuality_as_an_offence"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"See also: History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom, Sodomy law § United Kingdom, and LGBT rights in the United Kingdom § Homosexuality as an offenceThe details of the accusation are often not given in contemporary sources, with euphemisms such as \"unnatural offence\" used. However, such terms were also used to describe bestiality, non-consensual acts, and crimes against minors. Due to this, sources discussing and listing capital offences for homosexuality, including the table below, may inadvertently include men executed for such offences.[207]","title":"Executed individuals"}]

[]

[{"title":"Capital punishment for homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality"},{"title":"Criminalization of homosexuality in majority-Muslim countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality_in_majority-Muslim_countries"},{"title":"Homosexuality in society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_in_society"},{"title":"List of executed people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executed_people"},{"title":"Violence against LGBT people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people"}]

[{"reference":"Crompton, Louis (1981). Salvatore J. Licata; Robert P. Petersen (eds.). Historical Perspectives on Homosexuality. Haworth Press. ISBN 9780917724275.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn-ySVOZaSQC&q=John+de+Wettre&pg=PA17","url_text":"Historical Perspectives on Homosexuality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780917724275","url_text":"9780917724275"}]},{"reference":"Dynes, Wayne R. (2016-03-22). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume I. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-36815-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YrXOCwAAQBAJ&dq=in+ypres+the+death+penalty+was+imposed+on+two+men+in+1375&pg=PA123","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-36815-1","url_text":"978-1-317-36815-1"}]},{"reference":"Duke, A. C. (2009). Dissident Identities in the Early Modern Low Countries. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-5679-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DPGMstg0fosC&dq=friars+sodomy+bruges+1578&pg=PA254","url_text":"Dissident Identities in the Early Modern Low Countries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5679-1","url_text":"978-0-7546-5679-1"}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Catharine (2011-12-06). The Sexual History of London: From Roman Londinium to the Swinging City---Lust, Vice, and Desire Across the Ages. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4299-9006-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aR5Yip1Nky8C&dq=friars+sodomy+bruges+1578&pg=PT53","url_text":"The Sexual History of London: From Roman Londinium to the Swinging City---Lust, Vice, and Desire Across the Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-9006-6","url_text":"978-1-4299-9006-6"}]},{"reference":"Crompton, Louis (July 2009). Homosexuality and Civilization. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03006-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TfBYd9xVaXcC&dq=philippe+basse+and+bernard+mocmanesse&pg=PA449","url_text":"Homosexuality and Civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03006-0","url_text":"978-0-674-03006-0"}]},{"reference":"Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A. (2017-07-05). Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-66565-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jkArDwAAQBAJ&dq=Benjamin+Deschauffours&pg=PT1513","url_text":"Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-66565-0","url_text":"978-1-351-66565-0"}]},{"reference":"Puff, Helmut (2003). Sodomy in Reformation Germany and Switzerland, 1400-1600. 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Traité de la justice criminelle de France: où l'on examine tout ce qui concerne les crimes et les peines en général et en particulier, les juges établis pour décider les affaires criminelles, les parties publiques et privées, les accusés, les ministres de la justice criminelle, les experts, les témoins, et les autres personnes nécessaires pour l'instruction des procès-criminels, et aussi tout ce qui regarde la manière de procéder dans la poursuite des crimes (in French). chez Debure Père, libraire, quai des Augustins, à l'image de S. Paul.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w7QWAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22Jean+Moret%22+1519&pg=PA119","url_text":"Traité de la justice criminelle de France: où l'on examine tout ce qui concerne les crimes et les peines en général et en particulier, les juges établis pour décider les affaires criminelles, les parties publiques et privées, les accusés, les ministres de la justice criminelle, les experts, les témoins, et les autres personnes nécessaires pour l'instruction des procès-criminels, et aussi tout ce qui regarde la manière de procéder dans la poursuite des crimes"}]},{"reference":"Guyot, Joseph Nicolas (1785). Répertoire universel et raisonné de jurisprudence civile, criminelle, canonique et béneficiale (in French). Visse.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dURBAAAAcAAJ&dq=Nicholas+Dadon+1584&pg=PA337","url_text":"Répertoire universel et raisonné de jurisprudence civile, criminelle, canonique et béneficiale"}]},{"reference":"Licala, S. J.; Peterson, R. P. 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A Descriptive Catalogue of Bengali Works, Containing a Classified List of Fourteen Hundred Bengali Books and Pamphlets, ... Issued ... During the Last Sixty Years, Etc (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T0tvEi01kVkC&dq=%22Richard+Renvoisy%22+1586&pg=PA59","url_text":"A Descriptive Catalogue of Bengali Works, Containing a Classified List of Fourteen Hundred Bengali Books and Pamphlets, ... Issued ... During the Last Sixty Years, Etc"}]},{"reference":"Maine, François Grudé “de” La Croix Du; Maine (Antoine), Francois Grude sieur de et Du-Verdier La-Croix du (1773). Les Bibliothéques Françoises De La Croix Du Maine Et De Du Verdier Sieur De Vauprivas; Nouvelle Édition, Dédiée Au Roi, Revue, corrigée & augmentée ... Par M. Rigoley De Juvigny (in French). 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ISBN 978-3-8233-9423-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dYT6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Emery+Ange+Dugaton%22+1666&pg=PA34","url_text":"\" A qui lira \": Littérature, livre et librairie en France au XVIIe siècle: Actes du 47e congrès de la NASSCFL (Lyon, 21-24 juin 2017)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-9423-5","url_text":"978-3-8233-9423-5"}]},{"reference":"Omont, Henri (1895). Catalogue général des manuscrits français de la Bibliothèque nationale (in French). E. Leroux.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=37jNHExDT-UC&dq=%22Antoine+Mazouer%22+1666&pg=PA210","url_text":"Catalogue général des manuscrits français de la Bibliothèque nationale"}]},{"reference":"Dynes, Wayne R.; Donaldson, Stephen (1992). History of Homosexuality in Europe and America. Taylor & Francis. 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Church and Society in Eighteenth-century France: The clerical establishment and its social ramifications. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827003-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3-DnCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22burned+for+sodomy%22&pg=PA366","url_text":"Church and Society in Eighteenth-century France: The clerical establishment and its social ramifications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827003-4","url_text":"978-0-19-827003-4"}]},{"reference":"McClanan, A.; Encarnación, K. (2016-09-23). The Material Culture of Sex, Procreation, and Marriage in Premodern Europe. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-08503-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a1UBDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Hermann+von+Hohenlandenberg%22&pg=PA256","url_text":"The Material Culture of Sex, Procreation, and Marriage in Premodern Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-08503-0","url_text":"978-1-137-08503-0"}]},{"reference":"Schmidt, Franz (2015-02-03). A Hangman's Diary: The Journal of Master Franz Schmidt, Public Executioner of Nuremberg, 1573?1617. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-62914-976-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qSqCDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Hennsa+Pallauf%22&pg=PT84","url_text":"A Hangman's Diary: The Journal of Master Franz Schmidt, Public Executioner of Nuremberg, 1573?1617"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62914-976-9","url_text":"978-1-62914-976-9"}]},{"reference":"Shull, Rich (2003-11-12). Autism, Pre Rain Man: Pre Rain Man Autism. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4697-2597-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ecVHDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ludwig+de+Gros+1704&pg=PA142","url_text":"Autism, Pre Rain Man: Pre Rain Man Autism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4697-2597-0","url_text":"978-1-4697-2597-0"}]},{"reference":"ELLIOTT, CLINTON (February 2014). HIDDEN. Author House. ISBN 978-1-4817-6511-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wm_fAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Martin+Schultze%22+1704&pg=PA180","url_text":"HIDDEN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4817-6511-4","url_text":"978-1-4817-6511-4"}]},{"reference":"Sternweiler, Andreas (2004). Selbstbewusstsein und Beharrlichkeit: zweihundert Jahre Geschichte (in German). Schwules Museum.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gPrZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Martin+Schultze%22+1704","url_text":"Selbstbewusstsein und Beharrlichkeit: zweihundert Jahre Geschichte"}]},{"reference":"Trujillo, Josh (2023-08-15). Washington's Gay General: The Legends and Loves of Baron von Steuben (in Spanish). Abrams. ISBN 978-1-68335-841-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RIStEAAAQBAJ&dq=ephraim+ostermann&pg=PT68","url_text":"Washington's Gay General: The Legends and Loves of Baron von Steuben"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68335-841-1","url_text":"978-1-68335-841-1"}]},{"reference":"Knowles, Jon (2019-06-28). How Sex Got Screwed Up: The Ghosts that Haunt Our Sexual Pleasure - Book One: From the Stone Age to the Enlightenment. Vernon Press. ISBN 978-1-62273-583-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pi6ZDwAAQBAJ&dq=Nicolas+Gonzales+1625&pg=PA707","url_text":"How Sex Got Screwed Up: The Ghosts that Haunt Our Sexual Pleasure - Book One: From the Stone Age to the Enlightenment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62273-583-9","url_text":"978-1-62273-583-9"}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Dyan (2020-11-27). The Corrupter of Boys: Sodomy, Scandal, and the Medieval Clergy. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-9748-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6AFEAAAQBAJ&dq=Haspisperch&pg=PA139","url_text":"The Corrupter of Boys: Sodomy, Scandal, and the Medieval Clergy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9748-5","url_text":"978-0-8122-9748-5"}]},{"reference":"Pertz, Georg Heinrich (1863). Monumenta Germaniae historica inde ab anno Christi quingentesimo usque ad annum millesimum et quingentesimum: Scriptorum (in Latin). Impensis Bibliopolii Aulici Hahniani.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UwHzKON3MxUC&dq=%22Niger+de+Pulis%22&pg=PA855","url_text":"Monumenta Germaniae historica inde ab anno Christi quingentesimo usque ad annum millesimum et quingentesimum: Scriptorum"}]},{"reference":"\"Il primo processo ad un sodomita in Italia - Cronica fiorentina anonima, 1293\". Giovanni Dallorto (in Italian). Retrieved June 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.giovannidallorto.com/testi/processi/pg1293/pg1293.html","url_text":"\"Il primo processo ad un sodomita in Italia - Cronica fiorentina anonima, 1293\""}]},{"reference":"Rocke, Michael (1996). Forbidden Friendships, Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence. Oxford University Press. pp. 24, 227, 356, 360. ISBN 0-19-512292-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/forbiddenfriends00rock/page/24","url_text":"Forbidden Friendships, Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/forbiddenfriends00rock/page/24","url_text":"24, 227, 356, 360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512292-5","url_text":"0-19-512292-5"}]},{"reference":"Ruggiero, Guido (1988). I confini dell'Eros: crimini sessuali e sessualità nella Venezia del Rinascimento (in Italian). Marsilio. ISBN 978-88-317-5079-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rLEJPAAACAAJ","url_text":"I confini dell'Eros: crimini sessuali e sessualità nella Venezia del Rinascimento"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-317-5079-0","url_text":"978-88-317-5079-0"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Chuck (2020-11-09). Gender and Identity around the World [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-6795-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x9EHEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Rolandino+Roncaglia%22&pg=PA711","url_text":"Gender and Identity around the World [2 volumes]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6795-8","url_text":"978-1-4408-6795-8"}]},{"reference":"State Archives of Venice (1354). Signori di Notte al criminal, Trials (in Italian) (Reg. 6 ed.). pp. 64r.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rosenwein, Barbara H. (2022-12-21). A Short Medieval Reader. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4875-6343-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K46jEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Rolandina+Roncaglia%22&pg=PT289","url_text":"A Short Medieval Reader"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-6343-1","url_text":"978-1-4875-6343-1"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Michael J (2000). Literature and Homosexuality. Rodopi. p. 206. ISBN 90-420-0519-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0519-X","url_text":"90-420-0519-X"}]},{"reference":"ASV. Signori di Notte al Criminal, Processes (in Italian) (Reg. 12 ed.).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Council of Ten. Miste (in Italian) (reg. VIII ed.). pp. 135v.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sieni, Stefano (2002). La sporca storia di Firenze (in Italian). Florence: Le Lettere.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dizionario Gallo-italico (1833). \"Ottavio Mazzoni-Toselli (1778-1847)\". Giovanni Dallorto (in Italian). Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140801002534/http://www.giovannidallorto.com/testi/800/mazzoni/mazzoni.html","url_text":"\"Ottavio Mazzoni-Toselli (1778-1847)\""},{"url":"http://www.giovannidallorto.com/testi/800/mazzoni/mazzoni.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cosi, N. Rodolico (1895). Siciliani nello Studio di Bologna nel medioevo (in Italian). pp. 89–225, 161.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ciabani, Roberto (1994). Torturati impiccati squartati. La pena capitale a Firenze dal 1423 al 1759 (in Italian). Florence: Bonechi.","urls":[]},{"reference":"AB. \"Elenco delle condanne capitali eseguite a Venezia, dalle origini della Repubblica alla sua caduta | Conoscere Venezia\" (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.conoscerevenezia.it/?p=51621","url_text":"\"Elenco delle condanne capitali eseguite a Venezia, dalle origini della Repubblica alla sua caduta | Conoscere Venezia\""}]},{"reference":"Brusegan, M.; Scarsella, A.; Vittoria, M. (2000). Guida insolita ai misteri, ai segreti, alle leggende e alle curiosità di Venezia. Newton Compton.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tassini, Giuseppe (2009). Alcune delle più clamorose condanne capitali eseguite in Venezia sotto la Repubblica (in Italian). Venice: Filippi.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dean, Trevor (2014-06-17). Crime in Medieval Europe: 1200-1550. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-88178-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PWvXAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22burned+for+sodomy%22&pg=PA125","url_text":"Crime in Medieval Europe: 1200-1550"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88178-0","url_text":"978-1-317-88178-0"}]},{"reference":"Zazzu, Guido Nathan (1987). \"Prostituzione e moralità pubblica nella Genova del '400\". Studi genuensi / Istituto internazionale di studi liguri, Sezione di Genova. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Casanova, Cesarina. \"L'amministrazione della giustizia a Bologna nell'eta moderna\". Dimensioni e Problemi della Ricerca Storica. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://rosa.uniroma1.it/rosa02/dimensioni_ricerca_storica","url_text":"\"L'amministrazione della giustizia a Bologna nell'eta moderna\""}]},{"reference":"Malland, Leslie R. (2022-06-07). The Spaces of Renaissance Anatomy Theater. Vernon Press. ISBN 978-1-64889-421-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d1hiEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22burned+for+sodomy%22&pg=PA36","url_text":"The Spaces of Renaissance Anatomy Theater"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64889-421-3","url_text":"978-1-64889-421-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Jacopo Bonfadio, pellegrino senza meta\". Jacopo Bonfadio (in Italian). Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722040238/http://www.jacopobonfadio.it/jacopo_bonfadio.html","url_text":"\"Jacopo Bonfadio, pellegrino senza meta\""},{"url":"http://www.jacopobonfadio.it/jacopo_bonfadio.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Penta, Pasquale (1903). \"Pagine retrospettive. La pena di morte a Firenze dal 1328 al 1759\". Rivista mensile di psichiatria forense, antroplogia criminale e scienze affini.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lapini, Agostino (1900). Diario fiorentino (in Italian). Florence: Sansoni.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grossi, Oreste (1997). I boia di Roma (in Italian). Rome: Newton Compton.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bellondi, Vincenzo (1902). Documenti e aneddoti di storia veneziana (810-1854) (in Italian). Florence: Seeber.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Benvenuti, Matteo (1882). \"Come facevasi giustizia nello stato di Milano dall'anno 1471 al 1763\". Archivio Storico Lombardo. IX.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Registro de' giustiziati della società (congregazione) di s. Giovanni Decollato detta de' Bianchi (1471-1760) (in Italian).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mutinelli, Fabio (1855). Storia arcana ed aneddotica d'Italia, raccontata dai veneti ambasciatori annotata ed ed. da F. Mutinelli (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JaABAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Storia arcana ed aneddotica d'Italia, raccontata dai veneti ambasciatori annotata ed ed. da F. Mutinelli"}]},{"reference":"Tartamella, Enzo (2006). Rapito di Lussuria Improvvisa (in Italian). Trapani: Maroda.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pastor, Ludwig (1924). Storia dei papi (in Italian) (VIII ed.). Rome: Desclée.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sherr, Richard (1991). \"A canon, a choirboy, and homosexuality in late sixteenth-century Italy: a case study\". Journal of Homosexuality. 21 (3): 1–22. doi:10.1300/J082v21n03_01. PMID 1880398.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ082v21n03_01","url_text":"10.1300/J082v21n03_01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1880398","url_text":"1880398"}]},{"reference":"Marcocci, Giuseppe (2010). \"Matrimoni omosessuali nella Roma del tardo Cinquecento\". Quaderni Storici. XLV: 107–138.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Inventione di Giulio Pallavicino di scriver tutte le cose accadute alli tempi suoi [1583-1589] (in Italian). Genoa: Sagep. 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Natale, Alberto (2002). La festa del mondo rovesciato. Giulio Cesare Croce e il carnevalesco (in Italian). Bologna: Il Mulino.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zuccarello, Ugo (2000). \"La sodomia al tribunale bolognese del Torrone tra XVI e XVII secolo\". Società e Storia (87).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kalak, Matteo; Lucchi, Marta (2009). Oltre il patibolo. I fratelli della Morte di Modena tra giustizia e perdono (in Italian). Rome: Bulzoni. p. 82.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bulifon, Antonio (1932). \"Giornali di Napoli dal 1547 al 1706 (a cura di N. Cortese)\". Società napoletana di storia patria.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Bulifon","url_text":"Bulifon, Antonio"}]},{"reference":"Rondoni, Giuseppe (1902). \"Ancora 'I giustiziati'\". Archivio Storico Italiano. XXX: 386.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Prosperi, Adriano (2007). \"L'abiura dell'eretico e la conversione del criminale. Prime linee di ricerca\". Quaderni Storici. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Testi di storia gay - Gabriele Verri e la sodomia a Milano nel Settecento\". www.giovannidallorto.com. Retrieved 2023-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.giovannidallorto.com/testi/700/beccaria/verri.html","url_text":"\"Testi di storia gay - Gabriele Verri e la sodomia a Milano nel Settecento\""}]},{"reference":"Gigliola, Maria; Villata, Renzo (2007). \"Storie d'ordinaria e straordinaria delinquenza nella Lombardia settecentesca\" (PDF). Acta Histriae. XV: 521–564.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zrs.upr.si/media/uploads/files/VILLATA%281%29.pdf","url_text":"\"Storie d'ordinaria e straordinaria delinquenza nella Lombardia settecentesca\""}]},{"reference":"Zanon, Guido. Condanne capitali.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.venessia.com/condanne.htm","url_text":"Condanne capitali"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Archivio di Stato di Torino (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://archiviodistatotorino.beniculturali.it/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\". archivio.corriere.it. Retrieved 2023-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://archivio.corriere.it/Archivio/interface/landing.html","url_text":"\"Archivio Corriere della Sera\""}]},{"reference":"\"melitensiawth.com\" (PDF). melitensiawth.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2022-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160416145141/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.14(2004-07)/MH.14(2007)4/07.pdf","url_text":"\"melitensiawth.com\""},{"url":"http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.14(2004-07)/MH.14(2007)4/07.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bray, Alan (1995). Homosexuality in Renaissance England. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10289-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EuE6To4q06gC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA74&dq=%22Malta%22+%22sodomy%22+%221616%22&hl=en","url_text":"Homosexuality in Renaissance England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10289-6","url_text":"978-0-231-10289-6"}]},{"reference":"Hemert, Johan Maurits van (1749). Korte levensbeschryving der Hollandsche graven (in Dutch). by Nicolaas Goetzee.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Nnd74av1tlcC&q=Gooswyn","url_text":"Korte levensbeschryving der Hollandsche graven"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Scott (1997). The Queer Question: Essays on Desire and Democracy. South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-577-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JoqzLcKbU4wC&dq=Francesco+Calcagno&pg=PA46","url_text":"The Queer Question: Essays on Desire and Democracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-577-0","url_text":"978-0-89608-577-0"}]},{"reference":"Herdt, Gilbert (2020-10-27). Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-942130-52-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8nf8DwAAQBAJ&dq=drowned+as+sodomites&pg=PT78","url_text":"Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-942130-52-9","url_text":"978-1-942130-52-9"}]},{"reference":"Reyes, Raquel A. G.; Clarence-Smith, William G. (2012-07-26). Sexual Diversity in Asia, c. 600 - 1950. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-29721-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uP57zh13BqQC&dq=%22Bento+de+Sal%22&pg=PA150","url_text":"Sexual Diversity in Asia, c. 600 - 1950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-29721-2","url_text":"978-1-136-29721-2"}]},{"reference":"Busro (2019-06-29). Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya, Vol. 5 No. 1 (2020). Fakultas Ushuluddin UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=14zvDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bento+de+Sal%22&pg=PA5","url_text":"Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya, Vol. 5 No. 1 (2020)"}]},{"reference":"Ritsema, Alex (2010-09-13). A Dutch Castaway on Ascension Island in 1725. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4461-8986-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9fv0AQAAQBAJ&dq=adriaen+spoor&pg=PA161","url_text":"A Dutch Castaway on Ascension Island in 1725"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4461-8986-3","url_text":"978-1-4461-8986-3"}]},{"reference":"Rhodes, Linda D. (2021-07-30). Beyond the Rainbow: A Study of What It Really Means to Be Gay. Austin Macauley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5289-8165-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-jxnEAAAQBAJ&dq=adriaen+spoor&pg=PT43","url_text":"Beyond the Rainbow: A Study of What It Really Means to Be Gay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5289-8165-1","url_text":"978-1-5289-8165-1"}]},{"reference":"Seal, Graham (2016-04-26). The Savage Shore: Extraordinary Stories of Survival and Tragedy from the Early Voyages of Discovery. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22325-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv6oCwAAQBAJ&dq=adriaen+spoor&pg=PA175","url_text":"The Savage Shore: Extraordinary Stories of Survival and Tragedy from the Early Voyages of Discovery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22325-5","url_text":"978-0-300-22325-5"}]},{"reference":"Epprecht, Marc (2004). Hungochani: The History of a Dissident Sexuality in Southern Africa. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-2751-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvxMq2hNzm0C&dq=%22drowned+for+sodomy%22&pg=PA258","url_text":"Hungochani: The History of a Dissident Sexuality in Southern Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2751-5","url_text":"978-0-7735-2751-5"}]},{"reference":"Fensham, Charles (2019-11-01). Misguided Love: Christians and the Rupture of LGBTQI2+ People. Journal of Pastoral Care Publications. ISBN 978-1-7325655-3-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VvXvDwAAQBAJ&dq=Haspisperch&pg=PP199","url_text":"Misguided Love: Christians and the Rupture of LGBTQI2+ People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7325655-3-1","url_text":"978-1-7325655-3-1"}]},{"reference":"Fone, Byrne (2001-11-03). Homophobia: A History. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-42030-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gL_nAQGxI_IC&dq=pascual+jaime&pg=PA202","url_text":"Homophobia: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42030-7","url_text":"978-0-312-42030-7"}]},{"reference":"Alle de copyen van indagingen, als mede alle de gedichten op de tegenwoordige tyd toepasselyk (in Dutch). 1730.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ShmAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22Tamme+Jansz%22&pg=RA1-PA141","url_text":"Alle de copyen van indagingen, als mede alle de gedichten op de tegenwoordige tyd toepasselyk"}]},{"reference":"Schouw-tooneel soo der geëxecuteerde als ingedaagde over de verfoeilyke misdaad van sodomie (in Dutch). uitgever niet gekend. 1730.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BFQ_pE7re_cC&dq=%22Tamme+Jansz%22&pg=PA80","url_text":"Schouw-tooneel soo der geëxecuteerde als ingedaagde over de verfoeilyke misdaad van sodomie"}]},{"reference":"\"Schiedam herdenkt geëxecuteerde sodomist\". Rijnmond. 7 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rijnmond.nl/nieuws/126712/Schiedam-herdenkt-geexecuteerde-sodomist","url_text":"\"Schiedam herdenkt geëxecuteerde sodomist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polscy homoseksualiści spaleni na stosie?\". 27 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2020/07/27/polscy-homoseksualisci-spaleni-na-stosie/","url_text":"\"Polscy homoseksualiści spaleni na stosie?\""}]},{"reference":"Baron, Salo Wittmayer (1973). Social and Religious History of the Jews - Late Middle Ages and Era of European Expansion, 1200-1650: Resettlement and Exploration. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08852-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i2ZbxilOV4wC&dq=%22burned+for+sodomy%22&pg=PA250","url_text":"Social and Religious History of the Jews - Late Middle Ages and Era of European Expansion, 1200-1650: Resettlement and Exploration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08852-7","url_text":"978-0-231-08852-7"}]},{"reference":"Egaña, Iñaki (2005). Quién es quién en la historia del país de los vascos (in Spanish). Txalaparta. ISBN 978-84-8136-399-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4ADHFDfZ48IC&dq=%22Juce+Abolfa%C3%A7a%22&pg=PA369","url_text":"Quién es quién en la historia del país de los vascos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8136-399-9","url_text":"978-84-8136-399-9"}]},{"reference":"Carvajal, Federico Garza (2010-01-01). Butterflies Will Burn: Prosecuting Sodomites in Early Modern Spain and Mexico. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77994-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FakAAQAAQBAJ&dq=%22burned+for+sodomy%22&pg=PA59","url_text":"Butterflies Will Burn: Prosecuting Sodomites in Early Modern Spain and Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77994-5","url_text":"978-0-292-77994-5"}]},{"reference":"Pigafetta, Antonio (2007-12-29). The First Voyage around the World (1519-1522): An Account of Magellan's Expedition. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-9207-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n24NlWkm65sC&q=sodomy","url_text":"The First Voyage around the World (1519-1522): An Account of Magellan's Expedition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9207-7","url_text":"978-1-4426-9207-7"}]},{"reference":"Morison, Samuel Eliot (1986). The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504222-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JnotvLHX80gC&dq=magellan+sodomy+1519&pg=PA581","url_text":"The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504222-1","url_text":"978-0-19-504222-1"}]},{"reference":"Giraldez, Arturo (2015-03-19). The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-4352-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ&dq=magellan+sodomy+1519&pg=PA45","url_text":"The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4352-1","url_text":"978-1-4422-4352-1"}]},{"reference":"Kelsey, Harry (2016-01-01). The First Circumnavigators: Unsung Heroes of the Age of Discovery. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21778-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b3tJDAAAQBAJ&dq=magellan+sodomy+1519&pg=PA20","url_text":"The First Circumnavigators: Unsung Heroes of the Age of Discovery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21778-0","url_text":"978-0-300-21778-0"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Jonathan (1976). Gay American history : lesbians and gay men in the U.S.A. : A documentary. Internet Archive. New York : Crowell. ISBN 978-0-690-01165-4.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/gayamericanhisto0000katz_g7x8","url_text":"Gay American history : lesbians and gay men in the U.S.A. : A documentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-690-01165-4","url_text":"978-0-690-01165-4"}]},{"reference":"Monter, E. William (2003-11-13). Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52259-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ROnDOB-HHVIC&q=Nicolas+Gonzales","url_text":"Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52259-5","url_text":"978-0-521-52259-5"}]},{"reference":"Malcolm, Noel (2024-01-25). Forbidden Desire in Early Modern Europe: Male-Male Sexual Relations, 1400-1750. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-888633-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i6zpEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en","url_text":"Forbidden Desire in Early Modern Europe: Male-Male Sexual Relations, 1400-1750"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-888633-4","url_text":"978-0-19-888633-4"}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Katherine (2007-01-18). European Sexualities, 1400-1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83958-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K7UdTdHwpgkC&dq=%22burned+for+sodomy%22&pg=PA205","url_text":"European Sexualities, 1400-1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83958-7","url_text":"978-0-521-83958-7"}]},{"reference":"Tortorici, Zeb (2018-06-07). Sins against Nature: Sex and Archives in Colonial New Spain. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-7162-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=feFdDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22burned+for+sodomy%22&pg=PT85","url_text":"Sins against Nature: Sex and Archives in Colonial New Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7162-5","url_text":"978-0-8223-7162-5"}]},{"reference":"Perry, Mary Elizabeth (1980). Crime and Society in Early Modern Seville. University Press of New England. ISBN 978-0-87451-177-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0rIEAQAAIAAJ&q=%22burned+for+sodomy%22","url_text":"Crime and Society in Early Modern Seville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-177-2","url_text":"978-0-87451-177-2"}]},{"reference":"O'Donnell, K.; O'Rourke, M. (2005-09-27). Queer Masculinities, 1550-1800: Siting Same-Sex Desire in the Early Modern World. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-52415-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f6CJDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Jephat+Scheurmann%22&pg=PA95","url_text":"Queer Masculinities, 1550-1800: Siting Same-Sex Desire in the Early Modern World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-52415-6","url_text":"978-0-230-52415-6"}]},{"reference":"Bruns, Claudia; Walter, Tilmann (2004). Von Lust und Schmerz: eine historische Anthropologie der Sexualität (in German). Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-412-07303-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tv2FAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Jephat+Scheurmann%22","url_text":"Von Lust und Schmerz: eine historische Anthropologie der Sexualität"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-07303-9","url_text":"978-3-412-07303-9"}]},{"reference":"Bergin, Joseph; Betteridge, Tom; Roberts, Penny; Naphy, William G. (2002-10-11). Sodomy in Early Modern Europe. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6115-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cWfxedSoskUC&dq=Pierre+Jobert+Thibaud+Lespligny&pg=PA171","url_text":"Sodomy in Early Modern Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6115-8","url_text":"978-0-7190-6115-8"}]},{"reference":"Crime, Histoire et Sociétés, 2009/1 et 2009/2 (in French). Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-01295-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vmhFoGiBYA0C&dq=Bartholome+Tecia&pg=PA17","url_text":"Crime, Histoire et Sociétés, 2009/1 et 2009/2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-01295-9","url_text":"978-2-600-01295-9"}]},{"reference":"Aubigné, Agrippa d' (1989). His Life, to His Children. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-1682-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T14nAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Bartholom%C3%A9+Tecia%22","url_text":"His Life, to His Children"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1682-2","url_text":"978-0-8032-1682-2"}]},{"reference":"Judicial tribunals in England and Europe, 1200–1700: The trial in history, volume I. Manchester University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7190-6342-8. JSTOR j.ctt155jbq3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt155jbq3","url_text":"Judicial tribunals in England and Europe, 1200–1700: The trial in history, volume I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6342-8","url_text":"978-0-7190-6342-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt155jbq3","url_text":"j.ctt155jbq3"}]},{"reference":"\"[Am 28. Mai wurde ein in Frauenkleidern als Barbara Brunner auftretender Mann in Lenzburg verbrannt. Gleichentags wurde ein Mann zwischen Lenzburg und Aarau wegen Sodomie ermordet]\". uzb.swisscovery.slsp.ch. 1586. Retrieved 2022-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://uzb.swisscovery.slsp.ch/discovery/fulldisplay?vid=41SLSP_UZB:UZB&docid=alma990055154750205508&lang=en&context=L","url_text":"\"[Am 28. Mai wurde ein in Frauenkleidern als Barbara Brunner auftretender Mann in Lenzburg verbrannt. Gleichentags wurde ein Mann zwischen Lenzburg und Aarau wegen Sodomie ermordet]\""}]},{"reference":"Rappaz, Sonia Vernhes (2009-03-01). \"La noyade judiciaire dans la République de Genève (1558-1619)\". Crime, Histoire & Sociétés / Crime, History & Societies (in French). 13 (1): 5–23. doi:10.4000/chs.686. ISSN 1422-0857. S2CID 159549663.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.openedition.org/chs/686?lang=fr","url_text":"\"La noyade judiciaire dans la République de Genève (1558-1619)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fchs.686","url_text":"10.4000/chs.686"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1422-0857","url_text":"1422-0857"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159549663","url_text":"159549663"}]},{"reference":"\"ExecutedToday.com » 1610: Pierre Canal, Geneva sodomite\". Retrieved 2022-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.executedtoday.com/2019/02/02/1610-pierre-canal-geneva-sodomite/","url_text":"\"ExecutedToday.com » 1610: Pierre Canal, Geneva sodomite\""}]},{"reference":"Questier, Michael C. (1996-07-13). Conversion, Politics and Religion in England, 1580-1625. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44214-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JczSYC5riR4C&dq=%22hanged+for+sodomy%22&pg=PA72","url_text":"Conversion, Politics and Religion in England, 1580-1625"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44214-5","url_text":"978-0-521-44214-5"}]},{"reference":"Lake, Peter; Lake, Peter; Questier, Michael C. (2002-01-01). The Anti-Christ's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08884-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ykgMLMDwt9YC&dq=Peter+Chambers+1608&pg=PA305","url_text":"The Anti-Christ's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08884-7","url_text":"978-0-300-08884-7"}]},{"reference":"Hallock, John W. M. (2000). The American Byron: Homosexuality and the Fall of Fitz-Greene Halleck. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-16804-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3G_o28IZy-EC&dq=%22William+Plaine%22+1646&pg=PA24","url_text":"The American Byron: Homosexuality and the Fall of Fitz-Greene Halleck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-16804-9","url_text":"978-0-299-16804-9"}]},{"reference":"Godbeer, Richard (2004-02-18). Sexual Revolution in Early America. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7891-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsAEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22John+Knight%22+1655+sodomy&pg=PA110","url_text":"Sexual Revolution in Early America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7891-6","url_text":"978-0-8018-7891-6"}]},{"reference":"Office, Great Britain Public Record (1896). Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series ... Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pRwFAAAAYAAJ&dq=Francis+Dilly+1679&pg=PA330","url_text":"Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series ..."}]},{"reference":"\"Surrey Assizes 1735-1799\". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090106112709/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/surrey.html","url_text":"\"Surrey Assizes 1735-1799\""},{"url":"http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/surrey.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"The Execution of Hunt and Collins, 1743\". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140707083624/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1743king.htm","url_text":"\"The Execution of Hunt and Collins, 1743\""},{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1743king.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Bristol Gaol Delivery Fiats\". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook compiled by Rictor Norton. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090707213739/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/bristol1.htm","url_text":"\"Bristol Gaol Delivery Fiats\""},{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/bristol1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Newspaper Reports, 1752\". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook compiled by Rictor Norton. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090724210007/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1752news.htm","url_text":"\"Newspaper Reports, 1752\""},{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1752news.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Newspaper Reports, 1753\". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook Compiled by Rictor Norton. Archived from the original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120601211447/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1753news.htm","url_text":"\"Newspaper Reports, 1753\""},{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1753news.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Map\". OutStories Bristol. 2016-06-22. Retrieved 2020-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://outstoriesbristol.org.uk/map/#osb/kyp/72/details","url_text":"\"Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coventry 1735-1799\". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090502100123/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/coventry.html","url_text":"\"Coventry 1735-1799\""},{"url":"http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/coventry.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Newspaper Reports, 1755-1760\". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook compiled by Rictor Norton. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120529041103/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1755news.htm","url_text":"\"Newspaper Reports, 1755-1760\""},{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1755news.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Southamptonshire (Hampshire) 1735-1799\". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150602090103/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/hants.html","url_text":"\"Southamptonshire (Hampshire) 1735-1799\""},{"url":"http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/hants.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Newspaper Reports, 1776\". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A sourcebook compiled by Rictor Norton. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150206063443/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1776news.htm","url_text":"\"Newspaper Reports, 1776\""},{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1776news.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bristol 1735-1799\". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on June 2, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150602090539/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/bristol.html","url_text":"\"Bristol 1735-1799\""},{"url":"http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/bristol.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Newspaper Reports, 1780\". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A sourcebook compiled by Rictor Norton. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100808095455/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1780news.htm","url_text":"\"Newspaper Reports, 1780\""},{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1780news.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mills, Steve (12 July 2018). \"Not so long ago in Bristol you could be hanged for love\". The Bristol Cable.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebristolcable.org/2018/07/you-could-be-hung-for-love-gay-rights-pride-homosexuality/","url_text":"\"Not so long ago in Bristol you could be hanged for love\""}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Newspaper Reports, 1786\". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on January 15, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150115030258/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1786news.htm","url_text":"\"Newspaper Reports, 1786\""},{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1786news.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Devonshire 1735-1799\". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150320022224/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/devon.html","url_text":"\"Devonshire 1735-1799\""},{"url":"http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/devon.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Newspaper Reports, 1787\". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100808094405/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1787news.htm","url_text":"\"Newspaper Reports, 1787\""},{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1787news.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Suffolk 1735-1799\". Capital Punishment UK. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090106154929/http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/suffolk.html","url_text":"\"Suffolk 1735-1799\""},{"url":"http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/suffolk.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Newspaper Reports, 1790\". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150321143349/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1790news.htm","url_text":"\"Newspaper Reports, 1790\""},{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1790news.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Layton, Monique (2017-01-28). Life at Sea: From Caravels to Cruise Ships. FriesenPress. ISBN 978-1-5255-0094-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CS4DDgAAQBAJ&dq=henry+allen+sodomy+1797&pg=PT135","url_text":"Life at Sea: From Caravels to Cruise Ships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5255-0094-7","url_text":"978-1-5255-0094-7"}]},{"reference":"Muir, Rory (2019-10-14). Gentlemen of Uncertain Fortune: How Younger Sons Made Their Way in Jane Austen's England. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-24954-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sMOmDwAAQBAJ&dq=henry+allen+sodomy+1797&pg=PT233","url_text":"Gentlemen of Uncertain Fortune: How Younger Sons Made Their Way in Jane Austen's England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24954-5","url_text":"978-0-300-24954-5"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Newspaper Reports, 1797\". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150320234421/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1797news.htm","url_text":"\"Newspaper Reports, 1797\""},{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1797news.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Durston, Gregory J (2016). \"Sexual offences\". Fields, Fens and Felonies: Crime and Justice in Eighteenth-Century East Anglia. Waterside Press. p. 578. ISBN 9781909976115.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xariDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA578","url_text":"\"Sexual offences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909976115","url_text":"9781909976115"}]},{"reference":"\"Catalogue description Report of Giles Rooke on Joseph Bird, convicted at the 'last' Warwickshire Assizes for...\" National Archive of the UK. August 21, 1803. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220322215028/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C9462936","url_text":"\"Catalogue description Report of Giles Rooke on Joseph Bird, convicted at the 'last' Warwickshire Assizes for...\""},{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C9462936","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Methuselah Spalding\". The Digital Panopticon. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220322212022/https://www.digitalpanopticon.org/life?id=obpt18031130-60-defend540","url_text":"\"Methuselah Spalding\""},{"url":"https://www.digitalpanopticon.org/life?id=obpt18031130-60-defend540","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Newspaper Reports, 1804\". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on July 25, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090725141421/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1804news.htm","url_text":"\"Newspaper Reports, 1804\""},{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1804news.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clifford, Naomi (2017). Women and the Gallows, 1797–1837: Unfortunate Wretches. Pen and Sword. p. 154. ISBN 9781473863361.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jrLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT154","url_text":"Women and the Gallows, 1797–1837: Unfortunate Wretches"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473863361","url_text":"9781473863361"}]},{"reference":"Robertson, David (1806). \"The trial of David Robertson ... for an unnatural crime with George Foulston : tried before Sir Robert Graham ... on Saturday, May 24, 1806, at Justice-Hall, in the Old Bailey : with his remarkable address to the court, praying arrest of judgment : embellished with a striking likeness of the prisoner\". Yale. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220323050440/https://openyls.law.yale.edu/handle/20.500.13051/130","url_text":"\"The trial of David Robertson ... for an unnatural crime with George Foulston : tried before Sir Robert Graham ... on Saturday, May 24, 1806, at Justice-Hall, in the Old Bailey : with his remarkable address to the court, praying arrest of judgment : embellished with a striking likeness of the prisoner\""},{"url":"https://openyls.law.yale.edu/handle/20.500.13051/130","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Newspaper Reports, 1806\". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. 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Henry Nichols ; Trial and execution of Captain Henry Nichols ; who suffered this morning at Horse Monger Lane, Prison, Boro\""}]},{"reference":"Norton, Rictor. \"Newspaper Reports, 1833\". Homosexuality in Nineteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160225054247/http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1833news.htm","url_text":"\"Newspaper Reports, 1833\""},{"url":"http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1833news.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The trials and behaviour of George Cropper, and William Allen ; who were executed this morning, December 26, 1833, in front of the New Sessions House, Maidstone, Kent\". Harvard Library. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_racism

Reverse racism

["1 United States","1.1 Overview","1.2 History","1.3 Public attitudes","1.4 Scholarly analysis","2 South Africa","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]

Concept that affirmative action and similar programs constitute anti-white discrimination For a definition of the term "reverse racism", see the Wiktionary entry reverse racism. Part of a series onDiscrimination Forms Institutional Structural Statistical Taste-based Attributes Age Caste Class Dialect Disability Genetic Hair texture Height Language Looks Mental disorder Race / Ethnicity Skin color Scientific racism Rank Sex Sexual orientation Species Size Viewpoint Social Arophobia Acephobia Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-drug addicts Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-left handedness Anti-Masonry Antisemitism Aporophobia Audism Biphobia Clannism Cronyism Elitism Ephebiphobia Social determinants of health Social determinants of health in poverty Social determinants of mental health Fatphobia Gayphobia Gerontophobia Heterosexism HIV/AIDS stigma Homophobia Leprosy stigma Lesbophobia Discrimination against men Misandry Misogyny Nepotism Pedophobia Perpetual foreigner Pregnancy Reverse Sectarianism Supremacism White Transphobia Non-binary Transmisogyny Trans men Vegaphobia Xenophobia Religious Ahmadiyya Atheism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Catholicism Christianity post–Cold War era Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Jehovah's Witnesses Judaism Persecution LDS or Mormon Neopaganism Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Protestantism Rastafari Shi'ism Sufism Zoroastrianism Ethnic/national Afghan African Albanian American Arab Armenian Asian France South Africa United States Assyrian Azerbaijani Black people African Americans China South Africa Bengali Bulgarian Catalan Chechen Chinese Croat Filipino Fulani Finnish Georgian Greek Haitian Hazara Hispanic Hungarian Igbo Indian Indigenous people Australia Canada United States Iranian Irish Israeli Italian Japanese Jewish Korean Kurdish Lithuanian Malay Māori Mexican Middle Eastern Mongolian Nigerian Pakistani Palestinians Pashtun Polish Quebec Romani Romanian Serb Slavic Somali Tatar Thai Turkish Ukrainian Uyghur Venezuelan Vietnamese Manifestations Anti-LGBT rhetoric Blood libel Bullying Cancel culture Capital punishment for homosexuality Compulsory sterilization Corrective rape Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Defamation Democide Disability hate crime Dog whistle Economic Education Employment Eliminationism Enemy of the people Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Forced conversion Freak show Gay bashing Gendercide Genital modification and mutilation Genocide examples Glass ceiling Hate crime LGBT Hate group Hate speech Homeless dumping Housing Indian rolling Intersectionality Lavender scare LGBT grooming conspiracy theory List of people killed for being transgender Lynching Mortgage Murder music Native American mascots Braves Blackhawks Chiefs Occupational segregation Persecution Pogrom Political repression Purge Racialization Religious persecution Religious terrorism Religious violence Religious war Scapegoating Segregation academy Sexual harassment Sex-selective abortion Slut-shaming Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White genocide conspiracy theory Wife selling Witch-hunt Policies Age of candidacy Blood purity Blood quantum Crime of apartheid Disabilities Catholic Jewish Gender pay gap Gender roles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Law for Protection of the Nation MSM blood donation restrictions Nonpersons Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) One-drop rule Racial quota Racial segregation Jim Crow laws Nuremberg Laws Racial steering Redlining Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) Segregation age racial religious sexual Social exclusion Sodomy law State atheism State religion Ugly law Voter suppression Countermeasures Affirmative action Anti-discrimination law Anti-racism Constitutional colorblindness Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Diversity training Empowerment Fat acceptance movement Feminism Fighting Discrimination Hate speech laws by country Human rights Intersex human rights LGBT rights Masculism Multiculturalism Nonviolence Racial integration Reappropriation Self-determination Social integration Toleration Related topics Allophilia Amatonormativity Bias Christian privilege Cisnormativity Civil liberties Dehumanization Diversity Ethnic penalty Eugenics Figleaf Gender-blind Heteronormativity Internalized oppression Intersectionality Male privilege Masculism Medical model of disability autism Multiculturalism Net bias Neurodiversity Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Racism by country Racial color blindness Religious intolerance Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social identity threat Social model of disability Social stigma Speciesism Stereotype threat The talk White privilege vte Reverse racism, sometimes referred to as reverse discrimination, is the concept that affirmative action and similar color-conscious programs for redressing racial inequality are forms of anti-white racism. The concept is often associated with conservative social movements, and reflects a belief that social and economic gains by Black people and other people of color cause disadvantages for white people. Belief in reverse racism is widespread in the United States; however, there is little to no empirical evidence that white Americans as a group are disadvantaged. Racial and ethnic minorities generally lack the power to damage the interests of whites, who remain the dominant group in the U.S. Claims of reverse racism tend to ignore such disparities in the exercise of power and authority, which most scholars argue constitute an essential component of racism. Allegations of reverse racism by opponents of affirmative action began to emerge in the 1970s, and have formed part of a racial backlash against social gains by people of color. While the U.S. dominates the debate over the issue, the concept of reverse racism has been used internationally to some extent wherever white supremacy has diminished, such as in post-apartheid South Africa. United States See also: Race and ethnicity in the United States Overview The concept of reverse racism in the United States is commonly associated with conservative opposition to color-conscious policies aimed at addressing racial inequality, such as affirmative action. Amy E. Ansell of Emerson College identifies three main claims about reverse racism: (1) that government programs to redress racial inequality create "invisible victims" in white men; (2) that racial preferences violate the individual right of equal protection before the law; and (3) that color consciousness itself prevents moving beyond the legacy of racism. The concept of reverse racism has also been used in relation to various expressions of hostility, prejudice or discrimination toward white people by members of minority groups. History Concerns that the advancement of African Americans might cause harm to white Americans date back as far as the Reconstruction Era in the context of debates over providing reparations for slavery. Claims of reverse racism in the early 21st century tend to rely on individual anecdotes, often based on third- or fourth-hand reports, such as of a white person losing a job to a Black person. Allegations of reverse racism emerged prominently in the 1970s, building on the racially color-blind view that any preferential treatment linked to membership in a racial group was morally wrong. Sociologist Bob Blauner argues that reverse racism had become the primary meaning of racism among whites by the late 1970s, suggesting that conservatives and centrist liberals in the U.S. had effectively "won the battle over the meaning of racism". Where past race-conscious policies such as Jim Crow have been used to maintain white supremacy, modern programs such as affirmative action aim to reduce racial inequality. Despite affirmative-action programs' successes in doing so, conservative opponents claimed that such programs constituted a form of anti-white racism. For example, sociologist Nathan Glazer argued in his 1975 book Affirmative Discrimination that affirmative action was a form of reverse racism violating white people's right to equal protection under the law. This view was boosted by the Supreme Court's decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), which said that racial quotas for minority students were discriminatory against white people. Legal cases concerning so-called "reverse racism" date back as far as the 1970s, for instance Regents of the University of California v. Bakke; Gratz v. Bollinger; and Grutter v. Bollinger (regarding discrimination in higher education admissions) and Ricci v. DeStefano (regarding employment discrimination). Such cases are rare; out of almost half a million complaints filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) between 1987 and 1994, four percent were about reverse discrimination. Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva writes that the actual number of reverse discrimination cases filed with the EEOC is quite small, and the vast majority are dismissed as unfounded. Between 1990 and 1994, courts in the U.S. rejected all reverse discrimination cases as without merit. Public attitudes While not empirically supported, belief in reverse racism is widespread in the United States, primarily among white people. Psychological studies with white Americans have shown that belief in anti-white racism is linked with support for the existing racial hierarchy in the U.S. as well as the belief that "hard work" and meritocracy explain any racial disparities. The idea that whites have become a socially disadvantaged group has contributed to the rise of conservative social movements such as the Tea Party and support for Donald Trump. Conservatives in the U.S. tend to believe that affirmative action based on membership in a designated racial group threatens the American system of individualism and meritocracy. Ansell associates the idea of reverse racism with that of the "angry white male" and a backlash against government actions meant to remedy racial discrimination. The perception of decreasing anti-Black discrimination has been correlated with white people's belief in rising anti-white discrimination. A survey in Pennsylvania in the mid-1990s found that most white respondents (80%) thought it was likely that a white worker might lose a job or a promotion to a less qualified Black worker, while most Black respondents (57%) thought this was unlikely. A majority (57%) of white respondents to a 2016 survey by the Public Religion Research Institute said they believed discrimination against white people was as significant a problem as discrimination against Black people, while only a minority of African Americans (29%) and Hispanics (38%) agreed. Researchers at Tufts University and Harvard report that as of the early 2010s many white Americans feel as though they suffer the greatest discrimination among racial groups, despite data to the contrary. Whereas Black respondents see anti-Black racism as a continuing problem, white ones tend to think it has largely disappeared, to the point that they see prejudice against white people as being more prevalent. Among white respondents since the 1990s: Whites have replaced Blacks as the primary victims of discrimination. This emerging perspective is particularly notable because by nearly any metric statistics continue to indicate drastically poorer outcomes for Black than White Americans. Bonilla-Silva describes the "anti–affirmative action and 'reverse racism' mentality" that has become dominant since the 1980s as part of a "mean-spirited white racial animus". He argues that this results from a new dominant ideology of "color-blind racism", which treats racial inequality as a thing of the past, thereby allowing it to continue by opposing concrete efforts at reform. Journalist Vann R. Newkirk II writes that white people's belief in reverse racism has steadily increased since the civil rights movement of the 1960s. Scholarly analysis While there has been little empirical study on the subject of reverse racism, the few existing studies have found little evidence that white males, in particular, are victimized by affirmative-action programs. Race relations in the United States have been historically shaped by European imperialism and long-standing oppression of Blacks by whites, who remain the dominant group. Such disparities in power and authority are seen by scholars as an essential component of racism; in this view, isolated examples of favoring disadvantaged people do not constitute racism. In a widely reprinted article, legal scholar Stanley Fish wrote that "'Reverse racism' is a cogent description of affirmative action only if one considers the cancer of racism to be morally and medically indistinguishable from the therapy we apply to it". Sociologist Ellis Cashmore writes that the terms reverse racism and reverse discrimination imply that racism is defined solely by individual beliefs and prejudices, ignoring the material relations between different groups. Sociologist Joe Feagin argues that the term reverse discrimination is an oxymoron in the context of U.S. race relations in that it obscures the "central issue of systemic racism" disadvantaging people of color. Critical race theorist David Theo Goldberg says the notion of reverse racism represents a denial of the historical and contemporary reality of racial discrimination. Sociologist Karyn McKinney writes, "most claims that whites are victimized as whites rely on false parallels, as they ignore the power differences between whites and people of color at the group level". Anthropologist Jane H. Hill argues that charges of reverse racism tend to deny the existence of white privilege and power in society. Linguist Mary Bucholtz says the concept of reverse racism, which she calls racial reversal, "runs counter to or ignores empirically observable racial asymmetries regarding material resources and structural power". According to sociologist Rutledge Dennis, individual members of minority groups in the United States "may be racists" toward white people, but cannot wield institutional power or shape the opportunities available to the majority as the white majority does in relation to minorities. Sociologists Matthew Desmond and Mustafa Emirbayer distinguish between institutional racism and interpersonal racism, arguing that while "members of all racial groups can harbor negative attitudes toward members of other groups", there is no "black institutional racism" or "reverse institutional racism" since people of color have not created a socially ingrained system of racial domination over white people. Psychologist and educator Beverly Daniel Tatum argues that racial bigotry or prejudices held by people of color are not comparable to white racism since "there is no systematic cultural and institutional support or sanction" for them. Tatum writes, "In my view, reserving the term racist only for behaviors committed by Whites in the context of a White-dominated society is a way of acknowledging the ever-present power differential afforded Whites by the culture and institutions that make up the system of advantage and continue to reinforce notions of White superiority." South Africa See also: Racism in South Africa This section may lend undue weight to individual allegations of reverse racism rather than the broader social impact of the term/concept. Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The concept of reverse racism has been used by some white South Africans concerned about "reverse apartheid" following the end of white-supremacist rule. Affirmative action in South Africa's white-dominated civil service was also met with charges of "reverse racism". Nelson Mandela in 1995 described "racism in reverse" when Black students demonstrated in favor of changing the racial makeup of staff at South African universities. Students denied Mandela's claim and argued that a great deal of ongoing actual racism persisted from apartheid. Mixed-race South Africans have also sometimes claimed to be victimized by reverse racism of the new government. Similar accusations have been leveled by Indian and Afrikaner groups, who feel that they have not been dominant historically but now suffer from discrimination by the government. Helen Suzman, a prominent white anti-apartheid politician, charged the African National Congress and the Mbeki administration with reverse racism since Mandela's departure in 1999. South African critics of the "reverse racism" concept use similar arguments as those employed by Americans. See also Law portalUnited States portal Racism in South Africa Racism in the United States Racism in France Reverse sexism – Sociological concept Xenoracism – Form of prejudice Notes ^ Ansell (2013), p. 137: "Not much sober empirical study has been applied to the subject, but the studies that do exist find little evidence that reverse racism in fact exists."Garner (2017), p. 185: "here is no evidence that is a social fact, or that a pattern of disadvantageous outcomes for white people qua white people exists."Spanierman & Cabrera (2014), p. 16: "While there is no empirical basis for white people experiencing 'reverse racism', this view is held by a large number of Americans."Bax (2018): "Many Americans—including some people of color—staunchly believe in the existence of reverse racism, or racism against whites. The evidence to support this perception of 'whiteness as disadvantage' is highly suspect."Roussell et al. (2019): "Claims of reverse racism are often deployed to undermine efforts toward racial equity, particularly affirmative action measures, but evidence for these claims has been rigorously debunked" References ^ a b c Yee, June Ying (2008). "Racism, Types of". In Shaefer, Richard T. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 3. SAGE Publications. pp. 1118–19. ISBN 978-1-41-292694-2. he term reverse racism (or reverse discrimination) has been coined to describe situations where typically advantaged people are relegated to inferior positions or denied social opportunities to benefit racial and ethnic minorities, or, in some instances, women. However, scholars argue that a critical component of racism is the broad exercise of authority and power and that isolated instances of favoring the disadvantaged over the privileged cannot be seen as constituting racism. ^ a b c d e f g Ansell, Amy Elizabeth (2013). Race and Ethnicity: The Key Concepts. Routledge. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0-415-33794-6. Reverse racism is a concept commonly associated with conservative opposition to affirmative action and other color-conscious victories of the civil rights movement in the United States and anti-racist movements abroad. While traditional forms of racism involve prejudice and discrimination on the part of whites against blacks, reverse racism is alleged to be a new form of anti-white racism practiced by blacks and/or the so-called civil rights establishment (alternately referred to as the anti-racism industry). ^ a b c Garner, Steve (2017). "New Racisms?". Racisms: An Introduction (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-5264-1285-0. ^ a b c d Ansell (2013), p. 137. ^ a b Mazzocco, Philip J. (2017). The Psychology of Racial Colorblindness: A Critical Review. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-13-759967-4. ^ a b Roussell, Aaron; Henne, Kathryn; Glover, Karen S.; Willits, Dale (2019). "Impossibility of a 'Reverse Racism' Effect: A Rejoinder to James, James, and Vila". Criminology & Public Policy. 18 (1): E5–E16. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12289. ISSN 1745-9133. Reverse racism is the idea that the Civil Rights Movement not only ended the subordination of communities of color in all aspects of social life but also simultaneously led to a similar subordination of Whites. This idea is primarily supported by Whites who perceive gains in racial equity as losses in White status ^ a b c d Dennis, Rutledge M. (2004). "Racism". In Kuper, A.; Kuper, J. (eds.). The Social Science Encyclopedia, Volume 2 (3rd ed.). Routledge. pp. 843–845. ISBN 978-1-13-435970-7. ^ a b c d Cashmore, Ellis, ed. (2004). "Reverse Racism/Discrimination". Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies. Routledge. p. 373. ISBN 978-1-13-444706-0. ^ a b Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2010). Racism Without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States (3rd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-4422-0218-4. ^ a b Ansell (2013), pp. 17, 137. ^ Blauner, Bob (1994). "Talking Past Each Other: Black and White Languages of Race". In Pincus, Fred L.; Ehrlich, Howard J. (eds.). Race And Ethnic Conflict: Contending Views On Prejudice, Discrimination, And Ethnoviolence. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-8133-1661-8. ^ Ansell (2013), pp. 4, 46. ^ a b McBride, David (2005). "Affirmative Action". In Carlisle, Rodney P. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and The Right, Volume 1: The Left. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-41-290409-4. ^ Mazzocco (2017), p. 23. ^ Blauner, Bob (1989). Black Lives, White Lives: Three Decades of Race Relations in America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-520-06261-0. ^ Ansell (2013), p. 57. ^ a b Norton, Michael I.; Sommers, Samuel R. (2011a). "Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game That They Are Now Losing" (PDF). Perspectives on Psychological Science. 6 (3): 215–18. doi:10.1177/1745691611406922. PMID 26168512. S2CID 10616480. See also: "Whites Believe They Are Victims of Racism More Often Than Blacks". TuftsNow (Press release). May 23, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2023. ^ a b Desmond, Matthew; Emirbayer, Mustafa (2010). Racial Domination, Racial Progress: The Sociology of Race in America (1st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-07-297051-7. ^ Bonilla-Silva (2010), p. 83. ^ Bax, Anna (2018). "'The C-Word' Meets 'the N-Word': The Slur-Once-Removed and the Discursive Construction of 'Reverse Racism'". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 28 (2): 114–136. doi:10.1111/jola.12185. ISSN 1055-1360. S2CID 4768398. ^ a b Spanierman, Lisa; Cabrera, Nolan (2014). "The Emotions of White Racism and Antiracism". In Watson, V.; Howard-Wagner, D.; Spanierman, L. (eds.). Unveiling Whiteness in the Twenty-First Century: Global Manifestations, Transdisciplinary Interventions. Lexington Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-73-919297-9. ^ Mazzocco (2017), p. 85. ^ Wilkins, C. L.; Kaiser, C. R. (2013). "Racial Progress as Threat to the Status Hierarchy: Implications for Perceptions of Anti-White Bias". Psychological Science. 25 (2): 439–46. doi:10.1177/0956797613508412. PMID 24343099. S2CID 6934961. ^ Cyr, Lauren (2018). "Literature Review: Interdisciplinary Findings on Diversity and Inclusion". In Kim Gertz, S.; Huang, B.; Cyr, L. (eds.). Diversity and Inclusion in Higher Education and Societal Contexts: International and Interdisciplinary Approaches. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-31-970174-5. ^ Wilkins, Clara L.; Wellman, Joseph D.; Kaiser, Cheryl R. (2013). "Status legitimizing beliefs predict positivity toward Whites who claim anti-White bias". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 49 (6): 1114–19. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.05.017. ^ Ansell (2013), p. 17. ^ Feagin, Joe R. (2001). Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations. New York: Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-4159-2532-7. ^ Massie, Victoria M. (June 29, 2016). "Americans are split on "reverse racism". That still doesn't mean it exists". Vox. Retrieved September 18, 2016. ^ Jones, Robert P.; et al. (June 23, 2016). How Immigration and Concerns About Cultural Changes Are Shaping the 2016 Election: Findings from the 2016 PRRI/Brookings Immigration Survey (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Public Religion Research Institute. p. 2. ^ Fletcher, Michael A. (October 8, 2014). "Whites think discrimination against whites is a bigger problem than bias against blacks". The Washington Post. ^ Ingraham, Christopher (August 2, 2017). "White Trump voters think they face more discrimination than blacks. The Trump administration is listening". The Washington Post. ^ Norton, Michael I.; Sommers, Samuel R. (May 23, 2011b). "Jockeying for Stigma". The New York Times. ^ Norton & Sommers (2011a), p. 215, quoted in Garner (2017), p. 185 ^ Garner (2017), p. 186. ^ Newkirk, Vann R. II (August 5, 2017). "How The Myth of Reverse Racism Drives the Affirmative Action Debate". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 18, 2018. ^ McKinney, Karyn D. (2005). Being White: Stories of Race and Racism. New York: Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-4159-3572-2. ^ Fish, quoted in Pincus, Fred L. (2003). Reverse Discrimination: Dismantling the Myth. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-1-58-826203-5. ^ Feagin (2001), p. 250. Cited in Cashmore (2004), p. 373. ^ Pinder, Sherrow O. (2015). Colorblindness, Post-raciality, and Whiteness in the United States. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-13-743488-3. ^ McKinney (2005), p. 146. Cited in Bax (2018). ^ Hill, Jane H. (2011). The Everyday Language of White Racism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4443-5669-4. ^ Bucholtz, Mary (2011). "'It's different for guys': Gendered narratives of racial conflict among white California youth". Discourse & Society. 22 (4): 385–402. doi:10.1177/0957926510395832. ISSN 0957-9265. S2CID 145109978. Cited in Bax (2018). ^ Desmond & Emirbayer (2010), p. 30. ^ Desmond & Emirbayer (2010), p. 32. ^ a b Tatum, Beverly Daniel (2004). "Defining Racism: 'Can We Talk?' ". In Rothenberg, Paula S. (ed.). Race, Class and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study (6th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7167-5515-9. Cited in McKinney (2005), p. 147. ^ de Villiers, Susan; Simanowitz, Stefan (March 2012). "South Africa: The ANC at 100". The Contemporary Review. Vol. 294, no. 1704. pp. 39–45. ISSN 0010-7565. ProQuest 1013463231 – via ProQuest. ffirmative action and black economic empowerment were controversial and often misrepresented. In a society in which the greater majority of desk and management jobs were held by whites, there was a clear need for action to move towards a more level job market. Yet many whites have persisted in claiming 'reverse racism'. ^ MacGregor, Karen (March 24, 1995). "Mandela slams 'reverse racism'". Times Higher Education. London. ISSN 0049-3929. ^ Sinclair, Abiola (September 16, 1995). "Media Watch: All is not well, disappointments, racial clashes". New York Amsterdam News. p. 26. ISSN 1059-1818. The students maintained that the university was living in the apartheid past with the upper echelons reserved for whites. The students are demanding that some jobs be reserved for Blacks. AZASM had denied the charge of reverse racism. They maintain it is unfair for thousands of Black teachers to be out of work while white teachers sit up in good jobs in Black schools. ^ Polgreen, Lydia (July 27, 2003). "For Mixed-Race South Africans, Equity Is Elusive". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2013. ^ Harman, Dana (September 26, 2002). "South Africans try to 'beat' a segregated past". Christian Science Monitor. p. 1. ISSN 2166-3262. But old feelings die hard, and some groups – in particular the Afrikaner and Indian minorities – even complain that they are now being targeted by a reverse racism. ^ Calvert, Scott (May 13, 2005). "Against apartheid, at odds with blacks". The Baltimore Sun. ISSN 1930-8965. ^ Dalamba, Yolisa (2000). "Towards An African Renaissance: Identity, Race And Representation In Post-Apartheid South Africa". Journal of Cultural Studies. 2 (1): 40–61. doi:10.4314/jcs.v2i1.6231. Further reading Anderson, Kristin J. (2010). "'Affirmative Action is reverse racism': The myth of merit". Benign Bigotry: The Psychology of Subtle Prejudice. Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–334. ISBN 978-0-52-187835-7. Ansell, Amy Elizabeth (1997). New Right, New Racism: Race and Reaction in the United States and Britain. London: Macmillan. pp. 132–138. ISBN 0-33-364945-1. Brown, Michael K. (2010). "Race". In Valelly, Richard M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of U.S. Political History, Volume 7: The Clash of Conservatism and Liberalism, 1976 to Present. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-1-60-426647-4. Chang, Robert S. (1996). "Reverse Racism!: Affirmative Action, the Family, and the Dream That Is America" (PDF). Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly. 23 (4): 1115–1134. ISSN 0094-5617. Dennis, Rutledge M. (1996). "Racism". In Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica (eds.). The social science encyclopedia (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 715–717. ISBN 0-415-10829-2. Fish, Stanley (November 1993). "Reverse Racism, or How the Pot Got to Call the Kettle Black". The Atlantic Monthly. pp. 128, 130, 132, 135–36. ISSN 1072-7825. Graves, Joseph L.; Goodman, Alan H. (2021). "Everything You Wanted to Know About Racism". Racism, Not Race: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions. Columbia University Press. pp. 59–81. ISBN 978-0-231-55373-5. JSTOR 10.7312/grav20066.8. Gresson, Aaron David III (1995). The Recovery of Race in America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 9, 145, 163. ISBN 978-0-8166-2446-1. Sanneh, Kelefa (August 10, 2009). "Discriminating Tastes". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Song, Miri (2014). "Challenging a culture of racial equivalence". The British Journal of Sociology. 65 (1): 107–129. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12054. PMID 24697716 – via ResearchGate. Suiter, Tad (2016). "Reverse Racism: A Discursive History". In Kiuchi, Yuya (ed.). Race Still Matters: The Reality of African American Lives and the Myth of Postracial Society. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-43-846273-8. External links Reverse racism at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from Wikiversity List of cases involving allegations of reverse discrimination, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission vteRacismTypes of racism Aversive Colorism Covert Cultural Cyber Environmental Formal Gendered Institutional Internalized Laissez-faire Linguistic Neocolonial Romantic Scientific Societal Substantive Symbolic Xenophobia Manifestationsof racism Anti-miscegenation laws Apartheid Biological determinism Discrimination based on nationality Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic jokes Ethnic slurs Ethnic stereotype Hate crime Hate speech Hate group Racialization Racial hierarchy Racial nationalism Racial profiling Racial segregation Racism by region Global apartheid Africa South Africa Asia China Japan North Korea South Korea Thailand Vietnam Arab world Libya Saudi Arabia Sudan Australia Europe Denmark France Germany Italy Poland Portugal Russia Soviet Union Spain United Kingdom Middle East Iran Israel Palestine Turkey North America Canada United States Mexico South America Argentina Brazil Chile Racism by target Arab Asians Chinese Chinese Americans Zainichi Chinese Japanese Japanese Americans Japanese Koreans Korean Zainichi Koreans Vietnamese Black African Americans Women Native Americans Hispanic & Latino Mexican Jewish Jewish Americans In Jewish communities LGBT Middle Eastern Muslim Romani Slavic Wine industry Racial supremacy White supremacy Related topics Alt-right Anti-racism Casteism Ethnic plastic surgery Go back to where you came from Herrenvolk democracy Interminority racism in the United States Lynching Passing Perpetual foreigner Psychometrics of racism Race and sexuality Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Race card Racial figleaf Racial integration Racial quota Racism in sport in Australia Reverse racism Sociology of race and ethnic relations Category Commons Index

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reverse racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reverse_racism"},{"link_name":"reverse discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_discrimination"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yee_2008-1"},{"link_name":"affirmative action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action"},{"link_name":"color-conscious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color-conscious"},{"link_name":"racial inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_inequality"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garner_2017-3"},{"link_name":"Black people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"people of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_color"},{"link_name":"white people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazzocco_p91-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roussell_2019-6"},{"link_name":"white Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dennis_2004-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yee_2008-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cashmore_2004-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garner_2017-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonilla-Silva_p211-10"},{"link_name":"racial backlash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_backlash"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell201317,_137-11"},{"link_name":"white supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137-4"}],"text":"Concept that affirmative action and similar programs constitute anti-white discriminationFor a definition of the term \"reverse racism\", see the Wiktionary entry reverse racism.Reverse racism, sometimes referred to as reverse discrimination,[1] is the concept that affirmative action and similar color-conscious programs for redressing racial inequality are forms of anti-white racism.[2] The concept is often associated with conservative social movements,[2][3] and reflects a belief that social and economic gains by Black people and other people of color cause disadvantages for white people.[4][5][6]Belief in reverse racism is widespread in the United States; however, there is little to no empirical evidence that white Americans as a group are disadvantaged.[Note 1] Racial and ethnic minorities generally lack the power to damage the interests of whites, who remain the dominant group in the U.S.[7] Claims of reverse racism tend to ignore such disparities in the exercise of power and authority, which most scholars argue constitute an essential component of racism.[1][8][3]Allegations of reverse racism by opponents of affirmative action began to emerge in the 1970s,[2][9] and have formed part of a racial backlash against social gains by people of color.[10] While the U.S. dominates the debate over the issue, the concept of reverse racism has been used internationally to some extent wherever white supremacy has diminished, such as in post-apartheid South Africa.[4]","title":"Reverse racism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Race and ethnicity in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"See also: Race and ethnicity in the United States","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"affirmative action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Emerson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_College"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans"},{"link_name":"equal protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_protection_clause"},{"link_name":"color consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_consciousness"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cashmore_2004-9"}],"sub_title":"Overview","text":"The concept of reverse racism in the United States is commonly associated with conservative opposition to color-conscious policies aimed at addressing racial inequality, such as affirmative action. Amy E. Ansell of Emerson College identifies three main claims about reverse racism: (1) that government programs to redress racial inequality create \"invisible victims\" in white men; (2) that racial preferences violate the individual right of equal protection before the law; and (3) that color consciousness itself prevents moving beyond the legacy of racism.[2] The concept of reverse racism has also been used in relation to various expressions of hostility, prejudice or discrimination toward white people by members of minority groups.[8]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"white Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Era"},{"link_name":"reparations for slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"},{"link_name":"anecdotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdote"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dennis_2004-8"},{"link_name":"racially color-blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_color_blindness"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"},{"link_name":"Bob Blauner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Blauner"},{"link_name":"centrist liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blauner_p23-12"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow"},{"link_name":"white supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell20134,_46-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBride_2005-14"},{"link_name":"Nathan Glazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Glazer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazzocco201723-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blauner_p346-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell201357-17"},{"link_name":"Regents of the University of California v. Bakke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California_v._Bakke"},{"link_name":"racial quotas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_quota"},{"link_name":"white people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBride_2005-14"},{"link_name":"Gratz v. Bollinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger"},{"link_name":"Grutter v. Bollinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger"},{"link_name":"Ricci v. DeStefano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci_v._DeStefano"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norton_2011a-18"},{"link_name":"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Desmond_p197-19"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Bonilla-Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Bonilla-Silva"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonilla-Silva201083-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Desmond_p197-19"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Concerns that the advancement of African Americans might cause harm to white Americans date back as far as the Reconstruction Era in the context of debates over providing reparations for slavery.[2] Claims of reverse racism in the early 21st century tend to rely on individual anecdotes, often based on third- or fourth-hand reports, such as of a white person losing a job to a Black person.[7]Allegations of reverse racism emerged prominently in the 1970s, building on the racially color-blind view that any preferential treatment linked to membership in a racial group was morally wrong.[2] Sociologist Bob Blauner argues that reverse racism had become the primary meaning of racism among whites by the late 1970s, suggesting that conservatives and centrist liberals in the U.S. had effectively \"won the battle over the meaning of racism\".[11] Where past race-conscious policies such as Jim Crow have been used to maintain white supremacy, modern programs such as affirmative action aim to reduce racial inequality.[12] Despite affirmative-action programs' successes in doing so, conservative opponents claimed that such programs constituted a form of anti-white racism.[13] For example, sociologist Nathan Glazer argued in his 1975 book Affirmative Discrimination that affirmative action was a form of reverse racism[14][15] violating white people's right to equal protection under the law.[16] This view was boosted by the Supreme Court's decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), which said that racial quotas for minority students were discriminatory against white people.[13]Legal cases concerning so-called \"reverse racism\" date back as far as the 1970s, for instance Regents of the University of California v. Bakke; Gratz v. Bollinger; and Grutter v. Bollinger (regarding discrimination in higher education admissions) and Ricci v. DeStefano (regarding employment discrimination).[17] Such cases are rare; out of almost half a million complaints filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) between 1987 and 1994, four percent were about reverse discrimination.[18] Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva writes that the actual number of reverse discrimination cases filed with the EEOC is quite small, and the vast majority are dismissed as unfounded.[19] Between 1990 and 1994, courts in the U.S. rejected all reverse discrimination cases as without merit.[18]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bax_2018-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spanierman_p16-22"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roussell_2019-6"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazzocco201785-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkins_2013a-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyr_p24-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkins_2013b-26"},{"link_name":"Tea Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Party_movement"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garner_2017-3"},{"link_name":"meritocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritocracy"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell201317-27"},{"link_name":"angry white male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_white_male"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ansell_p135-2"},{"link_name":"backlash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_backlash"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell201317,_137-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazzocco_p91-5"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feagin_p127-28"},{"link_name":"Public Religion Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Massie_2016-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones_2016-30"},{"link_name":"Tufts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spanierman_p16-22"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fletcher_2014-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingraham_2017-32"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norton_2011a-18"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norton_2011b-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonilla-Silva_p211-10"},{"link_name":"color-blind racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color-blind_racism"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarner2017186-35"},{"link_name":"Vann R. Newkirk II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vann_R._Newkirk_II"},{"link_name":"civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newkirk_2017-36"}],"sub_title":"Public attitudes","text":"While not empirically supported, belief in reverse racism is widespread in the United States,[20][21] primarily among white people.[6] Psychological studies with white Americans have shown that belief in anti-white racism is linked with support for the existing racial hierarchy in the U.S.[22][23] as well as the belief that \"hard work\" and meritocracy explain any racial disparities.[24][25] The idea that whites have become a socially disadvantaged group has contributed to the rise of conservative social movements such as the Tea Party and support for Donald Trump.[3] Conservatives in the U.S. tend to believe that affirmative action based on membership in a designated racial group threatens the American system of individualism and meritocracy.[26] Ansell associates the idea of reverse racism with that of the \"angry white male\"[2] and a backlash against government actions meant to remedy racial discrimination.[10]The perception of decreasing anti-Black discrimination has been correlated with white people's belief in rising anti-white discrimination.[5] A survey in Pennsylvania in the mid-1990s found that most white respondents (80%) thought it was likely that a white worker might lose a job or a promotion to a less qualified Black worker, while most Black respondents (57%) thought this was unlikely.[27] A majority (57%) of white respondents to a 2016 survey by the Public Religion Research Institute said they believed discrimination against white people was as significant a problem as discrimination against Black people, while only a minority of African Americans (29%) and Hispanics (38%) agreed.[28][29] Researchers at Tufts University and Harvard report that as of the early 2010s many white Americans feel as though they suffer the greatest discrimination among racial groups, despite data to the contrary.[21][30][31] Whereas Black respondents see anti-Black racism as a continuing problem, white ones tend to think it has largely disappeared, to the point that they see prejudice against white people as being more prevalent.[17][32] Among white respondents since the 1990s:Whites have replaced Blacks as the primary victims of discrimination. This emerging perspective is particularly notable because by nearly any metric [...] statistics continue to indicate drastically poorer outcomes for Black than White Americans.[33]Bonilla-Silva describes the \"anti–affirmative action and 'reverse racism' mentality\" that has become dominant since the 1980s as part of a \"mean-spirited white racial animus\".[9] He argues that this results from a new dominant ideology of \"color-blind racism\", which treats racial inequality as a thing of the past, thereby allowing it to continue by opposing concrete efforts at reform.[34] Journalist Vann R. Newkirk II writes that white people's belief in reverse racism has steadily increased since the civil rights movement of the 1960s.[35]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137-4"},{"link_name":"Race relations in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_relations_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"European imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_imperialism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cashmore_2004-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dennis_2004-8"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yee_2008-1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKinney_p147-37"},{"link_name":"Stanley Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Fish"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fish-38"},{"link_name":"Ellis Cashmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Cashmore"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cashmore_2004-9"},{"link_name":"Joe Feagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Feagin"},{"link_name":"oxymoron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxymoron"},{"link_name":"systemic racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_racism"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"David Theo Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Theo_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pinder_2015-40"},{"link_name":"Karyn McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karyn_McKinney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Jane H. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_H._Hill"},{"link_name":"white privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_privilege"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill_p15-42"},{"link_name":"Mary Bucholtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Bucholtz"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bucholtz_2011-43"},{"link_name":"Rutledge Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutledge_Dennis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dennis_2004-8"},{"link_name":"Matthew Desmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Desmond"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Emirbayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Emirbayer"},{"link_name":"institutional racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_racism"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmondEmirbayer201030-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmondEmirbayer201032-45"},{"link_name":"Beverly Daniel Tatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Daniel_Tatum"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tatum_p129-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tatum_p129-46"}],"sub_title":"Scholarly analysis","text":"While there has been little empirical study on the subject of reverse racism, the few existing studies have found little evidence that white males, in particular, are victimized by affirmative-action programs.[4] Race relations in the United States have been historically shaped by European imperialism and long-standing oppression of Blacks by whites,[8] who remain the dominant group.[7] Such disparities in power and authority are seen by scholars as an essential component of racism; in this view, isolated examples of favoring disadvantaged people do not constitute racism.[1][36] In a widely reprinted article, legal scholar Stanley Fish wrote that \"'Reverse racism' is a cogent description of affirmative action only if one considers the cancer of racism to be morally and medically indistinguishable from the therapy we apply to it\".[37]Sociologist Ellis Cashmore writes that the terms reverse racism and reverse discrimination imply that racism is defined solely by individual beliefs and prejudices, ignoring the material relations between different groups.[8] Sociologist Joe Feagin argues that the term reverse discrimination is an oxymoron in the context of U.S. race relations in that it obscures the \"central issue of systemic racism\" disadvantaging people of color.[38] Critical race theorist David Theo Goldberg says the notion of reverse racism represents a denial of the historical and contemporary reality of racial discrimination.[39] Sociologist Karyn McKinney writes, \"most claims that whites are victimized as whites rely on false parallels, as they ignore the power differences between whites and people of color at the group level\".[40] Anthropologist Jane H. Hill argues that charges of reverse racism tend to deny the existence of white privilege and power in society.[41] Linguist Mary Bucholtz says the concept of reverse racism, which she calls racial reversal, \"runs counter to or ignores empirically observable racial asymmetries regarding material resources and structural power\".[42]According to sociologist Rutledge Dennis, individual members of minority groups in the United States \"may be racists\" toward white people, but cannot wield institutional power or shape the opportunities available to the majority as the white majority does in relation to minorities.[7] Sociologists Matthew Desmond and Mustafa Emirbayer distinguish between institutional racism and interpersonal racism,[43] arguing that while \"members of all racial groups can harbor negative attitudes toward members of other groups\", there is no \"black institutional racism\" or \"reverse institutional racism\" since people of color have not created a socially ingrained system of racial domination over white people.[44] Psychologist and educator Beverly Daniel Tatum argues that racial bigotry or prejudices held by people of color are not comparable to white racism since \"there is no systematic cultural and institutional support or sanction\" for them.[45] Tatum writes, \"In my view, reserving the term racist only for behaviors committed by Whites in the context of a White-dominated society is a way of acknowledging the ever-present power differential afforded Whites by the culture and institutions that make up the system of advantage and continue to reinforce notions of White superiority.\"[45]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Racism in South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"white-supremacist rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsell2013137-4"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-de_Villiers_2012-47"},{"link_name":"Nelson Mandela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela"},{"link_name":"South African universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacGregor_1995-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1995-49"},{"link_name":"Mixed-race South Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-race_South_Africans"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polgreen_2003-50"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloureds#Post-apartheid_era"},{"link_name":"Afrikaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harman_2002-51"},{"link_name":"Helen Suzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Suzman"},{"link_name":"African National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Calvert_2005-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dalamba_2000-53"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"text":"See also: Racism in South AfricaThe concept of reverse racism has been used by some white South Africans concerned about \"reverse apartheid\" following the end of white-supremacist rule.[4] Affirmative action in South Africa's white-dominated civil service was also met with charges of \"reverse racism\".[46]Nelson Mandela in 1995 described \"racism in reverse\" when Black students demonstrated in favor of changing the racial makeup of staff at South African universities.[47] Students denied Mandela's claim and argued that a great deal of ongoing actual racism persisted from apartheid.[48]Mixed-race South Africans have also sometimes claimed to be victimized by reverse racism of the new government.[49] Similar accusations have been leveled by Indian and Afrikaner groups, who feel that they have not been dominant historically but now suffer from discrimination by the government.[50]Helen Suzman, a prominent white anti-apartheid politician, charged the African National Congress and the Mbeki administration with reverse racism since Mandela's departure in 1999.[51]South African critics of the \"reverse racism\" concept use similar arguments as those employed by Americans.[52][verification needed]","title":"South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Ansell (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAnsell2013"},{"link_name":"Garner (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGarner2017"},{"link_name":"Spanierman & Cabrera (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpaniermanCabrera2014"},{"link_name":"Bax (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBax2018"},{"link_name":"Roussell et al. (2019)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoussellHenneGloverWillits2019"}],"text":"^ Ansell (2013), p. 137: \"Not much sober empirical study has been applied to the subject, but the studies that do exist find little evidence that reverse racism in fact exists.\"Garner (2017), p. 185: \"[T]here is no evidence that [reverse racism] is a social fact, or that a pattern of disadvantageous outcomes for white people qua white people exists.\"Spanierman & Cabrera (2014), p. 16: \"While there is no empirical basis for white people experiencing 'reverse racism', this view is held by a large number of Americans.\"Bax (2018): \"Many Americans—including some people of color—staunchly believe in the existence of reverse racism, or racism against whites. The evidence to support this perception of 'whiteness as disadvantage' is highly suspect.\"Roussell et al. (2019): \"Claims of reverse racism are often deployed to undermine efforts toward racial equity, particularly affirmative action measures, but evidence for these claims has been rigorously debunked\"","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-52-187835-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-187835-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-33-364945-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-33-364945-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60-426647-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60-426647-4"},{"link_name":"\"Reverse Racism!: Affirmative Action, the Family, and the Dream That Is America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hastingsconstitutionallawquarterly.org/s/chang-9bh5.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0094-5617","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-5617"},{"link_name":"\"Racism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/socialscienceenc0002unse/page/715/mode/1up?view=theater"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-10829-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10829-2"},{"link_name":"\"Reverse Racism, or How the Pot Got to Call the Kettle Black\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/politics/race/fish.htm"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1072-7825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1072-7825"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-55373-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-55373-5"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.7312/grav20066.8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/grav20066.8"},{"link_name":"The Recovery of Race in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780816624485/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8166-2446-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2446-1"},{"link_name":"\"Discriminating Tastes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2009/08/10/090810taco_talk_sanneh"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0028-792X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121114014324/http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2009/08/10/090810taco_talk_sanneh"},{"link_name":"\"Challenging a culture of racial equivalence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/261369828"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/1468-4446.12054","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-4446.12054"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24697716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24697716"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-43-846273-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-43-846273-8"}],"text":"Anderson, Kristin J. (2010). \"'Affirmative Action is reverse racism': The myth of merit\". Benign Bigotry: The Psychology of Subtle Prejudice. Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–334. ISBN 978-0-52-187835-7.\nAnsell, Amy Elizabeth (1997). New Right, New Racism: Race and Reaction in the United States and Britain. London: Macmillan. pp. 132–138. ISBN 0-33-364945-1.\nBrown, Michael K. (2010). \"Race\". In Valelly, Richard M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of U.S. Political History, Volume 7: The Clash of Conservatism and Liberalism, 1976 to Present. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-1-60-426647-4.\nChang, Robert S. (1996). \"Reverse Racism!: Affirmative Action, the Family, and the Dream That Is America\" (PDF). Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly. 23 (4): 1115–1134. ISSN 0094-5617.\nDennis, Rutledge M. (1996). \"Racism\". In Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica (eds.). The social science encyclopedia (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 715–717. ISBN 0-415-10829-2.\nFish, Stanley (November 1993). \"Reverse Racism, or How the Pot Got to Call the Kettle Black\". The Atlantic Monthly. pp. 128, 130, 132, 135–36. ISSN 1072-7825.\nGraves, Joseph L.; Goodman, Alan H. (2021). \"Everything You Wanted to Know About Racism\". Racism, Not Race: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions. Columbia University Press. pp. 59–81. ISBN 978-0-231-55373-5. JSTOR 10.7312/grav20066.8.\nGresson, Aaron David III (1995). The Recovery of Race in America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 9, 145, 163. ISBN 978-0-8166-2446-1.\nSanneh, Kelefa (August 10, 2009). \"Discriminating Tastes\". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012.\nSong, Miri (2014). \"Challenging a culture of racial equivalence\". The British Journal of Sociology. 65 (1): 107–129. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12054. PMID 24697716 – via ResearchGate.\nSuiter, Tad (2016). \"Reverse Racism: A Discursive History\". In Kiuchi, Yuya (ed.). Race Still Matters: The Reality of African American Lives and the Myth of Postracial Society. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-43-846273-8.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Racism in South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa"},{"title":"Racism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Racism in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_France"},{"title":"Reverse sexism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_sexism"},{"title":"Xenoracism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoracism"}]

[{"reference":"Yee, June Ying (2008). \"Racism, Types of\". In Shaefer, Richard T. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 3. SAGE Publications. pp. 1118–19. ISBN 978-1-41-292694-2. [T]he term reverse racism (or reverse discrimination) has been coined to describe situations where typically advantaged people are relegated to inferior positions or denied social opportunities to benefit racial and ethnic minorities, or, in some instances, women. However, scholars argue that a critical component of racism is the broad exercise of authority and power and that isolated instances of favoring the disadvantaged over the privileged cannot be seen as constituting racism.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-41-292694-2","url_text":"978-1-41-292694-2"}]},{"reference":"Ansell, Amy Elizabeth (2013). Race and Ethnicity: The Key Concepts. Routledge. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0-415-33794-6. Reverse racism is a concept commonly associated with conservative opposition to affirmative action and other color-conscious victories of the civil rights movement in the United States and anti-racist movements abroad. While traditional forms of racism involve prejudice and discrimination on the part of whites against blacks, reverse racism is alleged to be a new form of anti-white racism practiced by blacks and/or the so-called civil rights establishment (alternately referred to as the anti-racism industry).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33794-6","url_text":"978-0-415-33794-6"}]},{"reference":"Garner, Steve (2017). \"New Racisms?\". Racisms: An Introduction (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-5264-1285-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5264-1285-0","url_text":"978-1-5264-1285-0"}]},{"reference":"Mazzocco, Philip J. (2017). The Psychology of Racial Colorblindness: A Critical Review. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-13-759967-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13-759967-4","url_text":"978-1-13-759967-4"}]},{"reference":"Roussell, Aaron; Henne, Kathryn; Glover, Karen S.; Willits, Dale (2019). \"Impossibility of a 'Reverse Racism' Effect: A Rejoinder to James, James, and Vila\". Criminology & Public Policy. 18 (1): E5–E16. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12289. ISSN 1745-9133. Reverse racism is the idea that the Civil Rights Movement not only ended the subordination of communities of color in all aspects of social life but also simultaneously led to a similar subordination of Whites. This idea is primarily supported by Whites who perceive gains in racial equity as losses in White status","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1745-9133.12289","url_text":"10.1111/1745-9133.12289"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1745-9133","url_text":"1745-9133"}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Rutledge M. (2004). \"Racism\". In Kuper, A.; Kuper, J. (eds.). The Social Science Encyclopedia, Volume 2 (3rd ed.). Routledge. pp. 843–845. ISBN 978-1-13-435970-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13-435970-7","url_text":"978-1-13-435970-7"}]},{"reference":"Cashmore, Ellis, ed. (2004). \"Reverse Racism/Discrimination\". Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies. Routledge. p. 373. ISBN 978-1-13-444706-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofra0000cash/page/373/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"\"Reverse Racism/Discrimination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13-444706-0","url_text":"978-1-13-444706-0"}]},{"reference":"Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2010). Racism Without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States (3rd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-4422-0218-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/racismwithoutrac0000boni/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"Racism Without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0218-4","url_text":"978-1-4422-0218-4"}]},{"reference":"Blauner, Bob (1994). \"Talking Past Each Other: Black and White Languages of Race\". In Pincus, Fred L.; Ehrlich, Howard J. (eds.). Race And Ethnic Conflict: Contending Views On Prejudice, Discrimination, And Ethnoviolence. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-8133-1661-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/raceethnicconfli0000unse/page/23/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"\"Talking Past Each Other: Black and White Languages of Race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-1661-8","url_text":"0-8133-1661-8"}]},{"reference":"McBride, David (2005). \"Affirmative Action\". In Carlisle, Rodney P. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and The Right, Volume 1: The Left. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-41-290409-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-41-290409-4","url_text":"978-1-41-290409-4"}]},{"reference":"Blauner, Bob (1989). Black Lives, White Lives: Three Decades of Race Relations in America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-520-06261-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/blackliveswhitel0000blau/page/n6/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"Black Lives, White Lives: Three Decades of Race Relations in America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06261-0","url_text":"978-0-520-06261-0"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Michael I.; Sommers, Samuel R. (2011a). \"Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game That They Are Now Losing\" (PDF). Perspectives on Psychological Science. 6 (3): 215–18. doi:10.1177/1745691611406922. PMID 26168512. S2CID 10616480.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/norton%20sommers%20whites%20see%20racism_ca92b4be-cab9-491d-8a87-cf1c6ff244ad.pdf","url_text":"\"Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game That They Are Now Losing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691611406922","url_text":"10.1177/1745691611406922"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26168512","url_text":"26168512"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10616480","url_text":"10616480"}]},{"reference":"\"Whites Believe They Are Victims of Racism More Often Than Blacks\". TuftsNow (Press release). May 23, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://now.tufts.edu/2011/05/23/whites-believe-they-are-victims-racism-more-often-blacks","url_text":"\"Whites Believe They Are Victims of Racism More Often Than Blacks\""}]},{"reference":"Desmond, Matthew; Emirbayer, Mustafa (2010). Racial Domination, Racial Progress: The Sociology of Race in America (1st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-07-297051-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/racialdomination0000desm/page/n2/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"Racial Domination, Racial Progress: The Sociology of Race in America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-297051-7","url_text":"978-0-07-297051-7"}]},{"reference":"Bax, Anna (2018). \"'The C-Word' Meets 'the N-Word': The Slur-Once-Removed and the Discursive Construction of 'Reverse Racism'\". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 28 (2): 114–136. doi:10.1111/jola.12185. ISSN 1055-1360. S2CID 4768398.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjola.12185","url_text":"10.1111/jola.12185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-1360","url_text":"1055-1360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4768398","url_text":"4768398"}]},{"reference":"Spanierman, Lisa; Cabrera, Nolan (2014). \"The Emotions of White Racism and Antiracism\". In Watson, V.; Howard-Wagner, D.; Spanierman, L. (eds.). Unveiling Whiteness in the Twenty-First Century: Global Manifestations, Transdisciplinary Interventions. Lexington Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-73-919297-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-73-919297-9","url_text":"978-0-73-919297-9"}]},{"reference":"Wilkins, C. L.; Kaiser, C. R. (2013). \"Racial Progress as Threat to the Status Hierarchy: Implications for Perceptions of Anti-White Bias\". Psychological Science. 25 (2): 439–46. doi:10.1177/0956797613508412. PMID 24343099. S2CID 6934961.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797613508412","url_text":"10.1177/0956797613508412"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24343099","url_text":"24343099"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6934961","url_text":"6934961"}]},{"reference":"Cyr, Lauren (2018). \"Literature Review: Interdisciplinary Findings on Diversity and Inclusion\". In Kim Gertz, S.; Huang, B.; Cyr, L. (eds.). Diversity and Inclusion in Higher Education and Societal Contexts: International and Interdisciplinary Approaches. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-31-970174-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-31-970174-5","url_text":"978-3-31-970174-5"}]},{"reference":"Wilkins, Clara L.; Wellman, Joseph D.; Kaiser, Cheryl R. (2013). \"Status legitimizing beliefs predict positivity toward Whites who claim anti-White bias\". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 49 (6): 1114–19. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.05.017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jesp.2013.05.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.jesp.2013.05.017"}]},{"reference":"Feagin, Joe R. (2001). Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations. New York: Routledge. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-4159-2532-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/racistamericaroo0000feag/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4159-2532-7","url_text":"978-0-4159-2532-7"}]},{"reference":"Massie, Victoria M. (June 29, 2016). \"Americans are split on \"reverse racism\". That still doesn't mean it exists\". Vox. Retrieved September 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/2016/6/29/12045772/reverse-racism-affirmative-action","url_text":"\"Americans are split on \"reverse racism\". That still doesn't mean it exists\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Robert P.; et al. (June 23, 2016). How Immigration and Concerns About Cultural Changes Are Shaping the 2016 Election: Findings from the 2016 PRRI/Brookings Immigration Survey (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Public Religion Research Institute. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prri.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PRRI-Brookings-2016-Immigration-survey-report.pdf","url_text":"How Immigration and Concerns About Cultural Changes Are Shaping the 2016 Election: Findings from the 2016 PRRI/Brookings Immigration Survey"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Michael A. (October 8, 2014). \"Whites think discrimination against whites is a bigger problem than bias against blacks\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/10/08/white-people-think-racial-discrimination-in-america-is-basically-over","url_text":"\"Whites think discrimination against whites is a bigger problem than bias against blacks\""}]},{"reference":"Ingraham, Christopher (August 2, 2017). \"White Trump voters think they face more discrimination than blacks. The Trump administration is listening\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/02/white-trump-voters-think-they-face-more-discrimination-than-blacks-the-trump-administration-is-listening","url_text":"\"White Trump voters think they face more discrimination than blacks. The Trump administration is listening\""}]},{"reference":"Norton, Michael I.; Sommers, Samuel R. (May 23, 2011b). \"Jockeying for Stigma\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/05/22/is-anti-white-bias-a-problem/jockeying-for-stigma","url_text":"\"Jockeying for Stigma\""}]},{"reference":"Newkirk, Vann R. II (August 5, 2017). \"How The Myth of Reverse Racism Drives the Affirmative Action Debate\". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/08/myth-of-reverse-racism/535689/","url_text":"\"How The Myth of Reverse Racism Drives the Affirmative Action Debate\""}]},{"reference":"McKinney, Karyn D. (2005). Being White: Stories of Race and Racism. New York: Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-4159-3572-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/beingwhitestorie0000mcki/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"Being White: Stories of Race and Racism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4159-3572-2","url_text":"978-0-4159-3572-2"}]},{"reference":"Pincus, Fred L. (2003). Reverse Discrimination: Dismantling the Myth. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-1-58-826203-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/reversediscrimin0000pinc/page/68/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"Reverse Discrimination: Dismantling the Myth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58-826203-5","url_text":"978-1-58-826203-5"}]},{"reference":"Pinder, Sherrow O. (2015). Colorblindness, Post-raciality, and Whiteness in the United States. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-13-743488-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13-743488-3","url_text":"978-1-13-743488-3"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Jane H. (2011). The Everyday Language of White Racism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4443-5669-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5669-4","url_text":"978-1-4443-5669-4"}]},{"reference":"Bucholtz, Mary (2011). \"'It's different for guys': Gendered narratives of racial conflict among white California youth\". Discourse & Society. 22 (4): 385–402. doi:10.1177/0957926510395832. ISSN 0957-9265. S2CID 145109978.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2d18612v","url_text":"\"'It's different for guys': Gendered narratives of racial conflict among white California youth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0957926510395832","url_text":"10.1177/0957926510395832"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0957-9265","url_text":"0957-9265"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145109978","url_text":"145109978"}]},{"reference":"Tatum, Beverly Daniel (2004). \"Defining Racism: 'Can We Talk?' \". In Rothenberg, Paula S. (ed.). Race, Class and Gender in the United States: An Integrated Study (6th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7167-5515-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-5515-9","url_text":"978-0-7167-5515-9"}]},{"reference":"de Villiers, Susan; Simanowitz, Stefan (March 2012). \"South Africa: The ANC at 100\". The Contemporary Review. Vol. 294, no. 1704. pp. 39–45. ISSN 0010-7565. ProQuest 1013463231 – via ProQuest. [A]ffirmative action and black economic empowerment were controversial and often misrepresented. In a society in which the greater majority of desk and management jobs were held by whites, there was a clear need for action to move towards a more level job market. Yet many whites have persisted in claiming 'reverse racism'.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/1013463231","url_text":"\"South Africa: The ANC at 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-7565","url_text":"0010-7565"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1013463231","url_text":"1013463231"}]},{"reference":"MacGregor, Karen (March 24, 1995). \"Mandela slams 'reverse racism'\". Times Higher Education. London. ISSN 0049-3929.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/mandela-slams-reverse-racism/97135.article?storyCode=97135&sectioncode=26","url_text":"\"Mandela slams 'reverse racism'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0049-3929","url_text":"0049-3929"}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Abiola (September 16, 1995). \"Media Watch: All is not well, disappointments, racial clashes\". New York Amsterdam News. p. 26. ISSN 1059-1818. The students maintained that the university was living in the apartheid past with the upper echelons reserved for whites. The students are demanding that some jobs be reserved for Blacks. AZASM had denied the charge of reverse racism. They maintain it is unfair for thousands of Black teachers to be out of work while white teachers sit up in good jobs in Black schools.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1818","url_text":"1059-1818"}]},{"reference":"Polgreen, Lydia (July 27, 2003). \"For Mixed-Race South Africans, Equity Is Elusive\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/27/world/for-mixed-race-south-africans-equity-is-elusive.html","url_text":"\"For Mixed-Race South Africans, Equity Is Elusive\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130331044842/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/27/world/for-mixed-race-south-africans-equity-is-elusive.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harman, Dana (September 26, 2002). \"South Africans try to 'beat' a segregated past\". Christian Science Monitor. p. 1. ISSN 2166-3262. But old feelings die hard, and some groups – in particular the Afrikaner and Indian minorities – even complain that they are now being targeted by a reverse racism.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0926/p01s03-woaf.html","url_text":"\"South Africans try to 'beat' a segregated past\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2166-3262","url_text":"2166-3262"}]},{"reference":"Calvert, Scott (May 13, 2005). \"Against apartheid, at odds with blacks\". The Baltimore Sun. ISSN 1930-8965.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2005-05-14-0505140451-story.html","url_text":"\"Against apartheid, at odds with blacks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1930-8965","url_text":"1930-8965"}]},{"reference":"Dalamba, Yolisa (2000). \"Towards An African Renaissance: Identity, Race And Representation In Post-Apartheid South Africa\". Journal of Cultural Studies. 2 (1): 40–61. doi:10.4314/jcs.v2i1.6231.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fjcs.v2i1.6231","url_text":"10.4314/jcs.v2i1.6231"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Kristin J. (2010). \"'Affirmative Action is reverse racism': The myth of merit\". Benign Bigotry: The Psychology of Subtle Prejudice. Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–334. ISBN 978-0-52-187835-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-187835-7","url_text":"978-0-52-187835-7"}]},{"reference":"Ansell, Amy Elizabeth (1997). New Right, New Racism: Race and Reaction in the United States and Britain. London: Macmillan. pp. 132–138. ISBN 0-33-364945-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-33-364945-1","url_text":"0-33-364945-1"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Michael K. (2010). \"Race\". In Valelly, Richard M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of U.S. Political History, Volume 7: The Clash of Conservatism and Liberalism, 1976 to Present. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-1-60-426647-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60-426647-4","url_text":"978-1-60-426647-4"}]},{"reference":"Chang, Robert S. (1996). \"Reverse Racism!: Affirmative Action, the Family, and the Dream That Is America\" (PDF). Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly. 23 (4): 1115–1134. ISSN 0094-5617.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hastingsconstitutionallawquarterly.org/s/chang-9bh5.pdf","url_text":"\"Reverse Racism!: Affirmative Action, the Family, and the Dream That Is America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0094-5617","url_text":"0094-5617"}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Rutledge M. (1996). \"Racism\". In Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica (eds.). The social science encyclopedia (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 715–717. ISBN 0-415-10829-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/socialscienceenc0002unse/page/715/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"\"Racism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10829-2","url_text":"0-415-10829-2"}]},{"reference":"Fish, Stanley (November 1993). \"Reverse Racism, or How the Pot Got to Call the Kettle Black\". The Atlantic Monthly. pp. 128, 130, 132, 135–36. ISSN 1072-7825.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/politics/race/fish.htm","url_text":"\"Reverse Racism, or How the Pot Got to Call the Kettle Black\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1072-7825","url_text":"1072-7825"}]},{"reference":"Graves, Joseph L.; Goodman, Alan H. (2021). \"Everything You Wanted to Know About Racism\". Racism, Not Race: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions. Columbia University Press. pp. 59–81. ISBN 978-0-231-55373-5. JSTOR 10.7312/grav20066.8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-55373-5","url_text":"978-0-231-55373-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/grav20066.8","url_text":"10.7312/grav20066.8"}]},{"reference":"Gresson, Aaron David III (1995). The Recovery of Race in America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 9, 145, 163. ISBN 978-0-8166-2446-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816624485/page/n4/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"The Recovery of Race in America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2446-1","url_text":"978-0-8166-2446-1"}]},{"reference":"Sanneh, Kelefa (August 10, 2009). \"Discriminating Tastes\". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2009/08/10/090810taco_talk_sanneh","url_text":"\"Discriminating Tastes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X","url_text":"0028-792X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014324/http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2009/08/10/090810taco_talk_sanneh","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Song, Miri (2014). \"Challenging a culture of racial equivalence\". The British Journal of Sociology. 65 (1): 107–129. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12054. PMID 24697716 – via ResearchGate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261369828","url_text":"\"Challenging a culture of racial equivalence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-4446.12054","url_text":"10.1111/1468-4446.12054"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24697716","url_text":"24697716"}]},{"reference":"Suiter, Tad (2016). \"Reverse Racism: A Discursive History\". In Kiuchi, Yuya (ed.). Race Still Matters: The Reality of African American Lives and the Myth of Postracial Society. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-43-846273-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-43-846273-8","url_text":"978-1-43-846273-8"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_(2003_film)

Monster (2003 film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Music","3.1 Soundtrack","3.2 Songs","4 Reception","4.1 Critical response","4.2 In culture","5 Accolades","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

2003 film by Patty Jenkins MonsterTheatrical release posterDirected byPatty JenkinsWritten byPatty JenkinsProduced byDonald KushnerBrad WymanCharlize TheronMark DamonClark PetersonStarringCharlize TheronChristina RicciBruce DernLee TergesenCinematographySteven BernsteinEdited byArthur CoburnJane KursonMusic byBTProductioncompanies Denver & Delilah Films K/W Productions Distributed byNewmarket FilmsRelease dates November 16, 2003 (2003-11-16) (AFI Fest) December 24, 2003 (2003-12-24) (United States) Running time109 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$1.5 millionBox office$64.2 million Monster is a 2003 American biographical crime drama film written and directed by Patty Jenkins in her feature directorial debut. The film follows serial killer Aileen Wuornos, a street prostitute who murdered seven of her male clients between 1989 and 1990 and was executed in Florida in 2002. It stars Charlize Theron (who also produced) as Wuornos, and Christina Ricci as her semi-fictionalized lover, Selby Wall (based on Wuornos's real-life girlfriend, Tyria Moore). Monster had its world premiere at the AFI Fest on November 16, 2003. On February 8, 2004, it premiered at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival, where it competed for the Golden Bear, while Theron won the Silver Bear for Best Actress. The film was theatrically released in the United States on December 24, 2003, by Newmarket Films. Monster received positive reviews from critics and achieved box office success, grossing $64.2 million on an $1.5 million budget. The film received numerous awards and nominations, particularly for Theron's performance, including the Academy Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama, the SAG Award for Outstanding Lead Actress, the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress, the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead, and also the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature (Patty Jenkins). Theron's acting has received critical acclaim; film critic Roger Ebert called Theron's role "one of the greatest performances in the history of the cinema". The film was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten films of 2003. Plot In 1989, after moving from Michigan to Daytona Beach, Florida, and on the verge of committing suicide, street prostitute Aileen Wuornos meets another woman named Selby Wall in a gay bar. Although she is initially hostile and declares that she is not gay, Aileen talks to Selby while drinking beer. Selby takes to Aileen almost immediately, as she likes that she is very protective of her. Selby invites Aileen to spend the night with her. The two women return to the house where Selby is staying (temporarily exiled by her parents following the accusation from another girl that Selby tried to kiss her). They later agree to meet at a roller skating rink, and they kiss for the first time. Aileen and Selby fall in love, but they have nowhere to go, so Selby goes back to her aunt's home. After being brutally raped and beaten by a client, Vincent Corey, Aileen kills him in self-defense and decides to quit prostitution. She confesses her actions to Selby, who has been angry with her for her failure to support both of them. Aileen decides to find qualified work, but because of her lack of an education and work experience, potential employers reject her. Desperate for money, Aileen returns to prostitution. She robs and kills her johns, each killed in a more brutal way than the last, as she is convinced that they are all trying to rape her. She spares one man out of pity when he admits he has never had sex with a prostitute. She also shows a predisposition to spare another man who, instead of exploiting her, offers help, but finds herself forced to shoot him after he spots her gun. Aileen uses the money she stole from her victims to support Selby and herself. However, Selby reads in the newspapers about the string of murders, and she begins to suspect that Aileen may have committed them. She confronts Aileen, who justifies her actions by claiming she had only been protecting herself. Selby returns to Ohio on a charter bus. The night of her arrest, Aileen is approached at the biker bar she frequents by two strangers, who unbeknownst to her are bounty hunters. Thomas, whom Aileen always referred to as the only friend she had, infers the men's intentions and offers to drive her off. Aileen declines, no longer trusting herself with the well-being of anyone dear to her. The two men eventually lure Aileen out of the bar and she is promptly arrested by the police. Aileen speaks to Selby one last time while in jail. Selby reveals some incriminating information over the telephone and Aileen realizes that the police are listening in. To protect Selby, Aileen admits that she committed the murders alone. During Aileen's trial, Selby testifies against her, with Aileen's loving consent. Aileen is convicted of the murders and sentenced to death. On October 9, 2002, Aileen is executed by lethal injection. Cast Charlize Theron as Aileen "Lee" Wuornos Christina Ricci as Selby Wall (based on Tyria Moore) Bruce Dern as Thomas, Aileen's friend Lee Tergesen as Vincent Corey (based on Richard Mallory) Annie Corley as Donna, Selby's aunt Pruitt Taylor Vince as Gene/Stuttering "john" Marco St. John as Evan/Former policeman "john" Marc Macaulay as Will/"Daddy" "john" Scott Wilson as Horton/Last victim Rus Blackwell as the policeman who stopped Aileen Tim Ware as Chuck, Aileen's client Music Soundtrack MonsterSoundtrack album by BTReleasedJanuary 30, 2004Labeldts Entertainment In 2004, BT released an official soundtrack to the film. Included with the release is a DVD featuring all fifteen original cues, and an additional nine cues that would not fit on the CD, as well as an interview with BT and Patty Jenkins, and remix files for "Ferris Wheel". All music is composed by BT. 1. "Childhood Montage" 2. "Girls Kiss" 3. "The Bus Stop" 4. "Turning Tricks" 5. "First Kill" 6. "Job Hunt" 7. "Bad Cop" 8. "'Call Me Daddy' Killing" 9. "I Don't Like It Rough" 10. "Ferris Wheel (Love Theme)" 11. "Ditch the Car" 12. "Madman Speech" 13. "Cop Killing" 14. "News on TV" 15. "Courtroom" Songs Songs which appeared in the film, but not on the official soundtrack: "Don't Stop Believin'" – Journey "Where Do I Begin" – The Chemical Brothers "Crimson and Clover" – Tommy James & The Shondells "All She Wants Is" – Duran Duran "Space Age Love Song" – A Flock of Seagulls "Shake Your Groove Thing" – Peaches & Herb "Tide Is High" – Blondie "What You Need" – INXS "Sugar and Spice" – The Searchers "Secret Crush on You" – Pete Surdoval, Al Gross "Flirtin' With Disaster" – Molly Hatchet "Keep On Loving You" – REO Speedwagon "Crazy Girl" – Molly Pasutti "Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)" – Joan Jett & The Blackhearts "A Road Runner: Road Runner's 'G' Jam" – Humble Pie "Sweet Peace and Time" – Humble Pie Reception Critical response On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 82%, based on 190 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus states: "Charlize Theron gives a searing, deglamorized performance as real life serial killer Aileen Wuornos in Monster, an intense, disquieting portrait of a profoundly damaged soul." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 74 out of 100, based on 40 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Monster received generally positive reviews from critics; most gave overwhelmingly high praise to Theron's performance as a mentally unstable woman – Wuornos had antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder. For the role, Theron gained 30 pounds (14 kg), shaved her eyebrows, and wore prosthetic teeth. Critics called her performance, and her makeup, a "transformation". Film critic Roger Ebert named Monster ″the best film of the year″, gave it four stars out of four, and noted that Theron's role is "one of the greatest performances in the history of the cinema": Observe the way Theron controls her eyes in the film; there is not a flicker of inattention, as she urgently communicates what she is feeling and thinking Aileen's body language is frightening and fascinating. She doesn't know how to occupy her body. Watch Theron as she goes through a repertory of little arm straightenings and body adjustments and head tosses and hair touchings, as she nervously tries to shake out her nervousness and look at ease. Observe her smoking technique; she handles her cigarettes with the self-conscious bravado of a 13-year-old trying to impress a kid. And note that there is only one moment in the movie where she seems relaxed and at peace with herself.— Roger Ebert; January 1, 2004 In 2009, Ebert named it the third-best film of the decade. Ricci's performance also drew some praise, but was not without criticism. In his review for the film, Ebert praised her performance, stating "Christina Ricci finds the right note for Selby Wall – so correct some critics have mistaken it for bad acting, when in fact it is sublime acting in its portrayal of a bad actor. She plays Selby as clueless, dim, in over her head, picking up cues from moment to moment, cobbling her behavior out of notions borrowed from bad movies, old songs, and barroom romances". However, several people who knew Wuornos criticized the movie for portraying her as a victim and her victims as villains. In culture In 2005, a reference to Monster appeared in the series Arrested Development. Charlize Theron plays the role of Rita in the series, and in the episode ″The Ocean Walker″, a frame from Monster appears on the screen with the clarification that this is a photo of Rita a year ago before the plastic surgery. In 2014, on Saturday Night Live, Charlize Theron made a self-reference to her role of Aileen Wuornos. In the sketch Pet Rescue Commercial, Kate McKinnon asked her to play a cat lady, whose image and behavior are based on Wuornos from Monster. In 2018, comedian Willam released his third album with the song "Aileen" and the music video for the song, which are dedicated to Wuornos and this film. Accolades Year Award/Festival Category Recipient Result 2004 Academy Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Won 2004 Golden Globe Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Charlize Theron Won 2005 BAFTA Awards Best Actress in a Leading Role Charlize Theron Nominated 2004 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Charlize Theron Won 2004 American Film Institute Awards Top Ten Films of the Year Monster Won 2003 Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Actress in a Leading Role Charlize Theron Won 2012 Best Actress of the Decade Charlize Theron Won 2004 Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear Patty Jenkins Nominated Silver Bear for Best Actress Charlize Theron Won 2004 Casting Society of America Best Casting for Feature Film, Independent Ferne Cassel, Kimberly Mullen Won 2004 Central Ohio Film Critics Association Best Actress Charlize Theron Won 2004 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Won 2004 Critics' Choice Movie Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Won 2004 Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Won 2004 Edgar Allan Poe Awards Best Motion Picture Screenplay Patty Jenkins Nominated 2005 GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Film – Wide Release Patty Jenkins Nominated 2004 Gold Derby Awards Lead Actress Charlize Theron Won 2010 Lead Actress of the Decade Charlize Theron Won 2003 Golden Schmoes Awards Best Actress of the Year Charlize Theron Won 2004 Golden Trailer Awards Best Voice Over Monster Nominated 2004 Independent Spirit Awards Best First Feature Patty Jenkins Won Best First Screenplay Patty Jenkins Nominated Best Female Lead Charlize Theron Won 2004 International Cinephile Society Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Nominated 2004 International Horror Guild Awards Best Movie Patty Jenkins Nominated 2004 International Online Cinema Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Monster Nominated 2004 Iowa Film Critics Awards Best Movie Yet to Open in Iowa Patty Jenkins Won 2004 Irish Film and Television Awards Best International Actress Charlize Theron Nominated 2005 Italian Online Movie Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Nominated Best Makeup Monster Nominated 2004 Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Won Best Screenplay Patty Jenkins Nominated Best Supporting Actress Christina Ricci Nominated 2005 London Film Critics Circle Awards Actress of the Year Charlize Theron Nominated 2004 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Nominated 2004 MTV Movie Awards Best Female Performance Charlize Theron Nominated Best Kiss Charlize Theron and Christina Ricci Nominated 2003 National Board of Review Awards Breakthrough Performance by an Actress Charlize Theron Won 2004 National Society of Film Critics Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Won 2003 New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Nominated 2003 New York Film Critics Online Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Won 2004 Online Film & Television Association Best Actress Charlize Theron Won Best Makeup and Hairstyling Monster Nominated 2004 Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Nominated 2005 Robert Awards Best American Film Patty Jenkins Nominated 2003 San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Won 2004 Santa Barbara International Film Festival Outstanding Performer of the Year Charlize Theron Won 2004 Satellite Awards Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Charlize Theron Won 2003 Seattle Film Critics Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Nominated 2003 Utah Film Critics Association Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Won 2004 Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actress Charlize Theron Won 2003 Village Voice Film Poll Best Performance Charlize Theron Nominated See also List of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender-related films by storyline References ^ "Monster". Berlin International Film Festival. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2021. ^ "Monster (2003)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved March 9, 2021. ^ Rosen, Lisa (Winter 2013). "Natural-Born Director". Directors Guild of America. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2021. The miniscule $1.5 million budget and straight-to-video expectations actually helped give Jenkins the confidence to handle her first feature. ^ Dir. Patty Jenkins stated in an interview on November 13, 2017 with film critic Thelma Adams that press accounts of the film's budget were exaggerated, saying that the budget was $1.5 million. ^ "Monster (2003)". The Numbers. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021. ^ Rooney, David (November 17, 2003). "Monster". Variety. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2017. ^ Honeycutt, Kirk (November 18, 2003). "Monster". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 31, 2003. Retrieved November 17, 2017. ^ a b c Ebert, Roger (January 1, 2004). "Theron turns in powerhouse performance in disturbing biopic". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2010 – via RogerEbert.com. ^ "Monster Soundtrack". SoundtrackNet. August 4, 2004. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2007. ^ "Soundtracks". IMDB. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2019. ^ a b "Monster (2004)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. January 30, 2004. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2023. ^ "Monster Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2023. ^ "Aileen Carol Wuornos #805". Clarkprosecutor.org. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2012. ^ "Movie transformations". SFGate. November 1, 2012. Archived from the original on June 5, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014. ^ Ebert, Roger (December 30, 2009). "The Best Films of the Decade". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013. ^ Russell, Sue (February 8, 2004). "More of a Monster Than Hollywood Could Picture". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. ^ Stossel, John (January 6, 2006). "Stossel: How True Is 'Monster'?". ABC News. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2019. ^ Fox, Jesse (May 21, 2013). "Arrested Development's 20 Most Meta Meta-Moments". Vulture. Archived from the original on September 16, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2020. ^ Murray, Noel (November 27, 2012). "Arrested Development: "Mr. F"/"The Ocean Walker"". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on November 16, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2020. ^ Palmieri, Lea (July 18, 2017). "Was Charlize Theron's 'Arrested Development' Appearance The Show's Greatest Accomplishment?". Decider. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020. ^ a b Bendix, Trish (February 4, 2015). "Kate McKinnon joins "SNL" castmembers past and present for photo shoot fun". AfterEllen. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2020. ^ "Pet Rescue Commercial - Saturday Night Live". YouTube. May 11, 2014. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2020. ^ Crowley, Patrick (November 1, 2018). "'A Star Is Born' Scene Stealer Willam Talks New Comedy Album, Aileen Wuornos, Lady Gaga & More". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020. ^ "Aileen (Now That's What I Call Drag Music. vol 1 out now!)". YouTube. November 1, 2018. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2020. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Monster (2003 film). Monster at IMDb Monster at AllMovie Monster at Box Office Mojo Monster at Rotten Tomatoes Monster at Metacritic vteFilms directed by Patty Jenkins Monster (2003) "Pearl" in Five (2011) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) vteCharlize Theron Filmography Accolades Producer Monster (2003) East of Havana (2006) Sleepwalking (2008) Dark Places (2015) Brain on Fire (2016) Atomic Blonde (2017) Tully (2018) Gringo (2018) A Private War (2018) Long Shot (2019) Bombshell (2019) The Old Guard (2020) The Old Guard 2 (2024) Related articles Denver and Delilah Productions CategoryvteMedia depicting Aileen Wuornos Aileen Wuornos: The Selling of a Serial Killer (1992) Aileen: Life and Death of a Serial Killer (2003) Monster (2003) Devil's Night (American Horror Story) (2015) Aileen Wuornos: American Boogeywoman (2021) Portals: Law Film United States Florida LGBT Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain Poland Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_film"},{"link_name":"crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Patty Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"serial killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"Aileen Wuornos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileen_Wuornos"},{"link_name":"street prostitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_prostitution"},{"link_name":"executed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"Charlize Theron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlize_Theron"},{"link_name":"Christina Ricci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Ricci"},{"link_name":"AFI Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_Fest"},{"link_name":"54th Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Golden Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bear"},{"link_name":"Silver Bear for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Bear_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Newmarket Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket_Films"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Motion_Picture_%E2%80%93_Drama"},{"link_name":"SAG Award for Outstanding Lead Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role"},{"link_name":"Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award_for_Best_Female_Lead"},{"link_name":"Independent Spirit Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award"},{"link_name":"Best First Feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award_for_Best_First_Feature"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebert-8"},{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"top ten films of 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute_Awards_2003#Top_10_Films"}],"text":"2003 film by Patty JenkinsMonster is a 2003 American biographical crime drama film written and directed by Patty Jenkins in her feature directorial debut. The film follows serial killer Aileen Wuornos, a street prostitute who murdered seven of her male clients between 1989 and 1990 and was executed in Florida in 2002. It stars Charlize Theron (who also produced) as Wuornos, and Christina Ricci as her semi-fictionalized lover, Selby Wall (based on Wuornos's real-life girlfriend, Tyria Moore).Monster had its world premiere at the AFI Fest on November 16, 2003. On February 8, 2004, it premiered at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival, where it competed for the Golden Bear, while Theron won the Silver Bear for Best Actress. The film was theatrically released in the United States on December 24, 2003, by Newmarket Films.[6][7] Monster received positive reviews from critics and achieved box office success, grossing $64.2 million on an $1.5 million budget.The film received numerous awards and nominations, particularly for Theron's performance, including the Academy Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama, the SAG Award for Outstanding Lead Actress, the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress, the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead, and also the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature (Patty Jenkins). Theron's acting has received critical acclaim; film critic Roger Ebert called Theron's role \"one of the greatest performances in the history of the cinema\".[8] The film was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten films of 2003.","title":"Monster (2003 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Daytona Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"street prostitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_prostitution"},{"link_name":"Aileen Wuornos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileen_Wuornos"},{"link_name":"gay bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_bar"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"roller skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_skating"},{"link_name":"raped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"self-defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-defense"},{"link_name":"johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(prostitution)"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"biker bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biker_bar"},{"link_name":"bounty hunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_hunter"},{"link_name":"sentenced to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"lethal injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_injection"}],"text":"In 1989, after moving from Michigan to Daytona Beach, Florida, and on the verge of committing suicide, street prostitute Aileen Wuornos meets another woman named Selby Wall in a gay bar. Although she is initially hostile and declares that she is not gay, Aileen talks to Selby while drinking beer. Selby takes to Aileen almost immediately, as she likes that she is very protective of her. Selby invites Aileen to spend the night with her. The two women return to the house where Selby is staying (temporarily exiled by her parents following the accusation from another girl that Selby tried to kiss her). They later agree to meet at a roller skating rink, and they kiss for the first time. Aileen and Selby fall in love, but they have nowhere to go, so Selby goes back to her aunt's home.After being brutally raped and beaten by a client, Vincent Corey, Aileen kills him in self-defense and decides to quit prostitution. She confesses her actions to Selby, who has been angry with her for her failure to support both of them. Aileen decides to find qualified work, but because of her lack of an education and work experience, potential employers reject her. Desperate for money, Aileen returns to prostitution. She robs and kills her johns, each killed in a more brutal way than the last, as she is convinced that they are all trying to rape her. She spares one man out of pity when he admits he has never had sex with a prostitute. She also shows a predisposition to spare another man who, instead of exploiting her, offers help, but finds herself forced to shoot him after he spots her gun. Aileen uses the money she stole from her victims to support Selby and herself.However, Selby reads in the newspapers about the string of murders, and she begins to suspect that Aileen may have committed them. She confronts Aileen, who justifies her actions by claiming she had only been protecting herself. Selby returns to Ohio on a charter bus. The night of her arrest, Aileen is approached at the biker bar she frequents by two strangers, who unbeknownst to her are bounty hunters. Thomas, whom Aileen always referred to as the only friend she had, infers the men's intentions and offers to drive her off. Aileen declines, no longer trusting herself with the well-being of anyone dear to her. The two men eventually lure Aileen out of the bar and she is promptly arrested by the police. Aileen speaks to Selby one last time while in jail. Selby reveals some incriminating information over the telephone and Aileen realizes that the police are listening in. To protect Selby, Aileen admits that she committed the murders alone. During Aileen's trial, Selby testifies against her, with Aileen's loving consent. Aileen is convicted of the murders and sentenced to death. On October 9, 2002, Aileen is executed by lethal injection.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlize Theron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlize_Theron"},{"link_name":"Aileen \"Lee\" Wuornos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileen_Wuornos"},{"link_name":"Christina Ricci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Ricci"},{"link_name":"Bruce Dern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Dern"},{"link_name":"Lee Tergesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tergesen"},{"link_name":"Annie Corley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Corley"},{"link_name":"Pruitt Taylor Vince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruitt_Taylor_Vince"},{"link_name":"john","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(prostitution)"},{"link_name":"Marco St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_St._John"},{"link_name":"Marc Macaulay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Macaulay"},{"link_name":"Scott Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Wilson_(actor)"}],"text":"Charlize Theron as Aileen \"Lee\" Wuornos\nChristina Ricci as Selby Wall (based on Tyria Moore)\nBruce Dern as Thomas, Aileen's friend\nLee Tergesen as Vincent Corey (based on Richard Mallory)\nAnnie Corley as Donna, Selby's aunt\nPruitt Taylor Vince as Gene/Stuttering \"john\"\nMarco St. John as Evan/Former policeman \"john\"\nMarc Macaulay as Will/\"Daddy\" \"john\"\nScott Wilson as Horton/Last victim\nRus Blackwell as the policeman who stopped Aileen\nTim Ware as Chuck, Aileen's client","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_(musician)"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"}],"sub_title":"Soundtrack","text":"In 2004, BT released an official soundtrack to the film.[9] Included with the release is a DVD featuring all fifteen original cues, and an additional nine cues that would not fit on the CD, as well as an interview with BT and Patty Jenkins, and remix files for \"Ferris Wheel\".All music is composed by BT.1. \"Childhood Montage\"\n2. \"Girls Kiss\"\n3. \"The Bus Stop\"\n4. \"Turning Tricks\"\n5. \"First Kill\"\n6. \"Job Hunt\"\n7. \"Bad Cop\"\n8. \"'Call Me Daddy' Killing\"\n\n\n9. \"I Don't Like It Rough\"\n10. \"Ferris Wheel (Love Theme)\"\n11. \"Ditch the Car\"\n12. \"Madman Speech\"\n13. \"Cop Killing\"\n14. \"News on TV\"\n15. \"Courtroom\"","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Don't Stop Believin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_Believin%27"},{"link_name":"Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_(band)"},{"link_name":"Where Do I Begin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Do_I_Begin_(The_Chemical_Brothers_song)"},{"link_name":"The Chemical Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chemical_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Crimson and Clover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_and_Clover"},{"link_name":"Tommy James & The Shondells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_James_%26_The_Shondells"},{"link_name":"All She Wants Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_She_Wants_Is"},{"link_name":"Duran Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Duran"},{"link_name":"Space Age Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Age_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"A Flock of Seagulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Flock_of_Seagulls"},{"link_name":"Shake Your Groove Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake_Your_Groove_Thing"},{"link_name":"Peaches & Herb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaches_%26_Herb"},{"link_name":"Tide Is High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_Is_High"},{"link_name":"Blondie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_(band)"},{"link_name":"What You Need","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_You_Need_(INXS_song)"},{"link_name":"INXS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INXS"},{"link_name":"Sugar and Spice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_and_Spice_(The_Searchers_song)"},{"link_name":"The Searchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Searchers_(band)"},{"link_name":"Molly Hatchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Hatchet"},{"link_name":"Keep On Loving You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep_On_Loving_You_(song)"},{"link_name":"REO Speedwagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REO_Speedwagon"},{"link_name":"Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_You_Wanna_Touch_Me_(Oh_Yeah)"},{"link_name":"Joan Jett & The Blackhearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Jett_%26_The_Blackhearts"},{"link_name":"Humble Pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humble_Pie"},{"link_name":"Humble Pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humble_Pie"}],"sub_title":"Songs","text":"Songs which appeared in the film, but not on the official soundtrack:[10]\"Don't Stop Believin'\" – Journey\n\"Where Do I Begin\" – The Chemical Brothers\n\"Crimson and Clover\" – Tommy James & The Shondells\n\"All She Wants Is\" – Duran Duran\n\"Space Age Love Song\" – A Flock of Seagulls\n\"Shake Your Groove Thing\" – Peaches & Herb\n\"Tide Is High\" – Blondie\n\"What You Need\" – INXS\n\n\n\"Sugar and Spice\" – The Searchers\n\"Secret Crush on You\" – Pete Surdoval, Al Gross\n\"Flirtin' With Disaster\" – Molly Hatchet\n\"Keep On Loving You\" – REO Speedwagon\n\"Crazy Girl\" – Molly Pasutti\n\"Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)\" – Joan Jett & The Blackhearts\n\"A Road Runner: Road Runner's 'G' Jam\" – Humble Pie\n\"Sweet Peace and Time\" – Humble Pie","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT-11"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"antisocial personality disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"borderline personality disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"prosthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthetic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT-11"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebert-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebert-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 82%, based on 190 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus states: \"Charlize Theron gives a searing, deglamorized performance as real life serial killer Aileen Wuornos in Monster, an intense, disquieting portrait of a profoundly damaged soul.\"[11] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 74 out of 100, based on 40 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[12]Monster received generally positive reviews from critics; most gave overwhelmingly high praise to Theron's performance as a mentally unstable woman – Wuornos had antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.[13] For the role, Theron gained 30 pounds (14 kg), shaved her eyebrows, and wore prosthetic teeth.[14] Critics called her performance, and her makeup, a \"transformation\".[11] Film critic Roger Ebert named Monster ″the best film of the year″, gave it four stars out of four, and noted that Theron's role is \"one of the greatest performances in the history of the cinema\":[8]Observe the way Theron controls her eyes in the film; there is not a flicker of inattention, as she urgently communicates what she is feeling and thinking [...] Aileen's body language is frightening and fascinating. She doesn't know how to occupy her body. Watch Theron as she goes through a repertory of little arm straightenings and body adjustments and head tosses and hair touchings, as she nervously tries to shake out her nervousness and look at ease. Observe her smoking technique; she handles her cigarettes with the self-conscious bravado of a 13-year-old trying to impress a kid. And note that there is only one moment in the movie where she seems relaxed and at peace with herself.— Roger Ebert; January 1, 2004In 2009, Ebert named it the third-best film of the decade.[15] Ricci's performance also drew some praise, but was not without criticism. In his review for the film, Ebert praised her performance, stating \"Christina Ricci finds the right note for Selby Wall – so correct some critics have mistaken it for bad acting, when in fact it is sublime acting in its portrayal of a bad actor. She plays Selby as clueless, dim, in over her head, picking up cues from moment to moment, cobbling her behavior out of notions borrowed from bad movies, old songs, and barroom romances\".[8]However, several people who knew Wuornos criticized the movie for portraying her as a victim and her victims as villains.[16][17]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arrested Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrested_Development"},{"link_name":"Charlize Theron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlize_Theron"},{"link_name":"Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arrested_Development_characters#Rita_Leeds"},{"link_name":"The Ocean Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrested_Development_(season_3)#Episodes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKinnon-21"},{"link_name":"Kate McKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_McKinnon"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKinnon-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Willam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willam_Belli"},{"link_name":"third album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Drag_Music,_Vol._1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"In culture","text":"In 2005, a reference to Monster appeared in the series Arrested Development. Charlize Theron plays the role of Rita in the series, and in the episode ″The Ocean Walker″, a frame from Monster appears on the screen with the clarification that this is a photo of Rita a year ago before the plastic surgery.[18][19][20]In 2014, on Saturday Night Live, Charlize Theron made a self-reference to her role of Aileen Wuornos.[21] In the sketch Pet Rescue Commercial, Kate McKinnon asked her to play a cat lady, whose image and behavior are based on Wuornos from Monster.[21][22]In 2018, comedian Willam released his third album with the song \"Aileen\" and the music video for the song, which are dedicated to Wuornos and this film.[23][24]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender-related films by storyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lesbian,_gay,_bisexual,_or_transgender-related_films_by_storyline"}]

[{"reference":"\"Monster\". Berlin International Film Festival. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2004/02_programm_2004/02_filmdatenblatt_2004_20041861.html#tab=boulevard","url_text":"\"Monster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival","url_text":"Berlin International Film Festival"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509111641/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2004/02_programm_2004/02_filmdatenblatt_2004_20041861.html#tab=boulevard","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Monster (2003)\". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved March 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/54281-MONSTER?sid=08f52284-9cbb-4a85-8a4a-f1160db06443&sr=8.967953&cp=1&pos=0","url_text":"\"Monster (2003)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films","url_text":"AFI Catalog of Feature Films"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Lisa (Winter 2013). \"Natural-Born Director\". Directors Guild of America. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2021. The miniscule $1.5 million budget and straight-to-video expectations actually helped give Jenkins the confidence to handle her first feature.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dga.org/Craft/DGAQ/All-Articles/1301-Winter-2013/Director-Patty-Jenkins.aspx","url_text":"\"Natural-Born Director\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America","url_text":"Directors Guild of America"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411042450/http://www.dga.org/Craft/DGAQ/All-Articles/1301-Winter-2013/Director-Patty-Jenkins.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Monster (2003)\". The Numbers. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Monster#tab=international","url_text":"\"Monster (2003)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)","url_text":"The Numbers"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210210123118/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Monster#tab=international","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rooney, David (November 17, 2003). \"Monster\". Variety. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved November 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2003/film/awards/monster-2-1200537925/","url_text":"\"Monster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180806180705/https://variety.com/2003/film/awards/monster-2-1200537925/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Honeycutt, Kirk (November 18, 2003). \"Monster\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 31, 2003. Retrieved November 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031231212039/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/reviews/review_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=2030577","url_text":"\"Monster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/reviews/review_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=2030577","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (January 1, 2004). \"Theron turns in powerhouse performance in disturbing biopic\". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2010 – via RogerEbert.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/monster-2003","url_text":"\"Theron turns in powerhouse performance in disturbing biopic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130417095702/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/monster-2003","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RogerEbert.com","url_text":"RogerEbert.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Monster Soundtrack\". SoundtrackNet. August 4, 2004. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundtrack.net/albums/database/?id=3435","url_text":"\"Monster Soundtrack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundtrackNet","url_text":"SoundtrackNet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043015/http://www.soundtrack.net/albums/database/?id=3435","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Soundtracks\". IMDB. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0340855/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd","url_text":"\"Soundtracks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210222084949/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0340855/soundtrack/?ref_=tt_trv_snd","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Monster (2004)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. January 30, 2004. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. 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Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/wuornos805.htm","url_text":"\"Aileen Carol Wuornos #805\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080914165003/http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/wuornos805.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Movie transformations\". SFGate. November 1, 2012. Archived from the original on June 5, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/news/slideshow/Movie-transformations-49438/photo-3487212.php","url_text":"\"Movie transformations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051009/http://www.sfgate.com/news/slideshow/Movie-transformations-49438/photo-3487212.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (December 30, 2009). \"The Best Films of the Decade\". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/the-best-films-of-the-decade","url_text":"\"The Best Films of the Decade\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130802050603/http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/the-best-films-of-the-decade","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Sue (February 8, 2004). \"More of a Monster Than Hollywood Could Picture\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2004/02/08/more-of-a-monster-than-hollywood-could-picture/179c7282-5e25-4eb5-8980-c72aa90efdb0/","url_text":"\"More of a Monster Than Hollywood Could Picture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182538/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2004/02/08/more-of-a-monster-than-hollywood-could-picture/179c7282-5e25-4eb5-8980-c72aa90efdb0/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stossel, John (January 6, 2006). \"Stossel: How True Is 'Monster'?\". ABC News. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. 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Retrieved April 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2013/05/arrested-developments-20-meta-moments.html","url_text":"\"Arrested Development's 20 Most Meta Meta-Moments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com","url_text":"Vulture"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210916145836/https://www.vulture.com/2013/05/arrested-developments-20-meta-moments.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Noel (November 27, 2012). \"Arrested Development: \"Mr. F\"/\"The Ocean Walker\"\". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on November 16, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tv.avclub.com/arrested-development-mr-f-the-ocean-walker-1798175126","url_text":"\"Arrested Development: \"Mr. F\"/\"The Ocean Walker\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chuam-ni

Battle of Chuam-ni

["1 Background","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Battle of Chuam-ni" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) Battle of Chuam-niPart of the Korean WarDate14–17 February 1951LocationChuam-ni, South KoreaResult UN victoryBelligerents  United Nations  United States  Australia  United Kingdom  Canada  South Korea New Zealand Field Battery  ChinaCommanders and leaders Unknown UnknownCasualties and losses 114 killed 98 wounded 4 killed 16 wounded unknownvteKorean War North Korean offensive(25 June – 15 September 1950) Pokpung Chuncheon 1st Seoul Gorangpo Kaesong–Munsan Ongjin Uijeongbu Suwon Airfield Air Campaign Andong Chumonchin Chan Osan Pyongtaek Chonan Chochiwon Taejon Sangju Yongdong Hwanggan Hadong Notch Pusan Perimeter Masan P'ohang-dong Taegu 1st Naktong Bulge Bowling Alley Battle Mountain Kyongju Haman Nam River Ka-san Tabu-dong Yongsan 2nd Naktong Bulge United Nations Command counteroffensive(15 September – 30 October 1950) Inchon Pusan Perimeter offensive 2nd Seoul UN September 1950 counteroffensive Hill 282 UN offensive into North Korea Sariwon Pyongyang Yongyu Kujin Chongju Sunchon tunnel Chinese Intervention(25 October 1950 – January 1951) Onjong Unsan Pakchon Second Phase Offensive Ch'ongch'on River Wawon Chosin Reservoir Task Force Faith UN retreat from North Korea Hungnam evacuation 3rd Seoul Uijeongbu 1st and 2nd Wonju Pohang Fighting around the 38th parallel(January – June 1951) Happy Valley Thunderbolt Twin Tunnels Roundup Hoengsong Chipyong-ni 3rd Wonju Chuam-ni Wonsan Killer 4th Seoul (Operation Ripper) Maehwa-san Courageous Tomahawk Rugged Dauntless Spring offensive Imjin River Yultong Hwacheon Kapyong Soyang River UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive Stalemate(July 1951 – 27 July 1953) Bloody Ridge Minden Punchbowl Heartbreak Ridge Commando 1st Maryang-san Haktang-ni Polecharge 2nd Maryang-san Rat Killer Hill Eerie Old Baldy Blaze Bunker Hill Outpost Kelly White Horse Hill Arrowhead Hill Triangle Hill Jackson Heights Noris 1st Hook 2nd Hook Chatkol Outpost Vegas Pork Chop Hill Little Switch Nevada Complex 3rd Hook Outpost Harry Kumsong Berlin Outposts and Boulder City Samichon River Korean Armistice Agreement Big Switch Panmunjom Declaration Air operations(1950 – 1953) Air Campaign MiG Alley Sunchon Strangle Sui-ho Dam Bombing of North Korea 1950–1953 Naval operations(1950 – 1953) Naval engagements of the Korean War For further information, see also:Korean War (template) The Battle of Chuam-ni was fought between 14–17 February 1951, at Chuam-ni, South Korea, as part of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) Third Offensive towards Wonju during the Korean War. The battle was for control of the supply line Route 24. Background Due to insufficient strength in troop numbers, a gap of about 12 miles (19 km) between the US 1st Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment and the 23rd Regimental Combat Team. The PVA having become aware of the gap, prepared to exploit the gap in its offensive on Wongju. On 12 February 1st Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment manning positions upon Hill 444 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Chip'yong-ni were attacked by two PVA battalions and was withdrawn to positions northwest of Wonju. During the morning of the 13 February, air observers noted PVA troop movements towards the gap toward the US 2nd Infantry Division's 2nd Reconnaissance Company east of Chuam-ni. The 2nd Reconnaissance Company having been sent out to patrol Route 24 in the gap in the defensive line around Wongju, were reinforced with L Company, 9th Infantry Regiment at 12:00 on 13 February. Almost immediately they were attacked by PVA from the northeast, which was repulsed. The PVA then tried to encircle the two companies bringing about the withdrawal of the companies to a blocking position on Route 24 at Chuam-ni. Battle On 14 February at 05:00, the PVA, consisting of a regiment of the 116th Division of the 39th Army, launched an attack against the 2nd Reconnaissance Company and L Company, 9th Infantry at Chuam-ni. Suffering large casualties, the two companies withdrew south along Route 24. Having been surrounded, the companies fought a fighting withdrawal suffering further casualties. The total casualties suffered by the 2nd Reconnaissance Company and L Company, 9th Infantry were 114 killed and 98 wounded. PVA casualties were also heavy.: 288  The result of the withdrawal was that the 23rd Regiment was cut off and the isolated Regiment would then fight the Battle of Chipyong-ni.: 285–7  The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade, consisting of the 1st Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, the 1st Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, the 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, the 60th Indian Field Ambulance, and the 16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery, were ordered to open Route 24 to the 23rd Regimental Combat Team and cover the gap in the defenses. Meeting the remnants of the 2nd Reconnaissance Company and L Company, 9th Infantry 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Chuam-ni and while pushing north slowly through PVA blocking the route.: 290  Moving slowly north along Route 24, the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade heading towards Chip'yong-ni, were initially held up by a battalion sized force on 15 February, however on 16 February, the PVA had withdrawn and Chuam-ni was occupied on 17 February.: 291  Aftermath 2nd Reconnaissance and L companies suffered 212 casualties, of which 114 were deaths. While PVA losses at Chuam-ni are unknown, Mossman gives an aggregate tally of 648 confirmed deaths and an estimate of additional casualties at 3200 killed and 2500 wounded which the Chinese suffered across the battles of Chip'yong-ni, Chuam-ni and Wonju from the 13th to the 14th. References ^ a b c d e f g h i Mossman, Billy C. (1990). Ebb and Flow: November 1950 – July 1951, United States Army in the Korean War. Center of Military History, United States Army. p. 283. ISBN 9781410224705. Archived from the original on 2021-01-29. Retrieved 2011-09-19. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Further reading Pears, Maurie (2007). Battlefield Korea: The Korean Battle Honours of the Royal Australian Regiment, 1950–1953. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications. ISBN 9780980379600. External links Battlegroup Korea - Chuam-ni vteAustralia in the Korean WarOverview Australia in the Korean War Australian units and formations Royal Australian Regiment 1 RAR 2 RAR 3 RAR 1st Commonwealth Division HMAS Shoalhaven HMAS Bataan HMAS Warramunga HMAS Sydney 805 Squadron RAN 808 Squadron RAN 817 Squadron RAN 77 Squadron RAAF Battles involving Australian units Sariwon Yongju Kujin Chongju Pakchon Uijeongbu Chuam-ni Maehwa-san Kapyong Maryang-san Samichon River Order of battle Australian Korean War order of battle Casualties United Nations Memorial Cemetery

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Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG_Alley"},{"link_name":"Sunchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sunchon_(air)"},{"link_name":"Strangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Strangle_(Korean_War)"},{"link_name":"Sui-ho Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_the_Sui-ho_Dam"},{"link_name":"Bombing of North Korea 1950–1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Naval operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War#Naval_warfare"},{"link_name":"Naval engagements of the Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Naval_engagements_of_the_Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Korean War (template)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Chuam-ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuam-ni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"People's Volunteer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army"},{"link_name":"Third Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_and_Second_Battles_of_Wonju"},{"link_name":"Wonju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonju"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossman-1"}],"text":"Battle of Chuam-niPart of the Korean WarDate14–17 February 1951LocationChuam-ni, South KoreaResult\nUN victoryBelligerents\n United Nations\n\n United States\n Australia\n United Kingdom\n Canada\n South Korea\n New Zealand Field Battery\n ChinaCommanders and leaders\nUnknown\nUnknownCasualties and losses\n 114 killed 98 wounded 4 killed 16 wounded\nunknownvteKorean War\nNorth Korean offensive(25 June – 15 September 1950)\nPokpung\nChuncheon\n1st Seoul\nGorangpo\nKaesong–Munsan\nOngjin\nUijeongbu\nSuwon Airfield\nAir Campaign\nAndong\nChumonchin Chan\nOsan\nPyongtaek\nChonan\nChochiwon\nTaejon\nSangju\nYongdong\nHwanggan\nHadong\nNotch\nPusan Perimeter\nMasan\nP'ohang-dong\nTaegu\n1st Naktong Bulge\nBowling Alley\nBattle Mountain\nKyongju\nHaman\nNam River\nKa-san\nTabu-dong\nYongsan\n2nd Naktong Bulge\nUnited Nations Command counteroffensive(15 September – 30 October 1950)\nInchon\nPusan Perimeter offensive\n2nd Seoul\nUN September 1950 counteroffensive\nHill 282\nUN offensive into North Korea\nSariwon\nPyongyang\nYongyu\nKujin\nChongju\nSunchon tunnel\nChinese Intervention(25 October 1950 – January 1951)\nOnjong\nUnsan\nPakchon\nSecond Phase Offensive\nCh'ongch'on River\nWawon\nChosin Reservoir\nTask Force Faith\nUN retreat from North Korea\nHungnam evacuation\n3rd Seoul\nUijeongbu\n1st and 2nd Wonju\nPohang\nFighting around the 38th parallel(January – June 1951)\nHappy Valley\nThunderbolt\nTwin Tunnels\nRoundup\nHoengsong\nChipyong-ni\n3rd Wonju\nChuam-ni\nWonsan\nKiller\n4th Seoul (Operation Ripper)\nMaehwa-san\nCourageous\nTomahawk\nRugged\nDauntless\nSpring offensive\nImjin River\nYultong\nHwacheon\nKapyong\nSoyang River\nUN May–June 1951 counteroffensive\nStalemate(July 1951 – 27 July 1953)\nBloody Ridge\nMinden\nPunchbowl\nHeartbreak Ridge\nCommando\n1st Maryang-san\nHaktang-ni\nPolecharge\n2nd Maryang-san\nRat Killer\nHill Eerie\nOld Baldy\nBlaze\nBunker Hill\nOutpost Kelly\nWhite Horse Hill\nArrowhead Hill\nTriangle Hill\nJackson Heights\nNoris\n1st Hook\n2nd Hook\nChatkol\nOutpost Vegas\nPork Chop Hill\nLittle Switch\nNevada Complex\n3rd Hook\nOutpost Harry\nKumsong\nBerlin Outposts and Boulder City\nSamichon River\nKorean Armistice Agreement\nBig Switch\nPanmunjom Declaration\nAir operations(1950 – 1953)\nAir Campaign\nMiG Alley\nSunchon\nStrangle\nSui-ho Dam\nBombing of North Korea 1950–1953\nNaval operations(1950 – 1953)\nNaval engagements of the Korean War\nFor further information, see also:Korean War (template)The Battle of Chuam-ni was fought between 14–17 February 1951, at Chuam-ni, South Korea, as part of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) Third Offensive towards Wonju during the Korean War. The battle was for control of the supply line Route 24.[1]","title":"Battle of Chuam-ni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1st Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"23rd Regimental Combat Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Chip'yong-ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip%27yong-ni"},{"link_name":"2nd Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossman-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossman-1"}],"text":"Due to insufficient strength in troop numbers, a gap of about 12 miles (19 km) between the US 1st Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment and the 23rd Regimental Combat Team. The PVA having become aware of the gap, prepared to exploit the gap in its offensive on Wongju. On 12 February 1st Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment manning positions upon Hill 444 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Chip'yong-ni were attacked by two PVA battalions and was withdrawn to positions northwest of Wonju. During the morning of the 13 February, air observers noted PVA troop movements towards the gap toward the US 2nd Infantry Division's 2nd Reconnaissance Company east of Chuam-ni.[1]The 2nd Reconnaissance Company having been sent out to patrol Route 24 in the gap in the defensive line around Wongju, were reinforced with L Company, 9th Infantry Regiment at 12:00 on 13 February. Almost immediately they were attacked by PVA from the northeast, which was repulsed. The PVA then tried to encircle the two companies bringing about the withdrawal of the companies to a blocking position on Route 24 at Chuam-ni.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"116th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/116th_Division_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"39th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossman-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chipyong-ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chipyong-ni"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossman-1"},{"link_name":"27th British Commonwealth Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_British_Commonwealth_Brigade"},{"link_name":"1st Battalion, Middlesex Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_Regiment"},{"link_name":"1st Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_and_Sutherland_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossman-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossman-1"}],"text":"On 14 February at 05:00, the PVA, consisting of a regiment of the 116th Division of the 39th Army, launched an attack against the 2nd Reconnaissance Company and L Company, 9th Infantry at Chuam-ni. Suffering large casualties, the two companies withdrew south along Route 24. Having been surrounded, the companies fought a fighting withdrawal suffering further casualties. The total casualties suffered by the 2nd Reconnaissance Company and L Company, 9th Infantry were 114 killed and 98 wounded. PVA casualties were also heavy.[1]: 288  The result of the withdrawal was that the 23rd Regiment was cut off and the isolated Regiment would then fight the Battle of Chipyong-ni.[1]: 285–7The 27th British Commonwealth Brigade, consisting of the 1st Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, the 1st Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, the 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, the 60th Indian Field Ambulance, and the 16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery, were ordered to open Route 24 to the 23rd Regimental Combat Team and cover the gap in the defenses. Meeting the remnants of the 2nd Reconnaissance Company and L Company, 9th Infantry 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Chuam-ni and while pushing north slowly through PVA blocking the route.[1]: 290Moving slowly north along Route 24, the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade heading towards Chip'yong-ni, were initially held up by a battalion sized force on 15 February, however on 16 February, the PVA had withdrawn and Chuam-ni was occupied on 17 February.[1]: 291","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossman-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mossman-1"}],"text":"2nd Reconnaissance and L companies suffered 212 casualties, of which 114 were deaths.[1] While PVA losses at Chuam-ni are unknown, Mossman gives an aggregate tally of 648 confirmed deaths and an estimate of additional casualties at 3200 killed and 2500 wounded which the Chinese suffered across the battles of Chip'yong-ni, Chuam-ni and Wonju from the 13th to the 14th.[1]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780980379600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780980379600"}],"text":"Pears, Maurie (2007). Battlefield Korea: The Korean Battle Honours of the Royal Australian Regiment, 1950–1953. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications. ISBN 9780980379600.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Mossman, Billy C. (1990). Ebb and Flow: November 1950 – July 1951, United States Army in the Korean War. Center of Military History, United States Army. p. 283. ISBN 9781410224705. Archived from the original on 2021-01-29. Retrieved 2011-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210129051533/https://history.army.mil/books/korea/ebb/fm.htm","url_text":"Ebb and Flow: November 1950 – July 1951, United States Army in the Korean War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781410224705","url_text":"9781410224705"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/ebb/fm.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pears, Maurie (2007). Battlefield Korea: The Korean Battle Honours of the Royal Australian Regiment, 1950–1953. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications. ISBN 9780980379600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780980379600","url_text":"9780980379600"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Atocpan

San Pedro Atocpan

["1 Mole preparation","2 Community attractions","2.1 National Festival of Mole","3 References"]

Coordinates: 19°12′02″N 99°02′57″W / 19.20056°N 99.04917°W / 19.20056; -99.04917Community in Milpa Alta, MexicoSan Pedro AtocpanCommunitySan Pedro AtocpanCoordinates: 19°12′02″N 99°02′57″W / 19.20056°N 99.04917°W / 19.20056; -99.04917Country MexicoElevation (of seat)2,440 m (8,010 ft)Population (2005) • Total8,997Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)Postal code (of seat)12200Area code55 San Pedro Atocpan is one of the communities that make up the borough of Milpa Alta in Mexico City. This location is known for the preparation of mole sauce, which employs over 90% of the community and provides almost all of the sauce that is eaten in Mexico City. Despite being in the Federal District and the second largest district in size, Milpa Alta is distinctly rural. Only 116,000 of Mexico City's 8 million inhabitants live in the entire borough, and as of 2005, only 8,997 lived in San Pedro Atocpan. The name "Atocpan" is from Nahuatl and means "on fertile soil" The community is located in the northwest of the borough, on the highway between Mexico City and Oaxtepec, Morelos. It has a territory of 87.65 hectares, and is about 2,500 meters above sea level. The land here is rugged as it is wedged between the Cuauhtzin Volcano and Teutli Mountain. This community was designated as a "Barrio Mágico" by the city in 2011. Mole preparation Mole mix for sale The community is best known for the preparation of mole, a traditional sauce that comes in a variety of flavors. Modern mole is derived from a pre-Hispanic preparation called "chilmulli," which in Nahuatl means "chili pepper sauce" During the colonial period, this sauce was modified mostly by adding ingredients such as nuts, peanuts, sesame seeds and spices such as cinnamon. While the flavors have multiplied and changed, the consistency of the sauce has remained the same. Almost 92% of the community's population makes a living related to the preparation and sale of the sauce. The moles of San Pedro Atocpan are not made in factories but rather in small family-owned enterprises. Moles of different flavors, aromas, colors and textures are made, but the specialty is "mole almendrado" (almond mole), which was invented here and made with between 26 and 28 ingredients, always with a base of three chili peppers: mulato, pasilla and ancho. The recipe is well-guarded. Many of these small businesses have networked to find ways to buy the more than twenty ingredients most moles need, such as chili peppers from Zacatecas, eliminating the need for middlemen. Each family in the town has its own recipes for the various types of moles. The family of Guadalupe Rios, for example, adds apple to her moles, presumably to avoid digestive problems. Seventy years ago, life in San Pedro Atocpan was similar to just about any other rural community growing corn and beans. At that time only four neighborhoods prepared mole for town festivals: Panchimalco, Ocotitla, Nuztla and Tula, but those who prepared it were generally prominent women in their communities. In the 1940s, one family had the idea of making the long trek to Mexico City proper to sell some of their mole at the La Merced Market. It was successful, but they brought with them only two kilos, since it was made by hand grinding the ingredients. With the paving of the main road (now the Mexico City-Oaxtepec highway) and the introduction of electricity in 1947, it became easier to make and transport mole to the city. Since then, a sauce that was traditionally made for family use became a commodity for the town. The town now produces 60% of the mole made in Mexico and 89% of the mole consumed in Mexico City, adding up to between 28,000 and 30,000 tons of mole produced each year. Community attractions Parish of San Pedro The community has two main churches: the Parish of San Pedro Apostol and the Church of Señor de la Misericordias. The Parish of San Pedro Apostol is a Franciscan church that was dedicated on 28 August 1680 and declared a national monument in 1933. Its patron of Saint Peter is celebrated on 29 of June of each year. The other church, Señor de las Misericordias (Lord of Mercies) is a modern building, dedicated to an image of Christ that is venerated in all of Milpa Alta. This church hosts a festival to this image each May that brings people from other parts of the delegation as well as the neighboring states of Morelos and Mexico State. National Festival of Mole Woman cooking tortillas at one of the food stands selling mole at the fair The National Festival of Mole is hosted at the location each year in October. It began in 1977 with the specific aim of promoting the town's product. The first festival was not held in the San Pedro Atocpan proper, but in the neighborhood of Yenhuitlalpan with only four restaurants participating. It was held not in October but rather in May to coincide with the festival in honor of the Señor de las Misericordias. However, this caused problems with people who did not like the idea of taking advantage of a religious festival for commercial purposes. So the mole festival was moved to October, where it has remained since. The annual festival has crafts, food, traditional Mexican music, carnival rides and other fair attractions. Today, over 2,600 people actively participate to bring the event together and prepare about 400,000 plates of different mole dishes such as pork chops and rabbit in adobo, chicken and turkey in mole almendrado (almond mole) and mole verde (green mole) but the favorites are enchiladas made with various traditional moles. Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Pedro Atocpan. References ^ a b c d e f Quintero M., Josefina (2007-09-23). "92% de la población se dedica a la preparación y venta del mole" (in Spanish). Mexico City: La Jornada. Retrieved May 30, 2009. ^ a b Astroyorch. "Feria del Mole de San Pedro Atocpan" (in Spanish). Retrieved May 30, 2009. ^ "INEGI Census 2005" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2009-05-03. ^ a b "San Pedro Atocpan "Sobre tierra fértil"" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2009. ^ Quintanar Hinojosa, Beatriz, ed. (November 2011). "Mexico Desconocido Guia Especial:Barrios Mágicos" . Mexico Desconocido (in Spanish). Mexico City: Impresiones Aereas SA de CV: 5–6. ISSN 1870-9400. ^ a b "Mole almendrado un platillo que transformó la vida de un pueblo" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved May 30, 2009. ^ a b c Bautista S., Karla (2008-03-12). "Mole de San Pedro Atocpan tradición ancestral de México" (in Spanish). Cuautla, Morelos: El Sol de Cuautla. Retrieved May 30, 2009. ^ October in Actopan: Mexico's National Mole Festival ^ Schiaffino, Max (October 2009). "El mole en números" . Mexico Desconocido (in Spanish). 392. Mexico City: Impresiones Aéreas S.A. de C.V.: 12. ISSN 1870-9397. vteMexico City boroughs, areas, neighborhoods, towns and villagesÁlvaro Obregón Florida Guadalupe Inn Jardines del Pedregal Los Alpes San Ángel Santa Fe Benito Juárez Ciudad de los Deportes Del Valle Extremadura Insurgentes Insurgentes Mixcoac Insurgentes San Borja Mixcoac Nápoles Noche Buena San José Insurgentes San Juan San Pedro de los Pinos Xoco Coyoacán Churubusco Santa Úrsula Villa Coyoacán Cuajimalpa Bosques de las Lomas Santa Fe Cuauhtémoc Historic center/Centro Histórico Barrio Chino La Merced Algarín Ampliación Asturias Asturias Atlampa Buenavista Buenos Aires Centro Urbano Benito Juárez Condesa Cuauhtémoc Doctores Esperanza Exhipódromo de Peralvillo Felipe Pescador Guerrero Juárez Zona Rosa Pequeño Seúl Maza Morelos Tepito Obrera Paulino Navarro Peralvillo Roma Norte La Romita Roma Sur San Rafael San Simón Tolnahuac Santa María Insurgentes Santa María la Ribera Tabacalera Tlatelolco Tránsito Vista Alegre Conjunto Urbano Nonoalco Tlatelolco Gustavo A. Madero Lindavista Malacates Verónica Castro Villa de Guadalupe Iztacalco Viaducto Piedad Iztapalapa Pueblo Culhuacán Magdalena Contreras San Jerónimo Lídice Miguel Hidalgo Ampliación Daniel Garza Bosques de las Lomas Escandón Lomas de Chapultepec Nuevo Polanco (Granada, Ampl. Granada) Pensil Polanco San Miguel Chapultepec Tacuba Tacubaya Verónica Anzures Milpa Alta San Pedro Atocpan Tláhuac San Andrés Mixquic Tlalpan Cuicuilco San Andrés Totoltepec San Miguel Topilejo Venustiano Carranza Federal Jardín Balbuena Valle Gómez Xochimilco La Guadalupita Other boroughs: Azcapotzalco Boroughs (Demarcaciones territoriales) – Colonias – List of neighborhoods – Barrios Mágicos

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milpa Alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milpa_Alta"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"mole sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(sauce)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92percent-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-universo-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inegi-3"},{"link_name":"Nahuatl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl"},{"link_name":"Oaxtepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxtepec"},{"link_name":"Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92percent-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milpaaltagob-4"},{"link_name":"\"Barrio Mágico\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_M%C3%A1gicos_of_Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexdes-5"}],"text":"Community in Milpa Alta, MexicoSan Pedro Atocpan is one of the communities that make up the borough of Milpa Alta in Mexico City. This location is known for the preparation of mole sauce, which employs over 90% of the community and provides almost all of the sauce that is eaten in Mexico City.[1] Despite being in the Federal District and the second largest district in size, Milpa Alta is distinctly rural. Only 116,000 of Mexico City's 8 million inhabitants live in the entire borough,[2] and as of 2005, only 8,997 lived in San Pedro Atocpan.[3] The name \"Atocpan\" is from Nahuatl and means \"on fertile soil\" The community is located in the northwest of the borough, on the highway between Mexico City and Oaxtepec, Morelos.[1] It has a territory of 87.65 hectares, and is about 2,500 meters above sea level. The land here is rugged as it is wedged between the Cuauhtzin Volcano and Teutli Mountain.[4]This community was designated as a \"Barrio Mágico\" by the city in 2011.[5]","title":"San Pedro Atocpan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MolemixSPAtocpan.JPG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92percent-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92percent-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32aniv-6"},{"link_name":"mulato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulato_pepper"},{"link_name":"pasilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasilla"},{"link_name":"ancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancho_pepper"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oem-7"},{"link_name":"Zacatecas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacatecas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92percent-1"},{"link_name":"La Merced Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Merced_Market"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32aniv-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oem-7"}],"text":"Mole mix for saleThe community is best known for the preparation of mole, a traditional sauce that comes in a variety of flavors. Modern mole is derived from a pre-Hispanic preparation called \"chilmulli,\" which in Nahuatl means \"chili pepper sauce\" During the colonial period, this sauce was modified mostly by adding ingredients such as nuts, peanuts, sesame seeds and spices such as cinnamon. While the flavors have multiplied and changed, the consistency of the sauce has remained the same.[1]\nAlmost 92% of the community's population makes a living related to the preparation and sale of the sauce.[1] The moles of San Pedro Atocpan are not made in factories but rather in small family-owned enterprises.[6] Moles of different flavors, aromas, colors and textures are made, but the specialty is \"mole almendrado\" (almond mole), which was invented here and made with between 26 and 28 ingredients, always with a base of three chili peppers: mulato, pasilla and ancho. The recipe is well-guarded.[7] Many of these small businesses have networked to find ways to buy the more than twenty ingredients most moles need, such as chili peppers from Zacatecas, eliminating the need for middlemen. Each family in the town has its own recipes for the various types of moles. The family of Guadalupe Rios, for example, adds apple to her moles, presumably to avoid digestive problems.[1]Seventy years ago, life in San Pedro Atocpan was similar to just about any other rural community growing corn and beans. At that time only four neighborhoods prepared mole for town festivals: Panchimalco, Ocotitla, Nuztla and Tula, but those who prepared it were generally prominent women in their communities. In the 1940s, one family had the idea of making the long trek to Mexico City proper to sell some of their mole at the La Merced Market. It was successful, but they brought with them only two kilos, since it was made by hand grinding the ingredients. With the paving of the main road (now the Mexico City-Oaxtepec highway) and the introduction of electricity in 1947, it became easier to make and transport mole to the city. Since then, a sauce that was traditionally made for family use became a commodity for the town. The town now produces 60% of the mole made in Mexico and 89% of the mole consumed in Mexico City,[6] adding up to between 28,000 and 30,000 tons of mole produced each year.[7]","title":"Mole preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FacAtriumSanPedroAtocpan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Mexico State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_State"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milpaaltagob-4"}],"text":"Parish of San PedroThe community has two main churches: the Parish of San Pedro Apostol and the Church of Señor de la Misericordias. The Parish of San Pedro Apostol is a Franciscan church that was dedicated on 28 August 1680 and declared a national monument in 1933. Its patron of Saint Peter is celebrated on 29 of June of each year. The other church, Señor de las Misericordias (Lord of Mercies) is a modern building, dedicated to an image of Christ that is venerated in all of Milpa Alta. This church hosts a festival to this image each May that brings people from other parts of the delegation as well as the neighboring states of Morelos and Mexico State.[4]","title":"Community attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CookingMoleSPA2.JPG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92percent-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oem-7"},{"link_name":"Mexican music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-universo-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numeros-9"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Atocpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Atocpan"}],"sub_title":"National Festival of Mole","text":"Woman cooking tortillas at one of the food stands selling mole at the fairThe National Festival of Mole is hosted at the location each year in October.[1] It began in 1977 with the specific aim of promoting the town's product.[8] The first festival was not held in the San Pedro Atocpan proper, but in the neighborhood of Yenhuitlalpan with only four restaurants participating. It was held not in October but rather in May to coincide with the festival in honor of the Señor de las Misericordias. However, this caused problems with people who did not like the idea of taking advantage of a religious festival for commercial purposes.[7] So the mole festival was moved to October, where it has remained since. The annual festival has crafts, food, traditional Mexican music, carnival rides and other fair attractions.[2] Today, over 2,600 people actively participate to bring the event together and prepare about 400,000 plates of different mole dishes such as pork chops and rabbit in adobo, chicken and turkey in mole almendrado (almond mole) and mole verde (green mole) but the favorites are enchiladas made with various traditional moles.[9]Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Pedro Atocpan.","title":"Community attractions"}]

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[{"reference":"Quintero M., Josefina (2007-09-23). \"92% de la población se dedica a la preparación y venta del mole\" (in Spanish). Mexico City: La Jornada. Retrieved May 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/09/23/index.php?section=capital&article=035n1cap","url_text":"\"92% de la población se dedica a la preparación y venta del mole\""}]},{"reference":"Astroyorch. \"Feria del Mole de San Pedro Atocpan\" (in Spanish). Retrieved May 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://universonublado.blogspot.com/2007/10/feria-del-mole-de-san-pedro-atocpan.html","url_text":"\"Feria del Mole de San Pedro Atocpan\""}]},{"reference":"\"INEGI Census 2005\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-06-13. Retrieved 2009-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613183420/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/","url_text":"\"INEGI Census 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"San Pedro Atocpan \"Sobre tierra fértil\"\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081104084445/http://www.milpa-alta.df.gob.mx/pueblos/atocpan.html","url_text":"\"San Pedro Atocpan \"Sobre tierra fértil\"\""},{"url":"http://www.milpa-alta.df.gob.mx/pueblos/atocpan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Quintanar Hinojosa, Beatriz, ed. (November 2011). \"Mexico Desconocido Guia Especial:Barrios Mágicos\" [Mexico Desconocido Special Guide:Magical Neighborhoods]. Mexico Desconocido (in Spanish). Mexico City: Impresiones Aereas SA de CV: 5–6. ISSN 1870-9400.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1870-9400","url_text":"1870-9400"}]},{"reference":"\"Mole almendrado un platillo que transformó la vida de un pueblo\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved May 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091008121748/http://www.feriadelmole.com/atocpan.htm","url_text":"\"Mole almendrado un platillo que transformó la vida de un pueblo\""},{"url":"http://www.feriadelmole.com/atocpan.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bautista S., Karla (2008-03-12). \"Mole de San Pedro Atocpan tradición ancestral de México\" (in Spanish). Cuautla, Morelos: El Sol de Cuautla. Retrieved May 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oem.com.mx/elsoldecuautla/notas/n625711.htm","url_text":"\"Mole de San Pedro Atocpan tradición ancestral de México\""}]},{"reference":"Schiaffino, Max (October 2009). \"El mole en números\" [Mole by numbers]. Mexico Desconocido (in Spanish). 392. Mexico City: Impresiones Aéreas S.A. de C.V.: 12. ISSN 1870-9397.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1870-9397","url_text":"1870-9397"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sperbeck

Thomas Sperbeck

["1 Early life","2 College career","2.1 2013","2.2 2014","2.3 2015","2.4 College statistics","3 Professional career","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]

American football player (born 1994) American football player Thomas SperbeckSperbeck at 2016 Mountain West Media DaysPersonal informationBorn: (1994-10-21) October 21, 1994 (age 29)Carmichael, CaliforniaHeight:6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Weight:175 lb (79 kg)Career informationHigh school:Carmichael (CA) JesuitCollege:Boise StatePosition:Wide receiverUndrafted:2017Career history Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2017)*  * Offseason and/or practice squad member only Roster status:Injured reserveCareer highlights and awards 2× First-team All-MWC (2015, 2016) Fiesta Bowl Offensive MVP (2014) Thomas Sperbeck (born October 21, 1994) is an American football wide receiver. He played college football for the Boise State Broncos. He is the all-time leader in receiving yards in Boise State history. Early life Thomas grew up in Carmichael, California and attended Jesuit High School in the Sacramento area. At Jesuit, he led the team in passing, rushing, tackles and scoring and therefore was named on the MaxPreps All-Sac-Joaquin Section First Team, Sacramento Bee All-Metro First Team on offense, and was Sac-Joaquin Section Delta River All-Purpose Player of the Year. He completed 57/156 passes for 1,049 yards and 13 touchdowns. He also rushed for 932 yards and 9 touchdowns. On defense, Thomas had 69 tackles (40 solo). Sperbeck was considered a two-star pick by Scout.com. He was ranked 115th in his position. Thomas ran a 40-yard dash time of 4.44. College career 2013 See also: 2013 Boise State Broncos football team Sperbeck began his freshman year redshirting the first three games. His redshirt was removed and appeared in eight of the final nine games for the season, missing a contest due to a sprained ankle, and catching 5 passes for 40 yards, including a season-high two receptions in a game vs BYU, as well as a 17-yard reception against Oregon State in the Sheraton Hawai'i Bowl on December 24. The former high school quarterback attempted a pass against Utah State but under threw his receiver which resulted in an interception. 2014 See also: 2014 Boise State Broncos football team In the 2014 season Thomas appeared in 14 games and started 8, he led the team with 877 receiving yards, was second on the team with 51 catches and tied for third with 3 receiving touchdowns. Thomas made his first collegiate start at Nevada, catching three passes for 51 yards. He also threw his first career touchdown pass that season, to quarterback Grant Hedrick for the game-winning touchdown against Fresno State. Sperbeck scored his first-career touchdown catch in win over BYU on October 24. Thomas Sperbeck ended the season with a high-note, catching 12 passes for 199 yards and being named the Offensive MVP of the Fiesta Bowl in a 38-30 win over Arizona. 2015 See also: 2015 Boise State Broncos football team In 2015, Thomas set Boise State's single-season record for receiving yards against Air Force on November 20, passing Titus Young's 2010 record of 1,215 receiving yards, on his way to 1,412 yards receiving. He ended the season with 88 receptions for 1,412 yards, averaging 16.0 a catch. Thomas Sperbeck ended his career-best season with a 55-7 rout of Northern Illinois in the Poinsettia Bowl. He had six catches for 78 yards in the game. Additionally, he had a juggling, one-handed catch against Wyoming which won him the Yahoo! Sports Catch of the Year contest. College statistics Year Team Games Rec Yards Avg Long Rec TDs 2013 Boise State 8 5 40 8.0 17 0 2014 Boise State 14 51 877 17.2 51 3 2015 Boise State 13 88 1,412 16.0 85 8 2016 Boise State 13 80 1,272 15.9 54 9 College Totals 48 224 3,601 16.1 85 20 Professional career Sperbeck signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent on May 1, 2017. He was waived/injured on July 30, 2017 and placed on injured reserve. On August 3, 2017, the Buccaneers waived Sperbeck from injured reserve. On May 17, 2018, Sperbeck re-signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was waived/injured by the team on May 23, 2018 and was placed on injured reserve. Personal life Thomas is the son of former University of Nevada quarterback and former coach Marshall Sperbeck. References ^ a b c d e "broncosports.com Thomas Sperbeck Bio". www.broncosports.com. Retrieved January 1, 2016. ^ "Thomas Sperbeck, Boise State WR - Scout". www.scout.com. Retrieved January 1, 2016. ^ "MWC notebook: Boise has QB dilemma?". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016. ^ "Boise State football coach Chris Petersen explains 'unfortunate events' at end of last week's first half". IdahoStatesman. Retrieved February 26, 2016. ^ "Bowl Bits: Boise State 38, Arizona 30". CBS Sports. Retrieved February 26, 2016. ^ "Thomas Sperbeck". ESPN.com. Retrieved January 1, 2016. ^ "Game recap: Boise State crushes Northern Illinois 55-7 in Poinsettia Bowl". idahostatesman. Retrieved January 1, 2016. ^ "And the 2015 Catch of the Year goes to..." Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved February 26, 2016. ^ Smith, Scott (May 1, 2017). "Bucs' Rookie Free Agents Flesh Out Roster". Buccaneers.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2017. ^ Smith, Scott (July 30, 2017). "Bucs Sign Marqueston Huff, Jhajuan Seales". Buccaneers.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. ^ Bouda, Nate (August 3, 2017). "Buccaneers Waive WR Thomas Sperbeck From I.R. With Settlement". ^ Smith, Scott (May 17, 2018). "Bucs Sign LB Salmon, WR Sperbeck". Buccaneers.com. Archived from the original on May 18, 2018. ^ Smith, Scott (May 23, 2018). "Bernard Reedy Returns to Bucs". Buccaneers.com. Archived from the original on May 24, 2018. ^ "Thomas Sperbeck catches on at Boise State". SacBee. Retrieved February 25, 2016. External links Boise State Broncos bio

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"wide receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"Boise State Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_State_Broncos_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSUprofile-1"}],"text":"American football playerThomas Sperbeck (born October 21, 1994) is an American football wide receiver. He played college football for the Boise State Broncos.[1] He is the all-time leader in receiving yards in Boise State history.","title":"Thomas Sperbeck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmichael,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Jesuit High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_High_School_(Sacramento)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSUprofile-1"},{"link_name":"Scout.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout.com"},{"link_name":"40-yard dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40-yard_dash"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Thomas grew up in Carmichael, California and attended Jesuit High School in the Sacramento area. At Jesuit, he led the team in passing, rushing, tackles and scoring and therefore was named on the MaxPreps All-Sac-Joaquin Section First Team, Sacramento Bee All-Metro First Team on offense, and was Sac-Joaquin Section Delta River All-Purpose Player of the Year. He completed 57/156 passes for 1,049 yards and 13 touchdowns. He also rushed for 932 yards and 9 touchdowns. On defense, Thomas had 69 tackles (40 solo).[1]Sperbeck was considered a two-star pick by Scout.com. He was ranked 115th in his position. Thomas ran a 40-yard dash time of 4.44.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013 Boise State Broncos football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Boise_State_Broncos_football_team"},{"link_name":"redshirting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirt_(college_sports)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BYU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYU_Cougars_football"},{"link_name":"Oregon State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_University"},{"link_name":"Sheraton Hawai'i Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Hawaii_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Utah State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_University"},{"link_name":"interception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interception"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSUprofile-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"2013","text":"See also: 2013 Boise State Broncos football teamSperbeck began his freshman year redshirting the first three games. His redshirt was removed and appeared in eight of the final nine games for the season, missing a contest due to a sprained ankle,[3] and catching 5 passes for 40 yards, including a season-high two receptions in a game vs BYU, as well as a 17-yard reception against Oregon State in the Sheraton Hawai'i Bowl on December 24. The former high school quarterback attempted a pass against Utah State but under threw his receiver which resulted in an interception.[1][4]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 Boise State Broncos football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Boise_State_Broncos_football_team"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"touchdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown_pass"},{"link_name":"Fresno State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Fresno"},{"link_name":"BYU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"Fiesta Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Fiesta_Bowl_(December)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSUprofile-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"2014","text":"See also: 2014 Boise State Broncos football teamIn the 2014 season Thomas appeared in 14 games and started 8, he led the team with 877 receiving yards, was second on the team with 51 catches and tied for third with 3 receiving touchdowns. Thomas made his first collegiate start at Nevada, catching three passes for 51 yards. He also threw his first career touchdown pass that season, to quarterback Grant Hedrick for the game-winning touchdown against Fresno State. Sperbeck scored his first-career touchdown catch in win over BYU on October 24. Thomas Sperbeck ended the season with a high-note, catching 12 passes for 199 yards and being named the Offensive MVP of the Fiesta Bowl in a 38-30 win over Arizona.[1][5]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015 Boise State Broncos football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Boise_State_Broncos_football_team"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_football"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Northern Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Illinois_Huskies_football"},{"link_name":"Poinsettia Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Poinsettia_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSUprofile-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"one-handed catch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5spwbZXtck"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Cowboys_football"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Sports"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"2015","text":"See also: 2015 Boise State Broncos football teamIn 2015, Thomas set Boise State's single-season record for receiving yards against Air Force on November 20, passing Titus Young's 2010 record of 1,215 receiving yards, on his way to 1,412 yards receiving. He ended the season with 88 receptions for 1,412 yards, averaging 16.0 a catch.[6] Thomas Sperbeck ended his career-best season with a 55-7 rout of Northern Illinois in the Poinsettia Bowl. He had six catches for 78 yards in the game.[1][7] Additionally, he had a juggling, one-handed catch against Wyoming which won him the Yahoo! Sports Catch of the Year contest.[8]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College statistics","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"undrafted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Sperbeck signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent on May 1, 2017.[9] He was waived/injured on July 30, 2017 and placed on injured reserve.[10] On August 3, 2017, the Buccaneers waived Sperbeck from injured reserve.[11]On May 17, 2018, Sperbeck re-signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.[12] He was waived/injured by the team on May 23, 2018 and was placed on injured reserve.[13]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Wolf_Pack_football"},{"link_name":"Marshall Sperbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Sperbeck"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Thomas is the son of former University of Nevada quarterback and former coach Marshall Sperbeck.[14]","title":"Personal life"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture

Indo-Saracenic architecture

["1 Characteristics","2 Indian context","3 Mughal style","3.1 Decline and revival","4 In British Malaya","5 Examples","5.1 India","5.2 Bangladesh","5.3 Pakistan","5.4 United Kingdom","5.5 Sri Lanka","5.6 Elsewhere","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading"]

Revivalist architectural style This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Indo-Saracenic architecture" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Madras High Court buildings are a prime example of Indo-Saracenic architecture, designed by J. W. Brassington under the guidance of British architect Henry Irwin, 1892.The Victoria Memorial, Kolkata, has very discreet Indo-Saracenic touches, such as the corner chatris, in the Raj metropolis least touched by the style.The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (previously Victoria Terminus) in Mumbai, 1878–88. A mixture of Romanesque, Gothic and Indian elements.North Block of the Secretariat Building, New Delhi, designed by Herbert Baker. Indo-Saracenic architecture (also known as Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo-Mughal, in the 19th century often Indo-Islamic style) was a revivalist architectural style mostly used by British architects in India in the later 19th century, especially in public and government buildings in the British Raj, and the palaces of rulers of the princely states. It drew stylistic and decorative elements from native Indo-Islamic architecture, especially Mughal architecture, which the British regarded as the classic Indian style. The basic layout and structure of the buildings tended to be close to that used in contemporary buildings in other revivalist styles, such as Gothic revival and Neo-Classical, with specific Indian features and decoration added. The style drew from western exposure to depictions of Indian buildings from about 1795, such as those by William Hodges and the Daniell duo (William Daniell and his uncle Thomas Daniell). The first Indo-Saracenic building is often said to be the Chepauk Palace, completed in 1768, in present-day Chennai (Madras), for the Nawab of Arcot. Bombay and Calcutta (as they then were), as the main centres of the Raj administration, saw many buildings constructed in the style, although Calcutta was also a bastion of European Neo-Classical architecture fused with Indic architectural elements. Most major buildings are now classified under the Heritage buildings category as laid down by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), and protected. The style enjoyed a degree of popularity outside British India, where architects often mixed Islamic and European elements from various areas and periods with boldness, in the prevailing climate of eclecticism in architecture. Among other British colonies and protectorates in the region, it was adopted by architects and engineers in British Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) and the Federated Malay States (present-day Malaysia). The style was sometimes used, mostly for large houses, in the United Kingdom itself, for example at the royal Brighton Pavilion (1787–1823) and Sezincote House (1805) in Gloucestershire. The wider European version, also popular in the Americas, is Moorish Revival architecture, which tends to use specific South Asian features less, and instead those characteristic of the Arabic-speaking countries; Neo-Mudéjar is the equivalent style in Spain. In India there had been an earlier inversion of the style in Lucknow before the British takeover in 1856, where Indian architects rather "randomly grafted European stylistic elements, as details and motifs, on to a skeleton derived from the Indo-Islamic school." This is known as the "Nawabi style." Saracen was a term used in the Middle Ages in Europe for the Arabic-speaking Muslim people of the Middle East and North Africa, and the term "Indo-Saracenic" was first used by the British to describe the earlier Indo-Islamic architecture of the Mughals and their predecessors, and often continued to be used in that sense. "Saracenic architecture" (without the "Indo-") was first used for the architecture of Muslim Spain, the most familiar Islamic architecture to most early 19th-century writers in English. Characteristics Features of the style.Indian architecture commissioned by Mughals.Examples of architecture of the Mughal era. With a number of exceptions from earlier, most Indo-Saracenic public buildings were constructed by parts of the British Raj government of India, in place between 1858 and 1947, with the peak period beginning around 1880. They partly reflected the British aspiration for an "Imperial style" of their own, rendered on an intentionally grand scale, reflecting and promoting a notion of an unassailable and invincible British Empire, The style has been described as "part of a 19th-century movement to project themselves as the natural successors of the Mughals". At the same time they were built for modern functions such as railway stations, government offices for an increasingly wide-reaching bureaucracy, and law courts. They often incorporated modern construction methods and facilities. While stone was typically used, at least as a facing, these included substructures composed of iron, steel and poured concrete, and later reinforced concrete and pre-cast concrete elements. The style has been said, by a native of Kolkata, to be most common in "Southern and Western India", and of the three main cities of the 19th-century Raj, it was and is much more evident in Mumbai and Chennai rather than Kolkata, where both public government buildings, and the mansions of wealthy Indians tended to use versions of European Neoclassical architecture. Madras (now Chennai) was a particular centre of the style, but still tended to use details from Mughal architecture, which had barely ever reached Tamil Nadu before. This was partly because English authorities such as James Fergusson especially deprecated Dravidian architecture, which would also have been harder and more expensive to adapt to modern building functions. Typical elements found include: onion (bulbous) domes Chhajja, overhanging eaves, often supported by conspicuous brackets pointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches horseshoe arches, in fact characteristic of Islamic Spain or North Africa, but often used contrasting colours of voussoirs round an arch, especially red and white; another feature more typical of North Africa and Spain curved roofs in Bengali styles such as char-chala domed chhatri kiosks on the roofline pinnacles towers or minarets open pavilions or pavilions with Bangala roofs jalis or openwork screens Mashrabiya or jharokha-style screened windows Iwans, in the form of entrances set back from the facade, under an arch. Chief proponents of this style of architecture included Robert Fellowes Chisholm, Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, Charles Mant, Henry Irwin, William Emerson, George Wittet and Frederick Stevens, along with numerous other skilled professionals and artisans throughout Europe and the Americas. The British-era Islamia College was built in an Indo-Saracenic Revival architectural style in Peshawar, Pakistan. The Rambagh Palace in Jaipur reflecting Imperial Rajasthani architecture. Early 20th-century. Structures built in Indo-Saracenic style in India and in certain nearby countries were predominantly grand public edifices, such as clock towers and courthouses. Likewise, civic as well as municipal and governmental colleges along with town halls counted this style among its top-ranked and most-prized structures to this day; ironically, in Britain itself, for example, King George IV's Royal Pavilion at Brighton, (which twice in its lifetime has been threatened with being torn-down, denigrated by some as a "carnival sideshow", and dismissed by threatened nationalists as "an architectural folly of inferior design", no less) and elsewhere, these rare and often diminutive (though sometimes, as mentioned, of grand-scale), residential structures that exhibit this colonial style are highly valuable and prized by the communities in which they exist as being somehow "magical" in appearance. Typically, in India, villages, towns and cities of some means would lavish significant sums on construction of such architectural works when plans were drawn up for construction of the local railway stations, museums and art galleries. The cost involved in the construction of buildings of this style was high, including all their inherent customization, ornament and minutia decoration, the artisans' ingenious skills (stone and wood carving, as well as the exquisite lapidary/inlaid work) and usual accessibility to requisite raw materials, hence the style was executed only on buildings of a grand scale. However the occasional residential structure of this sort, (its being built in part or whole with Indo-Saracenic design elements/motifs) did appear quite often, and such buildings have grown ever more valuable and highly prized by local and foreign populations for their exuberant beauty and elegance today. Either evidenced in a property's primary unit or any of its outbuildings, such estate-caliber residential properties lucky enough to boost the presence of an Indo-Saracenic structure, are still to be seen, generally, where in instances urban sprawl has not yet overcome them; often they are to be found in exclusive neighborhoods' (or surrounded, as cherished survivors, by enormous sky-scarpers, in more recently claimed urbanized areas throughout this "techno" driven, socio-economic revolutionary era marking India's recent decade's history), and are often locally referred to as "mini-palaces". Usually, their form-factors are these: townhouse, wings and/or porticoes. Additionally, more often seen are the diminutive renditions of the Indo-Saracenic style, built originally for lesser budgets, finding their nonetheless romantic expression in the occasional and serenely beautiful garden pavilion outbuildings, throughout the world, especially, in India and England. Indian context Aitchison College in Lahore with domed chhatris, jalis, chhajja below the balcony, and other features, reflective of Rajasthani architecture. Main articles: Indo-Islamic architecture and British architecture Confluence of different architectural styles had been attempted before during the mainly Turkic, Delhi Sultanate and Mughal periods. Turkic and Mughal incursions in the Indian subcontinent, introduced new concepts in the architecture of India. The prevailing style of architecture was trabeate, employing pillars, beams and lintels, with less emphasis on arches and domes used during earlier Buddhist periods. The Turkic invaders brought in the arcuate style of construction, with more emphasis on arches and beams, which flourished with Mughal and Taluqdars by building and incorporating Indian architecture, especially Rajasthani temple architecture and Imperial Indian palace/fort/urban architecture as well. Local influences also led to different 'orders' of the Indo-Islamic style. After the disintegration of the Turkic Delhi Sultanate, rulers of individual states established their own rule and hence their own architectural styles which were imitations of local/regional Indian architectural schools. Examples of these are the 'Bengal' and the 'Gujarat' schools. Motifs such as chhajja (a sunshade or eave laid on cantilever brackets fixed into and projecting from the walls), corbel brackets with richly carved "stalactite" pendentive decorations, balconies, kiosks or chhatris, and minars (tall towers) were characteristic of the imitation-Mughal architecture style, which was to become a lasting legacy of the nearly four hundred years of the Mughal presence in these areas. Mughal style Main articles: Mughal architecture and Akbari architecture Mughal architecture developed the Indo-Islamic architecture of the Delhi Sultanate with a further addition of Timurid and Persian elements. The height of the style was perhaps reached under Akbar, the third Mughal emperor. Some of the significant architectural works of the Mughals are Humayun's Tomb, the Taj Mahal, the Forts of Agra and Lahore, the city of Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar's Tomb. Decline and revival Vidhana Soudha, Bangalore incorporates elements of Indo-Saracenic and Dravidian styles. Constructed 1951–1956. Shah Jahan was succeeded by his son, Aurangzeb, who had little interest in art and architecture. As a result, Mughal commissioned architecture suffered, with most engineers, architects and artisans migrating to work under the patronage of local rulers. By the early 19th century, the British East India Company (EIC) controlled large portions of the Indian subcontinent. In 1803, their control was further strengthened after defeating the Maratha Empire which was led by Daulat Rao Sindhia. The EIC legitimized their rule by taking Mughal emperor Shah Alam II under their protection, and ruling in conjunction with him. However, their power was yet again challenged when in 1857 Indian soldiers in their employ, together with rebellious princes including Rani of Jhansi, launched the Indian Rebellion of 1857. However, this uprising was suppressed within a year and marked the end of the Mughal Empire, which was formally dissolved by the British. After the rebellion, the EIC's territories in India were formally transferred by the British government to Crown rule; the EIC dissolved soon after. In 1861, the new British colonial administration established the Archaeological Survey of India, gradually restoring several important Indian monuments (such as the Taj Mahal) over the following decades. The National Art Gallery (Chennai) To usher in a new era, the British "Raj", a new architectural tradition was sought, marrying the existing styles of India with imported styles from the West, such as Gothic (with its sub styles of French gothic, Venetian-Moorish), Neoclassical and, later, new styles such as Art Deco. This produced a number of buildings with mixed influences. By doing this they kept Indian architecture while adding elements of British and European architecture; this, coupled with the British allowing regional Indian princes to stay in power under various agreements, made their presence more "palatable" for the Indians. The British attempted to encapsulate South Asia's past within their new Indic buildings and so represent Britain's Raj as legitimate to the Indian public. The main building of Mayo College, completed in 1885, was built in the Indo-Saracenic style. Examples in Chennai include the Victoria Public Hall, Madras High Court, Senate House of the University of Madras, and the Chennai Central railway station. The building of New Delhi as the new imperial capital, which mostly took place between 1918 and 1931, led by Sir Edwin Lutyens, brought the last flowering of the style, using a deeper understanding of Indian architecture. The Rashtrapati Bhavan (Viceroy's, then President's Palace) uses elements from Buddhist-era Indian architecture as well as those from later periods. This can be seen in the capitals of the columns and the screen around the drum below the main dome, drawing on the railings placed around ancient stupas. In British Malaya Sultan Abdul Samad Building in Kuala Lumpur According to Thomas R. Metcalf, a leading scholar of the style, "the Indo-Saracenic, with its imagined past turned to the purposes of British colonialism, took shape outside India most fully only in Malaya". British Malaya was a predominantly Muslim society, where there was hardly any recent tradition of building in brick or stone, with even mosques and the palaces of the local rulers built in the abundant local hardwoods. Kuala Lumpur was only a small settlement when in 1895 the British decided to make it the capital of their new Federated Malay States; it needed a number of large public buildings. The British decided to use the Islamic style they were used to from India, despite its having little relationship to existing local architectural styles. Unlike in India, the British also built some palaces for the sultans of the several states into which modern Malaysia remains divided, and in some places where the population was greatly expanded, mosques, such as the Jamek Mosque and Ubudiah Mosque. These were both designed by Arthur Benison Hubback, the leading architect in the style between his arrival in 1895 and retirement in 1917, during which it experienced its peak in popularity. The lack of local precedents allowed the English architects to create "an architecture defined purely by Orientalist fantasy", according to Metcalf, who says Hubback's Ubudiah Mosque (Kuala Kangsar, 1913) "conjures up nothing less than a Victorian illustrator's fantasy from the Arabian Nights". Kuala Lumpur Railway Station, by Arthur Benison Hubback, 1910. Contrary to what is sometimes claimed, the leading figures were English professional architects (whereas in India former soldiers or military engineers were often used) who had never worked in India. Usually they could design in both Indo-Saracenic and European styles. For example, the major buildings by Regent Alfred John Bidwell, who left his career in London at the age of 34 in 1893 to take a public appointment in Malaysia, include Kuala Lumpur's Sultan Abdul Samad Building (originally the "Government Offices", 1894), in a free Islamic style, perhaps more Egyptian than Mughal, and with many horseshoe arches. After moving to private practice in Singapore, Bidwell designed the thoroughly European Raffles Hotel (1899). In Singapore European styles had been the norm since the first British public building there in 1827, both copying Calcutta and reflecting a smaller proportion of Muslim Malays in the population, and the role of the city as a military and trade base. Metcalf notes that despite a large Chinese population, neither in Singapore nor in Hong Kong were public buildings with influences from Chinese architecture built in this period. The Government Offices were the first major British commission in Malaya, and Bidwell had proposed a European style, but was over-ruled by C. E. Spooner, then State Engineer of the Public Works Department, a military engineer with many years experience in Ceylon, who told those assembled for the opening ceremony "I then decided on the Mahametan style". He did not design buildings himself, but was a key figure in approving designs. The commission brought together Spooner, A.C. Norman, Bidwell, and the newly arrived Hubback (from 1895). The building's construction inspired additional civic buildings in the vicinity to be built in a similar style, while the style's elements would see more limited adoption among private buildings in Malaya. However artificial a creation the Malayan British Islamic style is, it is noticeable that most major public buildings survive long after Malayan independence in 1957 and the formation of Malaysia in 1963, remaining well-cared for on their prime city sites, many re-purposed as their original functions are now carried out in more modern buildings elsewhere. Ubudiah Mosque (Hubback, 1913), Kuala Kangsar, Perak Jubilee Clock Tower in George Town, Penang National Textile Museum in Kuala Lumpur, by Hubback, 1905. Originally as offices for the Federated Malay States Railways. The Old High Court Building in Kuala Lumpur Old Kuala Lumpur Town Hall, Hubback, 1896-1904 Jamek Mosque in Kuala Lumpur, by Hubback Railway Administration Building, Kuala Lumpur Kellie's Castle, Batu Gajah, Perak Examples India The Gateway of India The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in Mumbai Southern Railway Headquarters, Chennai Mysore Palace Victoria Public Hall in Chennai Senate House (University of Madras) Mumbai GPO, reminiscent of the Gol Gumbaz Khalsa College, Amritsar Daly College, Indore Chepauk Palace, Chennai Kachiguda Railway Station, Hyderabad Lucknow Charbagh Railway Station Raj Bhavan (backview), Kolkata Howrah Railway Station Kowdiar Palace, Kerala Napier Museum, Kerala Bangladesh Ahsan Manzil in Dhaka Curzon Hall in Dhaka Tajhat Palace in Rangpur Natore Rajbari Rose Garden Palace Uttara Gonobhaban Murapara Rajbari Puthia Rajbari Bangladesh Folk Arts and Crafts Foundation Chittagong Court Building Masjid-e-Dewania in Chittagong Pakistan Lahore Museum, Lahore Karachi Metropolitan Corporation Building, Karachi, 1927–30 University of the Punjab, Lahore Sadiq Dane High School, Bahawalpur Patiala Block of King Edward Medical University, Lahore Karachi Chamber of Commerce Building Darbar Mahal, Bahawalpur Multan Clock Tower, Multan National Academy of Performing Arts, Karachi United Kingdom Sezincote House, Gloucestershire, 1805 Royal Pavilion in Brighton, 1815–23 Western Pavilion in Brighton, 1828, designed by Amon Henry Wilds as his own home Elephant Tea Rooms, Sunderland, 1877 Sassoon Mausoleum, now a chic Brighton supper club, 1892 Sri Lanka Jami Ul-Alfar Mosque in Colombo Jaffna Public Library in Jaffna Jaffna Clock Tower in Jaffna Elsewhere Original Honkan, Tokyo National Museum, by Josiah Conder, largely destroyed by an earthquake in 1923 Palais du Bardo, parc Montsouris, Paris Notes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture. ^ A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9. ^ Das, 98 ^ Das, 95, 102 ^ Jayewardene-Pillai, 10 ^ Jayewardene-Pillai, 14 ^ Jayewardene-Pillai, 6, 14 ^ Das, xi ^ Das, xi, xiv, 98, 101 ^ Das, 101–104 ^ "Soudha: A tale of sweat and toil". Deccan Chronicle. 31 October 2010. Archived from the original on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010. ^ Metcalf ^ Metcalf ^ Mizan Hashim, David (1998). "Indian and Mogul influences on Mosques", The Encyclopedia of Malaysia (Architecture), p. 84–85. ^ Metcalf ^ Metcalf ^ Metcalf ^ Gullick, John Michael (1998). "The British 'Raj' style ", The Encyclopedia of Malaysia (Architecture), p. 82–83. References Das, Pradip Kumar, Henry Irwin and the Indo Saracenic Movement Reconsidered, 2014, ISBN 1482822695, 9781482822694, google books Jayewardene-Pillai, Shanti, Imperial Conversations: Indo-Britons and the Architecture of South India, 2007, ISBN 8190363425, 9788190363426, google books Mann, Michael, "Art, Artefacts and Architecture" Chapter 2 in Civilizing Missions in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia: From Improvement to Development, Editors: Carey Anthony Watt, Michael Mann, 2011, Anthem Press, ISBN 1843318644, 9781843318644, google books Metcalf, Thomas R., Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860–1920, 2007, University of California Press, ISBN 0520933338, 9780520933330, google books Further reading Metcalf, Thomas R., An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britain's Raj, 1989, University of California Press, ISBN 0520062353, 9780520062351 vteHistoricism and Revivalism in architecture and decorative artsInternational Art Deco Art Nouveau Arts and Crafts Baroque Revival Beaux-Arts Neo-Byzantine Carpenter Gothic Egyptian Revival French Provincial Gothic Revival Greek Revival / Neo-Grec Mayan Revival Moorish Revival Neoclassical New Classical Renaissance Revival Châteauesque Italianate Palazzo style Rococo Revival Romanesque Revival Second Empire French European North American Spanish Colonial Revival Swiss chalet style Vernacular France Henry II style Henry IV style Louis XIII style Louis XIV style Louis XV style Louis XVI style Neoclassicism Directoire style Empire style Louis Philippe style Second Empire style Belle Époque Germany, Austria-Hungary Biedermeier Gründerzeit Jugendstil Nazi architecture Resort style Rundbogenstil Great Britain Adamesque Bristol Byzantine Edwardian Baroque Egyptian Revival Georgian Revival Indo-Saracenic Revival British India Jacobethan Neo-Palladian Queen Anne Revival Regency Romanesque Revival Scottish Baronial Tudor Revival / Black-and-white Revival Greece Mycenaean Revival Italy Stile Umbertino Milan Netherlands Traditionalist School Nordic countries Dragon style National Romantic style Gustavian style Nordic Classicism Portugal Neo-Manueline Neo-Mudéjar Soft Portuguese style Poland Zakopane Style Romania Romanian Revival Russian Empire and USSR Neo-Byzantine Neoclassical Revival Russian Revival Stalinist Serbia Serbo-Byzantine Revival Spain Neo-Mudéjar United States American Renaissance Collegiate Gothic Colonial Revival Dutch Colonial Revival Federal style Greco Deco Jeffersonian Mediterranean Revival Mission Revival Pueblo Revival Polish cathedral style Queen Anne style Richardsonian Romanesque Territorial Revival

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chennai_High_Court.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madras High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Henry Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Irwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Memorial_situated_in_Kolkata.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victoria Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Memorial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_(Victoria_Terminus).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_Terminus"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Block_of_the_Secretariat_buildings,_New_Delhi.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Block"},{"link_name":"Secretariat Building, New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_Building,_New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Herbert Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Baker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"revivalist architectural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"princely states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state"},{"link_name":"Indo-Islamic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Mughal architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gothic revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neo-Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"William Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hodges"},{"link_name":"William Daniell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Daniell"},{"link_name":"Thomas Daniell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Daniell"},{"link_name":"Chepauk Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepauk_Palace"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Nawab of Arcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_of_Arcot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"eclecticism in architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture"},{"link_name":"British Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Federated Malay States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Malay_States"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Brighton Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Sezincote House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezincote_House"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Moorish Revival architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neo-Mudéjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Saracen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Indo-Islamic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Muslim Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Spain"},{"link_name":"Islamic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture"}],"text":"Madras High Court buildings are a prime example of Indo-Saracenic architecture, designed by J. W. Brassington under the guidance of British architect Henry Irwin, 1892.The Victoria Memorial, Kolkata, has very discreet Indo-Saracenic touches, such as the corner chatris, in the Raj metropolis least touched by the style.The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (previously Victoria Terminus) in Mumbai, 1878–88. A mixture of Romanesque, Gothic and Indian elements.North Block of the Secretariat Building, New Delhi, designed by Herbert Baker.Indo-Saracenic architecture (also known as Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo-Mughal, in the 19th century often Indo-Islamic style[1]) was a revivalist architectural style mostly used by British architects in India in the later 19th century, especially in public and government buildings in the British Raj, and the palaces of rulers of the princely states. It drew stylistic and decorative elements from native Indo-Islamic architecture, especially Mughal architecture, which the British regarded as the classic Indian style.[2] The basic layout and structure of the buildings tended to be close to that used in contemporary buildings in other revivalist styles, such as Gothic revival and Neo-Classical, with specific Indian features and decoration added.The style drew from western exposure to depictions of Indian buildings from about 1795, such as those by William Hodges and the Daniell duo (William Daniell and his uncle Thomas Daniell). The first Indo-Saracenic building is often said to be the Chepauk Palace, completed in 1768, in present-day Chennai (Madras), for the Nawab of Arcot.[3] Bombay and Calcutta (as they then were), as the main centres of the Raj administration, saw many buildings constructed in the style, although Calcutta was also a bastion of European Neo-Classical architecture fused with Indic architectural elements. Most major buildings are now classified under the Heritage buildings category as laid down by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), and protected.[citation needed]The style enjoyed a degree of popularity outside British India, where architects often mixed Islamic and European elements from various areas and periods with boldness, in the prevailing climate of eclecticism in architecture. Among other British colonies and protectorates in the region, it was adopted by architects and engineers in British Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) and the Federated Malay States (present-day Malaysia). The style was sometimes used, mostly for large houses, in the United Kingdom itself, for example at the royal Brighton Pavilion (1787–1823) and Sezincote House (1805) in Gloucestershire.The wider European version, also popular in the Americas, is Moorish Revival architecture, which tends to use specific South Asian features less, and instead those characteristic of the Arabic-speaking countries; Neo-Mudéjar is the equivalent style in Spain. In India there had been an earlier inversion of the style in Lucknow before the British takeover in 1856, where Indian architects rather \"randomly grafted European stylistic elements, as details and motifs, on to a skeleton derived from the Indo-Islamic school.\" This is known as the \"Nawabi style.\"[4] Saracen was a term used in the Middle Ages in Europe for the Arabic-speaking Muslim people of the Middle East and North Africa, and the term \"Indo-Saracenic\" was first used by the British to describe the earlier Indo-Islamic architecture of the Mughals and their predecessors,[5] and often continued to be used in that sense. \"Saracenic architecture\" (without the \"Indo-\") was first used for the architecture of Muslim Spain, the most familiar Islamic architecture to most early 19th-century writers in English.","title":"Indo-Saracenic architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IndoSaracen1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akbar2ShahJahan.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"poured concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poured_concrete"},{"link_name":"reinforced concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete"},{"link_name":"pre-cast concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-cast_concrete"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"James Fergusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fergusson_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Dravidian architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"onion (bulbous) domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_Dome"},{"link_name":"Chhajja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhajja"},{"link_name":"overhanging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhang_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"eaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eave"},{"link_name":"horseshoe arches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_arch"},{"link_name":"Islamic Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Spain"},{"link_name":"voussoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voussoir"},{"link_name":"char-chala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char-chala"},{"link_name":"chhatri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatri"},{"link_name":"pinnacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle"},{"link_name":"towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower"},{"link_name":"minarets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret"},{"link_name":"pavilions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion"},{"link_name":"jalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jali"},{"link_name":"openwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openwork"},{"link_name":"Mashrabiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashrabiya"},{"link_name":"jharokha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharokha"},{"link_name":"Iwans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan"},{"link_name":"Robert Fellowes Chisholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fellowes_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Samuel Swinton Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Swinton_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Charles Mant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Irwin"},{"link_name":"William Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Emerson_(British_architect)"},{"link_name":"George Wittet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wittet"},{"link_name":"Frederick Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Stevens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islamia_College_Peshawar_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Islamia College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamia_College_University"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rambagh_Palace_view_from_garden,_July_2016_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rambagh Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambagh_Palace"},{"link_name":"clock towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_tower"},{"link_name":"courthouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courthouse"},{"link_name":"colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"town halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_hall"},{"link_name":"Royal Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"railway stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"},{"link_name":"art galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gallery"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"urban sprawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Features of the style.Indian architecture commissioned by Mughals.Examples of architecture of the Mughal era.With a number of exceptions from earlier, most Indo-Saracenic public buildings were constructed by parts of the British Raj government of India, in place between 1858 and 1947, with the peak period beginning around 1880. They partly reflected the British aspiration for an \"Imperial style\" of their own, rendered on an intentionally grand scale, reflecting and promoting a notion of an unassailable and invincible British Empire,[6] The style has been described as \"part of a 19th-century movement to project themselves as the natural successors of the Mughals\".[7]At the same time they were built for modern functions such as railway stations, government offices for an increasingly wide-reaching bureaucracy, and law courts. They often incorporated modern construction methods and facilities. While stone was typically used, at least as a facing, these included substructures composed of iron, steel and poured concrete, and later reinforced concrete and pre-cast concrete elements.The style has been said, by a native of Kolkata,[who?] to be most common in \"Southern and Western India\", and of the three main cities of the 19th-century Raj, it was and is much more evident in Mumbai and Chennai rather than Kolkata, where both public government buildings, and the mansions of wealthy Indians tended to use versions of European Neoclassical architecture.[8] Madras (now Chennai) was a particular centre of the style, but still tended to use details from Mughal architecture, which had barely ever reached Tamil Nadu before. This was partly because English authorities such as James Fergusson especially deprecated Dravidian architecture,[9] which would also have been harder and more expensive to adapt to modern building functions.Typical elements found include:onion (bulbous) domes\nChhajja, overhanging eaves, often supported by conspicuous brackets\npointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches\nhorseshoe arches, in fact characteristic of Islamic Spain or North Africa, but often used\ncontrasting colours of voussoirs round an arch, especially red and white; another feature more typical of North Africa and Spain\ncurved roofs in Bengali styles such as char-chala\ndomed chhatri kiosks on the roofline\npinnacles\ntowers or minarets\nopen pavilions or pavilions with Bangala roofs\njalis or openwork screens\nMashrabiya or jharokha-style screened windows\nIwans, in the form of entrances set back from the facade, under an arch.Chief proponents of this style of architecture included Robert Fellowes Chisholm, Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, Charles Mant, Henry Irwin, William Emerson, George Wittet and Frederick Stevens, along with numerous other skilled professionals and artisans throughout Europe and the Americas.The British-era Islamia College was built in an Indo-Saracenic Revival architectural style in Peshawar, Pakistan.The Rambagh Palace in Jaipur reflecting Imperial Rajasthani architecture. Early 20th-century.Structures built in Indo-Saracenic style in India and in certain nearby countries were predominantly grand public edifices, such as clock towers and courthouses. Likewise, civic as well as municipal and governmental colleges along with town halls counted this style among its top-ranked and most-prized structures to this day; ironically, in Britain itself, for example, King George IV's Royal Pavilion at Brighton, (which twice in its lifetime has been threatened with being torn-down, denigrated by some as a \"carnival sideshow\", and dismissed by threatened nationalists as \"an architectural folly of inferior design\", no less) and elsewhere, these rare and often diminutive (though sometimes, as mentioned, of grand-scale), residential structures that exhibit this colonial style are highly valuable and prized by the communities in which they exist as being somehow \"magical\" in appearance.[citation needed]Typically, in India, villages, towns and cities of some means would lavish significant sums on construction of such architectural works when plans were drawn up for construction of the local railway stations, museums and art galleries.The cost involved in the construction of buildings of this style was high, including all their inherent customization, ornament and minutia decoration, the artisans' ingenious skills (stone and wood carving, as well as the exquisite lapidary/inlaid work) and usual accessibility to requisite raw materials, hence the style was executed only on buildings of a grand scale. However the occasional residential structure of this sort, (its being built in part or whole with Indo-Saracenic design elements/motifs) did appear quite often, and such buildings have grown ever more valuable and highly prized by local and foreign populations for their exuberant beauty and elegance today.[citation needed]Either evidenced in a property's primary unit or any of its outbuildings, such estate-caliber residential properties lucky enough to boost the presence of an Indo-Saracenic structure, are still to be seen, generally, where in instances urban sprawl has not yet overcome them; often they are to be found in exclusive neighborhoods' (or surrounded, as cherished survivors, by enormous sky-scarpers, in more recently claimed urbanized areas throughout this \"techno\" driven, socio-economic revolutionary era marking India's recent decade's history), and are often locally referred to as \"mini-palaces\". Usually, their form-factors are these: townhouse, wings and/or porticoes. Additionally, more often seen are the diminutive renditions of the Indo-Saracenic style, built originally for lesser budgets, finding their nonetheless romantic expression in the occasional and serenely beautiful garden pavilion outbuildings, throughout the world, especially, in India and England.[citation needed]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aitchison_Old_building_side.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aitchison College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitchison_College"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"chhatris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatri"},{"link_name":"jalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jali"},{"link_name":"chhajja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhajja"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"trabeate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabeated"},{"link_name":"beams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)"},{"link_name":"lintels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintel"},{"link_name":"arches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Taluqdars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taluqdar"},{"link_name":"Rajasthani temple architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"chhajja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhajja"},{"link_name":"eave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eave"},{"link_name":"corbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pendentive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendentive"},{"link_name":"chhatris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatri"}],"text":"Aitchison College in Lahore with domed chhatris, jalis, chhajja below the balcony, and other features, reflective of Rajasthani architecture.Confluence of different architectural styles had been attempted before during the mainly Turkic, Delhi Sultanate and Mughal periods. Turkic and Mughal incursions in the Indian subcontinent, introduced new concepts in the architecture of India. The prevailing style of architecture was trabeate, employing pillars, beams and lintels, with less emphasis on arches and domes used during earlier Buddhist periods. The Turkic invaders brought in the arcuate style of construction, with more emphasis on arches and beams, which flourished with Mughal and Taluqdars by building and incorporating Indian architecture, especially Rajasthani temple architecture and Imperial Indian palace/fort/urban architecture as well.Local influences also led to different 'orders' of the Indo-Islamic style. After the disintegration of the Turkic Delhi Sultanate, rulers of individual states established their own rule and hence their own architectural styles which were imitations of local/regional Indian architectural schools. Examples of these are the 'Bengal' and the 'Gujarat' schools. Motifs such as chhajja (a sunshade or eave laid on cantilever brackets fixed into and projecting from the walls), corbel brackets with richly carved \"stalactite\"[citation needed] pendentive decorations, balconies, kiosks or chhatris, and minars (tall towers) were characteristic of the imitation-Mughal architecture style, which was to become a lasting legacy of the nearly four hundred years of the Mughal presence in these areas.","title":"Indian context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indo-Islamic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Timurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar"},{"link_name":"Mughal emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_emperor"},{"link_name":"Humayun's Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Taj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Fort"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Fort"},{"link_name":"Fatehpur Sikri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri"},{"link_name":"Akbar's Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar%27s_Tomb"}],"text":"Mughal architecture developed the Indo-Islamic architecture of the Delhi Sultanate with a further addition of Timurid and Persian elements. The height of the style was perhaps reached under Akbar, the third Mughal emperor. Some of the significant architectural works of the Mughals are Humayun's Tomb, the Taj Mahal, the Forts of Agra and Lahore, the city of Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar's Tomb.","title":"Mughal style"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vidhana_Souda_,_Bangalore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vidhana Soudha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhana_Soudha"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"Dravidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deccsoudha-10"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Maratha Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire"},{"link_name":"Daulat Rao Sindhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daulat_Rao_Sindhia"},{"link_name":"their rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_India"},{"link_name":"Shah Alam II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Alam_II"},{"link_name":"Indian soldiers in their employ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_armies"},{"link_name":"Rani of Jhansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi"},{"link_name":"Indian Rebellion of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"British government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Crown rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"Taj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egmore_Museum_building.jpeg"},{"link_name":"The National Art Gallery (Chennai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Art_Gallery_(Chennai)"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"French gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Indian architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"regional Indian princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(by_region)"},{"link_name":"South Asia's past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Asia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mayo College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_College"},{"link_name":"Victoria Public Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Public_Hall"},{"link_name":"Madras High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_High_Court"},{"link_name":"Senate House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_House_(University_of_Madras)"},{"link_name":"Chennai Central railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Sir Edwin Lutyens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens"},{"link_name":"Rashtrapati Bhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan"},{"link_name":"stupas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Decline and revival","text":"Vidhana Soudha, Bangalore incorporates elements of Indo-Saracenic and Dravidian styles.[10] Constructed 1951–1956.Shah Jahan was succeeded by his son, Aurangzeb, who had little interest in art and architecture. As a result, Mughal commissioned architecture suffered, with most engineers, architects and artisans migrating to work under the patronage of local rulers. By the early 19th century, the British East India Company (EIC) controlled large portions of the Indian subcontinent. In 1803, their control was further strengthened after defeating the Maratha Empire which was led by Daulat Rao Sindhia. The EIC legitimized their rule by taking Mughal emperor Shah Alam II under their protection, and ruling in conjunction with him. However, their power was yet again challenged when in 1857 Indian soldiers in their employ, together with rebellious princes including Rani of Jhansi, launched the Indian Rebellion of 1857. However, this uprising was suppressed within a year and marked the end of the Mughal Empire, which was formally dissolved by the British. After the rebellion, the EIC's territories in India were formally transferred by the British government to Crown rule; the EIC dissolved soon after. In 1861, the new British colonial administration established the Archaeological Survey of India, gradually restoring several important Indian monuments (such as the Taj Mahal) over the following decades.[citation needed]The National Art Gallery (Chennai)To usher in a new era, the British \"Raj\", a new architectural tradition was sought, marrying the existing styles of India with imported styles from the West, such as Gothic (with its sub styles of French gothic, Venetian-Moorish), Neoclassical and, later, new styles such as Art Deco. This produced a number of buildings with mixed influences. By doing this they kept Indian architecture while adding elements of British and European architecture; this, coupled with the British allowing regional Indian princes to stay in power under various agreements, made their presence more \"palatable\" for the Indians. The British attempted to encapsulate South Asia's past within their new Indic buildings and so represent Britain's Raj as legitimate to the Indian public.[citation needed]The main building of Mayo College, completed in 1885, was built in the Indo-Saracenic style. Examples in Chennai include the Victoria Public Hall, Madras High Court, Senate House of the University of Madras, and the Chennai Central railway station. The building of New Delhi as the new imperial capital, which mostly took place between 1918 and 1931, led by Sir Edwin Lutyens, brought the last flowering of the style, using a deeper understanding of Indian architecture. The Rashtrapati Bhavan (Viceroy's, then President's Palace) uses elements from Buddhist-era Indian architecture as well as those from later periods. This can be seen in the capitals of the columns and the screen around the drum below the main dome, drawing on the railings placed around ancient stupas.[citation needed]","title":"Mughal style"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Kuala_Lumpur,_Budynek_Su%C5%82tana_Abdula_Samada_(01).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sultan Abdul Samad Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Samad_Building"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"British Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya"},{"link_name":"hardwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwood"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Federated Malay States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Malay_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"states into which modern Malaysia remains divided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia#States"},{"link_name":"mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jamek Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid_Jamek"},{"link_name":"Ubudiah Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudiah_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Arthur Benison Hubback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Benison_Hubback"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyclopedia_msia_old_mosques-13"},{"link_name":"Orientalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism"},{"link_name":"Kuala Kangsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar"},{"link_name":"Arabian Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Nights"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Kuala_Lumpur,_Stacja_kolejowa_Kuala_Lumpur_(02).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Arthur Benison Hubback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Benison_Hubback"},{"link_name":"Regent Alfred John Bidwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_Alfred_John_Bidwell"},{"link_name":"Sultan Abdul Samad Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Samad_Building"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Raffles Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Malays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Chinese architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecture"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"C. E. Spooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edwin_Spooner"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon"},{"link_name":"A.C. Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Alfred_Norman"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyclopedia_msia_Raj_style-17"},{"link_name":"Malayan independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Merdeka"},{"link_name":"formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuala_Kangsar,_Masjid_Ubaidullah_Mosque_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ubudiah Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudiah_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Kuala Kangsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Clock_Tower_Penang_Dec_2006_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jubilee Clock Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_Clock_Tower"},{"link_name":"George Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Kuala_Lumpur,_Narodowe_Muzeum_W%C5%82%C3%B3kiennictwa.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Textile Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Textile_Museum"},{"link_name":"Federated Malay States Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Malay_States_Railways"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_High_Court_Building,_Kuala_Lumpur,_Malaysia_-_20070303.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_City_Hall,_Merdeka_Square,_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Old Kuala Lumpur Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panggung_Bandaraya_DBKL"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamekmosque_KL.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jamek Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamek_Mosque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Kuala_Lumpur,_Siedziba_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna_Keretapi_Tanah_Melayu_(01).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kellie%27s_Castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kellie's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellie%27s_Castle"},{"link_name":"Batu Gajah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Gajah"}],"text":"Sultan Abdul Samad Building in Kuala LumpurAccording to Thomas R. Metcalf, a leading scholar of the style, \"the Indo-Saracenic, with its imagined past turned to the purposes of British colonialism, took shape outside India [ie the subcontinent] most fully only in Malaya\". British Malaya was a predominantly Muslim society, where there was hardly any recent tradition of building in brick or stone, with even mosques and the palaces of the local rulers built in the abundant local hardwoods. Kuala Lumpur was only a small settlement when in 1895 the British decided to make it the capital of their new Federated Malay States; it needed a number of large public buildings. The British decided to use the Islamic style they were used to from India, despite its having little relationship to existing local architectural styles.[11]Unlike in India, the British also built some palaces for the sultans of the several states into which modern Malaysia remains divided, and in some places where the population was greatly expanded, mosques,[12] such as the Jamek Mosque and Ubudiah Mosque. These were both designed by Arthur Benison Hubback, the leading architect in the style between his arrival in 1895 and retirement in 1917, during which it experienced its peak in popularity.[13] The lack of local precedents allowed the English architects to create \"an architecture defined purely by Orientalist fantasy\", according to Metcalf, who says Hubback's Ubudiah Mosque (Kuala Kangsar, 1913) \"conjures up nothing less than a Victorian illustrator's fantasy from the Arabian Nights\".[14]Kuala Lumpur Railway Station, by Arthur Benison Hubback, 1910.Contrary to what is sometimes claimed, the leading figures were English professional architects (whereas in India former soldiers or military engineers were often used) who had never worked in India. Usually they could design in both Indo-Saracenic and European styles. For example, the major buildings by Regent Alfred John Bidwell, who left his career in London at the age of 34 in 1893 to take a public appointment in Malaysia, include Kuala Lumpur's Sultan Abdul Samad Building (originally the \"Government Offices\", 1894), in a free Islamic style, perhaps more Egyptian than Mughal, and with many horseshoe arches. After moving to private practice in Singapore, Bidwell designed the thoroughly European Raffles Hotel (1899). In Singapore European styles had been the norm since the first British public building there in 1827, both copying Calcutta and reflecting a smaller proportion of Muslim Malays in the population, and the role of the city as a military and trade base. Metcalf notes that despite a large Chinese population, neither in Singapore nor in Hong Kong were public buildings with influences from Chinese architecture built in this period.[15]The Government Offices were the first major British commission in Malaya, and Bidwell had proposed a European style, but was over-ruled by C. E. Spooner, then State Engineer of the Public Works Department, a military engineer with many years experience in Ceylon, who told those assembled for the opening ceremony \"I then decided on the Mahametan style\". He did not design buildings himself, but was a key figure in approving designs. The commission brought together Spooner, A.C. Norman, Bidwell, and the newly arrived Hubback (from 1895).[16][17] The building's construction inspired additional civic buildings in the vicinity to be built in a similar style, while the style's elements would see more limited adoption among private buildings in Malaya. However artificial a creation the Malayan British Islamic style is, it is noticeable that most major public buildings survive long after Malayan independence in 1957 and the formation of Malaysia in 1963, remaining well-cared for on their prime city sites, many re-purposed as their original functions are now carried out in more modern buildings elsewhere.Ubudiah Mosque (Hubback, 1913), Kuala Kangsar, Perak\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJubilee Clock Tower in George Town, Penang\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNational Textile Museum in Kuala Lumpur, by Hubback, 1905. Originally as offices for the Federated Malay States Railways.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Old High Court Building in Kuala Lumpur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld Kuala Lumpur Town Hall, Hubback, 1896-1904\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJamek Mosque in Kuala Lumpur, by Hubback\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRailway Administration Building, Kuala Lumpur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKellie's Castle, Batu Gajah, Perak","title":"In British Malaya"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mumbai_03-2016_31_Gateway_of_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Gateway of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_of_India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_Palace.JPG"},{"link_name":"The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal_Palace_and_Tower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_Railway_HQ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Southern Railway Headquarters, Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Railway_Headquarters,_Chennai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mysore_Palace_Morning.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mysore Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Public_Hall,_Chennai.JPG"},{"link_name":"Victoria Public Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Public_Hall"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senate_House_(University_of_Madras).jpg"},{"link_name":"Senate House (University of Madras)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_House_(University_of_Madras)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mumbai_General_Post_Office.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mumbai GPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office_(Mumbai)"},{"link_name":"Gol Gumbaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol_Gumbaz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khalsacollege_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khalsa College, Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalsa_College,_Amritsar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daly_College,_Indore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daly College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daly_College"},{"link_name":"Indore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChepaukPalace1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chepauk Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepauk_Palace"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kachiguda_Railway_Station_Hyderabad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kachiguda Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachiguda_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charbagh_Lucknow_Railway_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucknow Charbagh Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow_Charbagh_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raj_Bhavan_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raj Bhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Kolkata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Howrah_Railway_Station_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Howrah Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_of_Trivandrum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kowdiar Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowdiar_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Napier_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery,_Thiruvananthapuram,_Kerala,_India.JPG"},{"link_name":"Napier Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier_Museum"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"The Gateway of India\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in Mumbai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouthern Railway Headquarters, Chennai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMysore Palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVictoria Public Hall in Chennai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSenate House (University of Madras)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMumbai GPO, reminiscent of the Gol Gumbaz\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhalsa College, Amritsar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDaly College, Indore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChepauk Palace, Chennai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKachiguda Railway Station, Hyderabad\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLucknow Charbagh Railway Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRaj Bhavan (backview), Kolkata\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHowrah Railway Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKowdiar Palace, Kerala\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNapier Museum, Kerala","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahsan_Manzil_-_Dhaka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ahsan Manzil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahsan_Manzil"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curzon_Hall_Panorama.jpg"},{"link_name":"Curzon Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curzon_Hall"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tajhat_Palace_(01).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tajhat Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajhat_Palace"},{"link_name":"Rangpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpur,_Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natore_Rajbari_MG_5104.jpg"},{"link_name":"Natore Rajbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natore_Rajbari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rose_Garden_Old_Dhaka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rose Garden Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Garden_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uttara_Ganabhaban_Natore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uttara Gonobhaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttara_Gonobhaban"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murapara_Rajbari_(Palace),_Bangladesh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Murapara Rajbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murapara_Rajbari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puthia_Palace_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Puthia Rajbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puthia_Rajbari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boro_Sardar_Bari_-_16.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Folk Arts and Crafts Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Folk_Arts_and_Crafts_Foundation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chittagong_Court_Building_Full_View.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chittagong Court Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Court_Building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dome_of_Masjid-E-Dewania.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"}],"sub_title":"Bangladesh","text":"Ahsan Manzil in Dhaka\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCurzon Hall in Dhaka\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTajhat Palace in Rangpur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNatore Rajbari\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRose Garden Palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUttara Gonobhaban\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMurapara Rajbari\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPuthia Rajbari\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBangladesh Folk Arts and Crafts Foundation\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChittagong Court Building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMasjid-e-Dewania in Chittagong","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lahore_Museum,_Lahore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lahore Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Museum"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KMC_Headoffice_day_view.JPG"},{"link_name":"Karachi Metropolitan Corporation Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Metropolitan_Corporation_Building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Punjab_university_Art_%26_Design_Dept.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of the Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sadiq_Dane_High_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sadiq Dane High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_Dane_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bahawalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahawalpur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Edward_Medical_University.jpg"},{"link_name":"King Edward Medical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Medical_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karachi_Chamber_of_Commerce.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DARBAR_MAHAL_BAHAWAL_PUR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Darbar Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbar_Mahal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Ghanta_Ghar,_Multan_-_Multan_Pakistan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Multan Clock Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanta_Ghar_(Multan)"},{"link_name":"Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindu_Gymkhana_Karachi.jpeg"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Performing_Arts"}],"sub_title":"Pakistan","text":"Lahore Museum, Lahore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKarachi Metropolitan Corporation Building, Karachi, 1927–30\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUniversity of the Punjab, Lahore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSadiq Dane High School, Bahawalpur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPatiala Block of King Edward Medical University, Lahore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKarachi Chamber of Commerce Building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDarbar Mahal, Bahawalpur\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMultan Clock Tower, Multan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNational Academy of Performing Arts, Karachi","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Sezincote_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sezincote House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezincote_House"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brighton_Royal_Pavilion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_Pavilion,_Western_Terrace,_Brighton_(IoE_Code_481454).jpg"},{"link_name":"Western Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Amon Henry Wilds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_Henry_Wilds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elephant_Tea_Rooms.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elephant Tea Rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_Tea_Rooms"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sassoon_Mausoleum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sassoon Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassoon_Mausoleum"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Sezincote House, Gloucestershire, 1805\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoyal Pavilion in Brighton, 1815–23\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWestern Pavilion in Brighton, 1828, designed by Amon Henry Wilds as his own home\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tElephant Tea Rooms, Sunderland, 1877\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSassoon Mausoleum, now a chic Brighton supper club, 1892","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SL_Colombo_asv2020-01_img22_Jami_Ul-Alfar_Mosque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jami Ul-Alfar Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami_Ul-Alfar_Mosque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Public_Library,_Jaffna.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jaffna Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna_Public_Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_tower,_Jaffna.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jaffna Clock Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna_Clock_Tower"}],"sub_title":"Sri Lanka","text":"Jami Ul-Alfar Mosque in Colombo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJaffna Public Library in Jaffna\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJaffna Clock Tower in Jaffna","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Original_Honkan_of_the_Tokyo_National_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Honkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum#Honkan_(Japanese_Gallery)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"Josiah Conder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Conder_(architect)"},{"link_name":"an earthquake in 1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palais_du_bardo_Paris.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Elsewhere","text":"Original Honkan, Tokyo National Museum, by Josiah Conder, largely destroyed by an earthquake in 1923\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalais du Bardo, parc Montsouris, Paris","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jIWr0IO9dYIC&pg=PA364"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-860678-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860678-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-deccsoudha_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Soudha: A tale of sweat and toil\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101105203919/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/soudha-tale-sweat-and-toil-093"},{"link_name":"Deccan Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/soudha-tale-sweat-and-toil-093"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-encyclopedia_msia_old_mosques_13-0"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopedia of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-encyclopedia_msia_Raj_style_17-0"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopedia of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Malaysia"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture.^ A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9.\n\n^ Das, 98\n\n^ Das, 95, 102\n\n^ Jayewardene-Pillai, 10\n\n^ Jayewardene-Pillai, 14\n\n^ Jayewardene-Pillai, 6, 14\n\n^ Das, xi\n\n^ Das, xi, xiv, 98, 101\n\n^ Das, 101–104\n\n^ \"Soudha: A tale of sweat and toil\". Deccan Chronicle. 31 October 2010. Archived from the original on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010.\n\n^ Metcalf\n\n^ Metcalf\n\n^ Mizan Hashim, David (1998). \"Indian and Mogul influences on Mosques\", The Encyclopedia of Malaysia (Architecture), p. 84–85.\n\n^ Metcalf\n\n^ Metcalf\n\n^ Metcalf\n\n^ Gullick, John Michael (1998). \"The British 'Raj' style \", The Encyclopedia of Malaysia (Architecture), p. 82–83.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0520062353","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520062353"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Revivals"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Revivals"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revivals"},{"link_name":"Historicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Revivalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement"},{"link_name":"Baroque Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neo-Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture"},{"link_name":"Carpenter Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"French Provincial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_provincial_architecture"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Greek Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neo-Grec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Grec"},{"link_name":"Mayan Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Moorish Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"New Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Classical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Châteauesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauesque"},{"link_name":"Italianate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianate_architecture"},{"link_name":"Palazzo style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_style_architecture"},{"link_name":"Rococo Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo_Revival"},{"link_name":"Romanesque Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_style"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada"},{"link_name":"Spanish Colonial Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Swiss chalet style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_chalet_style"},{"link_name":"Vernacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture"},{"link_name":"Henry II style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_style"},{"link_name":"Henry IV style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_style"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_style"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"Louis XV style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_Louis_XV"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_style"},{"link_name":"Neoclassicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism_in_France"},{"link_name":"Directoire style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directoire_style"},{"link_name":"Empire style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_style"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_style"},{"link_name":"Second Empire style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_style"},{"link_name":"Belle Époque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque"},{"link_name":"Biedermeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biedermeier"},{"link_name":"Gründerzeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit"},{"link_name":"Jugendstil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugendstil"},{"link_name":"Nazi architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_architecture"},{"link_name":"Resort style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resort_architecture"},{"link_name":"Rundbogenstil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundbogenstil"},{"link_name":"Adamesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_style"},{"link_name":"Bristol Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Edwardian Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture_in_the_British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Georgian Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Revival"},{"link_name":"Indo-Saracenic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Jacobethan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobethan"},{"link_name":"Neo-Palladian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Palladian"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture"},{"link_name":"Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_architecture"},{"link_name":"Romanesque Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Scottish Baronial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_baronial_architecture"},{"link_name":"Tudor Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Black-and-white Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Mycenaean Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Stile Umbertino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stile_Umbertino"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan"},{"link_name":"Traditionalist School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Dragon style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragestil"},{"link_name":"National Romantic style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Romantic_style"},{"link_name":"Gustavian style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavian_style"},{"link_name":"Nordic Classicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Classicism"},{"link_name":"Neo-Manueline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Manueline"},{"link_name":"Neo-Mudéjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar"},{"link_name":"Soft Portuguese style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_Portuguese_style"},{"link_name":"Zakopane Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakopane_Style"},{"link_name":"Romanian Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neo-Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_neoclassical_revival"},{"link_name":"Russian Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Stalinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinist_architecture"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Byzantine Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Neo-Mudéjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar"},{"link_name":"American Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Collegiate Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Colonial Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Dutch Colonial Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Federal style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_architecture"},{"link_name":"Greco Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco_Deco"},{"link_name":"Jeffersonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Mission Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Pueblo Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Polish cathedral style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_cathedral_style"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Richardsonian Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque"},{"link_name":"Territorial Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture"}],"text":"Metcalf, Thomas R., An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britain's Raj, 1989, University of California Press, ISBN 0520062353, 9780520062351vteHistoricism and Revivalism in architecture and decorative artsInternational\nArt Deco\nArt Nouveau\nArts and Crafts\nBaroque Revival\nBeaux-Arts\nNeo-Byzantine\nCarpenter Gothic\nEgyptian Revival\nFrench Provincial\nGothic Revival\nGreek Revival / Neo-Grec\nMayan Revival\nMoorish Revival\nNeoclassical\nNew Classical\nRenaissance Revival\nChâteauesque\nItalianate\nPalazzo style\nRococo Revival\nRomanesque Revival\nSecond Empire\nFrench\nEuropean\nNorth American\nSpanish Colonial Revival\nSwiss chalet style\nVernacular\nFrance\nHenry II style\nHenry IV style\nLouis XIII style\nLouis XIV style\nLouis XV style\nLouis XVI style\nNeoclassicism\nDirectoire style\nEmpire style\nLouis Philippe style\nSecond Empire style\nBelle Époque\nGermany, Austria-Hungary\nBiedermeier\nGründerzeit\nJugendstil\nNazi architecture\nResort style\nRundbogenstil\nGreat Britain\nAdamesque\nBristol Byzantine\nEdwardian Baroque\nEgyptian Revival\nGeorgian Revival\nIndo-Saracenic Revival\nBritish India\nJacobethan\nNeo-Palladian\nQueen Anne Revival\nRegency\nRomanesque Revival\nScottish Baronial\nTudor Revival / Black-and-white Revival\nGreece\nMycenaean Revival\nItaly\nStile Umbertino\nMilan\nNetherlands\nTraditionalist School\nNordic countries\nDragon style\nNational Romantic style\nGustavian style\nNordic Classicism\nPortugal\nNeo-Manueline\nNeo-Mudéjar\nSoft Portuguese style\nPoland\nZakopane Style\nRomania\nRomanian Revival\nRussian Empire and USSR\nNeo-Byzantine\nNeoclassical Revival\nRussian Revival\nStalinist\nSerbia\nSerbo-Byzantine Revival\nSpain\nNeo-Mudéjar\nUnited States\nAmerican Renaissance\nCollegiate Gothic\nColonial Revival\nDutch Colonial Revival\nFederal style\nGreco Deco\nJeffersonian\nMediterranean Revival\nMission Revival\nPueblo Revival\nPolish cathedral style\nQueen Anne style\nRichardsonian Romanesque\nTerritorial Revival","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"The British-era Islamia College was built in an Indo-Saracenic Revival architectural style in Peshawar, Pakistan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Islamia_College_Peshawar_2.jpg/220px-Islamia_College_Peshawar_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Rambagh Palace in Jaipur reflecting Imperial Rajasthani architecture. Early 20th-century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rambagh_Palace_view_from_garden%2C_July_2016_cropped.jpg/220px-Rambagh_Palace_view_from_garden%2C_July_2016_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aitchison College in Lahore with domed chhatris, jalis, chhajja below the balcony, and other features, reflective of Rajasthani architecture.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aitchison_Old_building_side.jpg/220px-Aitchison_Old_building_side.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vidhana Soudha, Bangalore incorporates elements of Indo-Saracenic and Dravidian styles.[10] Constructed 1951–1956.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vidhana_Souda_%2C_Bangalore.jpg/220px-Vidhana_Souda_%2C_Bangalore.jpg"},{"image_text":"The National Art Gallery (Chennai)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Egmore_Museum_building.jpeg/220px-Egmore_Museum_building.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Sultan Abdul Samad Building in Kuala Lumpur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/2016_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Budynek_Su%C5%82tana_Abdula_Samada_%2801%29.jpg/220px-2016_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Budynek_Su%C5%82tana_Abdula_Samada_%2801%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kuala Lumpur Railway Station, by Arthur Benison Hubback, 1910.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/2016_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Stacja_kolejowa_Kuala_Lumpur_%2802%29.jpg/220px-2016_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Stacja_kolejowa_Kuala_Lumpur_%2802%29.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jIWr0IO9dYIC&pg=PA364","url_text":"A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860678-9","url_text":"978-0-19-860678-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Soudha: A tale of sweat and toil\". Deccan Chronicle. 31 October 2010. Archived from the original on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101105203919/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/soudha-tale-sweat-and-toil-093","url_text":"\"Soudha: A tale of sweat and toil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle","url_text":"Deccan Chronicle"},{"url":"http://www.deccanchronicle.com/bengaluru/soudha-tale-sweat-and-toil-093","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Fursey

Saint Fursey

["1 Early life","2 Visions","3 Mission to East Anglia","4 Mission in Neustria","5 Death","6 Iconography and veneration","7 In popular culture","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]

Irish monk (c 597 to 650 AD) SaintFurseySaint Fursey and the monk; from a 14th-century manuscriptBornc. 597Died650Venerated inRoman Catholic ChurchEastern Orthodox ChurchFeast16 JanuaryAttributesdepicted with two oxen at his feet; beholding a vision of angels; gazing at the flames of purgatory and hell. Saint Fursey (also known as Fursa, Fursy, Forseus, and Furseus: died 650) was an Irish monk who did much to establish Christianity throughout the British Isles and particularly in East Anglia. He reportedly experienced angelic visions of the afterlife. Fursey is one of the Four Comely Saints. Early life He was born in the region of modern-day Connacht supposedly the son of Fintan and grandson of Finlog, pagan king of the area. His mother was Gelges, the Christian daughter of Aed-Finn, king of Connacht. He was born probably amongst the Hy-Bruin, and was baptised by St Brendan the Traveller, his father's uncle, who then ruled a monastery in the Island of Oirbsen, now called Inisquin in Lough Corrib. He was educated by St Brendan's monks, and when he became of the proper age he was inducted into the monastery at Inisquin (near Galway), under the Abbot St Meldan, his "soul-friend" (anam-chura), where he devoted himself to religious life. His great sanctity was early discerned, and there is a legend that here, through his prayers, twin children of a chieftain related to King Brendinus were raised from the dead. He built his own monastery at Killursa outside the town of Headford in modern County Galway and he became the patron saint of the Parish of Headford. Visions He was said to have been something of an ascetic, wearing thin clothing year round. Aspirants came in numbers to place themselves under his rule, but he wished to secure also some of his relatives for the new monastery. For this purpose he set out with some monks for Munster, but on coming near his father's home he was seized with an apparently mortal illness. He fell into a trance from the ninth hour of the day to cock-crow, and while in this state received the first of the ecstatic visions which have made him famous in medieval literature. In this vision were revealed to him the state of man in sin, the beauty of virtue. He heard the angelic choirs singing "the saints shall go from virtue to virtue, the God of Gods will appear in Sion." An injunction was laid on him by the two angels who appeared to restore him to his body to become a more zealous labourer for the Lord. Three nights later, the ecstasy was renewed. He was taken to the heavens by three angels who contended six times with demons for his soul. He saw the fires of hell, the strife of demons, and then heard the angel hosts sing in four choirs "Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts." Among the spirits of those just made perfect he recognized Saints Meldan and Beoan. They entertained him with much spiritual instruction concerning the duties of ecclesiastics and monks, the dreadful effects of pride and disobedience, and the heinousness of spiritual and internal sins. They also predicted famine and pestilence. As he returned through the fire the demon hurled a tortured sinner at him, burning him, and the angel of the Lord said to him, "Because thou didst receive the mantle of this man when dying in his sin the fire consuming him hath scarred thy body also." Fursey's body bore the mark from that day forward. Exactly twelve months later he received a third vision. This time, the angel remained with him a whole day, instructed him for his preaching, and prescribed for him twelve years of apostolic labour. This he faithfully fulfilled in Ireland, and then stripping himself of all earthly goods he retired for a time to a small island in the ocean. After some years he founded a monastery at Rathmat on the shore of Lough Corrib which Colgan identifies as Killursa, in the deanery of Annadown. His brothers Foillan and Ultan then joined the community at Rathmat, but Fursey seems to have renounced the administration of the monastery and to have devoted himself to preaching throughout the land, frequently exorcising evil spirits. Mission to East Anglia Fursey was the first recorded Irish missionary to Anglo-Saxon England. He arrived in East Anglia with his brothers, Foillan and Ultan, during the 630s shortly before St Aidan founded his monastery on Holy Island. The conversion of the Kingdom of East Anglia to Christianity began under Raedwald, but halted with the martyrdom of Raedwald's successor, his son Eorpwald. Sigeberht of East Anglia was already Christian when he took the throne around 630. By 633, Sigeberht of East Anglia had established the first East Anglian bishopric at Dommoc and appointed a Burgundian Bishop named Felix. When Fursey arrived with his brothers Foillan and Ultan, as well as other brethren, bearing the relics of Saints Meldan and Beoan, he had been welcomed by the king, who gave him land to establish an abbey at Cnobheresburg, where there was an abandoned Roman fort, traditionally identified with Burgh Castle in Norfolk. Here he laboured for some years converting the Picts and Saxons. After Sigeberht was slain by an army led by Penda of Mercia, it is recorded that his successor King Anna of East Anglia, and his nobles, further endowed the monastery at Cnobheresburg. Three miracles are recorded of Fursey's life in this monastery. He then retired for a year to live with Ultan the life of an anchorite. However, as great numbers continued to visit him, and as war threatened in East Anglia, he left Foillan as abbot and proceeded to Lagny, in France around 644. monument to St. Fursey, Bellefontaine Mission in Neustria He arrived in France in 648. Passing through Ponthieu, in a village near Mézerolles he found grief and lamentation on all sides, for the only son of Duke Hayson, the lord of that area, was dead. At the prayer of Fursey the body was restored. Pursuing his journey to Neustria he cured many infirmities on the way. He converted a robber, who had attacked the monks in a wood near Corbie, and his family through miracles. He also cured the inhospitable worldling Ermelinda, who had refused to harbour the weary travellers. His fame preceded him to Péronne, where he was joyfully received by Erchinoald, and through his prayers obtained the reprieve of six criminals. He was offered any site in the king's dominions for a monastery. He selected Latiniacum (Lagny), close to Chelles and about six miles from Paris, a spot beside the Marne, at that time covered with shady woods and abounding in fruitful vineyards. Here he built his monastery and three chapels, one dedicated to Jesus Christ the Saviour, one to St Peter, and the third, an unpretending structure, was later dedicated to St Fursey himself. Many of his Irish countrymen were attracted to his rule at Lagny, including Emilian, Eloquius, Mombulus, Adalgisius, Etto, Bertuin, Fredegand, Lactan, and Malguil. His journeys continued and many churches in Picardy are dedicated to him. He received some premonitions of his end, and set out to visit his brothers Foillan and Ultan who had by this time recruited the scattered monks of Cnobheresburg and re-established that monastery. Death He died about 650 at Mézerolles while on a journey. The village was for some time called Forsheim, which translated as the house of Fursey. He was buried in a church (built specially by Earconwald) in Péronne which has claimed him as patron ever since. Many unusual events attended the transmission of his remains, and his body was eventually buried in the portico of the church of St Peter where Fursey had earlier placed the relics of Saints Meldan and Beoan. His body lay unburied for thirty days pending the dedication of the church, and was during that time visited by pilgrims from all parts, incorrupt and emitting a sweet odour. At the end of that time, it was buried near the altar of the church. Four years later, on 9 February, his remains were moved from their earlier location by Saint Eligius, Bishop of Noyon, and Cuthbert, Bishop of Cambrai, to a new chapel specifically built to hold the remains to the east of the main altar. The city would later become a great centre of devotion to him. Iconography and veneration In art St Fursey is represented with two oxen at his feet in commemoration of the prodigy by which, according to legend, Erkinoald's claim to his body was made good; or he is represented striking water from the soil at Lagny with the point of his staff; or beholding a vision of angels, or gazing at the flames of purgatory and hell. It is disputed whether he was a bishop; he may have been a chorepiscopus. A litany attributed to him is among the manuscripts in Trinity College Dublin. An Irish prophecy is attributed to him by Harris. His feast day is 16 January. In popular culture James Joyce mentions S. Fursa in his book Ulysses, among a list of mostly Irish heroes and heroines. The Unfortunate Fursey, a popular comic novel by Mervyn Wall describes the saint as a hapless poor soul tormented by visions of buxom women of a type that could only be imagined by the sex-starved Irish ecclesiastics, and bargaining with demons to escape the torments of religion. References ^ January 29 / January 16. https://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/htc/orthodox-calendar/ ^ a b c "Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Fursey". Newadvent.org. 1 September 1909. Retrieved 1 March 2015. ^ a b "St Fursey". Cathedral.org.uk. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015. ^ The fort at Burgh Castle was excavated by Charles Green during 1958-61. In a detailed report written by the Norfolk Museums Service in 1983, in East Anglian Archaeology, volume 20, the establishment of a monastic settlement in Burgh Castle has been disputed. ^ "St. Fursey". Libraryireland.com. Retrieved 1 March 2015. ^ a b "Who Was Fursey". Furseypilgrims.co.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2015. ^ "Daily Liturgical Calendar 2006". National Centre for Liturgy. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2006. ^ Temple, Emily (28 July 2012). "15 of the Greatest Lists in Literature – Flavorwire". Flavorwire.com. Retrieved 18 July 2014. Bibliography Ann Williams, Alfred P. Smyth and D. P. Kirby (1991). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. Seaby. ISBN 1-85264-047-2 Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4. Buckley, Ann. 'Nobilitate vigens Furseus'. The Medieval Office of St Fursey. Norwich: Fursey Pilgrims, 2014. ISBN 0 9544773 6 7 Dahl, L. H., The Roman Camp and the Irish Saint at Burgh Castle (Jarrold, London 1913). Plunkett, S. J., Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times (Tempus, Stroud 2005). ISBN 0-7524-3139-0 Rackham, O., Transitus Beati Fursei - A Translation of the 8th Century Manuscript Life of Saint Fursey (Fursey Pilgrims, Norwich 2007) Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Fursey" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. External links Fursa 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England The Passage (Life) of Fursei: 2015 Critical Translation with Audio Drama at biblicalaudio Bibliography on the Vision of Furseus. Fursey Pilgrims - The Fursey Pilgrims are an ecumenical group of Christians spanning a wide range of Christian traditions and who are "united in regarding Fursey as their Father in the Faith". San Fursa Lalley.com Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States

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Fursey is one of the Four Comely Saints.","title":"Saint Fursey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht"},{"link_name":"Connacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connacht"},{"link_name":"Brendan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator"},{"link_name":"Inisquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchagoill"},{"link_name":"Lough Corrib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Corrib"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mulcahy-2"},{"link_name":"Killursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killursa"},{"link_name":"Headford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headford"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"}],"text":"He was born in the region of modern-day Connacht supposedly the son of Fintan and grandson of Finlog, pagan king of the area. His mother was Gelges, the Christian daughter of Aed-Finn, king of Connacht. He was born probably amongst the Hy-Bruin, and was baptised by St Brendan the Traveller, his father's uncle, who then ruled a monastery in the Island of Oirbsen, now called Inisquin in Lough Corrib. He was educated by St Brendan's monks, and when he became of the proper age he was inducted into the monastery at Inisquin (near Galway), under the Abbot St Meldan, his \"soul-friend\" (anam-chura), where he devoted himself to religious life. His great sanctity was early discerned, and there is a legend that here, through his prayers, twin children of a chieftain related to King Brendinus were raised from the dead.[2] He built his own monastery at Killursa outside the town of Headford in modern County Galway and he became the patron saint of the Parish of Headford.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mulcahy-2"},{"link_name":"hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"},{"link_name":"Meldan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldan"},{"link_name":"Beoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beoan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mulcahy-2"},{"link_name":"Lough Corrib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Corrib"},{"link_name":"deanery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery"},{"link_name":"Annadown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaghdown"},{"link_name":"Foillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foillan"},{"link_name":"Ultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Ultan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He was said to have been something of an ascetic, wearing thin clothing year round. Aspirants came in numbers to place themselves under his rule, but he wished to secure also some of his relatives for the new monastery. For this purpose he set out with some monks for Munster, but on coming near his father's home he was seized with an apparently mortal illness. He fell into a trance from the ninth hour of the day to cock-crow, and while in this state received the first of the ecstatic visions which have made him famous in medieval literature.[2]In this vision were revealed to him the state of man in sin, the beauty of virtue. He heard the angelic choirs singing \"the saints shall go from virtue to virtue, the God of Gods will appear in Sion.\" An injunction was laid on him by the two angels who appeared to restore him to his body to become a more zealous labourer for the Lord. Three nights later, the ecstasy was renewed. He was taken to the heavens by three angels who contended six times with demons for his soul. He saw the fires of hell, the strife of demons, and then heard the angel hosts sing in four choirs \"Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts.\" Among the spirits of those just made perfect he recognized Saints Meldan and Beoan. They entertained him with much spiritual instruction concerning the duties of ecclesiastics and monks, the dreadful effects of pride and disobedience, and the heinousness of spiritual and internal sins. They also predicted famine and pestilence. As he returned through the fire the demon hurled a tortured sinner at him, burning him, and the angel of the Lord said to him, \"Because thou didst receive the mantle of this man when dying in his sin the fire consuming him hath scarred thy body also.\" Fursey's body bore the mark from that day forward. Exactly twelve months later he received a third vision. This time, the angel remained with him a whole day, instructed him for his preaching, and prescribed for him twelve years of apostolic labour. This he faithfully fulfilled in Ireland, and then stripping himself of all earthly goods he retired for a time to a small island in the ocean.[2]After some years he founded a monastery at Rathmat on the shore of Lough Corrib which Colgan identifies as Killursa, in the deanery of Annadown. His brothers Foillan and Ultan then joined the community at Rathmat, but Fursey seems to have renounced the administration of the monastery and to have devoted himself to preaching throughout the land, frequently exorcising evil spirits.[citation needed]","title":"Visions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norwich-3"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Raedwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raedwald_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Eorpwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eorpwald_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Sigeberht of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigeberht_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Sigeberht of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigeberht_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Dommoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dommoc"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norwich-3"},{"link_name":"Cnobheresburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnobheresburg"},{"link_name":"Burgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh_Castle"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Penda of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penda_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Anna of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"anchorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorite"},{"link_name":"abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belfontinne-dil%C3%A9-Bive_monumint_Sint-Furzi.jpg"}],"text":"Fursey was the first recorded Irish missionary to Anglo-Saxon England. He arrived in East Anglia with his brothers, Foillan and Ultan, during the 630s shortly before St Aidan founded his monastery on Holy Island.[3]The conversion of the Kingdom of East Anglia to Christianity began under Raedwald, but halted with the martyrdom of Raedwald's successor, his son Eorpwald. Sigeberht of East Anglia was already Christian when he took the throne around 630. By 633, Sigeberht of East Anglia had established the first East Anglian bishopric at Dommoc and appointed a Burgundian Bishop named Felix.[3]When Fursey arrived with his brothers Foillan and Ultan, as well as other brethren, bearing the relics of Saints Meldan and Beoan, he had been welcomed by the king, who gave him land to establish an abbey at Cnobheresburg, where there was an abandoned Roman fort, traditionally identified with Burgh Castle in Norfolk.[4]Here he laboured for some years converting the Picts and Saxons. After Sigeberht was slain by an army led by Penda of Mercia, it is recorded that his successor King Anna of East Anglia, and his nobles, further endowed the monastery at Cnobheresburg. Three miracles are recorded of Fursey's life in this monastery. He then retired for a year to live with Ultan the life of an anchorite. However, as great numbers continued to visit him, and as war threatened in East Anglia, he left Foillan as abbot and proceeded to Lagny, in France around 644.[5]monument to St. Fursey, Bellefontaine","title":"Mission to East Anglia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Ponthieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponthieu"},{"link_name":"Mézerolles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9zerolles"},{"link_name":"Neustria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustria"},{"link_name":"Corbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbie"},{"link_name":"Péronne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Erchinoald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erchinoald"},{"link_name":"Lagny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagny-sur-Marne"},{"link_name":"Chelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelles,_Seine-et-Marne"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne_(river)"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ the Saviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"St Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pilgrims-6"}],"text":"He arrived in France in 648. Passing through Ponthieu, in a village near Mézerolles he found grief and lamentation on all sides, for the only son of Duke Hayson, the lord of that area, was dead. At the prayer of Fursey the body was restored. Pursuing his journey to Neustria he cured many infirmities on the way. He converted a robber, who had attacked the monks in a wood near Corbie, and his family through miracles. He also cured the inhospitable worldling Ermelinda, who had refused to harbour the weary travellers. His fame preceded him to Péronne, where he was joyfully received by Erchinoald, and through his prayers obtained the reprieve of six criminals. He was offered any site in the king's dominions for a monastery. He selected Latiniacum (Lagny), close to Chelles and about six miles from Paris, a spot beside the Marne, at that time covered with shady woods and abounding in fruitful vineyards. Here he built his monastery and three chapels, one dedicated to Jesus Christ the Saviour, one to St Peter, and the third, an unpretending structure, was later dedicated to St Fursey himself. Many of his Irish countrymen were attracted to his rule at Lagny, including Emilian, Eloquius, Mombulus, Adalgisius, Etto, Bertuin, Fredegand, Lactan, and Malguil.His journeys continued and many churches in Picardy are dedicated to him.[6] He received some premonitions of his end, and set out to visit his brothers Foillan and Ultan who had by this time recruited the scattered monks of Cnobheresburg and re-established that monastery.","title":"Mission in Neustria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mézerolles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9zerolles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pilgrims-6"},{"link_name":"portico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"sweet odour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odour_of_Sanctity"},{"link_name":"Saint Eligius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Eligius"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Noyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Noyon"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Cambrai"}],"text":"He died about 650 at Mézerolles while on a journey. The village was for some time called Forsheim, which translated as the house of Fursey. He was buried in a church (built specially by Earconwald) in Péronne which has claimed him as patron ever since.[6] Many unusual events attended the transmission of his remains, and his body was eventually buried in the portico of the church of St Peter where Fursey had earlier placed the relics of Saints Meldan and Beoan. His body lay unburied for thirty days pending the dedication of the church, and was during that time visited by pilgrims from all parts, incorrupt and emitting a sweet odour. At the end of that time, it was buried near the altar of the church. Four years later, on 9 February, his remains were moved from their earlier location by Saint Eligius, Bishop of Noyon, and Cuthbert, Bishop of Cambrai, to a new chapel specifically built to hold the remains to the east of the main altar. The city would later become a great centre of devotion to him.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"purgatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory"},{"link_name":"chorepiscopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorepiscopus"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In art St Fursey is represented with two oxen at his feet in commemoration of the prodigy by which, according to legend, Erkinoald's claim to his body was made good; or he is represented striking water from the soil at Lagny with the point of his staff; or beholding a vision of angels, or gazing at the flames of purgatory and hell. It is disputed whether he was a bishop; he may have been a chorepiscopus. A litany attributed to him is among the manuscripts in Trinity College Dublin. An Irish prophecy is attributed to him by Harris. His feast day is 16 January.[7]","title":"Iconography and veneration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mervyn Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_Wall"}],"text":"James Joyce mentions S. Fursa in his book Ulysses, among a list of mostly Irish heroes and heroines.[8]\nThe Unfortunate Fursey, a popular comic novel by Mervyn Wall describes the saint as a hapless poor soul tormented by visions of buxom women of a type that could only be imagined by the sex-starved Irish ecclesiastics, and bargaining with demons to escape the torments of religion.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85264-047-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85264-047-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-051312-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051312-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0 9544773 6 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B9544773%2B6%2B7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7524-3139-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-3139-0"},{"link_name":"\"St. Fursey\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Fursey"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"}],"text":"Ann Williams, Alfred P. Smyth and D. P. Kirby (1991). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. Seaby. ISBN 1-85264-047-2\nAttwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4.\nBuckley, Ann. 'Nobilitate vigens Furseus'. The Medieval Office of St Fursey. Norwich: Fursey Pilgrims, 2014. ISBN 0 9544773 6 7\nDahl, L. H., The Roman Camp and the Irish Saint at Burgh Castle (Jarrold, London 1913).\nPlunkett, S. J., Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times (Tempus, Stroud 2005). ISBN 0-7524-3139-0\nRackham, O., Transitus Beati Fursei - A Translation of the 8th Century Manuscript Life of Saint Fursey (Fursey Pilgrims, Norwich 2007)\nHerbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"St. Fursey\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","title":"Bibliography"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Fursey\". Newadvent.org. 1 September 1909. Retrieved 1 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06324d.htm","url_text":"\"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Fursey\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Fursey\". Cathedral.org.uk. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cathedral.org.uk/historyheritage/historical-characters-linked-in-people-s-minds.aspx","url_text":"\"St Fursey\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Fursey\". Libraryireland.com. Retrieved 1 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.libraryireland.com/HistoryIreland/St-Fursey.php","url_text":"\"St. Fursey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who Was Fursey\". Furseypilgrims.co.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.furseypilgrims.co.uk/fursey.htm","url_text":"\"Who Was Fursey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daily Liturgical Calendar 2006\". National Centre for Liturgy. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929012146/http://www.liturgy-ireland.ie/webpage%20for%20calendar2006.htm","url_text":"\"Daily Liturgical Calendar 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.liturgy-ireland.ie/webpage%20for%20calendar2006.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Temple, Emily (28 July 2012). \"15 of the Greatest Lists in Literature – Flavorwire\". Flavorwire.com. Retrieved 18 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flavorwire.com/313307/15-of-the-greatest-lists-in-literature#4","url_text":"\"15 of the Greatest Lists in Literature – Flavorwire\""}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"St. Fursey\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Fursey","url_text":"\"St. Fursey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/htc/orthodox-calendar/","external_links_name":"https://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/htc/orthodox-calendar/"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06324d.htm","external_links_name":"\"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Fursey\""},{"Link":"http://www.cathedral.org.uk/historyheritage/historical-characters-linked-in-people-s-minds.aspx","external_links_name":"\"St Fursey\""},{"Link":"http://www.libraryireland.com/HistoryIreland/St-Fursey.php","external_links_name":"\"St. Fursey\""},{"Link":"http://www.furseypilgrims.co.uk/fursey.htm","external_links_name":"\"Who Was Fursey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929012146/http://www.liturgy-ireland.ie/webpage%20for%20calendar2006.htm","external_links_name":"\"Daily Liturgical Calendar 2006\""},{"Link":"http://www.liturgy-ireland.ie/webpage%20for%20calendar2006.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.flavorwire.com/313307/15-of-the-greatest-lists-in-literature#4","external_links_name":"\"15 of the Greatest Lists in Literature – Flavorwire\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Fursey","external_links_name":"\"St. Fursey\""},{"Link":"http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=1673","external_links_name":"Fursa 1"},{"Link":"http://www.biblicalaudio.com/fursei.htm","external_links_name":"The Passage (Life) of Fursei: 2015 Critical Translation with Audio Drama"},{"Link":"http://www.hell-on-line.org/BibJC2.html#BibFurseus","external_links_name":"Bibliography on the Vision of Furseus"},{"Link":"http://www.furseypilgrims.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Fursey Pilgrims"},{"Link":"http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92666","external_links_name":"San Fursa"},{"Link":"http://www.lalley.com/fursa2.htm","external_links_name":"Lalley.com"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/62940412","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/143990667","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84037471","external_links_name":"United States"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover_Vampyr

Hannover H 1 Vampyr

["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Variants","4 Specifications (1921 version)","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]

German single-seat glider, 1921 Vampyr The Vampyr exhibited in the Deutsches Museum, Munich. It has the 1922 wing warping tips and the 1923 extended rudder. Role GliderType of aircraft National origin Germany Manufacturer Hannoversche Waggonfabrik (HaWa) Designer Georg Hans Madelung First flight 1921 Number built 1 The Hannover H.1 Vampyr (known in Germany as the HaWa Vampyr) was a German glider designed by Georg Madelung for the 1921 Rhön gliding competition, which was held at the Wasserkuppe from 8 August to 25 August 1921. The Vampyr is believed to be the first heavier than air aircraft to use stressed skin. Several historical societies have argued that the aircraft is the precursor of all modern sailplanes. Design and development The Vampyr was designed by Georg Hans Madelung, a lecturer at the aerotechnical institute of Leibniz University Hannover, along with students at his university, working under the supervision of Professor Arthur Proell. The aircraft, built at the Hannoverische Waggonfabrik (HaWa) workshops using wood as the primary material, was simple in appearance, but the Vampyr heralded the structural techniques that were to become commonplace as the sport of gliding progressed:Box framed fuselage covered with plywood as a stressed skin, three piece wings with detachable outer panels, a torsion box leading edge, and an enclosed cockpit (only the pilots head was exposed). The most innovative part of the aircraft was its wing. The majority of gliders at this time were monoplanes, and it was becoming appreciated that better performance in terms of glide ratio would come with higher aspect ratio. Long wings were vulnerable to torsional flexing and so most used two spar designs. The Vampyr's designers used a single spar and stabilized the wing with ply covering forward of the spar around the leading edge. This formed a torsion resisting D-box and was probably the first use of stressed skin on any aircraft apart from airships. Behind the spar the wing was fabric covered. It was built in three parts, a rectangular centre section and two tapered outer panels bearing ailerons. By 1922 these had been replaced by parallel, swept sections with provision for wing warping. The strength of the wing, mounted on top of the fuselage, required only short lift struts between the spar and fuselage. The pilot sat under the wing leading edge in an open cockpit; forward of the wing extra fuselage panels gave the fuselage a hexagonal cross-section. Three balls, one in the nose and two side by side under mid-wing formed the undercarriage. Flying controls were essentially conventional with fin, rudder, all-flying tailplane, and ailerons on the outer panels on the 1921 version. For the 1922 competition outer panels of increased area and wing-warping control were introduced. Operational history Vampyr replica at the Deutsches Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug (German Glider Museum) Wasserkuppe The Vampyr, commemorated in a 1979 West German postage stamp, showing the 1922 warping wing and the 1923 extended rudder The Vampyr was built specifically to compete in the 1921 Rhön Gliding competition at the Wasserkuppe. Arriving late with only three flying days remaining the Vampyr, given the entry number of 45and flying marking I, flown by Arthur Martens, soon demonstrated superior performance over the competition. Several long glides were carried out, unfortunately some long duration flights, which could have taken the first prize, were shortened due to Martens circling. No soaring was witnessed on competition flights, with the exception of the short tragic flight of Leusch in the Weltensegler. Unfortunately the Vampyr suffered a launch accident on its last launch in the competition, which resulted in other gliders overtaking it on the leader board. Despite the set-back the Vampyr still managed to earn some plaudits: 3rd prize, of 2,000 Marks, for lowest mean sinking speed. 2nd prize, of 3,000 Marks, for the longest distance covered. The Kyffhauser-Flugspende, Frankenhausen Wing prize of 1,000 Marks. Highest co-efficient of glide (sic) prize of 15,000 Marks. After the competition ended, several gliders stayed behind to hone their skills including the Vampyr, which was swiftly repaired after its launching accident. In early September the Vampyr made a 7.5 kilometre flight but still without soaring. The Vampyr continued flying after the 1921 competition and appeared at the 1922 Rhön competition with redesigned outer wing panels of greater area featuring wing warping instead of ailerons for roll control. At the 1922 competition steadily improving flights resulted in a flight time of 3hrs 10 min was recorded at an altitude of 350 m (1,150 ft) on 19 August 1922, flown by Frederick Hentzen. Refined developments named Strolch and Moritz were developed by Karl Bremer for Arthur Martens and flown in subsequent Rhön Gliding competitions. Today the sole Vampyr resides on display in the Deutsches Museum München (German Museum, Munich). A replica is also on display at the Deutsches Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug (German Glider Museum) at the Wasserkuppe. Variants Hannover H1 Vampyr (1921) The initial version of the Vampyr entered in the 1921 gliding competition at the Wasserkuppe. Hannover H1 Vampyr (1922) The Vampyr refined with greater wing area and wing warping in lieu of ailerons. Flown with success at the 1922 Rhön competition. Akaflieg Hannover Strolch Built by Karl Bremer the Strolch was essentially an upgraded Vampyr with greater span /aspect ratio, built for Arthur Martens. Continued the success of the Vampyr at the 1923, 1924 and 1925 Rhön competitions, until it was destroyed early in the 1925 competition after spinning in when being flown by Karl Bedall. Akaflieg Hannover Moritz A sister copy of the Vampyr with the long span wings and aileron controls. Marten won the 1925 competition flying the Moritz and went on to set a new duration record in the Crimea that year by flying for over 12 hours. Specifications (1921 version) The 1921 version Data from Sailplanes 1920-1945; Performance, Deutsches MuseumGeneral characteristics Crew: One Length: 5.54 m (18 ft 2 in) Wingspan: 12.60 m (41 ft 4 in) Wing area: 16.0 m2 (172 sq ft) Aspect ratio: 9.95 Airfoil: Göttingen 441 (Gŏttingen 482) Empty weight: 120 kg (265 lb) Gross weight: 210 kg (463 lb) Performance Rate of sink: 0.75 m/s (148 ft/min) approximately Lift-to-drag: best about 16 Wing loading: 12 kg/m2 (2.5 lb/sq ft) See also List of gliders References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Simons, Martin (2006). Sailplanes 1920-1945 (2nd revised ed.). Königswinter: EQIP Werbung und Verlag G.m.b.H. ISBN 978-3-9806773-4-9. ^ a b c d e Hoff, Wilhelm (June 1922). Technical memorandum No. 100, Rhön Soaring Flight Competition, 1921 (PDF). Washington D.C.: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Retrieved 19 August 2015. ^ Selinger, hrsg. vom Vorstand der Stiftung Deutsches Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug, Wasserkuppe/Rhön. . Peter F. (2004). Segelflugzeug-Geschichten : die Gleit- und Segelflugzeuge des Deutschen Segelflugmuseums mit Modellflug auf der Wasserkuppe (in German). Gersfeld/Rhön: Vorstand der Stiftung Dt. Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug. ISBN 3-00-011649-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b "Vampyr "Hannover"" (in German). German Sailplane Museum. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2010. ^ a b "Strolch". j2mcl-planeurs.net. 2011-03-28. Retrieved 2011-01-07. ^ a b "Moritz". j2mcl-planeurs.net. 2011-03-28. Retrieved 2011-01-07. ^ "Gŏttingen 482". Retrieved 19 August 2015. Bibliography Lemke, Frank-Dieter; Jacob, Rolf (2011). "The academic flying groups in Germany until 1945 part 2". Fliegerrevue Extra (in German) (32): 60. "Akaflieg Hannover Vampyr, 1921" (in German). Munich: Deutsches Museum. Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2010. "The Hannover glider". Flight. Vol. XIV, no. 35. 31 August 1922. pp. 499–501. "German gliders". Flight. Vol. XIV, no. 36. 31 August 1922. pp. 454–6. "The 1925 Vauville meeting". Flight. Vol. XVII, no. 33. 13 August 1925. p. 523. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hannover Vampyr. Deutsches Museum Akaflieg Hannover Segelflug Museum Vampyr 1921 Vampyr 1922 Strolch Moritz Göttingen 441 airfoil vteAkaflieg Hannover aircraft Vampyr Greif H 3 H 4 H 5 Pelikan H7 Phönix Schnecke AFH 2 AFH 3 AFH 4 AFH 5 AFH 6 AFH 8 AFH 10 AFH 11 AFH 17 AFH 21 AFH 22 AFH 24 AFH 26 Moritz Spatz Strolch vteHannoversche aircraft C.I CL.II CL.III CL.IV CL.V F.3 F.6 F.10 F.12 Vampyr

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)"},{"link_name":"Wasserkuppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserkuppe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NACA-2"},{"link_name":"stressed skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stressed_skin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSM1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSM2-4"}],"text":"The Hannover H.1 Vampyr (known in Germany as the HaWa Vampyr) was a German glider designed by Georg Madelung for the 1921 Rhön gliding competition, which was held at the Wasserkuppe from 8 August to 25 August 1921.[2] The Vampyr is believed to be the first heavier than air aircraft to use stressed skin.[1] Several historical societies have argued that the aircraft is the precursor of all modern sailplanes.[3][4]","title":"Hannover H 1 Vampyr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georg Hans Madelung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hans_Madelung"},{"link_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_University_Hannover"},{"link_name":"Professor Arthur Proell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professor_Arthur_Proell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hannoverische Waggonfabrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannoverische_Waggonfabrik"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"monoplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplanes"},{"link_name":"glide ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_ratio"},{"link_name":"aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(wing)"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"leading edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge"},{"link_name":"stressed skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stressed_skin"},{"link_name":"airships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"wing warping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_warping"},{"link_name":"lift struts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_strut"},{"link_name":"cockpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit"},{"link_name":"undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"}],"text":"The Vampyr was designed by Georg Hans Madelung, a lecturer at the aerotechnical institute of Leibniz University Hannover, along with students at his university, working under the supervision of Professor Arthur Proell. The aircraft, built at the Hannoverische Waggonfabrik (HaWa) workshops using wood as the primary material, was simple in appearance, but the Vampyr heralded the structural techniques that were to become commonplace as the sport of gliding progressed:Box framed fuselage covered with plywood as a stressed skin, three piece wings with detachable outer panels, a torsion box leading edge, and an enclosed cockpit (only the pilots head was exposed).[1]The most innovative part of the aircraft was its wing. The majority of gliders at this time were monoplanes, and it was becoming appreciated that better performance in terms of glide ratio would come with higher aspect ratio. Long wings were vulnerable to torsional flexing and so most used two spar designs. The Vampyr's designers used a single spar and stabilized the wing with ply covering forward of the spar around the leading edge. This formed a torsion resisting D-box and was probably the first use of stressed skin on any aircraft apart from airships.[1]Behind the spar the wing was fabric covered. It was built in three parts, a rectangular centre section and two tapered outer panels bearing ailerons. By 1922 these had been replaced by parallel, swept sections with provision for wing warping. The strength of the wing, mounted on top of the fuselage, required only short lift struts between the spar and fuselage. The pilot sat under the wing leading edge in an open cockpit; forward of the wing extra fuselage panels gave the fuselage a hexagonal cross-section. Three balls, one in the nose and two side by side under mid-wing formed the undercarriage.[1]Flying controls were essentially conventional with fin, rudder, all-flying tailplane, and ailerons on the outer panels on the 1921 version. For the 1922 competition outer panels of increased area and wing-warping control were introduced.[1]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HAWA_Vampyr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Segelflugmuseum_mit_Modellflug"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamps_of_Germany_(Berlin)_1979,_MiNr_592.jpg"},{"link_name":"West German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_German"},{"link_name":"postage stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamp"},{"link_name":"Wasserkuppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserkuppe"},{"link_name":"Weltensegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltensegler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NACA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NACA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NACA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NACA-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"Frederick Hentzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Hentzen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Museum"},{"link_name":"München","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Segelflugmuseum_mit_Modellflug"}],"text":"Vampyr replica at the Deutsches Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug (German Glider Museum) WasserkuppeThe Vampyr, commemorated in a 1979 West German postage stamp, showing the 1922 warping wing and the 1923 extended rudderThe Vampyr was built specifically to compete in the 1921 Rhön Gliding competition at the Wasserkuppe. Arriving late with only three flying days remaining the Vampyr, given the entry number of 45and flying marking I, flown by Arthur Martens, soon demonstrated superior performance over the competition. Several long glides were carried out, unfortunately some long duration flights, which could have taken the first prize, were shortened due to Martens circling. No soaring was witnessed on competition flights, with the exception of the short tragic flight of Leusch in the Weltensegler.[1]Unfortunately the Vampyr suffered a launch accident on its last launch in the competition, which resulted in other gliders overtaking it on the leader board. Despite the set-back the Vampyr still managed to earn some plaudits:3rd prize, of 2,000 Marks, for lowest mean sinking speed.[2]\n2nd prize, of 3,000 Marks, for the longest distance covered.[2]\nThe Kyffhauser-Flugspende, Frankenhausen Wing prize of 1,000 Marks.[2]\nHighest co-efficient of glide (sic) prize of 15,000 Marks.[2]After the competition ended, several gliders stayed behind to hone their skills including the Vampyr, which was swiftly repaired after its launching accident. In early September the Vampyr made a 7.5 kilometre flight but still without soaring.[1]The Vampyr continued flying after the 1921 competition and appeared at the 1922 Rhön competition with redesigned outer wing panels of greater area featuring wing warping instead of ailerons for roll control.[1] At the 1922 competition steadily improving flights resulted in a flight time of 3hrs 10 min was recorded at an altitude of 350 m (1,150 ft) on 19 August 1922, flown by Frederick Hentzen.Refined developments named Strolch and Moritz were developed by Karl Bremer for Arthur Martens and flown in subsequent Rhön Gliding competitions.Today the sole Vampyr resides on display in the Deutsches Museum München (German Museum, Munich). A replica is also on display at the Deutsches Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug (German Glider Museum) at the Wasserkuppe.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strolch-5"},{"link_name":"Karl Bedall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Bedall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strolch-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moritz-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moritz-6"}],"text":"Hannover H1 Vampyr (1921)[1]\nThe initial version of the Vampyr entered in the 1921 gliding competition at the Wasserkuppe.[1]Hannover H1 Vampyr (1922)[1]\nThe Vampyr refined with greater wing area and wing warping in lieu of ailerons. Flown with success at the 1922 Rhön competition.[1]Akaflieg Hannover Strolch[1][5]\nBuilt by Karl Bremer the Strolch was essentially an upgraded Vampyr with greater span /aspect ratio, built for Arthur Martens. Continued the success of the Vampyr at the 1923, 1924 and 1925 Rhön competitions, until it was destroyed early in the 1925 competition after spinning in when being flown by Karl Bedall.[1][5]Akaflieg Hannover Moritz[1][6]\nA sister copy of the Vampyr with the long span wings and aileron controls. Marten won the 1925 competition flying the Moritz and went on to set a new duration record in the Crimea that year by flying for over 12 hours.[1][6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akaflieg_Hannover_Vampyr,_1921.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920-1945-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSM2-4"},{"link_name":"Aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-illinois.edu-7"}],"text":"The 1921 versionData from Sailplanes 1920-1945;[1] Performance, Deutsches Museum[4]General characteristicsCrew: One\nLength: 5.54 m (18 ft 2 in)\nWingspan: 12.60 m (41 ft 4 in)\nWing area: 16.0 m2 (172 sq ft)\nAspect ratio: 9.95\nAirfoil: Göttingen 441 (Gŏttingen 482[7])\nEmpty weight: 120 kg (265 lb)\nGross weight: 210 kg (463 lb)PerformanceRate of sink: 0.75 m/s (148 ft/min) approximately\nLift-to-drag: best about 16\nWing loading: 12 kg/m2 (2.5 lb/sq ft)","title":"Specifications (1921 version)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Akaflieg Hannover Vampyr, 1921\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20121210185330/http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/verkehr/luftfahrt/segelflugzeuge/vampyr/"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Museum"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/verkehr/luftfahrt/segelflugzeuge/vampyr/"},{"link_name":"\"The Hannover glider\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1922/1922%20-%200499.html"},{"link_name":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International"},{"link_name":"\"German gliders\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1922/1922%20-%200546.html"},{"link_name":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International"},{"link_name":"\"The 1925 Vauville meeting\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1925/1925%20-%200523.html"},{"link_name":"Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International"}],"text":"Lemke, Frank-Dieter; Jacob, Rolf (2011). \"The academic flying groups in Germany until 1945 part 2\". Fliegerrevue Extra (in German) (32): 60.\n\"Akaflieg Hannover Vampyr, 1921\" (in German). Munich: Deutsches Museum. Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2010.\n\"The Hannover glider\". Flight. Vol. XIV, no. 35. 31 August 1922. pp. 499–501.\n\"German gliders\". Flight. Vol. XIV, no. 36. 31 August 1922. pp. 454–6.\n\"The 1925 Vauville meeting\". Flight. Vol. XVII, no. 33. 13 August 1925. p. 523.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[{"image_text":"Vampyr replica at the Deutsches Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug (German Glider Museum) Wasserkuppe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/HAWA_Vampyr.jpg/220px-HAWA_Vampyr.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Vampyr, commemorated in a 1979 West German postage stamp, showing the 1922 warping wing and the 1923 extended rudder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Stamps_of_Germany_%28Berlin%29_1979%2C_MiNr_592.jpg/220px-Stamps_of_Germany_%28Berlin%29_1979%2C_MiNr_592.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1921 version","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Akaflieg_Hannover_Vampyr%2C_1921.png/220px-Akaflieg_Hannover_Vampyr%2C_1921.png"}]

[{"title":"List of gliders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gliders"}]

[{"reference":"Simons, Martin (2006). Sailplanes 1920-1945 (2nd revised ed.). Königswinter: EQIP Werbung und Verlag G.m.b.H. ISBN 978-3-9806773-4-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9806773-4-9","url_text":"978-3-9806773-4-9"}]},{"reference":"Hoff, Wilhelm (June 1922). Technical memorandum No. 100, Rhön Soaring Flight Competition, 1921 (PDF). Washington D.C.: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Retrieved 19 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930082653.pdf","url_text":"Technical memorandum No. 100, Rhön Soaring Flight Competition, 1921"}]},{"reference":"Selinger, hrsg. vom Vorstand der Stiftung Deutsches Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug, Wasserkuppe/Rhön. [Hrsg. vom Deutschen Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug auf der Wasserkuppe]. Peter F. (2004). Segelflugzeug-Geschichten : die Gleit- und Segelflugzeuge des Deutschen Segelflugmuseums mit Modellflug auf der Wasserkuppe (in German). Gersfeld/Rhön: Vorstand der Stiftung Dt. Segelflugmuseum mit Modellflug. ISBN 3-00-011649-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-00-011649-4","url_text":"3-00-011649-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Vampyr \"Hannover\"\" (in German). German Sailplane Museum. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719083411/http://www.segelflugmuseum.de/vampyr___hannover___4186.html","url_text":"\"Vampyr \"Hannover\"\""},{"url":"http://www.segelflugmuseum.de/vampyr___hannover___4186.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Strolch\". j2mcl-planeurs.net. 2011-03-28. Retrieved 2011-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.j2mcl-planeurs.net/dbj2mcl/planeurs-machines/planeur-fiche_0.php?code=2955","url_text":"\"Strolch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moritz\". j2mcl-planeurs.net. 2011-03-28. Retrieved 2011-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.j2mcl-planeurs.net/dbj2mcl/planeurs-machines/planeur-fiche_0.php?code=115","url_text":"\"Moritz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gŏttingen 482\". Retrieved 19 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ae.illinois.edu/m-selig/ads/afplots/goe482.gif","url_text":"\"Gŏttingen 482\""}]},{"reference":"Lemke, Frank-Dieter; Jacob, Rolf (2011). \"The academic flying groups in Germany until 1945 part 2\". Fliegerrevue Extra (in German) (32): 60.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Akaflieg Hannover Vampyr, 1921\" (in German). Munich: Deutsches Museum. Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121210185330/http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/verkehr/luftfahrt/segelflugzeuge/vampyr/","url_text":"\"Akaflieg Hannover Vampyr, 1921\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Museum","url_text":"Deutsches Museum"},{"url":"http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/verkehr/luftfahrt/segelflugzeuge/vampyr/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hannover glider\". Flight. Vol. XIV, no. 35. 31 August 1922. pp. 499–501.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1922/1922%20-%200499.html","url_text":"\"The Hannover glider\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight"}]},{"reference":"\"German gliders\". Flight. Vol. XIV, no. 36. 31 August 1922. pp. 454–6.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1922/1922%20-%200546.html","url_text":"\"German gliders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight"}]},{"reference":"\"The 1925 Vauville meeting\". Flight. Vol. XVII, no. 33. 13 August 1925. p. 523.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1925/1925%20-%200523.html","url_text":"\"The 1925 Vauville meeting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International","url_text":"Flight"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_pattern

Willow pattern

["1 Creation and description","2 Legends","2.1 The romantic fable","2.2 Cultural impact of the story","2.3 The old poem","3 In popular culture","4 References","5 External links"]

Chinese-style pattern used on pottery The Willow pattern Illustration of the Willow pattern (1917). Different shapes in a Willow pattern, 19th century The Willow pattern is a distinctive and elaborate chinoiserie pattern used on ceramic tableware. It became popular at the end of the 18th century in England when, in its standard form, it was developed by English ceramic artists combining and adapting motifs inspired by fashionable hand-painted blue-and-white wares imported from Qing dynasty China. Its creation occurred at a time when mass-production of decorative tableware, at Stoke-on-Trent and elsewhere, was already making use of engraved and printed glaze transfers, rather than hand-painting, for the application of ornament to standardized vessels (transfer ware). Many different Chinese-inspired landscape patterns were at first produced in this way, both on bone china or porcellanous wares, and on white earthenware or pearlware. The Willow pattern became the most popular and persistent of them, and in various permutations has remained in production to the present day. Characteristically the background colour is white and the image blue, but various factories have used other colours in monochrome tints and there are Victorian versions with hand-touched polychrome colouring on simple outline transfers. In the United States of America, the pattern is commonly referred to as Blue Willow. Creation and description The exact date of the pattern's invention is not certain. During the 1780s various engravers including Thomas Lucas and Thomas Minton were producing chinoiserie landscape scenes based on Chinese ceramic originals for the Caughley 'Salopian China Manufactory' (near Broseley, Shropshire), then under the direction of Thomas Turner. These included scenes with willows, boats, pavilions and birds which were later incorporated into the Willow pattern. However, the Caughley factory did not produce the English Willow pattern in its completed form. Thomas Lucas and his printer James Richards left Caughley in c. 1783 to work for Josiah Spode, who produced many early Chinese-inspired transferwares during the 1780s and 1790s. Thomas Minton left Caughley in 1785 and set up on his own account in c. 1793 in Stoke-on-Trent producing earthenwares: he is thought to have engraved versions of willow designs for Spode and for various other factories. It was probably for Spode that the English Willow pattern was created and first produced perhaps around 1790, because it incorporates particular, distinctive features of earlier Chinese willow scenes which were already known and imitated at the Spode factory. The Willow pattern is commonly presented in a circular or ovate frame. The waterside landscape represents a garden in the lower right side, in which a large two-storey pavilion stands. Approached by steps, the lower storey has three large pillars with arched windows or openings between. The roof and gable, shown in three-quarter perspective, is surmounted by a smaller room similarly roofed, and there are curling finials at the gables and eaves. It is surrounded by bushes and trees with varied fruit and foliage, including a large tree rising behind with clusters of oranges. Another pavilion roof appears among the trees to the right and a smaller pavilion stands to the left projecting from the waterside bank. A path through the garden leads to the front of the scene and is crossed by a fence of diapered panels set zig-zag fashion across the foreground. On its left side the garden forms an irregular and indented bank into the water, from the foreground of which a large branching willow tree with four clusters of three leafy fronds leans out. From this point a bridge, usually of three arches, crosses left to an island or bank with a house having a tall arched doorway, and a small tree behind. There are usually three figures on the bridge going away from the garden. Above and beyond this the water (shown white) forms an open expanse, with a boat at the centre left containing two little house-like cabins, propelled by a figure with a punt-pole aforeships. In the upper left quarter is a distant island or promontory with pavilions and trees, including a fir. Above the scene in the centre is a pair of flying swallows, one turning and one descending, their heads and beaks turned closely towards one another in amorous conjunction. It is the inclusion of the bridge, the garden fence, the central pair of birds, and the particular details of the pavilions and surrounding trees, in this arrangement, which together characterize the English Willow pattern in its standard form. Legends Comparable design in Chinese export porcelain, c. 1760 Another version, Sweden In order to promote sales of Minton's Willow pattern, various stories were invented based on the elements of the design. The most famous story usually runs as described below. The story is based on the Japanese fairy tale "The Green Willow" and other ancient fairy tales originating in China about the constellations that tell the story of two lovers separated and envied by gods for their love. The lovers can only meet once a year when the stars align. There is an English story about the plates that may or may not have links to China; it was first published as "The Story of the Common Willow Pattern Plate" in the magazine The Family Friend in 1849. The romantic fable Once there was a wealthy Mandarin, who had a beautiful daughter (Koong-se). She had fallen in love with her father's humble accounting assistant (Chang), angering her father, as it was inappropriate for them to marry due to their difference in social class. He dismissed the young man and built a high fence around his house to keep the lovers apart. The Mandarin was planning for his daughter to marry a powerful Duke. The Duke arrived by boat to claim his bride, bearing a box of jewels as a gift. The wedding was to take place on the day the blossom fell from the willow tree. On the eve of the daughter's wedding to the Duke, the young accountant, disguised as a servant, slipped into the palace unnoticed. As the lovers escaped with the jewels, the alarm was raised. They ran over a bridge, chased by the Mandarin, whip in hand. They eventually escaped on the Duke's ship to the safety of a secluded island, where they lived happily for years. However, the Duke learned of their refuge. Hungry for revenge, he sent soldiers, who captured the lovers and put them to death. The gods, moved by their plight, transformed the lovers into a pair of doves. Cultural impact of the story The story of the willow pattern was turned into a comic opera in 1901 called The Willow Pattern. It was also told in a 1914 silent film called Story of the Willow Pattern. Robert van Gulik also used some of the idea in his Chinese detective novel The Willow Pattern. In 1992, Barry Purves made a short animated film relating the story, transplanted to Japan and entitled Screen Play. The old poem Two birds flying high, A Chinese vessel, sailing by. A bridge with three men, sometimes four, A willow tree, hanging o'er. A Chinese temple, there it stands, Built upon the river sands. An apple tree, with apples on, A crooked fence to end my song. Another old poem from late nineteenth century Shropshire is: Two swallows flying high, A little boat passing by, A little bridge, with willows over, Three men going to Dover, Now Dover church stands very bare, Twice a week they worship there, A little tree with apples on, And plaited palings in the sun Scottish version: Twa little birdies flying high, A little boatie sailing by; Three mannies ga'en to Dover, A willow tree hangin' over; A kirkie stannin' fair, Mony gang tae worship there; An aipple tree win aipples on't, An' a iron railin a' along't. In popular culture Many plates featuring the Willow pattern were found in Williamson's tunnels "The Story of Wong Ts'in and the Willow Plate Embellishment" is narrated by the storyteller Kai Lung in Ernest Bramah's 1922 novel Kai Lung's Golden Hours. This short story, created by Bramah, is quite different from the standard romantic fable outlined above. Blue Willow, specifically gold-rimmed pieces coming from Gilman Collamore, New York, was the china of choice at William Randolph Hearst's "La Cuesta Encantada" estate in San Simeon, California, being Hearst's mother's favorite pattern. In addition to being used on camera to evoke a 19th-century atmosphere in several American western movies (as well as western television shows, and even the comedy, The Munsters), Blue Willow china is also featured in The Andy Griffith Show and Murder, She Wrote, suggesting a contemporary time or setting when life was simpler. It was also seen in both the movie Funny Farm, and in Sleepy Hollow. This story is represented in the children's book The Willow Pattern Story, by Allan Drummond. Blue Willow by Doris Gates (1940) is a children's novel, a realist fictional account of the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression years that has been called "The Grapes of Wrath for children". The eponymous Blue Willow plate, a gift from her great-grandmother, is the prized possession of Janey Larkin, the young daughter of a migrant worker family. The Blue Willow pattern comes to represent Janey's dream of a permanent home. Taylor Brothers, of Sheffield, England, manufacturers of saws and blades in the 19th and 20th centuries, made a line of Willow Saws, with a medallion using part of the Willow pattern. The blue Willow Pattern over the years has been used to advertise all kinds of goods and services. This forms the subject of a two-volume publication. Blue Willow china and its legends appear in Lee Blessing's play Going to St. Ives. In Terry Pratchett's novel Interesting Times, an oriental artist is about to paint (on a plate) a picture of a garden scene when some sumo wrestlers and guards come crashing through and destroy his entire palette except for blue. He resolves to paint, in just that one colour, a picture that the world will remember for centuries. References ^ S.B. Williams, Antique Blue and White Spode, 3rd Edn, (Batsford, London 1949), p. 129. ^ G.A. Godden, 'The Willow Pattern', The Antique Collector June 1972, pp. 148-50. ^ S. Shaw, History of the Staffordshire Potteries; and the Rise and Progress of the Manufacture of Pottery and Porcelain, original Hanley 1829 (Scott, Greenwood & Co., London 1900), pp. 214-17; R. Copeland, Spode's Willow Pattern, and other designs after the Chinese (Paperback edition, Studio Vista/Cassell, London 1990), p. 8. The names 'Rickett and Lucock', sometimes cited, seem to be a misreading for 'Richards and Lucas'. ^ S. Shaw, History of the Staffordshire Potteries, p. 225.; D. Drakard and P. Holdway, Spode Transfer Printed Ware, 1784-1833 (Antique Collectors' Club, 2002), p. 50; Williams, Antique Blue and White Spode, p. 129; Copeland, Spode's Willow Pattern, pp. 14, 35–39; W.B. Honey, English Pottery and Porcelain (A.C. Black, 1933), p. 190. ^ Copeland, Spode's Willow Pattern, pp. 33–35 and figures 1–3. ^ "Porcelain, The Willow Pattern, and Chinoiserie" by Joseph J Portanova, New York University ^ Blue Willow china at Hearst Castle, formal dining hall ^ Barbara Mayer (23 April 1994). "Blue Willow china represents simpler era". Lodi News-Sentinel. Retrieved 21 July 2012. ^ "The Willow Pattern Story • NorthSouth Books". ^ D. Gates, Blue Willow (Puffin, New York 1986) (original 1968), ISBN 9780140309249. ^ Cassuto, Leonard (24 March 2011). The Cambridge History of the American Novel. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521899079. ^ "Saw Medallion Reference Guide - by summerfi @ LumberJocks.com ~ woodworking community". ^ H. Sykes, Advertising A to Z Featuring The Blue Willow Pattern Part 1 (Helsa Morgan Books, Hamilton (New Zealand) 2013) ISBN 978-0-473-24374-6; Part 2 (Helsa Morgan Books, Hamilton 2015) ISBN 978-0-473-32487-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willow pattern. Victoria and Albert Museum: Willow pattern Spode blue Italian China on YouTube (52s) http://www.willowcollectors.org/faq.html https://northsouth.com/books/the-willow-pattern-story/

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueandwhite2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willow_Pattern.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Willow_china,_c._late_1800s,_Lahaina_Heritage_Museum.JPG"},{"link_name":"chinoiserie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinoiserie"},{"link_name":"pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern"},{"link_name":"ceramic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic"},{"link_name":"tableware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tableware"},{"link_name":"blue-and-white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-and-white"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"transfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_printing"},{"link_name":"transfer ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_ware"},{"link_name":"bone china","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_china"},{"link_name":"earthenware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthenware"},{"link_name":"pearlware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlware"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"}],"text":"The Willow patternIllustration of the Willow pattern (1917).Different shapes in a Willow pattern, 19th centuryThe Willow pattern is a distinctive and elaborate chinoiserie pattern used on ceramic tableware. It became popular at the end of the 18th century in England when, in its standard form, it was developed by English ceramic artists combining and adapting motifs inspired by fashionable hand-painted blue-and-white wares imported from Qing dynasty China. Its creation occurred at a time when mass-production of decorative tableware, at Stoke-on-Trent and elsewhere, was already making use of engraved and printed glaze transfers, rather than hand-painting, for the application of ornament to standardized vessels (transfer ware).Many different Chinese-inspired landscape patterns were at first produced in this way, both on bone china or porcellanous wares, and on white earthenware or pearlware. The Willow pattern became the most popular and persistent of them, and in various permutations has remained in production to the present day. Characteristically the background colour is white and the image blue, but various factories have used other colours in monochrome tints and there are Victorian versions with hand-touched polychrome colouring on simple outline transfers.In the United States of America, the pattern is commonly referred to as Blue Willow.","title":"Willow pattern"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Minton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Minton"},{"link_name":"Caughley 'Salopian China Manufactory'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalport_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Broseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broseley"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Thomas Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Turner_(potter)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"willows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Josiah Spode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Spode"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The exact date of the pattern's invention is not certain. During the 1780s various engravers including Thomas Lucas and Thomas Minton were producing chinoiserie landscape scenes based on Chinese ceramic originals for the Caughley 'Salopian China Manufactory' (near Broseley, Shropshire), then under the direction of Thomas Turner.[1] These included scenes with willows, boats, pavilions and birds which were later incorporated into the Willow pattern. However, the Caughley factory did not produce the English Willow pattern in its completed form.[2]Thomas Lucas and his printer James Richards left Caughley in c. 1783 to work for Josiah Spode,[3] who produced many early Chinese-inspired transferwares during the 1780s and 1790s. Thomas Minton left Caughley in 1785 and set up on his own account in c. 1793 in Stoke-on-Trent producing earthenwares: he is thought to have engraved versions of willow designs for Spode and for various other factories.[4] It was probably for Spode that the English Willow pattern was created and first produced perhaps around 1790, because it incorporates particular, distinctive features of earlier Chinese willow scenes which were already known and imitated at the Spode factory.[5]The Willow pattern is commonly presented in a circular or ovate frame. The waterside landscape represents a garden in the lower right side, in which a large two-storey pavilion stands. Approached by steps, the lower storey has three large pillars with arched windows or openings between. The roof and gable, shown in three-quarter perspective, is surmounted by a smaller room similarly roofed, and there are curling finials at the gables and eaves. It is surrounded by bushes and trees with varied fruit and foliage, including a large tree rising behind with clusters of oranges. Another pavilion roof appears among the trees to the right and a smaller pavilion stands to the left projecting from the waterside bank. A path through the garden leads to the front of the scene and is crossed by a fence of diapered panels set zig-zag fashion across the foreground.On its left side the garden forms an irregular and indented bank into the water, from the foreground of which a large branching willow tree with four clusters of three leafy fronds leans out. From this point a bridge, usually of three arches, crosses left to an island or bank with a house having a tall arched doorway, and a small tree behind. There are usually three figures on the bridge going away from the garden. Above and beyond this the water (shown white) forms an open expanse, with a boat at the centre left containing two little house-like cabins, propelled by a figure with a punt-pole aforeships. In the upper left quarter is a distant island or promontory with pavilions and trees, including a fir. Above the scene in the centre is a pair of flying swallows, one turning and one descending, their heads and beaks turned closely towards one another in amorous conjunction.It is the inclusion of the bridge, the garden fence, the central pair of birds, and the particular details of the pavilions and surrounding trees, in this arrangement, which together characterize the English Willow pattern in its standard form.","title":"Creation and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kinesisk_tallrik_fr%C3%A5n_1770_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_95758.tif"},{"link_name":"Chinese export porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_export_porcelain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plate_with_Willow-pattern.jpg"},{"link_name":"lovers separated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanabata"},{"link_name":"The Family Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_Friend_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Comparable design in Chinese export porcelain, c. 1760Another version, SwedenIn order to promote sales of Minton's Willow pattern, various stories were invented based on the elements of the design. The most famous story usually runs as described below. The story is based on the Japanese fairy tale \"The Green Willow\" and other ancient fairy tales originating in China about the constellations that tell the story of two lovers separated and envied by gods for their love. The lovers can only meet once a year when the stars align. There is an English story about the plates that may or may not have links to China; it was first published as \"The Story of the Common Willow Pattern Plate\" in the magazine The Family Friend in 1849.[6]","title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)"}],"sub_title":"The romantic fable","text":"Once there was a wealthy Mandarin, who had a beautiful daughter (Koong-se). She had fallen in love with her father's humble accounting assistant (Chang), angering her father, as it was inappropriate for them to marry due to their difference in social class. He dismissed the young man and built a high fence around his house to keep the lovers apart. The Mandarin was planning for his daughter to marry a powerful Duke. The Duke arrived by boat to claim his bride, bearing a box of jewels as a gift. The wedding was to take place on the day the blossom fell from the willow tree.On the eve of the daughter's wedding to the Duke, the young accountant, disguised as a servant, slipped into the palace unnoticed. As the lovers escaped with the jewels, the alarm was raised. They ran over a bridge, chased by the Mandarin, whip in hand. They eventually escaped on the Duke's ship to the safety of a secluded island, where they lived happily for years. However, the Duke learned of their refuge. Hungry for revenge, he sent soldiers, who captured the lovers and put them to death. The gods, moved by their plight, transformed the lovers into a pair of doves.","title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_opera"},{"link_name":"The Willow Pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Willow_Pattern"},{"link_name":"Robert van Gulik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_van_Gulik"},{"link_name":"The Willow Pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Willow_Pattern_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Barry Purves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Purves"}],"sub_title":"Cultural impact of the story","text":"The story of the willow pattern was turned into a comic opera in 1901 called The Willow Pattern. It was also told in a 1914 silent film called Story of the Willow Pattern. Robert van Gulik also used some of the idea in his Chinese detective novel The Willow Pattern. In 1992, Barry Purves made a short animated film relating the story, transplanted to Japan and entitled Screen Play.","title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"}],"sub_title":"The old poem","text":"Two birds flying high,\nA Chinese vessel, sailing by.\nA bridge with three men, sometimes four,\nA willow tree, hanging o'er.\nA Chinese temple, there it stands,\nBuilt upon the river sands.\nAn apple tree, with apples on,\nA crooked fence to end my song.Another old poem from late nineteenth century Shropshire is:Two swallows flying high,\nA little boat passing by,\nA little bridge, with willows over,\nThree men going to Dover,\nNow Dover church stands very bare,\nTwice a week they worship there,\nA little tree with apples on,\nAnd plaited palings in the sunScottish version:Twa little birdies flying high,\nA little boatie sailing by;\nThree mannies ga'en to Dover,\nA willow tree hangin' over;\nA kirkie stannin' fair,\nMony gang tae worship there;\nAn aipple tree win aipples on't,\nAn' a iron railin a' along't.","title":"Legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Williamson%27s_Tunnels_Plates.jpg"},{"link_name":"Williamson's tunnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson%27s_tunnels"},{"link_name":"Kai Lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Lung"},{"link_name":"Ernest Bramah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Bramah"},{"link_name":"Kai Lung's Golden Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Lung%27s_Golden_Hours"},{"link_name":"Gilman Collamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Collamore_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"William Randolph Hearst's \"La Cuesta Encantada\" estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Castle"},{"link_name":"San Simeon, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Simeon,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"western movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_movies"},{"link_name":"western television shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)#Television"},{"link_name":"The Munsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Munsters"},{"link_name":"The Andy Griffith Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show"},{"link_name":"Murder, She Wrote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder,_She_Wrote"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Funny Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Farm_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sleepy Hollow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_(film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Blue Willow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Willow"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dust Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Bowl"},{"link_name":"the Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"The Grapes of Wrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lee Blessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Blessing"},{"link_name":"Terry Pratchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Pratchett"},{"link_name":"Interesting Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interesting_Times"}],"text":"Many plates featuring the Willow pattern were found in Williamson's tunnels\"The Story of Wong Ts'in and the Willow Plate Embellishment\" is narrated by the storyteller Kai Lung in Ernest Bramah's 1922 novel Kai Lung's Golden Hours. This short story, created by Bramah, is quite different from the standard romantic fable outlined above.Blue Willow, specifically gold-rimmed pieces coming from Gilman Collamore, New York, was the china of choice at William Randolph Hearst's \"La Cuesta Encantada\" estate in San Simeon, California, being Hearst's mother's favorite pattern.[7]In addition to being used on camera to evoke a 19th-century atmosphere in several American western movies (as well as western television shows, and even the comedy, The Munsters), Blue Willow china is also featured in The Andy Griffith Show and Murder, She Wrote, suggesting a contemporary time or setting when life was simpler.[8]\nIt was also seen in both the movie Funny Farm, and in Sleepy Hollow.This story is represented in the children's book The Willow Pattern Story, by Allan Drummond.[9]Blue Willow by Doris Gates (1940)[10] is a children's novel, a realist fictional account of the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression years that has been called \"The Grapes of Wrath for children\".[11] The eponymous Blue Willow plate, a gift from her great-grandmother, is the prized possession of Janey Larkin, the young daughter of a migrant worker family. The Blue Willow pattern comes to represent Janey's dream of a permanent home.Taylor Brothers, of Sheffield, England, manufacturers of saws and blades in the 19th and 20th centuries, made a line of Willow Saws, with a medallion using part of the Willow pattern.[12]\nThe blue Willow Pattern over the years has been used to advertise all kinds of goods and services. This forms the subject of a two-volume publication.[13]Blue Willow china and its legends appear in Lee Blessing's play Going to St. Ives.In Terry Pratchett's novel Interesting Times, an oriental artist is about to paint (on a plate) a picture of a garden scene when some sumo wrestlers and guards come crashing through and destroy his entire palette except for blue. He resolves to paint, in just that one colour, a picture that the world will remember for centuries.","title":"In popular culture"}]

[{"image_text":"The Willow pattern","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Blueandwhite2.jpg/220px-Blueandwhite2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of the Willow pattern (1917).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Willow_Pattern.jpg/220px-Willow_Pattern.jpg"},{"image_text":"Different shapes in a Willow pattern, 19th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Blue_Willow_china%2C_c._late_1800s%2C_Lahaina_Heritage_Museum.JPG/220px-Blue_Willow_china%2C_c._late_1800s%2C_Lahaina_Heritage_Museum.JPG"},{"image_text":"Comparable design in Chinese export porcelain, c. 1760","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kinesisk_tallrik_fr%C3%A5n_1770_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_95758.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Kinesisk_tallrik_fr%C3%A5n_1770_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_95758.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Another version, Sweden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Plate_with_Willow-pattern.jpg/220px-Plate_with_Willow-pattern.jpg"},{"image_text":"Many plates featuring the Willow pattern were found in Williamson's tunnels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Williamson%27s_Tunnels_Plates.jpg/220px-Williamson%27s_Tunnels_Plates.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Barbara Mayer (23 April 1994). \"Blue Willow china represents simpler era\". Lodi News-Sentinel. Retrieved 21 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5d8zAAAAIBAJ&pg=5569%2C7265864","url_text":"\"Blue Willow china represents simpler era\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Willow Pattern Story • NorthSouth Books\".","urls":[{"url":"https://northsouth.com/books/the-willow-pattern-story/","url_text":"\"The Willow Pattern Story • NorthSouth Books\""}]},{"reference":"Cassuto, Leonard (24 March 2011). The Cambridge History of the American Novel. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521899079.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZEPkIzETb0C&q=%22Blue+Willow%22+%22juvenile+grapes+of+wrath%22&pg=PA869","url_text":"The Cambridge History of the American Novel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521899079","url_text":"9780521899079"}]},{"reference":"\"Saw Medallion Reference Guide - by summerfi @ LumberJocks.com ~ woodworking community\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lumberjocks.com/summerfi/blog/39861","url_text":"\"Saw Medallion Reference Guide - by summerfi @ LumberJocks.com ~ woodworking community\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924014935229#page/n239/mode/2up","external_links_name":"pp. 214-17"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924014935229#page/n249/mode/2up","external_links_name":"p. 225."},{"Link":"http://www.nyu.edu/projects/mediamosaic/madeinchina/pdf/Portanova.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Porcelain, The Willow Pattern, and Chinoiserie\" by Joseph J Portanova, New York University"},{"Link":"http://www.burgis.org/2006-01-21_CA/Hearst_Castle/14_Mr._Hearst%20_condiments_and_Blue_Willow_China.JPG","external_links_name":"Blue Willow china at Hearst Castle, formal dining hall"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5d8zAAAAIBAJ&pg=5569%2C7265864","external_links_name":"\"Blue Willow china represents simpler era\""},{"Link":"https://northsouth.com/books/the-willow-pattern-story/","external_links_name":"\"The Willow Pattern Story • NorthSouth Books\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZEPkIzETb0C&q=%22Blue+Willow%22+%22juvenile+grapes+of+wrath%22&pg=PA869","external_links_name":"The Cambridge History of the American Novel"},{"Link":"https://www.lumberjocks.com/summerfi/blog/39861","external_links_name":"\"Saw Medallion Reference Guide - by summerfi @ LumberJocks.com ~ woodworking community\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1kH_nQEACAAJ","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111021003926/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/ceramics-t-is-for-transfer-printing/","external_links_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum: Willow pattern"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dz0pS5XJ7Qo","external_links_name":"Spode blue Italian China"},{"Link":"http://www.willowcollectors.org/faq.html","external_links_name":"http://www.willowcollectors.org/faq.html"},{"Link":"https://northsouth.com/books/the-willow-pattern-story/","external_links_name":"https://northsouth.com/books/the-willow-pattern-story/"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_94_tankette

Type 94 tankette

["1 History and development","2 Design","2.1 Variants","3 Operational service","4 Survivors","5 Gallery","6 Comparable vehicles","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]

Japanese tankette Type 94 Type 94 tankette at the Armor School History MuseumTypeTankettePlace of originEmpire of JapanService historyUsed byImperial Japanese Army National Revolutionary Army Chinese Red Army Manchukuo Imperial ArmyProduction historyDesigned1932Unit cost25,300 yen ($6,798 USD) in August 1939, excluding armamentProduced1935–1937No. built823SpecificationsMass3.4 tonnes (3.35 long tons; 3.75 short tons)Length3.08 m (10 ft 1 in)Width1.62 m (5 ft 4 in)Height1.62 m (5 ft 4 in)Crew2 (commander, driver)Armor8–12 mm (0.31–0.47 in)Mainarmament6.5mm Type 91 machine gunEngineMitsubishi Franklin air-cooled inline 4-cylinder Gasoline32 hp (24 kW)Power/weight9 hp/tonne (6.7 kW/tonne)Suspension2-wheel bogieOperationalrange200 km (120 mi)Maximum speed 40 km/h (25 mph) The Type 94 tankette (Japanese: 九四式軽装甲車, romanized: Kyūyon-shiki keisōkōsha, literally "94 type light armored car"; also known as TK, an abbreviation of Tokushu Keninsha, literally "special tractor") was a tankette used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War, at Nomonhan against the Soviet Union, and in World War II. Although tankettes were often used as ammunition tractors, and general infantry support, they were designed for reconnaissance, and not for direct combat. The lightweight Type 94 proved effective in China as the Chinese National Revolutionary Army had only three tank battalions to oppose them, and those tank battalions were equipped only with some British export models and Italian CV-33 tankettes. As with nearly all tankettes built in the 1920s and 1930s, they had thin armor that could be penetrated by .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine gun fire at 600 yards (550 m) range. History and development From the 1920s, the Imperial Japanese Army tested a variety of European light tanks, including several Renault FTs, and a decision was reached in 1929 to proceed with the domestic development of a new vehicle based largely on the Carden-Loyd Mk VI tankette design to address the deficiencies of wheeled armored cars. The initial attempt resulted in the Type 92 Jyu-Sokosha for use by the cavalry. However, Japanese infantry commanders felt that a similar vehicle would be useful as the support vehicle for transport, scout and communications within the infantry divisions. A tankette fad occurred in Europe in the early 1930s, which was led by United Kingdom's Carden-Loyd Mk VI tankette. The IJA ordered six samples from the UK, along with some French Renault UE Chenillette vehicles and field tested them. The IJA determined that the British and French machines were too small to be practical, and started planning for a larger version, the Tokushu Keninsha (TK, meaning "Special Tractor"). The Imperial Japanese Army also experimented with a variety of armored cars with limited success. The wheeled armored cars were not suitable for most operations in the puppet state of Manchukuo, due to the poor road conditions and severe winter climate. The design of the Type 94 began in 1932. Development was given to Tokyo Gas and Electric Industry (later known as Hino Motors) in 1933, and an experimental model was completed in 1934. It was a small light tracked vehicle with a turret armed with one machine gun. For cargo transportation it pulled an ammunition trailer. After trials in both Manchukuo and Japan, the design was standardized. It was reclassified as the Type 94 (Type 2594; tankette) and was designed for reconnaissance, but could also be used for supporting infantry attacks and transporting supplies. It entered service in 1935. The Type 94 was later superseded by the Type 97 Te-Ke tankette, which was designed as a fast reconnaissance vehicle. Many British and American sources have confused the Type 92 cavalry tank, of which only 167 were built with the Type 94, although the Type 94 was the model almost always encountered in the various fronts of the Pacific War. Design The design of the Type 94 was inspired by the British Carden-Loyd Mark VIb tankettes. The IJA received delivery of six of these in 1930. Although the Japanese determined that both the Mark VIb and the French Renault UE were too small, they liked certain features of each of them. The design of the Type 94 had more similarities with the Vickers light tanks of the time. The hull of the Type 94 was of riveted and welded construction, with a front-mounted engine with the driver to the right. The engine was an air-cooled petrol motor that developed 35 hp (26 kW) at 2,500 rpm. Like many Japanese armored vehicles intended to operate in hot conditions, the engine was given asbestos insulation to protect the occupants from its heat. The commander stood in a small (unpowered) turret at the rear of the hull. A large door in the rear of the hull accessed the storage compartment. Initially, the armament was a Type 91 6.5×50mm machine gun, although later models carried a Type 92 7.7 mm machine gun. The suspension consisted of four bogies - two on each side. These were suspended by bell-cranks resisted by externally placed armored compression springs placed horizontally, one each side of the hull. Each bogie had two small rubber road wheels with the drive sprocket at the front and the idler at the rear. There were two track-return rollers. In combat service the Type 94 was found to be prone to throwing its tracks in high speed turns. Further redesign work was carried out in 1937 on the suspension and the small idler was replaced by a larger diameter idler wheel suspended from a rocker arm that was now in ground contact; it did not completely solve the problem. Later models of the Type 94 had a revised suspension with the larger diameter idler wheel on a longer chassis. This increased the length of the tankette to 3.35 m (11 ft 0 in). Variants Several variants of the Type 94 were produced. These included the Type 94 "disinfecting vehicle" and Type 94 "gas scattering vehicle", which were adapted for chemical warfare. Others produced were the "Type 97 pole planter" and "Type 97 cable layer". These used the Type 94 chassis, with the former vehicle first planting a telegraph pole and then the latter vehicle laying the telegraph cable. Operational service Type 94 tankette column, circa 1935 The moment of the blast, at the Gate of China (December 12, 1937). The Type 94 was mainly deployed in "Tankette Companies". They were attached to infantry divisions for use in the reconnaissance role. Each Japanese division had four tankette platoons, with four tankettes in each platoon. The Type 94 tankette was an inexpensive vehicle to build, at approximately half the price of the Type 95 Ha-Go light tank, resulting in more Type 94's entering service than any other Japanese tankette (823 units). Production included 300 units in 1935, 246 units in 1936, 200 units in 1937 and 70 units in 1938. The lightweight Type 94 was "tailored" for operating in China and proved to be effective for infantry support and reconnaissance by infantry divisions. Given the utility of the design in combat in China, the Imperial Japanese Army was content to retain the Type 94, although the design, and indeed the concept of the tankette, came to be regarded as obsolescent in Western armies. With the start of World War II, a number of Type 94s were issued to each Japanese infantry division in the Pacific theatre, with a tracked trailer. They saw action in Burma, the Netherlands East Indies, the Philippines and on a number of islands in the South Seas Mandate. Some were also assigned to Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces. A detachment of eight Type 94 tankettes forming the 56th Infantry Group Tankette Unit (Also named the Anai tankette unit, after the name of their captain), part of the "Sakaguchi Detachment", had a notable role in the Japanese conquest of Java, engaging a large enemy element on 2 March and routing them, capturing a bridge on the same night, and at dawn overrunning a position of 600 enemy soldiers on the opposite bank, and participating in offensive operations that led to the surrender of Dutch forces over the next few days near Surakarta. The Sakaguchi detachment, along with the Shoji detachment, would receive a thank you letter from their parent unit (the 16th Army) for their actions in the campaign, the only units to receive them. Type 94 tankette captured at the Battle of Okinawa In 1941, the Wang Jingwei regime's army was given eighteen Type 94 tankettes. In 1943 ten Type 94 tankettes were given to the Manchukuo Imperial Army to form an armored company. They were still in use as late as 1945. Major deployments included: Hebei, China: 1st Tank Battalion and 2nd Tank Battalion Chahar Province, China: 1st Independent Mixed Brigade Shanghai, China: 5th Tank Battalion Tai'erzhuang, China: Special Tank Company of China Detachment Tank Unit Xuzhou, China: 1st Tank Battalion and 5th Tank Battalion Nomonhan, Manchukuo: 3rd Tank Regiment and 4th Tank Regiment Xinjing, Manchukuo: Armored unit of Imperial Manchukuo Army Nanjing, China: Armored unit of the Nanjing Regime Timor: IJA 38th Division Tankette Company Java: Anai Tankette unit, 2nd, 3rd and 48th Recon Regiment, Sakaguchi Detachment, 56th Infantry Group Tankette Unit Kwajalein Atoll: 2nd Battalion of Army 1st Sea-mobile Brigade Survivors Type 94 The Wheatcroft Collection, Leicestershire, UK Patriot Park, Kubinka, Russia Tank Museum, Beijing, China Armor Training Command R.O.C. Army, Hukou, Taiwan Treloar Resource Centre, Canberra, Australia Type 97 Pole Planter Kokopo War Museum, Kokopo, Papua New Guinea Gallery Late model Type 94 tankette A captured Type 94 tankette with a damaged turret, on the engine deck of a USMC M4 Sherman tank at Kwajalein A Type 94 at Patriot Park, Russia. A Type 94 at the Treloar Resource Centre, Australia. Type 97 pole planter Comparable vehicles Germany: Panzer I Italy: L3/35 Romania: R-1 Poland: TK-3 and TKS Soviet Union: T-27 • T-37A • T-38 Sweden: Strv m/37 United Kingdom: Light Tank Mk VI Notes ^ "兵器臨時定価、予価、表送付の件 Military catalogue of the Japanese military". National Archives of Japan. Ministry of the Army. ^ Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941, Part I. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.). January 1943 . {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) ^ a b c Zaloga 2007, p. 10. ^ a b c d e f g h Tomczyk 2002, p. 55. ^ Tomczyk 2002, p. 54. ^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 54, 55. ^ a b c d e f Zaloga 2007, p. 7. ^ a b Coox 1985, pp. 154, 157. ^ Zaloga 2007, p. 12. ^ Report on Type 92 from September 1945 issue of Intelligence Bulletin ^ Foss 2003b, p. 220. ^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 46, 54. ^ Taki's Imperial Japanese Army ^ a b c d Zaloga 2007, p. 8. ^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 39, 46. ^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 55, 57. ^ Foss 2003a, p. 106. ^ Zaloga 2007, pp. 7, 8. ^ a b c Tomczyk 2002, p. 46. ^ Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 94 Disinfecting Vehicle and Type 94 Gas Scattering Vehicle ^ Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 97 Pole Planter and Type 97 Cable Layer ^ Zaloga 2007, pp. 8, 10. ^ Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). "The Japanese Armoured Units in the Dutch East Indies 1941-1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. ^ Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). "Japanese Armoured Units on Java Island, 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. ^ Jowett, Philip S. (2004). Rays of the Rising Sun: Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45: Volume 1: China and Manchukuo. Helion & Company Limited. p. 76. ^ Mahé, Yann (October 2015). "Le Blindorama: Mandchoukouo, 1932 - 1945". Batailles & Blindés (in French). No. 48. Caraktère. pp. 4–7. ISSN 1765-0828. ^ Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). "Japanese Armoured Units on Timor Island, 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. ^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). "The Use of Armoured Vehicles on Borneo, 1941-19422". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. ^ Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). "Japanese Armoured Units on Java Island, 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. ^ a b "Surviving Japanese Light Tanks". the.shadock.free.fr. Retrieved 2023-04-26. References Coox, Alvin D. (1985). Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939 (Two volumes). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1160-7. Foss, Christopher (2003a). Great Book of Tanks: The World's Most Important Tanks from World War I to the Present Day. Zenith Press. ISBN 0-7603-1475-6. Foss, Christopher (2003b). Tanks: The 500. Crestline. ISBN 0-7603-1500-0. Tomczyk, Andrzej (2002). Japanese Armor Vol. 1. AJ Press. ISBN 83-7237-097-4. Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). Japanese Tanks 1939–45. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-8460-3091-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Type 94 tankette. Taki's Imperial Japanese Army Page - Akira Takizawa vteTanks of the interwar periodTankettes AH-IV Carden Loyd L3/33 L3/35 R-1 T-27 T-32 (Š-I-D) Tančík vz. 33 TKS Type 92 Type 94 Type 97 Te-Ke Light 7TP 38M Toldi I Char D1 Disston Tractor Tank Fiat 3000 H35 L-60 Light tanks Mk I–V Light Tank Mk VI Light Tank Mk VII LT vz. 34 LT vz. 35 LT vz. 38 M1 combat car M2 Light Tank Panzer I Panzer II R35 T-18 T-26 T-37 T-38 Type 95 Ha-Go Vickers 6-Ton Vickers-Carden-Loyd light amphibious tank Vickers T-15 Medium Char D2 T-24 T-28 Type 89 I-Go Type 97 Chi-Ha Vickers Medium Mk I Vickers Medium Mk II Cavalry, cruiser, fast AMC 34 AMC 35 AMR 33 AMR 35 BT tank Cruiser Mk I Cruiser Mk II Cruiser Mk III SOMUA S35 Infantry FCM 36 Hotchkiss H35 Matilda I T-26 Heavy, super-heavy Char 2C Char B1 T-35 Prototypes,experimentals 10TP FCM F1 Grosstraktor Kolohousenka Landsverk L-120 Leichttraktor Medium Mark III Medium Mark D Medium Tank A7 Morris-Martel Neubaufahrzeug PZInż 130 Škoda MU-4 SMK Straussler V-4 Stridsvagn m/31 ST vz. 39 T1 Light Tank T2 Medium T7 Combat Car T-19 T-42 T-100 Type 87 Chi-I Type 91 heavy Type 95 heavy Type 97 Chi-Ni Type 98 Chi-Ho Verdeja Vickers A1E1 Independent Interwar period tanks List of interwar armoured fighting vehicles Background: History of the tank, Tank classification, interwar period vte Japanese armored fighting vehicles of World War IITankettes Type Ka Kijusha Type 92 Jyu-Sokosha Type 94 tankette Type 97 Te-Ke tankette Light tanks Ko-Gata Sensha Otsu-Gata Sensha Type 95 Ha-Go Type 98 Ke-Ni Type 2 Ke-To Type 4 Ke-Nu Medium tanks Type 89 I-Go Type 97 Chi-Ha Type 97 ShinHōtō Type 1 Chi-He Type 3 Chi-Nu Amphibious tanks Type 2 Ka-Mi Type 3 Ka-Chi Self-propelled artillery(including tank destroyers) Type 1 Ho-Ni I Type 1 Ho-Ni II Type 2 Ho-I Type 3 Ho-Ni III Type 4 Ho-Ro Type 4 Ha-To Short barrel 120 mm gun tank Armored cars Vickers Crossley armoured car Wolseley armoured car Chiyoda armored car Type 91 armored railroad car Type 93 armoured car Half-track and full-tracked vehicles Type 98 Ko-Hi Type 98 20 mm AA half-track vehicle Type 98 So-Da Type 1 Ho-Ki Type 1 Ho-Ha Type 4 Chi-So Other SS-Ki Type 94 disinfecting and gas scattering vehicle S B swamp vehicle F B swamp vehicle T B swamp scout vehicle Type 95 So-Ki Type 97 Se-Ri Type 100 Te-Re Ho-K Basso-Ki Type 4 Ka-Tsu Type 4 Work vehicle Prototypes Type 87 Chi-I Type 91 heavy tank Type 95 heavy tank 10 cm SPG Hi-Ro Sha 10 cm SPG Ji-Ro Type 92 A-I-Go Type 97 Chi-Ni Type 1 Mi-Sha Type 97 Ki-To SPAAG Type 98 Chi-Ho O-I Type 98 Ta-Se Type 98 20 mm AAG tank Type 3 Ke-Ri Special number 3 Ku-Ro Type 97 flamethrower tank Type 2 Ke-To work vehicle Type 2 Ku-Se Type 5 Ke-Ho Type 4 Chi-To Type 5 Chi-Ri Type 4 Ho-To Type 5 Ho-Ri Type 5 Ho-Ru Type 5 Ka-To Type 5 Na-To Type 5 To-Ku Naval 12 cm SPG

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However, Japanese infantry commanders felt that a similar vehicle would be useful as the support vehicle for transport, scout and communications within the infantry divisions.[12]A tankette fad occurred in Europe in the early 1930s, which was led by United Kingdom's Carden-Loyd Mk VI tankette.[7] The IJA ordered six samples from the UK, along with some French Renault UE Chenillette vehicles and field tested them.[7] The IJA determined that the British and French machines were too small to be practical, and started planning for a larger version, the Tokushu Keninsha (TK, meaning \"Special Tractor\").[7] The Imperial Japanese Army also experimented with a variety of armored cars with limited success. The wheeled armored cars were not suitable for most operations in the puppet state of Manchukuo, due to the poor road conditions and severe winter climate.[13]The design of the Type 94 began in 1932. Development was given to Tokyo Gas and Electric Industry (later known as Hino Motors) in 1933, and an experimental model was completed in 1934. It was a small light tracked vehicle with a turret armed with one machine gun.[14] For cargo transportation it pulled an ammunition trailer.[15] After trials in both Manchukuo and Japan, the design was standardized. It was reclassified as the Type 94 (Type 2594; tankette) and was designed for reconnaissance,[8] but could also be used for supporting infantry attacks and transporting supplies.[14] It entered service in 1935. The Type 94 was later superseded by the Type 97 Te-Ke tankette, which was designed as a fast reconnaissance vehicle.[16]Many British and American sources have confused the Type 92 cavalry tank, of which only 167 were built[3] with the Type 94, although the Type 94 was the model almost always encountered in the various fronts of the Pacific War.[17]","title":"History and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carden-Loyd Mark VIb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carden_Loyd_tankette"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga20077,_8-18"},{"link_name":"hp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"asbestos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos"},{"link_name":"Type 92 7.7 mm machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_92_Heavy_Machine_Gun"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga20077-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomczyk200246-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomczyk200246-19"}],"text":"The design of the Type 94 was inspired by the British Carden-Loyd Mark VIb tankettes. The IJA received delivery of six of these in 1930. Although the Japanese determined that both the Mark VIb and the French Renault UE were too small, they liked certain features of each of them. The design of the Type 94 had more similarities with the Vickers light tanks of the time.[18] The hull of the Type 94 was of riveted and welded construction, with a front-mounted engine with the driver to the right. The engine was an air-cooled petrol motor that developed 35 hp (26 kW) at 2,500 rpm. Like many Japanese armored vehicles intended to operate in hot conditions, the engine was given asbestos insulation to protect the occupants from its heat. The commander stood in a small (unpowered) turret at the rear of the hull. A large door in the rear of the hull accessed the storage compartment.Initially, the armament was a Type 91 6.5×50mm machine gun, although later models carried a Type 92 7.7 mm machine gun.[7] The suspension consisted of four bogies - two on each side. These were suspended by bell-cranks resisted by externally placed armored compression springs placed horizontally, one each side of the hull. Each bogie had two small rubber road wheels with the drive sprocket at the front and the idler at the rear.[19] There were two track-return rollers. In combat service the Type 94 was found to be prone to throwing its tracks in high speed turns. Further redesign work was carried out in 1937 on the suspension and the small idler was replaced by a larger diameter idler wheel suspended from a rocker arm that was now in ground contact;[19] it did not completely solve the problem. Later models of the Type 94 had a revised suspension with the larger diameter idler wheel on a longer chassis. This increased the length of the tankette to 3.35 m (11 ft 0 in).","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Type 94 \"disinfecting vehicle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_94_disinfecting_vehicle_and_Type_94_gas_scattering_vehicle"},{"link_name":"chemical warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga20078-14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Variants","text":"Several variants of the Type 94 were produced. These included the Type 94 \"disinfecting vehicle\" and Type 94 \"gas scattering vehicle\", which were adapted for chemical warfare.[14][20] Others produced were the \"Type 97 pole planter\" and \"Type 97 cable layer\". These used the Type 94 chassis, with the former vehicle first planting a telegraph pole and then the latter vehicle laying the telegraph cable.[21]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type_94_tankette_column.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attacking_the_Gate_of_China02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gate of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_of_China,_Nanjing"},{"link_name":"infantry divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_division"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga20078-14"},{"link_name":"Type 95 Ha-Go light tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_95_Ha-Go_light_tank"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga20078,_10-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200710-3"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga20077-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomczyk200246-19"},{"link_name":"obsolescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsolescence"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pacific theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"Netherlands East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"South Seas Mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Land_Forces"},{"link_name":"16th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteenth_Army_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type_94_TK_tankette.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Wang Jingwei regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime"},{"link_name":"army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo Imperial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B&B69-26"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"Chahar Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahar_Province"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Tai'erzhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai%27erzhuang,_Zaozhuang"},{"link_name":"Xuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuzhou"},{"link_name":"Nomonhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomonhan"},{"link_name":"Xinjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changchun"},{"link_name":"Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing"},{"link_name":"Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Kwajalein Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll"}],"text":"Type 94 tankette column, circa 1935The moment of the blast, at the Gate of China (December 12, 1937).The Type 94 was mainly deployed in \"Tankette Companies\". They were attached to infantry divisions for use in the reconnaissance role. Each Japanese division had four tankette platoons, with four tankettes in each platoon.[14] The Type 94 tankette was an inexpensive vehicle to build, at approximately half the price of the Type 95 Ha-Go light tank, resulting in more Type 94's entering service than any other Japanese tankette (823 units).[22] Production included 300 units in 1935, 246 units in 1936, 200 units in 1937 and 70 units in 1938.[3] The lightweight Type 94 was \"tailored\" for operating in China and proved to be effective for infantry support and reconnaissance by infantry divisions.[7][19] Given the utility of the design in combat in China, the Imperial Japanese Army was content to retain the Type 94, although the design, and indeed the concept of the tankette, came to be regarded as obsolescent in Western armies.With the start of World War II, a number of Type 94s were issued to each Japanese infantry division in the Pacific theatre, with a tracked trailer. They saw action in Burma, the Netherlands East Indies,[23] the Philippines and on a number of islands in the South Seas Mandate. Some were also assigned to Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces. A detachment of eight Type 94 tankettes forming the 56th Infantry Group Tankette Unit (Also named the Anai tankette unit, after the name of their captain), part of the \"Sakaguchi Detachment\", had a notable role in the Japanese conquest of Java, engaging a large enemy element on 2 March and routing them, capturing a bridge on the same night, and at dawn overrunning a position of 600 enemy soldiers on the opposite bank, and participating in offensive operations that led to the surrender of Dutch forces over the next few days near Surakarta. The Sakaguchi detachment, along with the Shoji detachment, would receive a thank you letter from their parent unit (the 16th Army) for their actions in the campaign, the only units to receive them.[24]Type 94 tankette captured at the Battle of OkinawaIn 1941, the Wang Jingwei regime's army was given eighteen Type 94 tankettes.[25] In 1943 ten Type 94 tankettes were given to the Manchukuo Imperial Army to form an armored company. They were still in use as late as 1945.[26]Major deployments included:Hebei, China: 1st Tank Battalion and 2nd Tank Battalion\nChahar Province, China: 1st Independent Mixed Brigade\nShanghai, China: 5th Tank Battalion\nTai'erzhuang, China: Special Tank Company of China Detachment Tank Unit\nXuzhou, China: 1st Tank Battalion and 5th Tank Battalion\nNomonhan, Manchukuo: 3rd Tank Regiment and 4th Tank Regiment\nXinjing, Manchukuo: Armored unit of Imperial Manchukuo Army\nNanjing, China: Armored unit of the Nanjing Regime\nTimor: IJA 38th Division Tankette Company[27]\nJava: Anai Tankette unit, 2nd, 3rd and 48th Recon Regiment, Sakaguchi Detachment, 56th Infantry Group Tankette Unit[28][29]\nKwajalein Atoll: 2nd Battalion of Army 1st Sea-mobile Brigade","title":"Operational service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"The Wheatcroft Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wheatcroft_Collection"},{"link_name":"Patriot Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Park"},{"link_name":"Armor Training Command R.O.C. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armor_Training_Command_R.O.C._Army&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Treloar Resource Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treloar_Resource_Centre"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-30"},{"link_name":"Kokopo War Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokopo_War_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Type 94[30]The Wheatcroft Collection, Leicestershire, UK\nPatriot Park, Kubinka, Russia\nTank Museum, Beijing, China\nArmor Training Command R.O.C. Army, Hukou, Taiwan\nTreloar Resource Centre, Canberra, AustraliaType 97 Pole Planter[30]Kokopo War Museum, Kokopo, Papua New Guinea","title":"Survivors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type_94_tankette_late_model.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M4-sherman-killer-kwajalein.gif"},{"link_name":"USMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"M4 Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_Sherman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type_94_TK_%E2%80%93_Patriot_Museum,_Kubinka_(26474921729).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Type_94_Tankette_at_the_Treloar_Technology_Centre_September_2016.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:97planter.jpg"}],"text":"Late model Type 94 tankette\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA captured Type 94 tankette with a damaged turret, on the engine deck of a USMC M4 Sherman tank at Kwajalein\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Type 94 at Patriot Park, Russia.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Type 94 at the Treloar Resource Centre, Australia.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tType 97 pole planter","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panzer I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_I"},{"link_name":"L3/35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L3/35"},{"link_name":"R-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-1_tank"},{"link_name":"TK-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKS"},{"link_name":"TKS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKS"},{"link_name":"T-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-27"},{"link_name":"T-37A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-37A_tank"},{"link_name":"T-38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-38_tank"},{"link_name":"Strv m/37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strv_m/37"},{"link_name":"Light Tank Mk VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Tank_Mk_VI"}],"text":"Germany: Panzer I\nItaly: L3/35\nRomania: R-1\nPoland: TK-3 and TKS\nSoviet Union: T-27 • T-37A • T-38\nSweden: Strv m/37\nUnited Kingdom: Light Tank Mk VI","title":"Comparable vehicles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"兵器臨時定価、予価、表送付の件 Military catalogue of the Japanese military\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/listPhoto?LANG=eng&BID=F2006083120452299318&ID=M2006083120453599356&REFCODE=C01004699100"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941, Part I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/38#6408"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga200710_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga200710_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga200710_3-2"},{"link_name":"Zaloga 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZaloga2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200255_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200255_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200255_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200255_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200255_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200255_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200255_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200255_4-7"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200254_5-0"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200254,_55_6-0"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga20077_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga20077_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga20077_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga20077_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga20077_7-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga20077_7-5"},{"link_name":"Zaloga 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZaloga2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoox1985154,_157_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoox1985154,_157_8-1"},{"link_name":"Coox 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoox1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga200712_9-0"},{"link_name":"Zaloga 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZaloga2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Report on Type 92 from September 1945 issue of Intelligence Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lonesentry.com/articles/jp_tankette/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss2003b220_11-0"},{"link_name":"Foss 2003b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFoss2003b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200246,_54_12-0"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-www3.plala.or.jp_13-0"},{"link_name":"Taki's Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga20078_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga20078_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga20078_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga20078_14-3"},{"link_name":"Zaloga 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZaloga2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200239,_46_15-0"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200255,_57_16-0"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoss2003a106_17-0"},{"link_name":"Foss 2003a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFoss2003a"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga20077,_8_18-0"},{"link_name":"Zaloga 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZaloga2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200246_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200246_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomczyk200246_19-2"},{"link_name":"Tomczyk 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTomczyk2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 94 Disinfecting Vehicle and Type 94 Gas Scattering Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/gas.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 97 Pole Planter and Type 97 Cable Layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/planter&layer.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga20078,_10_22-0"},{"link_name":"Zaloga 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZaloga2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"The Japanese Armoured Units in the Dutch East Indies 1941-1942\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/japarmunits.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Japanese Armoured Units on Java Island, 1942\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/java_armour.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-B&B69_26-0"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1765-0828","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1765-0828"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Japanese Armoured Units on Timor Island, 1942\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/timor_armour.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"The Use of Armoured Vehicles on Borneo, 1941-19422\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/borneo_armour.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Japanese Armoured Units on Java Island, 1942\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/java_armour.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_30-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_30-1"},{"link_name":"\"Surviving Japanese Light Tanks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//the.shadock.free.fr/Surviving_Panzers.html"}],"text":"^ \"兵器臨時定価、予価、表送付の件 Military catalogue of the Japanese military\". National Archives of Japan. Ministry of the Army.\n\n^ Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941, Part I. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.). January 1943 [1943]. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)\n\n^ a b c Zaloga 2007, p. 10.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Tomczyk 2002, p. 55.\n\n^ Tomczyk 2002, p. 54.\n\n^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 54, 55.\n\n^ a b c d e f Zaloga 2007, p. 7.\n\n^ a b Coox 1985, pp. 154, 157.\n\n^ Zaloga 2007, p. 12.\n\n^ Report on Type 92 from September 1945 issue of Intelligence Bulletin\n\n^ Foss 2003b, p. 220.\n\n^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 46, 54.\n\n^ Taki's Imperial Japanese Army\n\n^ a b c d Zaloga 2007, p. 8.\n\n^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 39, 46.\n\n^ Tomczyk 2002, pp. 55, 57.\n\n^ Foss 2003a, p. 106.\n\n^ Zaloga 2007, pp. 7, 8.\n\n^ a b c Tomczyk 2002, p. 46.\n\n^ Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 94 Disinfecting Vehicle and Type 94 Gas Scattering Vehicle\n\n^ Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 97 Pole Planter and Type 97 Cable Layer\n\n^ Zaloga 2007, pp. 8, 10.\n\n^ Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). \"The Japanese Armoured Units in the Dutch East Indies 1941-1942\". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.\n\n^ Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). \"Japanese Armoured Units on Java Island, 1942\". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.\n\n^ Jowett, Philip S. (2004). Rays of the Rising Sun: Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45: Volume 1: China and Manchukuo. Helion & Company Limited. p. 76.\n\n^ Mahé, Yann (October 2015). \"Le Blindorama: Mandchoukouo, 1932 - 1945\". Batailles & Blindés (in French). No. 48. Caraktère. pp. 4–7. ISSN 1765-0828.\n\n^ Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). \"Japanese Armoured Units on Timor Island, 1942\". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.\n\n^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). \"The Use of Armoured Vehicles on Borneo, 1941-19422\". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.\n\n^ Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). \"Japanese Armoured Units on Java Island, 1942\". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.\n\n^ a b \"Surviving Japanese Light Tanks\". the.shadock.free.fr. Retrieved 2023-04-26.","title":"Notes"}]

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[{"reference":"\"兵器臨時定価、予価、表送付の件 Military catalogue of the Japanese military\". National Archives of Japan. Ministry of the Army.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/listPhoto?LANG=eng&BID=F2006083120452299318&ID=M2006083120453599356&REFCODE=C01004699100","url_text":"\"兵器臨時定価、予価、表送付の件 Military catalogue of the Japanese military\""}]},{"reference":"Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941, Part I. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.). January 1943 [1943].","urls":[{"url":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/38#6408","url_text":"Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941, Part I"}]},{"reference":"Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). \"The Japanese Armoured Units in the Dutch East Indies 1941-1942\". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.","urls":[{"url":"https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/japarmunits.html","url_text":"\"The Japanese Armoured Units in the Dutch East Indies 1941-1942\""}]},{"reference":"Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). \"Japanese Armoured Units on Java Island, 1942\". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.","urls":[{"url":"https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/java_armour.html","url_text":"\"Japanese Armoured Units on Java Island, 1942\""}]},{"reference":"Jowett, Philip S. (2004). Rays of the Rising Sun: Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931-45: Volume 1: China and Manchukuo. Helion & Company Limited. p. 76.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mahé, Yann (October 2015). \"Le Blindorama: Mandchoukouo, 1932 - 1945\". Batailles & Blindés (in French). No. 48. Caraktère. pp. 4–7. ISSN 1765-0828.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1765-0828","url_text":"1765-0828"}]},{"reference":"Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). \"Japanese Armoured Units on Timor Island, 1942\". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.","urls":[{"url":"https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/timor_armour.html","url_text":"\"Japanese Armoured Units on Timor Island, 1942\""}]},{"reference":"L, Klemen (1999–2000). \"The Use of Armoured Vehicles on Borneo, 1941-19422\". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.","urls":[{"url":"https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/borneo_armour.html","url_text":"\"The Use of Armoured Vehicles on Borneo, 1941-19422\""}]},{"reference":"Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). \"Japanese Armoured Units on Java Island, 1942\". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.","urls":[{"url":"https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/java_armour.html","url_text":"\"Japanese Armoured Units on Java Island, 1942\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surviving Japanese Light Tanks\". the.shadock.free.fr. Retrieved 2023-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://the.shadock.free.fr/Surviving_Panzers.html","url_text":"\"Surviving Japanese Light Tanks\""}]},{"reference":"Coox, Alvin D. (1985). Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939 (Two volumes). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1160-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Coox","url_text":"Coox, Alvin D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1160-7","url_text":"0-8047-1160-7"}]},{"reference":"Foss, Christopher (2003a). Great Book of Tanks: The World's Most Important Tanks from World War I to the Present Day. Zenith Press. ISBN 0-7603-1475-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1475-6","url_text":"0-7603-1475-6"}]},{"reference":"Foss, Christopher (2003b). Tanks: The 500. Crestline. ISBN 0-7603-1500-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tankstanksofworl0000foss","url_text":"Tanks: The 500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1500-0","url_text":"0-7603-1500-0"}]},{"reference":"Tomczyk, Andrzej (2002). Japanese Armor Vol. 1. AJ Press. ISBN 83-7237-097-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7237-097-4","url_text":"83-7237-097-4"}]},{"reference":"Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). Japanese Tanks 1939–45. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-8460-3091-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Zaloga","url_text":"Zaloga, Steven J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8460-3091-8","url_text":"978-1-8460-3091-8"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prune_(fruit)

Prune

["1 Production","1.1 Name change","2 Health effects","2.1 Nutrition","2.2 Phytochemicals","3 Uses","4 See also","5 References"]

Dried plum This article is about the dried fruit. For the trimming of fruit tree branches, see Fruit tree pruning. For pruning of trees and plants in general, see Pruning. For other uses, see Prune (disambiguation). Prunes Raw, fresh prune plums that have not been dried into prunes Dried plums (prunes), uncookedNutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)Energy1,006 kJ (240 kcal)Carbohydrates63.88 gSugars38.13 gDietary fiber7.1 g Fat0.38 g Protein2.18 g VitaminsQuantity %DV†Vitamin A equiv.beta-Carotenelutein zeaxanthin4% 39 μg4%394 μg148 μgThiamine (B1)4% 0.051 mgRiboflavin (B2)14% 0.186 mgNiacin (B3)12% 1.882 mgPantothenic acid (B5)8% 0.422 mgVitamin B612% 0.205 mgFolate (B9)1% 4 μgCholine2% 10.1 mgVitamin C1% 0.6 mgVitamin E3% 0.43 mgVitamin K50% 59.5 μg MineralsQuantity %DV†Calcium3% 43 mgIron5% 0.93 mgMagnesium10% 41 mgManganese13% 0.299 mgPhosphorus6% 69 mgPotassium24% 732 mgSodium0% 2 mgZinc4% 0.44 mg Other constituentsQuantityWater31 g Link to USDA Database entry†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies. A prune is a dried plum, most commonly from the European plum (Prunus domestica) tree. Not all plum species or varieties can be dried into prunes. A prune is the firm-fleshed fruit (plum) of Prunus domestica varieties that have a high soluble solids content, and do not ferment during drying. Use of the term "prune" for fresh plums is obsolete except when applied to varieties of plum grown for drying. Most prunes are freestone cultivars (the pit is easy to remove), whereas most plums grown for fresh consumption are clingstone (the pit is more difficult to remove). Prunes are 64% carbohydrates, including dietary fiber, 2% protein, a rich source of vitamin K, and a moderate source of B vitamins and dietary minerals. The sorbitol content of dietary fiber likely provides the laxative effect associated with consuming prunes. Production More than 1,000 plum cultivars are grown for drying. The main cultivar grown in the United States is the 'Improved French' prune. Other varieties include 'Sutter', 'Tulare Giant', 'Moyer', 'Imperial', 'Italian', and greengages. Fresh prunes reach the market earlier than fresh plums and are usually smaller in size. The great majority of commercially grown prune varieties are self-fertile and do not need separate pollinator trees. Name change In 2001, plum growers in the United States were authorized by the Food and Drug Administration to call prunes "dried plums". Due to a perception that prunes relieve constipation (perceived as derogatory), some distributors stopped using the word "prune" on packaging labels in favor of "dried plums". Health effects Prunes contain dietary fiber (about 7% of weight) which may provide laxative effects. Their sorbitol content may also be responsible for this, a conclusion reached in a 2012 review by the European Food Safety Authority. The report also demonstrated that prunes effectively contribute to the maintenance of normal bowel function in the general population if consumed in quantities of at least 100 grams (3.5 oz) per day. Nutrition Prunes are 31% water, 64% carbohydrates, including 7% dietary fiber, 2% protein, and less than 1% fat. Prunes are a moderate source of vitamin K (57% of the Daily Value, DV) and a moderate source of several B vitamins and dietary minerals (4–16% DV). Phytochemicals Prunes and prune juice contain phytochemicals, including phenolic compounds (mainly as neochlorogenic acids and chlorogenic acids) and sorbitol. Uses Prunes in chocolate with an almond in the middle Moroccan-style tagine of lamb with prunes and almonds Prunes are used in preparing both sweet and savory dishes. Contrary to the name, boiled plums or prunes are not used to make sugar plums, which instead may be nuts, seeds, or spices coated with hard sugar, also called comfits. See also Food portal List of dried foods List of plum dishes Pomology – Study of fruit Li hing mui References ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 28 March 2024. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. ^ Growing Prunes (Dried Plums) in California: An Overview. UCANR Publications. 2007. ISBN 978-1-60107-486-7. ^ Richard P. Buchner (16 May 2012). Prune Production Manual. UCANR Publications. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-1-60107-702-8. ^ "Dehydrated Prunes Grades and Standards". Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture. 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017. ^ Growing Prunes (Dried Plums) in California: An Overview. UCANR Publications. 2007. pp. 2–. ISBN 978-1-60107-486-7. ^ "FDA Approves Prune Name Change". ABC News. 6 January 2006. Retrieved 14 July 2016. ^ Janick, Jules and Robert E. Paull (2008). The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI. ISBN 0-85199-638-8. p. 696. ^ a b Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M; Bowen, PE; Hussain, EA; Damayanti-Wood, BI; Farnsworth, NR (2001). "Chemical composition and potential health effects of prunes: a functional food?". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 41 (4): 251–86. doi:10.1080/20014091091814. PMID 11401245. S2CID 31159565. ^ a b c EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2012). "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to dried plums of 'prune' cultivars (Prunus domestica L.) and maintenance of normal bowel function (ID 1164, further assessment) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006". EFSA Journal. 10 (6): 2712. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2712. ^ Kawash, Samira (22 December 2010). "Sugar Plums: They're Not What You Think They Are". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 July 2017. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dried plums. Authority control databases National Latvia Japan Other NARA

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fruit tree pruning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_tree_pruning"},{"link_name":"Pruning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning"},{"link_name":"Prune (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prune_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosales_-_Dried_Prunus_domestica_d.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ortenauer.JPG"},{"link_name":"prune plums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prune_plum"},{"link_name":"plum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum"},{"link_name":"Prunus domestica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_domestica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ferment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation"},{"link_name":"drying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_fruit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchner2012-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usda-5"},{"link_name":"freestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe#Terminology"},{"link_name":"pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrena"},{"link_name":"dietary fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber"},{"link_name":"vitamin K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K"},{"link_name":"B vitamins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins"},{"link_name":"dietary minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_minerals"},{"link_name":"sorbitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitol"},{"link_name":"laxative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative"}],"text":"This article is about the dried fruit. For the trimming of fruit tree branches, see Fruit tree pruning. For pruning of trees and plants in general, see Pruning. For other uses, see Prune (disambiguation).PrunesRaw, fresh prune plums that have not been dried into prunesA prune is a dried plum, most commonly from the European plum (Prunus domestica) tree. Not all plum species or varieties can be dried into prunes.[3] A prune is the firm-fleshed fruit (plum) of Prunus domestica varieties that have a high soluble solids content, and do not ferment during drying.[4] Use of the term \"prune\" for fresh plums is obsolete except when applied to varieties of plum grown for drying.[5]Most prunes are freestone cultivars (the pit is easy to remove), whereas most plums grown for fresh consumption are clingstone (the pit is more difficult to remove).Prunes are 64% carbohydrates, including dietary fiber, 2% protein, a rich source of vitamin K, and a moderate source of B vitamins and dietary minerals. The sorbitol content of dietary fiber likely provides the laxative effect associated with consuming prunes.","title":"Prune"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"greengages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greengage"},{"link_name":"self-fertile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-pollination"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"More than 1,000 plum cultivars are grown for drying. The main cultivar grown in the United States is the 'Improved French' prune. Other varieties include 'Sutter', 'Tulare Giant', 'Moyer', 'Imperial', 'Italian', and greengages. Fresh prunes reach the market earlier than fresh plums and are usually smaller in size. The great majority of commercially grown prune varieties are self-fertile and do not need separate pollinator trees.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"constipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipation"},{"link_name":"derogatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derogatory"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Name change","text":"In 2001, plum growers in the United States were authorized by the Food and Drug Administration to call prunes \"dried plums\".[7] Due to a perception that prunes relieve constipation (perceived as derogatory), some distributors stopped using the word \"prune\" on packaging labels in favor of \"dried plums\".[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dietary fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber"},{"link_name":"laxative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-critrev-9"},{"link_name":"sorbitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitol"},{"link_name":"European Food Safety Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-efsa2012-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-efsa2012-10"}],"text":"Prunes contain dietary fiber (about 7% of weight) which may provide laxative effects.[9] Their sorbitol content may also be responsible for this, a conclusion reached in a 2012 review by the European Food Safety Authority.[10] The report also demonstrated that prunes effectively contribute to the maintenance of normal bowel function in the general population if consumed in quantities of at least 100 grams (3.5 oz) per day.[10]","title":"Health effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carbohydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat"},{"link_name":"vitamin K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K"},{"link_name":"Daily Value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Value"},{"link_name":"B vitamins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamin"},{"link_name":"dietary minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_minerals"}],"sub_title":"Nutrition","text":"Prunes are 31% water, 64% carbohydrates, including 7% dietary fiber, 2% protein, and less than 1% fat. Prunes are a moderate source of vitamin K (57% of the Daily Value, DV) and a moderate source of several B vitamins and dietary minerals (4–16% DV).","title":"Health effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prune juice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prune_juice"},{"link_name":"phytochemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemical"},{"link_name":"phenolic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol"},{"link_name":"neochlorogenic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neochlorogenic_acid"},{"link_name":"chlorogenic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorogenic_acid"},{"link_name":"sorbitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitol"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-critrev-9"}],"sub_title":"Phytochemicals","text":"Prunes and prune juice contain phytochemicals, including phenolic compounds (mainly as neochlorogenic acids and chlorogenic acids) and sorbitol.[9]","title":"Health effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chocolate-coated_Dried_Plums.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prunes in chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate-covered_prune"},{"link_name":"almond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tajin_aux_pruneaux.JPG"},{"link_name":"Moroccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine"},{"link_name":"tagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagine"},{"link_name":"sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_dishes"},{"link_name":"dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_dish"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-efsa2012-10"},{"link_name":"sugar plums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_plum"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice"},{"link_name":"comfits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Prunes in chocolate with an almond in the middleMoroccan-style tagine of lamb with prunes and almondsPrunes are used in preparing both sweet and savory dishes.[10]Contrary to the name, boiled plums or prunes are not used to make sugar plums, which instead may be nuts, seeds, or spices coated with hard sugar, also called comfits.[11]","title":"Uses"}]

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ISBN 978-1-60107-486-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GxxjwNoAHgcC&pg=PP2","url_text":"Growing Prunes (Dried Plums) in California: An Overview"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60107-486-7","url_text":"978-1-60107-486-7"}]},{"reference":"\"FDA Approves Prune Name Change\". ABC News. 6 January 2006. Retrieved 14 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=117656&page=1","url_text":"\"FDA Approves Prune Name Change\""}]},{"reference":"Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M; Bowen, PE; Hussain, EA; Damayanti-Wood, BI; Farnsworth, NR (2001). \"Chemical composition and potential health effects of prunes: a functional food?\". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 41 (4): 251–86. doi:10.1080/20014091091814. PMID 11401245. S2CID 31159565.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20014091091814","url_text":"10.1080/20014091091814"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11401245","url_text":"11401245"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31159565","url_text":"31159565"}]},{"reference":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2012). \"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to dried plums of 'prune' cultivars (Prunus domestica L.) and maintenance of normal bowel function (ID 1164, further assessment) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006\". EFSA Journal. 10 (6): 2712. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2712.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2012.2712","url_text":"\"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to dried plums of 'prune' cultivars (Prunus domestica L.) and maintenance of normal bowel function (ID 1164, further assessment) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2012.2712","url_text":"10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2712"}]},{"reference":"Kawash, Samira (22 December 2010). \"Sugar Plums: They're Not What You Think They Are\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2010/12/sugar-plums-theyre-not-what-you-think-they-are/68385/","url_text":"\"Sugar Plums: They're Not What You Think They Are\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_bale

Straw

["1 Uses","1.1 Animal feed","1.2 Basketry","1.3 Bedding","1.4 Bioplastic","1.5 Chemicals","1.6 Construction material","1.7 Crafts","1.8 Construction site sediment control","1.9 Fuel source","1.10 Gardening","1.11 Hats","1.12 Horticulture","1.13 Packaging","1.14 Paper","1.15 Rope","1.16 Shoes","1.17 Targets","1.18 Thatching","2 Health and safety","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Agricultural byproduct of cereal crops For other uses, see Straw (disambiguation). Not to be confused with hay or drinking straw. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Straw" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bundles of rice straw Pile of stacked small square straw bales sheltered under a clear tarpaulin Straw lines and a combine harvester Straw is an agricultural byproduct consisting of the dry stalks of cereal plants after the grain and chaff have been removed. It makes up about half of the yield by weight of cereal crops such as barley, oats, rice, rye and wheat. It has a number of different uses, including fuel, livestock bedding and fodder, thatching and basket making. Straw is usually gathered and stored in a straw bale, which is a bale, or bundle, of straw tightly bound with twine, wire, or string. Straw bales may be square, rectangular, star shaped or round, and can be very large, depending on the type of baler used. Uses Current and historic uses of straw include: Animal feed A traditional method of storing wheat hay in Punjab. Straw may be fed as part of the roughage component of the diet to cattle or horses that are on a near maintenance level of energy requirement. It has a low digestible energy and nutrient content (as opposed to hay, which is much more nutritious). The heat generated when microorganisms in a herbivore's gut digest straw can be useful in maintaining body temperature in cold climates. Due to the risk of impaction and its poor nutrient profile, it should always be restricted to part of the diet. It may be fed as it is, or chopped into short lengths, known as chaff. Basketry Bee skeps and linen baskets are made from coiled and bound together continuous lengths of straw. The technique is known as lip work. Bedding Straw is commonly used as bedding for ruminants and horses. It may be used as bedding and food for small animals, but this often leads to injuries to mouth, nose and eyes as straw is quite sharp. The straw-filled mattress, also known as a palliasse, is still used by people in many parts of the world. Bioplastic Rice straw, an agricultural waste which is not usually recovered, can be turned into bioplastic with mechanical properties akin to polystyrene in its dry state. Chemicals Straw is being investigated as a source of fine chemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, lignins, phenols, and steroids. Construction material Main articles: Straw-bale construction and Alternative natural materials In many parts of the world, straw is used to bind clay and concrete. A mixture of clay and straw, known as cob, can be used as a building material. There are many recipes for making cob. When baled, straw has moderate insulation characteristics (about R-1.5/inch according to Oak Ridge National Lab and Forest Product Lab testing). It can be used, alone or in a post-and-beam construction, to build straw bale houses. When bales are used to build or insulate buildings, the straw bales are commonly finished with earthen plaster. The plastered walls provide some thermal mass, compressive and ductile structural strength, and acceptable fire resistance as well as thermal resistance (insulation), somewhat in excess of North American building code. Straw is an abundant agricultural waste product, and requires little energy to bale and transport for construction. For these reasons, straw bale construction is gaining popularity as part of passive solar and other renewable energy projects. Wheat straw can be used as a fibrous filler combined with polymers to produce composite lumber. Enviroboard can be made from straw. Strawblocks are strawbales that have been recompressed to the density of woodblocks, for compact cargo container shipment, or for straw-bale construction of load-bearing walls that support roof-loads, such as a "living" or green roofs. Crafts Belarusian Straw Dolls Latvian traditional Ziemassvētki straw art mobile puzuris Craft usages of straw include: Corn dollies Himmeli (straw art) Straw marquetry Straw painting Straw plaiting Scarecrows Japanese Traditional Cat's House Japanese wara art Construction site sediment control Straw bales are sometimes used for sediment control at construction sites. However, bales are often ineffective in protecting water quality and are maintenance-intensive. For these reasons the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and various state agencies recommend use of alternative sediment control practices where possible, such as silt fences, fiber rolls and geotextiles. They can also be used as burned area emergency response, as ground cover or as in-stream check dams. Fuel source The use of straw as a carbon-neutral energy source is increasing rapidly, especially for biobutanol. Straw or hay briquettes are a biofuel substitute to coal. Straw, processed first as briquettes, has been fed into a biogas plant in Aarhus University, Denmark, in a test to see if higher gas yields could be attained. The use of straw in large-scale biomass power plants is becoming mainstream in the EU, with several facilities already online. The straw is either used directly in the form of bales, or densified into pellets which allows for the feedstock to be transported over longer distances. Finally, torrefaction of straw with pelletisation is gaining attention, because it increases the energy density of the resource, making it possible to transport it still further. This processing step also makes storage much easier, because torrefied straw pellets are hydrophobic. Torrefied straw in the form of pellets can be directly co-fired with coal or natural gas at very high rates and make use of the processing infrastructures at existing coal and gas plants. Because the torrefied straw pellets have superior structural, chemical and combustion properties to coal, they can replace all coal and turn a coal plant into an entirely biomass-fed power station. First generation pellets are limited to a co-firing rate of 15% in modern IGCC plants. Gardening Straw bale gardening is also popular among gardeners who do not have enough space for soil gardening. When properly conditioned, straw bales can be used as a perfect soil substitute. Hats A straw hat There are several styles of straw hats that are made of woven straw. Many thousands of women and children in England (primarily in the Luton district of Bedfordshire), and large numbers in the United States (mostly Massachusetts), were employed in plaiting straw for making hats. By the late 19th century, vast quantities of plaits were being imported to England from Canton in China, and in the United States most of the straw plait was imported. A fiber analogous to straw is obtained from the plant Carludovica palmata, and is used to make Panama hats. Traditional Japanese rain protection consisted of a straw hat and a mino cape. Horticulture Straw is used in cucumber houses and for mushroom growing. In Japan, certain trees are wrapped with straw to protect them from the effects of a hard winter as well as to use them as a trap for parasite insects. (see Komomaki) It is also used in ponds to reduce algae by changing the nutrient ratios in the water. The soil under strawberries is covered with straw to protect the ripe berries from dirt, and straw is also used to cover the plants during winter to prevent the cold from killing them. Straw also makes an excellent mulch. Packaging Straw is resistant to being crushed and therefore makes a good packing material. A company in France makes a straw mat sealed in thin plastic sheets. Straw envelopes for wine bottles have become rarer, but are still to be found at some wine merchants. Wheat straw is also used in compostable food packaging such as compostable plates. Packaging made from wheat straw can be certified compostable and will biodegrade in a commercial composting environment. Paper Straw can be pulped to make paper. Rope Rope made from straw was used by thatchers, in the packaging industry and even in iron foundries. Saekki is a traditional Korean rope made of woven straw. Shoes The Chinese wore cailu or caixie, shoes and sandals made of straw, well into modernity. Koreans wear jipsin, sandals made of straw. Several types of traditional Japanese shoes, such as waraji and zōri, are made of straw. In some parts of Germany like Black Forest and Hunsrück people wear straw shoes at home or at carnival. Targets Heavy-gauge straw rope is coiled and sewn tightly together to make archery targets. This is no longer done entirely by hand, but is partially mechanised. Sometimes a paper or plastic target is set up in front of straw bales, which serve to support the target and provide a safe backdrop. Thatching Thatching uses straw, reed or similar materials to make a waterproof, lightweight roof with good insulation properties. Straw for this purpose (often wheat straw) is grown specially and harvested using a reaper-binder. Health and safety Dried straw presents a fire hazard that can ignite easily if exposed to sparks or an open flame. It can also trigger allergic rhinitis in people who are hypersensitive to airborne allergens such as straw dust. See also Agriculture and Agronomy portal Corn stover (corn straw) Crop residue Drinking straw Hay Straw (colour) Sheaf (agriculture), a bundle of straw Stook, a stack of straw Straw dog Wood wool Yule Goat References ^ Bilo, Fabjola; Pandini, Stefano; Sartore, Luciana; Depero, Laura E.; Gargiulo, Giovanna; Bonassi, Andrea; Federici, Stefania; Bontempi, Elza (2018-11-01). "A sustainable bioplastic obtained from rice straw". Journal of Cleaner Production. 200: 357–368. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.252. S2CID 140096514. Retrieved 2020-09-12. ^ Schnitzer M, Monreal CM, Powell EE (2014). "Wheat straw biomass: A resource for high-value chemicals". Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B. 49 (1): 51–67. Bibcode:2014JESHB..49...51S. doi:10.1080/03601234.2013.836924. PMID 24138469. S2CID 43907721. ^ The Straw Bale House: Suitability for the Eastern U.S. ^ "Adding Value to Wheat Straw By Anduin Kirkbride-McElroy. Biomass Magazine, 2007". ^ King, B. (2017). The New Carbon Architecture: Building to Cool the Climate. New Society Publishers. pp. pt95-96. ISBN 978-1-77142-256-7. Retrieved January 1, 2019. ^ Lazdiņa, Renāte (December 1, 2015). "Straw mobiles - an old Latvian craft being revived". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. ^ "Straw Bale Barrier" (PDF). Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual. Denver, CO: Urban Drainage and Flood Control District. November 2010. SBB-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-14. ^ "National Menu of Stormwater Best Management Practices: Straw or Hay Bales". National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006-06-01. Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. ^ 252507@au.dk (2017-06-30). "show". dca.au.dk. Archived from the original on 2016-04-15. Retrieved 2017-07-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Straw Bale Gardening For Beginners | A Great Alternative to Soil Gardening & 10 Vegs To Grow - Organic Gardening Geek". organicgardeningeek.com. 2021-10-30. Retrieved 2021-11-07. ^ a b Baynes, T. S.; Smith, W. R., eds. (1887). "Straw Manufactures" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ^ a b Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Straw" . The American Cyclopædia. ^ Henshall, Kenneth (17 April 2012). A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Springer. p. 67. ISBN 9780230346628. ^ Viv Biz Club: Compostable Plates Archived 2010-07-31 at the Wayback Machine ^ McLaren, Duncan; Bullock, Simon; Yousuf, Nusrat (2013-11-05). Tomorrow's World: Britain's Share in a Sustainable Future. Routledge. ISBN 9781134044825. External links Media related to Straw at Wikimedia Commons "Straw and Straw Manufactures" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. vteBioenergyBiofuels Alcohol Algae Babassu oil Bagasse Biobutanol Biodiesel Biogas Biogasoline Bioliquids Biomass Cooking oil vegetable oil Ethanol cellulosic mixtures Methanol Stover corn Straw Water hyacinth Wood gas Energy fromfoodstock Camelina sativa Cassava Coconut oil Grape Hemp Maize Oat Palm oil Potato Rapeseed Rice Sorghum bicolor Soybean Sugar beet Sugarcane Sunflower Wheat Yam Non-foodenergy crops Arundo Big bluestem Camelina Chinese tallow Duckweed Jatropha curcas Miscanthus × giganteus Pongamia pinnata Salicornia Switchgrass Wood Technology Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage Biomass heating systems Biorefinery Fischer–Tropsch process Industrial biotechnology Pellet fuel mill stove Sabatier reaction Thermal depolymerization Concepts Agflation Cellulosic ethanol commercialization Energy content of biofuel Energy crop Energy forestry Energy return on investment Food vs. fuel Issues relating to biofuels Sustainable biofuel vteBarleyHistory Domestication Neolithic Revolution Triticeae Types of barley Genus: Hordeum Cultivars: Bere Golden Promise Agronomy Barley diseases Trade Australian Barley Board Canadian Wheat Board Corn exchange Production by country Wheat pools in Canada Parts of the plant Bran Germ Husk Kernel Gluten Straw Basic preparations Milling: Flour (types) Groats Middlings Parboiling As an ingredient List of barley-based drinks Barley bread Barley honey Barley tea Barley water Beer Caffè d'orzo Irish whiskey Japanese whisky Máchica Malta Scotch whisky Talbina see also: Category:Barley-based drinks Associated human diseases Gluten-related disorders Coeliac disease Non-celiac gluten sensitivity Wheat allergy Dermatitis herpetiformis Gluten ataxia Related concepts Bread riot Cattle feeding Plant breeding Refined grains Staple food Whole grain Category Commons vteWheatTypes Common Marquis Norin 10 Red Fife Winter wheat Durum Einkorn Emmer Khorasan Spelt Agronomy Wheat diseases list Wheat mildew Hessian fly Trade Australian Wheat Board Canadian Wheat Board Corn exchange Exports International Wheat Council Peak wheat Production statistics Protein premium Wheat pools in Canada Plant parts and their uses Stalk Straw Seed Bran Germ Chaff (husk) Endosperm Gluten Sprouts Basic preparation None Berries or groats Milling Farina Flour Middlings Semolina Parboiling Bulgur As an ingredient Bread Couscous Cracker Flatbread Pasta Wheat beer Wheat germ oil Wheat gluten Associated human diseases Anaphylaxis Gluten-related disorders coeliac disease non-celiac gluten sensitivity wheat allergy dermatitis herpetiformis ataxia Related concepts Bread riot Plant breeding Refined grains Staple food Wheatpaste Whole grain Shattering Tell Abu Hureyra Tell Aswad Category Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic

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It makes up about half of the yield by weight of cereal crops such as barley, oats, rice, rye and wheat. It has a number of different uses, including fuel, livestock bedding and fodder, thatching and basket making.Straw is usually gathered and stored in a straw bale, which is a bale, or bundle, of straw tightly bound with twine, wire, or string. Straw bales may be square, rectangular, star shaped or round, and can be very large, depending on the type of baler used.","title":"Straw"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Current and historic uses of straw include:","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg"},{"link_name":"roughage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughage"},{"link_name":"hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay"},{"link_name":"impaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaction_(animals)"},{"link_name":"chaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff"}],"sub_title":"Animal feed","text":"A traditional method of storing wheat hay in Punjab.Straw may be fed as part of the roughage component of the diet to cattle or horses that are on a near maintenance level of energy requirement. It has a low digestible energy and nutrient content (as opposed to hay, which is much more nutritious). The heat generated when microorganisms in a herbivore's gut digest straw can be useful in maintaining body temperature in cold climates. Due to the risk of impaction and its poor nutrient profile, it should always be restricted to part of the diet. It may be fed as it is, or chopped into short lengths, known as chaff.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bee skeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_skep"},{"link_name":"baskets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket"}],"sub_title":"Basketry","text":"Bee skeps and linen baskets are made from coiled and bound together continuous lengths of straw. The technique is known as lip work.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"palliasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliasse"}],"sub_title":"Bedding","text":"Straw is commonly used as bedding for ruminants and horses. It may be used as bedding and food for small animals, but this often leads to injuries to mouth, nose and eyes as straw is quite sharp.The straw-filled mattress, also known as a palliasse, is still used by people in many parts of the world.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bioplastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastic"},{"link_name":"polystyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Bioplastic","text":"Rice straw, an agricultural waste which is not usually recovered, can be turned into bioplastic with mechanical properties akin to polystyrene in its dry state.[1]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fine chemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_chemical"},{"link_name":"alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"flavonoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid"},{"link_name":"lignins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"},{"link_name":"phenols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenols"},{"link_name":"steroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24138469-2"}],"sub_title":"Chemicals","text":"Straw is being investigated as a source of fine chemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, lignins, phenols, and steroids.[2]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"cob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cob_(building)"},{"link_name":"baled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baler"},{"link_name":"straw bale houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw-bale_construction"},{"link_name":"build","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_construction"},{"link_name":"insulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulation"},{"link_name":"earthen plaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthen_plaster"},{"link_name":"thermal mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_mass"},{"link_name":"building code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_code"},{"link_name":"passive solar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_solar"},{"link_name":"renewable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"composite lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_lumber"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Enviroboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enviroboard"},{"link_name":"cargo container","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_container"},{"link_name":"straw-bale construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw-bale_construction"},{"link_name":"load-bearing walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load-bearing_wall"},{"link_name":"green roofs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_roof"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Construction material","text":"In many parts of the world, straw is used to bind clay and concrete. A mixture of clay and straw, known as cob, can be used as a building material. There are many recipes for making cob.When baled, straw has moderate insulation characteristics (about R-1.5/inch according to Oak Ridge National Lab and Forest Product Lab testing). It can be used, alone or in a post-and-beam construction, to build straw bale houses. When bales are used to build or insulate buildings, the straw bales are commonly finished with earthen plaster. The plastered walls provide some thermal mass, compressive and ductile structural strength, and acceptable fire resistance as well as thermal resistance (insulation), somewhat in excess of North American building code. Straw is an abundant agricultural waste product, and requires little energy to bale and transport for construction. For these reasons, straw bale construction is gaining popularity as part of passive solar and other renewable energy projects.[3]Wheat straw can be used as a fibrous filler combined with polymers to produce composite lumber.[4]Enviroboard can be made from straw.Strawblocks are strawbales that have been recompressed to the density of woodblocks, for compact cargo container shipment, or for straw-bale construction of load-bearing walls that support roof-loads, such as a \"living\" or green roofs.[5]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solomka.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latvie%C5%A1u_puzurs.JPG"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_people"},{"link_name":"Ziemassvētki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tki"},{"link_name":"straw art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himmeli"},{"link_name":"mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Corn dollies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_dolly"},{"link_name":"Himmeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himmeli"},{"link_name":"Straw marquetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_marquetry"},{"link_name":"Straw painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_painting"},{"link_name":"Straw plaiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_plaiting"},{"link_name":"Scarecrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrows"},{"link_name":"Japanese Traditional Cat's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neko_chigura"},{"link_name":"wara art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wara_art"}],"sub_title":"Crafts","text":"Belarusian Straw DollsLatvian traditional Ziemassvētki straw art mobile puzuris[6]Craft usages of straw include:Corn dollies\nHimmeli (straw art)\nStraw marquetry\nStraw painting\nStraw plaiting\nScarecrows\nJapanese Traditional Cat's House\nJapanese wara art","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sediment control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment_control"},{"link_name":"construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"water quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality"},{"link_name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"silt fences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt_fence"},{"link_name":"fiber rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_roll"},{"link_name":"geotextiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotextiles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"burned area emergency response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burned_area_emergency_response"}],"sub_title":"Construction site sediment control","text":"Straw bales are sometimes used for sediment control at construction sites.[7] However, bales are often ineffective in protecting water quality and are maintenance-intensive. For these reasons the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and various state agencies recommend use of alternative sediment control practices where possible, such as silt fences, fiber rolls and geotextiles.[8]They can also be used as burned area emergency response, as ground cover or as in-stream check dams.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biobutanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biobutanol"},{"link_name":"biofuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel"},{"link_name":"briquettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briquette"},{"link_name":"biogas plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion"},{"link_name":"Aarhus University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_University"},{"link_name":"gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"biomass power plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_crop"},{"link_name":"torrefaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrefaction"},{"link_name":"co-firing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-firing"},{"link_name":"IGCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle"}],"sub_title":"Fuel source","text":"The use of straw as a carbon-neutral energy source is increasing rapidly, especially for biobutanol. Straw or hay briquettes are a biofuel substitute to coal.Straw, processed first as briquettes, has been fed into a biogas plant in Aarhus University, Denmark, in a test to see if higher gas yields could be attained.[9]The use of straw in large-scale biomass power plants is becoming mainstream in the EU, with several facilities already online. The straw is either used directly in the form of bales, or densified into pellets which allows for the feedstock to be transported over longer distances. Finally, torrefaction of straw with pelletisation is gaining attention, because it increases the energy density of the resource, making it possible to transport it still further. This processing step also makes storage much easier, because torrefied straw pellets are hydrophobic. Torrefied straw in the form of pellets can be directly co-fired with coal or natural gas at very high rates and make use of the processing infrastructures at existing coal and gas plants. Because the torrefied straw pellets have superior structural, chemical and combustion properties to coal, they can replace all coal and turn a coal plant into an entirely biomass-fed power station. First generation pellets are limited to a co-firing rate of 15% in modern IGCC plants.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"}],"sub_title":"Gardening","text":"Straw bale gardening[10] is also popular among gardeners who do not have enough space for soil gardening. When properly conditioned, straw bales can be used as a perfect soil substitute.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_straw_hat_with_the_ornament_made_of_a_rattlesnake%27s_skin.jpg"},{"link_name":"straw hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_hat"},{"link_name":"Luton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb9-11"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"plaiting straw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_Plaiting"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb9-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac-12"},{"link_name":"Carludovica palmata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carludovica_palmata"},{"link_name":"Panama hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_hats"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac-12"},{"link_name":"mino cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mino_(straw_cape)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Hats","text":"A straw hatThere are several styles of straw hats that are made of woven straw.Many thousands of women and children in England (primarily in the Luton district of Bedfordshire),[11] and large numbers in the United States (mostly Massachusetts), were employed in plaiting straw for making hats. By the late 19th century, vast quantities of plaits were being imported to England from Canton in China,[11] and in the United States most of the straw plait was imported.[12]A fiber analogous to straw is obtained from the plant Carludovica palmata, and is used to make Panama hats.[12]Traditional Japanese rain protection consisted of a straw hat and a mino cape.[13]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cucumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber"},{"link_name":"mushroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Komomaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komomaki"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga"},{"link_name":"strawberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry"},{"link_name":"mulch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulch"}],"sub_title":"Horticulture","text":"Straw is used in cucumber houses and for mushroom growing.In Japan, certain trees are wrapped with straw to protect them from the effects of a hard winter as well as to use them as a trap for parasite insects. (see Komomaki)It is also used in ponds to reduce algae by changing the nutrient ratios in the water.The soil under strawberries is covered with straw to protect the ripe berries from dirt, and straw is also used to cover the plants during winter to prevent the cold from killing them.Straw also makes an excellent mulch.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"packing material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packing_material"},{"link_name":"food packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_packaging"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VBC-14"}],"sub_title":"Packaging","text":"Straw is resistant to being crushed and therefore makes a good packing material. A company in France makes a straw mat sealed in thin plastic sheets.Straw envelopes for wine bottles have become rarer, but are still to be found at some wine merchants.Wheat straw is also used in compostable food packaging such as compostable plates. Packaging made from wheat straw can be certified compostable and will biodegrade in a commercial composting environment.[14]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Paper","text":"Straw can be pulped to make paper.[15]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saekki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saekki"}],"sub_title":"Rope","text":"Rope made from straw was used by thatchers, in the packaging industry and even in iron foundries.Saekki is a traditional Korean rope made of woven straw.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cailu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailu"},{"link_name":"caixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixie"},{"link_name":"jipsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jipsin"},{"link_name":"waraji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waraji"},{"link_name":"zōri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri"},{"link_name":"Black Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Forest"},{"link_name":"Hunsrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCck"}],"sub_title":"Shoes","text":"The Chinese wore cailu or caixie, shoes and sandals made of straw, well into modernity.Koreans wear jipsin, sandals made of straw.Several types of traditional Japanese shoes, such as waraji and zōri, are made of straw.In some parts of Germany like Black Forest and Hunsrück people wear straw shoes at home or at carnival.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"}],"sub_title":"Targets","text":"Heavy-gauge straw rope is coiled and sewn tightly together to make archery targets. This is no longer done entirely by hand, but is partially mechanised. Sometimes a paper or plastic target is set up in front of straw bales, which serve to support the target and provide a safe backdrop.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatching"},{"link_name":"reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_(plant)"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"reaper-binder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper-binder"}],"sub_title":"Thatching","text":"Thatching uses straw, reed or similar materials to make a waterproof, lightweight roof with good insulation properties. Straw for this purpose (often wheat straw) is grown specially and harvested using a reaper-binder.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allergic rhinitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis"}],"text":"Dried straw presents a fire hazard that can ignite easily if exposed to sparks or an open flame. It can also trigger allergic rhinitis in people who are hypersensitive to airborne allergens such as straw dust.","title":"Health and safety"}]

[{"image_text":"Bundles of rice straw","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rice_straw.jpg/220px-Rice_straw.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pile of stacked small square straw bales sheltered under a clear tarpaulin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pile-of-straw.jpg/220px-Pile-of-straw.jpg"},{"image_text":"Straw lines and a combine harvester","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Straw_lines_and_Combine_Harvester.jpg/220px-Straw_lines_and_Combine_Harvester.jpg"},{"image_text":"A traditional method of storing wheat hay in Punjab.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg/220px-A_traditional_method_of_storing_wheat_hay_in_Punjab.jpg"},{"image_text":"Belarusian Straw Dolls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Solomka.jpg/220px-Solomka.jpg"},{"image_text":"Latvian traditional Ziemassvētki straw art mobile puzuris[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Latvie%C5%A1u_puzurs.JPG/220px-Latvie%C5%A1u_puzurs.JPG"},{"image_text":"A straw hat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Texas_straw_hat_with_the_ornament_made_of_a_rattlesnake%27s_skin.jpg/220px-Texas_straw_hat_with_the_ornament_made_of_a_rattlesnake%27s_skin.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Agriculture and Agronomy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Agriculture_and_Agronomy"},{"title":"Corn stover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_stover"},{"title":"Crop residue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_residue"},{"title":"Drinking straw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_straw"},{"title":"Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay"},{"title":"Straw (colour)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_(colour)"},{"title":"Sheaf (agriculture)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_(agriculture)"},{"title":"Stook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stook"},{"title":"Straw dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_dog"},{"title":"Wood wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_wool"},{"title":"Yule Goat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule_Goat"}]

[{"reference":"Bilo, Fabjola; Pandini, Stefano; Sartore, Luciana; Depero, Laura E.; Gargiulo, Giovanna; Bonassi, Andrea; Federici, Stefania; Bontempi, Elza (2018-11-01). \"A sustainable bioplastic obtained from rice straw\". Journal of Cleaner Production. 200: 357–368. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.252. S2CID 140096514. Retrieved 2020-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652618322418","url_text":"\"A sustainable bioplastic obtained from rice straw\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.07.252","url_text":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.252"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140096514","url_text":"140096514"}]},{"reference":"Schnitzer M, Monreal CM, Powell EE (2014). \"Wheat straw biomass: A resource for high-value chemicals\". 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Biomass Magazine, 2007\".","urls":[{"url":"http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/1367/adding-value-to-wheat-straw/","url_text":"\"Adding Value to Wheat Straw By Anduin Kirkbride-McElroy. Biomass Magazine, 2007\""}]},{"reference":"King, B. (2017). The New Carbon Architecture: Building to Cool the Climate. New Society Publishers. pp. pt95-96. ISBN 978-1-77142-256-7. Retrieved January 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3ocuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95","url_text":"The New Carbon Architecture: Building to Cool the Climate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77142-256-7","url_text":"978-1-77142-256-7"}]},{"reference":"Lazdiņa, Renāte (December 1, 2015). \"Straw mobiles - an old Latvian craft being revived\". Public Broadcasting of Latvia.","urls":[{"url":"https://eng.lsm.lv/article/culture/culture/straw-mobiles-an-old-latvian-craft-being-revived.a157462/","url_text":"\"Straw mobiles - an old Latvian craft being revived\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_of_Latvia","url_text":"Public Broadcasting of Latvia"}]},{"reference":"\"Straw Bale Barrier\" (PDF). Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual. Denver, CO: Urban Drainage and Flood Control District. November 2010. SBB-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://udfcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SC-03-Straw-Bale-Barrier.pdf","url_text":"\"Straw Bale Barrier\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190714215019/https://udfcd.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SC-03-Straw-Bale-Barrier.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"National Menu of Stormwater Best Management Practices: Straw or Hay Bales\". National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006-06-01. Archived from the original on 2013-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130730163657/http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=122","url_text":"\"National Menu of Stormwater Best Management Practices: Straw or Hay Bales\""},{"url":"http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=122","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"252507@au.dk (2017-06-30). \"show\". dca.au.dk. Archived from the original on 2016-04-15. Retrieved 2017-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160415174332/http://dca.au.dk/en/current-news/news/show/artikel/vejen-fra-toert-halm-til-brugbar-energi-forkortes-markant/","url_text":"\"show\""},{"url":"http://dca.au.dk/en/current-news/news/show/artikel/vejen-fra-toert-halm-til-brugbar-energi-forkortes-markant/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Straw Bale Gardening For Beginners | A Great Alternative to Soil Gardening & 10 Vegs To Grow - Organic Gardening Geek\". organicgardeningeek.com. 2021-10-30. Retrieved 2021-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://organicgardeningeek.com/straw-bale-gardening-for-beginners/","url_text":"\"Straw Bale Gardening For Beginners | A Great Alternative to Soil Gardening & 10 Vegs To Grow - Organic Gardening Geek\""}]},{"reference":"Baynes, T. S.; Smith, W. R., eds. (1887). \"Straw Manufactures\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Straw_Manufactures","url_text":"\"Straw Manufactures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). \"Straw\" . The American Cyclopædia.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Straw","url_text":"\"Straw\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia","url_text":"The American Cyclopædia"}]},{"reference":"Henshall, Kenneth (17 April 2012). A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower. Springer. p. 67. ISBN 9780230346628.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vD76fF5hqf8C&pg=PA67","url_text":"A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230346628","url_text":"9780230346628"}]},{"reference":"McLaren, Duncan; Bullock, Simon; Yousuf, Nusrat (2013-11-05). Tomorrow's World: Britain's Share in a Sustainable Future. Routledge. ISBN 9781134044825.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QbH9AQAAQBAJ&q=Straw+can+be+pulped+to+make+paper&pg=PA176","url_text":"Tomorrow's World: Britain's Share in a Sustainable Future"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134044825","url_text":"9781134044825"}]},{"reference":"\"Straw and Straw Manufactures\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Straw_and_Straw_Manufactures","url_text":"\"Straw and Straw Manufactures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-2-4T

4-2-4T

["1 Overview","2 Usage","2.1 United Kingdom","2.2 United States","2.3 South Africa","3 In fiction","4 References"]

Tank locomotive wheel arrangement 4-2-4Pearson 4-2-4T no. 44 of the Bristol and Exeter Railway, c. 1854Equivalent classificationsUIC class2A2French class212Turkish class15Swiss class1/5Russian class2-1-2First known tank engine versionFirst use1853CountryUnited KingdomLocomotivePearson 4-2-4TRailwayBristol and Exeter RailwayDesignerJames PearsonBuilderBristol and Exeter Railway Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-2-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and four trailing wheels on two axles. The configuration was only used for tank engines, which is noted by adding letter suffixes to the configuration, such as 4-2-4T for a conventional side-tank locomotive, 4-2-4ST for a saddle-tank locomotive, 4-2-4WT for a well-tank locomotive and 4-2-4RT for a rack-equipped tank locomotive. Overview This wheel arrangement was only used on various tank locomotive configurations. Eight 4-2-4 well- and back-tank locomotives which entered service on the Bristol and Exeter Railway in 1853 appear to have been the first with this wheel arrangement. The engine was designed by James Pearson, the railway company's engineer, and featured single large flangeless driving wheels between two supporting four-wheeled bogies. The water was carried in both well- and back-tanks, leaving the boilers exposed in the same way as on most tender locomotives. Usage United Kingdom The first eight known 4-2-4T locomotives entered service on the broad gauge Bristol and Exeter Railway in 1853 and 1854, numbered in the range from 39 to 46. They had 9 feet (2,743 millimetres) diameter flangeless driving wheels, supported by leading and trailing two-axle bogies. The water was carried in both well- and back-tanks. Two more engines were built in 1859 and 1862, but with much smaller 7 feet 6 inches (2,286 millimetres) diameter driving wheels. The second B&ER No. 40 of 1873 Between 1869 and 1873, new locomotives were built to replace four of the original 9 feet (2,743 millimetres) diameter driving wheeled engines, re-using the engine numbers of the locomotives being replaced. These four replacement engines had slightly smaller, 8 feet 10 inches (2,692 millimetres), diameter driving wheels. In 1881, this wheel arrangement was also used by the Great Western Railway on William Dean's experimental locomotive No. 9. Since it was so prone to derailing as to be unable to be moved from the workshops where it was built, it did no work and was rebuilt to a 2-2-2 tender locomotive in 1884. Dugald Drummond of the London and South Western Railway built a 4-2-4T F9 class combined locomotive and inspection saloon in 1899. It was little used after Drummond's death in 1912. United States The C.P. Huntington The engine C. P. Huntington was one of three identical 4-2-4 tank locomotives. They were the first locomotives to be purchased by Southern Pacific Railroad in 1863, for use on light commuter services in the Sacramento area. The locomotives had serious shortcomings. The single driving axle did not carry the full weight of the engine's rear end due to the trailing truck and, in addition to being too light, it therefore lacked adhesion to reliably pull trains, especially on gradients. The short water tank on the Forney-type frame prevented the locomotives from travelling any moderate distance without consuming all of their water. As a result, these locomotives were only used when absolutely necessary. In 1863, a sister engine, the T. D. Judah, was built by the Cooke Locomotive Works for a railroad which was unable to pay for it and was purchased by the Central Pacific Railroad. This locomotive was rebuilt to a 4-2-2 wheel arrangement in 1872. South Africa In 1923, the South African Railways (SAR) conducted trials with a prototype petrol-paraffin powered road-rail tractor and, in 1924, placed at least two Dutton steam rail tractors in service on the new 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge line between Naboomspruit and Singlewood in Transvaal. One of the latter had a 4-2-4 wheel arrangement. Dutton rail-only tractor no. RR1155, c. 1924 The designer, Major Frank Dutton, SAR Signal Engineer and the Motor Transport Superintendent, argued that a rubber tyre in contact with a hard road would be better at transferring tractive power than a steel wheel on steel rail. At least two Dutton Rail Tractors were built, both steam-powered and both rebuilt by the Britannia Engineering Works of Johannesburg from Yorkshire steam tractors. The second Dutton tractor, no. RR1155, was a rail-only vehicle. It had a bogie at either end with the single pair of driving wheels on a differential axle in the centre. It was arranged for forward and reverse movement at all speeds, but it could only be used on the rails. Since, on occasion, the vehicle had to be transported by road, its construction was such that it could be readily disassembled into more easily transportable units, to be moved on road wheels to a workshop or for transfer of any other kind. In service, the tractor was often equipped with a water tank tender loaded with additional bags of coal on its running boards. In fiction The Little Blue Engine from the original 1906 book The Little Engine That Could was a Forney locomotive with this wheel arrangement. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to 4-2-4T locomotives. ^ D. L. Bradley, Locomotive of the London and South Western Railway, Part ii., Railway Correspondence and Travel Society, 1967. pp. 86-87. ^ a b Diebert, Timothy S.; Strapac, Joseph A. (1987). Southern Pacific Company Steam Locomotive Compendium. Huntington Beach, CA: Shade Tree Books. pp. 33, 51. ISBN 0-930742-12-5. ^ Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1945). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter VII - South African Railways (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, October 1945. pp. 782-783. ^ a b c Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 118–119. ISBN 0869772112. ^ Stronach-Dutton Road-Rail - The Roadrail System of Traction ^ Patent: Dutton Light Railway System and Locomotive Therefor, US 1306051 A, Jun 10, 1919 ^ Patent: Vehicle for Service on Roads and Rails, US 1561510 A, Nov 17, 1925 ^ "I think I can. I think I can. - Original 1906 cover". 19 July 2010. ^ "The Little Engine That Could, Watty Piper, 1954 - yellow cloth cover with black print". vteSteam locomotive wheel arrangements (Whyte notation)Single engine types 0-2-2 0-2-4 2-2-0 2-2-2 2-2-4T 4-2-0 4-2-2 4-2-4T 6-2-0 0-3-0 (monorail) 0-4-0 0-4-0+4 0-4-2 0-4-4T 0-4-6T 2-4-0 2-4-2 2-4-4T 2-4-6T 4-4-0 4-4-2 4-4-4 4-4-6 0-6-0 0-6-2 0-6-4 0-6-6T 2-6-0 2-6-2 2-6-4 2-6-6T 4-6-0 4-6-2 4-6-4 0-8-0 0-8-2 0-8-4T 0-8-6 2-8-0 2-8-2 2-8-4 2-8-6 4-8-0 4-8-2 4-8-4 4-8-6 6-8-6 0-10-0 0-10-2 2-10-0 2-10-2 2-10-4 4-10-0 4-10-2 0-12-0 2-12-0 2-12-2 2-12-4 4-12-2 4-14-4 Divided drive and Duplex engine types 0-2-2-0 2-2-2-0 2-2-2-2 2-2-4-0T 4-2-2-0 2-4-6-2 4-4-4-4 6-4-4-6 4-4-6-4 4-6-4-4 Articulated locomotives Fairlie, Meyer and Garratt types 0-4-0+0-4-0 2-4-0+0-4-2 2-4-2+2-4-2 4-4-2+2-4-4 0-6-0+0-6-0 0-6-2+2-6-0 2-6-0+0-6-2 2-6-2+2-6-2 4-6-0+0-6-4 4-6-2+2-6-4 4-6-4+4-6-4 2-8-0+0-8-2 2-8-2+2-8-2 4-8-0+0-8-4 4-8-2+2-8-4 4-8-4+4-8-4 Articulated locomotives Mallet types 0-4-4-0 0-4-4-2 2-4-4-0 2-4-4-2 0-6-6-0 2-6-6-0 2-6-6-2 2-6-6-4 2-6-6-6 2-6-8-0 4-4-6-2 4-6-6-2 4-6-6-4 0-8-6-0 0-8-8-0 2-8-8-0 2-8-8-2 2-8-8-4 4-8-8-2 4-8-8-4 2-10-10-2 Articulated locomotives Triplex and other Multiplex types 2-8-8-8-2 2-8-8-8-4 2-8-8-8-8-2 0-6-2+2-4-2-4-2+2-6-0 2-6-6-2+2-6-6-2 2-8-8-8-8-8-2 2-10-10-10-10-10-2 2-4-4-2+2-8-8-2+2-4-4-2 Articulated locomotivesEngerth types 0-4-4 0-4-6 2-6-4 0-6-4 0-6-4-0 0-8-4 0-8-6 Geared locomotives Shay Climax Heisler Willamette Other notation forms: AAR Swiss UIC

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As a result, these locomotives were only used when absolutely necessary.[2]In 1863, a sister engine, the T. D. Judah, was built by the Cooke Locomotive Works for a railroad which was unable to pay for it and was purchased by the Central Pacific Railroad. This locomotive was rebuilt to a 4-2-2 wheel arrangement in 1872.[2]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutton steam rail tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Dutton_road-rail_tractors"},{"link_name":"Naboomspruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naboomspruit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAR&H_Oct_1945-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paxton-Bourne-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dutton_Road-Rail_Tractor_no._RR1155_b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire steam tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Patent_Steam_Wagon_Co."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paxton-Bourne-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DaveMills-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paxton-Bourne-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DuttonPatent1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DuttonPatent3-7"}],"sub_title":"South Africa","text":"In 1923, the South African Railways (SAR) conducted trials with a prototype petrol-paraffin powered road-rail tractor and, in 1924, placed at least two Dutton steam rail tractors in service on the new 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge line between Naboomspruit and Singlewood in Transvaal. One of the latter had a 4-2-4 wheel arrangement.[3][4]Dutton rail-only tractor no. RR1155, c. 1924The designer, Major Frank Dutton, SAR Signal Engineer and the Motor Transport Superintendent, argued that a rubber tyre in contact with a hard road would be better at transferring tractive power than a steel wheel on steel rail. At least two Dutton Rail Tractors were built, both steam-powered and both rebuilt by the Britannia Engineering Works of Johannesburg from Yorkshire steam tractors.[4][5]The second Dutton tractor, no. RR1155, was a rail-only vehicle. It had a bogie at either end with the single pair of driving wheels on a differential axle in the centre. It was arranged for forward and reverse movement at all speeds, but it could only be used on the rails. Since, on occasion, the vehicle had to be transported by road, its construction was such that it could be readily disassembled into more easily transportable units, to be moved on road wheels to a workshop or for transfer of any other kind. In service, the tractor was often equipped with a water tank tender loaded with additional bags of coal on its running boards.[4][6][7]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Little Engine That Could","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Engine_That_Could"},{"link_name":"Forney locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forney_locomotive"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Little Blue Engine from the original 1906 book The Little Engine That Could was a Forney locomotive with this wheel arrangement.[8][9]","title":"In fiction"}]

[{"image_text":"The second B&ER No. 40 of 1873","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/4-2-4_B%26ER_No40.jpg/220px-4-2-4_B%26ER_No40.jpg"},{"image_text":"The C.P. Huntington","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/CP_Huntington.jpg/220px-CP_Huntington.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dutton rail-only tractor no. RR1155, c. 1924","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dutton_Road-Rail_Tractor_no._RR1155_b.jpg/220px-Dutton_Road-Rail_Tractor_no._RR1155_b.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Diebert, Timothy S.; Strapac, Joseph A. (1987). Southern Pacific Company Steam Locomotive Compendium. Huntington Beach, CA: Shade Tree Books. pp. 33, 51. ISBN 0-930742-12-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930742-12-5","url_text":"0-930742-12-5"}]},{"reference":"Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 118–119. ISBN 0869772112.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0869772112","url_text":"0869772112"}]},{"reference":"\"I think I can. I think I can. - Original 1906 cover\". 19 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gettingthroughthis.com/2928/i-think-i-can-i-think-i-can/","url_text":"\"I think I can. I think I can. - Original 1906 cover\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Little Engine That Could, Watty Piper, 1954 - yellow cloth cover with black print\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myerscollectibles.com/store/item/1e3wp/Picture_Books_Post_1920/The_Little_Engine_That_Could_Watty_Piper_1954.html","url_text":"\"The Little Engine That Could, Watty Piper, 1954 - yellow cloth cover with black print\""}]}]

[{"Link":"http://dave-mills.yolasite.com/stronach-dutton-road-rail.php","external_links_name":"Stronach-Dutton Road-Rail - The Roadrail System of Traction"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US1306051","external_links_name":"Patent: Dutton Light Railway System and Locomotive Therefor, US 1306051 A, Jun 10, 1919"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US1561510","external_links_name":"Patent: Vehicle for Service on Roads and Rails, US 1561510 A, Nov 17, 1925"},{"Link":"http://www.gettingthroughthis.com/2928/i-think-i-can-i-think-i-can/","external_links_name":"\"I think I can. I think I can. - Original 1906 cover\""},{"Link":"http://www.myerscollectibles.com/store/item/1e3wp/Picture_Books_Post_1920/The_Little_Engine_That_Could_Watty_Piper_1954.html","external_links_name":"\"The Little Engine That Could, Watty Piper, 1954 - yellow cloth cover with black print\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullayyana_Giri

Mullayyana Giri

["1 Temple","2 Trekking","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 13°23′27.5″N 75°43′17″E / 13.390972°N 75.72139°E / 13.390972; 75.72139 Highest mountain in the Indian state of Karnataka MullayanagiriMelgaddugeMullayanagiriLocation of Karnataka Highest pointElevation1,925 metres (6,316 ft)Prominence1,154 metres (3,786 ft)Isolation188.62 kilometres (117.20 mi)ListingList of Indian states and territories by highest pointCoordinates13°23′27.5″N 75°43′17″E / 13.390972°N 75.72139°E / 13.390972; 75.72139GeographyLocationChikkamagaluru taluk, Chikkamagaluru district, Karnataka, IndiaParent rangeBaba Budan Giri Range Mullayyanagiri is the highest peak in Karnataka, India. Mullayyanagiri is located in the Chandra Dhrona Hill Ranges of the Western Ghats of Chikkamagaluru Taluk. With a height of 1,925 metres (6,316 ft), it is the highest peak in Karnataka and also the 23rd highest peak in Western Ghats. The summit of Mullayanagiri has a small temple and houses a police radio relay station. Seethalayyanagiri is a prominent peak which is adjacent to this place. Temple The peak gets its name from a small temple (gadduge/tomb) at the summit, which is dedicated to a sage "Mulappa swamy" who is believed to have meditated at the caves only a couple of feet below the summit. The caves are accessible and not very deep, they have a direct entrance to the garbagudi of the temple, which is now blocked by the temple priests. Apart from multiple versions of folklore and strong Siddha culture around the belt, the origins or any information about the deity remains ambiguous. Trekking Previously, when the present asphalt roads and the 464 stone and concrete steps were not present, a trail was used to reach the peak, known as 'Sarpadari' or 'Sarpanadi'. Although it is not very frequently visited now, this trail is cherished by trekkers. On the way to Mullayanagiri Sunset from Mullaiyangiri hills Landscape from Mullayyanagiri peak See also List of peaks in the Karnataka Nandi Hills Baba Budan giri Malnad Chamundi Hills Kemmangundi Kudremukh Mangalore Nilgiris (mountains) Himalayas Kodaikanal Devaramane Munnar References ^ a b c d "Mullayanagiri, India". Peak Bagger. Retrieved 4 October 2021. ^ "Mullayanagiri Peak in Chikmagalur - Trek, Timings, Photos, Entry Fee and How to Reach - Best Of Bengaluru". 24 August 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to ]. vte State of KarnatakaCapital: BengaluruState symbols Emblem: Emblem of Karnataka Song: Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate Animal: Asian elephant Bird: Indian roller Flower: Lotus Tree: Sandalwood Fruit: Mango Fish: Carnatic carp Insect: Southern birdwing Overviews Architecture Cinema Climate Cuisine Demography Economy Education Folk arts Geography History Media People Sports Transportation Wildlife History Aihole Alupa dynasty Amoghavarsha Badami Banavasi Balligavi Belur Chalukya dynasty Chitradurga Nayakas Deva Raya II Durvinita Halebidu Kingdom of Coorg Halmidi Hampi Hoysala Empire Kadamba dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Keladi Nayakas Shivappa Nayaka Kittur Chennamma Kingdom of Mysore Mayurasharma Pattadakal Pulakeshin II Rashtrakuta dynasty Sringeri Srirangapatna Tipu Sultan Unification of Karnataka Vijayanagara Empire Vijayanagara Vishnuvardhana Veera Ballala II Vikramaditya II Vikramaditya VI Western Ganga dynasty Districts and divisionsBangalore division Bangalore Urban Bangalore Rural Chitradurga Davanagere Kolar Shimoga Tumakuru Ramanagara Chikkaballapura Belagavi division Bagalkot Belagavi Bijapur Dharwad Haveri Gadag Uttara Kannada Kalaburagi division Ballari Bidar Kalaburagi Koppal Raichur Vijayanagara Yadgir Mysore division Chamarajanagar Chikmagalur Dakshina Kannada Hassan Kodagu Mandya Mysore Udupi Geography Cities and towns Districts Rivers Dams and reservoirs Taluks Villages Highest point Bayalu Seeme Malenadu Kanara Western Ghats Culture Bharatanatyam Buta Kola Bidriware Channapatna toys Chitrakala Parishat Gaarudi Gombe Ilkal sari Kamsale Kannada Karnatik music Kasuti Khedda Mysore Dasara Togalu gombeyaata Udupi cuisine Veeragase Yakshagana Mysore musicians Literature Kannada Milestones Epics Medieval Rashtrakuta Western Ganga Western Chalukya Hoysala Vijayanagara Vachana Haridasa Mysore Play Modern Kannada Sahitya Parishat Kannada Sahitya Sammelana Karnataka Noted poets Asaga Gunavarma I Adikavi Pampa Sri Ponna Ranna Devar Dasimayya Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddharama Harihara Raghavanka Rudrabhatta Janna Kumara Vyasa Chamarasa Nijaguna Shivayogi Ratnakaravarni Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Vijaya Dasa Gopala Dasa Jagannatha Dasa Lakshmisa Sarvajna Shishunala Sharif Krishnaraja Wadiyar III D. R. Bendre Gopalakrishna Adiga V. Seetharamaiah K. S. Narasimhaswamy M. Govinda Pai Kuvempu D. V. Gundappa G. S. Shivarudrappa People and society Karnataka ethnic groups List of people from Karnataka Tourism Beaches Dams Forts National parks Hindu temples Jain temples Waterfalls Awards Karnataka Ratna Pampa Award Nrupatunga Award Basava Puraskara Rajyotsava Prashasti Jakanachari Award Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award Kempegowda Award Media Cinema Newspapers Magazines Television Radio File:Mullayanagiri in Chikmagalur district of Karnataka.jpg vteChikkamagaluru districtHistory Hoysala Empire Kingdom of Mysore Wodeyars Towns Amrithapura Balehonnur Banakal Belavadi Chikmagalur Hornadu Kadur Kalasa Koppa Mudigere Narasimharajapura Shringeri Tarikere People A.R. Krishnashastry D.C. Srikantappa Kuvempu Jairam Ramesh Rivers Bhadra Netravathi Tunga Vedavathi Education Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology Places of Interest Baba Budan Giri Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary Hanumanagundi Falls Hebbe Falls Kemmangundi Kudremukh Mullayanagiri vteWestern GhatsStates Goa Gujarat Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Regions Desh Kongu Nadu Konkan Malabar Malenadu North Malabar Tulu Nadu Peaks Agasthyamalai Ambukuthi Anamudi Anginda Anjaneri Baba Budangiri Banasura Brahmagiri Chembra Devar Mala Devimala Dhodap Doddabetta Don Elivai Malai Eravimala Ettina Bhuja Gangamoola Gopalaswamy Betta Illikkal Kallu Kalsubai Karimala Gopuram Kattumala Kemmangudi Kodachadri Kodikuthi Mala Kolaribetta Kottamala Kudremukh Kumara Parvata Kumarikkal Mala Kurumbalakotta Madikeri Mahendragiri Mahuli Malleswaran Marunthuvazh Malai Meenuliyan Para Meesapulimala Mukurthi Mullayanagiri Nedumpara Padagiri Paithalmala Perumal Malai Pratapgad Purandar Raigad Rajgad Rangaswamy Ranipuram Ratangad Salher Saptashrungi Saputara Sinhagad Sispara Sonsogor Tadiandamol Taramati Torna Vagamon Vandaravu Varayadumotta Vavul Mala Velliangiri Hills Ambanad Anaimalai Biligiriranga Cardamom Nilgiri Satmala Selbari Palani Thirumoorthy Trimbakeshwar Rivers Achankovil Adan Amarja Ambankadavu Anjarakandi River Arkavathi Ayalurpuzha Banganga Bhadra Bharathappuzha Bhavani Bhima Bindusara Chakra Chalakudy Chaliyar Cherukunnapuzha Cherupuzha Cheruthoni Chitravathi Chittar Chulki Nala Chulliyar Dahisar Daman Ganga Dandavati Darna Edamalayar Gangavalli Gayathripuzha Ghataprabha Girna Godavari Gomai Gomukhi Gurupura Hemavati Honnuhole Indravati Indrayani Iruvanjippuzha Ithikkara Kabini Kadalundi Kadva Kali Kallada Kallayi Kalpathipuzha Kanjirappuzha Kannadipuzha Karamana Karanja Karha Karimpuzha Kaveri Kedaka Kodaganar Kodavanar Kokkiliyar Kolar Korapuzha Korayar Kottappuzha Koyna Krishna Kubja Kumaradhara Kumudvathi Kundali Kundalika Kunthipuzha Kurumali Kuthirappuzha Lakshmana Tirtha Madatharuvi Mahé Malampuzha Malaprabha Mangalam Manimala Manimuthar Manjalar Manjira Markandeya Maruthappuzha Meenachil Meenkarappuzha Mithi Moyar Mula Mula-Mutha Mullayar Mutha Muthirapuzha Muvattupuzha Nanganjiyar Narmada Neerppuzha Netravati Neyyar Nira Noyyal Oshiwara Pachaiyar Pahrali Painganga Palar Palar (Kaveri) Pallichelaru Pamba Pambar Pambar Panchagangavalli Panchganga Pandippuzha Panzara Papagni Papanasini Parambikulam Patalganga Pavana Payaswini Penna Perinjankutti Periyar Poisar Ponnaiyar Pranahita Punnappuzha Purna (Godavari) Purna (Tapti) Dnyanganga Savitri Shahanur Shambhavi Sharavati Shimsha Shivana Sindphana Souparnika Tansa Tapti Tasso Thamirabarani Thuppanadippuzha Thuthapuzha Tirur Tunga Tungabhadra Ulhas Vaan Vaippar Valapattanam Vandazhippuzha Varada Varahi Vashishti Vedavathi Venna Vrishabhavathi Wainganga Wardha Waterfalls Abbey Aruvikkuzhy Athirappilly Ayyanar Bandaje Barkana Catherine Charpa Chunchanakatte Courtallam Devaragundi Devkund Dudhsagar Godchinamalaki Gokak Hanumangundi Hebbe Hogenakkal Irupu Jaladurga Jog Kalhatti (Nilgiris) Kalhatti Katary Kumbakkarai Kumbhavurutty Kuchikal Kune Kutladampatti Law's Magod Mallalli Manalar Meenmutty Monkey Muthyala Maduvu Oliyarik Palaruvi Pandavgad Pattathippara Perunthenaruvi Sahasrakund Sathodi Sengupathi Shivanasamudra Shivganga Siruvani Soochipara Suruli Thalaiyar Thusharagiri Tirparappu Ulakkai Unchalli Vaideki Vajrapoha Vattaparai Vazhachal Lakes Avalanche Berijam Kodaikanal Ooty Pykara Sasthamkotta Vellayani Protected areasand reserves Anamalai Annekal Aralam Agasthyamala Agasthyavanam Bandipur Bannerghatta Bhadra Bhimgad Brahmagiri Chandoli Chimmony Chinnar Dandeli Eravikulam Grass Hills Grizzled Squirrel Kali Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Karian Shola Karnala Koyna Kudremukh Mhadei Mudumalai Mukurthi Nagarhole New Amarambalam Neyyar Nilgiri Palani Parambikulam Peechi-Vazhani Peppara Periyar Pushpagiri Radhanagari SAI Sathyamangalam Shendurney Silent Valley Someshwara Talakaveri Thanthai Wayanad Ghats and gaps Amba Ghat Amboli Ghat Bhor Ghat Chorla Ghat Goa Gap Kumbharli Ghat Naneghat Palakkad Gap Tamhini Ghat Thal Ghat Varandha Ghat Dams andreservoirs Aathupalayam Aliyar Almatti Amaravathi Basava Sagara Bhadra Dam Bhandardara Bhatghar Bhavanisagar Bhushi Chaskaman Dhom Gorur Harangi Hetwane Itiadoh Jayakwadi Kabini Kadra Kamarajar Sagar Kanher Kanva Karuppanadhi Khadakwasla Kodasalli Kodiveri Kolkewadi Koyna Krishna Raja Sagar Krishnagiri Linganamakki Manimuthar Mettur Mukkadal Mulshi Nallathangal Nilwande Orathuppalayam Panshet Papanasam Pawna Pechiparai Perunchani Raja Lakhamagouda Ramtek Renuka Sagara Salaulim Sathanur Servalar Shanti Sagara Solaiyar Supa Susri Tansa Temghar Tilari Totladoh Tungabhadra Ujjani Upper Bhavani Vaigai Vaitarna Vani Vilasa Sagara Varasgaon Varattu Pallam Veer Vihar Waghur Walwan Yeldari Related Mountains of Kerala Mountains of Maharashtra See also: Eastern Ghats This article related to a location in Chikkamagaluru district, Karnataka, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"List of peaks in the Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peaks_in_the_Karnataka"},{"title":"Nandi Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Hills,_Karnataka"},{"title":"Baba Budan giri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Budan_giri"},{"title":"Malnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnad"},{"title":"Chamundi Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamundi_Hills"},{"title":"Kemmangundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemmangundi"},{"title":"Kudremukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudremukh"},{"title":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"title":"Nilgiris (mountains)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)"},{"title":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"title":"Kodaikanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodaikanal"},{"title":"Devaramane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaramane"},{"title":"Munnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Solitaire_(album)

Desert Solitaire (album)

["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]

1989 studio album by Steve Roach, Kevin Braheny and Michael StearnsDesert SolitaireStudio album by Steve Roach, Kevin Braheny and Michael StearnsReleased1989StudioThe Timeroom, Crystal Sound and M'Ocean Studios in Los Angeles, CaliforniaGenreAmbientLength65:12LabelFortunaProducerSteve Roach, Kevin Braheny, Michael Stearns, and Ethan EdgecombeSteve Roach chronology Stormwarning(1989) Desert Solitaire(1989) Strata(1990) Kevin Braheny chronology Galaxies(1988) Desert Solitaire(1989) Secret Rooms(1990) Michael Stearns chronology Encounter(1988) Desert Solitaire(1989) Baraka(1993) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicLinda Kohanovfavorable Desert Solitaire is a collaborative album by American ambient musicians Steve Roach, Kevin Braheny, and Michael Stearns. This album was conceived as a follow-up to Roach and Braheny's 1987 collaboration Western Spaces. The title of the album is named after the eponymous book by U.S. author Edward Abbey, who died the same year and to whom the album is dedicated. Track listing "Flatlands" (Roach) (4:49) "Labyrinth" (Sterns) (6:56) "Specter" (Roach) (9:34) "The Canyon's Embrace" (Roach, Stearns) (3:35) "Cloud of Promise" (Roach, Stearns) (6:38) "Knowledge & Dust" (Braheny) (3:23) "Shiprock" (Stearns) (4:00) "Highnoon" (Roach, Stearns) (10:30) "Empty Time" (Braheny) (5:51) "From the Heart of Darkness" (Stearns) (3:50) "Desert Solitaire" (Roach, Braheny) (6:06) Personnel Steve Roach (Oberheim OB8, DMX, Matrix 12, Xpander, Emax, Arp 2600, Korg M-1, Kawai K-5, ocarina, Taos Drum) Kevin Braheny (The Mighty Serge, Prophet VS, Prophet 2002, soprano saxophone, tin whistle, Diamondback rattlesnake) Michael Stearns (Roland S-50, D-50, Yamaha TX-7, Oberheim OB8, Serge Modular synthesizer, 12-string guitar) with Chuck Oken, Jr. (shakers on “Flatlands”) Robert Rich (dumbek and gourd drums on “Specter”) Goergianne Cowan (voice on “Specter”) Miguel Rivera (effects and ghost percussion on “Labyrinth” and “From the Heart of Darkness”) Leonice Shinneman (percussion, pakhawaj, manjerra, African berimbau, melodic rattle, claves on “Empty Time”) Hyman Katz (flute on “From the Heart of Darkness”) References ^ "Desert Solitaire". Allmusic. Retrieved 2012-02-13. ^ October 1989 vteSteve RoachStudio albums Structures from Silence (1984) Dreamtime Return (1988) Light Fantastic (1999) Fever Dreams (2004) Immersion: Three (2007) A Deeper Silence (2008) Dynamic Stillness (2009) Destination Beyond (2009) Afterlight (2009) The Delicate Forever (2014) Molecules of Motion (2018) Live albums Landmass (2008) Compilations Truth & Beauty: The Lost Pieces Volume Two (1999) Texture Maps: The Lost Pieces Vol. 3 (2003) Collaborative albums Western Spaces (1987) Desert Solitaire (1989) Strata (1990) Australia: Sound of the Earth (1990) Soma (1992) Forgotten Gods (1993) Kiva (1995) Halcyon Days (1996) Cavern of Sirens (1997) Body Electric (1999) Vine ~ Bark & Spore (2000) The Serpent's Lair (2000) Blood Machine (2001) InnerZone (2002) Trance Spirits (2002) Spirit Dome (2004) Terraform (2006) Stream of Thought (2009) Nightbloom (2010) The Desert Inbetween (2011) The Road Eternal (2011) The Shaman's Heart II: The Healing Journey (2011) Low Volume Music (2012) Copper: Original Soundtrack (2013) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_and_Jean

Jim and Jean

["1 Career","2 Legacy","3 References","4 External links"]

American folk duo For other people named Jean Ray, see Jean Ray (disambiguation). Jim and JeanGenresFolkYears active1960sPast membersJim GloverJean Ray Jim and Jean, composed of Jim Glover (born 1942) and Jean Ray (1941–2007) were an American folk music duo, who performed and recorded music from the early to the late 1960s. They were married in 1963 and were listed as Jim and Jean Glover in the liner notes of their albums, but went their separate ways after a 1969 divorce. Career Glover attended Ohio State University, where he met Phil Ochs in late 1959, introduced Ochs to folk music and Leftist politics, and taught him how to play guitar. Jim Glover and Phil Ochs were in a short-lived folk duo called the "Singing Socialists", later renamed the "Sundowners". Though the group did not last long, Glover and Ochs remained friends. In 1961, Jim Glover left Ohio and moved to New York, where he met Jean Ray at the Café Raffio and later fell in love with her. Jim and Jean began performing music together and developed a following at the Café Raffio in Greenwich Village, and soon began making enough money to pay the rent on their Thompson Street apartment. In 1962, Ochs moved in with Jim and Jean when he was first starting his musical career in Greenwich Village. Ray introduced Ochs to her friend Alice Skinner, and Ochs soon moved in with Skinner, and eventually married her. As Glover improved his songwriting, Jim and Jean began to perform (and later recorded) a number of his songs. They were given a big career boost from Art Linkletter, whose longtime secretary was Jean's mother, Lee Ray, and who featured Jim and Jean on his popular TV programs. Jim and Jean's first appearance on record, Jack Linkletter Presents a Folk Festival, was a live 1963 compilation album released on GNP Crescendo that featured a number of folk acts. In 1965, Jim and Jean released their first full-length album, a self-titled release, on the Philips label. This album contains songs written by Tom Paxton ("Ramblin' Boy" and "Hold On To Me, Babe"), Ochs ("There But For Fortune"), Buffy Sainte-Marie ("Welcome, Welcome Emigrante"), and Lead Belly ("Alabama Bound" and "Relax Your Mind"), as well as traditional songs. Alice Skinner Ochs wrote the original liner notes printed on the back of the album. In 1966, Jim and Jean's second album, Changes, was released on the Verve Folkways record label. The title track was written by Phil Ochs, and the album also contained two other Ochs songs ("Flower Lady" and "Crucifixion"). Ochs also wrote the album's liner notes. This album also contained songs written by Eric Andersen, David Blue, Bob Dylan, and Jim and Jean. The sound on their first album is more folksy, whereas their second album contains more session musicians, instrumentation, and even some folk rock experimentation. They recorded with some musicians who had worked on Bob Dylan's first electric sessions. Their song "One Sure Thing", written by Jean and Harvey Brooks, would later be recorded by Fairport Convention. Jim and Jean's third and final album, People World, was released on Verve Forecast in 1968, and is their furthest departure from their original sound and style. At times, this album delves into some flower power themes and even slight psychedelia. The album also contained more of their own original material than their previous albums. The title track, "People World", reached number 94 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1968. Also, two Ochs songs appeared on this album: "Cross My Heart" and "Rhythms Of Revolution". This was Jim and Jean's last album as a duo. During the years they recorded together, Jim and Jean played in folk music clubs such as the Ash Grove in West Hollywood and the Ice House in Pasadena, California. They sometimes opened for Canadian folk rock band 3's a Crowd. In one performance at the Ash Grove, rather than playing as a duo, they were accompanied by a pianist and by the bassist Harvey Brooks, who had played with Dylan. Eventually, Jim and Jean split up and went their separate ways. Glover recorded some small-budget albums on his own (No Need To Explain in 1980 and Outsider in 2003), and Ray went on to perform in some small-budget plays. They reunited briefly in New York in May 1976 to perform Crucifixion on a televised memorial concert for Phil Ochs, who had committed suicide the previous month. After the Ochs tribute, Jim & Jean would not perform together again for 30 years when they reunited to perform one last show together at The Workman's Circle's People's Voice Cafe in New York City on March 18, 2006. After a long illness, Jean Ray died on August 19, 2007, at age 66. Legacy Jim and Jean, as well as other husband-and-wife folk duos of the 1960s (such as Ian and Sylvia and Richard and Mimi Fariña), were described as being inspirations for the fictional characters "Mitch and Mickey" of A Mighty Wind, the 2003 spoof movie about folk music. They are also the inspiration for the husband-and-wife folk-singing duo also called Jim and Jean in the Coen Brothers film Inside Llewyn Davis. Jean Ray was the inspiration for Neil Young's song "Cinnamon Girl", as verified by her brother Brian Ray, and perhaps other songs as well. Jean Ray said, "Neil Young's song 'Cowgirl in the Sand' came from a visit he made to me and my family living on the beach." References ^ a b Jean Ray Obituary, Durango Herald (Durango, Colorado). August 26, 2007. ^ Schumacher, Michael (1996). There But for Fortune: The Life of Phil Ochs. Hyperion Books. pp. 33. ISBN 0-7868-6084-7. ^ Eliot, Marc (1995). Death of A Rebel: A Biography of Phil Ochs. Carol Publishing Corporation. pp. 22–25. ISBN 0-8065-1555-4. ^ Schumacher, Michael (1996). There But for Fortune: The Life of Phil Ochs. Hyperion Books. pp. 33–37. ISBN 0-7868-6084-7. ^ Eliot, Marc (1994). Death of A Rebel: A Biography of Phil Ochs. Carol Publishing Corporation. pp. 28–31. ISBN 0-8065-1555-4. ^ Schumacher, Michael (1996). There But for Fortune: The Life of Phil Ochs. Hyperion Books. pp. 38–41. ISBN 0-7868-6084-7. ^ a b Schumacher, Michael (1996). There But for Fortune: The Life of Phil Ochs. Hyperion Books. pp. 46. ISBN 0-7868-6084-7. ^ Eliot, Marc (1994). Death of A Rebel: A Biography of Phil Ochs. Carol Publishing Corporation. p. 47. ISBN 0-8065-1555-4. ^ Eliot, Marc (1994). Death of A Rebel: A Biography of Phil Ochs. Carol Publishing Corporation. p. 48. ISBN 0-8065-1555-4. ^ Schumacher, Michael (1996). There But for Fortune: The Life of Phil Ochs. Hyperion Books. pp. 46–47. ISBN 0-7868-6084-7. ^ Eliot, Marc (1994). Death of A Rebel: A Biography of Phil Ochs. Carol Publishing Corporation. pp. 49–51. ISBN 0-8065-1555-4. ^ Schumacher, Michael (1996). There But for Fortune: The Life of Phil Ochs. Hyperion Books. pp. 47–48. ISBN 0-7868-6084-7. ^ Eliot, Marc (1994). Death of A Rebel: A Biography of Phil Ochs. Carol Publishing Corporation. pp. 59–61. ISBN 0-8065-1555-4. ^ Schumacher, Michael (1996). There But for Fortune: The Life of Phil Ochs. Hyperion Books. pp. 56–58. ISBN 0-7868-6084-7. ^ Pamela Murray Winters. Michael McKean and Annette O'Toole, A Mighty Wind, Dirty Linen, April 2004 ^ Neil Young with Crazy Horse - Cinnamon Girl (1969), on A Bit Like You And Me. May 1, 2013. ^ Liner notes from Jim and Jean's Changes/People World CD reissue by Richie Unterberger (2005) External links allmusic entry Liner notes from Jim and Jean's Changes/People World Jim and Jean discography at Discogs Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Ray (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Ray_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Jim Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Glover"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DurangoHerald2007-1"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"}],"text":"For other people named Jean Ray, see Jean Ray (disambiguation).Jim and Jean, composed of Jim Glover (born 1942) and Jean Ray (1941–2007)[1] were an American folk music duo, who performed and recorded music from the early to the late 1960s.They were married in 1963 and were listed as Jim and Jean Glover in the liner notes of their albums, but went their separate ways after a 1969 divorce.","title":"Jim and Jean"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"Phil Ochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Ochs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"Leftist politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Café Raffio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caf%C3%A9_Raffio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Schumacher_1996_p.46-7"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Thompson Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael_Schumacher_1996_p.46-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Art Linkletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Linkletter"},{"link_name":"GNP Crescendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNP_Crescendo_Record_Co."},{"link_name":"Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips_Records"},{"link_name":"Tom Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Paxton"},{"link_name":"There But For Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_but_for_Fortune_(song)"},{"link_name":"Buffy Sainte-Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_Sainte-Marie"},{"link_name":"Lead Belly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Belly"},{"link_name":"traditional songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_music"},{"link_name":"Verve Folkways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verve_Records"},{"link_name":"Crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_(song)"},{"link_name":"Eric Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Andersen"},{"link_name":"David Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blue_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"folk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Harvey Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Brooks_(bassist)"},{"link_name":"Fairport Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairport_Convention"},{"link_name":"Verve Forecast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verve_Forecast_Records"},{"link_name":"flower power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_power"},{"link_name":"psychedelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_music"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"West Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood,_California"},{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_California"},{"link_name":"folk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock"},{"link_name":"3's a Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%27s_a_Crowd_(band)"},{"link_name":"Harvey Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Brooks_(bassist)"},{"link_name":"plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_(theatre)"},{"link_name":"Crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_(song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DurangoHerald2007-1"}],"text":"Glover attended Ohio State University, where he met Phil Ochs in late 1959,[2] introduced Ochs to folk music and Leftist politics, and taught him how to play guitar.[3][4] Jim Glover and Phil Ochs were in a short-lived folk duo called the \"Singing Socialists\", later renamed the \"Sundowners\".[5][6]Though the group did not last long, Glover and Ochs remained friends. In 1961, Jim Glover left Ohio and moved to New York, where he met Jean Ray at the Café Raffio and later fell in love with her.[7] Jim and Jean began performing music together and developed a following at the Café Raffio in Greenwich Village,[8] and soon began making enough money to pay the rent on their Thompson Street apartment.[7]In 1962, Ochs moved in with Jim and Jean when he was first starting his musical career in Greenwich Village.[9][10]Ray introduced Ochs to her friend Alice Skinner, and Ochs soon moved in with Skinner,[11][12] and eventually married her.[13][14]As Glover improved his songwriting, Jim and Jean began to perform (and later recorded) a number of his songs. They were given a big career boost from Art Linkletter, whose longtime secretary was Jean's mother, Lee Ray, and who featured Jim and Jean on his popular TV programs.Jim and Jean's first appearance on record, Jack Linkletter Presents a Folk Festival, was a live 1963 compilation album released on GNP Crescendo that featured a number of folk acts. In 1965, Jim and Jean released their first full-length album, a self-titled release, on the Philips label. This album contains songs written by Tom Paxton (\"Ramblin' Boy\" and \"Hold On To Me, Babe\"), Ochs (\"There But For Fortune\"), Buffy Sainte-Marie (\"Welcome, Welcome Emigrante\"), and Lead Belly (\"Alabama Bound\" and \"Relax Your Mind\"), as well as traditional songs. Alice Skinner Ochs wrote the original liner notes printed on the back of the album. In 1966, Jim and Jean's second album, Changes, was released on the Verve Folkways record label. The title track was written by Phil Ochs, and the album also contained two other Ochs songs (\"Flower Lady\" and \"Crucifixion\"). Ochs also wrote the album's liner notes. This album also contained songs written by Eric Andersen, David Blue, Bob Dylan, and Jim and Jean. The sound on their first album is more folksy, whereas their second album contains more session musicians, instrumentation, and even some folk rock experimentation.[citation needed] They recorded with some musicians who had worked on Bob Dylan's first electric sessions. Their song \"One Sure Thing\", written by Jean and Harvey Brooks, would later be recorded by Fairport Convention. Jim and Jean's third and final album, People World, was released on Verve Forecast in 1968, and is their furthest departure from their original sound and style. At times, this album delves into some flower power themes and even slight psychedelia.[citation needed] The album also contained more of their own original material than their previous albums. The title track, \"People World\", reached number 94 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1968. Also, two Ochs songs appeared on this album: \"Cross My Heart\" and \"Rhythms Of Revolution\". This was Jim and Jean's last album as a duo.During the years they recorded together, Jim and Jean played in folk music clubs such as the Ash Grove in West Hollywood and the Ice House in Pasadena, California. They sometimes opened for Canadian folk rock band 3's a Crowd. In one performance at the Ash Grove, rather than playing as a duo, they were accompanied by a pianist and by the bassist Harvey Brooks, who had played with Dylan.Eventually, Jim and Jean split up and went their separate ways. Glover recorded some small-budget albums on his own (No Need To Explain in 1980 and Outsider in 2003), and Ray went on to perform in some small-budget plays. They reunited briefly in New York in May 1976 to perform Crucifixion on a televised memorial concert for Phil Ochs, who had committed suicide the previous month. \nAfter the Ochs tribute, Jim & Jean would not perform together again for 30 years when they reunited to perform one last show together at The Workman's Circle's People's Voice Cafe in New York City on March 18, 2006. After a long illness, Jean Ray died on August 19, 2007, at age 66.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian and Sylvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_and_Sylvia"},{"link_name":"Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Fari%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Mimi Fariña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimi_Fari%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"A Mighty Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mighty_Wind"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Coen Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coen_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Inside Llewyn Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Llewyn_Davis"},{"link_name":"Cinnamon Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_Girl_(Neil_Young_song)"},{"link_name":"Brian Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Ray"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neil_Young_with_Crazy_Horse_-_Cinnamon_Girl_(1969)-16"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Cowgirl in the Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowgirl_in_the_Sand"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Jim and Jean, as well as other husband-and-wife folk duos of the 1960s (such as Ian and Sylvia and Richard and Mimi Fariña), were described as being inspirations for the fictional characters \"Mitch and Mickey\" of A Mighty Wind, the 2003 spoof movie about folk music.[15] They are also the inspiration for the husband-and-wife folk-singing duo also called Jim and Jean in the Coen Brothers film Inside Llewyn Davis.Jean Ray was the inspiration for Neil Young's song \"Cinnamon Girl\", as verified by her brother Brian Ray,[16] and perhaps other songs as well. Jean Ray said, \"Neil Young's song 'Cowgirl in the Sand' came from a visit he made to me and my family living on the beach.\"[17]","title":"Legacy"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_men%27s_national_squash_team

Philippines men's national squash team

["1 Current team","2 Results","2.1 World Team Squash Championships","2.2 Asian Squash Team Championships","2.3 Asian Games","2.4 Southeast Asian Games","3 See also","4 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Philippines men's national squash team" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) PhilippinesCoachRicky EspinolaAssociationSquash Rackets Association of the PhilippinesColorsBlue, Red, WhiteWorld Team Squash ChampionshipsWorld Team titles0Runners-up0Asian Squash Team ChampionshipsAsian Team titles0Runners-up0 The Philippines men's national squash team represents Philippines in international squash team competitions, and is governed by Squash Rackets Association of the Philippines. Current team Robert Andrew Garcia Reymark Begornia David William Pelino Lydio Espinola Jr Results World Team Squash Championships Year Result Position W L Melbourne 1967 – Marseille 2017 Did not participate Total 0/24 0 Title 0 0 Asian Squash Team Championships Year Result Position Karachi 1981 Not in the Top 4 6th Amman 1984 – Peshawar 1992 Did not participate Kuala Lumpur 1994 Not in the Top 4 8th Amman 1996 Did not participate Kuala Lumpur 1998 Not in the Top 4 9th Hong Kong 2000 Not in the Top 4 8th Kuala Lumpur 2002 Not in the Top 4 8th Kuala Lumpur 2004 – Kuwait City 2012 Did not participate Hong Kong 2014 Group stage 15th Taipei 2016 Group stage 10th Cheongju 2018 Group stage 9th Total x0 - x0 - x0 Asian Squash Federation Asian Games Year Result Position W L Guangzhou 2010 Did not participate Incheon 2014 Did not participate Jakarta–Palembang 2018 To be determined Total x0 - x0 - x0 Southeast Asian Games Year Result Position Penang 2001 Semifinal 3rd Singapore 2015 Semifinal 3rd Kuala Lumpur 2017 Final 2nd Total x0 - x1 - x2 See also Squash Rackets Association of the Philippines World Team Squash Championships References ^ "Men's World Team Championships 2011". Squashsite.co.uk. Retrieved 9 December 2014. ^ "Championship Records". World Squash. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014. ^ Henson, Joaquin (29 March 2016). "Squash on the upswing". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 6 June 2018. ^ "Hong Kong celebrate historic Asian Team Championship double". World Squash. 29 March 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018. ^ "Past Asian Team Squash Championships" (PDF). Asian Squash Federation. Retrieved 6 June 2018. vte National sports teams of the PhilippinesMen's teams American football Australian rules football Baseball U-18 Basketball U-19 U-17 3x3 Cricket Floorball Football U-23 U-21 U-19 Futsal Beach soccer CP Goalball Handball Beach handball U-20 Ice hockey U-20 Lacrosse Rugby league Rugby union Sevens Sepak takraw Softball Squash Tchoukball Tennis Volleyball U-23 (defunct) Beach volleyball Sitting volleyball Water polo Wheelchair basketball Women's teams Baseball Basketball U-19 U-17 3x3 Cricket Floorball Football Futsal Handball Beach handball Ice hockey Netball Rugby league Rugby union Sevens Softball U-17 Tchoukball Tennis Volleyball U-23 (defunct) U-20 U-18 Beach volleyball Water polo Mixed teams Athletics Badminton Baseball5 Boxing Dragon boat Esports Polo Korfball Olympics Paralympics Asian Games Southeast Asian Games Universiade Deaflympics World Games Youth Olympics

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihkan_Tower

Fort Provintia

["1 See also","2 Footnotes","3 References","4 Bibliography"]

Coordinates: 22°59′51″N 120°12′10.12″E / 22.99750°N 120.2028111°E / 22.99750; 120.2028111This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fort Provintia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fort Provintia赤嵌樓West Central, Tainan, Taiwan Fort ProvintiaCoordinates22°59′51″N 120°12′10.12″E / 22.99750°N 120.2028111°E / 22.99750; 120.2028111TypeFortSite historyBuilt1653 Remains of the wall of the original fort Fort Provintia or Providentia, also known as Chihkan Tower (Chinese: 赤嵌樓; pinyin: Chìkǎnlóu; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chhiah-khám-lâu), was a Dutch outpost on Formosa at a site now located in West Central District, Tainan, Taiwan. It was built in 1653 during the Dutch colonization of Taiwan. The Dutch, intending to strengthen their standing, sited the fort at Sakam, about 2 miles (3.2 km) due east from modern-day Anping. During the Siege of Fort Zeelandia (1662), the fort was surrendered to Koxinga, but was later destroyed by a rebellion and earthquakes in the 18th century. It was rebuilt afterwards in the 19th century under Qing rule. The fort's name derives from the Taiwanese aboriginal village recorded by the Dutch as Sakam, which has developed into the modern-day Tainan. After growth in size and trade, the Chinese called it Chhiah-kham, and surrounded it with high brick walls. It eventually became the capital of the whole island under the name of Taiwan-fu. In addition to the site's architectural and artistic significance, its library of dictionaries and business transactions documents the Siraya language spoken by the native inhabitants of the region during Dutch rule. The fort is up for redevelopment which will see it turned into a museum. The project is led by Taiwanese architecture studio HOU x LIN, the two partners of which both have a connection to The Netherlands. The project should be finished by 2024 in time for the celebration of the 400 year old relationship of the two countries. See also Taiwan portalArchitecture portalHistory portal Fort San Domingo Ft. Zeelandia Cape of San Diego Eternal Golden Castle History of Taiwan Taiwan under Dutch rule Koxinga Siraya Footnotes ^ Other early forms of the name are Chhaccam, Sacam, Saccam, and Zaccam. Also Sakkam per Davidson (1903), Index p. 32 References ^ a b c Campbell (1903), p. 546. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 38. ^ Huang, Dian-quan (30 September 1968). 赤嵌樓考 . National Museum of Taiwan History (in Chinese). Retrieved 12 August 2022. ^ Huang, Shu-qiu (9 September 2009). 赤嵌樓 . nrch.culture.tw (in Chinese). Retrieved 12 August 2022. ^ Nederlandse architectenbureaus floreren in Taiwan (Dutch architecture firms thrive in Taiwan), Volkskrant, retrieved July 24, 2020 Bibliography Andrade, Tonio (2005). "Chapter 6: The Birth of Co-colonization". How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century. Columbia University Press. Campbell, William (1903). "Explanatory Notes". Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island. London: Kegan Paul. OCLC 644323041. Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OL 6931635M. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chihkan Tower. Geographic data related to Fort Provintia at OpenStreetMap vteForts in Taiwan17th century Fengguiwei Fort Fort Provintia Fort San Domingo Fort Zeelandia 18th century Cihou Fort 19th century Anping Small Fort Dawulun Fort Ershawan Battery Eternal Golden Castle Hengchun Fort Hobe Fort Sicao Fortress Su'ao Fortress 20th century Baimiweng Fort Gongzi Liao Fort Iron Fort This article about a building or structure in Taiwan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Provintia_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"赤","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4"},{"link_name":"嵌","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B5%8C"},{"link_name":"樓","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A8%93"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa"},{"link_name":"West Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Central_District"},{"link_name":"Tainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"the Dutch colonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Dutch_rule"},{"link_name":"Anping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anping_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1903546-1"},{"link_name":"Siege of Fort Zeelandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia"},{"link_name":"Koxinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koxinga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson190338-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_aboriginal"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1903546-1"},{"link_name":"Siraya language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraya_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Remains of the wall of the original fortFort Provintia or Providentia, also known as Chihkan Tower (Chinese: 赤嵌樓; pinyin: Chìkǎnlóu; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chhiah-khám-lâu), was a Dutch outpost on Formosa at a site now located in West Central District, Tainan, Taiwan. It was built in 1653 during the Dutch colonization of Taiwan. The Dutch, intending to strengthen their standing, sited the fort at Sakam, about 2 miles (3.2 km) due east from modern-day Anping.[1] During the Siege of Fort Zeelandia (1662), the fort was surrendered to Koxinga,[2] but was later destroyed by a rebellion and earthquakes in the 18th century. It was rebuilt afterwards in the 19th century under Qing rule.[3][4]The fort's name derives from the Taiwanese aboriginal village recorded by the Dutch as Sakam,[a] which has developed into the modern-day Tainan. After growth in size and trade, the Chinese called it Chhiah-kham, and surrounded it with high brick walls. It eventually became the capital of the whole island under the name of Taiwan-fu.[1]In addition to the site's architectural and artistic significance, its library of dictionaries and business transactions documents the Siraya language spoken by the native inhabitants of the region during Dutch rule.The fort is up for redevelopment which will see it turned into a museum. The project is led by Taiwanese architecture studio HOU x LIN, the two partners of which both have a connection to The Netherlands. The project should be finished by 2024 in time for the celebration of the 400 year old relationship of the two countries.[5]","title":"Fort Provintia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1903546-1"},{"link_name":"Davidson (1903)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDavidson1903"}],"text":"^ Other early forms of the name are Chhaccam, Sacam, Saccam, and Zaccam.[1] Also Sakkam per Davidson (1903), Index p. 32","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrade, Tonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonio_Andrade"},{"link_name":"\"Chapter 6: The Birth of Co-colonization\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade06.html"},{"link_name":"Campbell, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Campbell_(missionary)"},{"link_name":"\"Explanatory Notes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/formosaunderdut01campgoog#page/n554/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"644323041","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/644323041"},{"link_name":"Davidson, James W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Davidson"},{"link_name":"The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/islandofformosap00davi"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6931635M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL6931635M"},{"link_name":"Chihkan Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chihkan_Tower"},{"link_name":"Fort Provintia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/way/158995081"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Forts_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Forts_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forts_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Fengguiwei Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengguiwei_Fort"},{"link_name":"Fort Provintia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Fort San Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_San_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Fort Zeelandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Zeelandia_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"Cihou Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihou_Fort"},{"link_name":"Anping Small Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anping_Small_Fort"},{"link_name":"Dawulun Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawulun_Fort"},{"link_name":"Ershawan Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ershawan_Battery"},{"link_name":"Eternal Golden Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_Golden_Castle"},{"link_name":"Hengchun Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengchun_Fort"},{"link_name":"Hobe Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobe_Fort"},{"link_name":"Sicao Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicao_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Su'ao Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%27ao_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Baimiweng Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baimiweng_Fort"},{"link_name":"Gongzi Liao Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongzi_Liao_Fort"},{"link_name":"Iron Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Fort"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taipei101.portrait.altonthompson.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Provintia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taiwan-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Taiwan-struct-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwan-struct-stub"}],"text":"Andrade, Tonio (2005). \"Chapter 6: The Birth of Co-colonization\". How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century. Columbia University Press.\nCampbell, William (1903). \"Explanatory Notes\". Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island. London: Kegan Paul. OCLC 644323041.\nDavidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OL 6931635M.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chihkan Tower.Geographic data related to Fort Provintia at OpenStreetMapvteForts in Taiwan17th century\nFengguiwei Fort\nFort Provintia\nFort San Domingo\nFort Zeelandia\n18th century\nCihou Fort\n19th century\nAnping Small Fort\nDawulun Fort\nErshawan Battery\nEternal Golden Castle\nHengchun Fort\nHobe Fort\nSicao Fortress\nSu'ao Fortress\n20th century\nBaimiweng Fort\nGongzi Liao Fort\nIron FortThis article about a building or structure in Taiwan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlie

DMOZ

["1 History","1.1 System failure and editing outage, October to December 2006","1.2 Competing and spinoff projects","1.3 Logo history","2 Content","2.1 Maintenance","2.2 License and requirements","2.3 RDF dumps","2.4 Content users","3 Policies and procedures","4 Controversy and criticism","4.1 Ownership and management","4.2 Editor removal procedures","4.3 Blacklisting allegations","4.4 Hierarchical structure","5 Software","5.1 Search","5.2 Editor forums","5.3 Bug tracking","5.4 Interface","6 ChefMoz","6.1 Growth","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]

Open content directory of Web links This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's lead section contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article. If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article. (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "DMOZ" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) DMOZType of siteWeb directoryAvailable in90 languages, including EnglishDissolvedMarch 17, 2017; 7 years ago (2017-03-17)ParentAOLURLwww.dmoz.org (Archived 2018-01-19 at the Wayback Machine)CommercialNoRegistrationOptionalUsers90,000LaunchedJune 5, 1998; 26 years ago (1998-06-05)Current statusClosedContent licenseCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported, Open Directory License DMOZ (stylized dmoz in its logo; from directory.mozilla.org, an earlier domain name) was a multilingual open-content directory of World Wide Web links. The site and community who maintained it were also known as the Open Directory Project (ODP). It was owned by AOL (now a part of Yahoo! Inc) but constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors. DMOZ used a hierarchical ontology scheme for organizing site listings. Listings on a similar topic were grouped into categories which then included smaller categories. DMOZ closed on March 17, 2017, because AOL no longer wished to support the project. The website became a single landing page on that day, with links to a static archive of DMOZ, and to the DMOZ discussion forum, where plans to rebrand and relaunch the directory were being discussed. As of September 2017, a non-editable mirror remained available at dmoztools.net, and it was announced that while the DMOZ URL would not return, a successor version of the directory named Curlie would be provided. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "DMOZ" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) DMOZ was founded in the United States as Gnuhoo by Rich Skrenta and Bob Truel in 1998 while they were both working as engineers for Sun Microsystems. Chris Tolles, who worked at Sun Microsystems as the head of marketing for network security products, also signed on in 1998 as a co-founder of Gnuhoo along with co-founders Bryn Dole and Jeremy Wenokur. Skrenta had developed TASS, an ancestor of tin, the popular threaded Usenet newsreader for Unix systems. The original category structure of the Gnuhoo directory was based loosely on the structure of Usenet newsgroups then in existence. The Gnuhoo directory went live on June 5, 1998. After Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation objected to the use of Gnu in the name, Gnuhoo was changed to NewHoo. Yahoo! then objected to the use of Hoo in the name, prompting a proposed name change to ZURL. Prior to switching to ZURL, NewHoo was acquired by Netscape Communications Corporation in October 1998 and became the Open Directory Project. Netscape released Open Directory data under the Open Directory License. Netscape was acquired by AOL shortly thereafter and DMOZ was one of the assets included in the acquisition. DMOZ size by date, 1998 to 2015 By the time Netscape assumed stewardship, the Open Directory Project had about 100,000 URLs indexed with contributions from about 4500 editors. On October 5, 1999, the number of URLs indexed by DMOZ reached one million. According to an unofficial estimate, the URLs in DMOZ numbered 1.6 million in April 2000, surpassing those in the Yahoo! Directory. DMOZ achieved the milestones of indexing two million URLs on August 14, 2000, three million listings on November 18, 2001, and four million on December 3, 2003. As of April 2013 there were 5,169,995 sites listed in over 1,017,500 categories. On October 31, 2015, there were 3,996,412 sites listed in 1,026,706 categories. In January 2006, DMOZ began publishing online reports to inform the public about the development of the project. The first report covered the year 2005. Monthly reports were issued subsequently until September 2006. These reports gave greater insight into the functioning of the directory than the simplified statistics provided on the front page of the directory. The number of listings and categories cited on the front page included "Test" and "Bookmarks" categories but these were not included in the RDF dump offered to users. There were about 7330 active editors during August 2006. 75,151 editors had contributed to the directory as of March 31, 2007. As of April 2013, the number of contributing editors had increased to 97,584. System failure and editing outage, October to December 2006 On October 20, 2006, DMOZ's main server suffered a catastrophic failure that prevented editors from working on the directory until December 18, 2006. During that period, an older build of the directory was visible to the public. On January 13, 2007, the Site Suggestion and Update Listings forms were again made available. On January 26, 2007, weekly publication of RDF dumps resumed. To avoid future outages, the system resided on a redundant configuration of two Intel-based servers from then on. The site's interface was given an upgrade in 2016, branded "DMOZ 3.0", but AOL took it offline the following year. Competing and spinoff projects As DMOZ became more widely known, two other major web directories edited by volunteers and sponsored by Go.com and Zeal emerged, both now defunct. These directories did not license their content for open content distribution. The concept of using a large-scale community of editors to compile online content has been successfully applied to other types of projects. DMOZ's editing model directly inspired at least three other open content volunteer projects: music site MusicMoz, an open content restaurant directory known as ChefMoz and an encyclopedia known as Open Site. Finally, according to Larry Sanger, DMOZ was part of the inspiration for the Nupedia project, out of which Wikipedia grew. Logo history Original logo as from June 1998 Logo after rebranding as NewHoo Logo after acquisition by Netscape Logo from 1999 to 2014 with the name DMOZ Logo from March 2014 Logo from June 2016 until the closing in March 2017 Curlie logo (2019) Content Gnuhoo borrowed the basic outline for its initial ontology from Usenet. In 1998, Rich Skrenta said, "I took a long list of groups and hand-edited them into a hierarchy." For example, the topic covered by the comp.ai.alife newsgroup was represented by the category Computers/AI/Artificial_Life. The original divisions were for Adult, Arts, Business, Computers, Games, Health, Home, News, Recreation, Reference, Regional, Science, Shopping, Society, Sports and "World". While these sixteen top-level categories have remained intact, the ontology of second- and lower-level categories has undergone a gradual evolution; significant changes are initiated by discussion among editors and then implemented when consensus had been reached. In July 1998, the directory became multilingual with the addition of the World top-level category. The remainder of the directory lists only English language sites. By May 2005, seventy-five languages were represented. The growth rate of the non-English components of the directory had been greater than the English component since 2002. While the English component of the directory held almost 75% of the sites in 2003, the World level grew to over 1.5 million sites as of May 2005, forming roughly one-third of the directory. The ontology in non-English categories generally mirrors that of the English directory, although exceptions which reflect language differences are quite common. Several of the top-level categories have unique characteristics. The Adult category is not present on the directory homepage but it is fully available in the RDF dump that DMOZ provides. While the bulk of the directory is categorized primarily by topic, the Regional category is categorized primarily by region. This has led many to view DMOZ as two parallel directories: Regional and Topical. On November 14, 2000, a special directory within DMOZ was created for people under 18 years of age. Key factors distinguishing this "Kids and Teens" area from the main directory are: stricter guidelines which limit the listing of sites to those which are targeted or "appropriate" for people under 18 years of age; category names as well as site descriptions use vocabulary which is "age appropriate"; age tags on each listing distinguish content appropriate for kids (age 12 and under), teens (13 to 15 years old) and mature teens (16 to 18 years old); Kids and Teens content is available as a separate RDF dump; editing permissions are such that the community is parallel to that of DMOZ. By May 2005, this portion of DMOZ included over 32,000 site listings. From early 2004, the whole site was in UTF-8 encoding. Prior to this, the encoding had been ISO 8859-1 for English language categories and a language-dependent character set for other languages. The RDF dumps were encoded in UTF-8 from early 2000. Maintenance Directory listings were maintained by editors. While some editors focused on the addition of new listings, others focused on maintaining the existing listings, and some did both. This included tasks such as the editing of individual listings to correct spelling and/or grammatical errors, as well as monitoring the status of linked sites. Still others went through site submissions to remove spam and duplicate submissions. Robozilla was a Web crawler written to check the status of all sites listed in DMOZ. Periodically, Robozilla would flag sites which appeared to have moved or disappeared and editors follow up to check the sites and take action. This process was critical for the directory in striving to achieve one of its founding goals: to reduce the link rot in web directories. Shortly after each run, the sites marked with errors were automatically moved to the unreviewed queue where editors may investigate them when time permits. Due to the popularity of DMOZ and its resulting impact on search engine rankings (See PageRank), domains with lapsed registration that were listed on DMOZ attracted domain hijacking, an issue that that was addressed by regularly removing expired domains from the directory. While corporate funding and staff for DMOZ diminished over time, volunteers created editing tools such as linkcheckers to supplement Robozilla, category crawlers, spellcheckers, search tools that directly sift a recent RDF dump, bookmarklets to help automate some editing functions, mozilla based add-ons, and tools that helped work through unreviewed queues. License and requirements DMOZ data was previously made available under the terms of the Open Directory License, which required a specific DMOZ attribution table on every Web page that uses the data. The Open Directory License also included a requirement that users of the data continually check DMOZ site for updates and discontinue use and distribution of the data or works derived from the data once an update occurs. This restriction prompted the Free Software Foundation to refer to the Open Directory License as a non-free documentation license, citing the right to redistribute a given version not being permanent and the requirement to check for changes to the license. In 2011, DMOZ silently changed its license to a Creative Commons Attribution license, which is a free license (and GPL compatible). RDF dumps DMOZ data is made available through an RDF-like dump that is published on a download server, older versions are also archived there. New versions are usually generated weekly. A DMOZ editor has catalogued a number of bugs that are encountered in the DMOZ RDF dump, most importantly that the file format is not RDF. So while today the so-called RDF dump is valid XML, it is not valid RDF and as such, software to process the DMOZ RDF dump needs to be specifically written for DMOZ data. Content users DMOZ data powers the core directory services for many of the Web's largest search engines and portals, including Netscape Search, AOL Search, and Alexa. Google Directory used DMOZ information, until being shuttered in July 2011. Other uses are also made of DMOZ data. For example, in the spring of 2004 Overture announced a search service for third parties combining Yahoo! Directory search results with DMOZ titles, descriptions and category metadata. The search engine Gigablast announced on May 12, 2005, its searchable copy of DMOZ. The technology permits search of websites listed in specific categories, "in effect, instantly creating over 500,000 vertical search engines". As of 8 September 2006, DMOZ listed 313 English-language Web sites that use DMOZ data as well as 238 sites in other languages. However, these figures do not reflect the full picture of use, as those sites that use DMOZ data without following the terms of the DMOZ license are not listed. Policies and procedures DMOZ co-founder Rich Skrenta in 2009 Restrictions are imposed on who can become an DMOZ editor. The primary gatekeeping mechanism is an editor application process wherein editor candidates demonstrate their editing abilities, disclose affiliations that might pose a conflict of interest, and otherwise give a sense of how the applicant would likely mesh with the DMOZ culture and mission. A majority of applications are rejected but reapplying is allowed and sometimes encouraged. The same standards apply to editors of all categories and subcategories. DMOZ's editing model is a hierarchical one. Upon becoming editors, individuals will generally have editing permissions in only a small category. Once they have demonstrated basic editing skills in compliance with the Editing Guidelines, they are welcome to apply for additional editing privileges in either a broader category or else another category in the directory. Mentorship relationships between editors are encouraged, and internal forums provide a vehicle for new editors to ask questions. DMOZ has its own internal forums, the contents of which are intended only for editors to communicate with each other primarily about editing topics. Access to the forums requires an editor account and editors are expected to keep the contents of these forums private. Over time, senior editors can be granted additional privileges which reflect their editing experience and leadership within the editing community. The most straightforward is edit all privileges, which allow an editor to access all categories in the directory. Meta privileges additionally allow editors to perform tasks such as reviewing editor applications, setting category features, and handling external and internal abuse reports. Cateditall privileges are similar to edit all, but only for a single directory category. Similarly, catmod privileges are similar to meta, but only for a single directory category. Catmv privileges allow editors to make changes to directory ontology by moving or renaming categories. All of these privileges are granted by admins and staff, usually after discussion with meta editors. In August 2004, a new level of privileges called admin was introduced. Administrator status was granted to a number of long serving metas by staff. Administrators have the ability to grant editall+ privileges to other editors and to approve new directory-wide policies, powers which had previously only been available to root (staff) editors. All DMOZ editors are expected to abide by DMOZ's Editing Guidelines. These guidelines describe editing basics: which types of sites may be listed and which may not; how site listings should be titled and described in a loosely consistent manner; conventions for the naming and building of categories; conflict of interest limitations on the editing of sites which the editor may own or otherwise be affiliated with; and a code of conduct within the community. Editors who are found to have violated these guidelines may be contacted by staff or senior editors, have their editing permissions cut back, or lose their editing privileges entirely. DMOZ Guidelines are periodically revised after discussion in editor forums. Controversy and criticism There have long been allegations that volunteer DMOZ editors give favorable treatment to their own websites while concomitantly thwarting the good faith efforts of their competition. Such allegations are fielded by ODP's staff and meta editors, who have the authority to take disciplinary action against volunteer editors who are suspected of engaging in abusive editing practices. In 2003, DMOZ introduced a new Public Abuse Report System that allows members of the general public to report and track allegations of abusive editor conduct using an online form. Uninhibited discussion of DMOZ's purported shortcomings has become more common on mainstream webmaster discussion forums. Although site policies suggest that an individual site should be submitted to only one category, as of October 2007, Topix.com, a news aggregation site operated by DMOZ founder Rich Skrenta, had more than 17,000 listings. Early in the history of DMOZ, its staff gave representatives of selected companies, such as Rolling Stone or CNN, editing access in order to list individual pages from their websites. Links to individual CNN articles were added until 2004, but were entirely removed from the directory in January 2008 due to the content being outdated and not considered worth the effort to maintain. There have been no similar experiments with the editing policy since then. Ownership and management Underlying some controversy surrounding DMOZ is its ownership and management. Some of the original GnuHoo volunteers felt that they had been deceived into joining a commercial enterprise. To varying degrees, those complaints have continued up until the present. At DMOZ's inception, there was little thought given to the idea of how DMOZ should be managed and there were no official forums, guidelines or FAQs. As time went on, the ODP editor forums became the de facto DMOZ parliament, and when one of DMOZ's staff members would post an opinion in the forums, it would be considered an official ruling. Even so, DMOZ staff began to give trusted senior editors additional editing privileges, including the ability to approve new editor applications, which eventually led to a stratified hierarchy of duties and privileges among DMOZ editors, with DMOZ's paid staff having the final say regarding DMOZ's policies and procedures. Robert Keating, a principal of Touchstone Consulting Group in Washington, D.C., since 2006, worked as AOL's program manager for DMOZ since 2004. He started working for AOL in 1999 as senior editor for AOL Search, then as managing editor, AOL Search, DMOZ, and then as media ecosystem manager, AOL Product Marketing. Editor removal procedures DMOZ's editor removal procedures are overseen by DMOZ's staff and meta-editors. According to DMOZ's official editorial guidelines, editors are removed for abusive editing practices or uncivil behaviour. Discussions that may result in disciplinary action against volunteer editors take place in a private forum which can only be accessed by DMOZ's staff and meta editors. Volunteer editors who are being discussed are not given notice that such proceedings are taking place. Some people find this arrangement distasteful, wanting instead a discussion modeled more like a trial held in the U.S. judicial system. In the article "Editor Removal Explained", DMOZ meta editor Arlarson states that "a great deal of confusion about the removal of editors from DMOZ results from false or misleading statements by former editors". The DMOZ's confidentiality guidelines prohibit any current DMOZ editors in a position to know anything from discussing the reasons for specific editor removals, however a list of potential reasons was provided in the guidelines. In the past, this has led to removed DMOZ editors wondering why they cannot log in at DMOZ to perform their editing work. David F. Prenatt Jr., former DMOZ editor netesq, and another former editor known by the alias The Cunctator, both claim to have been removed for disagreeing with staff about changes to policies, particularly DMOZ's copyright policies. According to their claims, staff use the excuse of uncivil behaviour as a means to remove bothersome editors. Blacklisting allegations Senior DMOZ editors have the ability to attach "warning" or "do not list" notes to individual domains but no editor has the unilateral ability to block certain sites from being listed. Sites with these notes might still be listed and at times notes are removed after some discussion. Hierarchical structure Criticism of DMOZ's hierarchical structure emerged by around 2005. Many believe hierarchical directories are too complicated. With the emergence of Web 2.0, folksonomies began to appear, and some editors proposed that folksonomies, networks and directed graphs are more "natural" and easier to manage than hierarchies. Software Search The ODPSearch software is a derivative version of Isearch which is open-source, licensed under the Mozilla Public License. Editor forums The ODP Editor Forums were originally run on software that was based on the proprietary Ultimate Bulletin Board system. In June 2003, they switched to the open source phpBB system. As of 2007, these forums were powered by a modified version of phpBB. Bug tracking The bug tracking software used by the ODP is Bugzilla and the web server Apache. Squid web proxy server was also used but it was removed in August 2007 when the storage servers were reorganized. All these applications are open source. Interface The DMOZ database/editing software is closed source (although Richard Skrenta has said in June 1998 that he was considering licensing it under the GNU General Public License). This has led to criticism from the aforementioned GNU project, many of whom also criticized the DMOZ content license. The content was later released under a Creative Commons license, which is compatible with the GNU license. As such, there have been some efforts to provide alternatives to DMOZ. These alternatives would allow communities of like-minded editors to set up and maintain their own open source/open content Web directories. ChefMoz Chef Moz, an offshoot of DMOZ, was an open content directory of World Wide Web links of restaurants. The website was constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors, and owned by Netscape. Chef Moz, similar to its parent DMOZ, used a hierarchical ontology scheme for organizing site listings. Listings on a similar topic were grouped into categories, which can then include smaller categories. On February 17, 2011, DMOZ administrator "lisagirl" confirmed that Chef Moz was dead. Growth From its beginning in 2000 to November 2009 (when it became impossible for editors to log into the site), ChefMoz had grown to become the largest global directory of restaurants on the Internet. The total number of restaurants indexed since 2000 is recorded in the following table: Year Number of restaurants 2000 48,000 2001 75,000 2002 179,000 2003 208,000 2004 258,000 2005 266,000 2006 275,000 2007 315,000 2008 325,000 See also Internet portal List of web directories References ^ Sullivan, Danny (March 17, 2017). "DMOZ has officially closed after nearly 19 years of humans trying to organize the web". Search Engine Land. Archived from the original on July 17, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ a b "Why Dmoz Was Closed ?". Resource-Zone.com. April 16, 2017. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2017. ^ "The Directory of the Web – This site includes information formerly made available via DMOZ". dmoztools.net. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017. ^ "New dmoz". Resource-Zone.com. May 5, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017. ^ "Curlie: Present". curlie.org. March 29, 2017. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017. ^ a b "The GnuHoo BooBoo". Slashdot. June 23, 1998. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2007. ^ "Zurl Directory" Archived December 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ ODP and Yahoo Size Charts Archived October 24, 2007, at the Wayback Machine by ODP editor geniac ^ a b ODP reports Archived March 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine by ODP volunteer administrator chris2001 ^ a b ODP Front Page Archived May 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 15, 2006 ^ "Dmoz's Catastrophic Server/Hardware Failure". dmozgrunt.blogspot.com. October 27, 2006. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ dmoz.org technical problems archive.li Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ The Hamsters' New Home Archived April 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, in: Open Directory newsletter issue Winter 2006. Retrieved December 26, 2006. ^ "Terms of Use" Archived February 2, 2002, at the Wayback Machine ^ "GO Network Terms of Service and Conditions of Use" Archived May 10, 2000, at the Wayback Machine ^ ChefMoz Fine Dining Menu Archived May 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, in: Open Directory newsletter issue Autumn 2003 ^ help Archived June 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine on open-site.org ^ Moody, Glyn (July 13, 2006). "This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ Sullivan, Danny (July 1, 1998). "NewHoo: Yahoo Built By The Masses". Search Engine Watch. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ Kids and Teens Launches! Archived February 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Open Directory Project Newsletter, November/December 2000 ^ "Kids&Teens Guidelines". Dmoz.org. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ "ODPExtension" Mozilla based add-on, ODP Magic. formerly known as ODP Extension ^ GNU Project: on the Creative Commons Attribution license Archived July 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Open Directory RDF Dump". Rdf.dmoz.org. Archived from the original on June 26, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ "ODP/dmoz Data Dump ToDo List". steevithak.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ "Google Streamlining: Say Goodbye to the Google Directory and Labs!". Pandia Search Engine News. July 21, 2011. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011. ^ "Gigablast Launches 500,000 Vertical Search Engines". Gigablast. May 12, 2005. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ Category: Sites Using ODP Data Archived March 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine on www.dmoz.org. Retrieved September 8, 2006. ^ "Become an Editor at the Open Directory Project". Dmoz.org. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ a b "ODP Communication Guidelines". Dmoz.org. Archived from the original on July 22, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ a b "Open Directory Project Administrator Guidelines". Dmoz.org. Archived from the original on July 22, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ "ODP Directory Editorial Guidelines". Dmoz.org. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ "How To: ODP Editor Is Competitor". webmasterworld.com. November 4, 2000. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ ODP Meta Guidelines: Editor Abuse and Removal Archived January 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 9, 2008. ^ "Open Directory Project: Public Abuse Report System". Report-abuse.dmoz.org. Archived from the original on August 7, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ "How to suggest a site to the Open Directory". Dmoz.org. Archived from the original on June 16, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ Open Directory Project Search: "topix" (Retrieved October 18, 2007) ^ "Multiple URL's in DMOZ". webmasterworld.com. January 30, 2003. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ "DMOZ news". Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2009. ^ "The Open Directory Project: The Spirit of the Web". laisha.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ a b c "Open Directory Project Meta Guidelines". dmoz.org. December 31, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017. ^ Meet AOL's DMOZ Staff Team Archived January 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, DMOZ Blog, January 8, 2009 ^ Robert Keating, LinkedIn, archived from the original on December 24, 2010, retrieved December 17, 2011 ^ a b Prenatt, David (May 29, 2000). "Life After ODP". Yahoo! Groups. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ Arlarson, Editor Removal Explained Archived December 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Open Directory Project Newsletter (September 2000). ^ "Guidelines: Account Removal". dmoz.org. July 3, 2016. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017. Alt URL Archived May 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Editor account expired". resource-zone.com. July 27, 2004. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ Thread: Can't Login Archived November 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine on Resource-Zone ^ Prenatt, David F. Jr. (June 1, 2000). "Life After the Open Directory Project". traffick.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ CmdrTaco (October 24, 2000). "Dmoz (aka AOL) Changing Guidelines In Sketchy Way". Slashdot. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ Add Note to URL Feature Archived May 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, in ODP Documentation ^ Hriţcu, C. (April 8, 2005). "Folksonomies vs. Ontologies". hritcu.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ "Ontology is Overrated" Archived July 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ Hammond, Tony; Hannay, Timo; Lund, Ben; Scott, Joanna (April 2005). "Social Bookmarking Tools (I)". D-Lib Magazine. Archived from the original on June 2, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ "Open Directory Search Guide". Dmoz.org. Archived from the original on June 16, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ "Licenses for Works of Practical Use besides Software and Documentation". GNU Project. Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2017. ^ "Announcement of Chef Moz's Death". Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2021. ^ Statistics from the Wayback Machine External links DMOZ at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsResources from WikiversityData from Wikidata Wikidata has the property: Curlie ID (P998) (see uses) dmoz.org (Official website) at the Wayback Machine (archived March 14, 2017) vteNetscapeBrowser versions Mosaic Netscape Netscape Navigator 1 2 3 4 Netscape Communicator 4 5 Netscape 6 7 Netscape Browser 8 Netscape Navigator 9 Netscape Plugin Application Programming Interface (NPAPI) E-mail clients Netscape Mail & Newsgroups Netscape Messenger 9 Other components Netscape Composer Server software Netscape Enterprise Server Netscape Application Server Netscape Proxy Server Netscape Directory Server Netscape Server Application Programming Interface (NSAPI) Web services Netscape.com Propeller.com Open Directory Project Netscape ISP People Eric J. Bina James H. Clark Brendan Eich Daniel Glazman Jamie Zawinski Lou Montulli Marc Andreessen Eric A. Meyer Mitchell Baker See also Gecko JSSS Mariner Netscape 5 Netscape Public License Mozilla AOL iPlanet vteAOLWebsites Aol.com Yahoo! Search Related AOLserver ART image file format Elwood Edwards One by AOL OSCAR protocol TAC Ultravox Yahoo! Acquisitions Former AIM Alto Mail buy.at Community Leader Program CompuServe DMOZ Explorer FanHouse Ficlets GameDaily Gravity Hometown In2TV Neverwinter Nights On Politics Daily press Propeller.com Radio Radio KOL Seed Singingfish Socialthing TOC protocol TV

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domain name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name"},{"link_name":"open-content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_content"},{"link_name":"World Wide Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web"},{"link_name":"AOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Media"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_community"},{"link_name":"ontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resource-zone-2"},{"link_name":"directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_directory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resource-zone-2"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DMOZ&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"DMOZ (stylized dmoz in its logo; from directory.mozilla.org, an earlier domain name) was a multilingual open-content directory of World Wide Web links. The site and community who maintained it were also known as the Open Directory Project (ODP). It was owned by AOL (now a part of Yahoo! Inc) but constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors.DMOZ used a hierarchical ontology scheme for organizing site listings. Listings on a similar topic were grouped into categories which then included smaller categories.DMOZ closed on March 17, 2017, because AOL no longer wished to support the project.[1][2] The website became a single landing page on that day, with links to a static archive of DMOZ, and to the DMOZ discussion forum, where plans to rebrand and relaunch the directory were being discussed.[2]As of September 2017[update], a non-editable mirror remained available at dmoztools.net,[3] and it was announced that while the DMOZ URL would not return, a successor version of the directory named Curlie would be provided.[4][5]","title":"DMOZ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rich Skrenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Skrenta"},{"link_name":"Bob Truel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Truel"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"TASS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TASS_(software)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_(newsreader)"},{"link_name":"Usenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"},{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"Richard Stallman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman"},{"link_name":"Free Software Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SlashdotGnuhoo-6"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Netscape Communications Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape"},{"link_name":"AOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odp_sitecount_top.png"},{"link_name":"URLs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Directory"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odpreports-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odpreports-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frontpage-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frontpage-10"}],"text":"DMOZ was founded in the United States as Gnuhoo by Rich Skrenta and Bob Truel in 1998 while they were both working as engineers for Sun Microsystems. Chris Tolles, who worked at Sun Microsystems as the head of marketing for network security products, also signed on in 1998 as a co-founder of Gnuhoo along with co-founders Bryn Dole and Jeremy Wenokur. Skrenta had developed TASS, an ancestor of tin, the popular threaded Usenet newsreader for Unix systems. The original category structure of the Gnuhoo directory was based loosely on the structure of Usenet newsgroups then in existence.The Gnuhoo directory went live on June 5, 1998. After Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation objected to the use of Gnu in the name, Gnuhoo was changed to NewHoo.[6] Yahoo! then objected to the use of Hoo in the name, prompting a proposed name change to ZURL.[7] Prior to switching to ZURL, NewHoo was acquired by Netscape Communications Corporation in October 1998 and became the Open Directory Project. Netscape released Open Directory data under the Open Directory License. Netscape was acquired by AOL shortly thereafter and DMOZ was one of the assets included in the acquisition.DMOZ size by date, 1998 to 2015By the time Netscape assumed stewardship, the Open Directory Project had about 100,000 URLs indexed with contributions from about 4500 editors. On October 5, 1999, the number of URLs indexed by DMOZ reached one million. According to an unofficial estimate, the URLs in DMOZ numbered 1.6 million in April 2000, surpassing those in the Yahoo! Directory.[8] DMOZ achieved the milestones of indexing two million URLs on August 14, 2000, three million listings on November 18, 2001, and four million on December 3, 2003. As of April 2013 there were 5,169,995 sites listed in over 1,017,500 categories. On October 31, 2015, there were 3,996,412 sites listed in 1,026,706 categories.In January 2006, DMOZ began publishing online reports to inform the public about the development of the project. The first report covered the year 2005. Monthly reports were issued subsequently until September 2006.[9] These reports gave greater insight into the functioning of the directory than the simplified statistics provided on the front page of the directory. The number of listings and categories cited on the front page included \"Test\" and \"Bookmarks\" categories but these were not included in the RDF dump offered to users. There were about 7330 active editors during August 2006.[9] 75,151 editors had contributed to the directory as of March 31, 2007.[10] As of April 2013, the number of contributing editors had increased to 97,584.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"catastrophic failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophic_failure"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"System failure and editing outage, October to December 2006","text":"On October 20, 2006, DMOZ's main server suffered a catastrophic failure[11] that prevented editors from working on the directory until December 18, 2006. During that period, an older build of the directory was visible to the public. On January 13, 2007, the Site Suggestion and Update Listings forms were again made available.[12] On January 26, 2007, weekly publication of RDF dumps resumed. To avoid future outages, the system resided on a redundant configuration of two Intel-based servers from then on.[13]The site's interface was given an upgrade in 2016, branded \"DMOZ 3.0\", but AOL took it offline the following year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"web directories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_directory"},{"link_name":"Go.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go.com"},{"link_name":"Zeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeal_(web)"},{"link_name":"open content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_content"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Open Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Site&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Larry Sanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Sanger"},{"link_name":"Nupedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupedia"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Competing and spinoff projects","text":"As DMOZ became more widely known, two other major web directories edited by volunteers and sponsored by Go.com and Zeal emerged, both now defunct. These directories did not license their content for open content distribution.[14][15]The concept of using a large-scale community of editors to compile online content has been successfully applied to other types of projects. DMOZ's editing model directly inspired at least three other open content volunteer projects: music site MusicMoz, an open content restaurant directory known as ChefMoz[16] and an encyclopedia known as Open Site.[17] Finally, according to Larry Sanger, DMOZ was part of the inspiration for the Nupedia project, out of which Wikipedia grew.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GnuHoo_logo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NewHoo_logo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Directory_Project_logo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DMOZ_Open_Directory_Project_logo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DMOZ_logo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DMOZ_logo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curlie-logo.png"}],"sub_title":"Logo history","text":"Original logo as from June 1998\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo after rebranding as NewHoo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo after acquisition by Netscape\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo from 1999 to 2014 with the name DMOZ\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo from March 2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLogo from June 2016 until the closing in March 2017\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCurlie logo (2019)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Usenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"multilingual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"age appropriate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_appropriate"},{"link_name":"UTF-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"},{"link_name":"ISO 8859-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8859-1"}],"text":"Gnuhoo borrowed the basic outline for its initial ontology from Usenet. In 1998, Rich Skrenta said, \"I took a long list of groups and hand-edited them into a hierarchy.\"[19] For example, the topic covered by the comp.ai.alife newsgroup was represented by the category Computers/AI/Artificial_Life. The original divisions were for Adult, Arts, Business, Computers, Games, Health, Home, News, Recreation, Reference, Regional, Science, Shopping, Society, Sports and \"World\". While these sixteen top-level categories have remained intact, the ontology of second- and lower-level categories has undergone a gradual evolution; significant changes are initiated by discussion among editors and then implemented when consensus had been reached.In July 1998, the directory became multilingual with the addition of the World top-level category. The remainder of the directory lists only English language sites. By May 2005, seventy-five languages were represented. The growth rate of the non-English components of the directory had been greater than the English component since 2002. While the English component of the directory held almost 75% of the sites in 2003, the World level grew to over 1.5 million sites as of May 2005, forming roughly one-third of the directory. The ontology in non-English categories generally mirrors that of the English directory, although exceptions which reflect language differences are quite common.Several of the top-level categories have unique characteristics. The Adult category is not present on the directory homepage but it is fully available in the RDF dump that DMOZ provides. While the bulk of the directory is categorized primarily by topic, the Regional category is categorized primarily by region. This has led many to view DMOZ as two parallel directories: Regional and Topical.On November 14, 2000, a special directory within DMOZ was created for people under 18 years of age.[20] Key factors distinguishing this \"Kids and Teens\" area from the main directory are:stricter guidelines which limit the listing of sites to those which are targeted or \"appropriate\" for people under 18 years of age;[21]\ncategory names as well as site descriptions use vocabulary which is \"age appropriate\";\nage tags on each listing distinguish content appropriate for kids (age 12 and under), teens (13 to 15 years old) and mature teens (16 to 18 years old);\nKids and Teens content is available as a separate RDF dump;\nediting permissions are such that the community is parallel to that of DMOZ.By May 2005, this portion of DMOZ included over 32,000 site listings.From early 2004, the whole site was in UTF-8 encoding. Prior to this, the encoding had been ISO 8859-1 for English language categories and a language-dependent character set for other languages. The RDF dumps were encoded in UTF-8 from early 2000.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Web crawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_crawler"},{"link_name":"link rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_rot"},{"link_name":"search engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine"},{"link_name":"PageRank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank"},{"link_name":"domain hijacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hijacking"},{"link_name":"bookmarklets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmarklet"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Maintenance","text":"Directory listings were maintained by editors. While some editors focused on the addition of new listings, others focused on maintaining the existing listings, and some did both. This included tasks such as the editing of individual listings to correct spelling and/or grammatical errors, as well as monitoring the status of linked sites. Still others went through site submissions to remove spam and duplicate submissions.Robozilla was a Web crawler written to check the status of all sites listed in DMOZ. Periodically, Robozilla would flag sites which appeared to have moved or disappeared and editors follow up to check the sites and take action. This process was critical for the directory in striving to achieve one of its founding goals: to reduce the link rot in web directories. Shortly after each run, the sites marked with errors were automatically moved to the unreviewed queue where editors may investigate them when time permits.Due to the popularity of DMOZ and its resulting impact on search engine rankings (See PageRank), domains with lapsed registration that were listed on DMOZ attracted domain hijacking, an issue that that was addressed by regularly removing expired domains from the directory.While corporate funding and staff for DMOZ diminished over time, volunteers created editing tools such as linkcheckers to supplement Robozilla, category crawlers, spellcheckers, search tools that directly sift a recent RDF dump, bookmarklets to help automate some editing functions, mozilla based add-ons,[22] and tools that helped work through unreviewed queues.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free Software Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Creative Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"License and requirements","text":"DMOZ data was previously made available under the terms of the Open Directory License, which required a specific DMOZ attribution table on every Web page that uses the data.The Open Directory License also included a requirement that users of the data continually check DMOZ site for updates and discontinue use and distribution of the data or works derived from the data once an update occurs. This restriction prompted the Free Software Foundation to refer to the Open Directory License as a non-free documentation license, citing the right to redistribute a given version not being permanent and the requirement to check for changes to the license.In 2011, DMOZ silently changed its license to a Creative Commons Attribution license[citation needed], which is a free license (and GPL compatible).[23]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"RDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework"}],"sub_title":"RDF dumps","text":"DMOZ data is made available through an RDF-like dump that is published on a download server, older versions are also archived there.[24] New versions are usually generated weekly. A DMOZ editor has catalogued a number of bugs that are encountered in the DMOZ RDF dump, most importantly that the file format is not RDF.[25] So while today the so-called RDF dump is valid XML, it is not valid RDF and as such, software to process the DMOZ RDF dump needs to be specifically written for DMOZ data.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"directory services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_service"},{"link_name":"Alexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet"},{"link_name":"Google Directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Directory"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Search_Marketing"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DMOZ&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Content users","text":"DMOZ data powers the core directory services for many of the Web's largest search engines and portals, including Netscape Search, AOL Search, and Alexa. Google Directory used DMOZ information, until being shuttered in July 2011.[26]Other uses are also made of DMOZ data. For example, in the spring of 2004 Overture announced a search service for third parties combining Yahoo! Directory search results with DMOZ titles, descriptions and category metadata. The search engine Gigablast announced on May 12, 2005, its searchable copy of DMOZ. The technology permits search of websites listed in specific categories, \"in effect, instantly creating over 500,000 vertical search engines\".[27]As of 8 September 2006[update], DMOZ listed 313 English-language Web sites that use DMOZ data as well as 238 sites in other languages.[28] However, these figures do not reflect the full picture of use, as those sites that use DMOZ data without following the terms of the DMOZ license are not listed.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rich_Skrenta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rich Skrenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Skrenta"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"hierarchical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commguide-30"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adminguide-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"DMOZ co-founder Rich Skrenta in 2009Restrictions are imposed on who can become an DMOZ editor. The primary gatekeeping mechanism is an editor application process wherein editor candidates demonstrate their editing abilities, disclose affiliations that might pose a conflict of interest[citation needed], and otherwise give a sense of how the applicant would likely mesh with the DMOZ culture and mission.[29] A majority of applications are rejected but reapplying is allowed and sometimes encouraged. The same standards apply to editors of all categories and subcategories.[citation needed]DMOZ's editing model is a hierarchical one. Upon becoming editors, individuals will generally have editing permissions in only a small category. Once they have demonstrated basic editing skills in compliance with the Editing Guidelines, they are welcome to apply for additional editing privileges in either a broader category or else another category in the directory. Mentorship relationships between editors are encouraged, and internal forums provide a vehicle for new editors to ask questions.[citation needed]DMOZ has its own internal forums, the contents of which are intended only for editors to communicate with each other primarily about editing topics. Access to the forums requires an editor account and editors are expected to keep the contents of these forums private.[30]Over time, senior editors can be granted additional privileges which reflect their editing experience and leadership within the editing community. The most straightforward is edit all privileges, which allow an editor to access all categories in the directory. Meta privileges additionally allow editors to perform tasks such as reviewing editor applications, setting category features, and handling external and internal abuse reports. Cateditall privileges are similar to edit all, but only for a single directory category. Similarly, catmod privileges are similar to meta, but only for a single directory category. Catmv privileges allow editors to make changes to directory ontology by moving or renaming categories. All of these privileges are granted by admins and staff, usually after discussion with meta editors.[citation needed]In August 2004, a new level of privileges called admin was introduced. Administrator status was granted to a number of long serving metas by staff. Administrators have the ability to grant editall+ privileges to other editors and to approve new directory-wide policies, powers which had previously only been available to root (staff) editors.[31]All DMOZ editors are expected to abide by DMOZ's Editing Guidelines. These guidelines describe editing basics: which types of sites may be listed and which may not; how site listings should be titled and described in a loosely consistent manner; conventions for the naming and building of categories; conflict of interest limitations on the editing of sites which the editor may own or otherwise be affiliated with; and a code of conduct within the community.[32] Editors who are found to have violated these guidelines may be contacted by staff or senior editors, have their editing permissions cut back, or lose their editing privileges entirely. DMOZ Guidelines are periodically revised after discussion in editor forums.[citation needed]","title":"Policies and procedures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"webmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmaster"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"There have long been allegations that volunteer DMOZ editors give favorable treatment to their own websites while concomitantly thwarting the good faith efforts of their competition.[33] Such allegations are fielded by ODP's staff and meta editors, who have the authority to take disciplinary action against volunteer editors who are suspected of engaging in abusive editing practices.[34] In 2003, DMOZ introduced a new Public Abuse Report System that allows members of the general public to report and track allegations of abusive editor conduct using an online form.[35] Uninhibited discussion of DMOZ's purported shortcomings has become more common on mainstream webmaster discussion forums. Although site policies suggest that an individual site should be submitted to only one category,[36] as of October 2007, Topix.com, a news aggregation site operated by DMOZ founder Rich Skrenta, had more than 17,000 listings.[37]Early in the history of DMOZ, its staff gave representatives of selected companies, such as Rolling Stone or CNN, editing access in order to list individual pages from their websites.[38] Links to individual CNN articles were added until 2004, but were entirely removed from the directory in January 2008[39] due to the content being outdated and not considered worth the effort to maintain. There have been no similar experiments with the editing policy since then.","title":"Controversy and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SlashdotGnuhoo-6"},{"link_name":"forums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum"},{"link_name":"FAQs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQ"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-commguide-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adminguide-31"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metaguide-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Ownership and management","text":"Underlying some controversy surrounding DMOZ is its ownership and management. Some of the original GnuHoo volunteers felt that they had been deceived into joining a commercial enterprise.[6] To varying degrees, those complaints have continued up until the present.At DMOZ's inception, there was little thought given to the idea of how DMOZ should be managed and there were no official forums, guidelines or FAQs.[40]As time went on, the ODP editor forums became the de facto DMOZ parliament, and when one of DMOZ's staff members would post an opinion in the forums, it would be considered an official ruling.[30] Even so, DMOZ staff began to give trusted senior editors additional editing privileges, including the ability to approve new editor applications, which eventually led to a stratified hierarchy of duties and privileges among DMOZ editors, with DMOZ's paid staff having the final say regarding DMOZ's policies and procedures.[31][41]Robert Keating, a principal of Touchstone Consulting Group in Washington, D.C., since 2006, worked as AOL's program manager for DMOZ since 2004. He started working for AOL in 1999 as senior editor for AOL Search, then as managing editor, AOL Search, DMOZ, and then as media ecosystem manager, AOL Product Marketing.[42][43]","title":"Controversy and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metaguide-41"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahooxodp-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metaguide-41"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahooxodp-44"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Editor removal procedures","text":"DMOZ's editor removal procedures are overseen by DMOZ's staff and meta-editors. According to DMOZ's official editorial guidelines, editors are removed for abusive editing practices or uncivil behaviour. Discussions that may result in disciplinary action against volunteer editors take place in a private forum which can only be accessed by DMOZ's staff and meta editors. Volunteer editors who are being discussed are not given notice that such proceedings are taking place.[41] Some people find this arrangement distasteful, wanting instead a discussion modeled more like a trial held in the U.S. judicial system.[44]In the article \"Editor Removal Explained\", DMOZ meta editor Arlarson states that \"a great deal of confusion about the removal of editors from DMOZ results from false or misleading statements by former editors\".[45]The DMOZ's confidentiality guidelines prohibit any current DMOZ editors in a position to know anything from discussing the reasons for specific editor removals,[41] however a list of potential reasons was provided in the guidelines.[46] In the past, this has led to removed DMOZ editors wondering why they cannot log in at DMOZ to perform their editing work.[47][48]David F. Prenatt Jr., former DMOZ editor netesq, and another former editor known by the alias The Cunctator, both claim to have been removed for disagreeing with staff about changes to policies, particularly DMOZ's copyright policies. According to their claims, staff use the excuse of uncivil behaviour as a means to remove bothersome editors.[44][49][50]","title":"Controversy and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Blacklisting allegations","text":"Senior DMOZ editors have the ability to attach \"warning\" or \"do not list\" notes to individual domains but no editor has the unilateral ability to block certain sites from being listed. Sites with these notes might still be listed and at times notes are removed after some discussion.[51]","title":"Controversy and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hierarchical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical"},{"link_name":"Web 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0"},{"link_name":"folksonomies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folksonomy"},{"link_name":"networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"directed graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_graph"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Hierarchical structure","text":"Criticism of DMOZ's hierarchical structure emerged by around 2005. Many believe hierarchical directories are too complicated. With the emergence of Web 2.0, folksonomies began to appear, and some editors proposed that folksonomies, networks and directed graphs are more \"natural\" and easier to manage than hierarchies.[52][53][54]","title":"Controversy and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isearch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isearch"},{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"Mozilla Public License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Search","text":"The ODPSearch software is a derivative version of Isearch which is open-source, licensed under the Mozilla Public License.[55]","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultimate Bulletin Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultimate_Bulletin_Board&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"phpBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhpBB"}],"sub_title":"Editor forums","text":"The ODP Editor Forums were originally run on software that was based on the proprietary Ultimate Bulletin Board system. In June 2003, they switched to the open source phpBB system. As of 2007, these forums were powered by a modified version of phpBB.","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bugzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugzilla"},{"link_name":"Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server"},{"link_name":"Squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_cache"}],"sub_title":"Bug tracking","text":"The bug tracking software used by the ODP is Bugzilla and the web server Apache. Squid web proxy server was also used but it was removed in August 2007 when the storage servers were reorganized. All these applications are open source.","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GNU General Public License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Interface","text":"The DMOZ database/editing software is closed source (although Richard Skrenta has said in June 1998 that he was considering licensing it under the GNU General Public License). This has led to criticism from the aforementioned GNU project, many of whom also criticized the DMOZ content license. The content was later released under a Creative Commons license, which is compatible with the GNU license.[56]As such, there have been some efforts to provide alternatives to DMOZ. These alternatives would allow communities of like-minded editors to set up and maintain their own open source/open content Web directories.","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_content"},{"link_name":"directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_directory"},{"link_name":"World Wide Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_community"},{"link_name":"volunteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteering"},{"link_name":"Netscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape"},{"link_name":"ontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Chef Moz, an offshoot of DMOZ, was an open content directory of World Wide Web links of restaurants. The website was constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors, and owned by Netscape.Chef Moz, similar to its parent DMOZ, used a hierarchical ontology scheme for organizing site listings. Listings on a similar topic were grouped into categories, which can then include smaller categories.On February 17, 2011, DMOZ administrator \"lisagirl\" confirmed that Chef Moz was dead.[57]","title":"ChefMoz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-growth-58"}],"sub_title":"Growth","text":"From its beginning in 2000 to November 2009 (when it became impossible for editors to log into the site), ChefMoz had grown to become the largest global directory of restaurants on the Internet. The total number of restaurants indexed since 2000 is recorded in the following table:[58]","title":"ChefMoz"}]

[{"image_text":"DMOZ size by date, 1998 to 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Odp_sitecount_top.png/400px-Odp_sitecount_top.png"},{"image_text":"DMOZ co-founder Rich Skrenta in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Rich_Skrenta.jpg"}]

[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg"},{"title":"Internet portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet"},{"title":"List of web directories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_directories"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus_SR_Sport

B&F Fk14 Polaris

["1 Design and development","1.1 Cirrus SRS","2 Operational history","3 Variants","4 Specifications (Fk14 Polaris)","5 References","6 External links"]

German ultralight aircraft Fk14 Polaris Role Two seat sports ultralightType of aircraft National origin Germany Manufacturer B&F Technik, Speyer First flight May 1999 Status In production Number built 90 by September 2008 The B&F Fk14 Polaris, also called the FK-Lightplanes FK14, is a single-engine, low-wing ultralight aircraft that seats two side by side. Designed in Germany in the late 1990s, it remains in production as of 2024. The Cirrus SR Sport, simply called the Cirrus SRS, was a version of the B&F Fk14 Polaris that was intended to be marketed as a light-sport aircraft by U.S.-based aircraft manufacturer Cirrus Design (now called Cirrus Aircraft), and was promoted from 2007 until its suspension in 2009 during the economic crisis. Design and development Design of the B&F Fk14 Polaris, sometimes known as the Funk Fk 14 Polaris but not by its makers, began in 1998. It first flew in May 1999 and started in production the next year. It is a low-wing, single-engine ultralight, with enclosed accommodation for two seated side by side. Its largely glass fibre (carbon on the Fk14B variant) wing is mostly of parallel chord but toward the tips, where short span aluminium ailerons occupy the trailing edges, the leading edge is swept. Electrically operated Fowler flaps are fitted. Four flap settings are available: +0°, +10°, +20° and +32°. The wingtips incorporate short winglets. The fin and rudder are gently swept; the rudder is deep, reaching the lower fuselage line and moving in a cutout between the elevators. These rear flying surfaces are mass-balanced. The Polaris also has spring-trimmed controls. Until 2007 B&F offered a choice of steel framed or monocoque fuselage structures, but since then have produced only the latter. The occupants sit side by side under a single piece, forward-hinged canopy. The standard undercarriage is of tricycle configuration, though a conventional undercarriage is an option. The main legs are fuselage mounted spring cantilevers and the nosewheel is steerable. All wheels are spatted. The Polaris may be fitted with a ballistic parachute (BRS 5) as an option. There is a choice between two of the Rotax 912 series flat four-cylinder engines: either the 60 kW (80 hp) 912 UL or the 74 kW (99 hp) 912 ULS may be fitted. These engines drive three-blade, ground adjustable pitch propellers. Cirrus SRS At EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2007, the U.S. aircraft manufacturer Cirrus Design announced that they intended to market a version of the Fk14 as the Cirrus SR Sport, also known as the Cirrus SRS. First deliveries were initially planned for mid-2008. In early 2008, the company began taking orders for delivery, with a $5,000 deposit required. Cirrus Design's then-CEO, Alan Klapmeier, announced in October 2008 that, due to the economic situation and resulting lack of demand for Cirrus aircraft, the company was moving to a three-day work week and that the introduction of the Cirrus SRS had been delayed due to a lack of demand in the light sport aircraft (LSA) market sector. In April 2009, the company announced that it was suspending the project, citing economic conditions and the need to develop the airplane and expand flight-training strategy. They also stated that with time the LSA rules are expected to change and allow Cirrus to build an LSA with a broader mission profile. As of February 2022, a full-scale mockup of the Cirrus SRS is located at the Duluth Children's Museum in Duluth, Minnesota, donated to the museum by Cirrus for visitors to learn and interact with. Operational history The 90th Polaris was completed in September 2008. In mid-2010, the European registers (excluding Russia) listed 72 aircraft. Variants Fk14 Polaris in 2012 B&F Technik FK-14B at Keiheuvel Fk14 Standard version. Fk14B Introduced circa 2003, with new carbon fibre wing, greater range, improved access with greater canopy opening angle; baggage space behind seats; altered engine cowling. Fk14B2 Polaris Model with redesigned wing with slotted flaps to improve short-field performance. Small spoilers are fitted to the ailerons to reduce adverse yaw. FK14 B2 LeMans Version with the bubble canopy replaced by two separate "roadster-style" windshields mounted in a single frame. Cirrus SRS Currently suspended. First under development by Cirrus Design Co. in the United States from 2007–2009, this met local LSA rules: test bed had flown. Specifications (Fk14 Polaris) Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2010/11General characteristics Capacity: two Length: 5.69 m (18 ft 8 in) Wingspan: 9.04 m (29 ft 8 in) Height: 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) Wing area: 9.40 m2 (101.2 sq ft) Empty weight: 284 kg (626 lb) including parachute Max takeoff weight: 472.5 kg (1,042 lb) Fuel capacity: 65 L (15.8 imp gal, 19.0 US gal) standard Powerplant: 1 × Rotax 912ULS 4- cylinder flat four, air and water cooled, 73.5 kW (98.6 hp) Propellers: 3-bladed Junkers or Duc, ground adjustable pitch/ Performance Cruise speed: 243 km/h (151 mph, 131 kn) at 75% power Stall speed: 64 km/h (40 mph, 35 kn) Never exceed speed: 290 km/h (180 mph, 160 kn) Range: 648 km (403 mi, 350 nmi) g limits: +4/−2 Rate of climb: 7.5 m/s (1,480 ft/min) References ^ a b Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al: World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12, page 50. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X ^ a b c Tacke, Willi; Marino Boric; et al: World Directory of Light Aviation 2015-16, page 52. Flying Pages Europe SARL, 2015. ISSN 1368-485X ^ a b "Fk lightplanes - History". Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2011. ^ a b c d Jackson, Paul (2010). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2010-11. Coulsdon, Surrey: IHS Jane's. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-7106-2916-6. ^ "The Secret's Out". 23 July 2007. Retrieved 23 July 2007. ^ Cirrus Taking Orders for SRS, Flying Magazine, Vol. 135., No. 5, May 2008, p. 26 ^ Niles, Russ (October 2008). "Cirrus Goes To Three-Day Week". Retrieved 27 October 2008. ^ Grady, Mary (April 2009). "Cirrus LSA Program On Hold". Retrieved 24 April 2009. ^ "Moving Day for the Duluth Children's Museum". Youtube. 13 January 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2022. ^ "Duluth Children's Museum Prep for Busy Week". Fox 21 Local News. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022. ^ "Duluth Children's Museum - Exhibits". Retrieved 22 May 2022. ^ Partington, Dave (2010). European registers handbook 2010. Air Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85130-425-0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to B&F FK14. Official website vteB&F Technik aircraftDesigns by Otto Funk Greif 1 (Fk1) Greif 2 (Fk2) VFW-Fokker FK-3 Fk4 AK1 (Fk5) Fk5 Fk6 B&F designs Fk9 Fk11 Fk12 Comet Fk14 Polaris Fk131 Bücker Jungmann vteCirrus aircraftAircraft VK-30 ST-50 SR10 SR20 SRV SR22 SR22T SR Sport Vision SF50 People Scott Anderson Klapmeier brothers Robert Overmyer Other Cirrus Airframe Parachute System

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First deliveries were initially planned for mid-2008.[5] In early 2008, the company began taking orders for delivery, with a $5,000 deposit required.[6]Cirrus Design's then-CEO, Alan Klapmeier, announced in October 2008 that, due to the economic situation and resulting lack of demand for Cirrus aircraft, the company was moving to a three-day work week and that the introduction of the Cirrus SRS had been delayed due to a lack of demand in the light sport aircraft (LSA) market sector.[7] In April 2009, the company announced that it was suspending the project, citing economic conditions and the need to develop the airplane and expand flight-training strategy. They also stated that with time the LSA rules are expected to change and allow Cirrus to build an LSA with a broader mission profile.[8]As of February 2022, a full-scale mockup of the Cirrus SRS is located at the Duluth Children's Museum in Duluth, Minnesota, donated to the museum by Cirrus for visitors to learn and interact with.[9][10][11]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuReg-12"}],"text":"The 90th Polaris was completed in September 2008. In mid-2010, the European registers (excluding Russia) listed 72 aircraft.[12]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ParaRudniki_2012_15.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keiheuvel_B%26F_Technik_FK-14_polaris_B_OO-H32_03.JPG"},{"link_name":"Keiheuvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balen-Keiheuvel_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"slotted flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"spoilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"adverse yaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_yaw"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDLA15-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDLA11-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDLA15-2"}],"text":"Fk14 Polaris in 2012B&F Technik FK-14B at KeiheuvelFk14\nStandard version.\nFk14B\nIntroduced circa 2003, with new carbon fibre wing, greater range, improved access with greater canopy opening angle; baggage space behind seats; altered engine cowling.\nFk14B2 Polaris\nModel with redesigned wing with slotted flaps to improve short-field performance. Small spoilers are fitted to the ailerons to reduce adverse yaw.[2]\nFK14 B2 LeMans\nVersion with the bubble canopy replaced by two separate \"roadster-style\" windshields mounted in a single frame.[1][2]\nCirrus SRS\nCurrently suspended. First under development by Cirrus Design Co. in the United States from 2007–2009, this met local LSA rules: test bed had flown.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA10-4"},{"link_name":"Rotax 912ULS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax_912"},{"link_name":"Never exceed speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds#VNE"}],"text":"Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2010/11[4]General characteristicsCapacity: two\nLength: 5.69 m (18 ft 8 in)\nWingspan: 9.04 m (29 ft 8 in)\nHeight: 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in)\nWing area: 9.40 m2 (101.2 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 284 kg (626 lb) including parachute\nMax takeoff weight: 472.5 kg (1,042 lb)\nFuel capacity: 65 L (15.8 imp gal, 19.0 US gal) standard\nPowerplant: 1 × Rotax 912ULS 4- cylinder flat four, air and water cooled, 73.5 kW (98.6 hp)\nPropellers: 3-bladed Junkers or Duc, ground adjustable pitch/PerformanceCruise speed: 243 km/h (151 mph, 131 kn) at 75% power\nStall speed: 64 km/h (40 mph, 35 kn)\nNever exceed speed: 290 km/h (180 mph, 160 kn)\nRange: 648 km (403 mi, 350 nmi)\ng limits: +4/−2\nRate of climb: 7.5 m/s (1,480 ft/min)","title":"Specifications (Fk14 Polaris)"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonspecific_interstitial_pneumonia

Non-specific interstitial pneumonia

["1 Symptoms","2 Causes","3 Diagnosis","4 Treatment","5 Prognosis","6 References","7 External links"]

Medical conditionNon-specific interstitial pneumoniaOther namesNon-specific interstitial pneumonitisSpecialtyPulmonology Non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) is a form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Symptoms Symptoms include cough, difficulty breathing, and fatigue. Causes It has been suggested that idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia has an autoimmune mechanism, and is a possible complication of undifferentiated connective tissue disease; however, not enough research has been done at this time to find a cause. Patients with NSIP will often have other unrelated lung diseases like COPD or emphysema, along with other auto-immune disorders. Diagnosis Diagnosis is made via a multi-disciplinary team review of patient history, imaging, lung function testing, and in some cases a surgical lung biopsy. While a lung biopsy is the gold standard, some clinicians opt against this due to the risks of the procedure. Lung biopsies performed on patients with NSIP reveal two different disease patterns – cellular and fibrosing – which are associated with different prognoses. The cellular pattern displays chronic inflammation with minimal fibrosis. The fibrosing pattern displays interstitial fibrosis with various inflammation levels. Both patterns are uniform and lack the prominent fibroblastic foci that are found in other types of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Treatment The mainstay of treatment is corticosteroids such as prednisolone, with immunosuppressant medications such as azathioprine, and mycophenolate added in some cases. Some patients may require oxygen as their disease progresses. Prognosis The fibrosing pattern of NSIP has a five-year survival rate of 86% to 92%, while the cellular pattern of NSIP has a 100% five-year survival rate. Patients with NSIP (whether cellular or fibrosing), have a better prognosis than those with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). References ^ Cottin, V; Donsbeck, AV; Revel, D; Loire, R; Cordier, JF (October 1998). "Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Individualization of a clinicopathologic entity in a series of 12 patients". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 158 (4): 1286–93. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.158.4.9802119. PMID 9769293. ^ Kinder, Brent W.; Collard, Harold R.; Koth, Laura; Daikh, David I.; Wolters, Paul J.; Elicker, Brett; Jones, Kirk D.; King, Talmadge E. (October 2007). "Idiopathic Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 176 (7): 691–697. doi:10.1164/rccm.200702-220OC. PMC 1994238. PMID 17556720. ^ Travis, William D.; Hunninghake, Gary; King, Talmadge E.; Lynch, David A.; Colby, Thomas V.; Galvin, Jeffrey R.; Brown, Kevin K.; Chung, Man Pyo; Cordier, Jean-François; du Bois, Roland M.; Flaherty, Kevin R.; Franks, Teri J.; Hansell, David M.; Hartman, Thomas E.; Kazerooni, Ella A.; Kim, Dong Soon; Kitaichi, Masanori; Koyama, Takashi; Martinez, Fernando J.; Nagai, Sonoko; Midthun, David E.; Müller, Nestor L.; Nicholson, Andrew G.; Raghu, Ganesh; Selman, Moisés; Wells, Athol (15 June 2008). "Idiopathic Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 177 (12): 1338–1347. doi:10.1164/rccm.200611-1685OC. PMID 18388353. ^ Travis, William D.; Matsui, Kazuhiro; Moss, Joel; Ferrans, Victor J. (January 2000). "Idiopathic Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia: Prognostic Significance of Cellular and Fibrosing Patterns". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 24 (1): 19–33. doi:10.1097/00000478-200001000-00003. PMID 10632484. External links ClassificationDExternal resourceseMedicine: article/2078612 vteDiseases of the respiratory systemUpper RT(including URTIs,common cold)Head sinuses Sinusitis nose Rhinitis Vasomotor rhinitis Atrophic rhinitis Hay fever Nasal polyp Rhinorrhea nasal septum Nasal septum deviation Nasal septum perforation Nasal septal hematoma tonsil Tonsillitis Adenoid hypertrophy Peritonsillar abscess Neck pharynx Pharyngitis Strep throat Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Retropharyngeal abscess larynx Croup Laryngomalacia Laryngeal cyst Laryngitis Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Laryngospasm vocal cords Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Vocal fold nodule Vocal fold paresis Vocal cord dysfunction epiglottis Epiglottitis trachea Tracheitis Laryngotracheal stenosis Lower RT/lung disease(including LRTIs)Bronchial/obstructive acute Acute bronchitis chronic COPD Chronic bronchitis Acute exacerbation of COPD) Asthma (Status asthmaticus AERD Exercise-induced Bronchiectasis Cystic fibrosis unspecified Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis obliterans Diffuse panbronchiolitis Interstitial/restrictive(fibrosis)External agents/occupationallung disease Pneumoconiosis Aluminosis Asbestosis Baritosis Bauxite fibrosis Berylliosis Caplan's syndrome Chalicosis Coalworker's pneumoconiosis Siderosis Silicosis Talcosis Byssinosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Bagassosis Bird fancier's lung Farmer's lung Lycoperdonosis Other ARDS Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema Pulmonary edema Löffler's syndrome/Eosinophilic pneumonia Respiratory hypersensitivity Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Hamman–Rich syndrome Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis Vaping-associated pulmonary injury Obstructive / RestrictivePneumonia/pneumonitisBy pathogen Viral Bacterial Pneumococcal Klebsiella Atypical bacterial Mycoplasma Legionnaires' disease Chlamydiae Fungal Pneumocystis Parasitic noninfectious Chemical/Mendelson's syndrome Aspiration/Lipid By vector/route Community-acquired Healthcare-associated Hospital-acquired By distribution Broncho- Lobar IIP UIP DIP BOOP-COP NSIP RB Other Atelectasis circulatory Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary embolism Lung abscess Pleural cavity/mediastinumPleural disease Pleuritis/pleurisy Pneumothorax/Hemopneumothorax Pleural effusion Hemothorax Hydrothorax Chylothorax Empyema/pyothorax Malignant Fibrothorax Mediastinal disease Mediastinitis Mediastinal emphysema Other/general Respiratory failure Influenza Common cold SARS COVID-19 Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"idiopathic interstitial pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_interstitial_pneumonia"}],"text":"Non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) is a form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.","title":"Non-specific interstitial pneumonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough"},{"link_name":"difficulty breathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnea"},{"link_name":"fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Symptoms include cough, difficulty breathing, and fatigue.[1]","title":"Symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"undifferentiated connective tissue disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undifferentiated_connective_tissue_disease"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"COPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPD"},{"link_name":"emphysema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema"},{"link_name":"auto-immune disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-immune_disorder"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"It has been suggested that idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia has an autoimmune mechanism, and is a possible complication of undifferentiated connective tissue disease;[2] however, not enough research has been done at this time to find a cause. Patients with NSIP will often have other unrelated lung diseases like COPD or emphysema, along with other auto-immune disorders.[citation needed]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Diagnosis is made via a multi-disciplinary team review of patient history, imaging, lung function testing, and in some cases a surgical lung biopsy. While a lung biopsy is the gold standard, some clinicians opt against this due to the risks of the procedure.Lung biopsies performed on patients with NSIP reveal two different disease patterns – cellular and fibrosing – which are associated with different prognoses. The cellular pattern displays chronic inflammation with minimal fibrosis. The fibrosing pattern displays interstitial fibrosis with various inflammation levels. Both patterns are uniform and lack the prominent fibroblastic foci that are found in other types of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.[3]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prednisolone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisolone"},{"link_name":"azathioprine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azathioprine"},{"link_name":"mycophenolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycophenolate"}],"text":"The mainstay of treatment is corticosteroids such as prednisolone, with immunosuppressant medications such as azathioprine, and mycophenolate added in some cases. Some patients may require oxygen as their disease progresses.","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"usual interstitial pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usual_interstitial_pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The fibrosing pattern of NSIP has a five-year survival rate of 86% to 92%, while the cellular pattern of NSIP has a 100% five-year survival rate. Patients with NSIP (whether cellular or fibrosing), have a better prognosis than those with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP).[4]","title":"Prognosis"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Richard_O%27Byrne

William Richard O'Byrne

["1 Life","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]

William Richard O'Byrne (1823 – 7 July 1896) was an Irish biographer and politician, author of the A Naval Biographical Dictionary (1849). Life He was elder son of Robert O'Byrne and his wife Martha Trougher, daughter of Joseph Clark. He was a young man when he conceived of publishing a record of the service of every living Royal Navy officer of the executive branch. The work proved an unrewarding struggle. Sir Francis Thornhill Baring appointed him librarian at the Admiralty; but his successor, Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland, did not confirm the position. Recognition for O'Byrne's work came from the Royal United Service Institution, and in 1857 he was specially elected a member of the Athenæum Club. On the death of his cousin Georgiana O'Byrne, he succeeded to the Cabinteely estate, County Wicklow. In 1872, he was High Sheriff of Wicklow, and was M.P. for the county from 1874 to 1880. But the property to which he had succeeded was heavily mortgaged; the mortgagees foreclosed, and O'Byrne was left with little. In 1884, he was awarded £100 from the royal bounty. The Admiralty refused him a post. During his last years O'Byrne's health broke down, and he was mainly dependent on his daughter. In the summer of 1896 he was granted £125 from the royal bounty. He died in South Kensington on 7 July 1896. His wife, by whom he had one daughter, predeceased him. Works As a young man, O'Byrne conceived the idea of a Biographica Navalis (Naval Biographical Dictionary). It took six years for him to publish the first parts in 1845 and the full set of 1,400 pages was published by 1849. The Admiralty records were disorganised; O'Byrne corresponded with the subjects of his memoirs, supplementing their statements with the official records. He did not achieve much financial success from his work, though the Royal United Service Institute rewarded him with a piece of plate and a gift of £400. While he aimed for meticulous accuracy, the biographical entries were often not particularly objectively written, as he invited serving officers to submit their own autobiographical conclusions. The accounts of their lives thus often make them appear as paragons of naval virtues. In 1859, he began a second edition of the dictionary, containing memoirs of officers of the civil branches of the service. It was never finished and he reached no further than the letter G. References Wikisource has original works by or about:William R. O'Byrne ^ a b c d e Laughton 1901. ^ Kemp, Peter (1979). The Oxford Companion to Ships & the Sea. Oxford University Press. p. 807. ISBN 978-0-586-08308-6. Attribution Laughton, John Knox (1901). "O'Byrne, William Richard" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by William Richard O'Byrne Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byHenry Wentworth-FitzWilliamWilliam Wentworth FitzWilliam Dick Member of Parliament for County Wicklow 1874 – 1880 With: William Wentworth FitzWilliam Dick Succeeded byJames Carlile McCoanWilliam Joseph Corbet Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Belgium Australia People Trove

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_behavior

Herd behavior

["1 Animal behavior","1.1 Symmetry-breaking","2 Human behavior","2.1 Early research","2.2 Everyday decision-making","2.3 Crowds","2.4 Sheeple","3 Economics and finance","3.1 Currency crises","3.2 Stock market bubbles","3.3 Economic theory of herding","4 Marketing","4.1 Brand and product success","4.2 Social marketing","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]

Behavior of individuals acting in a group Herd behavior is the behavior of individuals in a group acting collectively without centralized direction. Herd behavior occurs in animals in herds, packs, bird flocks, fish schools and so on, as well as in humans. Voting, demonstrations, riots, general strikes, sporting events, religious gatherings, everyday decision-making, judgement and opinion-forming, are all forms of human-based herd behavior. Raafat, Chater and Frith proposed an integrated approach to herding, describing two key issues, the mechanisms of transmission of thoughts or behavior between individuals and the patterns of connections between them. They suggested that bringing together diverse theoretical approaches of herding behavior illuminates the applicability of the concept to many domains, ranging from cognitive neuroscience to economics. Animal behavior Shimmering behaviour of Apis dorsata (giant honeybees) A group of animals fleeing from a predator shows the nature of herd behavior, for example in 1971, in the oft-cited article "Geometry for the Selfish Herd", evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton asserted that each individual group member reduces the danger to itself by moving as close as possible to the center of the fleeing group. Thus the herd appears as a unit in moving together, but its function emerges from the uncoordinated behavior of self-serving individuals. Symmetry-breaking Asymmetric aggregation of animals under panic conditions has been observed in many species, including humans, mice, and ants. Theoretical models have demonstrated symmetry-breaking similar to observations in empirical studies. For example, when panicked individuals are confined to a room with two equal and equidistant exits, a majority will favor one exit while the minority will favor the other. Possible mechanisms for this behavior include Hamilton's selfish herd theory, neighbor copying, or the byproduct of communication by social animals or runaway positive feedback. Characteristics of escape panic include: Individuals attempt to move faster than normal. Interactions between individuals become physical. Exits become arched and clogged. Escape is slowed by fallen individuals serving as obstacles. Individuals display a tendency towards mass or copied behavior. Alternative or less used exits are overlooked. Human behavior Early research The philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche were among the first to criticize what they referred to as "the crowd" (Kierkegaard) and "herd morality" and the "herd instinct" (Nietzsche) in human society. Modern psychological and economic research has identified herd behavior in humans to explain the phenomenon of large numbers of people acting in the same way at the same time. The British surgeon Wilfred Trotter popularized the "herd behavior" phrase in his book, Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War (1914). In The Theory of the Leisure Class, Thorstein Veblen explained economic behavior in terms of social influences such as "emulation", where some members of a group mimic other members of higher status. In "The Metropolis and Mental Life" (1903), early sociologist George Simmel referred to the "impulse to sociability in man", and sought to describe "the forms of association by which a mere sum of separate individuals are made into a 'society' ". Other social scientists explored behaviors related to herding, such as Sigmund Freud (crowd psychology), Carl Jung (collective unconscious), Everett Dean Martin (Behavior of Crowds) and Gustave Le Bon (the popular mind). Swarm theory observed in non-human societies is a related concept and is being explored as it occurs in human society. Scottish journalist Charles Mackay identifies multiple facets of herd behaviour in his 1841 work, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. Everyday decision-making "Benign" herding behaviors may occur frequently in everyday decisions based on learning from the information of others, as when a person on the street decides which of two restaurants to dine in. Suppose that both look appealing, but both are empty because it is early evening; so at random, this person chooses restaurant A. Soon a couple walks down the same street in search of a place to eat. They see that restaurant A has customers while B is empty, and choose A on the assumption that having customers makes it the better choice. Because other passersby do the same thing into the evening, restaurant A does more business that night than B. This phenomenon is also referred as an information cascade. Crowds Main article: Crowd psychology Crowds that gather on behalf of a grievance can involve herding behavior that turns violent, particularly when confronted by an opposing ethnic or racial group. The Los Angeles riots of 1992, New York Draft Riots and Tulsa Race Riot are notorious in U.S. history. The idea of a "group mind" or "mob behavior" was put forward by the French social psychologists Gabriel Tarde and Gustave Le Bon. Sheeple Sheeple (/ˈʃiːpəl/; a portmanteau of "sheep" and "people") is a derogatory term that highlights the passive herd behavior of people easily controlled by a governing power or market fads which likens them to sheep, a herd animal that is "easily" led about. The term is used to describe those who voluntarily acquiesce to a suggestion without any significant critical analysis or research, in large part due to the majority of a population having a similar mindset. Word Spy defines it as "people who are meek, easily persuaded, and tend to follow the crowd (sheep + people)". Merriam-Webster defines the term as "people who are docile, compliant, or easily influenced: people likened to sheep". The word is pluralia tantum, which means it does not have a singular form. While its origins are unclear, the word was used by W. R. Anderson in his column Round About Radio, published in London 1945, where he wrote:The simple truth is that you can get away with anything, in government. That covers almost all the evils of the time. Once in, nobody, apparently, can turn you out. The People, as ever (I spell it "Sheeple"), will stand anything.Another early use was from Ernest Rogers, whose 1949 book The Old Hokum Bucket contained a chapter entitled "We the Sheeple". The Wall Street Journal first reported the label in print in 1984; the reporter heard the word used by the proprietor of the American Opinion bookstore. In this usage, taxpayers were derided for their blind conformity as opposed to those who thought independently. The term was first popularized in the late 1980s and early 1990s by conspiracy theorist and broadcaster Bill Cooper on his radio program The Hour of the Time which was broadcast internationally via shortwave radio stations. The program gained a small, yet dedicated following, inspiring many individuals who would later broadcast their own radio programs critical of the United States government. This then led to its regular use on the radio program Coast to Coast AM by Art Bell throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. These combined factors significantly increased the popularity of the word and led to its widespread use. The term can also be used for those who seem inordinately tolerant, or welcoming, of widespread policies. In a column entitled "A Nation of Sheeple", columnist Walter E. Williams writes, "Americans sheepishly accepted all sorts of Transportation Security Administration nonsense. In the name of security, we've allowed fingernail clippers, eyeglass screwdrivers, and toy soldiers to be taken from us prior to boarding a plane." Economics and finance Currency crises Currency crises tend to display herding behavior when foreign and domestic investors convert a government's currency into physical assets (like gold) or foreign currencies when they realize the government is unable to repay its debts. This is called a speculative attack and it will tend to cause moderate inflation in the short term. When consumers realize that the inflation of needed commodities is increasing, they will begin to stockpile and hoard goods, which will accelerate the rate of inflation even faster. This will ultimately crash the currency and likely lead to civil unrest. Stock market bubbles Large stock market trends often begin and end with periods of frenzied buying (bubbles) or selling (crashes). Many observers cite these episodes as clear examples of herding behavior that is irrational and driven by emotion—greed in the bubbles, fear in the crashes. Individual investors join the crowd of others in a rush to get in or out of the market. Some followers of the technical analysis school of investing see the herding behavior of investors as an example of extreme market sentiment. The academic study of behavioral finance has identified herding in the collective irrationality of investors, particularly the work of Nobel laureates Vernon L. Smith, Amos Tversky, Daniel Kahneman, and Robert Shiller. Hey and Morone (2004) analyzed a model of herd behavior in a market context. Some empirical works on methods for detecting and measuring the extent of herding include Christie and Huang (1995) and Chang, Cheng and Khorana (2000). These results refer to a market with a well-defined fundamental value. A notable incident of possible herding is the 2007 uranium bubble, which started with flooding of the Cigar Lake Mine in Saskatchewan, during the year 2006. Economic theory of herding There are two strands of work in economic theory that consider why herding occurs and provide frameworks for examining its causes and consequences. The first of these strands is that on herd behavior in a non-market context. The seminal references are Banerjee (1992) and Bikhchandani, Hirshleifer and Welch (1992), both of which showed that herd behavior may result from private information not publicly shared. More specifically, both of these papers showed that individuals, acting sequentially on the basis of private information and public knowledge about the behavior of others, may end up choosing the socially undesirable option. A large subsequent literature has examined the causes and consequences of such "herds" and information cascades. The second strands concerns information aggregation in market contexts. A very early reference is the classic paper by Grossman and Stiglitz (1976) that showed that uninformed traders in a market context can become informed through the price in such a way that private information is aggregated correctly and efficiently. Subsequent work has shown that markets may systematically overweight public information; it has also studied the role of strategic trading as an obstacle to efficient information aggregation. Marketing Herd behavior is often a useful tool in marketing and, if used properly, can lead to increases in sales and changes to the structure of society. Whilst it has been shown that financial incentives cause action in large numbers of people, herd mentality often wins out in a case of "Keeping up with the Joneses". Brand and product success Communications technologies have contributed to the proliferation to consumer choice and "the power of crowds", Consumers increasingly have more access to opinions and information from both opinion leaders and formers on platforms that have largely user-generated content, and thus have more tools with which to complete any decision-making process. Popularity is seen as an indication of better quality, and consumers will use the opinions of others posted on these platforms as a powerful compass to guide them towards products and brands that align with their preconceptions and the decisions of others in their peer groups. Taking into account differences in needs and their position in the socialization process, Lessig & Park examined groups of students and housewives and the influence that these reference groups have on one another. By way of herd mentality, students tended to encourage each other towards beer, hamburger and cigarettes, whilst housewives tended to encourage each other towards furniture and detergent. Whilst this particular study was done in 1977, one cannot discount its findings in today's society. A study done by Burke, Leykin, Li and Zhang in 2014 on the social influence on shopper behavior shows that shoppers are influenced by direct interactions with companions, and as a group size grows, herd behaviour becomes more apparent. Discussions that create excitement and interest have greater impact on touch frequency and purchase likelihood grows with greater involvement caused by a large group. Shoppers in this Midwestern American shopping outlet were monitored and their purchases noted, and it was found up to a point, potential customers preferred to be in stores which had moderate levels of traffic. The other people in the store not only served as company, but also provided an inference point on which potential customers could model their behavior and make purchase decisions, as with any reference group or community. Social media can also be a powerful tool in perpetuating herd behaviour. Its immeasurable amount of user-generated content serves as a platform for opinion leaders to take the stage and influence purchase decisions, and recommendations from peers and evidence of positive online experience all serve to help consumers make purchasing decisions. Gunawan and Huarng's 2015 study concluded that social influence is essential in framing attitudes towards brands, which in turn leads to purchase intention. Influencers form norms which their peers are found to follow, and targeting extroverted personalities increases chances of purchase even further. This is because the stronger personalities tend to be more engaged on consumer platforms and thus spread word of mouth information more efficiently. Many brands have begun to realise the importance of brand ambassadors and influencers, and it is being shown more clearly that herd behaviour can be used to drive sales and profits exponentially in favour of any brand through examination of these instances. Social marketing Marketing can easily transcend beyond commercial roots, in that it can be used to encourage action to do with health, environmentalism and general society. Herd mentality often takes a front seat when it comes to social marketing, paving the way for campaigns such as Earth Day, and the variety of anti-smoking and anti-obesity campaigns seen in every country. Within cultures and communities, marketers must aim to influence opinion leaders who in turn influence each other, as it is the herd mentality of any group of people that ensures a social campaign's success. A campaign run by Som la Pera in Spain to combat teenage obesity found that campaigns run in schools are more effective due to influence of teachers and peers, and students' high visibility, and their interaction with one another. Opinion leaders in schools created the logo and branding for the campaign, built content for social media and led in-school presentations to engage audience interaction. It was thus concluded that the success of the campaign was rooted in the fact that its means of communication was the audience itself, giving the target audience a sense of ownership and empowerment. As mentioned previously, students exert a high level of influence over one another, and by encouraging stronger personalities to lead opinions, the organizers of the campaign were able to secure the attention of other students who identified with the reference group. Herd behaviour not only applies to students in schools where they are highly visible, but also amongst communities where perceived action plays a strong role. Between 2003 and 2004, California State University carried out a study to measure household conservation of energy, and motivations for doing so. It was found that factors like saving the environment, saving money or social responsibility did not have as great an impact on each household as the perceived behaviour of their neighbours did. Although the financial incentives of saving money, closely followed by moral incentives of protecting the environment, are often thought of as being a community's greatest guiding compass, more households responded to the encouragement to save energy when they were told that 77% of their neighbours were using fans instead of air conditioning, proving that communities are more likely to engage in a behaviour if they think that everyone else is already taking part. Herd behaviours shown in the two examples exemplify that it can be a powerful tool in social marketing, and if harnessed correctly, has the potential to achieve great change. It is clear that opinion leaders and their influence achieve huge reach among their reference groups and thus can be used as the loudest voices to encourage others in any collective direction. See also Anxiety – Unpleasant state of inner turmoil over anticipated events Argumentum ad populum – Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct Authority bias Bandwagon effect – Societal phenomenon Collective behavior – Sociological theory and Collective animal behavior – Animal cognition Collective consciousness – Shared beliefs and ideas in society Collective effervescence – Sociological concept coined by Émile Durkheim Collective intelligence – Group intelligence that emerges from collective efforts Conformity – Matching opinions and behaviors to group norms Crowd – Group who have gathered for a common purpose or intent Crowd collapses and crushes – Type of disaster that occurs due to overcrowding Crowd psychology – Branch of social psychology Dumbing down – Deliberate oversimplification of intellectual content Freethought – Position that beliefs should be formed only on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism Group dynamics – System of behaviors within or between social groups Groupthink – Psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people Herd mentality – Tendency to adopt group beliefs and behaviors Hive mind – Shared beliefs and ideas in society Ideocracy – Portmanteau word combining "ideology" and kratos, Greek for "power" Information cascade – Behavioral phenomenon Malicious compliance – Behaviour of intentionally inflicting harm by strictly following the orders of a superior Mass psychogenic illness – Spread of illness without organic cause Mean world syndrome – Cognitive bias Mob rule – Democracy spoiled by demagoguery and the rule of passion over reason Moral panic – Fear that some evil threatens society Panic buying – Unusual pattern of purchase Riot – Violent public disturbance against authority, property or people Self-organization – Process of creating order by local interactions Slacktivism – Pejorative term for "feel-good" activist measures Social proof – Psychological phenomenon regarding conformity Socionomics – American financial author and analystPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Speaking truth to power – Non-violent political tactic employed by dissidents Spontaneous order – Spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos Stampede – Panicked running of a large group of animals Swarm intelligence – Collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems State collapse – Catastrophic government dissolution Superficiality Symmetry breaking of escaping ants – Pattern in ant behaviour Teamwork – Collaborative effort of a team to achieve a common goal Portals: Psychology Society Economics Notes a. ^ See for example the Wikipedia article on his book Irrational Exuberance. References ^ Braha, D (2012). "Global Civil Unrest: Contagion, Self-Organization, and Prediction". PLOS ONE. 7 (10): e48596. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748596B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048596. PMC 3485346. PMID 23119067. ^ Raafat, R. M.; Chater, N.; Frith, C. (2009). "Herding in humans" (PDF). Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 13 (10): 420–428. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.08.002. PMID 19748818. S2CID 15372828. ^ Burke, C. J.; Tobler, P. N.; Schultz, W.; Baddeley, M. (2010). "Striatal BOLD response reflects the impact of herd information on financial decisions". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 4: 48. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00048. PMC 2892997. PMID 20589242. ^ a b Hamilton, W. D. (1971). "Geometry for the Selfish Herd". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 31 (2): 295–311. Bibcode:1971JThBi..31..295H. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(71)90189-5. PMID 5104951. ^ Altshuler, E.; Ramos, O.; Nuñez, Y.; Fernández, J. "Panic-induced symmetry breaking in escaping ants" (PDF). University of Havana, Havana, Cuba. Retrieved May 18, 2011. ^ Altshuler, E.; Ramos, O.; Núñez, Y.; Fernández, J.; Batista-Leyva, A. J.; Noda, C. (2005). "Symmetry Breaking in Escaping Ants". The American Naturalist. 166 (6): 643–649. doi:10.1086/498139. PMID 16475081. S2CID 7250726. ^ Banerjee, Abhijit V. (1992). "A Simple Model of Herd Behavior". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 107 (3): 797–817. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.363.5041. doi:10.2307/2118364. JSTOR 2118364. S2CID 154723838. ^ Bikhchandani, Sushil; Hirshleifer, David; Welch, Ivo (1992). "A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom, and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades". Journal of Political Economy. 100 (5): 992–1026. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.295.578. doi:10.1086/261849. S2CID 7784814. ^ Froot, K; Schaferstein, DS; Jeremy Stein, J (1992). "Herd on the street: Informational inefficiencies in a market with short-term speculation" (PDF). Journal of Finance. 47 (4): 1461–1484. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04665.x. S2CID 53543777. ^ Hirshleifer, D; Teoh, SH (2003). "Herd behaviour and cascading in capital markets: A review and synthesis" (PDF). European Financial Management. 9 (1): 25–66. doi:10.1111/1468-036X.00207. S2CID 28553134. ^ a b "Sheeple". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. ^ "Sheeple". Dictionary.com. Retrieved May 6, 2017. ^ "SHEEPLE definition". linguazza.com. Retrieved June 20, 2023. ^ Anderson, W. R. (January 1, 1945). "Round about Radio". The Musical Times. 86 (1225): 80–84. doi:10.2307/933326. JSTOR 933326. ^ Rogers, Ernest (January 1, 1949). The old hokum bucket. A. Love Enterprises. ^ Bob Davis, "In New Hampshire, 'Live Free or Die' Is More Than a Motto," The Wall Street Journal, 1984, quoted online at Word Spy Archived July 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Buzzword: Sheeple" at Macmillan Dictionary. ^ "A Nation of Sheeple", Capitalism Magazine, October 19, 2005. ^ Markus K. Brunnermeier, Asset Pricing under Asymmetric Information: Bubbles, Crashes, Technical Analysis, and Herding Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press (2001). ^ Robert Prechter, The Wave Principle of Human Social Behavior, New Classics Library (1999), pp. 152–153. ^ a b Shiller, Robert J. (2000). Irrational Exuberance. Princeton University Press. pp. 149–153. ISBN 9781400824366. Retrieved March 4, 2013. ^ In Focus article (June 8, 2012), "WNFM: A Focus on Fundamentals One Year After Fukushima", Reproduced article from Nuclear Market Review, TradeTech, retrieved March 4, 2013There are several reproduced In Focus articles on this page. The relevant one is near the bottom, under the title in this reference{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ^ UraniumSeek.com, Gold Seek LLC (August 22, 2008). "Uranium Has Bottomed: Two Uranium Bulls to Jump on Now". UraniumSeek.com. Retrieved September 19, 2011. ^ "Uranium Bubble & Spec Market Outlook". News.goldseek.com. Retrieved September 19, 2011. ^ Bikhchandani, Sushil; Hirshleifer, David; Welch, Ivo (August 1, 1998). "Learning from the Behavior of Others: Conformity, Fads, and Informational Cascades". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 12 (3): 151–170. doi:10.1257/jep.12.3.151. hdl:2027.42/35413. ISSN 0895-3309. ^ Morris, Stephen; Shin, Hyun Song (November 2002). "Social Value of Public Information" (PDF). American Economic Review. 92 (5): 1521–1534. doi:10.1257/000282802762024610. ISSN 0002-8282. ^ Ostrovsky, Michael (2012). "Information Aggregation in Dynamic Markets With Strategic Traders". Econometrica. 80 (6): 2595–2647. doi:10.3982/ECTA8479. ISSN 1468-0262. ^ "What is Herd Behavior? | Marketing Impact & Overcoming its Effects". Best Social Proof & FOMO app for your website | WiserNotify. Retrieved December 22, 2023. ^ Chen, Yi-Fen (September 1, 2008). "Herd behavior in purchasing books online". Computers in Human Behavior. Including the Special Issue: Internet Empowerment. 24 (5): 1977–1992. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.08.004. ^ Lessig, V (1977). "Students and Housewives: Differences in Susceptibility to Reference Group Influence". Journal of Consumer Research. 4 (2): 102. doi:10.1086/208685. hdl:1808/10101. ^ Zhang, Xiaoling; Li, Shibo; Burke, Raymond R.; Leykin, Alex (May 13, 2014). "An Examination of Social Influence on Shopper Behavior Using Video Tracking Data". Journal of Marketing. 78 (5): 24–41. doi:10.1509/jm.12.0106. ISSN 0022-2429. S2CID 167351879. ^ Mattke, Jens; Maier, Christian; Reis, Lea; Weitzel, Tim (December 2020). "Herd behavior in social media: The role of Facebook likes, strength of ties, and expertise". Information & Management. 57 (8): 103370. doi:10.1016/j.im.2020.103370. ^ "Social Media and Herd Mentality | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved December 15, 2023. ^ a b Dhar, Joydip; Jha, Abhishek Kumar (October 3, 2014). "Analyzing Social Media Engagement and its Effect on Online Product Purchase Decision Behavior". Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 24 (7): 791–798. doi:10.1080/10911359.2013.876376. ISSN 1091-1359. S2CID 144972097. ^ Gunawan, Dedy Darsono; Huarng, Kun-Huang (November 1, 2015). "Viral effects of social network and media on consumers' purchase intention". Journal of Business Research. 68 (11): 2237–2241. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.06.004. ^ Cheung, Christy M. K.; Xiao, Bo Sophia; Liu, Ivy L. B. (September 1, 2014). "Do actions speak louder than voices? The signaling role of social information cues in influencing consumer purchase decisions". Decision Support Systems. Crowdsourcing and Social Networks Analysis. 65: 50–58. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2014.05.002. ^ James M. Cronin; Mary B. McCarthy (July 12, 2011). "Preventing game over: A study of the situated food choice influences within the videogames subculture". Journal of Social Marketing. 1 (2): 133–153. doi:10.1108/20426761111141887. ISSN 2042-6763. ^ Lozano, Natàlia; Prades, Jordi; Montagut, Marta (October 1, 2015). "Som la Pera: How to develop a social marketing and public relations campaign to prevent obesity among teenagers in Catalonia". Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies. 7 (2): 251–259. doi:10.1386/cjcs.7.2.251_1. ^ Nolan, Jessica M.; Schultz, P. Wesley; Cialdini, Robert B.; Goldstein, Noah J.; Griskevicius, Vladas (July 1, 2008). "Normative Social Influence is Underdetected". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 34 (7): 913–923. doi:10.1177/0146167208316691. hdl:10211.3/199465. ISSN 0146-1672. PMID 18550863. S2CID 13627347. Further reading Altshuler, E.; et al. (2005). "Symmetry Breaking in Escaping Ants". The American Naturalist. 166 (6): 643–649. doi:10.1086/498139. PMID 16475081. S2CID 7250726. Bikhchandani, Sushil; Hirshleifer, David; Welch, Ivo (1992). "A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom, and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades". Journal of Political Economy. 100 (5): 992–1026. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.295.578. doi:10.1086/261849. JSTOR 2138632. S2CID 7784814. Brunnermeier, Markus Konrad (2001). Asset Pricing under Asymmetric Information: Bubbles, Crashes, Technical Analysis, and Herding. Oxford, UK; New York: Oxford University Press. Hamilton, W. D. (1970). "Geometry for the Selfish Herd". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 31 (2). Diss. Imperial College: 295–311. Bibcode:1971JThBi..31..295H. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(71)90189-5. PMID 5104951. Hey, John D.; Morone, Andrea (2004). "Do Markets Drive out Lemmings—or Vice Versa?". Economica. 71 (284): 637–659. doi:10.1111/j.0013-0427.2004.00392.x. JSTOR 3548984. S2CID 153687859. Rook, Laurens (2006). "An Economic Psychological Approach to Herd Behavior". Journal of Economic Issues. 40 (1): 75–95. doi:10.1080/00213624.2006.11506883. S2CID 151191884. Martin, Everett Dean, The Behavior of Crowds, A Psychological Study, Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York, 1920. Ottaviani, Marco; Sorenson, Peter (2000). "Herd Behavior and Investment: Comment". American Economic Review. 90 (3): 695–704. doi:10.1257/aer.90.3.695. JSTOR 117352. Stanford, Craig B. (2001). "Avoiding Predators: Expectations and Evidence in Primate Antipredator Behaviour". International Journal of Primatology. 23 (4): 741–757. doi:10.1023/A:1015572814388. S2CID 34032535. Ebsco. Fall. Keyword: Herd Behaviour. Trotter, Wilfred (1914). The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War. External links The dictionary definition of sheeple at Wiktionary vteSwarmingBiological swarming Agent-based model in biology Collective animal behavior Droving Flock flocking sort sol Herd herd behavior Locust Mixed-species foraging flock Mobbing behavior feeding frenzy Pack pack hunter Patterns of self-organization in ants ant mill symmetry breaking of escaping ants Shoaling and schooling bait ball Swarming behaviour Swarming (honey bee) Swarming motility Animal migration Animal migration altitudinal tracking history coded wire tag Bird migration flyways reverse migration Cell migration Fish migration diel vertical Lessepsian salmon run sardine run Homing natal philopatry Insect migration butterflies monarch Sea turtle migration Swarm algorithms Agent-based models Ant colony optimization Boids Crowd simulation Particle swarm optimization Swarm intelligence Swarm (simulation) Collective motion Active matter Collective motion Self-propelled particles clustering Vicsek model BIO-LGCA Swarm robotics Ant robotics Microbotics Nanorobotics Swarm robotics Symbrion Related topics Allee effect Animal navigation Collective intelligence Decentralised system Eusociality Group size measures Microbial intelligence Mutualism Predator satiation Quorum sensing Spatial organization Stigmergy Military swarming Task allocation and partitioning of social insects vteConformityEnforcementProscription Damnatio memoriae Dissident Exile Homo sacer Nonperson Ostracism Blacklisting Cancel culture Censorship Deplatforming Outcast Outlaw Civil death Vogelfrei Persona non grata Public enemy Enemy of the people Enemy of the state Scapegoating Shunning Governmental pressure Authoritarianism Nationalism Left-wing nationalism National conservatism Totalitarianism Tyranny of the majority Group pressure Bandwagon effect Brainwashing Closure (sociology) Collectivism Consensus reality Culture shock Dogma Echo chamber False consensus effect Fear of missing out Groupthink Hazing Herd mentality Identification (psychology) Indoctrination Invented tradition Memory conformity Mere exposure effect Milieu control Mobbing Normalization Normative social influence Passing (sociology) Patriotism Peer pressure Pluralistic ignorance Propaganda Psychosocial issue Operant conditioning Rally 'round the flag effect Social construction of gender Social contagion Addiction Behavioral Crime Hysterical Suicide Emotional Social influence Social integration Socialization Spiral of silence Teasing Toxic positivity Untouchability Individual pressure Authoritarian personality Authoritarian leadership style Right-wing authoritarian personality Control freak Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder Conformity Compliance Communal reinforcement Countersignaling Creeping normality Herd behavior Internalization Normalization of deviance Obedience Preference falsification Social proof Social reality Experiments Asch conformity experiments Breaching experiment Milgram experiment Stanford prison experiment Anticonformity Alternative media Anti-authoritarianism Anti-social behaviour Auto-segregation Civil disobedience Cosmopolitanism Counterculture Culture jamming Deviance Devil's advocate Dissent Eccentricity Eclecticism Hermit Idiosyncrasy Individualism Insubordination Pueblo clown Rebellion Red team Satire Shock value Authority control databases: National Germany

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior"},{"link_name":"herds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd"},{"link_name":"packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pack_(canine)"},{"link_name":"bird flocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_flock"},{"link_name":"fish schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_school"},{"link_name":"Voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting"},{"link_name":"demonstrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_(political)"},{"link_name":"riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riots"},{"link_name":"general strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strikes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Herd behavior is the behavior of individuals in a group acting collectively without centralized direction. Herd behavior occurs in animals in herds, packs, bird flocks, fish schools and so on, as well as in humans. Voting, demonstrations, riots, general strikes,[1] sporting events, religious gatherings, everyday decision-making, judgement and opinion-forming, are all forms of human-based herd behavior.Raafat, Chater and Frith proposed an integrated approach to herding, describing two key issues, the mechanisms of transmission of thoughts or behavior between individuals and the patterns of connections between them.[2] They suggested that bringing together diverse theoretical approaches of herding behavior illuminates the applicability of the concept to many domains, ranging from cognitive neuroscience to economics.[3]","title":"Herd behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shimmering behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shimmering_behaviour&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apis dorsata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_dorsata"},{"link_name":"evolutionary biologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology"},{"link_name":"W. D. Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamilton-4"}],"text":"Shimmering behaviour of Apis dorsata (giant honeybees)A group of animals fleeing from a predator shows the nature of herd behavior, for example in 1971, in the oft-cited article \"Geometry for the Selfish Herd\", evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton asserted that each individual group member reduces the danger to itself by moving as close as possible to the center of the fleeing group. Thus the herd appears as a unit in moving together, but its function emerges from the uncoordinated behavior of self-serving individuals.[4]","title":"Animal behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._Hamilton"},{"link_name":"selfish herd theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfish_herd_theory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamilton-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Symmetry-breaking","text":"Asymmetric aggregation of animals under panic conditions has been observed in many species, including humans, mice, and ants.[5] Theoretical models have demonstrated symmetry-breaking similar to observations in empirical studies. For example, when panicked individuals are confined to a room with two equal and equidistant exits, a majority will favor one exit while the minority will favor the other.Possible mechanisms for this behavior include Hamilton's selfish herd theory, neighbor copying, or the byproduct of communication by social animals or runaway positive feedback.Characteristics of escape panic include:Individuals attempt to move faster than normal.\nInteractions between individuals become physical.\nExits become arched and clogged.\nEscape is slowed by fallen individuals serving as obstacles.\nIndividuals display a tendency towards mass or copied behavior.\nAlternative or less used exits are overlooked.[4][6]","title":"Animal behavior"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Human behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Søren Kierkegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"psychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"Wilfred Trotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Trotter"},{"link_name":"Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instincts_of_the_Herd_in_Peace_and_War"},{"link_name":"The Theory of the Leisure Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class"},{"link_name":"Thorstein Veblen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen"},{"link_name":"George Simmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Simmel"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"Carl Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung"},{"link_name":"Everett Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"Gustave Le Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon"},{"link_name":"Swarm theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_theory"},{"link_name":"Charles Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mackay_(author)"},{"link_name":"Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraordinary_Popular_Delusions_and_the_Madness_of_Crowds"}],"sub_title":"Early research","text":"The philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche were among the first to criticize what they referred to as \"the crowd\" (Kierkegaard) and \"herd morality\" and the \"herd instinct\" (Nietzsche) in human society. Modern psychological and economic research has identified herd behavior in humans to explain the phenomenon of large numbers of people acting in the same way at the same time. The British surgeon Wilfred Trotter popularized the \"herd behavior\" phrase in his book, Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War (1914). In The Theory of the Leisure Class, Thorstein Veblen explained economic behavior in terms of social influences such as \"emulation\", where some members of a group mimic other members of higher status. In \"The Metropolis and Mental Life\" (1903), early sociologist George Simmel referred to the \"impulse to sociability in man\", and sought to describe \"the forms of association by which a mere sum of separate individuals are made into a 'society' \". Other social scientists explored behaviors related to herding, such as Sigmund Freud (crowd psychology), Carl Jung (collective unconscious), Everett Dean Martin (Behavior of Crowds) and Gustave Le Bon (the popular mind).Swarm theory observed in non-human societies is a related concept and is being explored as it occurs in human society. Scottish journalist Charles Mackay identifies multiple facets of herd behaviour in his 1841 work, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.","title":"Human behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"information cascade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_cascade"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Everyday decision-making","text":"\"Benign\" herding behaviors may occur frequently in everyday decisions based on learning from the information of others, as when a person on the street decides which of two restaurants to dine in. Suppose that both look appealing, but both are empty because it is early evening; so at random, this person chooses restaurant A. Soon a couple walks down the same street in search of a place to eat. They see that restaurant A has customers while B is empty, and choose A on the assumption that having customers makes it the better choice. Because other passersby do the same thing into the evening, restaurant A does more business that night than B. This phenomenon is also referred as an information cascade.[7][8][9][10]","title":"Human behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles riots of 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_riots_of_1992"},{"link_name":"New York Draft Riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Draft_Riots"},{"link_name":"Tulsa Race Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_Race_Riot"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Tarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Tarde"},{"link_name":"Gustave Le Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon"}],"sub_title":"Crowds","text":"Crowds that gather on behalf of a grievance can involve herding behavior that turns violent, particularly when confronted by an opposing ethnic or racial group. The Los Angeles riots of 1992, New York Draft Riots and Tulsa Race Riot are notorious in U.S. history. The idea of a \"group mind\" or \"mob behavior\" was put forward by the French social psychologists Gabriel Tarde and Gustave Le Bon.","title":"Human behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈʃiːpəl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MW-11"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"derogatory term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative"},{"link_name":"people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"herd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd"},{"link_name":"critical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_analysis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"persuaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuaded"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Merriam-Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MW-11"},{"link_name":"pluralia tantum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralia_tantum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bill Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_William_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Coast to Coast AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM"},{"link_name":"Art Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Bell"},{"link_name":"Walter E. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Williams"},{"link_name":"Transportation Security Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration"},{"link_name":"fingernail clippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingernail_clipper"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Sheeple","text":"Sheeple (/ˈʃiːpəl/;[11] a portmanteau of \"sheep\" and \"people\") is a derogatory term that highlights the passive herd behavior of people easily controlled by a governing power or market fads which likens them to sheep, a herd animal that is \"easily\" led about. The term is used to describe those who voluntarily acquiesce to a suggestion without any significant critical analysis or research, in large part due to the majority of a population having a similar mindset.[12] Word Spy defines it as \"people who are meek, easily persuaded, and tend to follow the crowd (sheep + people)\".[13] Merriam-Webster defines the term as \"people who are docile, compliant, or easily influenced: people likened to sheep\".[11] The word is pluralia tantum, which means it does not have a singular form.While its origins are unclear, the word was used by W. R. Anderson in his column Round About Radio, published in London 1945, where he wrote:The simple truth is that you can get away with anything, in government. That covers almost all the evils of the time. Once in, nobody, apparently, can turn you out. The People, as ever (I spell it \"Sheeple\"), will stand anything.[14]Another early use was from Ernest Rogers, whose 1949 book The Old Hokum Bucket contained a chapter entitled \"We the Sheeple\".[15] The Wall Street Journal first reported the label in print in 1984; the reporter heard the word used by the proprietor of the American Opinion bookstore.[16] In this usage, taxpayers were derided for their blind conformity as opposed to those who thought independently.[17] The term was first popularized in the late 1980s and early 1990s by conspiracy theorist and broadcaster Bill Cooper on his radio program The Hour of the Time which was broadcast internationally via shortwave radio stations. The program gained a small, yet dedicated following, inspiring many individuals who would later broadcast their own radio programs critical of the United States government. This then led to its regular use on the radio program Coast to Coast AM by Art Bell throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. These combined factors significantly increased the popularity of the word and led to its widespread use.The term can also be used for those who seem inordinately tolerant, or welcoming, of widespread policies. In a column entitled \"A Nation of Sheeple\", columnist Walter E. Williams writes, \"Americans sheepishly accepted all sorts of Transportation Security Administration nonsense. In the name of security, we've allowed fingernail clippers, eyeglass screwdrivers, and toy soldiers to be taken from us prior to boarding a plane.\"[18]","title":"Human behavior"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economics and finance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Currency crises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_crises"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarding_(economics)"},{"link_name":"accelerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation"},{"link_name":"civil unrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_unrest"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Currency crises","text":"Currency crises tend to display herding behavior when foreign and domestic investors convert a government's currency into physical assets (like gold) or foreign currencies when they realize the government is unable to repay its debts. This is called a speculative attack and it will tend to cause moderate inflation in the short term. When consumers realize that the inflation of needed commodities is increasing, they will begin to stockpile and hoard goods, which will accelerate the rate of inflation even faster. This will ultimately crash the currency and likely lead to civil unrest. [citation needed]","title":"Economics and finance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"technical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_analysis"},{"link_name":"market sentiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_sentiment"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"behavioral finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_finance"},{"link_name":"Nobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Vernon L. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith"},{"link_name":"Amos Tversky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Tversky"},{"link_name":"Daniel Kahneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman"},{"link_name":"Robert Shiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shiller"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shiller2000-21"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_anone"},{"link_name":"2007 uranium bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_bubble_of_2007"},{"link_name":"Cigar Lake Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar_Lake_Mine"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NuclearMarketReview2012-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Stock market bubbles","text":"Large stock market trends often begin and end with periods of frenzied buying (bubbles) or selling (crashes). Many observers cite these episodes as clear examples of herding behavior that is irrational and driven by emotion—greed in the bubbles, fear in the crashes. Individual investors join the crowd of others in a rush to get in or out of the market.[19]Some followers of the technical analysis school of investing see the herding behavior of investors as an example of extreme market sentiment.[20] The academic study of behavioral finance has identified herding in the collective irrationality of investors, particularly the work of Nobel laureates Vernon L. Smith, Amos Tversky, Daniel Kahneman, and Robert Shiller.[21][a] Hey and Morone (2004) analyzed a model of herd behavior in a market context.Some empirical works on methods for detecting and measuring the extent of herding include Christie and Huang (1995) and Chang, Cheng and Khorana (2000). These results refer to a market with a well-defined fundamental value. A notable incident of possible herding is the 2007 uranium bubble, which started with flooding of the Cigar Lake Mine in Saskatchewan, during the year 2006.[22][23][24]","title":"Economics and finance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee"},{"link_name":"Hirshleifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hirshleifer"},{"link_name":"Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Welch"},{"link_name":"private information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Economic theory of herding","text":"There are two strands of work in economic theory that consider why herding occurs and provide frameworks for examining its causes and consequences.The first of these strands is that on herd behavior in a non-market context. The seminal references are Banerjee (1992) and Bikhchandani, Hirshleifer and Welch (1992), both of which showed that herd behavior may result from private information not publicly shared. More specifically, both of these papers showed that individuals, acting sequentially on the basis of private information and public knowledge about the behavior of others, may end up choosing the socially undesirable option. A large subsequent literature has examined the causes and consequences of such \"herds\" and information cascades.[25]The second strands concerns information aggregation in market contexts. A very early reference is the classic paper by Grossman and Stiglitz (1976) that showed that uninformed traders in a market context can become informed through the price in such a way that private information is aggregated correctly and efficiently. Subsequent work has shown that markets may systematically overweight public information;[26] it has also studied the role of strategic trading as an obstacle to efficient information aggregation.[27]","title":"Economics and finance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"structure of society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_structure"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Herd behavior is often a useful tool in marketing and, if used properly, can lead to increases in sales and changes to the structure of society.[28] Whilst it has been shown that financial incentives cause action in large numbers of people, herd mentality often wins out in a case of \"Keeping up with the Joneses\".","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consumer choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_choice"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"opinion leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_leader"},{"link_name":"user-generated content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_content"},{"link_name":"decision-making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making"},{"link_name":"Popularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popularity"},{"link_name":"peer groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_group"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"socialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization"},{"link_name":"housewives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housewives"},{"link_name":"social influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"purchase decisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchase_decision"},{"link_name":"Social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"},{"link_name":"framing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"extroverted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrovert"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Brand and product success","text":"Communications technologies have contributed to the proliferation to consumer choice and \"the power of crowds\",[29] Consumers increasingly have more access to opinions and information from both opinion leaders and formers on platforms that have largely user-generated content, and thus have more tools with which to complete any decision-making process. Popularity is seen as an indication of better quality, and consumers will use the opinions of others posted on these platforms as a powerful compass to guide them towards products and brands that align with their preconceptions and the decisions of others in their peer groups.[30] Taking into account differences in needs and their position in the socialization process, Lessig & Park examined groups of students and housewives and the influence that these reference groups have on one another. By way of herd mentality, students tended to encourage each other towards beer, hamburger and cigarettes, whilst housewives tended to encourage each other towards furniture and detergent. Whilst this particular study was done in 1977, one cannot discount its findings in today's society. A study done by Burke, Leykin, Li and Zhang in 2014 on the social influence on shopper behavior shows that shoppers are influenced by direct interactions with companions, and as a group size grows, herd behaviour becomes more apparent. Discussions that create excitement and interest have greater impact on touch frequency and purchase likelihood grows with greater involvement caused by a large group.[31] Shoppers in this Midwestern American shopping outlet were monitored and their purchases noted, and it was found up to a point, potential customers preferred to be in stores which had moderate levels of traffic. The other people in the store not only served as company, but also provided an inference point on which potential customers could model their behavior and make purchase decisions, as with any reference group or community.Social media can also be a powerful tool in perpetuating herd behaviour.[32][33] Its immeasurable amount of user-generated content serves as a platform for opinion leaders to take the stage and influence purchase decisions, and recommendations from peers and evidence of positive online experience all serve to help consumers make purchasing decisions.[34] Gunawan and Huarng's 2015 study concluded that social influence is essential in framing attitudes towards brands, which in turn leads to purchase intention.[35] Influencers form norms which their peers are found to follow, and targeting extroverted personalities increases chances of purchase even further.[34] This is because the stronger personalities tend to be more engaged on consumer platforms and thus spread word of mouth information more efficiently.[36] Many brands have begun to realise the importance of brand ambassadors and influencers, and it is being shown more clearly that herd behaviour can be used to drive sales and profits exponentially in favour of any brand through examination of these instances.","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism"},{"link_name":"environmentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"social marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_marketing"},{"link_name":"campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society_campaign"},{"link_name":"Earth Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Day"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"conservation of energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_saving"},{"link_name":"social responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_responsibility"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Social marketing","text":"Marketing can easily transcend beyond commercial roots, in that it can be used to encourage action to do with health, environmentalism and general society. Herd mentality often takes a front seat when it comes to social marketing, paving the way for campaigns such as Earth Day, and the variety of anti-smoking and anti-obesity campaigns seen in every country. Within cultures and communities, marketers must aim to influence opinion leaders who in turn influence each other,[37] as it is the herd mentality of any group of people that ensures a social campaign's success. A campaign run by Som la Pera in Spain to combat teenage obesity found that campaigns run in schools are more effective due to influence of teachers and peers, and students' high visibility, and their interaction with one another. Opinion leaders in schools created the logo and branding for the campaign, built content for social media and led in-school presentations to engage audience interaction. It was thus concluded that the success of the campaign was rooted in the fact that its means of communication was the audience itself, giving the target audience a sense of ownership and empowerment.[38] As mentioned previously, students exert a high level of influence over one another, and by encouraging stronger personalities to lead opinions, the organizers of the campaign were able to secure the attention of other students who identified with the reference group.Herd behaviour not only applies to students in schools where they are highly visible, but also amongst communities where perceived action plays a strong role. Between 2003 and 2004, California State University carried out a study to measure household conservation of energy, and motivations for doing so. It was found that factors like saving the environment, saving money or social responsibility did not have as great an impact on each household as the perceived behaviour of their neighbours did.[39] Although the financial incentives of saving money, closely followed by moral incentives of protecting the environment, are often thought of as being a community's greatest guiding compass, more households responded to the encouragement to save energy when they were told that 77% of their neighbours were using fans instead of air conditioning, proving that communities are more likely to engage in a behaviour if they think that everyone else is already taking part.Herd behaviours shown in the two examples exemplify that it can be a powerful tool in social marketing, and if harnessed correctly, has the potential to achieve great change. It is clear that opinion leaders and their influence achieve huge reach among their reference groups and thus can be used as the loudest voices to encourage others in any collective direction.","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_anone"},{"link_name":"Irrational Exuberance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_Exuberance_(book)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shiller2000-21"}],"text":"a. ^ See for example the Wikipedia article on his book Irrational Exuberance.[21]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/498139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F498139"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16475081","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16475081"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7250726","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7250726"},{"link_name":"\"A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom, and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informational_cascade"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.295.578","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.295.578"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/261849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F261849"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2138632","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2138632"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7784814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7784814"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1971JThBi..31..295H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971JThBi..31..295H"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0022-5193(71)90189-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-5193%2871%2990189-5"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5104951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5104951"},{"link_name":"Economica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economica"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.0013-0427.2004.00392.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0013-0427.2004.00392.x"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3548984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3548984"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"153687859","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153687859"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/00213624.2006.11506883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F00213624.2006.11506883"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"151191884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151191884"},{"link_name":"Martin, Everett Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"\"Herd Behavior and Investment: Comment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.90.3.695"},{"link_name":"American Economic Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Economic_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1257/aer.90.3.695","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.90.3.695"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"117352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/117352"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1023/A:1015572814388","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1015572814388"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"34032535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34032535"},{"link_name":"Trotter, Wilfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Trotter"}],"text":"Altshuler, E.; et al. (2005). \"Symmetry Breaking in Escaping Ants\". The American Naturalist. 166 (6): 643–649. doi:10.1086/498139. PMID 16475081. S2CID 7250726.\nBikhchandani, Sushil; Hirshleifer, David; Welch, Ivo (1992). \"A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom, and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades\". Journal of Political Economy. 100 (5): 992–1026. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.295.578. doi:10.1086/261849. JSTOR 2138632. S2CID 7784814.\nBrunnermeier, Markus Konrad (2001). Asset Pricing under Asymmetric Information: Bubbles, Crashes, Technical Analysis, and Herding. Oxford, UK; New York: Oxford University Press.\nHamilton, W. D. (1970). \"Geometry for the Selfish Herd\". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 31 (2). Diss. Imperial College: 295–311. Bibcode:1971JThBi..31..295H. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(71)90189-5. PMID 5104951.\nHey, John D.; Morone, Andrea (2004). \"Do Markets Drive out Lemmings—or Vice Versa?\". Economica. 71 (284): 637–659. doi:10.1111/j.0013-0427.2004.00392.x. JSTOR 3548984. S2CID 153687859.\nRook, Laurens (2006). \"An Economic Psychological Approach to Herd Behavior\". Journal of Economic Issues. 40 (1): 75–95. doi:10.1080/00213624.2006.11506883. S2CID 151191884.\nMartin, Everett Dean, The Behavior of Crowds, A Psychological Study, Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York, 1920.\nOttaviani, Marco; Sorenson, Peter (2000). \"Herd Behavior and Investment: Comment\". American Economic Review. 90 (3): 695–704. doi:10.1257/aer.90.3.695. JSTOR 117352.\nStanford, Craig B. (2001). \"Avoiding Predators: Expectations and Evidence in Primate Antipredator Behaviour\". International Journal of Primatology. 23 (4): 741–757. doi:10.1023/A:1015572814388. S2CID 34032535. Ebsco. Fall. Keyword: Herd Behaviour.\nTrotter, Wilfred (1914). The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Shimmering behaviour of Apis dorsata (giant honeybees)"}]

[{"title":"Anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"title":"Argumentum ad populum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum"},{"title":"Authority bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority_bias"},{"title":"Bandwagon effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwagon_effect"},{"title":"Collective behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_behavior"},{"title":"Collective animal behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior"},{"title":"Collective consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_consciousness"},{"title":"Collective effervescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_effervescence"},{"title":"Collective intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_intelligence"},{"title":"Conformity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformity"},{"title":"Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd"},{"title":"Crowd collapses and crushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_collapses_and_crushes"},{"title":"Crowd psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_psychology"},{"title":"Dumbing down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbing_down"},{"title":"Freethought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freethought"},{"title":"Group dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_dynamics"},{"title":"Groupthink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink"},{"title":"Herd mentality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_mentality"},{"title":"Hive mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_consciousness"},{"title":"Ideocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideocracy"},{"title":"Information cascade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_cascade"},{"title":"Malicious compliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malicious_compliance"},{"title":"Mass psychogenic illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness"},{"title":"Mean world syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome"},{"title":"Mob rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mob_rule"},{"title":"Moral panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_panic"},{"title":"Panic buying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_buying"},{"title":"Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot"},{"title":"Self-organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organization"},{"title":"Slacktivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slacktivism"},{"title":"Social proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_proof"},{"title":"Socionomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socionomics"},{"title":"Speaking truth to power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_truth_to_power"},{"title":"Spontaneous order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_order"},{"title":"Stampede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede"},{"title":"Swarm intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_intelligence"},{"title":"State collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_collapse"},{"title":"Superficiality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficiality"},{"title":"Symmetry breaking of escaping ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_breaking_of_escaping_ants"},{"title":"Teamwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamwork"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Psychology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg"},{"title":"Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg"},{"title":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Economics"}]

[{"reference":"Braha, D (2012). \"Global Civil Unrest: Contagion, Self-Organization, and Prediction\". PLOS ONE. 7 (10): e48596. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748596B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048596. PMC 3485346. 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S2CID 34032535.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1015572814388","url_text":"10.1023/A:1015572814388"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34032535","url_text":"34032535"}]},{"reference":"Trotter, Wilfred (1914). The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Trotter","url_text":"Trotter, Wilfred"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIX_(website)

CIX (website)

["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Later company history","2 Technical information","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Online conferencing service This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "CIX" website – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) CIX Online Ltd.Company typeLimited CompanyIndustryInternetConferencingSocial mediaFounded1987HeadquartersCroydon, UKArea servedWorldwideWebsitewww.cix.co.uk CIX (originally Compulink Information eXchange) is an online conferencing service developed by CIX Online Ltd. Founded in 1983 as a FidoNet bulletin board system, it is one of the oldest British Internet service providers. History Origins Founded in 1983 by Frank and Sylvia Thornley, it began as a FidoNet bulletin board system, but in 1987 was relaunched commercially as CIX. At the core of the service were many thousands of "conferences" — groups established by users to discuss particular topics, conceptually not unlike newsgroups but limited to CIX subscribers (who sometimes describe themselves as 'Cixen'). These conferences still exist today although the CIX service has since expanded to include many other features. The service is funded by a monthly subscription charge rather than by advertising. In 1988 it provided the first commercial Internet email and Usenet access in the UK. CIX then grew rapidly, reaching a peak of more than 16,000 users in 1994, before starting to lose customers to the newly formed Internet service providers that offered free access to the mass market using 0845 dial-up, such as Demon (which was started by Cixen Cliff Stanford, whose CIX nickname was 'Demon'), Pipex, AOL and Freeserve. In 2011, it still had almost 9,000 users. In its heyday, CIX was one of the UK's premier online locations for both technical and social interaction. It hosted several official online support areas for companies such as Borland and Novell and counted among its subscribers many of the UK's technology journalists (some of them given free accounts), which ensured regular mention in the computing press. The Liberal Democrats have used CIX as a conferencing system and a branded version of the offline reader Ameol is provided for their use. Later company history In 1996 the Thornleys decided to expand CIX's services to include full 0845 dialup Internet access known as CIX Internet. However, take up was limited (possibly due to an above-average cost) even though technically it was rated for many years as one of the best internet providers in the UK. In March 1998 a management buy-in backed by Legal & General Ventures was successful. The buy-in team, none of whom were previously employed at CIX, comprised Doug Birtley, Managing Director; Niels Gotfredsen, Finance Director; Graham Davies, Sales and Marketing Director and Lisa Pennington. Frank and Sylvia Thornley contracted to remain with the company for a minimum of three years. In 2000 CIX was sold to Telenor, a Norwegian telecommunications company. CIX was re-branded and merged with XTML of Manchester and Norsk Data of Newbury to form the UK arm of Nextra, the UK Internet subsidiary of Telenor. In June 2002 the CIX service was outsourced by Telenor to Parkglobe, a company specially set up for the purpose by several long-term CIX staffers and directors, Graham Davies, Charlie Brook and Mat Sims. In July 2002 Telenor sold the business to GX Networks aka PIPEX. In February 2001 CIX WCS (Web Conferencing System) was released as a private beta to a select group, followed by a public beta in May 2001. In 2004 CIX Conferencing was made accessible via a new service CIX Online by CIX Online Ltd, giving a Web interface as an alternative to the text interface. Customer acceptance of the web interface was limited compared to the OLRs (Off Line Readers — this allowed the upload and download of new messages with messages editing performed offline) that most Cixen use. In April 2007 the first prototype of the CIX Forums website was launched by CIX Online Ltd. This new online way to access the content is designed to attract more users. In September 2008 Graham Davies of CIX Online Ltd. announced that the API behind CIX Forums would be available in October 2008 allowing interested parties to create additional user add-ons. On 25 May 2011, CIX Online Ltd. was purchased by ICUK, an ISP, hosting and telecoms provider formed in November 2001 by an ex-employee of Compulink Information eXchange Ltd. ICUK in its press release has said it intends to grow and expand CIX Conferencing for new and existing users of both companies. In April 2012, version 2 of CIX Forums was released. Version 2 contained numerous bug fixes, enhancements, speed optimisations and an improved user interface. July 2012 brought version 3 of CIX Forums, featuring further design improvements and a new notification system, allowing users to receive instant replies to messages posted. Technical information CIX Conferencing is based on the CoSy Conferencing System, though it has been heavily modified by generations of staff to add new features. The CoSy conferencing system used by CIX was initially run on a UNIX server. (This was initially the same CoSy code-base on which BIX, the US-centric Byte Information eXchange, was based.) At first, users read the text-based (ISO 8859-1) CIX messages online, but the UK's practice of charging per minute for telephone calls led to the development of off-line readers (OLRs). The first CIX OLR was TelePathy (DOS-based), which developed into the first Windows OLR - WigWam (now an open-source project, under the name Virtual Access). The first official Windows OLR for CIX was called Ameol, from A Most Excellent Off-Line Reader. This handled email, CIX conferencing and Usenet, and is still freely available. It was written independently by Steve Palmer in 1994. The official desktop client is now CIXReader and runs on Windows 7,8,9,10 & 11 plus MacOS and is freely available to all subscribers. Many other OLRs, written by CIX users, are also available for other operating systems, such as Nicola on the Amiga, and Polar for Psion PDAs. Augur is an Open Source OLR designed for CIX. In 1996, it was decided to port the system to Sun hardware, and upgrade the bank of modems. ISDN dial up access, and ability to use the Internet to blink (a term used to collect messages) were also introduced. See also WELL - Still-active US precursor of CIX BIX - the Byte Information eXchange References ^ a b Proven, Liam (27 May 2011). "CIX conferencing system is bought out – again". www.theregister.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-05-29. Retrieved 2020-02-20. Disembodied Fellowship & Real-Time Ribs by Davey Winder Bug Hunting in Corel Need to Know, Blinking rules PC Pro, How to be an internet Guru. Davey Winder External links Official website ICUK Website CIX Forums CIX Office CIXReader CIX VFR Club

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At the core of the service were many thousands of \"conferences\" — groups established by users to discuss particular topics, conceptually not unlike newsgroups but limited to CIX subscribers (who sometimes describe themselves as 'Cixen'). These conferences still exist today[when?] although the CIX service has since expanded to include many other features. The service is funded by a monthly subscription charge rather than by advertising.In 1988 it provided the first commercial Internet email and Usenet access in the UK. CIX then grew rapidly, reaching a peak of more than 16,000 users in 1994, before starting to lose customers to the newly formed Internet service providers that offered free access to the mass market using 0845 dial-up, such as Demon (which was started by Cixen Cliff Stanford, whose CIX nickname was 'Demon'), Pipex, AOL and Freeserve. In 2011, it still had almost 9,000 users.[1]In its heyday,[when?] CIX was one of the UK's premier online locations for both technical and social interaction. It hosted several official online support areas for companies such as Borland and Novell and counted among its subscribers many of the UK's technology journalists (some of them given free accounts), which ensured regular mention in the computing press.The Liberal Democrats have used[when?] CIX as a conferencing system and a branded version of the offline reader Ameol is provided for their use.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenor"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Norsk Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_Data"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Later company history","text":"In 1996 the Thornleys decided to expand CIX's services to include full 0845 dialup Internet access known as CIX Internet. However, take up was limited (possibly due to an above-average cost) even though technically it was rated for many years as one of the best internet providers in the UK.In March 1998 a management buy-in backed by Legal & General Ventures was successful. The buy-in team, none of whom were previously employed at CIX, comprised Doug Birtley, Managing Director; Niels Gotfredsen, Finance Director; Graham Davies, Sales and Marketing Director and Lisa Pennington. Frank and Sylvia Thornley contracted to remain with the company for a minimum of three years.In 2000 CIX was sold to Telenor, a Norwegian telecommunications company. CIX was re-branded and merged with XTML of Manchester and Norsk Data of Newbury to form the UK arm of Nextra, the UK Internet subsidiary of Telenor.In June 2002 the CIX service was outsourced by Telenor to Parkglobe, a company specially set up for the purpose by several long-term CIX staffers and directors, Graham Davies, Charlie Brook and Mat Sims.In July 2002 Telenor sold the business to GX Networks aka PIPEX.In February 2001 CIX WCS (Web Conferencing System) was released as a private beta to a select group, followed by a public beta in May 2001.In 2004 CIX Conferencing was made accessible via a new service CIX Online by CIX Online Ltd, giving a Web interface as an alternative to the text interface. Customer acceptance of the web interface was limited compared to the OLRs (Off Line Readers — this allowed the upload and download of new messages with messages editing performed offline) that most Cixen use.In April 2007 the first prototype of the CIX Forums website was launched by CIX Online Ltd. This new online way to access the content is designed to attract more users.In September 2008 Graham Davies of CIX Online Ltd. announced that the API behind CIX Forums would be available in October 2008 allowing interested parties to create additional user add-ons.On 25 May 2011, CIX Online Ltd. was purchased by ICUK,[1] an ISP, hosting and telecoms provider formed in November 2001 by an ex-employee of Compulink Information eXchange Ltd. ICUK in its press release has said it intends to grow and expand CIX Conferencing for new and existing users of both companies.In April 2012, version 2 of CIX Forums was released. Version 2 contained numerous bug fixes, enhancements, speed optimisations and an improved user interface.July 2012 brought version 3 of CIX Forums, featuring further design improvements and a new notification system, allowing users to receive instant replies to messages posted.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CoSy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoSy_(computer_conferencing_system)"},{"link_name":"UNIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX"},{"link_name":"CoSy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoSy_(computer_conferencing_system)"},{"link_name":"BIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_Information_Exchange"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Psion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psion_(computers)"}],"text":"CIX Conferencing is based on the CoSy Conferencing System, though it has been heavily modified by generations of staff to add new features. The CoSy conferencing system used by CIX was initially run on a UNIX server. (This was initially the same CoSy code-base on which BIX, the US-centric Byte Information eXchange, was based.)At first, users read the text-based (ISO 8859-1) CIX messages online, but the UK's practice of charging per minute for telephone calls led to the development of off-line readers (OLRs). The first CIX OLR was TelePathy (DOS-based), which developed into the first Windows OLR - WigWam (now an open-source project, under the name Virtual Access). The first official Windows OLR for CIX was called Ameol, from A Most Excellent Off-Line Reader. This handled email, CIX conferencing and Usenet, and is still freely available. It was written independently by Steve Palmer in 1994. The official desktop client is now[when?] CIXReader and runs on Windows 7,8,9,10 & 11 plus MacOS and is freely available to all subscribers. Many other OLRs, written by CIX users, are also available for other operating systems, such as Nicola on the Amiga, and Polar for Psion PDAs. Augur is an Open Source OLR designed for CIX.In 1996, it was decided to port the system to Sun hardware, and upgrade the bank of modems. ISDN dial up access, and ability to use the Internet to blink (a term used to collect messages) were also introduced.","title":"Technical information"}]

[]

[{"title":"WELL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_WELL"},{"title":"BIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_Information_Exchange"}]

[{"reference":"Proven, Liam (27 May 2011). \"CIX conferencing system is bought out – again\". www.theregister.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-05-29. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/27/cix_conferencing_bought_out_again/","url_text":"\"CIX conferencing system is bought out – again\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110529123323/http://www.theregister.co.uk:80/2011/05/27/cix_conferencing_bought_out_again/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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