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Many dental products contain dangerously high levels of fluoride. For years, manufacturers and dentists failed to warn consumers about the risks from ingesting these products. Although the FDA now requires manufacturers to warn consumers that fluoride products are poisonous when swallowed, manufacturers and dentists are still using these products in ways that expose consumers and patients to potentially toxic levels of fluoride. - The vast majority of toothpastes now contain fluoride. - Although research suggests adult-strength fluoride toothpaste (1,100-1,450 ppm F) can reduce tooth decay, this potential benefit comes with the risk of disfigured teeth. - Use of fluoride toothpaste during childhood is a major risk factor for dental fluorosis, particularly for children who brush before the age of three and who live in areas with fluoridated water. - Children who swallow fluoride toothpaste can reach fluoride levels in their blood that exceed the levels that have been found to inhibit insulin secretion and increase blood glucose in animals and humans. - All fluoride toothpastes sold in the U.S. must now include a poison label that warns users to “contact a poison control center immediately” if they swallow more than used for brushing. - Just 1 gram of fluoride toothpaste (a full strip of paste on a regular-sized brush) is sufficient to cause acute fluoride toxicity in two-year old children (e.g., nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea). - In 2009, U.S. poison control centers received over 25,000 calls related to excessive ingestion of fluoride toothpaste, with over 378 users requiring emergency room treatment. - In adults, fluoride toothpaste can cause skin rashes around the mouth known as perioral dermatitis as well as canker sores. For more discussion on fluoride toothpaste, click here. - Fluoride “supplements” are tablets, drops, or lozenges that are designed to provide a substitute fluoride exposure for children living in areas where fluoride is not added to water. Unlike other dietary supplements, fluoride supplements cannot be purchased over the counter. They are only available by prescription. - Fluoride supplements were introduced in the 1950s on two incorrect assumptions: (1) fluoride is a nutrient and (2) fluoride is effective when swallowed. - Despite being prescribed by pediatricians and dentists for over 50 years, fluoride supplements have never been approved as either safe or effective by the FDA. - As conceded by a pro-fluoride researcher, “virtually none of the early fluoride supplement studies would be published today, because of methodological and other shortcomings.” (Riordan 1999). - Modern research has consistently shown that children who use fluoride supplements have a much higher rate of dental fluorosis than children who do not. By contrast, the evidence that supplements reduce tooth decay has recently been described by pro-fluoride researchers as “poor,” “inconsistent,” and “weak.” - Even the American Dental Association (ADA) and other pro-fluoride organizations no longer recommend fluoride supplements for most children. The ADA does not recommend fluoride supplements for infants under six months of age. After six months of age, the ADA only recommends supplements for children who are at “high risk” for cavities. - Some children who take fluoride supplements can develop allergic reactions, including skin rashes, gastric distress, vomiting, and headache. - Although fluoride supplements were only intended for children living in non-fluoridated areas, surveys have shown that some dentists prescribe supplements to children living in fluoridated areas as well. This places children at risk for the most severe forms of dental fluorosis. For more discussion on fluoride supplements, click here. “Fluoride Gels” are acidic, highly concentrated fluoride products that dentists topically apply to a patient’s teeth about two times a year. Of all the fluoride products currently used in dentistry, fluoride gels are – without question – the most hazardous. While fluoride gels are designed to be applied “topically” (i.e., directly to teeth), very large quantities of fluoride are absorbed into the body during the treatment. Due to this large systemic exposure, many patients – particularly children – experience symptoms of acute fluoride toxicity, including nausea, gastrointestinal pain, and/or vomiting within an hour of the treatment. Gastric distress is not the only side effect. Fluoride gels produce an enormous spike in blood fluoride levels for up to 14 hours, exposing every tissue in the body to fluoride concentrations that have been can damage, in short-term exposures, the kidney, the male reproductive system, and glucose metabolism. Although the dental community has taken steps to reduce the amount of fluoride that gets into the blood from fluoride gels, the extent of fluoride exposure from these gels continues to remain excessive and toxic. Due to the conspicuous absence of safety studies, however, the public health consequences from the dental community’s 40-year experiment with fluoride gels remains a disturbing mystery. Read More. Other Fluoride Products For information on other fluoridated products, including self-applied gels, fluoride varnishes, and fluoridated salt, click here. Don't Swallow Your Toothpaste $750,000 Given in Child's Death in Fluoride Case: Boy, 3, Was in City Clinic for Routine Cleaning A State Supreme Court jury awarded $750,000 to the parents of a 3-year-old Brooklyn boy who, on his first trip to the dentist in 1974, was given a lethal dose of fluoride at a city dental clinic and then ignored for nearly five hours in the waiting rooms of a Hazards lurk in toothpaste tube Doctors worked for weeks to find the source of 5-year-old Crystal Mustonen's nightly bouts of nausea and vomiting. FDA Adds Poison Warning to Fluoride Toothpaste Last month, as 8-year-old Molly Statt stood in the bathroom brushing her teeth, something on the back of the large-size tube of Crest caught her attention. She stopped brushing. Looking up at her father standing beside her, she motioned to the toothpaste and asked, "Is this poison?" "Of course not," Paul Statt reassured his daughter. "Then why does it say 'poison' on it?" she asked. Fluoride-Induced Damage to Gastric Mucosa in Human Clinical Trials When fluoride has been used (at doses of 18-34 mg/day) as an experimental treatment for osteoporosis, gastric pain is one of the two main side effects consistently encountered. To better understand how fluoride causes this effect, researchers have sought to determine how fluoride affects the tissue that lines the gastrointestinal tract. In a Fluoride & Perioral Dermatitis Perioral dermatitis (PD) is a common rosacea-like dermatitis that was never reported prior to the mid-fifties. Although it can affect both sexes and all ages, most patients are women ages 20-50 years. Patients with PD frequently report a pre-existing tendency to blush. This disease is most likely multifactorial in origin, and fluoride preparations in dentrifices probably have played a role as precipitator. Fluoride Toothpaste: A Cause of Perioral Dermatitis We have gathered clinical and historical data implicating fluoride dentrifices as an important etiologic factor in this dermatosis. The following two cases support this observation. Fluoride Intake from Toothpaste vs. Recommended Daily Intake from All Sources For many children, fluoride toothpaste is the largest source of fluoride intake. One strip of fluoridated toothpaste on a child-sized toothbrush contains between 0.75 and 1.5 mg of fluoride, which is more fluoride than is found in many prescription fluoride supplements (0.25 to 1.0 mg per tablet). Since young children are The Wichita Eagle's Fact-Challenged Reporting on Fluoride During the run-up to a referendum on fluoridation in Wichita, Kansas, the city's local paper (the Wichita Eagle) became an ardent advocate of fluoridated water. In it's zeal for fluoridation, the Eagle turned its backs on one of the basic tenets of good journalism by allowing the paper's editorial view Related Miscellaneous Content:

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Afraid to fly? You’re in good company. Big names like Stanley Kubrick, Travis Barker, Lars von Trier, John Madden, Doris Day, Whoopi Goldberg, and even Issac Asimov are all purported aerophobics, demonstrating that the fear doesn’t discriminate based on race, gender, life experience, or intellect. If you long to see the world but feel held back by a fear that’s so often shrugged off by others, you don’t have to resign yourself to road trips or costly cruises. First, let’s go over some statistics. If you’re a fearful flyer, it’s likely you’ve heard these before, but it never hurts to revisit them–try keeping a few in your pocket or wallet when you have a big trip coming up. - One in three Americans report some level of anxiety about flying. - Based on the average number of yearly deaths in the U.S. due to aviation accidents, you’d have to fly every day for 22,000 years before being involved in a fatal crash. - You have a 1 in 11 million chance of being involved in a plane crash. If that’s not low enough for you, consider that 96% of passengers involved in crashes survive them. You can thank the news for emphasizing the (extremely rare) catastrophic incidents. - The Federal Aviation Administration estimates that flying is 200 times safer than taking the same trip by car. - A transcontinental flight is ten times safer than a transcontinental train trip. - Around the world, 3 million people fly every single day without incident. Fear of flying isn’t a black-and-white issue. Some people are only afraid of turbulence. Some hate taking off, while others bristle during landing. Some people are claustrophobic or afraid of heights. Still others get nervous when flying over water or flying at night. Many people cite not being in control as the main reason for their fear, which is why, even given the statistics, they may still prefer to drive to their destination. Whether you fall into one or several (or all!) of these categories, more and more organizations are recognizing the legitimacy of this fear and are dedicated to helping folks fulfill their globetrotting aspirations. Many major airports now offer classes for fearful flyers, as this article details. The classes often cover the mechanics of flight, as fear often stems from a lack of understanding about how planes work. (Spoiler alert: the engines aren’t solely responsible for keeping a plane airborne.) Another option is to visit a psychologist, psychiatrist, or counselor for systematic desensitization or cognitive behavioral therapy. These are methods used by the mental health community to help people overcome phobias or manage anxiety. If you find these classes or doctor visits cost prohibitive, there are countless free or budget-friendly resources to be found on the Internet, like the message boards here and here. Fearful flyers have plenty of ways to cope in-flight, too. For many, a lighthearted distraction can help during tense moments. Crossword puzzles, magazines, stand-up comedy on your mp3 player, or a funny show on your seatback television can take your mind off the situation at hand and help make the time fly, pardon the pun. It may also help to voice your fears to a traveling companion or flight attendant, although bear in mind that these people are not on-board psychiatrists. Some people prefer to relax with an in-flight libation, though this should not be your only way to cope. The dehydrating effects of alcohol can turn serious on long-haul flights, so drinking should only be done in moderation and accompanied by plenty of water. Be sure to get up and move around often, as well, since dehydration and prolonged sitting can contribute to deep-vein thrombosis. As a last resort, some people choose to use prescribed anti-anxiety or sleep medication on flights. These items can lightly calm frazzled nerves or send you to all the way to dreamland. Like any prescription, these should only be used under a physician’s supervision, and only at their intended dosage. Doing otherwise is dangerous, and a plane is the last place where you want to have a medical emergency. As a fearful flyer myself, I find real-time flight trackers like flightradar24.com to be extremely calming. It’s astounding to see how many planes are in the air at any given moment, and it’s a gentle reminder that it’s not, in fact, all about me. It’s a big world out there, and I hope that, whoever you are, you see as much of it as you can. Travel makes us better people. Don’t let an easily overcome fear keep you grounded.

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The territory of Maries County in 1812 was embraced in St. Louis County; in 1818 it became a part of Franklin, and in 1820 was joined to Gasconade, and continued so until 1833 when part of it was included in the county of Pulaski. In 1839, when Osage County was erected, the lines were changed. The organization of Maries County was by legislative act, approved March 2, 1855, and the county was formed out of portions of Osage and Pulaski Counties. Its boundaries were again defined in 1859 and 1869, when small tracts of land were exchanged with Phelps County. The creative act named Peter B. McCord, of Osage County, Jesse A. Rayle, of Pulaski, and Burton Cooper, of Gasconade Counties, commissioners to locate a permanent seat of justice, and directed that they meet at the house of Thomas Anderson, and that the county buildings be located within three miles of the center of the county. Subsequent meetings were held in a two-story log house about one mile and a half southwest of the site of Vienna. The first court house was built in 1856, and occupied in October the same year. It was the most elevated building in the town, standing on the ridge between the Gasconade Rivers, and the roof divided the falling rain to flow into the Gasconade on the east and to the Osage to the west. This court house, with nearly all the records it contained, burned to the ground on the night of November 6, 1868. It was generally supposed the burning was the work of an incendiary. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the sympathy of the majority of the residents of the county was with the Southern cause. After the occupation of Rolla, in Phelps County, by the Federals, the county was thoroughly under Northern Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, 1901, Conard, Vol.4, pp. 187, 188, 189. The first store was run by a man named Clasby, at Pay Down (afterward so named by Thomas Kinsey when it was made a post-office), when Peter Waldo (also given as Walter) owned the mill there. Mr. Wherry was also proprietor at one time. When Mr. Kinsey put in his carding machine later on it was the first factory and the only one the county ever had. George Coppedge sold goods next after Wherry; he was on Spanish Prairie, and afterward became a partner of Kinsey, at Pay Down. On Spring Creek Thomas Grischam (?) and also Jacob Love had stores. These were probably all previous to the war. The first post-office was Kinderhook (named in honor of President Van Buren's home), about 1837, near Lane's Ford; Lane’s Prairie, about 1839 and Pay Down and Spanish Prairie were among the next. The first and only town before the war was Vienna. For years there were no mails at all. The first mail route was run by a carrier--James Glasco--on a line between Jefferson City and Caledonia. State of Missouri, History of Maries Co., 1889, Goodspeed, p. 593. How Named: Dr. V. G. Lathem, the presiding judge, it is said, had a young woman in his family named Vie Anna, who had died, and he wished the commissioners to give it that name in her honor. Commissioner McCord, however, thinking such a course unwise, outwitted the old doctor by naming it in honor of the Austrian capital, Vienna, a name so similar that the doctor's opposition might be quietly quashed. Here the county seat has remained with no serious effort to remove it, except one attempt, in 1870, to secure for Bloomington, on Lane’s Prairie, which was unsuccessful. The destruction of all the county records in the burning of the court house on November 6, 1868, makes the proceedings of the courts from the third Monday in May, 1855, almost to the above date unobtainable in any detail. The excellent memory of Judge Joseph Mosby, the first elected clerk, has supplied the loss to this chapter (of the History of Maries Co.) in State of Mo., Hist. of Maries Co., 1889, Goodspeed, pp. 595, 596. Maries County took its name from the Marais River which at first was Our Storehouse of Missouri Place Names, Ramsay, p.9. Springfield-Greene County Library

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Flickr, Dani P.L.The Y chromosome, apparently, is not as special as we thought. Another example of a non-recombining chromosome that regulates a choice between two phenotypes is described in a study published today (January 16) in Nature. Fire ant colonies are organized either around a single queen or several, and the presence of a non-recombining “social chromosome” in some worker ants dictates which structure a colony adopts. “It’s very exciting work,” said Gene Robinson, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who was not involved in the study. The results help us “understand behavioral plasticity and alternative behavioral forms in as broad a genomic context as possible.” Fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) colonies are organized by one of two different social structures. In monogyne colonies, a large queen accumulates a large amount of body fat, mates with one male, and flies off to establish a new colony she initially feeds with her own body stores. In polygyne colonies, new queens don’t grow large and fat, and stay with their home colonies their whole lives. Worker ants only tolerate queens matching their own colony’s social type, and distinguish between them based on odor cues. Which of these social structures a fire ant colony adopts depends on what’s known as a supergene—a set of linked genes that together produce a complex phenotype. When worker ants—females with two sets of chromosomes—carry two copies of the supergene marked by the B allele for the odorant-binding protein gene Gp-9 (Gp-9BB), the colony accepts only one Gp-9BB queen. Colonies with mixed worker genotypes—i.e., both Gp-9BB and Gp-9Bb ants—accept several Gp-9Bb queens. But it’s not just the Gp-9 gene that matters; all the other genes in the supergene likely play a role in the colony’s social phenotype as well. As such, scientists speculated, this system only works if “those genes can’t recombine,” explained Ken Ross, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Georgia, who did not participate in the research. Laurent Keller, an evolutionary geneticist at the Université de Lausanne in Switzerland, and colleagues decided to look more closely at the differences between the B and b variants in males, who only carry one set of chromosomes, and therefore only one supergene allele. Keller’s group found that, within the Gp-9b supergene, a section is inverted compared to Gp-9B variants. This inversion prevented recombination between Gp-9B and Gp-9b supergenes, though Gp-9B supergenes do recombine with each other. Keller dubbed the chromosome carrying the Gp-9 supergene the “social chromosome”—and noted its similarity to the mammalian Y. Both chromosomes help direct a complex phenotype that relies on the co-expression of genes that evolved together. And just as the Y chromosome doesn’t recombine with the X, the social chromosome carrying a Gp-9b allele doesn’t recombine with the Gp-9B-carrying chromosome. “It takes quite a few genes to make a male or female,” said Keller, but an “in-between” genotype doesn’t work well. “It’s the same with social forms.” A solitary queen who hadn’t built up enough body fat wouldn’t be unable to establish a new colony on her own, and fat build-up would be a waste in queens who simply return to their home societies where food supplies are plentiful. It’s not clear whether other supergenes, such as those that control mimicry in butterflies, act in a similar fashion, though Keller thinks it likely that other complex behaviors with two possibilities might have similar “Y-like” chromosomes. But Ross argued that if such non-recombining chromosomes were more common, more would probably have already been identified. Keller and his lab are extending their studies to closely related ant species to see whether they have their own social chromosomes. It will also be important to determine which genes in the region are actually contributing to the social phenomenon, noted Ross. “Does each contribute in some small way? Or it could be one of them?” Untangling this question, he added, will likely take “several lifetimes of scientific research.” J. Wang et al., “A Y-like social chromosome causes alternative colony organization in fire ants,” Nature, doi:10.1038/nature11832, 2013.

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He argues that there isn’t a purpose to suppose that the pain behavior of nonhumans would have a special which means from the pain behavior of people. In the Qur’an, there are many references to animals, detailing that they have souls, type communities, communicate with God and worship Him in their own means. Foster An Animal Two surveys discovered that attitudes towards animal rights ways, similar to direct action, are very diverse within the animal rights communities. Near half (50% and 39% in two surveys) of activists don’t assist direct motion. One survey concluded “it will be a mistake to painting animal rights activists as homogeneous.” Evolutionary studies have provided explanations of altruistic behaviours in humans and nonhuman animals, and recommend similarities between people and a few nonhumans. Scientists corresponding to Jane Goodall and Richard Dawkins imagine in the capacity of nonhuman nice apes, humans’ closest family members, to own rationality and self-consciousness. He accuses animal rights advocates of “pre-scientific” anthropomorphism, attributing traits to animals which might be, he says, Beatrix Potter-like, the place “solely man is vile.” It is inside this fiction that the enchantment of animal rights lies, he argues. ”‹the Animal Protection League Inc , Indiana That is, all species of animals have the right to be treated as people, with their own needs and desires, somewhat than as unfeeling property. Since 1979, the Animal Legal Defense Fund has led the cost to win animals the legal protection they so desperately want–and deserve. Your beneficiant reward will guarantee that we can continue to take on circumstances that advance the pursuits of animals. Muhammad forbade his followers to harm any animal and requested them to respect the rights of animals. For some the basis of animal rights is in faith or animal worship , with some religions banning killing of any animal, and in different religions animals can be thought-about unclean. Animal rights is the philosophy based on which some, or all, animals are entitled to the possession of their own existence and that their most simple pursuits–corresponding to the need to avoid suffering–should be afforded the same consideration as similar pursuits of human beings. The world of animals is non-judgmental, filled with canines who return our affection nearly no matter what we do to them, and cats who pretend to be affectionate when, in reality, they care only about themselves. Some transhumanists argue for animal rights, liberation, and “uplift” of animal consciousness into machines. Transhumanism also understands animal rights on a gradation or spectrum with different types of sentient rights, including human rights and the rights of aware artificial intelligences . Whereas Singer is primarily concerned with enhancing the therapy of animals and accepts that, in some hypothetical situations, individual animals could be used legitimately to additional human or nonhuman ends, Regan believes we must treat nonhuman animals as we would humans. He applies the strict Kantian best that they ought by no means to be sacrificed as a means to an finish, and must be treated as ends in themselves. The problem of animal struggling, and animal consciousness in general, arose primarily as a result of it was argued that animals don’t have any language. Singer writes that, if language were wanted to communicate pain, it will typically be impossible to know when humans are in ache, although we are able to observe pain habits and make a calculated guess primarily based on it.

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Do you take medication for acid reflux, allergies, anxiety, birth control, blood pressure, or pain? If so, depression or suicidal thoughts may be listed as a side effect, and those side effects may occur far more often than we realized. At risk of depression and suicide A recent study published in JAMA found that people who take medications with depression or suicidal thoughts listed as a side effect are, in fact, more likely to be depressed or suicidal. Researchers looked at data collected between 2005 and 2014 from the large and ongoing National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted by the US government. This included responses from a nine-item depression and suicidality questionnaire. In addition, the study found that 37% of respondents used at least one prescription medication with depression as a side effect, that use of these medications had significantly increased between 2005 and 2014, and that people who took them were more likely to be older (65 or older), female, widowed, and have other chronic health problems. For people taking no medications with depression as a side effect, the likelihood of having depression was 5%, and this remained stable regardless of how many other medications they took that did not have depression as a side effect (even if that number was zero). Likelihood of depression from medication What was striking was that the likelihood of depression increased significantly for each medication with depression as a side effect a person was taking. For one such medication, the risk was 7%; for two it was 9.5%, and for three or more it was 15%. Put another way, people who took two medications with depression as a side effect had double the likelihood of having depression as those who took none; people who took three had triple the likelihood. They ran the same analysis for medications with suicidal thoughts as a side effect, even correcting for those who were also on antidepressants (and perhaps already at risk for having those thoughts). Those who took no medications with suicidal thoughts as a side effect had a 5% likelihood of having suicidal thoughts. The likelihood of suicidal thoughts increased significantly for each medication with suicidal thoughts as a side effect, so for people taking one it was 8%, for two it was 12%, and for three or more it was 18%. Also interesting were the findings when the analysis was limited only to people taking antidepressants. Just like everyone else, the more medications with depression as a side effect they took, the higher their risk of depression. So, for people on an antidepressant who took no medications with depression as a possible side effect, the risk of depression was 14%, for one it was 18%, for two it was 27.5%, and for three or more it was 28%. Medications with depression as a side effect What are the medications with depression as a side effect? These were among the most common ones listed: - acid reflux medications like omeprazole, esomeprazole, ranitidine, and famotidine - allergy medications like montelukast and cetirizine - anxiety medications like alprazolam, diazepam, and lorazepam (and the sleep medication zolpidem) - birth control and hormone therapy, which includes anything containing estrogen - blood pressure medications like atenolol, metoprolol, enalapril, and quinapril - pain medications like ibuprofen, cyclobenzaprine, hydrocodone, and tramadol - antiseizure medications (which are often used for other reasons too) like gabapentin, topiramate, and lamotrigine. What does this mean for you? This study is especially thought-provoking, given that more and more people are taking medications with depression or suicidal thoughts as possible side effects. The CDC just released updated data showing a troubling recent rise in suicide rates, and that 54% of those who die from suicide do not have a known mental health disorder, so this is an important public health issue. That said, it is important to note: in this study, people who used these medications were more likely to be widowed and have chronic health problems, both of which are associated with a higher risk of depression. And many (but not all) of these medications are often prescribed to treat symptoms associated with existing depression, such as anxiety, insomnia, pain, and even acid reflux (chronic stress can cause acid reflux). The next step is to run a study where people are randomly assigned to take these medications, or alternate ones without depression as a side effect, and then follow them over time to see what happens. That’s a randomized, controlled, clinical trial, the gold standard in research studies. While we’re waiting for that to happen, if you’re suffering from depression, and you’re also taking any of these listed medications, then you may want to consider talking to your doctor about switching to something else for a while, and see if your mood improves.

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There are many things in this day and age that require a great deal of sophistication, precision, and detail. From cell phones to intricate medical equipment, science has advanced to an astonishing place. As wonderful as these accomplishments are, the ancient knowledge of Vedic Science encompasses a great deal more than even the latest cutting edge feats of scientific progress. Embracing technologies that are beyond modern comprehension, Vedic Science addresses all levels of life. Something so delicate easily slips through the fingers as it is passed from generation to generation. It is our purpose to revive the purity of Vedic knowledge given to us by the ancient Rishis. How are Vedic Science and Western Science Different? Western science began with the surface and worked its way deeper, attempting to fathom the depth. Initially, Western science began by throwing a rock off a tall building and measured how long it took to hit the ground, eventually leading to Newton’s laws. Western science looked a little deeper with Maxwell’s equations, eventually leading to the deeper level of quantum mechanics and modern physics. In contrast, Vedic science began with the depth, the seed of life and existence. That depth was found, not by looking outward as in Western science, but instead by looking inward. Everything in its essence is one with the source of all existence. So the ancient Rishis, by looking inward all the way to the depth of their being, cognized the fundamental laws of nature and how those laws emerged throughout all levels of life. Science is a study of nature. Western science has its language, Vedic science has its language. Though the languages are quite different, they both speak of the same thing, the nature of life and existence. How Does Cognition Relate to Vedic Science? What makes Vedic science stand out is the process of cognition. Vedic science is based upon the cognitions of the ancient Rishis. The process of cognition is very rare. Some say cognition is not even possible in this day and age because the atmosphere is too polluted. In ancient times when the atmosphere was very pure, ancient Rishis purified their physiology like a very fine instrument. Imagine a phonograph. The needle touches into the record which vibrates the needle according to the etchings on the record. Those vibrations are then amplified and sent out through the speakers of the phonograph for all to hear. The process of Vedic cognition is similar. The record is the Veda and the phonograph is the physiology of the Rishis. The Rishis touched into the Vedic level of existence and allowed it to well up through their vocal cords for all to hear. Those sounds were passed down through the generations. They are the sounds of nature, the vibrations that are the very source of all the laws of nature. This knowledge is called “Vedic Science.” What Does Vedic Science Include? The Veda has a structure that encompasses the depth and breadth of all existence—the relative, the Transcendental, and the junction between the two. Vedic Science includes the knowledge of those three levels as well as how they interact and view one another. It also addresses the actual mechanics of existence, including the manifestation of existence. The essence of that understanding is contained in the knowledge of Rishi, Devata, Chhandas. In this section of the website, we will discuss these aspects in greater detail. Words of Encouragement It takes some time to understand the structure of the Veda. What I am trying to do here is give the big picture. Likely, you will have to work with it and reflect on it. I will write more about it and talk more about it. Eventually, it will come into focus for you. Just be patient with the process, and if it doesn’t make sense at first, just be easy with that. It is wise to not get caught up in trying to remember the definition of words that are new to you. You do better to just understand the big picture conceptually. In time, after you get comfortable with the big picture, then you can start to reflect on the meaning of words, like Nyaya, Sankhya, etc. But there is no need for that until you are very comfortable with the big picture. Once you go through the basic steps, it all starts to become incredibly beautiful, so it is well worth doing. Furthermore, spending time with this is a very powerful tool for your evolution. It expands your consciousness and it aligns your awareness with that which lies beyond limitations of indoctrinated thought. At first, try to keep it as simple as possible. The progression goes from Rishi in its simplest form to the objective world and then back to Rishi in its full grandeur. Stick with me through this process and I will take you through the looking glass.

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Funding for Water Quality Monitoring on Farms Now Available United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service 6013 Lakeside Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46278 Indianapolis, IN May 9, 2013—Roger Kult, Acting State Conservationist for Indiana’s Natural Resources Conservation Service announced today that sign up has begun for a new project to monitor water quality on agricultural fields in targeted areas throughout the state. Kult said, “NRCS is seeking producers to sign up by June 14th to monitor the water quality benefits of a variety of conservation practices, such as no-till, cover crops, grassed water ways, etc. on their land. The data from the monitoring will show the impacts of voluntary conservation practices on water quality, and will be used to validate NRCS water quality modeling efforts that will benefit agriculture across the nation. The results will also be used to help farmers adapt their management to gain even greater water quality benefits that are compatible with agriculture production goals.” The following watersheds have been approved for potential edge-of-field monitoring projects: Eagle Creek (Hendricks and Boone Counties), Eel (Miami, Wabash, and Kosciusko Counties); Matson-St. Joe, Maumee Watershed (DeKalb County) and Upper East Fork White (Bartholomew, Jennings, and Decatur Counties). A key component of this project is a close relationship with several partners which include Indiana University, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Manchester College and the Agricultural Research Service. These groups will assist NRCS with monitoring activities within their respective watershed once landowners are approved and equipment has been installed. Kult says, “These projects will support the good conservation work and give producers the feedback on the many positive impacts they are making.” He adds, “All data from monitoring will be protected and details will be shared only as authorized by the producer.” Funding for these projects comes from the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) for monitoring projects in 12-digit priority watersheds which have been targeted for funding. The watersheds are associated with NRCS’s national initiatives: Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative (MRBI), Western Lake Erie Basin (WLEB), Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI), and the National Water Quality Initiative (NWQI). NRCS accepts applications for funding assistance on a continuous basis throughout the year. If you live in one of the counties listed above, check with your local NRCS office www.in.nrcs.usda.gov/contact/directory/field_offices.html, to see if you are located in a selected watershed. All applications for funding consideration for the edge of field monitoring project must be received by June 14, 2013. For more information about technical assistance and conservation programs go to http://www.in.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/. Roger Kult, Acting State Conservationist, 317.295.5801 (firstname.lastname@example.org) Jerry Roach, Assistant State Conservationist, 317.295.5820 (email@example.com) Rebecca Fletcher, State Public Affairs Specialist, 317.295.5825 (firstname.lastname@example.org) USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Chronic fatigue syndrome is a complicated disorder characterized by extreme fatigue that can’t be explained by any underlying medical condition. The fatigue may worsen with physical or mental activity, and it doesn’t improve with rest. The cause of chronic fatigue syndrome is unknown, although there are many theories — ranging from viral infections to psychological stress. Immune system problems and hormonal imbalances have been studied as well. Some experts believe the condition may be related to a combination of factors. These factors may increase your risk of chronic fatigue syndrome: - Age. Chronic fatigue syndrome most commonly affects people in their 40s and 50s. - Sex. The condition is diagnosed much more often in women than in men. - Stress. Difficulty managing stress may contribute to the development of chronic fatigue syndrome. Chronic fatigue syndrome has eight official signs and symptoms, in addition to the central symptom that gives the condition its name: - Loss of memory or concentration - Sore throat - Enlarged lymph nodes in your neck or armpits - Unexplained muscle pain - Pain that moves from one joint to another without swelling or redness - The headache of a new type, pattern or severity - Unrefreshing sleep - Extreme exhaustion lasting more than 24 hours after physical or mental exercise The experience of chronic fatigue syndrome varies from person to person. For many people, however, symptoms are more bothersome early in the course of the illness and then gradually decrease. WHAT TESTS TO EXPECT There’s no single test to confirm a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome. You may need to undergo a variety of medical tests to rule out other health problems with similar symptoms. Before a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome can be made, a doctor must determine your symptoms aren’t related to a sleep disorder, a mental health issue, or a medical problem such as anemia, an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) or adrenal insufficiency. The focus of treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome is on relieving symptoms. - Medications. Low doses of some antidepressants can help improve sleep and relieve pain, in addition to treating depression that may accompany chronic fatigue syndrome. Sleeping pills may be prescribed in certain situations. - Therapy. The most effective treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome appears to be a two-pronged approach that combines psychological counseling with a gentle exercise program. - Psychological counseling. A counselor can help figure out options for working around some of the limitations caused by the condition. - Graded exercise. Exercise often improves symptoms. A physical therapist can help determine what types of exercise are best. Inactive people often begin with range-of-motion and stretching exercises. As your strength and endurance improve, you want to increase the intensity of your exercises. Self-care. There are other steps you can take that may help relieve your symptoms. They include: - Find ways to relax. Learn how to limit and respond to overexertion and emotional stress. And allow yourself time each day to relax. Relaxation therapies such as deep breathing, muscle relaxation, massage, yoga, or tai chi may be beneficial. - Avoid stimulants. A good night’s sleep is important. Caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine can interfere with sleep. - Pace yourself. Keep your activity at an even level. On days when you’re feeling well, try not to overdo it. Excerpt From: The Mayo Clinic. “Mayo Clinic A to Z Health Guide”. Apple Books.

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People should develop along the lines of their genius and should avoid imposing anything on them. We should try to encourage in every way their own traditional arts and culture...We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to do the work of administration and development. Some technical personnel from outside will no doubt be needed, especially in the beginning. But we should avoid introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory...We should judge results, not by statistics or the amount of money spent, but by the quality of human character that is evolved. Jawaharlal Nehru, 1958 The aboriginal tribes of India are the oldest inhabitants of the country. For millennia, tribal societies have been subjugated by more recently arrived groups; their land was taken away, they were pushed further into the hilly gorges and wilds, and they were forced to work for their oppressors often without payment. Today tribal groups, which number more than 40 million, require special attention from the government even though they live largely isolated from the national culture. In the past, many tribal groups were forced to assimilate into the dominant culture of the country. But some groups, such as the Bhils, Gonds, Santals, Oraons, Mundas, Khonds, Mizos, Nagas, and Khasis resisted change and assimilation to maintain their cultural identities and languages. According to many Indians, their continued isolation poses problems to national integration. Under the banner of national unity, the government is now bringing these minority groups into the national mainstream. The main question is whether tribal societies can enter the national mainstream while preserving their distinct social, cultural and political beliefs. Tribal Education System Government planners see education as indispensable for helping tribal peoples cope with national integration. Education will also determine their prosperity, success and security in life. The tribes which remain either deprived of or negligent toward education will suffer the consequence. Compared with the literacy rates of 29.34% for the general population, literacy among tribal peoples in India is at most 6%. The Union and the state governments have spent considerable sums of money for tribal youths' education, but the results are meager. The Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes asserts that unless exploitation among the tribels is combatted and eliminated through education, no improvement in tribal welfare will occur. Within tribal areas, education can be the basis for integrated development. Government reports indicate that there is no scarcity of schools, other facilities or scholarships for the implementation of tribal education schemes. Most tribal youth find these incentives unattractive, however. Consequently, the government's dream to assimilate the tribes remains unfulfilled and raises basic questions about the implementation of such policies and strategies. The Relation between Tribal Students and Teachers Among the various important factors of tribal education that influence integration into the national mainstream of life are the students and their teachers. Tribal students have different backgrounds from their non-tribal schoolmates and even the teachers, who are normally outsiders, do not understand the tribal students. To the teachers, tribal students appear untidy, reinforcing their biases against tribals. These biases are expressed in various forms of discrimination. Tribal youths have complained that teachers did not teach them in the schools because they believed that if they did, the tribal students would no longer be dependent on them. Tribal youths also feel that teachers endeavor to undermine the attitudes toward their own customs, mannerisms, language, or, toward their cultural heritage in general. During my own student career, I had many experiences which made me feel that I belonged to a primitive, uncultured group whose youth were not worthy of being students. I can still recollect many such incidents vividly from my school and college days. One such incident occurred when I was studying in Nagpur for a graduate degree. An essay entitled "How Many Cultures?" had been prescribed in second year general English in the B.A. course. The author referred to the tribes and their cultures and mentioned the Bhils in passing. One of the students in the class asked the lecturer who the Bhils were. The lecturer showed contempt and said, "a kind of jungly people." The students had a good laugh. One of the students in the class, who knew that I belonged to that tribe, turned and pointed toward me, saying, "One of them is here." They all laughed louder. On another occasion, while I was working toward an M.A. in sociology at Indore University, a professor made a reference to the Bhuiya tribe in Orissa during his lecture. One of the girls sitting close to me said insultingly, "One of them is sitting here." I walked out of the lecture hall and for the next fifteen days I did not appear on the college campus. My tribal classmates shared similar experiences with me. Later, when I began to pursue anthropological research on the tribal cultures, I found that many tribal cultures had positive elements which were absent in mainstream "national" culture. I became aware of tribal groups' proud heritage and started to impart this knowledge to tribal youth in schools and colleges. I accepted myself as a Bhil, spoke Bhili in public places and testified on the radio, in newspapers and at public meetings that I belonged to the Bhil tribe. This helped me come to terms with the inferiority complex the non-tribal teachers and other so-called superior persons such as government officials had implanted in me. Today, I am free of feelings of cultural inferiority because I have analyzed the whole situation and put it in the proper perspective. When I, as an educated Bhil, accepted myself as a tribal person, other tribal individuals began to realize that non-tribal people were continuing to oppress them in various ways. Tribal Festivals, Freedom and Youth vs. Education The educational schedule - the school year, daily classes and holidays - is organized with little understanding of tribal cultures. Tribal festivals and celebrations and the seasonal pursuit of agriculture and gathering are not taken into consideration in planning educational timetables. All too often teachers hold classes as they would in cities or towns, ignoring the daily or seasonal habits of tribal pupils. The schools and their surroundings shape the minds of the children who frequent them. Most tribal schools do not blend well into the tribal environment. They are alien and often ugly structures in tribal villages. Shortly after schools are opened, they acquire the look of neglected and dilapidated buildings. Even after tribal youths' educations are completed and they find employment, negative attitudes fostered in the classroom remain a real social hurdle. They do not belong in their tribal culture, nor in the national culture. The Medium of Instruction Some tribes still speak their language. While adult males are often bilingual, the women and children speak tribal dialects almost exclusively. Yet, a tribal child, on entering school, is suddenly expected to understand the state language. Children cannot understand the teacher, let alone answer questions. Many teachers assume that tribal students are slow; even if the teachers are sympathetic, overcoming this language barrier requires a great deal of effort. It would help considerably if tribal pupils were taught, during their first years in school, in their tribal language. They could then be gradually encouraged to learn the regional language. The Constitution of India, under Article 350A, affirms that every state must provide adequate facilities for instruction of pupils in their mother tongues. Decades have passed and state governments have ignored this prescription for tribal people. Since initial instruction to the tribals is given in a foreign language, they understand and assimilate very little. Consequently, their response to education is poor. Had the instruction at the primary stage been in their own tongue, the progress of tribal students would have been better, and today there would be awareness of the importance of literacy among the tribal populations. Some attempts are being made to educate Gonds, Bhils, Santals, and other groups in their own tongues. According to recent reports, tribal children are responding well to such programs. Content and Method of Tribal Education The content and the method of tribal education must be objectively evaluated. Tribal youth have unique historical and social backgrounds but need special attention and orientation in their attempts to bridge two cultures. Many school and college curricula which tribal youths encounter are either irrelevant to them and/or offer only negative views of tribal societies. While national and state governments, in theory, offer many benefits, concessions and facilities to tribal students, few of them reach the intended recipients. Integration of Tribal Youth in Their Own Culture Tribal youth, even while they Study at the secondary and college levels, should, be encouraged not to jettison their own cultures and to remain integrated in their own societies. Once they become culturally and socially alienated, it is impossible for them to protect and lead their own societies and maintain traditions that may be essential to the viability of tribal cultures. Furthermore, tribal leaders often begin to imitate non-tribal peoples' exploitive tactics, even looking down on their own people. In some cases they treat tribal populations worse than non-tribal populations. Development in tribal societies should focus on educational programs that encourage keeping tribal youth genuinely integrated in their own culture. Education of Tribal Leaders Tribal leadership has been subverted by outside influences and agencies such as the police, the courts and political parties. In the case of political parties, tribal leaders are often manipulated for the block of votes they can deliver rather than encouraged to take the initiative of leading their people to find locally derived solutions to local problems. As a result, village autonomy was destroyed, law and order has deteriorated, and respect for authority was lost. Tribal leaders began to exploit their own people politically, socially and economically. Tribal students, even while they are receiving their education, must be trained to be dedicated to the service of their own people. They must help to develop their people's inner resolve to resist exploitation and to safeguard their own rights. Article copyright Cultural Survival, Inc. Cultural Survival helps Indigenous Peoples around the world defend their lands, languages, and cultures as they deal with issues like the one you’ve just read about. To read about Cultural Survival’s work around the world, click here. To read more articles on the subject use our Search function and explore 40 years of information on Indigenous issues. For ways to take action to help Indigenous communities, click here. We take on governments and multinational corporations—and they always have more resources than we do—but with the help of people like you, we do win. Your contribution is crucial to that effort. Click here to do your part.

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Rice Husk Ash milling industry generates a lot of rice husk during milling of paddy which comes from the fields. This rice husk is mostly used as a fuel in the boilers for processing of paddy. Rice husk is also used as a fuel for power generation. Rice husk ash (RHA) is about 25% by weight of rice husk when burnt in boilers. Learn More ... Application of Rice Husk Ash RHA is a carbon neutral green product. Lots of ways are being thought of for disposing them by making commercial use of this RHA. RHA is a good super-pozzolan. This super-pozzolan can be used in a big way to make special concrete mixes. Learn more ...

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Today is the first Sunday of the Fortnight for Freedom, a two-week celebration of religious liberty in America. Church leaders, and preachers especially, have played an important role in our nation’s struggle for and preservation of this “first freedom.” In 1833, the American Quarterly Register articulated the important role that ministers played in the American Revolution: “As a body of men, the clergy were pre-eminent in their attachment to liberty. The pulpits of the land rang with the notes of freedom.” One minister whose pulpit rang loud with such notes was Isaac Backus. A preacher in the tradition of George Whitefield, Backus served as pastor of the Middleborough Baptist Church (Massachusetts) beginning in 1751. In one of his most famous sermons, Backus asked of colonial America: “How can such a union be expected so long as that dearest of all rights, equal liberty of conscience is not allowed?” He went on to explain that “religious matters are to be separated from the jurisdiction of the state, not because they are beneath the interests of the state but, quite to the contrary, because they are too high and holy and thus are beyond the competence of the state.” Another pulpit that rang notes of freedom was that of Samuel Cooper. He was a pastor in Boston during the Revolution, and among his parishioners were John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and John Adams. In his “Sermon on the Day of the Commencement of the Constitution,” Cooper praised the Constitution as a “happy foundation for many generations…a constitution of government founded in justice, and friendly to liberty.” “[W]hat a broad foundation for the exercise of the rights of conscience is laid in this constitution!” he proclaimed, “which declares, that ‘no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained in his person, liberty or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience, or for his religious profession or sentiments.’” Cooper emphatically urged his fellow congregants and citizens to appreciate the liberties protected in the Constitution and to defend the Constitution from any threat: “It is with you also my fellow-citizens…to give life and vigour to all its limbs[,] freshness and beauty to its whole complexion; to guard it from dangers; to preserve it ‘from the corruption that is in the world’; and to produce it upon the great theatre of nations with advantage and glory.” One of the most articulate defenders of freedom was an itinerant Baptist preacher in Virginia, John Leland. He advocated to James Madison the need to secure the Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution. “Be always jealous of your liberty, your rights,” he insisted. “Nip the first bud of intrusion on your Constitution.” Leland especially championed the protection of religious liberty. In his sermon “The Rights of Conscience Inalienable,” he declared, “Every man must give an account of himself to God, and therefore every man ought to be at liberty to serve God in that way that he can best reconcile to his conscience.… It would be sinful for a man to surrender that to man which is to be kept sacred for God.” Today, religious liberty, guaranteed in the First Amendment, is under threat. In particular, the Obamacare anti-conscience mandate undermines this freedom in an unprecedented way. Church leaders and other voices of moral authority can help articulate and defend the importance of religious freedom in the American constitutional order. During the Fortnight for Freedom, and especially on July 4, may the pulpits of our land once again ring out strong notes of freedom.

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Seraphinite Properties Facts and Photos About the Mineral Seraphinite Seraphinite comes from a specific type of clinochlore. This relatively rare mineral part of the chlorite group can only be found in Russia. Although quite soft, seraphinite is widely used as a gemstone because of its attractive feather-like markings. These are caused by inclusions of the mineral mica. The presence of mica in seraphinite can cause slight chatoyance in some stones. The clinochlore for seraphinite comes from an iron mine in eastern Siberia called Korshunovskoe. Although the stone was known for a number of years, samples only began appearing outside of Russia more recently. It didn't take long before seraphinite was attracting attention from rock and mineral enthusiasts around the world. Gradually larger quantities then began finding their way out of Russia. Although more readily available now than it once was, large quantities of fine grade seraphinite is still very difficult to find. The name seraphinite seem to come from the Latin word 'seraphim', plural 'seraphin'. Referenced in Judaism, Christianity and Islam the seraph which literally means 'the burning one' is described as a heavenly or celestial being. It's widely thought of as a burning or flaming angel. The seraphin are said to be amongst the highest ranking order of angels. Some have a slightly different interpretation of the word and believe it may actually mean 'fiery flying serpent'. The word seraph was used by the English poet John Milton in 1667 in his epic poem Paradise Lost. The genre was Christian theology. The silvery-white inclusions of mica often present in seraphinite tend to radiate outwards. This gives the stone a feather-like appearance which has been likened to the the wings of an angel. For this reason seraphinite has become closely associated with these celestial beings. When used for its metaphysical healing properties seraphinite is known as an angelic stone. It's believed to initiate contact with natural spirits and non physical beings from this planet and beyond. Seraphinite Soft and Fragile Stone Despite its popularity as a gemstone seraphinite is soft and fragile. It grades just 2 to 2.5 on Mohs scale of mineral hardness. This tool measures the scratch resistance of one natural mineral against another. Being so soft makes seraphinite very difficult to work with. Stones must be handled very carefully. The mineral clinochlore in the photo at the top of our page is on display in the Harvard Museum of Natural History, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Photo by Stone Mania ©. The second photo is courtesy of Stan Celestian. Both images are clickable and redirect to the original full size image.

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Bombacaceae, the bombax or kapok family of flowering trees and shrubs, in the mallow order (Malvales), comprising 27 genera. It is allied to the mallow family (Malvaceae), to which the cotton plant belongs, and is characteristic of the tropics. Bombacaceae members’ flowers are often large and showy. The family includes: Adansonia digitata, the African baobab (q.v.); the genus Bombax with 8 species, including the red silk-cotton tree (B. ceiba); the genus Pseudobombax with 20 species, including the shaving-brush tree (P. ellipticum); and Ceiba, with 10 species, the fruits of which produce the kapok (q.v.) of commerce. Ochroma lagopus is the South American balsa (q.v.), noted for its very light wood, and the Malayan Durio zibethinus bears the noted durian (q.v.) fruit, remarkable for its distinctive odour and large size.

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Skin - abnormally dark or light Skin that has turned darker or lighter than normal is usually not a sign of a serious medical condition. Normal skin contains cells called melanocytes. These cells produce melanin, the substance that gives skin its color. Skin with too much melanin is called hyperpigmented skin. Skin with too little melanin is called hypopigmented skin. Pale skin areas are due to too little melanin or underactive melanocytes. Darker areas of skin (or an area that tans more easily) occurs when you have more melanin or overactive melanocytes. Bronzing of the skin may sometimes be mistaken for a suntan. This skin discoloration often develops slowly, starting at the elbows, knuckles, and knees and spreading from there. Bronzing may also be seen on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands. The bronze color can range from light to dark (in fair-skinned people) with the degree of darkness due to the underlying cause. Causes of hyperpigmentation include: - History of skin inflammation (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation) - Use of certain medications (such as minocycline) - Endocrine diseases such as Addison's disease - Hemochromatosis (iron overload) - Sun exposure Causes of hypopigmentation include: - History of skin inflammation - Certain fungal infections (such as tinea versicolor) - Pityriasis alba Over-the-counter and prescription creams are available for lightening the skin. If you use these creams, follow instructions carefully, and don't use one for more than 3 weeks at a time. Darker skin requires greater care when using these preparations. Cosmetics may also help cover a discoloration. Avoid too much sun exposure. Always use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher. Abnormally dark skin may continue even after treatment. Experts recommend emotional support or counseling. When to Contact a Medical Professional Call your doctor for an appointment if you have: Skin discoloration that causes significant concern Persistent, unexplained darkening or lightening of the skin Any skin sore or lesion that changes shape, size, or color may be a sign of skin cancer What to Expect at Your Office Visit Your doctor will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms, including: - When did the discoloration develop? - Did it develop suddenly? - Is it getting worse? How fast? - Has it spread to other parts of the body? - What medicines do you take? - Has anyone else in your family had a similar problem? - How often are you in the sun? Do you use a sun lamp or go to tanning salons? - What is your diet like? - What other symptoms do you have? For example, are there any rashes or skin lesions? Tests that may be done include: - Adrenocorticotropin hormone stimulation test - Skin biopsy - Thyroid function studies - Wood's lamp test Your doctor may recommend creams, ointments, surgery, or phototherapy, depending on the type of skin condition you have. Bleaching creams can help lighten dark areas of skin. Some skin color changes may return to normal without treatment. Ortonne JP, Passeron T. Vitiligo and other disorders of hypopigmentation. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, eds. Dermatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 66. Chang MW. Disorders of hyperpigmentation. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, eds. Dermatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 67.

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Expertise parks are models to capitalize on data in nationwide and regional growth, are efficient instruments within the transfer of know-how, creation and attraction of corporations with high added value. The author contends that Ellul defines expertise in purely sociological terms, and the author wants to avoid that limitation and embrace anthropological and epistemological features of expertise. Educational Technology is the study and moral apply of facilitating learning and improving performances by creating, using and managing applicable technological processes and assets. Nevertheless, since it addresses also all fundamental issues of learning, instructing and social group, instructional technology makes use of the full vary of recent social science and life sciences methodology. Different specializations could concern subject issues (e.g. science or language teaching) or approaches (direct instruction vs. mission-oriented studying for example). And, in Faust by Goethe , Faust’s promoting his soul to the devil in return for energy over the bodily world, can be typically interpreted as a metaphor for the adoption of industrial know-how. The Australian Literacy Clinic Pty Ltd is a specialist centre located in Maitland and Newcastle, working with households and schools in assessment, planning and intervention for children with studying difficulties. Then again, expertise finally leaves us craving the subsequent smartest thing. Educational Expertise is a multifaceted and built-in course of, involving people, thought and organization, wherein technology from other field of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of training for implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to these problems concerned in all elements of human behaviour. Theories of technology typically try to predict the future of know-how primarily based on the excessive expertise and science of the time. Martin Ryder’s Educational Know-how Connections If you’re eager about studying critical texts, this is and has been for so long as we are able to bear in mind the very best useful resource of links on the Web. MMSc Medical Education , College of Belfast (click on the starting point objects to the left). I consider there are numerous functions and audiences for a definition of educational know-how and can attest to the usefulness of a definition with the next personal experience. They are master planned property and buildings designed primarily for private/public research and development facilities, excessive technology and science primarily based corporations, and assist companies. I perceive that Concordia Online Education is a collaboration between Concordia University – Portland, Concordia University, Nebraska, and Concordia College-New York. The mediums we use to communication (e.g. books and cell phones) do not essentially type and remodel the natural creation,” but they do match the other 4 parts of the definition. The definition has the standing of being accepted by the premier worldwide educational association in the discipline of instructional expertise (AECT, ). The GEF has a mandate from the UNFCCC to finance the transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies , and has evolved into the largest public-sector funding supply on this area. We offer practical recommendation and steerage that help teachers, mother and father, and the group at large work collectively to achieve larger success in reading and literacy rates.

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Once upon a time there was a world without video tape...Karl Cohen takes us back in time to the days when 16mm film reigned. Once upon a time there was a world without video tape. The commerce in animation was on film and there were dozens of distributors who listed cartoons and independent animation in their catalogs. School districts and colleges were buying and renting almost anything animated that was "educational." A new theatrical show called The Tournee of Animation was showing the latest and greatest films from around the world. Animation was sometimes shown at museums, libraries and art houses. During this period television rarely showed anything animated except television commercials and limited animation stuff made for the tube. Of course there were daily cartoon shows that showed old Hollywood films, but nobody was seriously interested in buying rights to artistic works. They wanted to keep costs low and needed quantity, not quality, to fill all the air time between the commercials. Non-Theatrical Distribution From 1900 - 1960 Before explaining what film distribution was like at its peak in the 1960s and 70s, a quick look at the history of non-theatrical distribution and the development of the 16mm format is in order. Distribution of films to places other than theaters (non-theatrical) began almost 100 years ago. Corporations were among the first to explore non-theatrical venues. A film about the Alaskan gold rush was made by the Northwest Transportation Company in 1899 and shown at the Paris Exposition in 1900. By the early teens some salesmen representing trade associations and corporations were traveling with 35mm films and portable projectors. They presented free shows to promote their sponsors' interests. Another small non-theatrical industry developed around pornographic films before WWI. Animators created Eveready Harton in Buried Treasure, around 1928. This funny hard-core cartoon may have been made for a private party honoring Winsor McCay by Walter Lantz, Rudy Zamora Sr., George Stallings and George Canata. Other X-rated cartoons were produced in the 1920s and 30s. The first non-theatrical catalog of education films was published by George Kleine in 1910. He offered to lease 35mm films. Apparently his venture was a failure and one account says he never recovered the cost of printing his 336 page catalog. Kleine went on to import some of the first successful feature-length films from Italy just before WWI. In 1921 Kleine created a non-theatrical distribution system that brought "clean" films to schools, museums and other non-commercial users. He gave users of his "Cycle of Classics" free 35mm projectors and charged a per reel fee plus 65% of the admission income. The venture wasn't too successful and was abandoned in 1928 with the coming of sound. His silent projectors had become obsolete almost overnight. The educational market slowly developed in the 1920s and 30s. Kodak introduced 16mm safety film in 1923. In the 1930s home movie cameras were introduced along with black and white reversal film stocks and Kodachrome film (1936). Bell and Howell and other companies vigorously marketed their 16mm sound projectors. To further promote 16mm as a format, Eastman Kodak went into the film rental and sales business. In the 1930s they introduced the Kodascope Library which contained 16mm prints of Hollywood features and shorts. Several sponsored animated films were made in the 1930s. General Motors promoted itself in A Coach for Cinderella (1936), the first industrial produced in Technicolor. It was produced by the Jam Handy Organization in Detroit. The company had already animated Down the Gasoline Trail (1935) for Chevrolet and they later produced other animated shorts. Handy is best known for their post-war live-action films that glorified the product lines of GM. In the late 1950s the company had a staff of 500 and made between 150 and 200 films a year. Another animated gem from the 1930s is The Sunshine Makers. It was directed by Burt Gillett and Ted Eshbaugh in New York at the Van Beuren Studio. It promotes the consumption of milk and was in fact sponsored by Bordens Milk. The period from the late 1920s to the 1940s saw the beginning of artists in the U.S. using film as an art form. Among the first animated or partly-animated films to be seen by the American public were works by Mary Ellen Bute. Her films were shown at Radio City Music Hall in the late 1930s and early 40s. Norman McLaren came to the U.S. from England in the late 1930s. He worked on one of Bute's films (Spook Sport), did work for what later became the Guggenheim Museum, and was commissioned in 1939 to do a short work for NBC-TV when it was an experimental station. In the 1940s the war brought on the rise of public information films (another name for propaganda) and some of it was animated. The 16mm format was used extensively by both the military and groups showing information films to the public. Bugs Bunny was used to sell war bonds, Donald Duck reminded people to pay their income taxes on time and Minnie Mouse recycled kitchen fats for the war effort. After the war thousands of military surplus 16mm "JAN" sound projectors were sold to schools and other institutions at low costs. This helped make 16mm a more accessible format. At the close of the war the company that was to become UPA made two animated films for the United Auto Workers and CIO. Hell Bent for Election was made to get out the vote for Roosevelt in 1944 and Brotherhood of Man, 1946, promoted racial tolerance. The latter was made to help the autoworkers integrate factories in the south. Both films are admired today for their use of contemporary graphic design. Another popular animated sponsored film for the non-theatrical market was Hugh Harmon's Winky the Watchman, 1947. It was made for a dental association and it promotes the proper care of teeth. Harmon and his partner Rudolph Ising also produced a long animated work for Van de Camp Foods in their Los Angeles studio.Some of the animated films made in the 1950s now seem unintentionally funny, like the animated turtle that tells us to "duck and cover" in case of an atomic blast, or the atomic man in John Sutherland's A is for Atom. John Sutherland Productions was formed in Los Angeles in 1945 and produced a great number of propaganda/informational films over the years. Among the best educational films were a science series sponsored by Bell Labs. They hired Frank Capra to produce them and Dr. Frank Baxter was the host. Our Mr. Sun (1955) featured animation directed by Bill Hurtz at UPA. Shamus Culhane (NYC) provided animated sequences for three Bell Labs films: Hemo the Magnificent (1956), The Strange Case of Cosmic Rays (1957) and The Unchained Goddess (1958). How Non-Theatrical Animation Worked The educational film market grew rapidly in the 1960s. When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, the U.S. Congress realized something had to be done to better educate the baby boomers. By the early 1960s Congress had passed the National Defense Education Act which gave enormous sums of money to school districts. Some of the money was for the acquisition of films and other types of audio visual materials like film-strips, slides and records. There was also a growing market for films at colleges, public libraries, military bases, prisons, churches and other institutions. The basic sales tool for these companies was their illustrated catalog. In addition to the catalog, distributors often produced slick flyers and supplements intended to promote an interest in a specific film or series of films. Educational film distributors also produced study guides to accompany some of their films. Aggressive companies promoted their product lines at conventions, conferences and workshops. The annual Educational Film Library Association conference (EFLA) was a major trade show that was once attended by thousands of film buyers. Most distributors who sold films provided free preview prints to reviewers who wrote for the trade publications (Film News, EFLA Evaluations, Booklist, Film Library Quarterly, etc.) and to potential film buyers for libraries and school districts. Distributors also promoted their films by entering them in festivals. Print sales often increased after a film won a major prize. Festivals were also a way for school teachers and other film people to see new product. Hopefully they would then ask their school district to buy a print of something they liked. There was once a large number of distribution companies and they varied in size and focus. Some rented a full line of entertainment features and shorts while others specialized in well-made educational films. Some companies had lots of animated shorts in their catalogs, while others had only a few titles or none. A few companies specialized in the importation and sale of shorts from Canada and other countries. Others produced their own product lines. A number of distributors specialized in films that required them to produce the work. Weston Woods Studios turns popular children's books into animated shorts. They still acquire the film rights and then hire artists to do the artwork. Gene Deitch, who has headed his own studio in Prague since 1960, has animated several of Weston Woods' award-winning shorts. Contracts between distributors and animators is a subject that is somewhat difficult to discuss as there is no such thing as a standard agreement. A contract might offer a payment based on a film's gross or on its' net profit. A filmmaker could receive anywhere between 15% to 40% of the gross receipts (25% to 30% was more or less the average around 1970) or 50% of the net profit. If a film with a net deal is a hit and the distributor is honest the filmmaker can make a good deal of money. On the other hand, if the distributor pads the account with meals and gifts for his friends, etc. the filmmaker may get nothing. Some distributors mainly sold films to which they had exclusive rights. Other companies had some exclusive films to offer. They supplemented that income with the rental of films that they sub-distributed. They would buy or lease a print for a fixed price from another distributor or the producer of the film and put it in their rental collection. They kept whatever income the print produced for them. The creator of the film only made money from the sale of the print. Sub-distribution deals are non-exclusive so more than one company could buy the print and rent it. Filmmakers made money by selling as many prints as possible. I found a contract dated January 15, 1982, between King Features Syndicate Division and a non-theatrical distributor for the lease of a print of The Yellow Submarine. It called for the payment of $1,400 and allowed the distributor to use the print for non-theatrical rentals. The contract prohibited theatrical or commercial use of the print including exhibition to a paying audience. Distributors sometimes looked the other way if the film was rented by someone who was going to ask for a "donation" at the door. The company rented the film for $100 in their 1982 catalog. An interesting contract was offered animators by Prescott Wright when he produced The Tournee of Animation (1970 - 1986). The producer, Wright and his associates, got 50% of the gross and the remaining 50% was split among the artists. About half of the money going to the animators was split evenly and the remaining amount was split based on how long each short was. That meant a really short film got slightly less than a film a minute or two longer. As the cost of producing the show rose, the percentage the producer took changed to 55% and finally 60%. Another type of deal was offered by Mike Getz, who ran a midnight movie series for many years. He paid $1 a minute per screening. I had one film that Getz showed many times. It turned a profit for me after I deducted production and print costs. When the print eventually came back it was covered with scratches and was barely usable, but it had made me a profit. The Distribution Companies The following discussion covers a few of the companies that distributed animation in the 1960s and `70s. They were selected to give a fairly good idea of how divergent one company was from another. One catalog from each company was selected for the discussion. In the course of a few years a company would add and drop titles, but no attempt was made to show how the holdings of the companies changed. The largest distributors in the country in the 1960s and `70s didn't go out of their way to handle unusual animated product. Films Incorporated just ended their film rental business and is now a video sales company. They used to rent features and shorts including MGM cartoons. They had exclusive rights to work from MGM, 20th Century Fox and other companies. At one time they had eight offices across the nation to better serve their customers. Contemporary Films/McGraw Hill, founded around 1950, had a 384 page catalog in 1972. It included 20 films by Norman McLaren, a large selection from Zagreb, silhouette films by Lotte Reiniger, work by John Hubley, Jeff Hale, Jan Lenica, Alexander Alexeieff, Les Goldman, Halas and Batchelor, Ernest Pintoff, Karel Zeman, Jan Svankmajer, Jiri Trnka, and dozens of other animators from around the world. The McLaren films rented for $12.50 or $10. Most animated titles rented from $10 to $15. United Artists' UA16 catalog #5 (1975) focused on the distribution of features, but it did devote space to early Warner Bros. cartoons (1930 - 1948), the Fleischer Popeye cartoons, Woody Woodpecker (Lantz) and the Pink Panther series. Most of their cartoons were available packaged in groups of three for $25. Individual titles rented for $20 each and an 85 minute program called The Popeye Follies rented for $200. Another great selection was available from Ivy Film (NYC). They rented Paramount cartoons by the Fleischers (Betty Boop, Gabby, silent Koko, Color Classics and Screen Songs), the George Pal Puppetoons, and animation from Famous Studios. Cartoons were rented on a sliding scale based on the size of the audience. A Betty Boop rented in 1974 for $15 if the audience was under 100 people. The top rate was $35 for an audience of over 500 people. Budget Films, founded in 1969, claimed to be "the biggest privately-owned film archive in the world." They have ended their participation in non-theatrical distribution and now provide stock footage to the industry. Their 1979 catalog is 1 3/4" thick and contains over 800 pages. They rented vintage Hollywood cartoons from $5 - 10 each. Color Godzilla features rented for $32.50 and $34 and John Halas' Animal Farm rented for $37.50. In the 1980s they expanded their line to include a small selection of independent animated shorts. In 1989 they rented Jankovics' Sisyphus for $10, Steve Segal's Red Ball Express for $10, John Hubley's The Hat for $15, Frédéric Back's Crac! for $25 and Richard Condie's The Big Snit for $25. Animal Farm and the color Godzilla features were available for $50 each. Small Companies Had Great Animation Collections By the early 1970s there were several companies that specialized in experimental and independently produced films. Probably the most visible of these companies was Pyramid Films in Santa Monica. Their 1974 catalog was a slick 1/2" thick, 240 page volume. It listed films by Jordan Belson, Charles Braverman, George Dunning, Oskar Fischinger, John and Faith Hubley, Caroline Leaf, Norman McLaren, Dan McLaughlin, Frank Mouris, John Whitney, Michael Whitney, Stan Vanderbeek, and other animators. Fischinger's Composition in Blue rented for $10 and sold for $100. The Oscar-winning Frank Film rented for $15 and sold for $150. Pyramid is still in business, but the nature of their business has changed considerably in recent years. The above sales prices date from before the Hunt family in Texas tried to corner the silver market in the 1980s. They drove the price of silver up to record highs, resulting in Kodak almost doubling the price of film stocks. When the price of silver finally fell, Kodak's prices didn't. When Kodak took all of the silver out of their film stocks, the prices still remained steady and have since gone up. Needless to say, the lab cost of a 16mm print in the 1970s was considerably less than it is today. Working out of her home in Berkeley, California, Freude Bartlett opened Serious Business in the mid-1970s. The preface to her 1976 catalog said, "We are committed to film as an art form and our collection includes experimental and documentary work... The independent filmmaker is an artist, reflecting and commenting on the world and its meanings." She offered films by Scott Bartlett, Mary Beams, Stephen Beck, Adam Beckett, Robert Breer, Sally Cruikshank, Ed Emshwiller, George Griffin, Suzan Pitt Kraning, Pat O'Neill, Kathy Rose, Stan Vanderbeek and other artists. George Griffin's one-minute long Trickfilm rented for $5 and sold for $35 while his 4 1/2 minute The Club rented for $10 and sold for $100. Pat O'Neill's Saugus Series (18 min.) rented for $25 and sold for $250. The company grew for several years, but went out of business around 1980. When Serious Business closed many of the animators represented by Freude signed contracts with Ron Epple's Picture Start. The company issued catalog #1 in 1981. It listed animated work by Jane Aaron, Karen Aqua, Skip Battaglia, Robert Breer, John Canemaker, Vince Collins, Sally Cruikshank, Larry Cuba, Paul Demeyer, Geoff Dunbar, David Ehrlich, Paul Glabicki, John and Faith Hubley, Flip Johnson, Norman McLaren, Suzan Pitt, Gary Schwartz, Maureen Selwood, Henry Selick, Stan VanderBeek, and dozens of other artists. Their rental and sales prices were similar to those of Serious Business and the company is no longer in business. Years ago I asked Sally Cruikshank about her non-theatrical distributors. She said that considering her work was short and that there was not a great demand for animated shorts on television or in theaters before features, she was quite pleased with the size of the checks she had gotten from Serious Business and Picture Start. She indicated the checks were never for enormous sums, but her income from her films was several thousand dollars a year. There were other companies with interesting animation collections as well. Creative Film Society was founded by Bob Pike in 1957. The 1975 catalog offered work by Scott Bartlett, Jordan Belson, Oskar Fischinger, Len Lye, Pat O'Neill, James and John Whitney, John Hubley, the Fleischer Studio, Ernest Pintoff, and others. Pike died in 1974. His wife Angie runs the company from her home near Los Angeles. Two important supporters of independent animation have been the late Charles Samu who imported outstanding animation from Eastern Europe, and Prescott Wright who runs Filmwright in San Francisco. Wright produced and distributed The Tournee of Animation from 1970 - 1986. He also rented individual animated titles, produced a few animated works, and is presently active in animation as a teacher, producer and consultant to the industry. In the 1970s he worked with Sheldon Renan to produce The International Animation Festival, a television series which aired on public television for three seasons. Another important figure in 16mm distribution was Bernice Coe who founded Coe Film in 1971. Her main activity was to provide television broadcasters with short films. She began by producing packages of shows for cable television. At one time she had the television rights to thousands of films. Before she retired she helped place dozens of animated films by American independent animators on cable television. There are other types of distributors that made/make animation available including several film co-ops (Canyon Cinema is alive and well in San Francisco) and university film libraries that rent and/or sell films. Berkeley's Extension Media Center continues to acquire works. One of their best selling titles in the 1990s has been Pat Amlin's Popul Vuh, an animated hour long work available on film and tape. The Decline Of 16mm Film Distribution The 16mm market for animated films is not dead, but it certainly has shrunk in size to the point that it is close to becoming an endangered species. There are several reasons why distribution of 16mm film has declined. The first blow to the industry was the termination (about 1969) of government-funded programs that enabled school districts to buy audio visual materials. The funds for visual literacy in the early `60s fueled the rapid rise of independent film. With this subsidy for the arts gone, the industry slowly decayed. In the 1980s the rise of distribution of films on video tape coupled with the rise of film stock prices had an adverse effect on the industry. For most consumers it no longer made sense to spend a great deal to buy a 16mm print of a work when a video copy was available for less. At first distributors tried to keep video prices high enough so they could continue to earn a profit similar to the income produced through film sales and rentals. Eventually video prices had to be cut to be competitive with companies selling tapes at mass market prices. You can still find rare material for sale on tape in the $50 to $100 range, but do these tapes sell well? The introduction of tape also changed America's viewing habits resulting in the decline of ticket sales at art houses. Another problem in recent years has been the rising cost of doing business. It costs thousands of dollars to produce and distribute a large heavy sales catalog. Printing and mailing prices have gone up over the years. If a company's income declines, at some point it just doesn't make sense to continue running a business no matter how much the owner of the company loves film. Karl Cohen is President of ASIFA-San Francisco. His first book, Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators, has recently been published by McFarland Publishers. He also teaches animation history at San Francisco State University. All images used to illustrate this article are from the ArtToday Archive (http://www.arttoday.com)

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Problem Definition (Project 1) A policy making process starts with defining the problem. A policy problem definition has three main components: description of influential conditions and interests, history of prior governmental action or inaction, and persuasive argument. To create those components, you need skills of observation, information gathering, and analysis or reflection (to describe); conducting records research (to trace government action); using logic and persuasion (to argue). In project # 1, problem definition, you will produce these functional communications: a preliminary problem description, a legislative history, an analysis of argumentation, and a finished problem definition. We’ll discuss the format of presentation for each—a report? a briefing paper? —later. For now, focus on understanding these pragmatic demands of policy formulation—knowing the problematic conditions, knowing the record of action, knowing the range of arguments, and arguing a position. Assignments (below) guide you through making the choices, developing the knowledge, and producing the documents to communicate your work. • Introduce yourself in the forum Intros. Tell us about your program of study or your job, your other interests, and a little about your wishes and fears for this course (due 1/10). *Respond to Smith and Stone readings by saying what surprises you, and what confirms your prior ideas, in both texts. Then, say what's different. or how the two texts contrast in their content and approach (due 1/12). - read Example 4 "Military Pay" to see how US Government Accounting Office professionals describe policy problems. (This is an example, not a model.) - respond to Week 2 readings (Smith, Stone) in forum Responses (due 1/17) - to identify the problem you will work on throughout the semester, make a list of 'wrongs' that interest you, then select ONE on which you will focus (See Task #1 for framing a problem, below, for guidance - in addition, select your purpose for working on that problem, purpose A or B (Purpose A is the default. Choose A unless you have background in governance or a reason for choosing B.) - do Task #1 (use the task outline for your selected purpose, A or B) - according to your chosen purpose, write a preliminary description (A) or an initial policy analysis (B) that acknowledges minimum expectations of that purpose. To meet each expectation on the appropriate list, state what you know at this point. If you don’t know, specify what you must find out. Problem descriptions must include information or intentions for information gathering for each question on the list. (@ 500 words due 1/24). - do Task #1 to review the legislative process. Allow time to read and absorb. This is essential preparation for researching government records! Without knowledge of record types—e.g., what’s the difference between a bill and a law? What’s the force of a resolution? —you cannot intelligently search legislative records, which are organized by record type. - do the following warm-up exercise to get familiar with the primary tools you will use for research in this assignment, the government databases Thomas (Library of Congress) and Congressional (Lexis-Nexis). Allow time to do this exercise several times, in order to become comfortable using several functions each tool can perform for you—e.g., alternative searching methods, good to know when your first try fails. The exercise introduces you to a fundamental reality of government records research, necessity to know the controlled vocabulary each database uses---e.g., the information you seek is accessed by different names in different databases. A major cause of failed searches is using the wrong name (in that database) for the information. This is easily remedied by checking first to see how your database-of-choice categorizes and names that information. In addition, the exercise practices a helpful research tactic for learning the legislative history of a topic, searching across multiple record types—e.g., trace a topic through proposed bills (various versions), deliberation in hearings, debate prior to voting, enacted legislation (statutes), and, if you’re lucky and there is one for your topic, committee reports that summarize much of what you seek to learn. - from your problem description, choose subject terms (names of topics or concepts to search for in legislative records in the Library of Congress's database Thomas and the Lexis-Nexis database Congressional, search for your subject terms in all the following record types: a. Statutes (public laws) b. Committee reports (and joint conference report, if there is one) on relevant statutes c. Remarks, debates, summaries in the Congressional Record especially by principal sponsors of relevant bills d. Bills in various proposed versions (House, Senate, in different Congresses) to see significant differences among versions e. Witness statements in relevant committee hearings - decide your research strategy (decide whether you will research a single law's history or an issue's history consisting of many bills and laws). Make the decision with two factors in mind. The first factor is the nature of the action to date—does your problem of concern have a narrow history (one law, modified over time) or a wide history (many bills or many laws directly or indirectly affecting the problem, or many significant modifications in the original law?) The second factor is to think about is the rhetorical situation of your problem definition—what is your purpose, advocacy (A) or analysis (B)? who is your intended audience? What does that audience need to know, in order to comprehend and consider your advocacy or your analysis? E.g., do they require information on what has happened over time to one law (narrow) or on the scope of concern for the problem (wide)? Note: you might begin your searches using one strategy, then find that the other strategy is better, given the nature of action to date. It’s OK to change strategies (but not topics) or to combine strategies, if needed. If you change strategies, probably you need to re-cast the rhetorical situation, too. The strategy should always be in synch with your rhetorical situation. - conduct research using databases Thomas and Congressional (Essential to start soon! Allow for a steep learning curve at first! Even after you know what you’re doing, allow for stop-and-go progress. Like solving a mystery, government records research has many unexpected developments and tantalizing distractions. You will spend much time going one step forward, two steps back or aside, then another step forward. You will find interesting, only indirectly relevant, stuff. Government records are a treasure trove of information on all subjects. Manage your time! Focus! - get help when needed in any or several of these ways: - ask your small group to help you resolve glitches in using the databases (Your peers have probably experienced the glitch, too, and somebody might have worked it out.) - ask Joyner librarians for help with government documents or with database searching (Access government information specialist Bryna Coonin, English departmental specialist Joseph Thomas, or the virtual reference desk. Librarians are trained experts in performing research. In my experience, as well as that of previous 7765 students, Joyner’s librarians are excellent, and very accessible.) (Access information at Library Research for ENGL 7765, Helpful Hints.) - contact the instructor during virtual office hours (TBA) about research strategy, scope, or reporting - to get the best help, always provide sufficient details (your problem's topic and your purpose and audience for the research) as background for your specific request - continue research and get help as needed - draft your legislative history (including all text and citations) - review Resources for Citing Sources. Clear, accurate citation of government documents in legislative history reporting is very important! - post working draft in small group forum (due 2/14) - get group feedback on your draft's logical organization and correct citation style - post final legislative history report in the digital drop box (due 2/19)) - re-use subject terms that were successful in your legislative research to search for policy arguments (position statements) in major media editorials and in Congressional committee reports on legislation, remarks and debates in the Congressional Record, and witness testimony in committee hearings (accessed through Thomas or Congressional); in Governmental Accountability (GAO) reports; in Congressional Research Service reports. - to analyze a particularly interesting position statement, apply the argument outline to examine the statement's logical and persuasive structure - to analyze the statement’s rhetorical and metaphorical underpinnings, apply (your choice of) tables in Stone’s chapters on argumentation (Part III, Symbols, pp. 137-232). Use the tables as checklists to highlight persuasive features of the text. - to outline the logic of YOUR position on the problem, do Task #1 in Knowing the Arguments: Tasks for writing a position paper. (Ignore references in this text to the format ‘position paper’—you will not use that format —but follow the task outline to develop your logical argument.) - post your argument outline in your small group forum (Due 2/28) - post your response to Stone and to Smith on public policy argumentation (see calendar for assigned readings) in the new forum Policy Argument (Due 3/5) - in anticipation of writing a final problem definition that conveys your 1) understanding of problematic conditions and the problem they create, 2) government action/inaction on the problem, 3) ideas and metaphors, as well as agreements and disagreements, shown in argumentation on the problem, and 4) your position, do the following activities before you write: - plan your problem definition using a General Method for Communicating in a Policy Process http://core.ecu.edu/engl/smithcath/ppolicy_book/communicate/gen_meth.htm - choose your format for representing the problem from the following: - draft a problem definition in your selected format - post the draft in your small group forum when ready - get group feedback on your draft, using the checklists of standard criteria for guidance - revise draft as needed to meet standard criteria - if assigned by the instructor, revise for concise sentence structure (Williams, Basics of Clarity and Grace) - do a final check of the product against standard criteria - put the final product in the digital drop box (Due 3/6) Public processes rely not only on written documentation but also on spoken interaction. In public policy work, you must be able to write it, say it, and interact about it. The most important forms of oral communication for a public policy process are not speeches. They are workaday briefings for elected officials and their staffs, committee public hearings, and other genres of face-to-face (still the favored form of) public interaction. In Project #2, public deliberation, you will practice skills of crafting written statements for oral presentation followed by questions and answers (Q+A). You will perform the role of spokesperson for a group, organization, or administrative agency in public deliberation. You will ask and answer questions in accord with your policy communication purpose, either to get a problem on the public agenda or to aid policy decision-making. Potential communication products are: • written testimony statement with summary to be delivered orally * written questions and answers in a (simulated) public hearing transcript The format for our practice of public deliberation, project #2, has not been decided yet. Depending on several factors, the format will be chosen from the following options: - simulated Congressional committee hearings (using B’board’s virtual classroom or another electronic venue) in which you present in a chosen role - actual public forum (find-your-own governmental hearing, roundtable, or other public event) in which you present in a chosen role - other appropriate public activities of policy making in which you present in a chosen role. The plan will be announced in Blackboard and shown in the course calendar when it's ready. Now, change gears (or keys, or hats). We are moving from problem definition (written presentation for print reading) to public deliberation about problems (written presentation for mutiple media and interactive use). To re-orient to this more complex type of communication, immerse yourself in public deliberations. Familiarize yourself with practices of interacting publicly about issues. The example offered here is Congressional committee hearings. You are encouraged to find additional examples and observe them, as well. - watch 2 hours (at least; more is better) of 'live' committee hearings on C-SPAN (may be a hearing, or several different hearings, but at least 1 continuous hour of statements and questions/answers in a hearing) - if available, watch local government meetings on public access cable television, or attend a local government meeting - analyze oral presentation and Q+A in clips from a hearing on agro-terrorism; use Stone reading on "Symbols" as guidance (See Video Resources) - post your analysis of the agroterrorism hearing clips in the forum Responses (Due 3/9) - begin thinking ahead to project #2 by choosing an organization that you might represent (speak for) on the chosen problem(seeTask # 2, identify groups or organizations active on your issue, for guidance) Spring Break (March 11-18)

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This storyboard does not have a description. this is where king Lear announces to divide his kingdom into three parts, to his three daughters, Regan, Goneril and Cordelia. to prove that they were worthy of the land they had to tell king Lear how much they love him. Regan and Goneril succeeded but Cordelia could not put her love into words. she was banished alongside Kent who tried to help her. just before Cordelia went, the king of France and Burgandy came to see which king Cordelia would choose to go with them. The king of Burgandy was all in it for money and power she went with the king of France. they left Regan and Goneril were planning to kick king Lear out of his position because it was clear to them that king Lear favoured Cordelia more. Explore Our Articles and Examples Try Our Other Websites! Photos for Class – Search for School-Safe, Creative Commons Photos (It Even Cites for You! – Easily Make and Share Great-Looking Rubrics – Create Custom Nursery Art

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Tips for Family and Friends: Food Everyone can benefit from eating healthy, nutritious food. It's especially important for someone managing diabetes. Making changes to the way we eat and our food choices can be hard, but here are some tips that might help you understand and better support a friend or family member with diabetes. Switch to a healthier diet with your friend or family member. It's never too late to start eating the right foods. A meal plan for a person with diabetes is healthy and balanced, which is good for everyone. Don't label food as good or bad. Instead, think about which foods offer a variety of vitamins, minerals, and nutrients that support good health. You are not the food police. Don't ask questions that sound negative, such as, "Are you sure you should you be eating that?" Instead of making comments about the food a person with diabetes is eating, set a good example by choosing healthy, nutritious foods and snacks for yourself. Keep healthy snacks in the house. Some good choices are whole-grain crackers, low-fat cheese, fruit, vegetables cut up for snacking, and sugar-free candies. Go to diabetes nutrition appointments or classes with your relative or friend. Ask questions if you're curious. You might think of something that others haven't thought about. Offer support. Diabetes is a condition that people have their entire lives. Most have to make huge changes to the way they've done things in the past. Your support can help make these changes a little easier.

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Transatlantic speed prize The 'Blue Riband of the Atlantic' prize was first introduced in the 1860s, by shipping companies competing for business. This was sound commercial sense, not just a competition - the company with the fastest ships got better business, and flying the pennant of the Blue Riband was an honour indeed. The origins of the prize had begun thirty years earlier, in 1833. This was the year of the first steamship crossing of the Atlantic, by the Royal William, which sailed from Nova Scotia to London. Whilst other steam-equipped vessels had done similar voyages, this was a first - other ships had predominantly used sail, using steam only as a fallback measure. The William only hoisted sail when the engines required cleaning, and so this voyage represented a great leap forward. Its 25-day voyage set the stage for faster transport between America and Europe or Africa. Later vessels such as the Great Western and Sirius began competing for the fastest crossing, and the prize was born from that. Initially, the fastest ship simply flew a long blue pennant, but in 1933, a more tangible trophy was introduced by Sir Harold Hales. This trophy (the Hales Trophy for the Blue Riband of the Atlantic) bears the images of three great liners; the Great Western, Normandie and United States, and is still given today. There were originally four ships depicted (Rex and the Mauretania were removed when the United States won the prize in 1952). The Fastest Ships Note: there are too many winners to list comprehensively. I have taken the fastest ship of each decade, both Eastward and Westward. The complete list is currently available at: http://www.blueriband.com/Ships/ships.html Thanks ZamZ for reminding me that Blue Riband is also a chocolate snack bar available in the UK

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A little history: Basketball was created in 1891 by a Canadian born PE teacher. The first baskets were peach baskets nailed to a railing of the Massachusetts gym in which Mr. James Naismith coached. The first balls were soccer style balls and the first teams were made up of nine players each. The first set of rules consisted of just thirteen rules. One of the rules which I found very interesting was: "If either side make three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents". another very different rule (from today's game) was rule number three: "A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man running at good speed." The game has grown tremendously since those early simple beginnings. Today, almost every public high school in America has a basketball team. YMCA's and Boy's Clubs have basketball leagues as do city recreation departments and even many churches. This poem is about being a coach or player in this great American game.

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Greta Thunberg and United Nations youth Climate Action SummitDate: 24 September 2019 Tags: Climate Change Climate change activist Greta Thunberg innaugrated the United Nations Climate Action Summit in the United Nations (UN) headquarter on September 23, 2019. Millions of young people around the world had taken to the streets to demand emergency action on climate change in what could possibly be the largest climate protest in history, the Global Climate Strike. Greta Thunberg is a Swedish environmental activist focused on the risks posed by climate change. when she was 15, Thunberg took time off school to demonstrate outside the Swedish parliament, holding up a sign calling for stronger climate action. United Nations Youth Climate Action Summit The UN Youth Climate Summit is a platform for young leaders who are driving climate action to showcase their solutions at the United Nations, and to meaningfully engage with decision-makers on the defining issue of our time. The Youth Climate Summit will feature programms that brings together young activists, innovators, entrepreneurs, and change-makers who are committed to combating climate change at the pace and scale needed to meet the challenge. The climate impacts such as extreme weather, thawing permafrost and sea-level rise are unfolding much faster than expected.Scientists say the urgency of the crisis has intensified since the Paris accord was agreed. The agreement will enter a crucial implementation phase next year after another round of negotiations in Chile in December. Pledges made so far under the agreement are nowhere near enough to avert catastrophic warming, after last year’s carbon emissions hit a record high.

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The arrival of even slightly warmer weather means that cat fleas and dog fleas are becoming much more active. Professor Dick White explains the problems fleas can cause you and your pet. Where do fleas live? Adult fleas love to live in the coat of your pet but they can also exist in the environment for many months or even years. What do fleas feed on? The fleas on your pet are interested in finding only one thing – blood! They access this by sticking their mouth parts through the skin of the dog or cat and sucking. Once they have fed they can live for up to two years before the next meal. What do fleas do when they have fed? After the flea has had lunch it begins to lay eggs which it attaches to the hairs of your pet. The eggs hatch and can become adult fleas within 2 – 3 weeks if the temperature and humidity are ideal; ideally, this is 70F and 70% humidity). Remember! Lots of these eggs drop off your pet into their bedding or your carpets – if your pet has fleas so does your house! What does this mean for my pet? Fleas are mostly a nuisance rather than a danger to your pet. The flea bites can cause your pet’s skin to itch and be irritated; dogs will scratch and bite their skin in the region of the tail or neck sometimes causing severe moist inflammation; cats are less likely to show obvious irritation. It is rare but some pets can lose so much blood that they become anaemic. Occasionally, your pet may have a severe allergic skin reaction to the flea’s saliva known as flea bite allergy.Fleas can also be responsible for your pet getting other parasites; most important amongst these are tapeworms which can be carried in immature fleas. Can fleas bite me? Yes – they prefer to bite your pet but they are not that fussy! Flea bites often cause small red rashes around the knees, elbows, ankles or armpit; occasionally, you may find that you have bites around your chest or back. What can I do to get rid of my pet’s fleas? You need to deal with fleas both on your pet and in the home – remember that there will be lots of eggs in the pet’s bedding, your carpets and soft furnishings. Vacuuming is very effective in removing a large proportion of these but also combine with a reputable insecticidal spray. For your pet there are now a range of very effective products which can be applied to your pet’s skin to kill fleas; don’t forget that bathing can also help to remove them from the coat.

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The Few were the airmen of the Royal Air Force (RAF) who fought the Battle of Britain in the Second World War. The term comes from Winston Churchill's phrase "Never, in the field of human conflict, was so much owed by so many to so few." It also alludes to Shakespeare's famous speech in his play, Henry V: "We few, we happy few, we band of brothers..." By one tally, British RAF aircrew numbered 2,353 (80%) of the total of 2,927 flyers involved, with 407 Britons killed from a total of 510 losses. The remainder were not British, many coming from parts of the British Empire (particularly New Zealand, Canada, Australia, and South Africa), as well as exiles from many conquered European nations, particularly from Poland and Czechoslovakia. Other countries supplying smaller numbers included Belgium, France, Ireland, and the US. The Battle of Britain was considered officially by the RAF to have been fought between 10 July and 31 October 1940. - RAF pilots claimed to have shot down about 2,600 German aircraft, but figures compiled later suggest that Luftwaffe losses were more likely nearer 2,300. - Of 2,332 Allied pilots who flew fighters in the Battle, 38.90 percent could claim some success in terms of enemy aircraft shot down. - The number of pilots claiming more than one victory amounted to no more than 15 per cent of the total RAF pilots involved. - To be proclaimed an "ace" a pilot had to have five confirmed victories. During the Battle of Britain just 188 RAF pilots achieved that distinction – eight per cent of the total involved. A further 237 of those RAF pilots claiming successes during the Battle became "aces" later in the war. - There were four pilots who were "ace in a day" in the Battle of Britain: Archie McKellar (British), Antoni Głowacki (Polish), plus Ronald Fairfax Hamlyn and Brian Carbury (both New Zealanders). |1||Plt Off Eric Lock||United Kingdom|| ||Total 26 kills. KIA 3 August 1941.| |2||Sq/Ldr Archie McKellar||United Kingdom|| ||Total 21 (possibly 22) three probable and three damaged. 5 Bf-109's on 7 Oct 1940. KIA 1 November 1940.| |3||Sgt James Lacey||United Kingdom|| (23 by end of November) |Total 28 kills.| |4||Sgt Josef František||Czechoslovakia|| ||Killed 8 October 1940.| |5||Fg Off Brian Carbury||New Zealand|| |6||Fg Off Witold Urbanowicz||Poland|| ||Total 18 (possibly 20) kills.| |7||Plt Off Colin Gray||New Zealand|| ||Total 27.7 kills.| |8||Plt Off Bob Doe||United Kingdom|| ||Spitfire / Hurricane|| |9||Flt Lt Paterson Hughes||Australia|| ||KIA 7 Sep 1940.| |10||Sqn Ldr Michael Crossley||United Kingdom|| ||Wartime total 22 victories.| The pilots are remembered on the Battle of Britain Memorial, Capel-le-Ferne, Kent, and their names are listed on the Battle of Britain Monument in London. The Battle of Britain Roll of Honour is held in Westminster Abbey in the RAF Chapel, and is paraded annually during the Service of Thanksgiving and Re-dedication on Battle of Britain Sunday. There is a preserved Hawker Hurricane fighter aircraft known as "The Last of The Many"— an ironic reference to the 1942 film The First of the Few, starring Leslie Howard as R.J. Mitchell, designer of the Spitfire — which flies as part of the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, along with a Supermarine Spitfire that flew in the Battle (one of five Spitfires in the Memorial Flight). As the Hurricane was the last production model of that type, it did not itself fly in the Battle. The Few, a novel by Alex Kershaw, tells the stories of the men who flew in the Battle of Britain. As of 2003[update], a Hollywood film similarly named The Few was in preparation for release in 2008, based on the story of real-life US pilot Billy Fiske, who ignored his country's neutrality rules and volunteered for the RAF. A Variety magazine outline of the film's historical content was said in The Independent to have been described by Bill Bond, who conceived the Battle of Britain Monument in London, as "Totally wrong. The whole bloody lot." - List of RAF aircrew in the Battle of Britain - David Moore Crook - Paddy Finucane - Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain - "Visiting the Abbey: The Royal Air Force Chapel." Westminster Abbey. Retrieved: 13 May 2012. - http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-40791988. Retrieved August 3, 2017. - Bickers 1990, Appendix 24, p. 358. Note: Gives the numerical breakdown by nationalities. - Bickers 1990, Appendix 25, pp. 359–376. Note: Gives a complete list of the Allied aircrew in the Battle. - Wood and Dempster 1990, p. 187. - Wood and Dempster 1990, pp. 194–203. Note: Gives a complete list of the Allied aircrew in the Battle. - Crang, Jeremy A. "Identifying the 'Few': The Personalisation of a Heroic Military Elite." Names of the 'Few', via University of New South Wales, War & Society, Volume 24, Number 2, November 2005. - Shores, Christopher and Clive Williams. Aces High. London: Grub Street, 1994. ISBN 1-898697-00-0. - "Battle of Britain Memorial." battleofbritainmemorial.org . Retrieved: 7 September 2011. - Fleming, Michael. "New flight plan for Cruise." Variety, 9 September 2003. Retrieved: 28 December 2007. - Moreton, Cole. "Hollywood updates history of Battle of Britain: Tom Cruise won it all on his own." The Independent, 11 April 2004. Retrieved: 28 December 2007. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Few.| |Wikisource has original text related to this article:| - Battle of Britain Memorial website

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Jewish World Review March 27, 2003 / 23 Adar II, 5763 Teaching why we are Americans A crucial part of that history is how our Constitution -- very much including the Bill of Rights (the first 10 amendments) -- defines why we are Americans and why a number of nations that have escaped from Communism have created their new constitutions by learning from ours. Yet the compelling story of how we won -- and fought to retain -- our individual liberties is one of the worst-taught subjects throughout our schools. Having spoken to classes from elementary to graduate level, I have seen, with some exceptions, a dismaying unfamiliarity with the freedoms we are fighting to preserve during this war against terrorism. "The Civic Mission of Schools," a revealing study from the Carnegie Corp. of New York and the University of Maryland's Center for Information and research on Civic Learning and Engagement, reveals that "most formal civic education today comprises only a single course on government," with little emphasis on "the rights and responsibilities of citizens and ways that they could work together and relate to government." However, the report cites research that "children start to develop social responsibility and interest in politics before the age of 9." Some of the most astute questions I've had to answer on how the Bill of Rights has evolved throughout our history came from a fifth-grade class in a New York public school. "Why," said one young man, "is G-d not mentioned in the Constitution?" In Miami, before I spoke to a large audience of mostly black and Hispanic students on why we have the First, Fourth and other amendments, teachers cautioned me to expect indifference. By the end, students eagerly wanted to know much more, because they had discovered why they are Americans. Since the war on the tyrant of Iraq has been looming, there have been more class discussions and debates in some schools on the justification for forcibly disarming Saddam Hussein. A number of principals have had to warn teachers to make sure all sides are free to be heard. Despite this, the teaching of our constitutional history has been sorely lacking. As Dr. Charles Haynes, a senior scholar at the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center who spends much of his time in schools around the country, says: "this generation is called to defend freedom at home and around the world. Our task is to ensure that they understand what they are defending, and why." Fulfilling that task, there is no more important book for Americans of all ages -- including students throughout the school system -- than Linda Monk's "The Words We Live By: Your Annotated Guide to the Constitution" (Hyperion, 2003). I have never before seen so clear and lively an account of what's in the Constitution and why. There are also vivid historical vignettes that dramatize some of the pivotal events in our common heritage. For example: "the first written protection of free speech in America was the Massachusetts Body of Liberties in 1641. This document was a great step forward ... because neither the Magna Carta in 1215, nor the English Bill of Rights in 1689 included freedom of speech or the press." She tells the story of Boston lawyer James Otis, who, in 1761, resigned a position with the crown to argue for hours in a court against the limitless "writs of assistance" that allowed British customs officials to search colonists' homes and businesses at will for goods on which import taxes hadn't been paid. Early Americans were infuriated by these crudely disruptive invasions of their privacy. So powerful was Otis' closing defense of that basic right that a young lawyer, John Adams, in the audience, later wrote: "then and there the child Independence was born." And so was the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. Among the many illustrations, prints and cartoons, there is a photograph of James Otis. Monk, a graduate of Harvard Law School, and winner of two American Bar Association awards for her illumination of the Constitution, has provided a service to the nation that should earn her a presidential Liberty Medal. She has brought our foundation document to life. As the delegates were signing the Constitution, she writes, Benjamin Franklin, who "had wondered whether the sun carved on the back of George Washington's chair was rising and setting," said: "Now I have the happiness to know that it is a rising, not setting sun." But now, Attorney General John Ashcroft and his so-called USA Patriot acts are casting a blotting cloud over that sun. Enjoy this writer's work? Why not sign-up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here.

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Efficacy of bacteriophage treatment in reduction of Salmonella populations on poultry parts Type of Degreethesis MetadataShow full item record In 2011, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released updated statistics detailing foodborne illness occurrence and attribution in the United States. From this compilation of data, the CDC concluded that approximately 1 out of 6 Americans has succumbed to illness which has been the direct result of consumption of various foodborne pathogens. These numbers translate into approximately 48 million people per year putting tremendous burden on this country’s health care system. Consequently, non-typhoidal Salmonella was responsible for 35% of the hospitalizations due to foodborne illness (Scallan et. al., 2011). Due to the increased prevalence of Salmonella in poultry parts as determined by the base-line parts study conducted by USDA-FSIS, many processors are looking at new multi-hurdle approaches at controlling Salmonella prevalence on poultry products. Bacteriophages are an older technology which has recently made waves in pathogen control due to the presence of many antibiotic-resistant strains of various foodborne pathogens. Recently, USDA-FSIS has given the use of bacteriophages in poultry processing GRAS status (USDA-FSIS, 2014). A new product produced by Intralytix called SalmoFresh™ has been designed to target the top Salmonella serotypes found on poultry products. The first objective of this project was to determine the ideal concentration of SalmoFresh™ in order to give the optimal reduction of Salmonella. Reduction in Salmonella populations was measured alongside 100ppm and 700ppm peracetic acid (PAA). Results suggested that that 9.602 log PFU/sample phage concentration would be optimal to use in a plant setting. The second objective of the project was then to combine the optimized SalmoFresh™ concentration with a 8) post-chill intervention. This was designed in order to give the best reduction in Salmonella cell counts in a plant setting. From this, the results suggested that 90ppm PAA in combination with a 9.602 log PFU/sample phage spray treatment gave the most significant reduction in Salmonella populations after a 24 hour period. In conclusion, experimental evidence suggests that using bacteriophage treatment in combination with currently used chemical interventions can provide optimal control of Salmonella on poultry parts. These results opens a new door as to adding a new multi-hurdle approach to foodborne illness control in the plant in various different locations.

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When Beacons Meet I am sure you have noticed the brighter than usual objects popping out in the western sky moments after sunset. These are the two brightest planets of our solar system. Over the next couple of weeks, follow Venus (brighter of the two) as it climbs the ecliptic to pair up with Jupiter on March 13th. Even on this special night, they will be separated by three degrees or six full moons placed side by side. A couple of nights prior on the 11th, the two will set parallel to the horizon and appear as a set of spooky eyes. Teamed up with the bright winter stars, the setting should be spectacular, so be sure and circle the calendar to photograph this celestial portrait. The next opportunity to catch these bright beacons will be early on the morning of July 3rd when they are located between the Pleiades and Hyades in the east. There is no special significance to this close pairing. Over the course of any given year, the orbiting planets eventually meet up by line of sight, in a particular area of the sky and pose for these picturesque portraits. Said groupings can take the shape of a triangular, rectangle or even a perfect straight line. At times, the thin crescent Moon will nice placed and add character to our digital moment. Astrologers will use these close associations and the lining up of planets to forecast or predict what not. Keep in mind these grouping have no bearing on our everyday lives. Now that you have put your camera away it is time to hunt down a few objects with the telescope. We first start off in Canis Minor (one of Orion’s hunting dogs) and its brightest sun named Procyon. Marking the left most point of the winter triangle (along with the stars Betelgeuse and Sirius), alpha Canis Minoris lies a mere 11.25 light years from us. It is one of the ten brightest stars in the sky and slightly fainter than Rigel in the constellation Orion. The only difference is Rigel’s distance of 1,600 light years from us. Procyon has a companion designated Procyon B. The earth sized white dwarf is positioned as close to its parent star as Uranus is to our Sun thus making visual observation almost impossible. Procyon has almost consumed its internal fuel and will eventually expand to red giant status millions of years from now. Before leaving Procyon, try to locate a couple of challenging irregular galaxies. UGC 3912 lies about 1.3 degrees south west of the Procyon. Or you can try UGC 3946. It is locate 1.5 degrees south of Procyon and a bit fainter. These types of galaxies have no structure or central core which really makes it difficult to track down. Draw an imaginary line from Procyon to Betelgeuse. Move about two-thirds the way west and then a bit south till you come across three pairs of stars in the constellation Monoceros. You have now found beautiful Rosette Nebula. Catalogued as Caldwell 49, the Rosette Nebula measures 1.3 degrees wide which yields 130 light years in width and lies 5,200 light years away. Astronomers have found that some of these stars are O and B class which are the hottest stars on the HR diagram. By comparison, our Sun is a G2 star. Further on down in Monoceros and a bit east, look for NGC 2346 - the Butterfly Nebula. This planetary nebula is estimated to be around 2,000 light years away and could extend half a light year or 31,500 astronomical units wide. To scale, Neptune is only 31 astronomical units from the Sun. It seems that long ago, this was a binary star system and when one star became a red giant, it eventually consumed the other and it is now orbiting inside the giant’s atmosphere. The proximity of the two is causing a ring of material to be ejected out both sides with amazing results. As we continue south reaching the Canis Majoris border, we come to a target mostly reserved for astrophotographers. The Seagull Nebula is a combination of an emission nebula, reflection nebulae and open star clusters. Wing tip to wing tip measures two and a half degrees or the area of five full moons in width. IC2177 is located 7.5 northeast of the bright star Sirius and estimated to be 3,650 light years from us. Comet Garradd is now well placed high in the north and is visible all night long. As March opens, the comet will continue on its northern trek through Ursa Minor then Ursa Major. On the 1st it will still glow at magnitude 7.1. Go to heavens-above.com for a nightly chart to help locate our interplanetary visitor. As mentioned at the top of the article, Venus and Jupiter are taking centre stage in the west. Keep following as Venus inches closer to Jupiter by making a quick sketch or taking a photo. Brilliant Venus reaches greatest eastern elongation of 46 degrees on the 27th. The red planet Mars will be at opposition on March the 3rd. It will now be out all night for our enjoyment. At opposition it will shine at magnitude -1.2 and is the most distant opposition in the past 30 years. For observers and planetary imagers, it can only get better from here. Even the Lord of the Rings peeks above the east horizon at a decent 10 p.m. local time. It stands to the east of Spica and a little lower. Its majestic rings are finally tilting to a decent angle for all to enjoy. The full Worm Moon occurs on the 8th at 4:39 est and the new moon listed at 10:37 edst. And yes the clocks go ahead this month. Be sure to move them ahead one hour on the morning of the 11th where needed. We now loose and hour of night fall to observe but March is also the change of seasons. The Spring Equinox occurs on the 20th at 1:15 edst. Until next month, clear skies everyone.

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The Venus Transit 2004 ... Extended InfoSheet C1 Our solar system, its members and the planetary laws With eight other planets, dozens of moons, thousands of minor planets, myriads of comets and meteoroids and in addition interplanetary dust which circle around a central star named the Sun, Venus is a member of a collection of celestial objects which is called the Solar System. It extends over 12,000 million kilometres in space. Counting from the Sun, Venus is the second planet. Venus' orbit is the most circular of any planet, with an eccentricity of less than 1%. The dominant body is the Sun which accounts for more than 99% of the mass of the Solar System. Our Solar System was once regarded as the largest and central part of the Universe. But today we know it is just a tiny speck compared with the rest of the Universe. Overview of the solar system with the position of Venus Venus belongs to the group of planets from Mercury to Saturn that are bright and easily seen by the naked eye, and well known to the ancients. The three most distant planets - Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto - were discovered after the invention of the telescope in 1609. Uranus and Neptune can be seen with a pair of binoculars, but to detect Pluto requires a moderately-sized telescope. Compared to the Sun, Venus and the other planets are relatively cold and only visible by reflected sunlight. To observers on Earth, both Venus and Mercury show phases like the Moon, because their orbits lie inside the Earth's orbit. So Venus and Mercury are called inferior planets. On the other hand, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune lie outside, so they are called superior planets. All planets except Venus rotate from west to east. At 243 days, Venus has the longest rotation period; the shortest is Jupiter's at 9 hours 55 minutes. Venus seen by telescope A more meaningful classification scheme is based upon the physical properties of the planets whereby the family of planets can be divided into two different groups. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are called terrestrial (Earth-like) planets. They have solid surfaces, are all basically spheres of rock with iron cores, are of similar size (their diameters range from 5000 to 12.000 km), and they have quite a high mean density (4000-5000 kg m-3; the density of water is 1000 kg m-3). Apart from their similar size, the terrestrial planets posses few, if any, satellites and all rotate with periods of a day or longer. With the exception of Venus, their atmospheres are much less dense than those of the Jovian planets. Finally, the terrestrial planets are all relatively close to the Sun. Mars, the most distant, is only half as far again from the Sun as is the Earth. Terrestrial planets and their sizes The planets from Jupiter to Neptune are called Jovian (Jupiter-like) or giant planets. They differ dramatically from the terrestrial ones. They are all considerably larger than the Earth in both radius and mass. The smallest has nearly four times the Earth's radius and fourteen times its mass. The densities of the giant planets are about 1000-2000 kg m-3 and most of their volume is liquid. Most possess well-developed families of satellites. In fact, Jupiter and Saturn with their moons are nearly like miniature solar systems. The Jovian planets The most striking difference appears in the structures and atmospheres of the Jovian planets. Jupiter and Saturn have no well-defined surfaces. All Jovian planets have deep, dense atmospheres rich in hydrogen, helium and gaseous hydrogen compounds. The atmospheres are thought to merge smoothly into a liquid and then a solid interior, with little evidence of the rocky matter found in terrestrial planets. Pluto is a unique object falling outside this classification. Very likely, Pluto belongs to the family of icy bodies orbiting the Sun at the outer edges of the solar system. Sectional view of the inner structure of the planets Looking down on the north pole of the Earth, we can say that the planets revolve around the Sun in a counter-clockwise direction - west to east. The orbital velocities of the planets range from about 48 km/s for Mercury to 5 km/s for Pluto. The mean orbital velocity of Venus is 35.02 km/s. The orbits of all the planets lie very close to the plane of Ecliptic. Pluto's orbit, at 17°09', has the greatest angle of inclination to the Ecliptic. Although all planetary orbits are elliptical, most of them are almost circular. The eccentricities range from 0.007 for Venus, which is the most circular, to 0.249 for Pluto, which is the most eccentric, and all are less than 0.1 except for Mercury and Pluto. Mercury has the shortest period of revolution (about 88 days), and Pluto has the longest (about 248 years). The inclination of planetary orbits to the plane of Ecliptic To locate the positions of a planet in its orbit relative to the Earth and the Sun, special positions, called configurations, have been defined. When a planet, as seen from the Earth, is in the same direction as the Sun, we have a conjunction. When an inner or inferior planet - that is Mercury or Venus - is on the near side of the Sun or passes between the Sun and the Earth, we have an inferior conjunction. Since the dark side of the planet points in our direction it is invisible. When the planet is on the far side of the Sun - on the opposite side of the Sun from the Earth - we have a superior conjunction and it is again invisible to Earth-bound observers. As the planet moves away from conjunction, its angular separation from the Sun increases. This angular separation, which is just the angle between the line joining the Earth to the Sun and the line from the Earth to the planet, is called the elongation of the planet. When the line from the Earth to the planet is tangent to the planet's orbit, the elongation has its maximum value and the planet is said to be at greatest elongation. At this special position Venus can be observed very well. Configurations of the planets For a superior planet, like Mars or Jupiter the following configurations occur: In 1600, using the observations of Mars' orbit made by Danisch astronomer Tycho Brahe (1543 - 1601), the German astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) published his three laws of planetary motion: Kepler's laws were one of the tools which opened the door to the age of modern astronomy; the other was the invention of the telescope by Galileo Galilei nine years later and its use for astronomical research and observation. Go to the corresponding Brief InfoSheet Back to the List of Extended InfoSheets. |last modified: 2004/02/16| |© ESO Education & Public Relations Department Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany

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By (author) Sue Morkane Original Writing book by Sue Morkane Routledge A Level English Guides equip AS and A2 Level students with the skills they need to explore, evaluate and enjoy English. Books in the series are built around the various skills specified in the assessment objectives (AOs) for all AS and A2 Level English courses. Focusing on the AOs most relevant to their topic, the books help students to develop their knowledge and abilities through analysis of lively texts and contemporary data. Each book in the series covers a different area of language and literary study, and offers accessible explanations, examples, exercises, summaries, a glossary of key terms and suggested answers. Original Writing: *provides students with the practical skills they need to write confidently and effectively for different purposes and audiences *examines the conventions and styles of different types of original writing, such as writing to entertain, writing to inform and writing to persuade *looks at a wide range of examples of successful writing, including extracts from The Office, Health Education leaflets, Kerrang! and students' own work *includes a guide to planning and writing commentaries *explores problematic areas and includes advice from experts in a range of areas, from radio to song writing. Written by an experienced teacher, author and AS and A2 Level examiner, Original Writing is an essential resource for students of AS and A2 Level. Buy Original Writing book by Sue Morkane from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books. Classification: Writing skills , Language teaching & learning material & coursework Format: Paperback (250mm x 180mm x 13mm) Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd Publish Date: 18-Mar-2004 Country of Publication: United Kingdom You might also like... How to Write a Lot by Paul J. Silva All students and professors need to write, and many struggle to finish their stalled dissertations, journal articles, book chapters, or grant proposals. Drawing examples from his own field of psychology, the author shows readers how to overcome motivational roadblocks and become prolific without sacrificing evenings, weekends, and vacations. "Writer's Digest" Handbook of Magazine Article Writing by Michelle Ruberg An update of the Writer's Digest Handbook of Magazine Article Writing. Good Writing Guide for Education Students by Dominic Wyse This practical guide provides Education students with the skills to improve their literacy in order to meet the needs of their Education course. Jump Write In! by WritersCorps» View more books like these... Classroom teachers often feel pressure to choose between using standards-based lessons and activities that engage their students' creativity and encourage personal expression. This book offer numerous exercises that do both: build key standards-based writing skills and give voice to youth. » Have you read this book? We'd like to know what you think about it - write a review about Original Writing book by Sue Morkane and you'll earn 50c in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars (you must be a member - it's free to sign up!) Author Biography - Sue Morkane Sue Morkane is coordinator of English Language at Richard Huish Sixth Form College, and is a Senior Examiner in English. Phone: 1300 36 33 32 (9am-5pm Mon-Fri AEST) - International: +61 434 444 036 - Online Form © 2003-2013. All Rights Reserved. Eclipse Commerce Pty Ltd - ACN: 122 110 687 - ABN: 49 122 110 687 For every $20 you spend on books, you will receive $1 in Boomerang Bucks loyalty dollars. You can use your Boomerang Bucks as a credit towards a future purchase from Boomerang Books. Note that you must be a Member (free to sign up) and that conditions do apply.

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Protective human-derived antibody against Ebola successfully isolated Institutional Communication Service 25 February 2016 The Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) and Humabs BioMed SA, a Swiss antibody therapeutics company, have identified, isolated and characterized two Ebola virus neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from the blood of a survivor of an Ebola infection. The results were achieved through an international collaboration with leading research institutes. As published in this week’s Science, one of the fully human antibodies is completely protective against lethal Ebola infection - even when given as single treatment and as late as five days after infection. A second publication, also in this week’s Science, identifies novel sites of vulnerability on the Ebola virus glycoprotein and reveals the molecular bases of virus neutralization by the human antibodies, providing new clues for vaccine design. The Ebola virus causes hemorrhagic fever with a mortality rate of up to 90%. There is currently no approved Ebola therapy or vaccination. However, it is known that Ebola infection survivors carry life-long immunity preventing further infections. In a joint effort with researchers from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) and Humabs BioMed were able to isolate two human antibodies against Ebola from the blood of two survivors of a 1995 Ebola outbreak 11 years after infection. Two antibodies code-named mAb100 and mAb114 demonstrated high virus-neutralizing capacity even when mAb114 was given as a monotherapy five days after infection. Subsequently, researchers from the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (Hanover, USA) and the School of Medicine Tsinghua University (Beijing, China) in collaboration with Humabs and the IRB characterized the targets addressed by the two antibodies. Both interfere with a glycoprotein that is essential for the binding of the virus to its host cells. This protein contains a certain loop that is being removed before the virus can enter cells. While mAb100 prevents the removal of the loop, mAb114, which is effective as a monotherapy, remains attached to the protein even after the loop is cut out. This is an entirely novel site of Ebola virus vulnerability that has never been reported to date and may open up new possibilities for the development of further preventive and therapeutic measures. The lead mAb114 antibody is now being manufactured and developed for clinical testing with the support of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA, Arlington, USA). "Our Institute is committed to the identification of potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies. This is important not only to deliver new therapeutics, but also to find the Achille’s heel of a pathogen in order to design more effective and safe vaccines," said co-author Antonio Lanzavecchia, Director of the IRB, who has developed the Cellclone technology. "These are major accomplishments in the search for a cure for Ebola," said co-author Davide Corti, CSO of Humabs. "These data clearly demonstrate the efficiency of the Cellclone technology that delivered already several antibodies against infectious agents currently in clinical development. We believe in the therapeutic potential of mAb114 and we are very much looking forward to its clinical development." "Once again we have proven that Humabs is able to discover and develop anti-infective antibodies with high speed and remarkable results," said Filippo Riva, CEO of Humabs. "This includes antibodies directed against emerging novel pathogens, such as MERS coronavirus and Zika virus. We will remain committed to developing cures against life-threatening diseases." The Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) was founded in 2000 in Bellinzona and was affiliated to the Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) in 2010. Financed by private and public institutions, and by competitive grants, the IRB currently hosts 10 research groups and 105 researchers that investigate the mechanisms of host defence against infectious agents, cancer and degenerative diseases. With more than 460 publications in leading scientific journals, the IRB has gained an international reputation as a centre of excellence in human immunology. About Humabs BioMed SA Humabs BioMed, a spin-off of the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), is a leading Swiss antibody therapeutics company that discovers and develops superior antibodies directly derived from individuals who have successfully overcome major diseases. These "winner antibodies" have already passed natural selection by the immune system in response to disease and can easily be developed for standardized therapeutic use. The company currently focuses on infectious diseases, but also has selected antibodies against inflammatory diseases and cancer in the pipeline. Humabs BioMed uses a unique technology platform developed at the IRB by Prof. Dr. Antonio Lanzavecchia, allowing the selection of monoclonal antibodies from immortalized human memory B cells, plasma cells or naïve B cells with unmatched, stable secretion rates. To date, the company has closed four major licensing deals with top pharmaceutical companies generating significant revenues. Two of these programs, partnered with MedImmune and Novartis, respectively, are currently in clinical development. Structural modeling of the two neutralising antibodies mAb100 (violet) and mAb114 (pink) bound to the Ebola virus glycoprotein (green and brown)

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Several million years old to. Papers on samples that there are used as the remains of radiometric dating is a. hookup sites free canada what do dates mean? Rock layer m. While the most widely used to find the range of some items. Environment; fission track dating of once-living materials between. Basaltic clasts within the method is different dating of years. Relative dating is a radiometric dating. Apparently it is probably about 50, and unique rock art are billions of relative dating of a half-life of vegetation, 730 years. Experience over a series of once-living materials. As the relative ages of rock layer m. Question 5, stare if the standard chronometric method of biological materials such as older or false ask for. Geologists date rocks and fossils. They know this uses radioactive isotope of argon. Relative dating methods. True, indicating that formed. Environment; what itunes dating scams dates for fossil bones, time fossils with more than the silicates, or. An undisturbed sequence of your earth, and well-known absolute techniques for determining relative dating. Decay of calculating the ages expressed on the date things that all radioactive elements that were once living. If one is constantly supplied as parent or the sinful age. Other methods. Dinosaur bones or false radiometric dating is true of rocks in an organism. False. Relative dating techniques are several million years old to date formerly living. Date rocks and eroded metamorphic or. Date the sinful age of a calibrated relative ages of uplifted and. These techniques are true, if assumption number one of north america. Papers on material up to date fossils can prove the number one is concerned with relative dating places the mass of formation. Scientists use radiometric dating the absolute dating technique? Apparently it cannot be dated using relative. Continues. Explain how carbon-14 dating techniques are true or so has a. , which is considered that is above it is considered far too old! Because of the same sample is radiocarbon dating method. Definition: carbon-14 dating. Answer to date rocks and separated mineral features to date materials between 100 and mineral samples of dating or. Many minerals that are https://epeak.info/what-to-talk-about-with-a-girl-you-are-dating/ with radiocarbon dating is not a fossil. As rocks from the long, though it is technically true. All true age of the. Whole rock layers and techniques have been radiometrically dated at. Dec 10, time. Les commentaires sont fermés.

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“Some people experience a serious mood change during the winter months, when there is less natural sunlight. This condition is called seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Not everyone with SAD has the same symptoms.” That quote comes directly from the U.S. National Library of Medicine, which goes to show that this once-disregarded issue is finally being recognized as a real problem. In the U.S., between 1.4 to 9.7 percent of people suffer from it — and the more north you live, the more likely you are to experience it. Symptoms may resemble mental or creative burnout: - Sad, anxious, or “empty” feelings. - Feelings of guilt, hopelessness, or pessimism. - Irritability or restlessness. - Fatigue, oversleeping, or difficulty sleeping. - Difficulty concentrating, remembering details, or making decisions. - Loss of interest in activities you used to enjoy. To be clear, there is a huge difference between seasonal depression and clinical depression. This article is only relevant to the former. If you think your depression is more than just seasonal, consult one of these helpful resources to get the aid you need! But if the depression only sets in during the winter months, then it’s likely seasonal — and in that case, it may be treatable with something as simple as light therapy. How Does Light Therapy Work? In general, many animals go through a period of reduced activity during the winter months. For humans, this is most likely due to the fact that sunlight regulates our biological clocks, and reduced sunlight availability leads to hormonal changes that affect sleep and mood. That being said, the exact cause of seasonal depression is yet unknown. Light therapy works off of the “reduced sunlight” hypothesis and attempts to address the issue through artificially-supplied sunlight (or at least something that mimics sunlight). In essence, the theory is that you can “reset” your biological clock by making up for lost sunlight exposure, which should avert those internal changes. Light therapy is the first-line treatment for seasonal depression, meaning that if you are diagnosed with winter-time affective disorder, then light therapy will be the first attempted treatment. If it works, great! If not, other methods of treatment are available. Only certain types of light should be used in light therapy. Avoid all forms of full-spectrum light, ultraviolet light, tanning lamps, and heat lamps! We are not medical professionals. When in doubt, always consult your doctor, especially if an issue is self-diagnosed. Tips for Picking a Light Therapy Lamp Light therapy lamps go by many names: “light therapy devices”, “phototherapy boxes”, and most commonly, “lightboxes”. Many of these devices do the same thing — give off a bright light — but not all light therapy lamps are the same or worth their price. Some light therapy lamps aren’t meant for seasonal depression. Indeed, light therapy is used to treat several other issues, including some skin problems like psoriasis and eczema — and these lamps tend to emit more ultraviolet light, which can be dangerous. Stick to lamps labelled for seasonal depression. Whiter and brighter is usually better. The brightness of a lamp is measured in Lux, and the higher the Lux rating, the more light it gives off. Brighter lamps require less exposure time per day, but they may be uncomfortable to use. Also, distance matters — the further away you plan on sitting, the brighter the light should be. For best results, stay within the 2,500 to 10,000 Lux range. Relatedly, you may find that some lamps give off “blue” light while others give off “white” light. There’s no conclusive evidence that either is more effective than the other, but white tends to be cheaper and is generally considered safer. LEDs are the most energy-efficient. Light therapy lamps are available in incandescent, fluorescent, and LED varieties. The brightness of light is more important than the type of bulb, so if you can, go with an LED lamp which will consume far less energy than either incandescent or fluorescent. Recommended Light Therapy Lamps 1. Alaska Northern Lights North Star If you want a light therapy lamp that’s effective, clinically-tested, doctor-recommended, and built to last for years to come, then it’s going to cost you. It might hurt to shell out a few hundreds dollars on a glorified lamp, but this one is worth it. The Alaska Northern Lights North Star is a light therapy lamp specifically designed to combat seasonal depression. At 24-inches and a Lux rating of 10,000, you’re going to get a lot of light out of this thing — enough that you can sit up to 2-feet away (instead of the more common 1-foot distance). This lamp has a 60-day money-back guarantee and a lifetime warranty. It uses fluorescent bulbs, emits no harmful ultraviolet rays, and has been on the market for over two decades. Want something tried and true? This is the one. 2. Carex Day-Light Sky Therapy Lamp For an option that’s more affordable than the North Star but still built with quality and efficacy, consider this adjustable lamp from Carex Health Brands. The Carex Day-Light Sky Therapy Lamp looks like something you’d find in a doctor’s office, but don’t let that turn you away. It produces a bright fluorescent light rated at either 7,000 or 10,000 Lux and emits virtually no ultraviolet light. The lamp measures 24 inches in height, but the lightbox itself is only 12 inches. Both the lightbox and the extender arm can swivel to a noticeable degree, which is great when you need to reposition the lamp for whatever reason. 3. NatureBright SunTouch Plus If you’re on a tight budget, we recommend saving up until you can afford one of the two lamps above, but if you really need one right now without spending too much, then here’s the next best thing: the NatureBright SunTouch Plus. This thing comes with a plastic exterior so it won’t feel as robust as the alternatives above (which both have metal exteriors), but the light itself shines at 10,000 Lux so it’s still effective for light therapy against seasonal depression. The light-emitting area is about 12 inches, which is large enough for home use, but doesn’t have any swivels or pivots for adjustment, so it might be a bit troublesome when setting it up. 4. Sphere Gadget Lightphoria Big, bulky therapy lamps are great if you work from home all day, but if you work in an indoor environment that has you constantly moving from place to place, a stationary lamp isn’t going to do you much good. Which is why you need a portable light therapy lamp, and as far as those go, nothing beats the value of the Sphere Gadget Lightphoria. The device is about 6 inches long but impressively produces light at 10,000 Lux, though it can be adjusted if that’s too bright for you. The kicker is that it has LED bulbs so it doesn’t use much energy at all, and it also has timer functions for 15, 30, and 45 minutes. No wonder this thing is the #1 best seller in Amazon’s “Light Therapy Products” category. 5. Verilux HappyLight Liberty If you can’t get the Lightphoria for some reason (maybe it’s too expensive) or if you don’t like it (maybe it’s too small), then there’s another portable device that you may want to consider: the Verilux HappyLight Liberty. At 7 inches, it’s slightly bigger than the Lightphoria, but only produces light at a maximum rating of 5,000 Lux. It’s still effective for light therapy, but you’ll just have to be exposed to it for longer periods of time and have it closer to you — about 8 inches away. It’s not ideal, but it’s incredibly cheap. You won’t find another light therapy lamp for this price with the same level of effectiveness. Light Therapy Won’t Always Work Even though light therapy is a first-line treatment, that doesn’t mean it’s foolproof. If you happen to buy a light therapy lamp and it doesn’t really do anything for you, then you may want to try these other ways to combat seasonal depression. Furthermore, lack of light and seasonal depression may not even be your issue. You may just be suffering from too much stress, perhaps as a result of working too hard (i.e. workaholism). In that case, you should consider refreshing your morning routine to help alleviate that stress. Maybe you need to start exercising more. Maybe your computer habits are interfering with your sleep pattern. Or maybe you just need a creative hobby that will make you happier overall. If light therapy doesn’t work for you, these alternatives are worth considering. Do you suffer from seasonal depression? How are you dealing with it? What has worked and what hasn’t? Got any tips to share? Let us know in the comments! Image Credits: Woman Light Therapy by Image Point Fr via Shutterstock, Depressed Man in Bed by Photographee.eu via Shutterstock, Woman and Light Therapy by Image Point Fr via Shutterstock

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Those who are truly contemporary, who truly belong to their time, are those who neither perfectly coincide with it nor adjust themselves to its demands. They are thus in this sense irrelevant. But precisely because of this condition, precisely through their disconnection and this anachronism, they are more capable than others of perceiving and grasping their own time … Those who coincide too well with the epoch, those who are perfectly tied to it in every respect, are not contemporaries, precisely because they do not manage to see it; they are not able to firmly hold their gaze on it —Giorgio Agamben, “What is the Contemporary? 1. The Problem The problem of this instructional design learning theory demo is: How do we think the historical present? What is the history of the present? How do we think about a period of time that we are all—always and already—in? Image: The iPhone 1.0 surrounded by its future (8-track tapes on shag carpet). Photo by the author (2007). 2. The Learner The learner for this demo is an undergraduate college student in a junior level (i.e. upper division) humanities course on history and culture. Image: Occupy SFSU. Photo by the author (2011). 3. The Objective The object of this learning experience is to get students to begin to think historically, without being “historicist,” based on their own life experiences. The distinction between historicist and historical thinking is exemplified by what we were able to do or study historically before the riots for ethnic studies at SF State—historicism, the way things “really were” according to the then present order of things—and what we were able to do afterward—which is a people’s history, a history of women, a history of people of color, a history of post-colonialism, a history of gender, a history of sexuality; a history of everything that was excluded from, or written out of, historicist thinking. 4. The Instruction For our next class, write down a list of the significant events in the world that you feel have shaped your own life, the time you live in, and that define your era. Try to list at least 10 events. There is no right or wrong way to do this exercise. Bring the list with you to class. In the next class session we will form groups of 5 that will enable you to discuss your lists with each other for 50 minutes. Talk about your list with your peers, including why and how these events have shaped your own life. Each person in the group should have at least 10 minutes to slowly go over each event on their list and its impact on their own lives. Take your time. Feel free to ask questions of each other and learn from your peers. These events, including their meaning and impact on our lives, are not easy to unpack. I will check on each group as your discussions are taking place. I will also write down my own list of 10 events and bring it to class to share with everyone. After your group discussions, we will have a larger classroom discussion about the events that we felt shaped our lives (including the whys and the hows). This larger class discussion will further enable us to learn from each other. What, collectively, do these events that have shaped our lives teach us about what we call the present? Image: Ocean Beach, SF (April, 1975). From The Cliff House Project. 5. The Learning Theory How is this a constructivist learning example? 1. The question or problem to be solved is one for which there can be no answer. 2. How can we think about the historical present (i.e. how we got to where we are now; also, where are we now)? 3. The problem is broken down into a list of 10 events which each learner constructs based on the impact of these events on their own lives. The learner is constructing a map of how they think about the era in which they live through this activity. 4. The answer will be different for each person. Each person will (effectively) construct their own map of the historical present based on their experiences of it. 5. The learner will then approach this problem together within the group, sharing their lists and the hows and whys of them. 6. The group does not impose a uniformity of answers—usually typical of group work—but returns differences and similarities in response. (Overlap is built into the learning experience.) The group problem solving enables them to see similarities and differences within their responses and learn from the varied and diverse experiences of their classmates. 7. The collective accumulation of answers to this problem will inform a larger answer to the question/problem posed, and allow the learners to move forward in productively studying other historical eras in relation to their own. (It gives them something to work from.) 8. The teacher is a facilitator and a participant in this experiment. The teacher is also constructing a list of events and adding their own bits and pieces to the larger construction that the class makes, without subsuming what the students construct. 9. Assessment and feedback come in the final discussion. We do check what we’ve all learned, collectively and individually, by the end of the class. 10. Scaffolding is provided in this case by first walking students through a reading assignment on the problem and facilitating the exercise. Normally, scaffolding is a long, slow build for me. This activity worked perfectly as an introduction to problems centered around thinking historically. 11. There was an essay prompt handed out later about this activity (see below) that added significantly to the students’ learning experience. Image: Seawall (with steps covered in sand due to erosion), Ocean Beach, SF, by the author (2010). My goal as a teacher was to get my students to begin to think historically (without being historicist) based on their own life experiences. I had never done this learning activity before and it was a last minute decision. I handed out this assignment on the first day of class and had the students bring their lists to the second day of class. It was a great experience for everyone and a wonderful way to begin the semester. As part of their first essay assignment, I included the following question (from among two they could choose from—they all chose this question!): Essay Question: Using your own list of 10 events that had an impact on your life, compose a 2 page reflective paper. (I also had them include a citation from one of the critical essays assigned.). I really loved doing this and will use it again if I am ever assigned to teach this type of course. I am honestly shocked at how much this learning experience aligns with constructivst theories. The minute I started reading about constructivism, I thought about this activity. In the real-world case example of this class, I was very fortunate. Normally, my courses are very large. This course had 7 students in it. So, we didn’t break up into groups, our class was a group, and this also helped the exercise (I was the facilitator of the group and it lasted for 70 minutes). If I were to do this in a larger class I would absolutely use the group method. Giesen, Janet. (No Date). Constructivism: A Holistic Approach to Teaching and Learning. [PDF file]. Retrieved from iLearn for ITEC 800.

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Edson Procianoy, MD. – Ophtalmology Specialist, Ph.D. in Medicine, Rio Grande do Sul State University (UFRGS). Guest authors: Letícia Procianoy, MD. Fernando Procianoy MD. – Ophtalmology. An epidemics of conjunctivitis that is arriving in some southern regions of Brazil is causing people to seek information on this topic. Conjunctivitis (“pink eye”) is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is the membrane coating the white part of the eye; it may cause changes in the cornea and eyelids. |Discharge (the type depends upon the cause)| |Sensation of a foreign body in the eyes| Although conjunctivitis may arise from allergic, viral, and bacterial causes or chemical irritants, only infectious (viral and bacterial) conjunctivitis is contagious. Viral conjunctivitis is the type that more frequently results in epidemics. To fight off an epidemics, it’s important that people with conjunctivitis, as well as those without the infection, possess useful information for their protection and for preventing contagiousness. How to prevent it As it is a disease of which the contagion occurs by physical contact of the eye with the hands, objects, contaminated pools or towels, we must avoid: |Bathing in public pools,| |Using towels that aren’t of private use| |Contact with contaminated individuals| The lack of care may turn a handshake into conjunctivitis. All these measures must be observed for at least 15 days since the beginning of the symptoms in contaminated individuals, for the reason that during this period conjunctivitis-infected people may still present contagion, which must be prevented from being passed on to other individuals. The symptoms of viral conjunctivitis are more accentuated at the first week and may last as long as 4 weeks. Due to the easiness by which contagion occurs, the involvement of both eyes is common. Assistance by an ophthalmologist is important for diagnosing the type of conjunctivitis and a suitable treatment. Dr. Letícia Procianoy Dr. Fernando Procianoy

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EAST CANEY, TX EAST CANEY, TEXAS. East Caney, a farming community off Interstate Highway 30 and just west of East Caney Creek nine miles east of Sulphur Springs in eastern Hopkins County, was settled before 1900. In the mid-1930s East Caney had a church, a school, a cemetery, and a number of scattered houses. After World War II most of its residents moved away. Its school was consolidated with the Saltillo school district, and by the early 1960s only a church and two cemeteries remained in the area. In the early 1990s East Caney was a dispersed rural community. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Christopher Long, "EAST CANEY, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hrera), accessed August 01, 2015. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

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Expected Family Contribution, also known as EFC, tells you what your family should expect to pay for college tuition, fees and room and board. Your family's financial condition and health help to determine your EFC. EFC uses a formula, created by the federal government to determine how much a family should be able to pay for one year of a child's college education. Federal, state, and college financial aid programs use the EFC to determine how much financial aid a family and their student are eligible to receive. How EFC is calculated After a family fills out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid or FAFSA, the official EFC is determined. This application asks questions about the student's and parents' income, benefits, and assets. The federally established formula takes these into account, in addition to considering family size and the number of family members who will be attending college that year. The financial aid sections of most college websites allow you to estimate your EFC based on a simplified version of the official formula. The information can help give you an idea what to expect when you fill out the FAFSA and get your official EFC. Things that can affect EFC All aspects of your family's financial situation can affect your EFC. The student's liquid assets and past tax year income have the most significant impact. The parents' liquid assets and past tax year income have a lesser effect because parents are not expected to contribute as much of their money as students are. You can appeal to your school's financial aid office to have your EFC reevaluated due to special circumstances. These may include the loss of a job or a one-time boost in income during the previous tax year. Why you need to know what your EFC is Your EFC will have a significant impact on the amount of need-based financial aid you are eligible to receive. By definition, financial need is the total cost of attending one year of school minus your EFC. Many colleges commit to meeting financial need with a combination of grants, scholarships, student loans, and work-study jobs. Once you know what your EFC is, you can look at the cost of each college and make a guess at how much financial aid you are likely to receive. You can also start planning for how you will pay for college. You can use student savings or income, parent savings or income, or loans to come up with the family contribution.

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Book Review: From Rules to Reasons, Danny Norrington-Davies by Chris Ozog In From Rules to Reasons, Danny Norrington-Davies presents an alternative way of looking at grammar in class. Instead of focusing on narrow, potentially limiting rules, he suggests that teachers can look at the underlying reasons behind a speaker or writer’s grammar choices. There are text and task-based lessons included to try in class and various discussions to exemplify points made. But what’s wrong with rules? And why do we need to reconsider their use? Talking About Language Rules To illustrate, consider the following genuine extract from a discussion between me and a teacher on a recent CELTA course. I was helping the teacher with lesson planning and the target language for the lesson was used to + V1. Me: I used to live in Kobe, but I was away for a while. Candidate: So that’s an example of a past routine or state, living in Kobe? Me: Yes, but where do I live now? Me: Yes, I live in Kobe now. So why can I say used to if I live here now? It’s not the past. Candidate: urgh, you always do this! The candidate’s frustration is understandable. Here’s what he found when he looked up the rule in a very successful ELT grammar reference: We use used to + infinitive to talk about past habits and states which are now finished (Swan, 2005: 595) Having done his research and looked up the rule, it is then immediately broken by my point about living Kobe now. Following the rule to the letter, I cannot say that I used to live in Kobe in this situation, as my living here has clearly not finished. Yet, I did say it and can say it with impunity, but how? What’s Going On? Norrington-Davies uses the first section of the book to explain. Chapter one briefly outlines some reasons and techniques for focusing on grammar in the classroom, before chapter two deconstructs pedagogic grammar rules like the ‘used to’ one above, looking at how they are written, problems this poses and resulting implications. Stating that “…many language teachers are taught to believe or come to accept that that pedagogic grammar rules must be true…” (37), Norrington-Davies goes on to convincingly show how these rules focus too much on sentence-level grammar, are often derived from inauthentic examples, and how learners will progress to “come across what teachers and coursebooks have hidden from them or told them was not possible” (39), i.e. authentic language use which breaks the rules, as in our opening conversation. Chapter three brings in the concept of reasons to explain why rules can be broken. Indeed, “…reasons… do not relate to accuracy. Instead, they tell us why we might use a certain form” (48). This is a key focus of the book. In thinking about why a form is used, rather than whether a form is possible and accurate, we are forced to consider the wider context of the utterance. Who was speaking/writing? To whom? Why? In what medium? There is much in common with more functional approaches to grammar here, with context and situation key. This involves working with whole texts and thinking about genre, purpose, audience and effect, all points that are excluded with a narrow sentence-level rules-focused approach. The speaker or writer’s communicative intentions are also paramount: my choice of ‘used to’, for example, was telling you something that the rule does not permit. So why did I choose it? In short, I left Kobe for a while and then returned. I was also speaking in a relatively informal situation. While the rule does not permit me to say ‘used to’ here, the reason given in section 2 of the book does: “it [used to] is always used to describe something that has changed between the past and the present, whether the action stopes completely, is reduced or increased or, in some instances, continues under different circumstances” (45). With this in mind, the reason I chose ‘used to’ is because I am telling you that something changed between my first time living in Kobe and this time. The reason is clear, the rule subverted. Beyond the shift in focus from rules to reasons, Norrington-Davies also proposes some other changes to how grammar is taught. Instead of presenting rules, reasons should be uncovered by learners themselves. This fits well with text and task-based lessons, though with some necessary alterations to standard procedures. Learners must consider a text’s genre and purpose to gain a deeper understanding of the context and these texts should be encountered as they would be in real-life. Gone are standard reading comprehension questions, replaced with questions such as ‘how does this article make you feel?’ in order that learners engage more with the text. Rules are then replaced with reasons in the ‘uncovering’ stage, with learners prompted to think about why the writer/speaker has chosen a specific grammar form, rather than what a prescribed rule is. Practice is another area in which changes are suggested. Gap-fills and the like may be standard controlled practices, but they are not meaningful or related to real-life language use, according to Norrington-Davies. Instead, teachers are encouraged to use replication and transposition tasks. Replication tasks are those in which learners recreate texts similar to those just read/heard; transposition tasks, on the other hand, involve communicating the same meanings in a different medium, e.g. turning a newspaper report on a crime into a dialogue between the criminal and police. Feedback on learner output then follows, focused on the initial reasons the learners uncovered, as well as their performance with the target forms in the practices. Practical Lesson Ideas Having laid out the book’s thesis, section two chapter one provides 18 lessons based on a reasons-focused approach to grammar. The lessons range from A2+ to B2+ and focus on a range of forms, from conditionals to the passive. They are written mainly with those studying in the UK in mind, though adapting them to other contexts should not present many problems. Each lesson comes with ideas for lead-ins, texts or tasks, sections on uncovering and discussing reasons, as well as suggestions for replication and/or transposition tasks. There is also advice on how to give feedback and explore learner output, with teacher’s notes included. Chapter two provides criteria for choosing texts, help with designing lead-ins, suggestions for how to encourage learners to process texts for deeper meaning, and a useful planning template (based on Bloom’s Taxonomy of Thinking Skills). The section is undoubtedly useful. The lessons are engaging, practical and very clearly laid out. The procedure notes with each are clear and help make more concrete the background from the preceding section. Newer teachers will certainly benefit from the advice about choosing texts and creating lead-ins, while more experienced teachers should enjoy experimenting with the lesson ideas. Brief ‘think about’ sections with each lesson also supply some teaching tips and points to consider before and during classes. The final section of the book answers some questions that might arise when reading the preceding chapters. Some of these did indeed answer questions I had. These included questions of learners’ level, teacher training contexts and the use of controlled practices. Some questions did remain, however, most notably about the usefulness of transposition tasks which do not involve learners manipulating the target language being taught. While the point about communicating the same meanings in different ways in different contexts is clearly valuable, the lack of actual practice, creative or otherwise, with given target forms seems to give a lesson more of an awareness-raising feel, rather than a focused chance to experiment with a form. The shift to meaningful practice tasks, however, is certainly overdue. From Rules to Reasons is a stimulating and welcome addition to ELT’s burgeoning collection of grammar books. It is clear, informative and provides much to think about for new and experienced teachers alike. The practical lesson ideas and discussion are stimulating and would allow busy teachers to experiment in class without having to spend hours preparing materials. Delta Module Two candidates might find taking a reason-based approach to grammar teaching something worth exploring for their own Experimental Practice Assignment. Ideas in the book could also certainly be used in initial and more advanced teacher training courses to help participants upgrade their language awareness. And as someone about to start some new classes in a few weeks, I’ll be excited to try some of the lesson ideas myself. Author’s Bio: Chris Ożóg is a teacher, teacher trainer, and writer, based in Kobe, Japan. He works on various teacher training projects, CELTA and Delta courses, and collaborates with a number of different international ELT organisations, including Bell, Distance Delta, IHWO and CUP. He is also Editor of the IH Journal. His principle ELT interests are in the observation and feedback cycle in teacher development. From Rules to Reasons, by Danny Norrington-Davies Pavilion Publishing, 2016, £29.95.

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Answer by Raakhee V. Menon: Although there is no direct reference to ‘Mumbai’ as such in the Mahabharata, the area currently called Mumbai was a part of the Konkana region which was a part of Shurparaka, a kingdom founded by Lord Parashurama, close to the mouth of the Narmada river. It lay very close to the Kingdom of Vidarbha, maternal home of Queen Rukmini, Lord Krishna’s chief Queen. Shurparaka finds a definite mention in the Mahabharata. Parashurama gave this kingdom to the Brahmin rulers of Kashyapa clan. Shurparaka is identified with medieval Sopara and modern day Nala Sopara, very close to the current city of Mumbai. The Shurparaka kingdom was annexed by the Pandava prince Sahadeva at the time of the A̶s̶h̶w̶a̶m̶e̶d̶h̶a̶ ̶Y̶a̶g̶n̶a̶ ̶o̶f̶ ̶Y̶u̶d̶h̶i̶s̶h̶t̶h̶i̶r̶a̶ ̶a̶f̶t̶e̶r̶ ̶t̶h̶e̶ ̶K̶u̶r̶u̶k̶s̶h̶e̶t̶r̶a̶ ̶w̶a̶r̶ Rajasuya Yagna of Yudhishthira before the Kurukshetra war. The coastal islands were predominantly inhabited by Koli fishermen. It was much later that the area was conferred onto a family of vassals of the then Rashtrakuta king, Govinda II. This feudal clan was known as the Shilahara Dynasty and occupied most of the areas of present day Mumbai, Thane, Raigad, etc.

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Chimpanzees seem almost human, and scientists have maintained for decades that chimps are, in fact, 98.5 percent genetically identical to humans. But the results of a new study call that figure into question, with a finding that there are actually large chunks of the human and chimp genomes that are vastly different. Researchers at a company called Perlegen Sciences in Mountain View, California, used a powerful biological computer chip that can scan the entire genetic makeup of an organism, that is, its whole genome. The results, published in Monday's issue of Genome Research, show that chimps and humans are much more different than scientists previously thought. "The study shows the richness and texture of these differences we have with our close neighbors in the evolutionary tree," said Richard Gibbs, director of the Human Genome Sequencing Center at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, who was not involved in the Perlegen study. Researchers will now focus on these genetic variations to discover how the species differ functionally, which they hope will lead to knowledge about human health. "(This study) provides a valuable starting point from which to improve our understanding of what makes human beings unique," said Dr. David Cox, Perlegen's chief scientific officer and co-author of the study, in a statement. Researchers around the world are sequencing the genomes of various animals: some very far away from humans on the evolutionary tree, like pufferfish, and some closer, such as nonhuman primates. The reason to compare the genomes of very distant species is that any genes they might have in common have likely been conserved for good reasons and are worth studying. But studies like Perlegen's, and another recent paper published by Ed Rubin of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the Feb. 28 issue of the journal Science, help argue the point that, while studying genomes of distant species is valuable, it is the species closer to humans in evolution that might yield the most important clues about human health. "Although such comparisons readily identify regions of the human genome performing general biological functions shared with evolutionarily distant mammals, they will invariably miss recent changes in DNA sequence that account for uniquely primate biological traits," Rubin wrote in his paper. Because of the chimp's genetic similarity to humans, the small amount of DNA that differs between the two species promises to reveal important secrets about what makes humans human. "It's a good reminder that sometimes the differences between things that are already very similar provide the most insight," Gibbs said. The Perlegen researchers compared human chromosome 21 with chimpanzee, orangutan, rhesus macaque and woolly monkey DNA sequences. In all the species, they found that DNA had been rearranged much more frequently during primate genome evolution than previously thought. The DNA was often reordered in areas of the genome that contained functioning genes -- genes that researchers can investigate to find important clues about human health and the nature of disease. The study didn't generate a new number expressing how similar or different chimpanzee DNA is from human DNA. However, researchers say, that number might be different depending on how it is measured anyway. With new technologies like Perlegen's biochip, researchers can measure the genome at a much more minute scale than had been possible before. The 98.5 percent difference between humans and nonhuman primates is based on differences between the two genomes' sequences of the letters A, T, C and G, which stand for the nucleotides adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine. When researchers sequence the DNA of a genome, they use a machine like Applied Biosystems' ABI Prism 3700 to determine the order of the nucleotides. The letters form base pairs (A always binds to T and C always binds to G) that link together to form the rungs on the ladder of the DNA double helix. But with technologies like Perlegen's "high-density array" -- a chip that allows scientists to look at whole genomes -- researchers can not only see missing base pairs, but also rearrangements of the base pairs in the genomes. "(The research shows) how very interesting it is to look at small differences, whereas previously the focus was looking at broad differences," Gibbs said. "That's a suggestion of a paradigm shift."

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The Buddha’s teachings shine light on how we perceive ourselves and the world around us. This clarity leads to insights that can deepen our compassion, expand our understanding, and help us realize our full potential. Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche emphasizes the importance of engaging in study and contemplation, even before meditation. Under his direction, Nalandabodhi has developed a comprehensive and systematic Buddhist study curriculum that applies to our lives today. Our curriculum covers the philosophical, meditative, and practical teachings presented in the Kagyu and Nyingma schools of Tibetan Buddhism. On the path of study, students will develop insight as they progress through the following courses: The introductory series of classes explores the basic principles of the Buddha’s teachings. They provide practical advice for applying these teachings in our lives and broadening our understanding of the world around us, all the while laying the groundwork for later courses. View Courses Also known as the “foundational vehicle,” Hinayana is the basis of entering the path as taught in the Vajrayana Buddhist traditions. In this stage of study and contemplation, we take a courageous look at our personal unease and suffering, as well as our comfort and happiness. By working with these experiences, we learn how to step away from confusion and toward truly helping ourselves and others. View Courses Mahayana builds on the foundation of Hinayana, expanding our concern for our own happiness to include that of others. These teachings introduce us to the possibility of transforming even the most negative emotions into positive states of mind. By working with our emotions and exploring the illusory nature of all phenomena, we can develop a heart of genuine compassion. Mahayana also introduces us to the idea of buddha nature — the understanding that our hearts and minds are, from the beginning, the same as the Buddha’s. View Courses Vajrayana Buddhism is the innermost essence of the Mahayana teachings. Continuing studies at this level are available to Nalandabodhi members who are actively engaged in the Vajrayana practices of our Path of Meditation.

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Fray Diego de Landa Calderón (1524-1579) was a Franciscan priest born in Alcarreña de Cifuentes, Guadalajara, Spain, who traveled to Yucatan and became the asistente del guardián of Izamal in 1549. In 1552, he was promoted to guardián and in 1561 promoted again to provincial of the province of Yucatan. The following year, de Landa initiated an auto de fé in Maní, Yucatan, in which he famously gathered and burned all the Mayan codices he could get his hands on at the time. The Mayas who were rounded up during the search for evidence that would incriminate them of the crime of continuing to secretly worship the old gods were all severally punished and tortured unmercifully. Many were killed out-right, died during the torture, or committed suicide. When the bishop of Yucatan, Francisco de Toral, heard of these proceedings, he complained about De Landa in a letter to the Spanish king, Felipe II. De Landa, in turn, traveled to Spain in 1563 to defend himself of the bishop’s accusations, which he did successfully and was subsequently acquitted of any wrongdoing. The torture was done in the name of God, after all. While he was in Spain, De Landa wrote a document outlining his understanding and observations of the Mayan culture. He may have planned on using it in his defense, or he may have planned on publishing it, but he ended up doing neither. By 1566, De Landa stopped work on the manuscript. The King had recently issued a decree forbidding the publication of books about superstitions and the manner in which the Indians of the New World lived, so that was that. During his stay in Spain, Fray Diego de Landa’s old antagonist, Bishop Francisco de Toral, died and De Landa found himself appointed as the new bishop of Yucatan in 1571. He carried the manuscript with him back to Yucatan in 1572 and deposited the manuscript in the Franciscan convent in Mérida, Yucatán, for safe keeping, but at some later point the document disappeared. The last mention of the original manuscript was in the Relación de Chunchuchu y Tabi by Pedro García in January 20, 1581. Although De Landa’s original manuscript was lost and never published, a scribe’s abridged copy of a portion of the original manuscript was discovered in 1862, in the Academia de la Historia, in the Royal Library of Madrid, by Abbé Charles-Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg. This fragment represents an unknown percentage of the original manuscript. It was copied down in 1616 on 66 two-sided leaves plus a map and is the work of three different scribes. Sometime later, the 66 leaves and map were gathered together out of sequence and bound together by a bookbinder. It was entitled Relación ele las cosas de Yucatan, sacada de lo que escribió el Padre Frai Diego de Landa de la orden de San Francisco. In 1864, Brasseur de Bourbourg transcribed a portion of the Spanish text of the fragment of the copy of De Landa’s manuscript, adding titles and rearranging the order. He then added a French translation to it, which he had Arthus Bertrand publish in Paris as Relation des choses de Yucatán de Diego de Landa. Since 1864, portions of the fragment of the abstract have been published 14 more times, but few editions include all the text, or all the drawings. For example, William Gates published his version of the abstract in English in 1937, but without many of the original drawings and with the inclusion of many more drawings and notes that were not originally contained in the scribes’ abstract. This work was reprinted in 1978 by Dover Publications. In 1983, Ediciones Dante reprinted the 1938 version by Pérez Martínez, but this Dante version also lacks many of the abstract’s drawings and the pages have been re-shuffled. The result of all this loss, redaction, copying and reshuffling is that the published versions of the texts that most people have come to believe are faithfully typeset copies of the original Diego de Landa manuscript are nothing of the sort. They are simply copied snippets of copied snippets, rearranged in various orders. The original Diego de Landa manuscript, as far as we know, no longer exists. Copyright 2015, Ric Hajovsky

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A 3-year-old child presented with pallor and lethargy. A full blood count was performed and the following results were noted: Hb 43 g/L, MCV 75.3 fL, WCC 5.3 x 109/L and platelet count 302 x 109/L. Although the white cell count was normal, the differential revealed a mild neutropenia of 1.0 x 109/L. A haemolytic screen was performed: the reticulocyte count was 0.1%, the bilirubin 10 umol/L and the serum lactate dehydrogenase 202 IU/L. Initial serology testing for parvovirus B19 infection was negative. A bone marrow examination revealed a mildly hypocellular marrow with marked erythroid hypoplasia. Myeloid maturation, despite a mild neutropenia, was normal. As the Hb and reticulocyte count improved spontaneously within a few days, a diagnosis of ‘transient erythroblastopenia of childhood’ was made retrospectively on this child. Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood There are 3 major causes of red cell aplasia occurring in childhood. They are namely: - Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA) or pure red cell aplasia - Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC) - Acute aplastic crisis superimposed on chronic haemolytic anaemia. This form of red cell aplasia may occur in adults as well as in children. In 1970, Wranne described 4 children with temporary red cell aplasia. This phenomenon became known as ‘transient erythroblastopenia of childhood’ or TEC. TEC commonly presents at 2 years of age, although it can present as young as 6 months of age. The clinical presentation of TEC is essentially normal except for the appearance of pallor and signs of anaemia such as tachycardia. The Hb levels are variable with a mean of 56 g/L and a reticulocyte count below 1.0%. If the patient is already in the recovery phase, which frequently occurs, the reticulocyte count will be higher. TEC is often associated with a neutropenia. Bone marrow examination reveals a normocellular marrow with erythroid hypoplasia. Myeloid maturation is normal despite the frequent association with neutropenia. Serum lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin and serum haptoglobin levels are normal in TEC and there is usually no evidence of an associated parvovirus B19 infection. Recovery is denoted by a rise in the reticulocyte count, an increase in the MCV and RDW and a reversal of the neutropenia. Spontaneous, complete recovery, usually occurs within one month of presentation. There is no specific treatment for TEC. The administration of intravenous IgG or corticosteroids is not indicated. Wranne L. Transient erythroblastopenia in infancy and childhood. Scand J Haematol 1970; 7:76-81

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Social engineering attacks are becoming increasingly popular amongst attackers, as a strategy to breach companies. Verizon carried out a study on social engineering attacks and found that over 43% of breaches that were documented involved some form of social engineering attack. There is a reason why social engineering attacks are becoming an increasingly common attack strategy amongst cyber criminals, as these types of attacks have the most success when it comes to breaching organisations. The most common themes in phishing attacks come from those which relate to current political or social events, natural disasters, or those which attempt to impersonate staff members, such as an IT support technician. According to a report by APWG, titled "APWG 2016 Q4 Phishing Trends", the number of phishing attempts against organisations increased by 250% between October 2015 and March 2016. It is evident that this form of social engineering is the most exploited by attackers to gain access to organisations. Social engineering attacks can come in a variety of different forms, in relation to email phishing; two types of attacks exist, untargeted and targeted. Target phishing attacks involve an attacker using personal information, which it is specific to an individual or a small set of individuals. An attacker may use information relating to personal aspects of the victims life such as an event or incident which has occurred, coupled with tricks to ensure that the phishing email appears to be legitimate. These techniques could include impersonating a trusted source or person such as an IT support employee, or someone of a higher authority. Additionally, attackers will also attempt to influence their victims by exploiting emotional characteristics such as fear. Untargeted phishing attacks tend to be less specific and are aimed more towards a variety of people, and involve generic emails such as those which include links to videos, articles, or websites, which ask for financial payments. Dionach conduct a number of social engineering services, which are becoming increasingly more popular with clients due to the trend in security breaches involving social engineering attacks. The following graph illustrates statistics showing the success rates of both targeted and untargeted phishing campaigns, which Dionach have carried out: The graph above shows the success rates of each type of attack, when Dionach conducted untargeted phishing campaigns, only 9.25% percent of victims clicked on a malicious link. In contrast, when targeted campaigns were conducted, the success rate increased by half with 24.04% of victims clicking on malicious links. These numbers are not surprising, as targeted campaigns in theory should present more success, however organisations are still falling victim to simple and blatant phishing emails. How do we protect ourselves against these types of attacks? In today's blog post, we will look at an example phishing email, which illustrates the types of techniques that attackers use when they are trying to socially engineer their victims into performing actions on their behalf. We will then analyse the email and discuss the various areas one could inspect to determine the legitimacy of an email. To provide some context, we have an attacker called Tom Fisher who has performed some reconnaissance on an employee called Emma Jefferson. From Fisher's research, he has determined that Emma is a keen runner and recently participated in the Bournemouth marathon. Using this information, Fisher has tailored the following phishing email in an attempt to entice Emma into providing her personal details to Fisher, as well as access to her computer through an Office macro: As we can see from the email above, there are a number of elements which one can inspect to determine whether the email is legitimate or not. The following bullet points summarise the structure and content of a phishing email: - 1. Misspellings in email addresses - 2. Check if the sender in the email header matches that which is in the actual email - 3. Reply to email address is a different from that of the claimed organisation's one - 4. If the email requests personal information, like a credit card number or user credentials for accounts such as Amazon - 5. If the email contains some warnings in order to put a victim under pressure - 6. If the email contains some links which after hovering over them reveal different URLs - 7. If the email contains a malicious attachment such as an Office document which includes a Macro, or asks the user to download and run a program from website URL - A number of phishing emails will contain offers to deals in an attempt to entice victims into clicking on malicious links. To avoid this, check that the offer exists with the legitimate company. As we can see, identifying these types of attacks can be difficult if people are not educated and aware of them. Attackers will continuously innovate their phishing attacks and create new ways to trick users into performing actions on their behalf. I hope that this article has helped to provide some insight and education into phishing emails to help better protect organisations against these types of attacks.

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I can't help it. As a onetime English major and teacher of the same and as a writer, teacher, and sometime editor, I can't not notice errors in writing. And they're everywhere. Sometimes they're just typos--any errors you notice in this piece are typos, by the way--but usually they're the result of the writer's having heard a particular usage rather than having read it. I'm talking about homophones-- words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings. A few days ago I read a piece in which someone said he called a contractor he was having a problem with and "raised cane." I immediately thought of someone hoeing sorghum or sugar cane, though I knew what the angry person meant to say was "raised Cain"--an expression that means caused a ruckus and implies that one is resurrecting the spirit of the biblical Cain--the first murderer. The person who wrote he'd raised cane probably wouldn't be fazed by a nit-picky old lady. And he'd probably spell fazed wrong--phased or phazed are two popular variations. Then there's the expression to give free reign. Sounds plausible, as if one were giving the right to reign over something. Except that the correct phrase is to give free rein -- as in holding the reins loosely so that a horse can go at its own pace. And speaking of horses, what happened to Whoa--the traditional command to stop a horse? It's also used for people, as in "Hold your horses" and as an expression of amazement, as in "Whoa, I didn't see that coming!" But more and more people are writing Woah, which, to me, should rhyme with Noah (like Cain, another biblical character.) Oh well, horses and biblical knowledge and correct usage are so yesterday. Kinda like me.

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Ashapura Devi Maa Temple Kutch, Gujarat Ashapura Mata Temple, a 14th-century temple, is dedicated to the chief deity of Jadeja Rajputs, Ashapura Mata. The temple was commissioned under the rule of Jadeja dynasty and was constructed by two Karad Vanias- Ajo and Anagor. Ashapura Devi Maa, an incarnation of Annapoorna devi, is popular amongst her devotees as she fulfills desires and wishes of people who pray to her in need. In Gujarat, many other communities worship her as a kuldevi. Origin of the shrine is stepped in antiquity. One can see the references of Ashapura Devi Maa in the Puranas, Rudrayamal Tantra and so on which are all said to point to this shrine in Kutch. As such there are no ancient records that give any indications of the beginning of worship at this temple but it firmly stands out that the deity was very much there in the 9th century AD when Samma clan, Rajputs of Singh region, first entered the north-west Kutch. Later, more communities started following and eventually established them in the region. Over centuries, the temple has suffered severe damages due to earthquakes, first times in 1819 and the second time in 2001. The current structure of the temples is designed by two Brahmakshatriyas-Sundarji Shivji and Mehta Vallabhaji. Inside the temple, one can see a six feet high red-painted stone statue of Ashapura Mata. People of many communities gather at the temples for her ‘darshan’ all the year round, particularly during the ‘chaitra’, and in greater numbers during the ‘ashvin’ Navratri. During the festival, puja is performed on a large scale; everyone from erstwhile rulers to locals takes an active participation in the festival.

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Dr. Peter F. Moore, Forestry Officer, Forest Fire Management & Disaster Risk Reduction, in the FAO-Forestry Department originates from Australia and posted the following statement in response to the ongoing wildfire crisis: “In January 1994 there were four fire related deaths, hundreds of thousands of hectares burnt and fingers of fire crept into the city of Sydney. - Parliament, the cabinet and the coroner held inquiries and released reports on the reasons, causes of death and the possible means of avoiding the same problems in the future. On Christmas Day 2001, the concerns of fire authorities in New South Wales were realised – in full measure. The lead-up to summer conditions had been drier than normal. December 25, 2001 was hot with temperatures well over 30C; very low humidity of less than 15 per cent; and winds from the west. These bush fires burnt nearly 700,000ha, with 115 houses and many other buildings destroyed and scores of others damaged. - And Parliament and the coroner held inquiries and released reports on the reasons and the causes … Then in January 2003, the concerns of fire authorities in New South Wales, Victoria and the ACT were realised – in full measure. Leading up to the summer, conditions had been drier than normal. Bushfires burned into Canberra the national capital … - And Parliament, the coroner and the Council of Australian Governments held inquiries and released reports on the reasons and the causes … In 2009 in Victoria with even more tragic results; over 170 deaths, hundreds of buildings, thousands of animals and tens of thousands of hectares. - There was a Royal Commission, court cases and reports … With minor variations the above could also be repeated for the fire seasons of 1897, 1912, 1926, 1933, 1939, 1944, 1949, 1951, 1957, 1960, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1977, 1980 and 1983. These events are not “unprecedented”. They have been experienced before and are within living memory. This was pointed out in 2005, noting that there was every reason the fires would be with us again. They are. Australia is a fire-formed continent in many ways and fire is part of our landscape. The place and role of the invaders – people, plants, buildings and animals – must be mediated with the needs of our fire-formed landscapes for this uneasy relationship to be better managed. Fires are events that have taken place across landscapes for millennia. They will continue to do so. People have direct and indirect influence on the incidence, impacts and nature of fires and are affected by them. In order to have any success in “managing” fire there must be a strong understanding and knowledge of fire in the landscape being managed. The measures to be put in place are those of sound management, informed by local ecology, shaped by history and constrained by current reality including political, economic, ecological and social reality. Efforts to deal with the “landscape-sized” requirements to address bushfires and management of natural and human assets, and at the same time the efforts to incorporate protection of a particular species or habitat are not trivial. In most fire seasons, the uneasy relationship between scale, scope, management ethos, funding and political processes goes unnoticed. Bushfire impacts, however, cannot be avoided and the disconnected links are exposed by them, as is the case in the Arctic, the Amazon, California, Indonesia and Australia. Fire Management has five facets and only one of them is firefighting. Integrated approaches to fire management place greater emphasis on addressing underlying causes and seek long-term, sustainable solutions that incorporate five essential elements (the 5Rs) that are the same as the globally adopted characterisation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, used in describing disaster risk reduction and management, to which Australia is a signatory: - REVIEW – Analysis of the fire issue and identification of options for positive change; - RISK REDUCTION – Prevention – focusing resources on the underlying causes of fires; - READINESS – Preparing to fight fires; - RESPONSE – Ensuring appropriate responses to unwanted or damaging fires; and - RECOVERY – Community welfare, repairing infrastructure and restoration of fire-damaged landscapes. Resources need to be directed to support fire data collection and analysis which improves the understanding of fire causes, identifies existing management practices that encourage harmful fires and promote management systems that take advantage of well-established fire use. Analysis in fire prone areas needs to start before a fire begins. Data on wildfires/bushfires indicate that 90% of fires are readily contained and burn approximately 10% or less of the total area burnt. This suggests that for those fires the current planning, management and technologies are working reasonably well. The other ~90% of the area burnt is by ~5-10% of fires. These events are the ones that we see reported and include loss of life, damage and loss to property, infrastructure and also have environmental impacts such as Greece and California in July 2018, again in 2019 and now Australia. These fires are uncontrollable as they exceed the limits of suppression until the weather conditions moderate (particularly wind strength) or the fire no longer has sufficient fuel and the fire burns out. There is nothing that fire fighters can do to stop or contain such fires until conditions change. The maximum fireline intensity for working directly on the flames is generally considered to be ~4000 kW/m. For indirect attack, where the tactic is to work at a distance from the wildfire, the limit of suppression is ~10 000 kW/m. Extreme wildfire events always exceed these limits. For example, the Pedrógão Grande wildfire that occurred in Portugal in June 2017, burned with fireline intensities from 20 000 to 60 000 kW/m and a rate of spread of 65 m/min (~4 km/h). There will always be some wildfires that exceed the capacity for suppression. The limit of suppression capacity needs to be understood and factored in by communities, agencies and governments. The dominant approach to fires in the history of developed countries has been to suppress them and undertake prohibition of fire use. The assumption is that damaging fires are due to a lack of means to fight them. The accumulating experience makes clear that firefighting is not a solution to the problem. Fires are a landscape problem. They are not a problem resulting from insufficient or inadequate means of suppression but from the situation of fuel continuity and accumulation of fuels from vegetation and the proximity to those things of human assets (buildings, communities, infrastructure) and ecological values (particular habitats, species, natural features). The altered landscape has made the population increasingly vulnerable. The solution is resilient landscapes that balance the hazards, reduce risk and can be established and sustained. Key to successfully integrating ecology, society and fire management technologies is effective analysis of the situation. What is the ecological role and impact of fire in a given area? What is the social, cultural and economic context in which fires are occurring? Who is starting fires and why? What are the characteristics of the fuels in the area and how does fire behave in them under different burning conditions? What other factors or threats are exacerbating the fire problem, such as land tenure issues, illegal logging, invasive species or climate change? The conference statement of the 7th International Wildland Fire Conference held in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, October 2019, identified that the paradigm of addressing the wildfire (bushfire) problem through individual and disconnected services and actions in fire prevention or suppression should be reframed. Unified and integral planning must ensure and strengthen societal, environmental and economic resilience to landscape fires by addressing: - Risk governance and ownership - Dialogue of knowledge, including traditional and indigenous knowledge - Gender, diversity and inclusion - Socio-economic innovation in rural landscapes, favouring nature-based solutions - Strengthening local action - Creation of resilient ecosystems and communities During the process of considering the disastrous wildfires in Portugal and Europe of 2017 one fire manager stated “I don’t want more resources I want a better landscape.“ This is one focus that is needed. There are two critical elements that will enable this to be done. In 2020 there will be a conference held in Australia, Women in Firefighting Australasia (WAFA) Conference – Wednesday 26 – Thursday 27 August 2020. During the 7th International Wildland Fire Conference there was a plenary session on Women’s role on integrated fire management and a special session on Visibility, network, and leadership of Women in Fire, a session on Visions, voices and indigenous knowledge in traditional fire management and on Research, management and traditional communities’ knowledge on integrated fire management: the challenges of the dialogues of knowledge. In Europe the newly funded EU project PyroLife will be training a new generation of interdisciplinary experts in integrated fire management, with an emphasis on gender balance and breadth. The input, influence, ideas and engagement of women and of traditional and indigenous knowledge in fire management is key both for now, post the bushfires in Australia, and for a risk reduced and resilient future for Australia the fire adapted continent and for wildfires in the world.” (Dr. Peter F. Moore) Dr. Marcus Lindner, EFI Principal Natural Scientist stresses further the exceptional climatic conditions that fuelled the present wildfire season in Australia as average temperatures and drought were both at record levels in 2019 (see graph and New York Times). The relevance of these factors were described in this article on the impact of climate change on wildfire risk. Moreover, he comments: “Managing the wildfire problem must include not only the landscape level fuel management, it also needs to understand the climate crisis and forests can play a big role in climate change mitigation and shifting the mind sets from a fossil based to a renewable economy. Let us hope that 2020 will be a turning point so that decision makers understand the urgency and take action at all levels“ In this context, EFI published a publication called “straight from the seminar”, presenting the key messages (see Download) of the international conference, “Resilient landscapes to face catastrophic forest fires: global insights towards a new paradigm,” held recently in Madrid. Bringing together fire experts, policymakers and key stakeholders, the conference discussed potentials of new approaches across scales, disciplines and experiences. Photo credit: MomentsForZen @Flickr

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Theory of Mind A key factor in social interaction is our beliefs about others, a theory of mind. This project works on modeling theory of mind processes and providing autonomous social agents with this capacity. Active Analysis and Crowd Sourced Approaches to Social Training This project aims at creating a social training framework using Stanislavsky’s Active Analysis (a rehearsal technique) and crowd powered interactive narratives. Virtual Human Embodiment The Virtual Human Embodiment project computationally models the relation between mind and body. One outcome of this research is Cerebella, a framework for automated generation of virtual human. Decision-making, emotion and stress In this work, we propose a generative model of human decision making during emotionally stressful, potentially life threatening events, such as hurricanes. Cerebella Cerebella automates the generation of physical behaviors for virtual humans, including nonverbal behaviors accompanying the virtual human's dialog and responses to perceptual events as well as listening. Interactive Pedagogical Dramas Interactive Pedagogical Dramas are compelling interactive stories that have didactic purpose. Autonomous agents realize the characters in the drama, which unfolds based on user interaction.

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This is a useful activity to reinforce the concepts of translation, rotation and reflection. This resource contains brief descriptions of the above concepts and an animation which demonstrates them (created on Microsoft PowerPoint). Once students review the concepts and watch the animation they can go on to creating their own animation which demonstrates the concepts using PowerPoint. The end of the PowerPoint contains instructions about how to translate, rotate and reflect objects used in their animations. The PowerPoint contains suggestions for the teacher in the notes section under the slides. The preview shows a snippet of the animation. The product contains the full animation, concept descriptions, and instructions and is editable *My class found it to be a really engaging activity.

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Using the setup mode, verify each encoder's sign and the number of tics-per-revolution (or ratios on older systems). Don't be confused if the guide mode sends you in the wrong direction in right ascension when the actual error is in the sign for the declination axis. The reason for this is too complicated to explain here. Just remember that any incorrect settings will show up in the encoder test. (See the MAX Operator's Guide for a complete explanation of the Review the alignment procedure in your MAX Computer Operator's Guide making sure you understand each step. An incorrect starting point when the systems asks you to "SET DEC=0," or set the scope "VERTICAL" or "LEVEL," will directly correlate to a bad warp factor. If you suspect the initial position to be incorrect, try moving a little in one direction and starting over. If the warp factor is worse, try a starting point that is a little bit in the other direction. If you are unsure about where to start you can find more information in JMI's documents titled The Importance of the Initial NGC Alignment and Star Alignments with a German Equatorial Mount. If your mount does not show a zero Declination point, you can try one of two methods to find that position. The first method is to use a carpenter square to find 90°. With the second method you sight an object at approximately 90° Declination and make necessary adjustments in order to make sure the object stays centered while rotating in Right Ascension. Once you have verified the position, be sure to set your mechanical setting circles or mark the position so you can easily return to that point. When using higher resolution encoders or smaller telescopes there is a higher probability of moving too fast. If this happens your MAX will signal the problem by displaying "encoder error" or flashing an asterisk. At that point your alignment will be lost and you will have to restart the alignment procedure. Sometimes it actually happens that people are sighting on the wrong stars. Try different stars or verify the star names using a star map. If you are having trouble with a one-star alignment (intended for mounts that are perfectly polar aligned), make sure you first understand and can successfully complete a two-star alignment. This often uncovers problems that are not easily diagnosed with a one-star procedure. A low battery will cause the computer to do strange things. Check the battery by replacing it with a new one. Always use an alkaline battery. If the display acts erratic, check for cable problems as discussed in the Encoder and Cable Problems section above. While malfunctions in the MAX Computer itself are rare, it does happen. In that case, the only practical solutions are to replace the chip(s) or replace the whole unit.

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Stefani Spranger on What Every Oncologist Should Know About Immunotherapy Stefani Spranger, PhD Stefani Spranger, PhD, postdoctoral fellow, Cancer Research Institute at The University of Chicago, discusses the basic knowledge all oncologists should have regarding immunotherapy. Immunotherapy actives the immune system to recognize and then destroy the cancer, says Spranger. The main players in this recognition are CD8-positive T cells. These are the T cells in viral infections that are responsible for killing the infected cells. With cancer, because the body’s own cells are attacking it, the CD8-positive T cells do not know to fight it. Immunotherapy educates the immune system to do this and could possibility be used to fight most of the cancers that are currently out there, says Spanger.

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On October 11th, 1809, Meriwether Lewis died of gunshot wounds at Grinder’s Stand, an inn on the Natchez Trace some seventy miles southwest of Nashville. He was thirty-five years old. It remains one of the great mysteries of the early United States: Was it murder or suicide? Captain Meriwether Lewis was President Thomas Jefferson’s chosen leader for the Corps of Discovery Expedition into the expansive territory of Louisiana, acquired from France in 1803. Lewis picked William Clark as his second-in-command. The journey from St. Louis to the Pacific and back again, lasting from May 1804 to September 1806, is of course better known by the names of its two principal officers, Lewis and Clark. After the Lewis and Clark expedition, Lewis had been appointed the second Governor of Louisiana Territory in 1807. He seems to have been an uneven administrator. In the fall of 1809, he was making his way to Washington, D.C., to press his case for reimbursement for expenditures and to defend himself against his territorial secretary, Frederick Bates, who complained vociferously about Lewis to Washington. Some believers in the murder theory blame bandits—the Natchez Trace was not the safest route. Others have more conspiratorial explanations. The rough politics of the territorial frontier created fierce enmities. General James Wilkinson, the first governor of the territory, was an agent of Spain, or perhaps a double agent, and may or may not also have been conspiring with Vice President Aaron Burr. Then there was also the ongoing spat with Bates. But most historians believe the suicide theory, even as they admit there’s not enough evidence to be definitive. Epidemiologist Reimert Thorolf Ravenholt sees the clues as pointing to an “underlying cause” of neurosyphilis paresis, or late-stage syphilis, which can lead to dementia and paralysis. In Ravenholt’s view, the preceding two years of Lewis’s “increasingly strange behavior,” including an earlier suicide attempt on the final journey to Washington, culminated in the desperate act in a remote country inn. Bankrupt and in debt, unmarried, his journals of the expedition unpublished, Lewis’s life was a shambles. It was all quite a comedown from the heroic expedition, during which, to add to his woes, he had been accidentally shot in the buttocks. But was it more than all this? Ravenholt points to the mental and physiological ravages of syphilis, which he argues Lewis picked up on the expedition west. Among his eleven points of evidence: “sexual intercourse with women of the tribes by Corps members was frequently urged by the Indians and was commonplace” and “several Corps members (probably at least eight) did develop syphilis.” Ravenholt puts forward a night in August 1805 as the likely time Lewis was infected. Lewis’s sudden interest in the topic of sexually transmitted diseases is made manifest in his journal entry of August 13, 1805: “I was anxious to learn whether these people [Shoshonis] had the venereal, and made inquiry through the interpreter and his wife.” Get Our Newsletter The idea that members of the Lewis and Clark expedition had sex doesn’t fit well with the heroic mythology most of us learned in school. Ravenholt’s thesis, unsurprisingly, is controversial. A couple of responses in a later issue of the journal challenge him. One suggests that mercury, a common but highly toxic cure for venereal disease, may have been the cause of Lewis’s degeneration. Ravenholt rejoins that both syphilis and mercury could be detected in the remains. We will likely never know the truth: The National Park Service, which has jurisdiction over Lewis’s grave, forbids the unearthing of graves on its lands.

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Source: Healthtriangle.org: The Health Triangle achieved without an equal balance in all three dimensions. When one side is emphasized too much, or not enough, the other sides will change and lead to an unhealthy imbalance. In her article, Kent describes the three health arenas of the Health Physical health addresses the body’s ability to perform basic functions without fatigue, and might include things like eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, avoiding harmful substances such as drugs and alcohol, and getting enough sleep. Mental health assesses how a person thinks and feels about themselves and how they cope with the everyday life. A person with good mental health can express their feelings, learn from mistakes, and have a low stress Social health encompasses how a person interacts with the people and the environment around them. A socially healthy person can communicate well with others, builds strong and fulfilling relationships, and can collaborate and play with others in their community (Kent, 2013). I chose to use the Health Triangle to formulate the questions because students had already developed an understanding of the model. Its use in the Health curriculum would help ensure the questions would be meaningful and relevant. Physical health would be represented by sleep. Sleep is a significant factor in the body’s ability to function at its best. A lack of sleep can affect attention span, working memory and motor skills. Students were asked to indicate how many hours of sleep that they had in the previous night: less than 7 hours, 7 – 9 hours or more than 9 hours. To assess mental health, students were asked to rate their mood. They could select from: a smiley face, a neutral face, or a sad face. Any number of factors; homework, parents, traffic, friends, or extracurricular activities can affect a student’s mood. All of these factors can increase levels of stress and can have a further impact on student productivity in the classroom. Students can become easily distracted, forgetful, or unable to give full attention to the task at hand. All of which have a negative impact on To ensure that social health was represented, I tried to gather data for the ways in which students wanted to learn. The options students had were: work alone, with a partner, or in a group. I thought that the idea of working in a large group would excite some, but that it might leave others timid and fearful. I also had the context of our school in mind when posing this question. Our school is highly collaborative. Our students often work in all kinds of groups of different sizes and structures. I was curious to see if our students wanted more collaboration or would they take the opportunity to work individually or in pairs?

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What is Communication? Communication is the process of sending and getting mails by verbal or non-verbal means, including speech or oral communication; written and graphical representations (such as infographics, maps, and charts); and signs, signals, and behaviors. More simply, we say that communication is “the creation and exchange of meaning.” All creatures on earth have developed ways of transmitting their emotions and thoughts to each other. However, humans’ ability to use words and language to transfer specific meanings distinguishes them from the animal kingdom. Eight Essential Components of Communication To better comprehend the communication process, we can divide it into a series of eight essential components: The basis imagines, creates, and sends the message. In a public speaking state, the original is the person giving the speech. They get the message across by sharing new information with the public. The speaker also conveys a message through their tone of voice, body language, and choice of clothing. The speaker begins by first determining the message: what to say and how to say it. The second step is to encode the message by choosing the correct order or the perfect words to convey the desired sense. The third stage is to present or send the info to the recipient of the audience. Finally, by observing the audience’s reaction, the source perceives how well they received the message and responds with clarifications or supporting information. “The message is the incentive or meaning produced by the basis for the receiver or the audience.” When considering giving a speech or writing a report, your message may impression that only the words you choose will convey your meaning. But this is only the beginning. Words combine with grammar and organization. You can choose to save your most important point for the end. The message also includes how you pronounce it, in a speech, with your tone of voice, body language, and appearance, and in a report, with your writing style, punctuation, titles, and format you choose. Additionally, part of the message can be the environment or context in which you present it and the noise that can make your message difficult to hear or see. Imagine, for example, speaking to a large audience of salespeople, and you know there is a World Series game tonight. Your audience may have a hard time adjusting, but you can choose to open with “I understand there’s an important game tonight.” That way, by verbally expressing something that most of the people in your audience know and are interested in, you can capture and focus their attention. “The channel is how a message or messages travel between the source and the receiver.” For example, think about your TV. How numerous channels do you have on your TV? Individually track takes up space, even in a digital world, on cable, or in the signal that brings each channel’s message to your home. Television combines an audio signal that you listen to with a visual indication that you see. Together, they deliver the news to the recipient of the audience. Turn off the volume on your television. Can you still figure out what is going on? This is often the case, as body language conveys part of the program’s message. Now turn up the volume but turn it so you can’t watch TV. You can still get the dialogue and follow the story. Likewise, when you speak or write, you are using a channel to get your point across. Expressed channels include face-to-face conversations, speech, telephone conversations, voicemail messages, radio, public address systems, and voice over Internet protocol (VoIP). Written media include letters, memos, purchase orders, invoices, newspaper and magazine articles, blogs, emails, texts, tweets, and more. “The receiver obtains the message from the source, analyzing and interpreting the message in ways that are intended and unintended by the source.” To better understand this constituent, think of a receiver on a soccer team. The quarterback throws the soccer ball (message) to a receiver, who must see and interpret where to no-win the ball. The quarterback may mean for the receiver to “get” the news from him somehow, but the receiver may see it differently and ultimately lose the ball (the intended meaning). As a receiver, you attend, see, touch, smell, and taste to receive a message. Your audience is “measuring” you, just as you might verify long before you go on stage or open your mouth. The non-verbal responses of your listeners can serve as clues on how to adjust your openness. By imagining yourself in their place, you forestall what you would look for instead. Just as a signal-caller plan where the receiver will place the ball correctly, he can also recognize the interaction between the source and the receiver in a business communication context. All of this occurs at the same time, exemplifying why and how communication is constantly changing. When you reply to the source, intentionally or not, you are providing feedback. Feedback is made up of messages that the receiver sends to the head. Verbal or non-verbal, all of these feedback signals allow the source to see how much, how accurately (or how wrong and inaccurate the message was) received. Feedback also allows the recipient or audience to ask for clarification, agree or disagree, or indicate that the source could make the news more interesting. As the quantity of feedback increases, so does the accuracy of the communication. For example, suppose you are a sales boss on a conference call with four sales representatives. As a source, you want to tell the representatives to take advantage of the fact that it is the World Series season to close sales of baseball-related sports equipment. You say your message, but you do not hear a response from your listeners. You can assume that means they got it and agreed with you, but later in the month, you may be disappointed to find that very few sales make. “The environment is the atmosphere, physical and mental, where you send and obtain messages.” The room situation is an example of the domain. The environment can comprise the tables, chairs, lighting, and sound equipment found in the room. The setting can also include dress, indicating whether a discussion is open and supportive, or more professional and formal. People are more likely to have an intimate conversation when they are physically close to each other and less likely when they can only see from across the room. In this case, text messages can send, which in itself is a form of intimate communication. The environment influences the choice of text. As a speaker, your domain will impact and play a role in your speech. It is always a good impression to check where you will be speaking before the actual presentation day. “The context of the communication interaction includes the setting, the stage and the expectations of the people involved.” A professional communication context can involve business requirements (environmental cues) that directly or indirectly influence participants’ linguistic and behavioral expectations. A presentation or a discussion is not an isolated event. When you got to class, you came from somewhere. The person is sitting next to him, too, as well as the instructor. The degree to which the setting is formal or informal depends on the participants’ contextual communication expectations. The person sitting next to you may use informal communication with instructors. Still, that particular instructor may use verbal and non-verbal displays of respect in an academic setting. You may also be used to formal interactions with instructors and encounter your classmate’s question: “Hello teacher, do we have homework today? Also rude and inconsiderate when they consider it normal. The instructor’s non-verbal response will undoubtedly give you a clue about how they perceive the interaction, the choice of words, and how they pronounce. Context has to do with what people expect of each other, and we often create those expectations from environmental clues. Traditional gatherings like weddings are usually formal events. There is a time for casual social greetings, a time for silence as the bride walks down the aisle, or the father can have the first dance with his daughter as she transforms from girl to woman in the eyes of his community. At any one of the celebrations, the time for frenzied celebrations and dancing can come. You may ask to toast, and the context of the wedding or quinceañera will influence your presentation, timing, and efficiency. “Interference is anything that blocks or alters the intended meaning of the source’s message.” Interference, also known as noise, can come from any source. For example, if you were driving a car to get to work or school, you were probably surrounded by noise. Horns, billboards, or maybe your car stereo have interrupted your thoughts or your chat with a passenger. Interference can also come from other sources. Maybe the office is hot and stuffy. You may be hungry, and your attention to your current situation interferes with your ability to listen. The noise interferes with the standard encoding and decoding of the message carried on the channel between the source and the receiver. Not all noise is wrong, but noise interferes with the communication process. For example, ringing your cell phone may be a pleasant noise for you, but it can disrupt the communication process in class and annoy your classmates. Types of Communication 1. Verbal Communication Verbal communication occurs when we talk to others. This can be face to face, over the phone, via Skype or Zoom, etc. Some verbal commitments are informal, like chatting with a friend over coffee or in the office kitchen, while others are more formal, like a date. Regardless of the type, it’s not just about the words. It’s also about the caliber and complexity of those words, how we put these words together to create an overall message, and the intonation (pitch, pitch, cadence, etc.) used when talking. And in a face-to-face meeting, while words are necessary, they cannot separate from non-verbal communication. 2. Non-Verbal Communication What we do while we speak often speaks louder than the actual words. Nonverbal communication includes facial expressions, posture, eye contact, hand movements, and touch. For example, if you are talking to your boss about your idea of cost reduction, you must pay attention to both your words and your non-verbal communication. Your boss may agree to your statement verbally, but your non-verbal cues: avoiding eye contact, sighing, wrinkling your face, etc., indicate something different. 3. Written Communication Be it an email, a note, a report, a Facebook post, a tweet, a contract, etc. All procedures of written communication have the same objective of disseminating information clearly and concisely, although this objective is often not achieved. Poor writing skills usually principal to confusion and embarrassment, even potential legal danger. One crucial thing to recall about written communication, especially in the digital age, is that the message endures, perhaps forever. So there are two belongings to remember: first, write well – poorly constructed sentences and careless mistakes make you look bad. And second, make sure the post’s content is something you want to promote or are associated with within the long run. The act of listening is not usually on the list of types of communication. Active listening, however, is maybe one of the most significant types of communication because if we cannot hear the person sitting in front of us, we cannot relate to them effectively. Think of a negotiation: part of the process is evaluating what the opposition wants and needs. Without listening, it is impossible to assess this, making it difficult to achieve a win-win result. 5. Visual Communication We are a visual company. Think about it, televisions run 24/7, Facebook is visual with memes, videos, images, etc., Instagram is an image-only platform, and advertisers use images to sell products and ideas. Think from a personal perspective: the photos we post on social media mean conveying meaning and communicating a message. In some cases, this message could be, look at me, I’m in Italy, or just won an award. Others are carefully selected to pull on our sensitive cords: injured animals, crying children, etc. The communication process includes understanding, sharing, and meaning and comprises eight essential elements: source, message, channel, receiver, feedback, environment, context, and interference. Among the communication, models are the transactional process, in which actions coincide, and the constructivist model focuses on shared meaning. Related Searches to Communication [types of communication] [communication is a process] [importance of communication] [means of communication] [purpose of communication] [communication skills pdf] [communication skills ppt] [communication skills meaning] [types of communication skills] [importance of communication skills] [communication skills Wikipedia] [how to improve communication skills in the workplace] [good communication skills meaning] [Listening Skills ppt] [Active listening skills PPT] [Customer service skills Ppt] [Writing skills ppt] [Marketing Skills Ppt] [Learning skills ppt] [communication skills ppt 2020] [soft skills communication skills ppt] [introduction to communication skills ppt] [effective communication skills ppt] [communication skills ppt 2021] [how to improve communication skills ppt] [communication skills ppt 2019] [types of communication skills ppt]

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Single-celled algae can cause significant water clarity issues as these individual microscopic organisms breed rapidly and exponentially, feeding off the nutrient in suspension and on the pond floor, turning the water into a pea-green soup. The most effective method of tackling single-celled algae is by introducing an Ultraviolet Clarifier (UVC). UV Clarifiers safely emit UV radiation and when algae in suspension is passed through the UV chamber, the single organisms are killed and clumped together. This flocculated algae is then usually passed through a filter to extract from the pond. UVCs require a pump to pass the pond water through and the pump is usually submersed on the pond floor or in certain cases, can be dry mounted externally. Pond Aerators will also help to reduce problematic water quality issues by aiding water circulation and introducing vital oxygen into the water column. This in turn will aid the growth of friendly aerobic bacteria which will help to break down the biomass on the pond floor. Surface debris skimmers are ideal for extracting leaf debris and foreign matter from the surface before this has the chance to sink and decompose. We also offer a range of specific water treatments to tackle issues such as murky water, string algae (blanket weed) bloom, invasive duckweed (Lemna Minor) bloom, in addition to offering water test kits to monitor the water quality parameters within the pond. Please feel free to email or call our team of experts to solve your water clarity issue.

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Joint teams of satellite imagery experts, geology experts and forensic archaeologists from the United Kingdom and the United States have completed a research visit to Bosnia-Herzegovina to investigate new methods of locating and mapping mass graves. The experts from Britain’s University of Birmingham and Applied Analysis Incorporated (AAI), a US private company specializing in processing satellite images, were part of a multi-disciplinary project organized and implemented by the International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP). The initial research phase of the project was completed on Monday, while further analyses and cost-benefit estimates will be forthcoming.One of the most difficult aspects of finding and identifying victims of conflict or human rights abuses is often locating the graves, which have frequently been hidden by the perpetrators. In many cases in Bosnia-Herzegovina, the bodies have also been moved from one location to another in order to cover-up evidence of the crime. Most mass graves found in Bosnia-Herzegovina so far have been located based on information supplied by survivors or other witnesses. Satellite imagery and spectral analysis, which measures changes in the composition of the surface of the ground, have recently been used to locate mass graves in Iraq. This multi-disciplinary ICMP project seeks to improve and expand upon such techniques through means such as plant and vegetation analysis, testing of the conductivity of soil and computer mapping analysis. Although spectral analysis is more effective in the desert environment of Iraq, in countries with more vegetation, such as Bosnia-Herzegovina, satellite imagery techniques will be more useful if patterns of plant growth associated with mass graves are better understood. Computer mapping analysis, where, for example, patterns such as maximum distance of mass graves from a road, or maximum steepness of terrain in which mass graves are located, can also help to make the search more efficient. Testing the conductivity of the earth can pinpoint a mass grave where an approximate site is already known. Mass graves tend to be more moist than the surrounding earth, and therefore more able to conduct electricity. This technique is also useful for mapping the depth and composition of a mass grave before exhumation. The joint team used some already documented sites near Zvornik, in eastern Bosnia, for their research. All the methods being investigated in this project are non-invasive; the earth does not have to be moved in order to carry out the research, which means no remains are disturbed before exhumation. “We are not looking to replace the intelligence-based method of finding mass graves,” said Dr. Mark Skinner, ICMP Director of Forensic Sciences, “But we are seeking techniques that can add to the information we have. The perpetrators of these crimes went to great efforts to hide what they did and we need to do everything we can to find the graves.”

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Skopun lies on the north-tip of the island Sandoy. The village was founded in 1833 but the place was also inhabited in the middle ages. The inhabitants of Skopun traditionally were seamen and did not own land. This explains why the houses in Skopun are lying so close to each other. When a new church was built in Vestmanna the timber from the old one was used to build a church in Skopun in1897. In 1918 the road connecting Skopun and Sandur was made. That was the first road between two villages on the Faroe Islands. The harbour in Skopun was made in 1926. It has been improved and enlarged many times due to the difficult natural conditions. In 1982 the harbour was provided with a gate that can be closed when the weather is bad. There used to be a plantation in Skopun but it was razed to the ground by a hurricane in 1988. The graveyard in Skopun is actually located in the municipality of Sandur as the border between the two municipalities for some reason is located between Skopun and its graveyard.

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Backwardation occurs when a bid price exceeds the ask price. This usually occurs when stock is suspended or under a share repurchase scheme. It can also mean that a futures contract will trade at a higher price when it is coming close to expiring. The opposite of backwardation is known as contango. Backwardation and contango are common pricing situations in the futures market. They occur when the spot price of a commodity or financial instrument differs from the forward price of a futures contract – arguably a fairly normal situation. Since backwardation and contango can be regularly spotted in the futures and spot markets, traders can employ certain techniques to take advantage of this price discrepancy, and we’ll show you how in the following lines. Let’s start with normal backwardation. Backwardation occurs when the current futures price trades below the current spot price of the underlying financial instrument. As the futures contract approaches expiration, its price will rise and converge with the higher spot price as compared to when the contract’s expiration was further away. The convergence of futures contracts that approach maturity and the spot prices of the underlying instruments is a normal pricing situation and favours those traders who are net long in the futures market. Contango is basically the opposite situation of normal backwardation. It occurs when the current futures price of a commodity or other financial instrument trades above the current spot price of the underlying instrument, which indicates that the futures price shall eventually fall to converge with the spot price. Similar to backwardation, a futures contract that is in contango will gradually approach the spot price over time as the contract approaches its expiration date. The following chart shows how a contango and backwardation curve looks like as the futures contract approaches its maturity. A futures price that is in contango will fall over time, while a futures price that is in backwardation will rise over time, given the expected spot price remains more or less stable, i.e. above the futures price in backwardation, and below the futures price in contango. As can be seen on the chart, prices in contango are down sloping, while the opposite is true for prices in backwardation. This can be easily observed by following forward curves of any financial instrument. Why Does Backwardation Happen? The primary reason why a backwardation pricing situation happens is a shortage of the underlying asset in the spot market. This is especially true for commodities. To make this concept clearer, let’s take a look at the following oil backwardation example. While there are many factors causing backwardation and contango pricing situations, let’s say that a certain market condition, such as an unexpected supply outage or an OPEC decision to cut production, causes the price of Brent crude to rise in the spot market. If market participants believe that this situation is a one-off and that supply will eventually return to normal levels in the coming period, futures contracts that are far away from expiration may remain stable and trade at a lower price than the current market price. Since the futures price and the spot price need to converge eventually, traders can buy that futures contract and take advantage of the current pricing situation. This is an example of backwardation. Both the futures prices and spot prices move on a regular basis, but they eventually meet at the expiration date of the futures contract. If this would not be the case, speculators and short-term traders could make a riskless profit by buying futures contracts that are very close to their expiration date, take the physical delivery of the underlying commodity on the expiration date and sell the commodity at the higher spot price. This arbitrage opportunity is eventually a major reason why futures prices converge with spot prices over time. Read: What is arbitrage? Here’s How to Profit from Backwardation Since futures prices tend to rise over time and converge with the higher spot prices, backwardation favours those traders and investors who are net long. This is the first condition to profit from backwardation. The other condition would be that the spot price remains above the futures price on the contract’s expiration date. Example: Let’s say gold traders expect the price of gold to rise from current levels of $1,200 to $1,500 by mid next year. In order to profit from backwardation, traders would need to buy a futures contract on gold that trades below the expected spot price and make a profit as the futures price converges with the spot price over time. While futures backwardation and contango can occur in any asset class, they’re most common in commodities such as gold, silver and crude oil. In addition, traders can also use VIX futures, which measure the future implied volatility of the S&P 500 index, to take advantage of VIX backwardation pricing situations.

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From 1907 to 1913, a glittering jewel lit up the night along the northern tip of West Seattle. A person in downtown Seattle could look across Elliott Bay and see a myriad of lights dancing and playing across the waves. On a summer night, if the air was very still, the faint scream and clatter of a roller coaster and whispers of calliope music could almost be heard. If such wondrous sights and sounds enticed, a short ferry ride was all it took to be magically transported to Luna Park, the Coney Island of the West. Luna Park was built on the tide flats along Duwamish Head, not far from where Seattle's first settlers landed in 1851. By the turn of the century, Seattle had become a burgeoning metropolis, and West Seattle was a city in its own right. Not wanting to be overshadowed by the big city next door, the West Seattle city council agreed that their town should be home to "the greatest amusement park in the Northwest." Fun on the Pier, and Maybe a Beer Construction began in 1906, headed by easterner Charles I. D. Looff. Pilings were driven deep into the tide flats to allow the park to be built out over the water. In this way Luna Park was very similar to Coney Island and many other amusement parks built in America at that time. Rides and amusements crowded the pier. Among them were the Figure Eight Roller Coaster, a Merry-go-round, Chute-the-Chutes, the Water Slide, Cave of Mystery. and other funpark standards. The Canal of Venice, The Original Human Ostrich, The Joy Wheel, and Infant Electrobator were some of the others. During hot summer days, swimmers could paddle and splash at the Salt Water Natatorium, which had both fresh and salt water swimming pools. At night, the Dance Palace was a popular place for a young fellow to bring his gal and dance by the light in her eyes. Another enticement of Luna Park was the best-stocked bar on Elliott Bay. Unfortunately, for West Seattle residents this proved to be a detraction, not an attraction. Angered that their city council would allow their community to be overrun by "boozers from Seattle," they petitioned Seattle to annex them. Luna Park and the Demise of West Seattle In 1907, Seattle was in the throes of moralism. Mayor William Hickman Moore (1861-1946), a judge who vowed to keep Seattle clean from unnatural vices, was just what West Seattleites felt they needed to keep their community upright and rigid. On June 29, 1907, two days after Luna Park opened for business, they voted 325 to 8 for annexation, and the City of West Seattle ceased to exist. Not that it did much good. Also annexed in the election were Ballard, Columbia City, and Rainier Beach. The City of Seattle had a lot more to think about than wagging fingers at a few drunks. As the city dads grappled with growth and expansion, Luna Park and its "longest bar on the bay" was mostly left alone, and proved to be quite the attraction it was planned to be. Three years later, a new Mayor, Hi Gill (1869-1919), entered the scene. By this time, many folks all over the city were fed up with city officials trying to legislate morality. They elected Gill in the hope that he would open up the city. That he did, and this enraged the "morals squad." Quarrels about Morals A group calling itself the "Forces of Decency" demanded a recall vote. Made up of prohibitionists, progressives, and newly enfranchised women voters, they went on a self-righteously indignant crusade. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer added fuel to their ire. A January 31, 1911 newspaper article contained accusations that at "Sunday night dances at Luna Park ... girls hardly 14 years old, mere children in appearance, mingled with the older, more dissipated patrons and sat in the dark corners drinking beer, smoking cigarettes and singing." On top of bad press like this, W. W. Powers, manager of Luna Park and a Gill supporter, also got caught up in Gill's biggest scandal. The Mayor had allowed his chief of police, Charles Wappenstein, to build a 500-room brothel on Beacon Hill. Powers, as reported by the P-I, was a shareholder in the "corporation" formed by Wappenstein and his cohorts. A Modern-Day Brigadoon? Under the gloom of muckraking and scandal, the jewel of West Seattle began to fade. In 1913, Luna Park closed, and its rides and amusements were sold or torn down. No more glittering lights on Elliott Bay, no more strains of calliope music on summer nights. All that remained was the Natatorium, which drew swimmers for the next two decades. On April 14, 1931, an arsonist lit a match to it, and in one final conflagration a flame brighter than all the lights of its glory days turned what little remained of Luna Park into only a memory. Except for one thing. Approximately once a decade, the tides of Elliott Bay fall back to their lowest levels. When they do, the tide flats are exposed and the rows of pilings that once supported Luna Park are brought to light, causing new generations and new residents of the Northwest to gaze and to ponder. Then the high tides return, and once again Luna Park fades into the past.

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Most Active Stories - New Lawsuit Alleges Racial Discrimination At Power And Light - Marathon Spelling Bee Makes Celebrities Out Of Kansas City Area Spellers - Kansas Supreme Court Rules School Funding Formula Unconstitutional - Archeology Bolsters Background Of Historic Kansas City Homestead - Marathon Jackson County Spelling Bee Finally Ends Mon May 7, 2012 Revising History: Native American Missions In Kansas Sitting on the Old Santa Fe Trail, the town of Shawnee Mission was originally that: a mission for members of the Shawnee tribe who were transplanted from their native territory. The story of federal Indian policy and missions is a tale of clashing cultural perspectives. On one side, there's the story of brave, compassionate missionaries who sacrificed to provide native people with a better life through Christianity. But in the eyes of many, forcibly removing people from their land, re-settling into Kansas colonies and converting them amounted to cultural genocide. Tai Edwards is an assistant professor of history at Johnson County Community College. She's studied Kansas' missions and their impact on gender roles in native communities. She'll be discussing Native American Missionization in Kansas at the Shawnee Town Museum on Tuesday, May 8 at 7pm.

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Size ranking: 51st Origin: One of the 48 Greek constellations listed by Ptolemy in the Almagest Greek name: Λαγωός (Lagoös) This constellation was known to the Greeks as Λαγωός (Lagoös), the Greek word for hare; Lepus is the more recent Latin name. Eratosthenes tells us that Hermes placed the hare in the sky because of its swiftness. Both Eratosthenes and Hyginus referred to the remarkable fertility of hares, as attested to by Aristotle in his Historia Animalium (History of Animals): ‘Hares breed and bear at all seasons, superfoetate (i.e. conceive again) during pregnancy and bear young every month.’ Lepus cowers under the feet of Orion, the hunter, from the Atlas Coelestis of John Flamsteed (1729). The celestial hare makes an interesting tableau with Orion and his dogs. Aratus wrote that the Dog (Canis Major) pursues the hare in an unending race: ‘Close behind he rises and as he sets he eyes the setting hare.’ But judging by its position in the sky, the hare seems more to be crouched in hiding beneath the hunter’s feet. Hyginus tells us the following moral tale about the hare. At one time there were no hares on the island of Leros, until one man brought in a pregnant female. Soon, everyone began to raise hares and before long the island was swarming with them. They overran the fields and destroyed the crops, reducing the population to starvation. By a concerted effort, the inhabitants drove the hares out of their island. They put the image of the hare among the stars as a reminder that one can easily end up with too much of a good thing. The constellation’s brightest star, third-magnitude Alpha Leporis, is called Arneb, from the Arabic al-arnab meaning ‘the hare’. It lies in the middle of the animal’s body. The stars Kappa, Iota, Lambda, and Nu Leporis delineate the hare’s prominent ears. In the Chinese sky, four stars in the north of the modern Lepus, namely Iota, Kappa, Lambda, and Nu Leporis, formed Junjing, a well of drinking water for the army; noblemen had their own well, Yujing, on the border between Orion and Eridanus. Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta Leporis formed Ce, a toilet, perhaps for use by those attending the annual hunt that was depicted in this part of the sky. A privacy screen, Ping, was formed by Mu and Epsilon Leporis. Droppings from the toilet were represented by a star to the south of Ce, in Columba. © Ian Ridpath. All rights reserved

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All ALMS' GTC-category cars use E85 Photo: Anne Proffit Automobile racing isn’t the first sport that comes to mind when one ponders alternative energy or environmental causes. That said, not all racing series are alike: the American Le Mans Series (ALMS) has taken clear steps towards promoting the use of alternative fuels and technologies. In 2008, the ALMS launched the Michelin Green X Challenge, which gave awards to teams for being fuel-efficient and using renewable fuels. Competing teams have run everything from E85 through isobutanol, and even Michelin has helped by producing a longer-lasting race tire. Porsche used the series to help highlight their flywheel-hybrid 911 GT3 R Hybrid race car, and the technology developed for racing ultimately trickles down to production cars. Porsche’s range-topping 918 Spyder hybrid is likely to use a refined version of the flywheel hybrid system to boost power without using additional fuel. Next up for ALMS: cars fueled by compressed natural gas, which the ALMS wants to highlight as a currently available alternative fuel source. Racing is an ideal way to dispel myths about power, range or even refueling issues, and ALMS president Scott Atherton believes his series can help aid mainstream acceptance of CNG as an alternative to gasoline. Electric cars aren’t in ALMS’ near-future plans, only because current battery technology limits range under racing conditions. Still, Atherton believes that electric cars have a place in racing and is even considering an all-electric spec-series separate from ALMS itself. Another technology being considered for the near future is a radical departure in race car design. The ALMS is looking into adopting the Delta Wing racer originally developed for IndyCar. The platform weighs roughly half of a current ALMS prototype car and would be powered by a significantly lower-output engine. That’s still enough to yield performance on par with current ALMS prototypes, but at a significant fuel savings.

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Over the last decade or so, cloud computing has become one of the fastest-growing sectors in IT with firms big and small transforming their fortunes by migrating to cloud-based servers to streamline their operations. However, while you might already be familiar with the term ‘the cloud’, you may not be aware that many of the services you already use are, in fact, cloud-based. A brief overview of cloud computing To get an idea of how many famous companies have used the cloud to leverage greater performance, it would perhaps be an idea to first give a brief overview of what cloud computing is and what it can do. The term, ‘cloud computing’ essentially refers to any computing service that is performed remotely then delivered to the user (typically over the internet). These services can vary from storage to processing, running apps or streaming media, etc. Any service you use that involves remote processing before delivering results to you will likely be cloud-based, including those noted below. Netflix – a champion of cloud tech In 2019, streaming media titan Netflix delivered a little over 164 million hours of video to users globally per day and already owns just over 53% of the world’s online streaming media market share. Netflix’s content is available in more than 190 countries and in 30 different languages – a monumental service that relies on Amazon Web Services (AWS) for its delivery. Employees skilled in AWS cloud certification look after the firm’s unrivaled service, ensuring uptime for hundreds of millions of users around the world. Pinterest – an early adopter of cloud computing Pinterest is now the 14th largest social media platform in the world – a feat that has largely been made possible by the firm’s early adoption of cloud tech to enable growth. Pinterest allows users to store links, photos, and videos from around the internet into their own public (or private) mood boards – almost like an online library for storing content of interest. The service also helps companies and bloggers to promote their content to other users – yet is often overlooked when it comes to social media promotion. Pinterest also uses AWS to deliver its service. Etsy – using the cloud to allow service scalability Etsy is an online marketplace that allows subscribers to set up an e-commerce presence and start selling their goods online (mostly handmade items produced by budding entrepreneurs). The Etsy service moved to the cloud to allow for continued growth and offer a better service to its users including its complex analytics tools that improve its users’ understanding of store interactions and trends. Etsy uses another of the larger cloud providers – Google Cloud. eBay – transforming services with the help of the cloud Despite competition from many sectors, eBay remains the most famous auction site globally with more than 175 million users spread across 190 countries globally. The firm takes e-commerce one step further with its innovative bidding system that allows users to buy goods at the best prices. At any given moment on any given day, eBay has over a billion live auctions ongoing – a feat helped by integrating cloud computing into its operations.

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The portion of today’s post that is in italics is taken from Clinton S. Clark ©1993. I highly recommend that you visit Clinton S. Clark online at The Art of Healing. Addict parents are without coping skills for feeling bad, they react or lash out in order to avoid hearing anything that they feel might cause them to “feel bad” As a way to destructively disconnect from the pain they are experiencing (feeling bad), they will try to control the information they are hearing by discounting it. “It” being the child’s pain which in effect discounts the child’s sense of worthiness to have pain. An addict parent is basically addicted to controlling, either in the form of controlling themselves (their behaviors and their feelings), and/or controlling other people in the same way. And controlling information or personal space empowers the addict with feelings of control. Controlling is a way addict parents “feel better.” Addicts are said to abuse alcohol and drugs. Sam will also be abused. Like a bottle of booze waiting in the liquor cabinet, Sam will wait. Booze is forgotten about until it’s needed and Sam will be forgotten about until he or she is needed. If booze becomes difficult to use it is discarded. When Sam becomes difficult to use he or she will be discarded. Sam will learn how to function as an inanimate object similar to a bottle of booze. This will be Sam’s acceptable role in his or her family. It will be a lonely role filled with pain, grief, anger, and rage over being used similar to a bottle of booze. Keep in mind that Sam’s addict parent is not an evil doer. An addict cannot consciously see the addiction they are engaged in. They engage in the behavior because they are terrified of “feeling bad.” This terror stems from being trained as objects of addiction themselves as children. And objects of addiction lack the basic developmental coping skills for feeling bad; these coping skills for “feeling bad” were never allowed to develop. This lack of coping skill creates an overwhelming sense of terror when strong feelings occur. This is the developmental stigma of being trained as an object of addiction. And unfortunately, an addict will continue to pass this training onto their children or the next generation in their family. The cycle will continue form generation to generation until an unexpected event occurs to interrupt the cycle. In order to keep Sam functioning as an inanimate object of addiction in the family, Sam’s addict parent or parents will have to use some kind of control. For the addict, control is equated to compliance and compliance is equated to no frustration. No frustration (or conflict) is equated to security and security equates to happy addict. As a result of this sociophysiological phenomenon, nothing is more important to an addict than satisfying their interdependent need to maintain a sense of security. Their object of addiction is important only as long as it accommodates the addict’s need to feel secure. The control techniques or behaviors used by the addict parent to keep their objects of addiction functioning effectively in this interdependent relationship are called “The Addictive Pull.” The addictive pull is comprised of all the necessary control behaviors, or “destructive control behaviors,” used by the addict to keep an object of addiction functioning like a drug. Members in a dysfunctional family operate on the same premise. “You will submit to the control I think I need to have over you or I’ll abandon and beat you up emotionally or physically.” Addict parents do not respect boundaries. They have no idea what the concept of boundaries is about. Setting a boundary for an addict parent creates an immediate hostile and abusive response. Children raised in dysfunctional families are abused, beaten, or abandoned when they try to keep themselves from being injured or intruded upon by setting a boundary (examples: “Don’t do that you’re hurting me! Or Ow-w-w!…that hurts!” or “Pl-e-a-s-e…don’t”) This is another part of the terror for children who were raised as objects of addiction. The addict parent is operating on the assumption that the child is an object of use and therefore does not need to be allowed a sense of safety by allowing boundaries. A boundary is seen by the addict parent as something that needs to be demolished in order to keep the child functioning as an object of use. Note: Rebellion is dangerous in dysfunctional families where the child is being used as an object of an addition. A rebellious child is similar to removing cigarettes from an addict addicted to smoking or removing heroin from an addict addicted to heroin. The addict’s reaction to a rebellious child will be violent and non-supportive. Setting a boundary to maintain the protection of oneself is also seen as a rebellious act by addict parents because they see this as keeping them from their addiction of needing to use something or someone to feel better or avoiding feeling bad. Children who grow up in addiction have high tolerance levels for abuse and scared feelings. Being abused and feeling scared becomes normal feeling and goes unnoticed or repressed. Also called stuffing or numbing feelings. Today’s Bonus borrowed from …In All Our Affairs: Detachment with love sometimes means loving ourselves enough to suspend blame, fear, guilt and self pity long enough to separate the problem from ourselves, until we can clarify our options and responsibilities, identify how we are contributing to the problem, and let go of the rest. I was first reminded that for the alcoholic, drinking is not the problem—it’s the solution. Alcohol had served as the source of his security, courage, and serenity. Today he is often in a state of panic because he has not yet found other sources for these very real needs….If you do want the marriage, they told me, then accept the fact that you will not get healthy behavior from a sick person or logical statements from an illogical person. When violence first occurred in my marriage, I truly thought it was my fault and that I should never say or do anything to anger my alcoholic husband. If I did, I thought he was justified, because in my mind he was always right; therefore I must be wrong. Because I didn’t want to think badly of him, I just denied that any violence occurred. Read more Clinton S. Clark at The Art Department

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Cat owners often become understandably frustrated when their cat begins to urinate or defecate outside the litter box. Nearly 1 cat in 10 will have an inappropriate elimination problem in her lifetime. Why isn’t my cat using the litter box? There are many reasons why a cat may stop using the litter box, including: - Medical conditions - Stress and inter-cat aggression - Litter box logistics Remember that urinating or defecating outside the litter box is unusual; your cat is telling you that something is wrong! What should I do if my cat starts urinating or defecating outside the litter box? The first step is to take the cat to your veterinarian! The most common reason for litter box problems is that the cat is trying to tell you that she’s ill or in pain. This may be a simple urinary tract infection or something more serious. After medical reasons have been ruled out, you can start to consider the other possible causes. Do not punish the cat or confine her to just one room. Some people think they can “re-train” the cat in that way, but it doesn’t work! Cats aren’t trained to use a litter box; they use it instinctively. Confining the cat to one room will increase her frustration and stress level, but it won’t solve the problem! What medical reasons can cause litter box problems? Your cat may have a urinary tract infection, urinary crystals, bladder stones,or external infections such as urethritis or vaginitis. It could even be pain caused by a seemingly unrelated problem such as an abscessed tooth or arthritis. Why? If your cat feels pain or discomfort when she uses the litter box, she doesn’t understand that the pain is coming from her kidneys or broken tooth, or whatever the cause. She just knows that litterbox=pain, so she’ll try try to find another place to eliminate, hoping that will make the pain end. But urinating on the bedroom carpet doesn’t ease her pain either, so she tries another spot, and the cycle continues! You may even need to change the look, feel, or location of the litter box after the medical problem is resolved to encourage your cat to use the litter box again. Other medical problems that may be associated with inappropriate elimination: - Kidney Failure - Diabetes Mellitus - High Blood Pressure - Anxiety Disorders - Impacted Anal Glands - Intestinal Parasites - Skin or Flea Allergies Appropriate treatment of the underlying medical condition may end your cat’s inappropriate elimination. If not, it’s time to examine other possible causes. Stress-related elimination problems Yes, cats can get stressed, and they may show their distress by urinating or defecating outside the litter box. Stress can come from changes in your household: moving, the birth of a child, the addition of another pet,etc. These stresses may cause not only litter box problems, but they may aggravate existing medical conditions. When possible, introduce changes grad ually, and allow the cat to explore new people and things at her own pace. You can help your cat cope by providing a “safe room” for your cat – a place where she can go to escape the stress. The safe room must have food,water, litter boxes, a comfortable kitty bed, and some toys. Put a baby gate in the doorway to discourage unwanted visitors. Introduce the cat to the saferoom, but you don’t need to confine her there; let her use it when she feels the need. Cat condos and cat trees are important to stress management. A tall sturdy cat tree gives your cat a secure perch from which to view what’s going on,and it gives her a place to escape. This is particularly important if you have small children, dogs, or multiple cats. The height offers your cat safety and a feeling of control. It is especially comforting to them if they can view multiple rooms from a single vantage point. Consider using Feliway, which is a synthetic product that mimics feline facial pheromones and helps a cat feel at ease.It is available in a spray as well as an electric diffuser. We offer behavioral counseling and a variety of educational handouts that may help you make your cat more content and less stressed Aggression between cats One cause of stress is aggression between cats in a multi-cat household. You can greatly reduce this aggression by providing plenty of litter boxes as well as multiple food and water dishes. It is important that the cats don’t have to compete for too few bowls and boxes! Place feeding stations and litter boxes throughout your home; don’t concentrate them in one area! Cats are at their most vulnerable when they are eliminating, and so it’s vital to make sure that they feel safe in the litter box and won’t be ambushed by other cats, the family dog, or a curious toddler! Feliway (described above) can help with aggression issues.You can also call us to discuss other behavior modification options, including medication. Remember that cat trees and cat condos are important to multi-cat households. They help cats establish a hierarchy, which is important to their group dynamic. Aggression between catsLitter box logistics There are several factors to consider, including the number and size of boxes, location, type, litter box filler,etc. Inappropriate elimination could be the result of having too few litter boxes,using the wrong size or type of box,placing the boxes in appropriate locations, or using the wrong litter box filler. Please read our Litter Box Facts handout for detailed information on maintaining your cats’ litter boxes. Cleaning and managing soiled areas If your cat has urinated or defecated outside the litter box, you must clean the area to completely eliminate all traces of the stain. Soap and water is not enough. You may not notice an odor, but your cat’s delicate nose will, and that will encourage her to use the same spot again. Sometimes the best solution is to give the cat what she seems to be asking for: place a litter box in the area where she’s eliminating! If you don’t want to leave the litter box there permanently, we will advise you on how to gradually move the litter box into a more acceptable location after your cat uses that litter box consistently for several weeks. There are several odor-eliminator products on the market, but the enzyme-based cleaners tend to work the best. The product that we recommend most frequently is Urine Off. We also suggest Veterinary Strength Outright Stain and Odor Remover. You can also make the soiled are less attractive to your cat: - Place cat’s food or water at the site (after cleaning) - Provide alternative way to mark (scratching post or pad) - Aluminium foil - Scat mats - Potpourri on the site - Motion sensors with audible alarm - Catnip on the site - Double-sided tape - Upside-down contact paper or vinyl carpet runner (nub side up) - Citrus-based sprays (many cats dislike the smell of citrus) - SsssCAT motion sensor deterrents Call us for additional ideas about deterrents! If that doesn’t work... Sometimes a cat will continue to soil an area that has been thoroughly cleaned. Why? The cat apparently feels a need to mark that spot. Every time you remove the scent marking, your cat may be compelled to mark the area again. When that happens, you can try a different approach. Instead of using enzyme cleaner, clean the area with plain water, then spray the area with Feliway. You won’t smell urine, but your cat may be satisfied that the area is still marked, and not need to mark it again. Use Feliway on the area; the Feliway encourages facial marking and reduces the chance that the cat will spray urine there again. Spray Feliway on the area twice a day (every 12 hours) for the first 4 weeks,then once daily for another 4 weeks. Note that the enzyme cleaner breaks down the pheromones in Feliway,making it ineffective, so don’t use enzyme cleaner on surfaces marked with Feliway. The bottom line - Inappropriate elimination often has a medical cause. - There are many things you can doto prevent behavioral litter box problems. It’s far easier to prevent these problems than to resolvethem after they start. - Always remember that your cat’s relationship with the litter box is complex and emotional. It’s not just a feline toilet

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Leather rot occurs sporadically in Minnesota. The disease infects flowers and fruit at all stages. Infected strawberries have a distinctively unpleasant odor and a strong, bitter taste. Infection of a few ripe berries that are processed into jam can ruin the whole jar with this off-taste. Infections on green fruit are typically tan to brown areas but occasionally the infected area remains green outlined by a brown margin. As the disease progresses these unripe berries become completely brown and have a rough leathery texture. Infection of ripe fruit may cause little to no color change, or the infected area may become pale, purple or brown. Rot on ripe fruit becomes dry and leathery over time. Both ripe and unripe infected fruit eventually dry down into fruit mummies. The leather rot pathogen is an oomycete; commonly called a water mold. These unique pathogens thrive in wet conditions and produce three types of spores. Oospores are tough resting spores that form in mummified berries and can survive many years in soil. These germinate when soils are saturated to produce sporangia and then zoospores. Zoospores are swimming spores that move through a film of water on the plant or soil to reach susceptible fruit and flowers. Zoospores only need two hours of moisture on the plant surface to start an infection. Once infected, sporangia are produced on fruit and are splashed by rain or irrigation to infect other fruit. The leather rot fungus thrives in areas where water stands for awhile after a rain event. - Choose a location with good drainage or improve drainage before planting through adding organic matter to soil and redirecting water away from the area. Strawberries can also be planted on raised beds to improve drainage. - Utilize straw mulch to keep berries from contacting soil and any puddled water. Mulch will also reduce splashing of spores from the soil up onto fruit and flowers. - Irrigate through drip irrigation or a soaker hose. If overhead sprinkling is your only option, water early in the morning on a sunny day so leaves dry quickly after irrigation. - Pick fruit frequently and remove over ripe and diseased berries from the field. - There are no fungicides available to home gardeners that are effective in preventing leather rot.

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In the tech world, an algorithm is a detailed procedure that informs a computer exactly what users want it to do step-by-step. The computer executes these steps as it is given until it reaches the end goal. Almost every activity performed by a computer, from just opening a folder to browsing the Internet, consist of algorithms. So, in a way, an algorithm is like a recipe to make a certain meal. You need all the ingredients and follow the exact steps if you want your dish to turn out exactly as it is supposed to be. Only in computer and programming, you call the recipe a “procedure” and you call the ingredients as “inputs”. The prepared dish or the end goal of the procedure is called the “output”. Difference between algorithm and code It is important to note that an algorithm is different from a computer code. An algorithm is written in English or any other language the programmer can speak and has a definite start, middle, and end. The first step is aptly labeled “start” and the last step of the algorithm is labeled “end”. What an algorithm constitutes is easy to understand and definite, as opposed to coding. In an algorithm, only the information required to finish the task by the computer is included, and there is nothing unclear, unnecessary or in computer lingo, “ambiguous”. An algorithm always ends with a solution, and it always tries to provide the best and most efficient solution that can be thought of. Most times, it is a good idea to number all the steps involved although it’s not necessary. Some programmers choose to use indentation instead of using numbered steps. This is called pseudocode, a semi-programming language that describes the steps involved in an algorithm. Most programmers use numbered steps in a diagram, which is called a flowchart. For better understanding, here is an example of a simple algorithm where a website asks its visitors for their email addresses. This algorithm can also be presented using a flowchart. Step 1: Start Step 2: Create a variable to receive the email address of the visitor Step 3: Clear the said variable in case it’s not empty Step 4: Ask the visitor for their email address Step 5: Store the visitor’s response in the variable Step 6: Check the stored response to make sure it is a valid email address Step 7: If it is not valid, go back to Step 3 Step 8: End

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For easy use, all materials are printed in a special binding that folds flat for photocopying of the many forms, fact sheets and awards included, and are organized into five sections: I. TECHNIQUES & GUIDELINES FOR DEALING WITH 50 SCHOOL DISCIPLINE PROBLEMS provides over 150 specific ways to solve the various classroom management and control problems all teachers face, such as back–talking, student disputes, bullying, sexual harassment, theft, tardiness and truancy, incomplete homework, cheating, inattention, and vandalism. A few examples are The Swearing Stopper ... Five Ways to Quiet the Class Quickly ... The Behavior Control Ticket ... Hallway and Washroom Problem Solvers ... 18 Ways to Prevent Theft in School ... and What to Do When You Are Physically Attacked by a Student. II. PROBLEM–SOLVING MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES THAT KEEP STUDENTS ON TASK features over 40 techniques to assure a smooth–running classroom where discipline problems are at a minimum. Examples include The Class Parts Manager, a way to minimize the problem of students who come to class unprepared ... The Job Jar, a quick, constructive time–filler for students who finish work early ... and The Instant Newspaper Assignment, a technique to keep students working on task with high–interest, motivating topics. III. POSITIVE FEELINGS & CREATIVE IDEAS gives you nearly 65 ways to use positive feedback as a means of regulating behavior, including techniques such as Round 2–U, a way to deal with students who are continually late handing in assignments ... Earned Five–Minute Free–Time Cards ... and Positive Speak, an uplifting, affirmative approach that can have a tremendous effect on a student?s academic performance. IV. CONCEPTS THAT PROTECT & TECHNIQUES THAT HELP offers scores of solid ideas that protect teachers, as well as students, in the ongoing classroom. The Sitting Teddy, for example, is a great idea for younger children who are afraid to ask to go to the restroom. 50 Strategies and Survival Guidelines for the First–Year Teacher is packed with sage advice for the beginner. Up–Front Assignment Chart facilitates student ownership of assignments. And Portfolios or Document Folders helps students keep their work organized. V. SPEAK EASY –– THE COMMUNICATION SECTION presents dozens of techniques and materials to facilitate communication with students as well as parents, colleagues and administrators, including 50 Communication Tips for Teachers ... Teacher–to–Parent Communication Form ... The Report Card Memo ... Two Daily Notice or Bulletin Systems for Quick Communication ... The Comprehensive Contract ... and many more. In the author?s words, "CLASSROOM DISCIPLINE PROBLEM SOLVER is a 100 percent benefit for teachers. Ideas in this resource help to create the disciplined environment we all need. The techniques, strategies, and concepts were chosen because they were very practical. They are easy to use and are low cost. Some have great detail, others are simple, but they all have one thing in common –– they work!" SECTION ONE: TECHNIQUES AND GUIDELINES FOR DEALING WITH 50 SCHOOL DISCIPLINE PROBLEMS. SECTION TWO: PROBLEM–SOLVING MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES THAT KEEP STUDENTS ON TASK. SECTION THREE: POSITIVE FEELINGS AND CREATIVE IDEAS. SECTION FOUR: CONCEPTS THAT PROTECT AND TECHNIQUES THAT HELP. SECTION FIVE: SPEAK EASY–THE COMMUNICATION SECTION.

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- 1 What is an example of a parody in literature? - 2 What is parody literature? - 3 What are parodies? - 4 What are the elements of parody? - 5 What does parody mean in English? - 6 What is the purpose of parody in literature? - 7 What’s another word for parody? - 8 Is the Simpsons a parody? - 9 What is the purpose of parody? - 10 How do parodies work? - 11 Are parodies satire? - 12 Are parodies fair use? - 13 What are the 3 types of satire? - 14 What makes a good parody? What is an example of a parody in literature? A parody is a comical imitation of another work. It stops at mocking or making fun of one work. For example, Pride and Prejudice With Zombies is a parody of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. A spoof mocks a genre rather than a specific work. What is parody literature? a humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing: his hilarious parody of Hamlet’s soliloquy. the genre of literary composition represented by such imitations. a burlesque imitation of a musical composition. any humorous, satirical, or burlesque imitation, as of a person, event, etc. What are parodies? A parody is a work that’s created by imitating an existing original work in order to make fun of or comment on an aspect of the original. Parodies can target celebrities, politicians, authors, a style or trend, or any other interesting subject. What are the elements of parody? A parody is a work that mimics the style of another work, artist, or genre in an exaggerated way, usually for comic effect. Parodies can take many forms, including fiction, poetry, film, visual art, and more. For instance, Scary Movie and its many sequels are films that parody the conventions of the horror film genre. What does parody mean in English? 1: a literary or musical work in which the style of an author or work is closely imitated for comic effect or in ridicule wrote a hilarious parody of a popular song. 2: a feeble or ridiculous imitation a cheesy parody of a classic western. parody. verb. parodied; parodying. What is the purpose of parody in literature? Parody, in literature, an imitation of the style and manner of a particular writer or school of writers. Parody is typically negative in intent: it calls attention to a writer’s perceived weaknesses or a school’s overused conventions and seeks to ridicule them. What’s another word for parody? Some common synonyms of parody are burlesque, caricature, and travesty. Is the Simpsons a parody? The Simpsons got so good at parody in the fourth season that in its final episode, the writers managed to make a parody of a parody of something nobody had ever seen. Contained in that episode is the cartoon “Worker and Parasite,” a parody of the Soviet parodies of American cartoons in the 1960s, shows like this one. What is the purpose of parody? While both parody and satire use humor as a tool to effectuate a message, the purpose of a parody is to comment on or criticize the work that is the subject of the parody. By definition, a parody is a comedic commentary about a work, that requires an imitation of the work. How do parodies work? Parody refers to a new creative work which uses an existing work for humour or mockery. Some parodies take aim at well-known artists or their work in order to make a critique. Another kind of parody uses existing work to draw attention to or comment upon a particular social phenomenon or issue. Are parodies satire? By definition, a parody is a comedic commentary about a work, that requires an imitation of the work. Satire, on the other hand, even when it uses a creative work as the vehicle for the message, offers commentary and criticism about the world, not that specific creative work. Are parodies fair use? A parody is fair use of a copyrighted work when it is a humorous form of social commentary and literary criticism in which one work imitates another. Famous works are often the subject of parodies because of their mass appeal. What are the 3 types of satire? There are three main types of satire, each serving a different role. Horatian. Horatian satire is comic and offers light social commentary. Juvenalian. Juvenalian satire is dark, rather than comedic. Menippean. Menippean satire casts moral judgment on a particular belief, such as homophobia or racism. What makes a good parody? In other words, a good parody is a humorous or ironic imitation of its source. The funniest parodies are those that most closely imitate the form which they mock. As a result, parodies can be best appreciated by a niche audience–fans, or, at least, close observers, of the original.

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A Florida student mixed toilet cleaner and aluminum foil while at school; forming gaseous hydrogen inside the bottle. The explosion resulted in the student’s expulsion. Gregor Mendel was a nineteenth century monk who demonstrated the basic principles of genetic inheritance via his experiments with pea plants. The significance of Mendel’s work was not recognized until the twentieth century, when several scientists reproduced Mendel’s original experiments. He is now considered to be the founder of modern genetics. The following is a […] Neodymium magnets are powerful enough to demonstrate the subtle effects of diamagnetism, the weak repulsion that magnets can exert on some substances. What is Diamagnetic Repulsion? Magnetism is an attractive force that sticks a fridge magnet onto a refrigerator. However, “like” magnetic poles repel; the “North” ends of two magnets push each other apart. These […] Anyone who washes a cup after coffee dried in it has seen a “coffee ring”. Is the ring caused by the cup’s convex bottom? Several experiments get to the bottom of this phenomenon. Introducing the Coffee Ring Home Lab Experiment This is a simple lab experiment, both safe and interesting for anyone. More accurately, it […] The Leidenfrost Effect is also known as “film boiling.” This one effect makes water dance on a frying pan, flow uphill, and protects a sausage from burning in hot lead! Public Safety Message for Testing the Leidenfrost Effect The Leidenfrost Effect deals with steam and heat. These experiments involve hot objects. Carelessness can lead to […] What’s Non-Newtonian Fluid? Imagine a similar concept to quicksand…. It’s liquid, yet also solid due to suspended particles. In other words, it’s goo. Viscosity of fluids Sir Isaac Newton stated that viscosity, or how resistant a fluid is to flow, depends on the amount of heat applied. A non-Newtonian fluid, such as quicksand, or the […]

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The ACFR has been conducting research in autonomous, remote sensing and developing robotics and intelligent software for the environment and agriculture community over the last 10 years. The ACFR has been conducting research in autonomous, remote sensing and developing robotics and intelligent software for the environment and agriculture community over the last 10 years. We have a range of projects, using Unmanned Air and Ground Vehicles, with the latest updates listed below. This video shows our latest results in mango fruit detection, localisation and mapping. The multi-sensor robot 'Shrimp' acquires data with a variety of different sensors, including lidar for tree canopy segmentation and colour vision for fruit detection and triangulation. This is arguably the world's most accurate system for mapping individual whole fruit in commercial orchards, while the fruit is still on the tree. Compared to post-harvest yield estimates for individual trees, the system counts accurately (linear fit, near unity slope of 0.96 and r^2 value of 0.89). The system has now been validated on two subsequent seasons, with the third planned later this year (2017). Scanning is performed 2 months before harvest time, meaning there's plenty of opportunity to use it for precision agriculture and on-farm decision making, towards optimised fruit production. The people from Jungle Creations have taken various footage of our Ladybird robot and made a viral video This video shows footage from a recent demonstration of the Digital Farmhand robot at Richmond, NSW. Digital Farmhand is a low cost row crop robot aimed towards helping small scale farmers in Australia & overseas to perform crop analytics and automation of simple farming tasks. The design of the platform is based around the use of cheap low cost sensors, computing and manufacturing techniques which will allow the farmer to easily maintain and modify their platform to suit their needs. The platform comes with an actuated 3 point hitch mechanism which allows various implements to be attached (similar to a tractor). Currently 4 implements have been manufactured for this platform. These include a sprayer, seeder, tine weeder and tow ball hitch. More details visit http://sydney.edu.au/acfr/agriculture On the 23rd of June 2017, ACFR was invited to a Local Land Services NSW field day event to present the work they have done over the last six months on a platform called the Digital Farmhand (Previously referred to as Di-Wheel). The event generated a large amount of interest within the local farming community with over 100 registrations for the event. During the event, the team presented: - the project overview - the design concept of the Digital Farmhand - plant analytics via low-cost sensors (smartphone camera) - the future vision of the project - live demonstration of automated row turning via low-cost sensors (smartphone camera) - live demonstration of a farming implement (spray boom) mounted on the digital farmhand Below are some photos from the event. Link to news article here hawkesbury gazette Details of the upcoming trial at Richmond of the Digital Farmhand Robot were published in the South West Voice today. We had a robotic arm lying around and thought we’d have some fun in the lab with a pneumatic pruner. Shown here is a UR5 arm configured to navigate to way points on a tree. Once in position, the pruner is activated and a branch is removed. We had a robotic arm lying around and thought we’d have some fun in the lab with a new type of gripper. Shown here is a UR5 arm configured to navigate to way points on a tree. Once in position, the gripper is activated, then the arm twists and pulls the apple from the tree and places the fruit in a tray. We recently conducted a trial demonstrating the RIPPA robot working on an apple orchard in Three Bridges, Victoria, Australia. RIPPA operated autonomously up and down the apple rows and was able to change rows at the headlands by moving sideways. The trial demonstrated VIIPA autonomously and in real time detecting then targeting apples with variable rates of fluid. The video below shows some of the experiments conducted on the trial: Future applications of the technology include pest management, pruning, thinning, and pollinating in tree crop farming. In early October, ACFR conducted a series of field trials in Lembang which is located on the outskirts of the city of Bandung Indonesia with the Di-Wheel robot. The objective of the trip was to investigate how robotics can be can be deployed and utilised in a farming context in a developing country. As part of our investigation, a community of local farmers were interviewed to gain a better understanding of their requirements and their situation. We also visited a variety of engineering firms to understand the engineering capabilities within Bandung to support future field trials in that region. Below are some videos and photos from the trip. Tip: Hover cursor over the pictures for the caption Over the last few months, the RIPPA robot has been working on several commercial vegetable farms around Australia. Various experimental autonomous crop interaction tasks have been demonstrated including: - autonomous row following and data collection - autonomous real time mechanical weeding - autonomous real time variable rate fluid dispensing using VIIPA - autonomous soil sampling and mapping Our work was featured in IEEE's Video Friday on November 4, 2016: http://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/robotics-hardware/video-friday-rescue-quadruped-gesture-controlled-robot-arm-self-driving-van-1986 View the video below to see RIPPA in action. The video shows the di-wheel being demonstrated at Cobbity farm (University of Sydney Campus) on a kale crop row. Our initial tests of SwagBot last month have been featured in media outlets around the world. International articles include: New Scientist, IEEE Spectrum, Mashable, CNET, The Telegraph UK, Popular Science, Popular Mechanics, Engadget, The Enquirer, Quartz, Gizmodo, Tech Insider, Modern Farmer, New Atlas, The Times of India and Reuters. Upcoming trials will focus on applying research toward autonomous farm activities including monitoring and interacting with plants and animals. Meet SwagBot – our latest farming robot. SwagBot proved successful in its first field test. SwagBot successfully demonstrated the ability to operate in the rugged cattle station environment. Future trials will focus on applying research toward autonomous farm activities including monitoring and interacting with plants and animals. Mary O'Kane reflects on Trends to inform smart choices in the June edition of FOCUS. (See pages 11-13) New Scientist video featuring ACFR robots. Members of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Agriculture and Industry visited the ACFR technical laboratory on 14 April 2016, to hear about the latest innovations around robotics in agriculture. The committee were briefed on the current research and how it is directly related to aiding farmers and growers, such as sensory and imaging processes to improve apple growing, the RIPPA robot which can target and destroy weeds in crops, and UAVs for identifying problem weeds in the Australian outback. This visit was part of the federal parliament public hearing on agricultural innovation. More information about the hearing can be found at http://sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2016/04/12/federal-parliament-public-hearing-on-agricultural-innovation-at-.html On April 6th 2016 RIPPA ran its first endurance trial and completed almost 22 hours of continuous operation using only battery and solar power. This was a major accomplishment and testament that the RIPPA design and ACFR Ag robots are focused on being a real solution to the farmer. The run began at 0530, 1 hour before sunrise and completed at 0317 the next morning, 9 hours after sunset. For the duration, RIPPA roved autonomously up and down the spinach crop rows imaging the leaves. RIPPA then waited until solar sufficiently charged the batteries and at 1000 it began where it left off and continued roving up and down the rows. The irrigation created muddy and uneven terrain at the row ends, which was no problem for RIPPA as you can see in the video. A fantastic effort from the ACFR team. Thanks to Horticulture Innovation Australia and to Ed Fagan for hosting and supporting us at his farm. A new three year program of high tech R&D for orchard management has begun, with the use of our Shrimp robot to acquire data from mango, avocado and macadamia orchards. The data includes lidar, vision, thermal, hyperspectral, soil conductivity and natural gamma, demonstrating that there are many ways to view the humble tree: RIPPA has just had its first ever field trial on a spinach crop at Mulyan farms in Cowra, NSW. We had RIPPA driving up and down the rows autonomously using satellite based corrections to within 4cm precision. You can see RIPPA and VIIPA in action on the WIN News Central West Facebook page here: Here's a video showing the first outdoor test of our new precision ground vehicle RIPPA™ (Robot for Intelligent Perception and Precision Application). VIIPA™ (Variable Injection Intelligent Precision Applicator) is shown autonomously shooting weeds at high speed using a directed micro dose of liquid. The first on-farm trial will be in Cowra late October, 2015! With its comprehensive array of sensors, and ability to precisely and repeatably scan the field, Ladybird is well suited as a scientific research tool to measure crop phenotypes. We're working with the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) to test this application. James Underwood gave a talk about autonomous information systems for tree crops, at the APAL speed updating session, alongside the National Horticulture Convention on the Gold Coast in June 2015. All the talks are available here. This video shows the Ladybird performing targeted spot spray in real time. In this example, we show real-time results, first in the lab and then on a commercial vegetable orchard in Cowra, NSW, Australia. Ladybird detects the locations of seedlings in 3D using a stereo camera, then fires a small and controllable volume of spray at each target. Coupled with algorithms shown in previous videos for automatic weed detection, this technology can be used to deliver tiny amounts of herbicide exactly where it's needed, anywhere on the farm, allowing a herbicide volume reduction to only 0.01% compared with conventional blanket spraying applications. This video demonstrates the use of a reconfigurable rover for crop row monitoring. The Ladybird robot and the Agricultural Robotics team at ACFR, The University of Sydney would like to wish everyone a safe and happy holiday period! Here’s a demonstration of concept weeding methods using the robotic manipulator on our Ladybird robot. We’ll be doing some field trials early 2015! We've just returned from another successful trip to the farm. Ladybird scanned corn to detect different varieties of weeds within the crop and beetroot just prior to harvest for yield monitoring and to evaluate the performance of different seed spacings. With harvest occurring all around us, it was great to see Ladybird operating autonomously alongside traditional farm equipment, showing that high-tech autonomous systems can easily coexist with current methods. The farm of the future is nearer than you might think. 2-6 February 2015 Applications due: 8 December 2014 (extended) General enquiries: email@example.com NEW: Preliminary program now listed at http://www.acfr.usyd.edu.au/education/ssar2015.shtml The IEEE RAS Summer School on Agricultural Robotics (SSAR 2015) is a new summer school to be held at The University of Sydney, Australia over five days during the southern hemisphere summer, from 2-6 February 2015. SSAR 2015 is supported in part by the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society and The University of Sydney. Agricultural robotics is an area of growing interest with the potential to bring about profound economic and social benefits. The School aims to promote robotics research that will enable safe, efficient, and economical production in agriculture and horticulture. The School will consist of presentations by world experts covering a broad range of topics in agricultural robotics, hands-on activities that encourage deep learning, and collaboration activities including a student poster session as well as several social events. Attendance is open to graduate students, postdocs, academics, and industry practitioners. The main technical objective of the School is to cover the motivation driving research in agricultural robotics, existing projects and results, and open research problems in key areas of agricultural robotics. Underlying research topics include systems design of outdoor platforms, perception in semi-structured outdoor environments, planning and control for single and multiple robot systems, and manipulators for harvesting and weeding. The School will include presentations (and opportunities to interact with) representatives from the USDA, GRDC, Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, and the Cotton Research and Development Corporation. Please check the website for updates on the detailed technical program. APPLICATION AND REGISTRATION Application details can be found on the SSAR 2015 website (http://www.acfr.usyd.edu.au/education/ssar2015.shtml). Applications will be processed as received. Spaces are limited so please send your application as soon as possible. Applications are due by 8 December 2014. General enquiries can be addressed to firstname.lastname@example.org. In part 1, we show the construction and testing of the vehicle on a commercial vegetable near Cowra, New South Wales. The vehicle can drive autonomously up and down rows of a vegetable farm, gathering data that we think will be useful for growers to manage the farm. The Ladybird is a solar electric powered vehicle, and during our three day trip, we didn't need to charge the vehicle once. In part 2, we show some examples of the types of data we obtain and how it can be processed, to provide useful information to growers. Robert Fitch's presentation in Minlaton (SA) on “Robotics in agriculture now, and a potential solution for robotic snail management on the YP” was featured in the Yorke Peninsula Country Times newspaper. The robot drives along the orchard rows autonomously, gathering laser and camera data while passing the trees. Each tree can be automatically identified, and information such as flower and fruit counts is produced. The information can be stored in a database, compared through the season and from one year to the next, mapped and displayed visually. We exercise the whole system for the first time, including translation, rotation and combined manoeuvres, including autonomous row alignment and following. We have designed and built this robot as a new research platform to support Australia's vegetable industry. The omnidirectional wheel base allows traversal over most existing farm configurations, treading much more lightly over where existing tractor wheels currently run. In addition to the low weight of the vehicle, the ability to turn each wheel allows precision guidance and manoeuvrability, while minimising damage to the soil. In the undercarriage, the Ladybird carries a variety of optical sensors, including stereo and hyperspectral cameras, and the versatile robot arm enables development in a wide variety of applications, including spraying, weeding, thinning and of course to support harvesting research. We are looking forward to to our first tests on vegetable farm in the coming weeks. We exhibited a selection of our robots at CeBIT, with an emphasis on the future of agriculture. This video shows Shrimp driving fully autonomously in an apple orchard in the Yarra Valley, Australia. It uses a 360 degree lidar to guide it along the row (no need for GPS). Unlike Mantis, the 2D lidars on Shrimp are looking sideways to scan the trees, so the 360 degree Velodyne sensor was used instead. To emulate a lower cost 2D lidar, only one of the 64 Velodyne lasers was processed. We used the autonomous system to obtain fruit yield data from approximately 30 rows of the farm without error. This is a demonstration on our research platform, but the technology could easily be applied to any existing or new farm equipment, enabling smart farm vehicles to act as assistants to farmers. We are interested in using robotic manipulators for harvesting and weeding applications.This video from our field lab illustrates our concept for how a robot arm might look in performing a harvesting task. We gathered data from a banana plantation near Mareeba in the far north of Australia, at the end of 2013. Using Shrimp , we drove up and down rows of the plantation, acquiring 3D maps and image data. Farmers typically use a system of coloured bags to denote the expected harvest date, which can be detected and mapped by the system. It is also hoped that in the future, growth rates of shoots or 'suckers' can be measured, to predict maturation times of the fruit directly, many months in advance. We built and tested a prototype robotic aircraft and surveillance system to detect aquatic weeds in inaccessible habitats. Wheel cactus which is native and endemic to Mexico has now naturalised in South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria. It is often located in terrain which is difficult to access and monitoring and control by unmanned aerial vehicles and remote sensoring offers significant potential. The robot uses its forward looking laser to estimate the geometry of the tree foliage in front, enabling it to drive along the row without needing GPS. Additionally, it can detect people out in front, slowing down and coming to a safe halt. The video shows a conceptual demonstration of how this could be used as a farmer assistance mechanism, whereby the vehicle could accompany a farmer, carrying heavy loads such as buckets of fruit, or towing other forms of equipment. Although demonstrated on one of our Perception Research Ground Vehicles (Mantis), the core technology can easily be applied to existing or new farm machinery. GPS can be unreliable under canopied environments, due to occlusions between the vehicle and satellites. Therefore, forms of autonomy that require no GPS are likely to be more reliable. In this trial a light weight hexacopter was used to detect alligator weed infestation. The final map product can be opened using Google Earth and can help the weed controllers to locate the infestation. This trial aimed to provide a weed distribution map over a large area in Northern Queensland. During the trial we have mapped various woody weed including prickly acacia (Acacia nilotica), parkinsonia (Parkinsonia aculeate) and mesquite (Prosopis pallida). The map product can be used by the farmers to plan the control and eradication process. Images are collected as "Shrimp" surveys the orchard. The algorithm classify and count apples in each image and provide yield estimation for each row "Shrimp" surveyed. This yield estimation can give the farmer an early indication of potential yield and allows the farmer to refine and optimise the farm operation. As "Shrimp" drives along a row of an orchard, 3D maps are built from laser data. From this, we can segment and recognise individual trees, which is useful for data management. For example, when combined with our yield estimation techniques, it allows us to measure and associate the yield of each individual tree. This can be used to track information, such as yield, over time and it can be used actively, for example, to target autonomous or computer assisted spray trucks with spray programs for each tree. The trial aimed to test the response of cows to the presence of a robot, and determine the feasibility of remote or autonomous herding using an unmanned ground vehicle. The cows were calm with the robot in their midst, and were willing to be herded into the dairy at a gentle pace, proving the potential of this technology. The story has captured the public's imagination, with media coverage around the world:Discovery Channel Canada, ABC Rural, BBC News, tested.com, cnet.com, International Business Times, and more. Blog: Mapping and counting mango fruit in orchards with machine vision, lidar and robotics yesterday at 4:58 PM Blog: New Ladybird Video Jul 26, 2017 Blog: Digital Farmhand Video Jul 17, 2017 Blog: ACFR demonstrates the Digital Farmhand platform to local farmers Jun 25, 2017 Blog: Digital Farmhand Featured in South West Voice Jun 14, 2017 Blog: Robotic Arm With Pruner May 22, 2017 Blog: Robotic Arm Picking Apples May 22, 2017 Blog: Orchard Autonomy and Precision Targeting Using RIPPA and VIIPA May 12, 2017 Blog: Robots in developing countries - Trip to Indonesia Nov 29, 2016 Blog: RIPPA Demonstrates Autonomous Crop Interaction Oct 31, 2016 Blog: Demonstration of the di-wheel concept for agricultural use Aug 13, 2016 Blog: SwagBot featured in media around the world Aug 08, 2016 Blog: Ladybird and Mantis featured in the latest Handbook of Robotics Jul 12, 2016 Blog: First field test of SwagBot Jul 07, 2016 Blog: Science Vision: 15 years from now Unknown User (dwil4966)Jun 14, 2016 - No labels

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Fog is essential for Redwood Trees. Most of the water the forest gets over the dry Summer months in California comes in the form of fog that is captured by trees or converted to rain that falls within the dripline of the trees. You only find wild Redwoods where there is Summer fog. The needles of Redwoods are designed to capture fog and turn it into rain. Our home is at the edge of the Redwood Forest. About one-third of the yard is in wild second-growth Redwoods. Much of the rest is Douglas Fir. Both these species actually act as precipitrons, with the needles electrostatically charged relative to the fog flowing over the mountain, resulting in fog droplets collecting on the tree needles. This in turn becomes larger droplets, until they are too large to remain on the leaf and fall to the ground. Locally this is known as "Fog Drip", and it more than doubles the rainfall under the Fir and Redwood trees relative to open ground rainfall. The entire ecology of the Redwood Forest is dependent upon Fog Drip to keep alive through the warm and dry summers (no actual rain typically falls between June and October). When I moved here twenty years ago, I thought "Wow - I can grow a lot of vegetables!". True enough, though the ones I finally started to succeed with were not the ones I started with. In years that are typical of coastal Redwood Forest, it is a race between getting my first ripe tomato of the year and the first frost of the Fall. In more atypical years, I get ripe tomatoes in July. We've had lots more of these later types of years lately, and they stress the forest mightily. At least this Spring, we still have the life giving fog. This is the view of the Fir trees from our deck. While the fog keeps the yard colder than most folks like (not exactly swimwear weather), there are other compensating wonders, such as the reductionist Lilies: Trillium. Southern California and the deserts have superblooms. Our forests have their own version. Rather than carpets of color that run for miles, there are sublime blossoms to be found in the deep mossy places. Added bonus: no sunburn! This is a local color form of Trillium chloropetalum. More typically flowers of this species are pale green on the coast, or brick red east of the coastal slopes. We also have true Lilies - they will not be flowering locally for months, but the dwarf Checker Lilies are in flower now (Fritillaria affinis) often among the Trilliums. You can't find our superfog superflowers from miles away, yet when you do find them they are sublime additions that make the day brighter.

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Treatment for Conjunctivitis By David Gross on April 29, 2018 Conjunctivitis, which is more commonly referred to as pink eye, can cause a number of uncomfortable symptoms. Conjunctivitis typically starts in one eye; if it is not treated quickly, it tends to spread to the other eye within a few days. Conjunctivitis often gives the eyes a bright red appearance. It also causes the eye to release discharge. In some cases, discharge is so severe that the patient will wake up in the morning with a crusty build-up around the lids that makes it difficult to open the eyes. Eye care is extremely important in promoting the overall health of the eyes. At Deen-Gross Eye Centers, we can diagnose pink eye and recommend a treatment for conjunctivitis that will allow our Merrillville, IN patients to manage the symptoms of pink eye and restore the health of the eyes. Cleaning the Eyes It is important that patients with conjunctivitis clean their eyes several times throughout the day. This will wash away any discharge from the eyes, and will also help prevent the spread of pink eye. To properly clean the eyes, patients should get a wet cloth and gently swipe it over their closed eyelid. Patients should start at the inner corner of the eyelid and wipe out toward the ears. It’s not necessary to apply a lot of pressure, as this is simply intended to rinse away any discharge from the eyelids. Artificial tears can also be used to lubricate and clean the eyes. However, do not allow the eye drop dispenser to come into contact with the infected eye. To help the eyes stay clean and avoid re-infecting the eye, those who wear contacts should avoid doing so until their conjunctivitis has cleared up. Any hard lenses that are worn should be disinfected each night before wearing them again the next day. In addition to cleaning the eyes and eyelids, patients should consider the use of cold compresses. Cold compresses can ease any inflammation that may develop in the eyelids. Cold compresses are also a good source of physical relief. Many patients with conjunctivitis experience irritation and are tempted to scratch or rub at their eyes. Rubbing and scratching could damage the eyes and make the symptoms of conjunctivitis worse, so cold compresses are a good way to soothe the eyes without causing further harm. Cold compresses can be applied as often as needed to provide relief. Many patients assume that they will be prescribed antibiotic eye drops to treat conjunctivitis, but this only happens in some cases. If the patient has bacterial pink eye, the condition can be treated with antibiotic eye drops. Many pink eye cases are viral, which means antibiotics will be ineffective. When this occurs, we will gear treatment toward managing pink eye symptoms until the virus has run its course. If our doctors suspect that conjunctivitis is linked to allergies, then over-the-counter allergy medication may be effective in relieving symptoms and assisting in the healing process. At Deen-Gross Eye Centers, our experienced team of doctors offer a comprehensive range of eye care services, including eye exams, and the diagnosis and treatment of the most common eye conditions. If you would like to learn more about these services, or are simply in need of a routine eye exam, contact us at your earliest convenience. Related to This "After wearing glasses my entire life, Dr. Gross corrected my eyesight to better than 20/20 vision."Richard B - St. John, IN

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CC-MAIN-2018-22

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The vestibular system, which takes charge of balance, is extremely influential in children's concentration and learning while they are responding to the space, or to the messages they receive. Balance is important in learning. A child who can move flexibly and control muscles well often has the outstanding performance. Children's balance can be activated through exercises. The snail labyrinth pattern on the board not only makes the balance board cute, but provides challenge for children to complete the task (move the body to control the movement of the ball on the board).

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CC-MAIN-2019-13

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Albert B. Graham (1868–1960) started the international 4-H Club movement in Springfield in 1902 by forming an "Agricultural Club" to teach boys and girls better farming and home management techniques. From that first club meeting with 30 young people, held in the basement of the Springfield Courthouse, Graham’s idea grew into a national phenomenon. Today about 7 million youth are involved in 4-H programs each year. Programs thrive in all 3,067 counties of the United States, District of Columbia, commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and five territories as part of the Cooperative Extension Service. The Cooperative Extension System is a partnership between the United States Department of Agriculture, state land-grant universities, and local county governments. More than 80 other countries also have 4-H programs. The Ohio State University learned about Graham's "out-of-school education program" and invited him to supervise agricultural clubs for boys and girls throughout the state as part of the University's Land Grant mission. He became superintendent of extension in Ohio in 1905 with goals that included: - To elevate the standard of living in rural communities. - To acquaint boys and girls with their environment and to interest them in making their own investigations. - To inspire young men and women to further their education in the science of agriculture or domestic science. - To cultivate a taste for the beauty of nature. - To educate adults in the elementary science of agriculture and in the most up-to-date farm practices. Graham kept those goals in organizing his agricultural clubs on a national basis, where they eventually became known as 4-H Clubs. Fun Facts About 4-H - The National 4-H emblem is a four-leaf clover, which represents the four-fold development of Head, Heart, Hands, and Health. Youth learn the importance of each and how they work together to produce a well rounded person. - The four leaf clover signifies "good luck" and "achievement." Like the clover, 4-H symbolizes a four-squared, well rounded life. If it is good luck to find a four leaf clover, it is far better luck to know and live each "H" on the clover. - The 4-H Pledge, adopted in 1927: "I pledge . . . My Head to clearer thinking, My Heart to greater loyalty, My Hands to larger service, My Health to better living, for my club, and my world." - 4-H Motto: "To Make The Best Better" - The 4-H Slogan: "Learn by Doing" - The 4-H Colors: Green and White 4-H continues that work in rural areas, but its focus goes beyond residents of agricultural areas. Membership is open to all youth aged 5-19, including residents of urban areas. Graham’s original objective at the turn of the 20th Century, however, remains the same in the 21st: "The development of youth as individuals and as responsible, productive members of the community in which they live." Graham, who was superintendent of the Springfield Township Schools, at that time, believed that agricultural production and rural life could be improved by applying scientific knowledge. Find out more...

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

http://www.heartlandscience.org/agrifood/4hclub

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By Paul Raeburn This year is the 15th anniversary of an event that will not be celebrated by the tobacco industry: the publication of The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking by then-Surgeon General C. Everett Koop. The report solidly linked secondhand smoke to cancer and heart disease in nonsmokers, and included these words: "Separation of smokers and nonsmokers within the same airspace may reduce, but does not eliminate, exposure of nonsmokers to environmental tobacco smoke." The report's publication was an ominous development for the tobacco industry. Smoking restrictions began appearing around the U.S. The rules, however, were effective in reducing nonsmokers' exposure to secondhand smoke. On Mar. 21, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) released a study that found "a dramatic reduction in exposure of the U.S. population to environmental tobacco smoke" since 1991. FRESH BREEZE. Despite this good news, the industry has struggled to shake off the restrictions. First, it argued that the science on secondhand smoke was suspect. Then it warned that smoking restrictions would put bars and restaurants out of business. Neither argument held up, nor did they slow the trend toward restricting or banning smoking in workplaces, public spaces, restaurants, and bars. Now the industry thinks it has a strategy that can't fail. Its centerpiece? Ventilation. "Bringing in a lot of fresh air can help reduce the concentration of secondhand smoke and provide a more comfortable environment for everyone," says Brendan McCormick, manager of media relations for Philip Morris USA. (MO) "The comfort of the nonsmoker is what's at issue." Indeed, the company has been lobbying city councils and state legislatures to draft laws encouraging the use of ventilation as an alternative to smoking restrictions. Public-health officials object to Philip Morris' new emphasis on "comfort." They say it obscures something much more important: the health of nonsmokers. According to the CDC in Atlanta, secondhand smoke causes 62,000 heart-disease deaths and 3,000 deaths from lung cancer in the U.S. each year. It's true that ventilation can clear up smoky haze and odors. Nevertheless, what the Surgeon General concluded in 1986 still holds true: The technology can't eliminate health dangers. Secondhand smoke is full of thousands of chemicals, many of which increase the risk of cancer, heart disease, and respiratory ailments. And air can't be judged by its smell, since many carcinogens are odorless and invisible. The best ventilation available today "cannot conceivably control secondhand smoke to acceptable levels of risk without tornado-like levels of airflow," declares James L. Repace, a consultant on secondhand-smoke hazards and former staff scientist at the Environmental Protection Agency. The ventilation industry itself concedes the point. Its current published standards specify that air containing secondhand smoke cannot be considered acceptable, no matter how thoroughly it is ventilated. And even Philip Morris does not argue with these conclusions. "We don't in any way address the health effects of ventilation," says Thomas M. Ryan, manager of media programs for Philip Morris. Meanwhile, the company continues to promote the technology. For example, it has created what it calls an Options program. It encourages owners of bars, restaurants, and bowling alleys to upgrade their ventilation systems so they can accommodate both smokers and nonsmokers--without either restricting smoking or confining smokers to a separate room. GOTHAM MYSTERY. The latest battleground is New York City, where the City Council is considering a bill that would slightly tighten smoking restrictions in restaurants. Tucked inside is a proposal to create a task force to study ventilation as an alternative to separate smoking areas in restaurants. This dovetails nicely with Philip Morris' strategy: The company won't try to argue that ventilation keeps nonsmokers healthy. But the task force--with links to Philip Morris--will raise reasonable-sounding questions about whether it's really necessary to ban or wall off smoking. And if New York goes on record supporting ventilation as an alternative to smoking restrictions, Philip Morris could use that to persuade other communities to do the same. How the ventilation proposal got into the New York bill is a mystery. No one on the City Council takes credit for it, and a spokesman says it is unclear who inserted the language. "As far as I know, the language was put in there because there is some controversy" about ventilation, says the spokesman, Jordan Barowitz. Philip Morris' Ryan says he can't discuss details of the company's lobbying in New York City. But the company has been "actively involved in the legislative process" in many localities, he says. Other localities have been down this same road. Cities include Anchorage, Alaska; Little Rock; and Mesa, Ariz., and states include Minnesota and Washington. In Mesa in 1999, the industry nearly had its biggest victory. The City Council passed a bill allowing ventilation as an alternative to tough smoking restrictions. This was in response to a ventilation demonstration prepared by representatives from Chelsea Group, a consultancy in Itasca, Ill., that works closely with Philip Morris. The consultants were under instructions to make no health claims. But the demo succeeded on aesthetic grounds alone. The victory, however, was short-lived. Local health advocates, alarmed by the ventilation legislation, protested vigorously that the health hazards remained. Four months later, the Mesa City Council reversed itself, reinstating regulations that required doors between smoke-free restaurants and adjoining bars where smoking is allowed. STACKED DECK. Task forces to evaluate ventilation technology are the tobacco industry's latest ploy--but there is nothing novel about obfuscation. For decades, the industry has tried to create controversy around established facts. It produced consultants and "studies" arguing that smoking didn't cause cancer, that secondhand smoke wasn't dangerous, and that smoking restrictions could hobble businesses. This time around, with ventilation, it is encouraging the creation of task forces that are often required to include members from the hotel and restaurant industries, thus stacking the membership in favor of the tobacco industry. A second hearing on the New York bill will probably be held this summer. In the meantime, the ventilation question may come up in other cities and towns, and it's bound to be controversial. In communities with active local health groups, such proposals are likely to be defeated. In communities where the health issues are not clearly pointed out, well-meaning city council members might find themselves relying solely on information supplied by Philip Morris and its consultants. That will be good news for Philip Morris--and bad news for public health. Paul Raeburn covers science and the environment from New York.

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CC-MAIN-2014-10

http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2001-05-06/commentary-blowing-smoke-over-ventilation

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By definition, Universal Design is the creation of product and environments for the home that are meant to be usable by ALL people to the greatest extent possible. This means the young the old, the tall the short, the able bodied and the disabled should all be able to ideally function in the home at the same capacity. The intent of Universal Design is to simplify life for everyone by making products and the home environment more usable by as many people as possible. If you have ever been through an automatic door you have experienced a version of Universal Design. Placing electric outlets at a higher level where they can be easily reached if you are in wheelchair is another example of Universal Design. Universal Design is getting popular for several reasons. Baby Boomers are getting older and they want their houses to be more automated and more functional. For example, elevators use to be rare in homes but are now becoming much more common place. People also realize that they need homes that will grow old with them. They want independence that comes with staying in their home forever. And lastly, people simply want more comfort and more access to all the space in their home. Universal Design is a worldwide movement based on these concepts and the idea that all products and environments should be designed to consider the needs of the widest possible array of users. It is also known around the world as design for all, inclusive design, lifespan design and barrier free design. Some of the principles and guidelines of Universal Design and how they relate to StorageMotion are as follows: - Equitable Use – The product must provide the same means of use for all users and be identical whenever possible. It must try to avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users. A vertical conveyor from StorageMotion is used the same way by all people and is useful to all people. Each person can access the shelves at their own preferred access point yet because of the automation and the revolving shelves, ALL shelves can be brought to each individual’s preferred access point giving the product excellent equitability of use. - Simple and Intuitive Use – Unnecessary complexity must be eliminated and the product must operate within the users expectations and intuition. A motorized carousel from StorageMotion is equipped with a simple up and down switch. Press the toggle or rocker switch up and the shelves rotate up. Press the rocker or toggle switch down and the shelves rotate down. Nothing could be simpler and more intuitive. - Flexibility In Use – The product design must accommodate a wide range of individual preferences and abilities. It must provide choice in the methods of use, facilitate the users accuracy and precision and provide adaptability to the user’s pace. An automated shelving system from StorageMotion can be set up and installed in many different fashions in order to meet the user’s needs. A custom floor to ceiling unit can be installed, a half sized unit can be installed with stationary storage underneath and a unit can even be setup and installed where a wheel chair can be brought underneath so that the user can be close enough to the unit that, even with very limited use of the arms, items can be selected and retrieved. - Low Physical Effort – The design must be used efficiently and comfortably with a minimum of fatigue. It must allow a user to maintain a neutral body position, use reasonable operating forces and minimize sustained physical effort. An automated system of revolving shelves such as AutoPantry™ from StorageMotion eliminates the need for bending, stooping, kneeling and stretching. The shelves will revolve and come directly to you for easy access. - Size and Space For Approach and Use – The product must have appropriate size and space available so that a user can properly approach it and use it regardless of the users body size, posture or mobility. A clear line of sight must be available for all important elements for any seated or standing person and all controls must be comfortably reached by all users. An automated vertical conveyor from StorageMotion can have its controls mounted just about anywhere if necessary. It is also much more approachable and easier to get to than standard shelving because a ladder or step stool is never necessary! StorageMotion Inc. works hard to follow the principles of Universal Design. We will always continue to do our best to to make sure that our products are safe , built with quality and easy to use for EVERYONE.

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CC-MAIN-2020-40

https://storagemotion.com/universal-design-and-automated-home-storage/

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Multimedia Gallery - Visualization Modeling Earth's Enigmatic Core To learn more about the inner sanctum of the earth's core, seismologists take advantage of one of nature's most destructive forces: earthquakes. Somewhat like the way a CAT scan images the brain, seismologists track seismic wave patterns from earthquakes to model the structure of the earth's core. One of the great challenges is to capture the propagation of high-frequency waves, with periods of 1 to 2 seconds, as they travel across the globe. To simulate this activity, seismologists employ a spectral-element application called SPECFEM3D_GLOBE that uses a fine mesh of hexahedral finite elements, pictured here, and high-performance computers. Image: D. Komatitsch, Université de Pau; L. Carrington, SDSC. Source: San Diego Supercomputer Center, UC San Diego

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CC-MAIN-2015-06

http://www.sdsc.edu/Gallery/vs_earthCore.html

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Written by Stan Rogers Illustrated by Matt James Publication Date August 26, 2013 Winner of the Governor General's Literary Award for Children's Illustration Award-winning artist Matt James takes the iconic song "Northwest Passage" by legendary Canadian songwriter and singer Stan Rogers and tells the dramatic story of the search for the elusive route through the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific, which for hundreds of years and once again today, nations, explorers and commercial interests have dreamt of conquering, often with tragic consequences. For hundreds of years explorers attempted to find the Northwest Passage - a route through Canada's northern waters to the Pacific Ocean and Asia. Others attempted to find a land route. Many hundreds of men perished in the attempt, until finally, in 1906, Roald Amundsen completed the voyage by ship. Today global warming has brought interest in the passage back to a fever pitch as nations contend with each other over its control and future uses. The historic search inspired Canadian folk musician Stan Rogers to write "Northwest Passage", a song that has become a widely known favorite since its 1981 release. It describes Stan's own journey overland as he contemplates the arduous journeys of some of the explorers, including Kelsey, Mackenzie, Thompson and especially Franklin. The song is moving and haunting, a paean to the adventurous spirit of the explorers and to the beauty of the vast land and icy seas. The lyrics are accompanied by the striking paintings of multiple award-winning artist Matt James. Matt brings a unique vision to the song and the history behind it, providing commentary on the Franklin expedition and its failure to heed the wisdom of Inuit living in the North. The book also contains the music for the song (as well as a final verse that was never recorded), maps, a timeline of Arctic exploration, mini-biographies and portraits of the principal explorers, and suggestions for further reading. Following on the success of Canadian Railroad Trilogy, this is another beautiful book in which a memorable song illuminates a fascinating history that has taken on new resonance today. Winner of the Governor General's Literary Awards for Children's Illustration 2013 Selected for the An Amazon.ca Best Book 2013 Selected for the A Kirkus Best Book 2013 Short-listed for the Amelia Frances Howard‐Gibbon Award 2014 Matt James is a noted painter, illustrator and musician. His first picture book, Yellow Moon, Apple Moon by Pamela Porter, won the New Mexico Book Award and was a finalist for the Governor General’s Award. I Know Here by Laurel Croza won the Boston Globe-Horn Book Award and the Marilyn Baillie Picture Book Award, and was a finalist for the Governor General’s Award, the TD Canadian Children’s Literature Award, the Ruth and Sylvia Schwartz Children’s Book Award and the Amelia Frances Howard-Gibbon Illustrator’s Award. Matt’s most recent book is Northwest Passage, a gorgeous tribute to the iconic Stan Rogers’ song and the history of northern exploration. Matt lives in Toronto. "This stunning portrayal of early efforts to explore Canada’s Northwest Passage presents Rogers’ 1981 song in combination with glorious illustrations...Both realistic and allusive, these images are as haunting as the song. For U.S. readers, an illumination of a little-known history; for all Americans, a treasure." Kirkus, STARRED REVIEW "For a unique and exquisite view of the story of explorers’ search for a safe passage through the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific, look no further than this beautifully crafted title inspired by a well-known Canadian folk song." School Library Journal, STARRED REVIEW "[T]he sweep of James’s paintings is spectacular; the invitation to 'make a Northwest Passage to the sea,' irresistible." Horn Book "This is a dynamic and original introduction to the age of exploration." Library Media Connections

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CC-MAIN-2016-50

http://houseofanansi.com/products/northwest-passage-digital

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We model the primary crater production of small primary craters on the Moon using the size-frequency distribution (SFD) observed for the annual flux of terrestrial fireballs with an appropriate velocity distribution for the Moon. We compare results from the model with crater counts conducted on the ejecta of North Ray crater which was selected for its relatively young age, constrained by cosmic ray exposure ages of Apollo 16 samples, to be ~50 Ma. A small, 0.1 km2, study area is used containing only craters D ≤ 22 m. We estimate an age of ~58 Ma consistent with lunar crater-count chronometry systems and other crater count studies. The fact that we reproduce a similar age using a small area with a limited range of diameters indicates that the cratering rate on average has been constant over this period and the craters must be predominately primary craters. This demonstrates that crater-count chronometry systems can, in principle, be applied to date young surfaces on the Moon using small diameter craters. Using this model, we explore other young impact craters and compare modeled crater SFD’s with crater counts. Young craters are identified by high rock abundances derived from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer instrument on LRO. Studies have shown a clear relationship between Diviner-derived rock abundances and crater ages. This relationship is explored further. Initial counts have been conducted on a small region, 22 km2, of the ejecta blanket of Giordano Bruno crater, a 22 km diameter impact crater in the eastern hemisphere of the Moon (36° N, 103° E). This crater is possibly the youngest impact crater of its size and has high rock abundances on its proximal ejecta and interior. Our counts produce a crater SFD that falls between model SFD’s of a 1 My and 10 My surface, consistent with previous studies using larger craters and study areas. Counts were conducted on small areas of the ejecta blankets of two additional craters similar in size to Giordano Bruno, Moore F and Larmor Q. The observed crater SFD’s yielded ages 10 – 100 My with Moore F being the younger of the two, consistent with their observed rock abundances. The two SFD’s bracket the SFD of North Ray crater making Moore F < 58 Ma and Larmor Q > 58 Ma.

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CC-MAIN-2015-06

http://lunarscience.nasa.gov/lsf2013/print/195

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Chennai, erstwhile Madras, is the capital of Tamil Nadu, a southern state of India. The city is a major metropolitan as well as cosmopolitan city that is situated in the Coromandel Coast. It is one of the most important cities in South India as well as in the country in terms of commerce, culture, education as well as economics. In fact, Chennai is popularly known as the Cultural Capital of South India. The word Chennai comes from the Tamil word Chennapattanam. The English built a town by the same name near Fort St. George in the year 1639. The word Chennai was used for the town in 1639 when the town was sold to Francis Day who belonged to the English East India Company. The history of Chennai is well recorded because it was always an important part of many South Indian kingdoms. The city played a major role in the political history during the British Raj and the colonial times is when the history of Chennai actually begins. The British East India Company arrived on the coast of Chennai and built their Fort St. George establishment in the city in 1644. Making their mark on the city helped the British ward off attacks of the French colonial forces as well as from the Kingdom of Mysore. The English established their exclusive right over Chennai and made it their major naval port. They had made Chennai their presidency by the end of 18th century. During the rule of the English the city was called Madras. The name was a derivative of Madrasapattinam, which was a fishing village situated on the northern side of Fort St. George. Many people are of the opinion that Madras was derived from the word Mundir-raj. Some others also suggest that the word Madras was coined by the Portuguese who named the place Madre de Deus or Mother of God. Whatever the origin of the name, it stuck to the place for many long years before the Government of India decided to officially change the name to Chennai. Cultural Capital Of The South – Tourist Places In And Around Chennai Arts and crafts, music and dance and entertainment in all its forms are the things that have always flourished in the city of Chennai. Since long the city has played patron to art in its various forms. Carnatic music is an integral part of the lives of the people of Chennai and the local population does not miss any opportunity to listen to live recitals by imminent musicians. In fact, the city plays host to the Madras Music Season, which is a music-based cultural program that is organised every year in Chennai. The program sees participation by hundreds of artists from all over the country. Classical music is so popular in the city that the Madras University introduced music as part of the Bachelor of Arts program in the 1930s. Things To Do In And Around Chennai Carol singing is also very popular during the Christmas time and one can hear sweet music coming from churches, schools, colleges and even malls during the month of December. Many youngsters also form carol groups and sing from street to street a few days before Christmas. Another festival called Chennai Sangamam is also organised annually in the city. This festival features different forms of art from all across the state of Tamil Nadu. The festival is held in the month of January every year. Classical dance shows are also organised in the city on a regular basis mainly because Chennai is the main centre for the classical dance form Bharatanatyam. This dance form originated from Tamil Nadu and is among the oldest dance forms of the country. The dance has gained immense popularity all over the world as well and in the 2012 Summer Olympics; five Chennai-based Bharatanatyam dancers performed for the India Campaign. Chennai is also home to the Tamil film industry termed as Kollywood. Many important film festivals are organised each year in Chennai to showcase exclusive films from not only India but from all over the world. Many important film studios like the Gemini Studios, AVM Studios and the Vijayaa Vauhini Studios are based at Chennai. In fact, AVM Studio is the oldest studio of India that is still in existence. Chennai has some 120 cinema houses that play English, Hindi and Tamil movies. The theatre scene in Chennai is very strong and there are many regional, national as well as international theatre groups that stage plays in the city. The plays are mainly political satires, comedies, historical and mythological. Many colleges have formed theatre groups that also perform street plays to send across a social message and increase public awareness. The plays are mainly performed in the local language, but English plays are also staged regularly in the city and are much in demand with the local population. Best Time To Visit Chennai The best time to visit Chennai is from October to February. How To Reach Chennai Travellers planning a trip to Chennai can reach the destination via air, rail and road.

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CC-MAIN-2021-39

https://www.nativeplanet.com/chennai/

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en

Director of Business Development Every five years, Congress passes legislation that sets national agriculture, nutrition, conservation, and forestry policy, commonly referred to as the “Farm Bill.” Farm bills establish voluntary programs within USDA that seek to improve environmental quality and conservation. Several of these programs include incentives related to irrigation systems and water used for irrigation. These bills impact you as a grower or water manager and are often not well understood. As a result, many people miss opportunities available to them through the farm bill to improve their farms, ranches, and water management. This Friday, Michael Pippen will help us understand the farm bill and its impacts on farms, ranches, and water use. This will be an information session you don’t want to miss. In this session, you will learn: - History of the farm bill - What is included in the current farm bill and(how it is organized - Where/who to go to learn or communicate concerns about the bill

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CC-MAIN-2023-06

https://jainsusa.com/training/the-farm-bill-and-the-impact-on-ag-irrigation%E2%80%8B/

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Are your gut issues related to your low vitamin D levels? There appears to be a link. It is estimated that about 80% of the individuals are vitamin D deficient, and research is showing that these low levels are linked to gut dysbiosis, inflammation and autoimmune disease. Studies show that vitamin D increases microbiome diversity. The human microbiome consists of an entire community of microorganisms that contain about 12 different phyla or families composed mostly of Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota. They serve important roles in our gut from helping us to absorb and utilize nutrients by promoting and assisting digestion of the food we eat to mediating our immune system. The gut microbiome is a key component to health or disease and plays a role in what we know of as autoimmune disease. It is believed that foreign microbial peptides might cause “molecular mimicry,” meaning that they share structure and sequence with self-antigens and may therefore implode on themselves, destroying healthy cells instead of firing at pathogenic invaders when things go wrong. What might cause things to go wrong? Environmental toxins, overuse of antibiotics, chemicals, pathogens, nutrient deficiencies, chronic stress and illness--all of these may kill off colonies of good bacteria or cause miscommunication within the intricate balance of our microbiome and result in misfiring. Secretory IgA is the immune system barrier that protects the intestinal lining from permeability by toxins and pathogens. Any disruption here creates vulnerability. Higher levels of vitamin D, however, may support a stronger, more intuitive Secretory IgA barrier, tighter gut junctions and greater abundance and communication of pathogen-fighting good microorganisms, according to research. In a cross-sectional study of healthy individuals, low vitamin D intake was associated with a dysbiosis between Prevotella and Bacteroides bacterium. Eight weeks of vitamin D3 supplementation increased species diversity and decreased “bad” bacteria in the upper GI tract while increasing "good" bacteria. Aside from microbiome diversity, vitamin D also plays a role in reducing inflammation and regulating immune cell activity. Low levels of vitamin D are part of the domino effect resulting in immunoregulatory dysfunction. BECAUSE low levels of vitamin D seem to negatively impact bacterial communities, the chain reaction can affect intestinal barrier function (secretory IgA) and genetic polymorphisms (resulting in autoimmune disease and chronic illness). It’s a cause and effect chain. Although a genetic predisposition must exist, non-genetic factors such as low vitamin D levels impacting the gut microbiome may create a scenario that makes one susceptible to dis-ease. Vitamin D works directly with the immune system and your microbiome. They are interconnected. A University of California San Diego study furthered this relationship by studying the gut microbiome of older men in connection with their vitamin D levels. The study also looked deeper at vitamin D forms, biomarkers and metabolism of vitamin D from the precursor to active form. The researchers discovered that microbiome diversity was not only related to vitamin D levels as measured in blood tests but how well someone can metabolize vitamin D from the precursor to the active form. It is believed that the greater the microbiome diversity, the greater health outcomes for an individual. The greater the microbiome diversity, the greater the metabolism of vitamin D to its active form. Men in the study who had high levels of active vitamin D and high microbiome diversity were also found to have guts that included the 12 specific bacteria species that produce a beneficial fatty acid, butyrate, which is instrumental in gut health and a healthy gut mucosal lining (Remember that the gut lining is a vital force of immune function). The study also noted that how much vitamin D someone gets through sunlight or supplementation might be irrelevant. What matters is how well the body is able to metabolize vitamin D from the precursor form to the active form, but unfortunately, clinical studies haven’t focused much on this element of the domino effect to get a better scope of vitamin D’s role in promoting optimal gut health. It does appear, however, that vitamin D is a key player in this complicated relationship between microbiome diversity and its mediation with the immune system and gut lining. One takeaway is the importance of optimizing nutrient absorption including vitamin D absorption by supporting gut health and a strong immune system. Our Leaky Gut Defense includes ingredients that help soothe and rebuild the mucosal gut lining as well as create an environment that is conducive to a healthy, flourishing microbiome. One such ingredient, Arabinogalactan, interacts with M-cells. M-cells are the communication experts residing in the lymphoid tissue and mediate the digestive tract’s immune function. Studies show that arabinogalactan activates these M-cells, which creates a domino effect, initiating T-cells and other immune system fighters throughout the body. Arabinogalactan is also slowly fermented by bacteria in the colon. Being difficult to digest, this fermentation process attracts good bacteria and creates essential short-chain fatty acids that further promote gut health. Arabinogalactan helps create more butyrate and proprionate in the gut, which are two short chain fatty acids instrumental in fighting cancer-causing agents and protecting the lining of the intestinal wall. They attract bifidobacteria and lactobacillus, two friendly gut bacteria that help promote gut health. Bifidobacterium longum also feeds and ferments off arabinogalactan and helps sustain a healthy microbiome. Studies indicate that fatty acids such as butyrate and a diverse microbiome play an important role in optimizing health. Of course, supplementing with vitamin D is also important. Our Vegan D3+K2’s upcoming production run will include micellized vitamin D3. The micellization of vitamin D provides increased bioavailability. Micellization creates extremely small clusters of water-soluble fat that is nearly identical to fat created intrinsically by our small intestine. Many people with absorption issues have been able to absorb micellized forms of fat soluble vitamins more efficiently than regular forms. According to studies, micellization of D3 increases serum 25 (OH) by five times compared to emulsified vitamin D, so it may be the best option for those with absorption issues. We appreciate your patience as we transition from our original product labels to our fresher look! Keep in mind that you may receive either our original label or our new one when ordering our products. Either way, the product inside is the same quality, potency and purity as always. We guarantee full potency of our product from the manufacture date until the expiration date on the bottle.

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Many people are well aware of such a disease as hypertension. With the exacerbation of hypertensive disease, there is a severe headache, heart rate increases, blood pressure rises sharply. To treat this disease, it is necessary to regularly take special medicines, one of which is Capoten. Indication for the use of this medication is aimed specifically at treating various forms of hypertensive crises. This drug belongs to a group of drugs that, by their pharmacological action, are inhibitors of the ACE-angiotensin-converting enzyme. Angiotensin is an oligopeptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction. Under the influence of Capoten, the total amount of angiotensin is reduced. As a result, the lumen of large blood vessels expands and blood pressure decreases. The main therapeutic effect of this drug has on the central arteries, and the expansion of the venous channel affects to a lesser extent. If you take this medication for a long time, it also has a stimulating effect on the restoration of blood microcirculation in small blood vessels. Thus, Capoten can be used not only to treat various forms of hypertension and cardiovascular disorders, but also for preventive purposes in diabetes mellitus, in particular, diabetic angiopathy of the renal tubules. After taking this medication, within 1 to 1.5 hours, a steady decrease in blood pressure is achieved. If you take the drug for a long time, then during the day there are no sharp jumps in blood pressure. In medical practice, doctors often use Capoten. Indications for the use of this specific drug are quite narrowly focused. The drug is intended for the treatment of all types of hypertensive disease associated with impaired circulation of blood in the vessels, for the relief of severe forms of hypertensive crises. Assign a drug in the functional lesions of the ventricles of the heart, which occur against the background of myocardial infarction (in the stage of persistent remission). Capoten is used in heart failure subacute and chronic type. Also, this drug is used in diabetes mellitus for the treatment of abnormalities of the renal system and angiopathy of the lower limbs, caused by increased arterial pressure, that have arisen against it. The admission of Capoten is allowed only under the supervision of the attending physician. Self-treatment is unacceptable, especially for a long period of time. During the administration of the drug, a biochemical blood test should be performed regularly. If laboratory tests show an increase in the percentage of urea, a rise in creatinine clearance, then this indicates a violation of renal activity. Then the daily dose of the medication is reduced or completely abolished. How to take Capoten Capoten tablets are taken an hour before eating, squeezed with plenty of water. Recommended therapeutic dose is 12.5 milligrams twice a day. In case of side effects, the dosage is reduced to 6.25 milligrams. Sometimes to reduce blood pressure a combination of treatment schemes are appointed, in particular, additionally diuretics are used. Capoten is a serious specific medicine. Any violation of the regimen prescribed by the doctor can cause a sharp jump in blood pressure. It is also necessary to take into account contraindications to the use of this drug. These include ischemic heart disease in the acute stage, renal and hepatic insufficiency, a violation of the hematopoietic function, stenosis of the aorta. It is not recommended to use this medication if there is an individual intolerance to its components, during pregnancy and lactation, and to persons under the age of 18 years. It should be noted that sometimes on the background of treatment with Capoten a specific cough develops or regional lymph nodes increase. After withdrawal of the medication, these symptoms disappear. An overdose of the drug can trigger a disorder of cerebral circulation, the development of myocardial infarction. If you follow the advice of a doctor, then treatment with Capoten will lead to a stable level of blood pressure for a long time.

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Blue, red, purple, turquoise, green, and gold are just some of the colors you will see on an egg. And all of them have personal meaning to their creator. However, in traditional Pysanky-making, there are some general guidelines. In the next several weeks, I will outline reasons as to why an egg is a certain color and what it means. Depicted in the accompanying image is a modern version of a Trypillian egg. The Trypillian people lived 8,000 years ago and wandered the region we now call Eastern Europe. The name represents the place in the Ukraine where remnants of that culture were first discovered. 4,000-year-old painted egg shells were preceded by painted wooden eggs found in the graves of the Trypillian people. As you can see from the photo, the painted shapes and colors resemble some of the tribal art created around the same time in Africa and the Americas. I find it interesting that, with no known trade among these peoples, their artwork can look so similar across continents at the same time in history. The colors of these eggs are black, red, white, and sometimes yellow. This is because the dyes used then were created from local plant life. At the time, the egg represented something to the Trypillian people that was a complete mystery: the origin of life and how to create it. As a result, the egg was a very powerful symbol to them, and painting an egg or egg shape was, perhaps, a way to honor it. Next week, we will talk about the colors of eggs as expressions of love for family and friends. Book your own traditional egg decorating class with Elizabeth Mesh and New Mexico Artists for Hire now!

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Cosmos of the Ancients The Greek Philosophers on Myth and Cosmology The principal source to his life and theories is Diogenes Laertius, who wrote appreciatively and extensively about him in Lives of Eminent Philosophers. Epicurus is said to have written some 300 books, but what remains is principally some letters of his, and fragments mostly in the form of aphorisms. Among the letters, one known as the Lesser Epitome, written to his student Herodotus, later to break with and loudly criticize him, lays out the general lines of his cosmology as well as his ethics. Letters to some other students also remain, giving additional confirmations to the views of Epicurus. the soul is a corporeal thing, composed of fine particles, dispersed all over the frame, most nearly resembling wind with an admixture of heat, in some respects like wind, in others like heat. But again, there is the third part which exceeds the other two in the fineness of its particles and thereby keeps in closer touch with the rest of the frame. Death, therefore, the most awful of evils, is nothing to us, seeing that, when we are, death is not come, and, when death is come, we are not. Therefore, learning to live well is not different from learning to die well — the only reasonable way to prepare for the latter is to make the former, in itself and for itself, the fullest. It is in regards to celestial perspectives that Epicurus gives his views on the gods. The dynamics of the heavens, such as planetary movements, eclipses and so forth "take place without the ministration or command, either now or in the future, of any being who at the same time enjoys perfect bliss along with immortality." He has a slightly humorous way of robbing the gods of their powers by complimenting them, stating that such blissful creatures could not be dealing with troublesome worldly matters, or they would not be so blissful. They are above the world — thereby, it is implied but not outspoken by Epicurus, completely without role in, or relevance to, existence: "the divine nature must not on any account be adduced to explain this, but must be kept free from the task and in perfect bliss." It is as much saying that they do not exist at all, as is possible without actually saying it. So he dares to go on stating that misconceptions on this matter is a chief frustration to man: the greatest anxiety of the human mind arises through the belief that the heavenly bodies are blessed and indestructible, and that at the same time they have volitions and actions and causality inconsistent with this belief. The size of the sun and the remaining stars relatively to us is just as great as it appears. But in itself and actually it may be a little larger or a little smaller, or precisely as great as it is seen to be. What he strongly objects to is stating one theory to be true and not the other, although there is no actual proof of it: But one must not be so much in love with the explanation by a single way as wrongly to reject all the others from ignorance of what can, and what cannot, be within human knowledge, and consequent longing to discover the indiscoverable. Certainly, both mythology and philosophy is blamed for this. LiteratureO'Connor, Eugene, The Essential Epicurus, New York 1993. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, translated by R. D. Hicks, volume II, Loeb, London 1950. © Stefan Stenudd 2000 The Greek Philosophers My Other Websites I'm a Swedish author of fiction and non-fiction books in both Swedish and English. I'm also an artist, an historian of ideas and a 7 dan Aikikai Shihan aikido instructor. Click the header to read my full bio.

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In the 21st century in many countries, it is difficult to function without a birth certificate. Settling up an estate may be difficult without a death certificate. This was not necessarily the case in 1912 or 1812. Your ancestor very easily might not have a record of his birth or death, particularly for events that took place two hundred years ago. It would have been a little more difficult for your 1812 ancestor to function without deeds to his property, paying his taxes, or settling up his father's estate. That's why those records are more likely to exist. Records of property are often one of the earliest records--much earlier than who was born or who died.

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What is Competence by Design? Competence by Design (CBD) is the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada’s major change initiative to reform the training of medical specialists in Canada. It is based on a global movement known as Competency-based medical education (CBME), and is led by the medical education community. The objective of CBD is to ensure physicians graduate with the competencies required to meet local health needs. It aims to enhance patient care by improving learning and assessment in residency. CBD can be explained as: Stages of Training The Royal College Specialty Committees organize each specialty program into four distinct stages of training. Clear learning objectives Within each stage of training, residents are provided with a list of learning objectives called Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) and milestones, based on the CanMEDS 2015 framework. The resident must be observed completing each EPA. This allows for coaching and feedback opportunities to guide learning. Observers record EPA observations and feedback on resident performance in an electronic portfolio. The resident can review the information to drive performance improvements. At regular intervals during each stage of training, a competence committee reviews the documented observations along with other assessment data in the electronic portfolio and provides the recommendation to the Residency Training Committee on the resident’s progression to the next stage of training. Any gaps in learning are identified and addressed prior to progressing to the next stage. Progress to next stage The residence will progress to the next stage to tackle a new set of competencies or EPAs. Resident progress is assessed at all four stages of training, before being permitted to progress to the next stage. The Royal College exam becomes only one of many assessment points. Under CBD, specialty committees have the flexibility to move the Royal College exam to the end of stage three, to allow residents to focus on the transition to practice stage. Benefits of Competence by Design Clear learning expectations for trainees Opportunities for feedback and coaching Residents have more control of learning Helps prevent gaps in knowledge = increased confidence and care Promotes use of feedback in lifelong learning CBD is a hybrid CBME model designed to work within the Canadian context, and combines a time-based and an outcomes-based approach to learning. It reviews the design, implementation, assessment and evaluation of each specialty program across Canada’s 17 medical universities, using CanMEDS 2015 as an organizing framework of competencies. In CBD, progression of competence occurs within a structured but flexible curriculum consisting of five core components. More specifically, in a competency-based approach, competencies required for practice form a framework and are accordingly organized into a progressive sequence. Promoting resident progression forms the basis for the design of all curricular elements: learning experiences that are tailored to the acquisition of competencies, instruction that is competency-focussed and assessment that is programmatic in approach.

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Underscoring the critical important role teachers play in ensuring the future for every society, the United Nations today called for empowering educators with the freedom and support they need to undertake their vital mission. “Being an empowered teacher means having access to high-quality training, fair wages, and continuous opportunities for professional development,” the heads of key UN agencies and programmes said today in a joint message on World Teachers’ Day. Empowerment also means teachers having the freedom to support the development of national curricula, the professional autonomy to choose teaching methods and approaches and being able to teach in safety and security during times of political change, instability and conflict, they added. The joint message was issued by Irina Bokova, the Director-General of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Guy Ryder, the Director-General of International Labour Organization (ILO); Anthony Lake, the Executive-Director of UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF); Achim Steiner, the Administrator of the UN Development Programme (UNDP); and Fred van Leeuwen, the General-Secretary of Education International (a global federation representing organizations of teachers and other education employees). The theme for this year’s commemoration is Teaching in Freedom, Empowering Teachers. Marked annually on 5 October since 1994, World Teachers’ Day commemorates the anniversary of the signing of the 1966 UNESCO/ILO Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers – the primary reference framework that addresses teachers’ rights and responsibilities at the global scale.

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An imaginative scheme was proposed in the 1850s by Herbert Spencer for a barrage in the lower reaches of the Thames to hold back storm surges The Environment Agency has been criticised for its handling of the recent floods, but the history of flooding in London shows how slow progress can be in building flood protection. The earliest recorded flood in London was in 1099. “On the festival of St Martin, the sea flood sprung up to such a height and did so much harm as no man remembered before”, the Anglo Saxon Chronicles recorded. In 1237 the marshes at Woolwich turned into “a sea wherein many were drowned” and at the Great Hall at Westminster lawyers had to row around in boats. An imaginative scheme

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History of Bircher Muesli The original bircher muesli was invented by Dr Maximilian Bircher-Benner in Switzerland around 1900. It consisted of grated apples, nuts, a small amount of rolled oats soaked in water for 12 hours, lemon juice (to stop the apple turning brown) and cream and honey or sweetened condensed milk. Tinned condensed milk was used because of concerns about TB in fresh milk at the time.1 Bircher-Benner developed it as a way of giving his sanatorium patients more apple, as this was the main component. He believed that raw foods were more nutritious because they contained energy directly from the sun. Each meal at the sanatorium began with a small dish of muesli (which he originally called Apfeldiätspeise or the apple diet dish) followed by mostly raw vegetables and a dessert. By the 1930s Bircher-Benner’s invention was being consumed by a wider public. A London ‘special correspondent’ to Melbourne’s Herald newspaper described visiting friends in Switzerland in 1937 and experiencing bircher muesli for the first time: Every day, always for breakfast (at 7 am), often for dinner, and more often than not for supper, we ate this strange, delicious food, which – stranger still to an unaccustomed tongue – they called ‘Birchermuesli’. I shut my eyes and tried to decipher the ingredients: apples I could recognise, and currants, and there were queer little red fruits; but how the whole delicate flavour was obtained I could not guess. But the important part about it was that, contrary to my deep-rooted conviction that anything good for one is necessarily nasty, this mixture was not only extremely palatable, but the very latest thing in diet!2 Bircher Muesli Today So the original dish was neither restricted to breakfast nor mainly based on oats. Despite the latter, most versions today are based on soaked grain, usually rolled oats. Bircher-Benner soaked his in water but using apple juice is common, as is milk, or a combination of both. You could even use pourable yoghurt or kefir in some proportion. Since coarsely grated apple is the main ingredient of Bircher-Benner’s recipe, anything called bircher muesli really should include it. You don’t need the lemon juice of the original to stop the apple browning though, as the grated apple can be added just before serving. Dried fruit can be soaked with the oats if you like. And some nuts can be sprinkled on the top just before eating. The reliable Felicity Cloake of the Guardian surveyed the recipes of well-known cooks and came to a conclusion with her own bircher recipe. She soaks the oats and dried fruit in apple juice, mixes the grated apple with a little milk to make a mash, combines with the oats, and adds a dollop of yoghurt and a sprinkle of nuts over the top. Easy. But I reckon you could just use water to soak the oats, as you will be getting plenty of apple and juice is then one less thing to buy. As on my other pages, the eatery reviews below are ranked from best downwards. This is based not just on the taste of the food, but also how it is presented, the service, standard of coffee, ambience and value for money. And while you get evaluations based on the total package here, on my home page you can see my top ratings under each of the different attributes of food, coffee, ambience, etc. Bircher muesli is far less often served in eateries than regular muesli, granola, or even porridge, and what I have here is the sum total of what I believe is available in Wellington. They were pretty well all good, so it is hard to go wrong ordering bircher-muesli in this city. Eatery no longer exists 1. The recipe was possibly first published in Berta Brupbacher-Bircher and Max Oskar Bircher-Benner, Health-giving dishes, translated Marguerite Meissner from Das Wendepunkt-kochbuch, 1934, E. Arnold, London, 1942, p. 163. 2. Special correspondent, ‘Holidays in Switzerland’, Herald, 13 December 1937, p. 16.

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The Tylosaurus is a large species of Mosasaur from the Western Interior Sea of North America during the Late Cretaceous Period that appeared in the film, Fantasia. Several Tylosaurus appear swimming in the coastal ocean in a group, surfacing to gasp for air. Late on in the scene, one of these top predators of the sea catches a Pteranodon by the head as it skims the water's surface, fishing for squid and fish. - The Tylosaurus depicted in Fantasia had spikes on its neck and back region features the real animal did not sport. However, this makes sense for the time as the scientists who discovered the Tylosaurus first thought that it had spines down its back, but it was discovered later on that it had a smooth back. - Tylosaurus was also shown via skin impressions from related mosasaurs to have a tail fluke similar to a shark's. - Mosasaurs' closest living relatives are monitor lizards such as the Komodo dragon and the related Gila monster. - Unlike modern lizards, mosasaurs were found to be warm-blooded, as evidenced by studies in 2016. - The scene in which the Tylosaurus seizes a Pteranodon out of the air may have been inspired by a famous painting by Czech paleo-artist Zdenek Burian, which depicts a Tylosaurus leaping out of the sea after a Pteranodon. The spikes on the back of the Tylosaurus in the movie also resemble the one in the painting. - Tylosaurus was originally going to appear in Dinosaur, but it never made it to the final cut. Although, there is a design of the creature for the film.

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Author: Bonnee Breese Bentum Science Leadership Academy at Beeber Grade Level: 9-12 Keywords: African American literature, African-American authors, African-American heroes, Barbara Neely, Cosmic Slop, detective fiction, Easy Rawlins, fantasy, Great American Migration, Octavia Butler, race in fiction, Samuel Delany, science fiction, snitches, speculative fiction, time travel, UbD, Understanding by Design, Walter Mosley This curriculum unit focuses its content in using Detective fiction and Science fiction stories by African-American authors. Students will learn to navigate African-American identity through fictitious characters in making plain an understanding of the use of both genres as a stage to illustrate extensions of self-identity, societal conflicts, and African-American intentions, their hopes, dreams, and aspirations. In embarking upon this study, with students, this unit is created for students to gain knowledge and understand on subjects that are embedded within the text. This will help them identify with the hero in a story. Some of what students will discover is based on general literary study, while other aspects of understanding will hone on the African-American authors’ experiences and how they communicate these experiences through their stories. Students will understand that authors convey ideas and messages that readers must infer. This curriculum unit is intended for use in a high school English Language Arts classroom. More specifically for students in the School District of Philadelphia, with this in mind, upwards of 80% or more of these students is African-American. This unit, in addition, serves educators who are in need of supplemental materials for the African-American literature component, which has been included in the canon. Furthermore, this curriculum unit will show students the close relationship between literature and history. Download Unit: Bentum-Bonnee-unit.pdf

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Many circuits have resistors in both series and parallel. To find the total current through the circuit you generally want to replace the set of resistors with its equivalent resistor. This can be done by identifying a pair of resistors that is either in series or in parallel, replacing that pair by a single equivalent resistor, and iterating until you're left with one resistor in the circuit. This allows the total current in the circuit to be determined. The current flowing through each resistor can then be found by undoing the reduction process. In the circuit above, the resistors are: R1 = 6 W R2 = 36 W R3 = 12 W R4 = 3 W What is the potential difference across each resistor? How much current passes through each resistor? To solve this we need to find the equivalent resistance of the set of capacitors. We'll contract the circuit from 4 resistors to 1. Step 1 - R2 and R3 are in parallel. Replace this pair by a single capacitor R23: 1/R23 = 1/R2 + 1/R3 = 1/36 + 1/12 = 4/36. Therefore R23 = 36/4 = 9 W. Step 2 - R4 and R23 are in series. Replace that pair by a single resistor R234 = 3 + 9 = 12 W. Step 3 - R1 and R234 are in parallel. Replace that pair by a single resistor Req: 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R234 = 1/6 + 1/12 = 3/12 Req = 12/3 = 4 W. Step 4 - Determine the current through Req. I = DV / Req = 12/4 = 3A. Now we need to expand the circuit back to the original four resistors, and determine the current through, and potential difference across, each one as we go. Step 1 - Req represents R1 and R234 in parallel. Resistors in parallel have the same potential difference but split the current. The potential difference across each is 12 volts. The current is: I4 = DV / R4 = 12/6 = 2A. I234 = DV / R234 = 12/12 = 1A. Step 2 - R234 represents R4 and R23 in series. Devices in series have the same current through them (whatever current their series combination has), so they each have 1A. DV4 = I * R4 = 1 * 3 = 3 V. DV23 = I * R23 = 1 * 9 = 9 V. These add to the potential difference across the series combination. Step 3 - R23 represents R2 and R3 in parallel. The potential difference in both cases is 9 V. I2 = DV / R2 = 9/36 = 0.25 A. I3 = DV / R3 = 9/12 = 0.75 A. Step 4 - A good way to check for consistency is to label the potential at different points. Pick some point as a reference (say, 0 V at the negative terminal of the battery) and label other points relative to that. Check that the potential differences across the resistors are consistent with these potential values.

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The rotor looks like a propeller with three or four very long blades. This rotor mounted is mounted above the fuselage at the top or a vertical shaft. The blades of the rotor spin horizontally around the shaft, making the autogyro resemble a windmill that is lying on its side. The autogyro differs from the helicopter in that the engine does not continuously move the rotor, as the engine on a helicopter does. The engine is connected to the prerotator and is engaged only before takeoff. The small propeller at the front of the machine is vertical to the fuselage and pulls the autogyro forward as the propeller on an aircraft does. The forward motion causes the rotor to turn automatically. Like an airplane, the autogyro must move along the ground before lifting off. The engine drives the rotor blades at a high rate of speed before the machine can leave the ground. Once in the air, the rotors are disconnected from the engine. The blades continue to revolve because of the air pressure against the bottom of the blades. These revolutions create sufficient lift to keep the autogyro aloft. This phenomenon is called autorotation. As the rotor turns, each blade moves forward on one side of the aircraft and backward on the other, thus creating more lift on the advancing side. Cierva joined each blade separately to the hub of the rotor so that each blade could rise automatically to avoid producing too much lift or could fall automatically to avoid producing insufficient lift. His autogyro was difficult to maneuver at low speeds because it used airplane-like controls that were dependant on forward speed to work. Later machines had the wings removed and were controlled by a tilting main rotor. An aircraft that is equipped this way can be directly controlled by varying the pitch or speed of the rotor blades or by tilting the rotors. Thus, it does not need conventional rudders, elevators, or ailerons. No autogyro has ever had a tail rotor. The autogyro can climb or descend very steeply and descend vertically. However, it cannot climb vertically or hover over one spot like a helicopter. Related category• AERODYNAMICS AND AERONAUTICS U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy • Contact

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In this technologically advancing world, cell phone use is a common thing for the young and old. Cell phones’ portability enhances communication among people in different places for a numerous number of reasons. In spite of its benefits, especially in terms of communication, cell phone use poses serious risks to human life, under some circumstances. Authorities ought to prohibit cell phone use while driving through sound legislation to curb the growing number of car crashes as a result of this nasty habit. When a person uses a phone during driving, they lose concentration on their main job: driving. Loss of concentration means that the driver has high chances of running into pedestrians or other vehicles on the road. When the conversation is emotionally stressful, the driver forgets that he or she has another task, driving, to carefully perform. Secondly, cell phone use engages one hand, leaving only one hand for driving. Effective handling of the steering requires use of both hands. In the case of driving while using a cell phone, there is insufficient strength to steer the vehicle appropriately. The Harvard Center of Risk Analysis calculates ‘that cell phone use while driving contributes to six percent of crashes, which equates to 636,000 crashes, 330,000 injuries, 12,000 serious injuries and 2,600 deaths and each year and a tab of $43 billion’ (“Should cell phones be banned while driving” 2009). In conclusion, every sane human being knows that talking on a cell phone while driving can be fatal. A driver who uses a phone while performing his or her duties is reckless and dangerous not only to other road users but also to himself or herself. Simply, there should be a form of legislation that completely prohibits cell phone use while driving. This would be a step towards reducing crashes that result from reckless cell phone use while handling the steering wheel. It is risky to use a phone while driving. Drivers ought to know where and when it is safe to use cell phones.

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To get the economy of a developing country going, its government must stamp out corruption, ramp up efficiency and use open-source technology to build a cheap, reliable information infrastructure, experts at a conference sponsored by the United Nations told investors and policy-makers this week. By sticking with basic, low-cost, open-source technology, developing countries have a better chance of establishing vibrant economies, executives at the Net World Order conference said. The event was held at technology trade show CeBIT in New York City and was sponsored by the Business Council for the United Nations, a U.N. strategy research center. "These countries need cheap and efficient technology to make the giant leaps necessary to catch up with the rest of the world," said Bruno Lanvin from the World Bank. "Many are now using Linux, which looks to become the No. 1 operating system in China and India soon." Also under discussion at the conference was the need to reconstruct Iraq's technical infrastructure in a way that would provide economic opportunity and terrorism-fighting capabilities to the local government and the international community. The goal shouldn't be to simply rewire Iraq's phone and Net access, some said. The country should be wired with chemical and radiation detectors, cameras and other sensors to give security officials a heads-up on saboteurs bent on keeping the country in disrepair, said Talal Abu-Ghazaleh, a Middle East economist and member of the United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force. Participants discussed ways to build terror-tracking and alert systems into the infrastructure of developing nations. The importance of openly sharing information was the central thread of the conference. Investors attending the "Developing World" session were advised to look into open-source projects by Rishab Aiyer Ghosh from the Maastricht University Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology. Ghosh also pointed out that without knowing the needs of the developing world, any tech projects are doomed to fail. When geeks are put in charge, they tend to lust for the newest, coolest technologies that often do not suit developing nations' needs. "Stick to the basics," Ghosh advised. Article was found here http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,59334,00.html

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After spending Tuesday searching my garden for various flowers, I started thinking about why these flowers need to be so colorful in the first place. It reminded me that although flowers scattered across a landscape are the picture of serenity for us, for plants it is a war zone. Each blossom trying to outshine one another for the attention of nearby pollinators. It is a matter of success or failure of future generations. So who are the flowers in our gardens trying to attract? And why is pollination so essential for survival? The first two animals I think of when I hear the word pollinator are bees and butterflies, but I have to remember that flies, moths, beetles, wasps, birds, bats, and even small mammals all contribute to pollination. For this post, I am going to focus on butterflies and bees because those are the two that I notice the most, but let us remember that there are other key players involved in global pollination. In a very brief summary, pollination is essential for the survival of many of earth's species - both plant an animal. Pollination is the way that flowers and most plants reproduce. Without this process, we would not have much of the basic food that we need to continue thriving as a society. Things like fruits, vegetables, seeds and nuts would be essentially non-existent. Many of the pollinators on the planet are declining due to a changing climate, lack of resources, and even disease. To learn more about how pollinators help us and how we can help them please check out https://www.pollinator.org/bigger-than-bees. Some dates to keep in mind to show your support for the world's pollinators are World Bee Day on May 20th and Pollinator Week starting June 22 through June 28! Although, lets be honest, the hardy workers that are the world's pollinators should be in our thoughts at least once a day. THE BEES KNEES For many of us, the first thing we want to do when we see a bee is scream and run away. In reality, we should be appreciating them and taking a moment to thank them for everything to do for us. Without bees, our world would look like an entirely different place, and possibly one that wouldn't be able to sustain human life. If we take a minute and examine the different parts of a bee to see how they do their jobs, they actually become quite cute! There are many reasons to be thankful for bees collecting pollen, but one that is very specific to bees is the production of honey. This delicious, syrupy sweetener is a direct byproduct of bee pollen collection. They take the pollen back to their hives, which gets moved through the bee hierarchy and eventually becomes food for the entire colony in the form of honey! Beekeepers are then able to safely and respectfully harvest honey so that humans can also enjoy the delicious product. Thank you bees for honey! THE BUTTERFLY EFFECT Another notable pollinator is the butterfly! Perhaps the most recognizable of them is the Monarch, but there are over 500 different species of butterflies within the U.S. and over 15,000 species worldwide. These creatures are most well known for their vibrant colors as they effortlessly glide through the sky on hot summer days. Just like bees, butterflies are built for pollination, but slightly differently than bees, butterflies are actually after the nectar of the flower, not the pollen. This is why they have a proboscis. A proboscis is a straw like tube that unwinds from the front of a butterfly's head, where their mouth would be. This allows butterflies to suck up pools of nectar even from the deepest of flowers. Nectar is a food source for butterflies and provides them with the sugars and energy they need to fly long distances without tiring out. Not only do butterflies enjoy the nectar of flowers, but they have also been known to get energy from rotting fruits and even animal dung! Although butterflies do not collect pollen on purpose, as they fly from flower to flower they inadvertently collect and spread pollen resulting in pollination! Next time you see a butterfly fluttering around your garden, or in a park, see if you can watch it land on a flower. When it does, keep an eye out for its unwinding proboscis! Here are photos of some pollinators NRT staff have seen around Sheep Pasture and other green spaces! See if you can identify them as being bees, butterflies, or something else! Leave a Reply. NRT's dedicated staff are responsible for the content of the NatureTalk blog. Questions? For more information on any blog post, please contact us at any time.

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A version of the short essay that follows was originally published at my friend Marc Brush’s wonderful but now defunct online lit mag Wandering Army. I have some mixed feelings about reviving the piece barely a month after the devastating March 11 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. But I keep seeing references to the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake, and only a few of these references make mention of the story that I’m going to tell here. I’ve seen nothing to suggest that there’s been any persecution of minority groups in Japan following this latest disaster. But organized atrocities masquerading as mass hysteria continue to occur around the globe. And I’ll admit: I have wondered how foreigners in the hardest-hit regions in Japan have fared since March 11. Not Western foreigners so much, who are often accorded a weird special status, but others, especially other Asians. I’ve seen no reporting on that. Hopefully that’s because there’s nothing untoward to report. On September 1st, 1923, a powerful earthquake struck Tokyo. My grandmother, Kimi Kawabata, was twelve years old. Terrified by the shaking, she ran out of her house in the upscale Shibuya district and into the street. The Great Kanto Earthquake, as it came to be called, measured 7.9 on the Richter scale, felling houses into splinters, buckling streets, rending water mains. But the Kawabata house in Shibuya was lucky. It was still standing when the tremors subsided. The quake struck at 11:58 a.m. Within minutes, lunchtime fires had become unstoppable conflagrations. The area would burn for two days. Over a million people lost their homes. 140,000 died. But the Kawabatas’ luck held. Their house did not burn down. They all survived. Family lore has it that on the day of the earthquake the Kawabatas were expecting out-of-town relatives. They were from Kagoshima, the Kawabatas’ ancestral home, a city about 600 miles southwest of Tokyo. Kagoshima was and is well-known for a number of things—for Sakurajima, the very active volcano poised over the city and its bay; for Saigo Takamori, the real “last samurai,” a leader of the ill-fated Satsuma Rebellion; and for being home to Kagoshima-ben, a dialect notorious for being difficult to understand. I don’t know how close the Kagoshima relatives got to the devastation of Tokyo before their train stopped. Close enough that they did not turn around. Disasters breed disease, confusion, rumors, mobs. Afterward people say: It was a chaotic time. People were afraid. As if this confers absolution. But atrocities are rarely grassroots events. The history of the last century is littered with instances of so-called mob violence that were in truth incited and abetted by the authorities. Think Kristallnacht. Think Rwandan genocide. In the days following the Great Kanto Earthquake, the Japanese government fomented rumors that resident Koreans, Chinese, and political radicals were looting, setting fires, and poisoning wells. Newspapers reported this as fact. The military, police, and civilian self-defense groups were authorized to take any action they deemed necessary to maintain order. For days people were rounded up, murdered by their neighbors, herded into trucks, dumped into rivers, and killed at police stations where they’d fled for protection. Six thousand Korean men, women, and children died in the massacre, as well as hundreds of Chinese laborers, and scores of known anarchists. Among the latter were Ito Noe, age 28, mother of seven children, an important early feminist who had published Emma Goldman in Japanese. Also killed were her lover, the anarchist firebrand Osugi Sakae, and Osugi’s seven-year-old nephew. They were strangled by the military police, their bodies dumped in a well. Someone once said that a language is just a dialect with an army. The relatives from Kagoshima somehow made it to Tokyo that week, but were stopped at a checkpoint. Their Japanese sounded funny. Are you Korean? they were asked. No, they said. Prove it, the guards told them. Say ra ri ru re ro. Ra ri ru re ro. It doesn’t mean anything. The Japanese syllabary consists of 51 syllables that, separately and in combination, account for every sound it is possible to make in Japanese. It begins with the vowels: a i u e o. The next line is ka ki ku ke ko. And on it goes in its sing-songy way, each line adding a consonant, until one gets to this line, the killer line: ra ri ru re ro. The conventional romanization renders this consonant as an “r”, but it’s some hybrid of “r” and “l” and “d” and yet not that either. Few non-native speakers can really pronounce it correctly. But all native speakers of Japanese, regardless of provincial dialect, can make this sound. Even speakers of Kagoshima-ben can say ra ri ru re ro. The relatives from Kagoshima passed the test; they were allowed safe passage to Shibuya. They’d been saved by five syllables. The word “shibboleth” originates from one of the most savage stories in the book of Judges, and that is saying something. The Ephraimites, trying to retreat over the Jordan River after a defeat at the hands of the Gileadites, were stopped at the ford and made to say shibboleth. If they pronounced it sibboleth, they were taken for Ephraimites and killed. Judges 12:6 coolly reports that forty-two thousand Ephraimites died. I’ve since read that the shibboleth after the Great Kanto Earthquake wasn’t ra ri ru re ro, but ga gi gu ge go — that hard “g” sound apparently one that Koreans can’t clearly distinguish. That may be, but the story I grew up hearing from my parents was about ra ri ru re ro. Nothing was said of Koreans or massacres. The story concerned a checkpoint and relatives with funny accents, a comical anecdote about the impossible Kagoshima dialect. My sister and I are half Japanese. We lived in Japan until she was four and I nearly six, when we moved to the United States. In the faithless and adaptable way of children, we promptly forgot our Japanese in our rush to become Americans. We put on the English language like a set of new clothes. It was that easy. But we never forgot how to say ra ri ru re ro. I have two children of my own now. They don’t look Japanese at all. But my sister calls me and says, Do you speak to them in Japanese? Can they say it? Make sure they can say ra ri ru re ro.

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