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Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture สิบสองปันนา · ສິບສອງພັນນາ 西双版纳傣族自治州 · စစ်ဆောင်ပန္နား Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture Location of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan |Country||People's Republic of China| |GB/T 2260 CODE ||532800| |• Total||19,700 km2 (7,600 sq mi)| |• Density||58/km2 (150/sq mi)| |Time zone||UTC+08:00 (Chinese Standard Time)| |Area code(s)||+959 | |ISO 3166 code||CN-YN-28| |1Yunnan Statistics Bureau 2Yunnan Portal |Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture| |Former Chinese name (1)| |Former Chinese name (2)| |Tai Lü name| Xishuangbanna, Sibsongbanna, or Sipsong Panna (Tham: ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷᩈ᩠ᩋᨦᨻᩢ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ; New Tai Lü script: ᦈᦹᧈᦈᦹᧈᦵᦋᦲᧁᧈᦘᦱᦉᦱᦺᦑ᧑᧒ᦗᧃᦓᦱ; Chinese: 西双版纳傣族自治州; Thai: สิบสองปันนา; Lao: ສິບສອງພັນນາ; Shan: သိပ်းသွင်ပၼ်းၼႃး; Burmese: စစ်ဆောင်ပန္နား), shortened to Banna, is a Tai Lü autonomous prefecture in the extreme south of Yunnan province, China. The prefectural seat is Jinghong, the largest settlement in the area and one that straddles the Mekong, called the "Lancang River" in Chinese. This region of China is noted for its distinct culture, one unlike that of the Han Chinese. The people, architecture, language, and culture more closely resemble those of the Shan, Dai and Tai peoples, which includes the Thai and Lao. Etymology [ edit ] Sipsongpanna (cognate to the Thai สิบสองปันนา, RTGS: Sipsong Panna) is a Tai Lü compound consisting of sipsong "twelve", pan "township" and na "rice paddy". The name refers to the traditional division of the mueang into twelve districts that were called panna (literally "township rice-fields") The etymology is parallel to the autonomous Tai-speaking region in French Indochina from 1890 to 1945 called Sip Song Chau Tai meaning "twelve Tai cantons". History [ edit ] In the chaos of the Xinhai Revolution that overthrew the Qing government in 1911 in favor of a Chinese republican government, a local official, Chao Meeng Jie, staged a rebellion against Qing remnant officials. The Yunnan provincial government of the newly established Republic of China sent troops in 1913 to oust the rebels.:137–138 Ke Shuxun remained in Xishuangbanna to govern with his "13 Principles of Governing the Frontier", which emphasized equality between Han and Dai in areas such as land ownership and taxation, allowed intermarriage between the ethnic groups and promoted education in secular and technical subjects, rather than Burmese-based monastic education.:156–158 The Second Sino-Japanese War (1931-1945) saw the heavy bombardment of Xishuangbanna by Japanese troops and a simultaneous influx of Pan-Taiist propaganda from Japan's ally, Thailand. According to Hsieh,:173–174 this reduced the appeal of a broad pan-Tai identity among the Dai Lue. During the final phase of the Chinese Civil War, many remnants of the Kuomintang fled from Communists forces into Burma's Shan State from Xishuangbanna. The new People's Republic of China sent various non-military expeditions to Xishuangbanna from 1949 to provide services such as schools and hospitals to replace those from Christian western missionaries.:193–194 The Communists took control of the prefecture from Kuomintang loyalists in 1952. On January 23, 1953, the PRC established the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Region and ended the native-chieftain system. That year, the People's Congress of Xishuangbanna created the New Tai Lue alphabet, based on the Tai Tham alphabet, for printing material in the Tai Lü language.:243–244 Xishuangbanna was made an autonomous prefecture in 1955 but lost some territory on the creation of Jingdong Yi Autonomous County and Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County.:40 Land reform started in earnest in January 1956, destroying the power of the village headmen.:188–189, 211 State-owned rubber plantations accounted for most of the region's wealth during the early PRC period. Xishuangbanna also received an influx of educated youth during the Down to the Countryside Movement of the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). During this period Buddhist temples in Xishuangbanna were used as barns, only being restored to their original purpose in 1981.:239 In 1987, the Xishuangbanna government promulgated the Law of the Xishuangbanna Dai Nationality Autonomous Prefecture for Self-government to bring local laws into line with the national Law of the People's Republic of China for Regional National Autonomy.:68 Shao Cunxin (召存信, 1922-2015), former head of the Chieftain's outer council (1944-1950) and chief of Meng Peng (1938-1950), was the chief of the autonomous prefecture from 1955 to 1992. Administrative subdivisions [ edit ] |Jinghong City||景洪市||Jǐnghóng Shì||443,600||519,935||138,939||205,523||7,133||73| |Menghai County||勐海县||Měnghǎi Xiàn||314,100||331,850||34,241||94,945||5,511||60| |Mengla County||勐腊县||Měnglà Xiàn||235,700||281,730||55,632||84,625||7,056||40| Geography [ edit ] The prefecture has an area of 19,700 km2 (7,600 sq mi). Xishuangbanna is the home of the Dai people. The region sits at a lower altitude than most of Yunnan, and borders closely on tropical climate. It is fast becoming a sought after tourist destination. It has close proximity to Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand. Biodiversity [ edit ] Xishuangbanna harbors much of the biodiversity of Yunnan, which harbors much of the biodiversity of China. Its tropical climate and its remoteness until recent times account for this. In addition to an abundance of plants, Xishuangbanna is home to the last few Asian elephants still in China; the species roamed over a large part of the country even as late as a few hundred years ago. The elephants are protected in a reserve, but the plant diversity is threatened by, and has for five decades been threatened by, the proliferation of natural rubber plantations which completely destroy the rainforest and replace it with a monoculture of trees originally from Brazil. Demographics [ edit ] With censuses in the year, 2000 Xishuangbanna had 993,397 inhabitants with a population density of 50.43 inhabitants per km². According to the 2000 national census, Dai people make up the plurality at 29.89%, with the Han Chinese coming in at a close second at 29.11%. At the time of the 1977 census, however, Han people made up the largest single ethnic group in Xishuangbanna, making up 36.53% of a population of 627,089, while Dai made up 33.15%, and others 30.32%. The Xishuangbanna government has strived to maintain this ethnic balance of around 33% of each group: Han, Dai, and other; this policy is known as "the plan of three-three-three" (三三三计划; sān-sān-sān jìhuà):62–64 Before the increasing social mobility of the 1940s, inhabitants of Xishuangbanna called each other "basin people" (壩區民族; bàqū mínzú) or "mountain people" (山區民族; shānqū mínzú) in reference to the groups' stereotyped location. The Han and Dai lived mostly around the mountains and played a socially dominant role, while the non-Dai ethnic minorities lived in the basins and were politically disenfranchised.:44, 52 The Dai used to be called the Baiyi (摆夷), and until a 1936 Guomindang reform, the bai part was written with the dog radical (犭). The PRC government decided that regardless of radical, the term Baiyi is pejorative, and adopted Dai (傣) instead.:257 Historically, some ethnic minorities adapted some Dai characteristics in order to alleviate discrimination and increase their social status, such as the Blang people adopting the sarong, practicing matrilocal residence, and learning the Tai Tham alphabet.:54 Ethnic groups [ edit ] Ethnic groups in Xishuangbanna, 2000 census |Dai (Tai Lü, Tai Ya, Tai Nüa, Tai Yuan, Lao)||296,930||29.89%| The Jiuwei claim to have migrated from Honghe and Mojiang. The Jiuwei live in various villages in Jinghong, including: - Mengbozhai 勐波寨, Menghan Town 勐罕寨, Jinghong City - Agupu 阿古普 (also called Manwoke 曼窝科) in Leiwu 类吴, Mengsong Township 勐宋, Jinghong City - Napazhai 那帕寨 in Damenglong 大勐笼, Jinghong City - Baiya village 拜牙村 in Menghun 勐混, Menghai County (The Ake 阿克 subgroup lives in Lougu 楼固村, located in Menghun 勐混 as well.) - Babingzhai 坝丙寨, Xidingshan 西定山, Menghai County There are also ethnic Hani that are locally called Aini 爱尼 living in 7 villages on Nanlin Mountain 南林山 of southwestern Jinghong, namely Manbage 曼八阁, Manjinglong 曼景龙, Manjingnan 曼景囡, Mangudu 曼固独, Manbaqi 曼把奇, Manbasan 曼巴伞, and Manjingmai 曼景卖. Ethnic minority languages spoken in Sipsongpanna include: Culture [ edit ] Xishuangbanna is rich in nature, historical and cultural resources, noted for its folklore, rain forests, rare plants, and wildlife. Its major tourist attractions include Menglun Tropical Botanical Garden, Manfeilong Pagodas (Tanuozhuanglong), Jingzhen Pavilion, Wild Elephant Gully, Dai people's village at Ganlanba. The Manchunman Buddhist Temple, which has a history of more than 1400 years, is also a very popular tourist attraction. The complex is made up of four parts, the main hall, the sutra collection pavilion, the gold pagoda, and the drum tower. The temple is well known within the Southeast Asian region and each year attracts Buddhist monks and visitors from Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar and Laos. The well-known traditional festival is the Dai New Year, known as the Water-Splashing Festival. It lasts for three days from April 13 to 15. Besides the water festival event it also consists of some other events such as Dragon boat races, the firing of indigenous missiles, flying Kongming Lamps. Transport [ edit ] Since the opening of the Xishuangbanna Gasa Airport (formerly "Jinghong International Airport") in 1990, traveling to Xishuangbanna by air has become more popular and convenient and there are daily flights connecting Xishuangbanna with Kunming City. The area also has air connections with Dali, Chengdu and Bangkok. The Xishuangbanna Airport is 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Jinghong City. There are also bus routes to places all over Yunnan and neighboring provinces. It is 590 kilometers from Kunming to Jinghong. Long-distances buses depart from Kunming South Station and arrive at Jinghong Bus Station, costing CNY 210-250, which is about 8–10 hours duration. See also [ edit ] Literature [ edit ] - Sara Davis (2006), "Premodern Flows in Postmodern China: Globalisation and the Sipsongpanna Tais", Centering The Margin: Agency And Narrative In Southeast Asian Borderlands, Berghahn Books, pp. 87–110 - Charles Patterson Giersch (2006), Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier, Harvard University Press - Mette Halskov Hansen (1999), "Teaching Backwardness or Equality: Chinese State Education Among the Tai in Sipsong Panna", China's National Minority Education: Culture, Schooling, and Development, Routledge, pp. 243–279 - Mette Halskov Hansen (2004), "The Challenge of Sipsong Panna in the Southwest: Development, Resources, and Power in a Multiethnic China", Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers, University of Washington Press, pp. 53–83 - Ratanaporn Sethakul (2000), "Tai Lue of Sipsongpanna and Müang Nan in the Nineteenth-Century", Civility and Savagery: Social Identity in Tai States, Curzon Press References [ edit ] - 中华人民共和国国家统计局 >> 行政区划代码. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2009. - Area Code and Postal Code in Shan State Province - Lionel M. Jensen, Timothy B. Weston (2007). China's transformations: the stories beyond the headlines. Rowman & Littlefield. Sandra Teresa Hyde, Ch. 11 - Davis (2006), Premodern Flows in Postmodern China, p. 106 - Mette Hansen (1999), "History of Chinese Education in Sipsong Panna", Lessons in Being Chinese: Minority Education and Ethnic Minority in Southwest China, p. 90 - Hsieh, Shih-Chung. Ethnic-political adaptation and ethnic change of the Sipsong Panna Dai: an ethnohistorical analysis. The University of Washington, July 1989. - "CHINA: Administrative Population". Citypopulation.de. 2012-05-12. Retrieved October 31, 2013. - 2010年西双版纳州第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报（第1号）. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013. - "Yunnan (China): Province, Major Cities & Counties: Urban Population". Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013. - Corruption 'threatens China rainforest' - 云南省编辑委员会编. 2009. "景洪县哈尼族社会调查." In 哈尼族社会历史调查, p.116-119. 民族出版社. ISBN 9787105087754 - 云南省编辑委员会编. 2009. "景洪县南林山哈尼族社会调查." In 哈尼族社会历史调查, p.109-119. 民族出版社. ISBN 9787105087754 - "Manchunman Buddhist Temple". Archived from the original on 2018-04-29. Retrieved 2017-02-16. - "Xishuangbanna Travel" ChinaTour.net Accessed 2014-5-5 - "NEW CHINA-LAOS LINK | Railways Africa". Retrieved 2010-11-09. - "STANDARD GAUGE FOR THAILAND | Railways Africa". Retrieved 2010-12-19. [ edit ] |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture.| - Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). China's Ancient Tea Horse Road. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2 - Xishuangbanna Prefecture government website - Xishuangbanna-Jinghong city government website - Xishuangbanna Daily - Xishuangbanna travel information - Xishuangbanna Biodiversity Centre and Guide - Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden

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TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) Talks originated in 1984. With a goal of sparking curiosity, speakers present a wide variety of topics in a maximum of 18 minutes. Learn from experts from a variety with "ideas worth spreading". iTunes U is an app available through the iTunes Store. Users can download free educational course content from many colleges and universities, non-profit educational institutions, and K-12 organizations. The content, which includes course lectures, lab demos, sports items, and campus tours, comes as audio and video files. PBS Learning Media provides access to over 87,000 digital resources for learning about a variety of topics. The lessons can be filtered to specific age/grade levels. Khan Academy is a non-profit educational organization created in 2006 by educator Salman Khan to provide "a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere." MIT OpenCourseWare is a web-based publication of virtually all MIT course content. OCW is open and available to the world and is a permanent MIT activity. Coursera offers a variety of online courses from top universities. Learn to Code HTML & CSS is a simple and comprehensive guide dedicated to helping beginners learn HTML and CSS. Outlining the fundamentals, this guide works through all common elements of front-end design and development.

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What lead to Luther calling for debate and writing the 95 Theses? Certainly the sale of indulgences in his home-region was an influencing factor. The fact that notices of disputations and debates that were put on the castle-church door were often circulated meant that Luther’s Theses, if they were actually put on the door, took hold and got passed around! “When [Pope] Leo X (1475-1521) proclaimed a plenary ‘Peter’s indulgence’ in 1515, the stated reason was to raise money to rebuild the Basilica of Sts. Peter and Paul in Rome – the Renaissance result of which may still be seen today. It is true that half of the money raised was to go to the Augsburg banking family, the Fuggers, in order to pay a debt owed by the archbishop of Mainz, Albrecht von Brandenburg (1490-1545), who had used the loan to pay Rome for the right to hold multiple sees (including archbishop of Magdeburg and administrator of the diocese of Halberstadt) upon his accession to the see in Mainz. Canon (ecclesiastical) law forbade the holding of multiple offices (in this case, three bishoprics), for which an exemption needed to be purchased.” (The Roots of Reform, p.17) “Albrecht first turned to the Franciscans to proclaim this indulgence but finally settled on the well-known Dominican, Johann Tetzel (1465-1519), an indulgence commissioner who then worked with other functionaries in selling the individual letters. In preparation for preaching of this indulgence, Albrecht’s court theologians prepared a booklet, the Instructio Summaria [Summary Instruction], which described the limits and benefits of this indulgence for potential preachers. This included threats to any who impeded preaching this indulgence, the invalidation of previous indulgences, the necessity for building St Peter’s in Rome, the promise of complete remission of all temporal penalties here and in purgatory, the sliding scale of payment depending on one’s station. Some of Luther’s objections in the 95 Theses arose from this source.” (ibid, p.18) In thesis number 15, the association of terror with the punishment of purgatory, already found among German mystics like Johannes Tauler (c.1300-1361), is central to Luther’s experience of the cross and attacks on his faith. (ibid, p.36) 13. The dying are freed by death from all penalties, are already dead as far as the canon laws are concerned, and have a right to be released from them. 14. Imperfect piety or love on the part of the dying person necessarily brings with it great fear; and the smaller the love, the greater the fear. 15. This fear or horror is sufficient in itself, to say nothing of other things, to constitute the penalty of purgatory, since it is very near to the horror of despair. 16. Hell, purgatory, and heaven seem to differ the same as despair, fear, and assurance of salvation. 17. It seems as though for the souls in purgatory fear should necessarily decrease and love increase. 18. Furthermore, it does not seem proved, either by reason or by Scripture, that souls in purgatory are outside the state of merit, that is, unable to grow in love. 19. Nor does it seem proved that souls in purgatory, at least not all of them, are certain and assured of their own salvation, even if we ourselves may be entirely certain of it. 20. Therefore the pope, when he uses the words “plenary remission of all penalties,” does not actually mean “all penalties,” but only those imposed by himself. 21. Thus those indulgence preachers are in error who say that a man is absolved from every penalty and saved by papal indulgences. 22. As a matter of fact, the pope remits to souls in purgatory no penalty which, according to canon law, they should have paid in this life. 23. If remission of all penalties whatsoever could be granted to anyone at all, certainly it would be granted only to the most perfect, that is, to very few.

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Good health starts where you live. Your home and neighborhood should be safe places for you to live and thrive. We have resources to help you reduce risk and stay healthy. Prevent injury from firearms One third of homes in the United States have firearms. If stored or handled improperly, they can be very dangerous. Firearm violence claims the lives of nearly seven children a day across the country. In Washington, we saw 620 firearm deaths in 2013. You can prevent violence and injury. If you own firearms: - Always store them unloaded and in a lockbox, storage safe, or with a trigger lock in place. - Store ammunition separately, in a locked location. - Hide the keys and combinations. - Never leave an unsecured firearm unattended. - Teach children to tell an adult if they find a firearm. - Ask other parents if they have firearms before you allow play dates or sleepovers. - Watch for warning signs—82% of teen suicides involve a family member's firearm. - Maps of Pierce County firearm Deaths by Zip Code: - Firearm Deaths in Pierce County Infographic. - School Safety—Info from the Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. - Violence prevention report. - Violence prevention data report. Suicide is a serious and preventable public health problem. It's the tenth most common cause of death among adults, and the third most common for people between the ages of 25 to 35. We need your help to make a change. It comes through support networks, education, and improved crisis response. - Preventing Youth Suicide—Videos, resources, and info from www.youth.gov. - StopBullying.gov—Identify and prevent bullying, or get help if you need it. - Suicide Prevention—Practical tips for preventing suicide and helping those in crisis. - Reporting on Suicide—The way we talk about suicide matters. Learn best practices to ensure your messaging is sensitive and effective. - Project Semicolon—Your story isn't over. Get help if you are struggling with depression. If you or someone you know is in crisis, get help now. Visit the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline or call: 1-800-273-TALK (8255). You can also text 'Heal' to 741-741. You can help prevent overdose - Secure Medicine Return—Dispose of unused medications properly to prevent misuse or accidental poisoning. - Stop Opioid Abuse—Find out what you can do. - Avoid Overdose poster—also available in Spanish. Prevent injury from sharps and syringes Syringes are needles used to inject drugs and certain medications. They can cause injury and spread disease if disposed of improperly. Learn what to do if you find syringes or sharp objects, and find out where you can dispose of or exchange used needles: Find other safety resources

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Howard Burlingham Dunington-GrubbHoward Burlingham Dunington-Grubb, landscape-architect (b Howard Grubb at York, England 30 April 1881; d at Toronto 26 February 1965). Often called the father of landscape architecture in Canada, Grubb earned a Bachelor of Science in Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (1904-08), and returned to England to create a job for himself in the office of landscape architect Thomas Mawson. In 1911 Howard Grubb married Lorrie Alfreda Dunington (see Lorrie DUNINGTON-GRUBB), an English landscape architect, adopting the surname Dunington-Grubb. They emigrated to Canada and opened an office in Toronto as H.B. & L.A. Dunington-Grubb, Landscape Architects. They advertised as "Consultants on all matters relating to Park and Garden Design, Real Estate and Suburban Development, Civic Art and Town Planning." Their designs for subdivisions and garden suburbs, and the limitations of local ornamental plant resources, led them to start a plant nursery, which became, in 1914, Sheridan Nurseries. Howard Dunington-Grubb remained president of Sheridan Nurseries until his death in 1965. The Dunington-Grubb office in Toronto produced hundreds of designs and masterplans over the years. Approximately two-thirds of the work was private residential gardens for wealthy clients. The rest covered an extremely wide range of business and government projects, including town planning and civic beautification. The best known projects were Gage Park in Hamilton, Ontario (1919-27), McMaster University Entrance Park (late 1920s), the Oakes Garden Theatre and Rainbow Bridge gardens at Niagara Falls, Ontario (1935-44), and University Avenue in Toronto, Ontario (1955-57). The Dunington-Grubbs were sociable and very active in Toronto associations and clubs. They collaborated with, and actively promoted, other members of the arts community, such as J.E.H. MACDONALD and Arthur LISMER of The GROUP OF SEVEN, and the sculptors Frances LORING and Florence WYLE. Howard was described by contemporaries as a "witty Englishman as tall as a Lombardy poplar." He was noted for his love of parties and theatricals, and for his sense of humour. His love of the theatrical was a key to both his character and his sense of design. Although Dunington-Grubb was contemporary with the Modern movement, he designed in the older Beaux Arts tradition, emphasizing architectural influence on the landscape, to provide a controlled, ornamental backdrop to human use. He described his designs as "a world of fantasy, of make-believe, where decorative nature under the control of art provides both pleasure and rest." As a designer he was neither innovative nor particularly imaginative, but he was very good at tastefully amalgamating eclectic design elements. Dunington-Grubb's real importance lies in the amount and variety of work that he accomplished and in his enthusiastic participation in, and promotion of, all facets of the profession. He wrote and lectured extensively. He was a special lecturer on landscape design for the architecture faculty at University of Toronto, where he pressed for the expansion of landscape architectural facilities and faculty. In 1934 he was one of the nine founding members of the Canadian Society of Landscape Architects and Town Planners (later becoming the CSLA), serving as president in 1934-35 and 1944-45. He promoted the public's interest in and knowledge of design and ornamental horticulture through his activities and through the creation of the Dunington-Grubb Foundation. He received numerous awards and honours, including the Ontario Association of Architects (OAA) Allied Arts Medal and the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC) Medal in 1954, and was made a Fellow of the CSLA in 1964. Howard Dunington-Grubb exemplified the trends during this century-the change from private to public design, from design for estate gardens to "City Beautification" and the garden suburb, civic planning and the design of public open spaces. The creation of a nursery with a landscape contracting department heralded the appearance of design/build firms; the founding of the CSLA and his connection with the University of Toronto catalyzed the coming of age of LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE as a profession in Canada.

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The 7 Best Coding Languages for Kids Here's a list of coding languages that will get your kids excited about software engineering and unleash their creativity in new ways. Get can’t-miss family activities sent to you! Get the Best Family Activities Python is considered one of the easiest coding languages to learn because it uses fewer lines of code to get going. It is recommended for kids and teens who want to get started quickly and/or those interested in pursuing scientific fields like artificial intelligence. C# (used with Unity) This language is very popular and most often used for Windows applications, so students who are interested in working with Windows may pick this language to learn. It is similar to Java (below), so if your child already has Java knowledge, this may be a good next step. Intermediate Coding Languages for Kids Java (used on Minecraft) Java is best for intermediate coders looking to strengthen their coding skill sets. You can utilize Java to play games like Minecraft or create apps. Java is recommended to teens who want to develop a strong understanding of programming and those who are patient enough to take time to learn the language’s syntax. This language is great for students interested in web development and design. It is also a fundamental language of programming. You can use it to create a web-based, 2D game.

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03 Jun 2022 COVID-19 and PFO Test COVID-19 and PFO Test In the course of the Corona pandemic, studies1 revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 virus causes changes in and around the human vasculature that can be diagnosed by standardized examination methods of Transcranial Doppler Sonography. Ischemic strokes and, in particular, occlusion of large vessels are now well-known neurological sequelae. Due to hypercoagulation, COVID-19 disease can dramatically increase the risk of stroke. In her recent study2, Dr. Wendy Ziai of John Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore/USA addressed the question of whether transcranial Doppler sonography is suitable for detecting microemboli and clinically relevant changes in cerebral blood flow velocity. Patients with confirmed corona infection underwent approximately 15-minute bilateral Doppler monitoring and emboli detection. The examination was performed approximately 2-5 days after hospital admission. Due to the short observation time and also the small number of patients examined, no emboli were detected. However, this cohort showed that lower than expected CBFVs were observed in critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection. Therefore, Dr. Ziai still considers TCD to be an important tool for diagnosis, as critically ill patients with COVID-19 disease could not be transported. TCD is portable, flexible, and can detect emboli, thus investigating possible stroke mechanisms. In her conclusion, Dr. Ziai points out that TCD provides clinically useful mechanisms underlying the neurological consequences of COVID-19. It is recommended that future transcranial Doppler studies in COVID-19 patients be supplemented with at least 30 minutes of bilateral emboli detection and bubble (PFO) testing. Another study3 published in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine aims to differentiate between common ARDS and COVID-19-induced pulmonary problems. Here, the PFO test was performed to look for related vascular pathophysiologies. Transcranial Doppler in Acute COVID-19 Infection Wendy C Ziai et al., Stroke 2021; 52:2422–2426. Pulmonary Vascular Dilatation Detected by Automated Transcranial Doppler in COVID-19 Pneumonia Alexandra S. Reynolds, Alison G. Lee, Joshua Renz, Katherine DeSantis, John Liang, Charles A. Powell, Corey E. Ventetuolo, Hooman D. Poor; American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2020, Volume 202, Issue 7.

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"A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written" In this article you will learn why, when and how to cite your sources in your own works, as well as the elements of a standard bibliographic reference, several templates and even an automatic reference generator. Including citations and quotations to your works lends credibility to their content, helps break up the visual monotony of the text, and provides readers with outside sources to further explore the topics covered. In addition, citations and quotations allow writers to leverage their own research efforts. The source of key information is tracked and can be easily found in published articles. As long as their sources are trustworthy, citations and quotations add value to the text. It is also an elegant way to recognize creators who share their ideas. Citing your sources let readers know that you haven't simply plagiarized other people's writing. Citations respond to the ethical and legal need to recognize the author's authorship of his or her work. This right provides that an author has the right to claim the creation of his or her work, that is, to have his or her name associated with it, notably by indicating bibliographic references. The Copyright Act provides for a fair use exception* that allows citations to be used for certain purposes: education, research, review, criticism, news reporting. However, the law requires that the source of the work be acknowledged. This is the bare minimum. In fact, it is always best to get permission, even if you do give credit. Warning! Fair use is a complex notion, which is not quantifiable, and requires a case-by-case analysis process that depends on context. It cannot simply be transposed into a uniform policy. It is worth quoting its sources... Quotes an author by reporting word for word what he or she has said or written (copy and paste) Puts into their own words what someone else has said or written (paraphrasing) Translates an excerpt into another language Include photographs, images, data, graphs... into a document " — Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Bibliothèque et Archives, Pourquoi citer ses sources A complete bibliographic reference includes the following elements Title of the document Place and year of publication Page numbers reproduced The elements that make up a bibliographic reference may vary depending on the type of document cited. Here are examples of APA references: Online Journal article Wong, K. (2004). Asian-Based Development Journalism and Political Elections. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands), 66(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549204039940 Denning, B. A. (2005). Landmarks in the Law (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. Taylor, C. (2018b). The Ethics of Authenticity (Reprint ed.) [E-book]. Harvard University Press. C. (2020, March 30). Copibec taking action as COVID-19 hits the arts and culture industry [Press release]. https://www.copibec.ca/en/nouvelle/295/copibec-taking-action-as-covid-19-hits-the-arts-and-culture-industry There are several styles of bibliographic references. Of course, college and university students can refer to the standards of their faculty or institution. When looking for best practices for creating the references that accompany citations, we find the APA style. It's one of the standards in the field, aimed at both students and professionals to help them write citations in a consistent manner. "APA style is an editorial format defined by the American Psychological Association for scientific publications and writings, in the humanities and behavioral sciences." — Wikipédia, APA style

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The 2008 Oil Price "Bubble" As oil prices began to rise in 2009 from a low point of about $40 a barrel in January to around $70 a barrel in July, a question is whether the world is in for another oil price spike in the near term similar to that witnessed in early 2008. World oil prices skyrocketed from about $90 a barrel in January 2008 to cross the $140 a barrel mark in June, finally hitting a record high of $147 a barrel on July 11, 2008 before collapsing to less than $40 a barrel in December. Was the oil price increase of over 50 percent in the first six months of 2008 a bubble? If it was a bubble and oil prices overshot their long-term equilibrium level in the first half of 2008, did they undershoot when the bubble burst in the second half of the year? Khan looks at a variety of indicators and explanations and concludes that speculation in the oil market created an oil price bubble in the first half of 2008. Absent speculative activities, the oil price would probably have been in the $80 to $90 a barrel range. What, then, does the 2008 phenomenon imply for the future? If, as Khan argues, speculation played a significant role in the 2008 bubble, then policies-such as those being considered by the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission-to limit aggregate futures positions will need to be implemented soon to prevent another bubble from emerging. Another long-run danger for the world economy is that oil capacity expansion has slowed in 2009 but world oil demand is predicted to rise to 89 million barrels a day by 2014. If supply does not keep up and provide the additional barrels needed, a serious imbalance between future demand and supply in the world oil market would emerge. A major joint effort on the part of both producers and consumers to correct this potential imbalance, possibly along the lines recently proposed by UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown and French President Nicolas Sarkozy, involving both capacity expansion and conservation, will be needed over the next few years. Absent such an agreement, and if speculation is not controlled, oil prices could rise much higher than their long-term equilibrium level.

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By Thom Patterson, CNN (CNN) - As he stood on the floating Apollo 11 capsule, Navy SEAL John Wolfram was very aware that the safety of the first men to walk on the moon was in his hands. The whole world was watching. Amazing circumstances - for a guy just two years out of high school. It was July 24, 1969 - four days after the historic landing - and millions were anxious to know whether the astronauts had survived their fiery fall into the Pacific about a thousand miles off Hawaii. Minutes before he stepped onto the tiny capsule, it had been plummeting from space into the atmosphere at thousands of miles per hour. Parts of the spacecraft's shell were blackened. Wolfram could see steam still rising from it. "I looked in the hatch window to see if the astronauts were OK," recalls Wolfram. "They smiled and gave me a thumbs up. Being the first to look them in the eye and see that they're OK - it's quite a rush." On this 43rd anniversary of the well-known mission, here's an Apollo 11 story that's told less often. It's the story of a handpicked four-man team of tough Navy SEALs who played a key role in what may be mankind's greatest technological achievement. "The splashdown of Apollo 11 represented that very moment when President (John F.) Kennedy's national goal of placing a man on the moon before the decade was out and returning him safely to Earth was finally accomplished," says Scott Carmichael, author of "Moon Men Return." Because the task was incredibly physically demanding, the Navy had picked its strongest swimmers - elite graduates of its SEAL training school, known to be among the toughest of its kind in the world. They had trained for months and served on recovery teams for previous Apollo moonshots. The mission: stabilize and secure the spacecraft, decontaminate the astronauts and get them safely aboard a hovering helicopter bound for the aircraft carrier USS Hornet. Before Wolfram could ever step onto the spacecraft, he first had to catch it. From a chopper hanging low over the site, he jumped into the cold sea. Then he had to lasso a high-tech bucking bronco. The fact that Wolfram was able to attach an underwater parachute - called a sea anchor– to stop the drifting "bobbing, 12,000-pound spinning behemoth," was an almost super-human accomplishment, says Carmichael. "If that thing hits you in the head, you're done." The spacecraft was drifting away from Wolfram, pitching up and down. "You only get one chance at this. The capsule was moving so fast in a high-gust situation that if a swimmer misses that hand hold, he'll never catch up to it," says Carmichael. Wolfram had very little time to grab a tiny recessed hand-hold on the vessel - and when he did, it pulled him out of the water like a fish on a hook. "He held on and managed to get that sea anchor attached." Joined by lead frogman Wes Chesser and teammate Mike Mallory, the trio then struggled against 12-foot-high waves and 28-mph winds to attach a 200-pound inflatable floatation ring around the spacecraft. "We were the muscle guys of the outfit," jokes Mallory, 66, who now works with utility control systems in Hartland, Michigan. NASA officials were impressed with how quickly they wrapped the ring around the vessel. "Wolfram and I were very strong swimmers, so we muscled that ring around there," Mallory says. According to Carmichael, Mallory's physical power made him a "horse" when it came to swimming in the open water of the Pacific. And Chesser "was just unflappable," says Carmichael. "All hell could be breaking loose and Wes just had that capacity to calmly look at something and figure out what needed to be done." The team attached inflatable rafts to the capsule and overall mission leader Clancy Hatleberg helped astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin out of the capsule - unsure if they would be able to stay on their feet after days in zero gravity. The Apollo crew and the frogmen put on special suits and masks - called biological isolation garments - to protect them against "lunar pathogens" - possible biological threats the astronauts may have unknowingly brought back from the moon. There were a few minor glitches. The masks made it was difficult to communicate, forcing the men at times to use hand signals. At one point the masks' goggles began to steam up. For a few minutes, they had trouble getting the capsule hatch to lock shut. "It would have compromised the floating integrity of the spacecraft to leave the hatch open," says Chesser, remembering how an open hatch led to the flooding and sinking of astronaut Gus Grissom's space capsule after splashdown in 1961. One-by-one, Hatleberg helped the astronauts into a basket-like carriage called a Billy-Pugh net before they were hoisted into a Navy chopper for the ride to the USS Hornet. The space race "was an extremely exciting time for our country," says Chesser, the kind of excitement that has since gone away. Now with the end of NASA's space shuttle program, U.S. space technology and operations are shifting toward private industry and commercial space ventures. Government-run and privately run space-flight have their own advantages, says Chesser, 67, now a retired defense contractor. "But the space program is of strategic importance. In time of war - or needing to defend ourselves - it seems like it should be under the cognizance of NASA and the (military) services." After making Apollo 11 history, and serving two tours in the Vietnam War, Wolfram's life changed forever in 1971, when he attended a church revival. He's now an ordained minister who serves much of each year as a missionary in Southeast Asia. He and Chesser have visited Washington's Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum which is now home to the Apollo 11 capsule. "I loved being a Navy frogman," recalls Wolfram, now 63, who detailed his adventure in a memoir, "Splashdown." For Chesser, seeing the spacecraft again put the mission in a new light. "What we did seemed so easy back then because we trained so hard and were in good shape, but years later I realized how physically demanding that whole process was," Chesser says. "To think about having to do that mission today, I probably would half drown." The Apollo crew summed it up 43 years ago on live TV aboard the USS Hornet. President Nixon asked the astronauts jokingly if their splashdown recovery was the most difficult part of their mission. Neil Armstrong replied with a smile, "It was one of the hardest parts."

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Figuring bandsaw blade length How do you figure the length for a bandsaw that doesn't have a blade to measure from? If you lost your bandsaw owner's manual and don't have a blade to measure from, or if you've added riser blocks, put this simple math formula to work to determine your tool's blade length: Blade length = (2xA) + (3.14xB) A= distance in inches between bandsaw wheel centers when the upper wheel is midway in its adjustment range B= bandsaw wheel diameter Free Year + Free Gift! Order NOW and get 1 FREE YEAR of Wood® Magazine! PLUS you'll get our Great Projects for Your Shop guide instantly! That's 2 full years (14 issues) for the 1-year-rate – just $28.00. This is a limited-time offer, so HURRY! (U.S. orders only) (Click here for Canadian orders) Add your comment Please confirm your comment by answering the question below and clicking "Submit Comment."

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Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal". The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). |Plessy v. Ferguson| |Argued April 13, 1896| Decided May 18, 1896 |Full case name||Homer A. Plessy v. John H. Ferguson| |Citations||163 U.S. 537 (more)| |Prior||Ex parte Plessy, 11 So. 948 (La. 1892)| |The "separate but equal" provision of private services mandated by state government is constitutional under the Equal Protection Clause.| |Majority||Brown, joined by Fuller, Field, Gray, Shiras, White, Peckham| |Brewer took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.| |U.S. Const. amend. XIV; 1890 La. Acts 152| |(de facto) Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), and subsequent rulings| |Wikisource has original text related to this article:| The decision involved a case that originated in 1892 when Homer Plessy, an "octoroon" (person of seven-eighths white and one-eighth black ancestry) resident of New Orleans, deliberately violated Louisiana's Separate Car Act of 1890, which required "equal, but separate" train car accommodations for white and non-white passengers. Upon being charged, Plessy's lawyers defended him by arguing that the law was unconstitutional. He lost at trial, and his conviction was affirmed on his appeal to the Louisiana Supreme Court. Plessy then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear his case. In May 1896, the Supreme Court issued a 7–1 decision against Plessy ruling that the Louisiana law did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, stating that although the Fourteenth Amendment established the legal equality of white and black Americans, it did not and could not require the elimination of all social or other "distinctions based upon color". The Court rejected Plessy's lawyers' arguments that the Louisiana law inherently implied that black people were inferior, and gave great deference to American state legislatures' inherent power to make laws regulating health, safety, and morals—the "police power"—and to determine the reasonableness of the laws they passed. Justice John Marshall Harlan was the lone dissenter from the Court's decision, writing that the U.S. Constitution "is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens", and so the law's distinguishing of passengers' races should have been found unconstitutional. Plessy is widely regarded as one of the worst decisions in U.S. Supreme Court history. Despite its infamy, the decision itself has never been explicitly overruled. However, a series of subsequent decisions beginning with the 1954 case Brown v. Board of Education—which held that the "separate but equal" doctrine is unconstitutional in the context of public schools and educational facilities—have severely weakened Plessy to the point that it is considered to have been de facto overruled. In 1890, the state of Louisiana passed the Separate Car Act, which required separate accommodations for blacks and whites on railroads, including separate railway cars. Concerned, a group of prominent black, creole of color, and white creole New Orleans residents formed the Comité des Citoyens (Committee of Citizens) dedicated to repeal the law or fight its effect. They persuaded Homer Plessy, a man of mixed race, to participate in an orchestrated test case. Plessy was born a free man and was a fair-skinned man of color. However, under Louisiana law, he was classified as black, and thus required to sit in the "colored" car. On June 7, 1892, Plessy bought a first-class ticket at the Press Street Depot and boarded a "Whites Only" car of the East Louisiana Railroad in New Orleans, Louisiana, bound for Covington, Louisiana. The railroad company, which had opposed the law on the grounds that it would require the purchase of more railcars, had been previously informed of Plessy's racial lineage, and the intent to challenge the law. Additionally, the Comité des Citoyens hired a private detective with arrest powers to detain Plessy, to ensure that he would be charged for violating the Separate Car Act, as opposed to a vagrancy or some other offense. After Plessy took a seat in the whites-only railway car, he was asked to vacate it, and sit instead in the blacks-only car. Plessy refused and was arrested immediately by the detective. As planned, the train was stopped, and Plessy was taken off the train at Press and Royal streets. Plessy was remanded for trial in Orleans Parish. In his case, Homer Adolph Plessy v. The State of Louisiana, Plessy's lawyers argued that the state law which required East Louisiana Railroad to segregate trains had denied him his rights under the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments of the United States Constitution, which provided for equal treatment under the law. However, the judge presiding over his case, John Howard Ferguson, ruled that Louisiana had the right to regulate railroad companies while they operated within state boundaries. Plessy was convicted and sentenced to pay a $25 fine. Plessy immediately sought a writ of prohibition. The Comité des Citoyens took Plessy's appeal to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, where he again found an unreceptive ear, as the state Supreme Court upheld Judge Ferguson's ruling. In speaking for the court's decision that Ferguson's judgment did not violate the 14th Amendment, Louisiana Supreme Court Justice Charles Fenner cited a number of precedents, including two key cases from Northern states. The Massachusetts Supreme Court had ruled in 1849—before the 14th amendment—that segregated schools were constitutional. In answering the charge that segregation perpetuated race prejudice, the Massachusetts court famously stated: "This prejudice, if it exists, is not created by law, and probably cannot be changed by law." The law itself was repealed five years later, but the precedent stood. In a Pennsylvania law mandating separate railcars for different races the Pennsylvania Supreme Court stated: "To assert separateness is not to declare inferiority ... It is simply to say that following the order of Divine Providence, human authority ought not to compel these widely separated races to intermix." Supreme Court appeal Undaunted, the Committee appealed to the United States Supreme Court in 1896. Two legal briefs were submitted on Plessy's behalf. One was signed by Albion W. Tourgée and James C. Walker and the other by Samuel F. Phillips and his legal partner F. D. McKenney. Oral arguments were held before the Supreme Court on April 13, 1896. Tourgée and Phillips appeared in the courtroom to speak on behalf of Plessy. Tourgée built his case upon violation of Plessy's rights under the Thirteenth Amendment, prohibiting slavery, and the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees the same rights to all citizens of the United States, and the equal protection of those rights, against the deprivation of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Tourgée argued that the reputation of being a black man was "property", which, by the law, implied the inferiority of African Americans as compared to whites. The state legal brief was prepared by Attorney General Milton Joseph Cunningham of Natchitoches and New Orleans. Cunningham was a staunch supporter of white supremacy, who according to a laudatory 1916 obituary "worked so effectively [during Reconstruction] in restoring white supremacy in politics that he finally was arrested, with fifty-one other men of that community, and tried by federal officials." On May 18, 1896, the Supreme Court issued a 7–1 decision against Plessy that upheld the constitutionality of Louisiana's train car segregation laws. Justice David J. Brewer did not participate in the case because he had left Washington just before oral arguments to attend to the sudden death of his daughter. Opinion of the Court Seven justices formed the Court's majority and joined an opinion written by Justice Henry Billings Brown. The Court's opinion first dismissed any claim that the Louisiana law violated the Thirteenth Amendment, which, in the majority's opinion, did no more than ensure that black Americans had the basic level of legal equality that was necessary to abolish slavery. Next, the Court considered whether the law violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, which reads: "nor shall any State ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." The Court concluded that although the Fourteenth Amendment was meant to guarantee legal equality of all races in America, it was not intended to prevent social or other types of discrimination. The object of the [Fourteenth] Amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things, it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either. The Court reasoned that laws requiring racial separation were within Louisiana's police power: the core sovereign authority of U.S. States to pass laws on matters of "health, safety, and morals". It held that as long as a law that classified and separated people by their race was a reasonable and good faith exercise of a State's police power—and was not designed to oppress a particular class—the law was legal. According to the Court, the question in any case of racial segregation laws like Plessy was whether the law was reasonable, and the Court gave great discretion to State legislatures to determine the reasonableness of the laws they passed. Plessy's lawyers had argued that segregation laws inherently implied that black people were inferior, and therefore stigmatized them with a second-class status that violated the Equal Protection Clause. The Court rejected this argument: We consider the underlying fallacy of the plaintiff's argument to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it is not by reason of anything found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put that construction on it. Justice John Marshall Harlan was the lone dissenter from the decision, and his dissent harshly criticized the majority's judgments. Harlan disagreed with the Court's rejection of Plessy's argument that the Louisiana law implied that blacks were inferior, and stated that the majority was being willfully ignorant on the subject: Every one knows that the statute in question had its origin in the purpose, not so much to exclude white people from railroad cars occupied by blacks, as to exclude colored people from coaches occupied by or assigned to white persons. [...] The thing to accomplish was, under the guise of giving equal accommodation for whites and blacks, to compel the latter to keep to themselves while traveling in railroad passenger coaches. No one would be so wanting in candor as to assert the contrary. As evidence of this willful ignorance, Harlan pointed out that the Louisiana law contained an exception for "nurses attending children of the other race" – this allowed black women who were nannies to white children to be in the whites-only cars. This demonstrated, in other words, that a black person could be in the whites-only cars as long as it was obvious that they were a "social subordinate" or "domestic". In an eloquent and now well-known passage, Harlan argued that even if many white Americans of the late 19th century considered themselves socially superior to Americans of other races, the U.S. Constitution was "color-blind", and could not permit any classes among citizens in matters of civil rights. But in view of the constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens. There is no caste here. Our constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. The humblest is the peer of the most powerful. The law regards man as man, and takes no account of his surroundings or of his color when his civil rights as guaranteed by the supreme law of the land are involved. ... In my opinion, the judgment this day rendered will, in time, prove to be quite as pernicious as the decision made by this tribunal in the Dred Scott case. Harlan's prediction that the decision would eventually become as infamous as the Court's decision in the 1857 case Dred Scott v. Sandford—in which the Court infamously ruled that black Americans could not be citizens under the U.S. Constitution, and that its legal protections and privileges could never apply to them—proved to be correct. Both Dred Scott and Plessy usually sit at the top of lists of the Supreme Court's worst decisions. Plessy legitimized the state laws establishing racial segregation in the South and provided an impetus for further segregation laws. It also legitimized laws in the North requiring racial segregation as in the Boston school segregation case noted by Justice Brown in his majority opinion. Legislative achievements won during the Reconstruction Era were erased through means of the "separate but equal" doctrine. The doctrine had been strengthened also by an 1875 Supreme Court decision that limited the federal government's ability to intervene in state affairs, guaranteeing to Congress only the power "to restrain states from acts of racial discrimination and segregation". The ruling basically granted states legislative immunity when dealing with questions of race, guaranteeing the states' right to implement racially separate institutions, requiring them only to be "equal". The prospect of greater state influence in matters of race worried numerous advocates of civil equality, including Supreme Court Justice John Harlan, who wrote in his Plessy dissent, "we shall enter upon an era of constitutional law, when the rights of freedom and American citizenship cannot receive from the nation that efficient protection which heretofore was unhesitatingly accorded to slavery and the rights of the master." Harlan's concerns about the encroachment on the 14th Amendment would prove well-founded; states proceeded to institute segregation-based laws that became known as the Jim Crow system. In addition, from 1890 to 1908, Southern states passed new or amended constitutions including provisions that effectively disenfranchised blacks and thousands of poor whites. Some commentators, such as Gabriel J. Chin and Eric Maltz, have viewed Harlan's Plessy dissent in a more critical light, and suggested it be viewed in context with his other decisions. Maltz has argued that "modern commentators have often overstated Harlan's distaste for race-based classifications," pointing to other aspects of decisions in which Harlan was involved. Both point to a passage of Harlan's Plessy dissent as particularly troubling: There is a race so different from our own that we do not permit those belonging to it to become citizens of the United States. Persons belonging to it are, with few exceptions, absolutely excluded from our country. I allude to the Chinese race. But, by the statute in question, a Chinaman can ride in the same passenger coach with white citizens of the United States, while citizens of the black race in Louisiana, many of whom, perhaps, risked their lives for the preservation of the Union... and who have all the legal rights that belong to white citizens, are yet declared to be criminals, liable to imprisonment, if they ride in a public coach occupied by citizens of the white race. New Orleans historian Keith Weldon Medley, author of We As Freemen: Plessy v. Ferguson, The Fight Against Legal Segregation, said the words in Justice Harlan's "Great Dissent" were taken from papers filed with the court by "The Citizen's Committee". The effect of the Plessy ruling was immediate; there were already significant differences in funding for the segregated school system, which continued into the 20th century; states consistently underfunded black schools, providing them with substandard buildings, textbooks, and supplies. States which had successfully integrated elements of their society abruptly adopted oppressive legislation that erased reconstruction era efforts. The principles of Plessy v. Ferguson were affirmed in Lum v. Rice (1927), which upheld the right of a Mississippi public school for white children to exclude a Chinese American girl. Despite the laws enforcing compulsory education, and the lack of public schools for Chinese children in Lum's area, the Supreme Court ruled that she had the choice to attend a private school. Jim Crow laws and practices spread northward in response to a second wave of African-American migration from the South to northern and midwestern cities. Some established de jure segregated educational facilities, separate public institutions such as hotels and restaurants, separate beaches among other public facilities, and restrictions on interracial marriage, but in other cases segregation in the North was related to unstated practices and operated on a de facto basis, although not by law, among numerous other facets of daily life. The separate facilities and institutions accorded to the African-American community were consistently inferior to those provided to the White community. This contradicted the vague declaration of "separate but equal" institutions issued after the Plessy decision. From 1890 to 1908, state legislatures in the South disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites through rejecting them for voter registration and voting: making voter registration more difficult by providing more detailed records, such as proof of land ownership or literacy tests administered by white staff at poll stations. African-American community leaders, who had achieved brief political success during the Reconstruction era and even into the 1880s, lost gains made when their voters were excluded from the political system. Historian Rogers Smith noted on the subject that "lawmakers frequently admitted, indeed boasted, that such measures as complex registration rules, literacy and property tests, poll taxes, white primaries, and grandfather clauses were designed to produce an electorate confined to a white race that declared itself supreme", notably rejecting the 14th and 15th Amendments to the American Constitution. In the case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the US Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public education was unconstitutional. Plessy v. Ferguson was never explicitly overruled by the Supreme Court, but is effectively dead as a precedent. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited legal segregation and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 provided for federal oversight and enforcement of voter registration voting. Plessy and Ferguson Foundation In 2009, Keith Plessy and Phoebe Ferguson, descendants of participants on both sides of the 1896 Supreme Court case, announced establishing the Plessy and Ferguson Foundation for Education and Reconciliation. The foundation will work to create new ways to teach the history of civil rights through film, art, and public programs designed to create understanding of this historic case and its effect on the American conscience. Plaque at railyard site Historians gathered with the Plessy and Ferguson families and a member of the Louisiana Supreme Court in New Orleans on February 12, 2009, to unveil a historical marker to memorialize the case. "It is no longer Plessy v Ferguson. It is Plessy and Ferguson", said Keith Plessy in a radio interview. The marker was placed on the corner of Press and Royal Streets, near the location of the former railway station where Plessy had boarded his train. - Schauer (1997), p. 280. - Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896). - Nowak & Rotunda (2012), § 18.8(c). - Groves, Harry E. (1951). "Separate but Equal--The Doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson". Phylon. 12 (1): 66–72. doi:10.2307/272323. JSTOR 272323. - Amar (2011), p. 76; Epstein (1995), p. 99. - Lofgren (1987), pp. 204–05. - Schauer (1997), pp. 279–80. - Plessy v. Ferguson. (2010). Encyclopedia of American Studies. Retrieved December 22, 2012.(subscription required) - Medley, Keith Weldon (2003). We As Freemen: Plessy v. Ferguson: The Fight Against Legal Segregation. Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-58980-120-2. Retrieved May 1, 2010. - Koffi N, Maglo. "GENOMICS AND THE CONUNDRUM OF RACE: some epistemic and ethical considerations". Johns Hopkins University Press. ProQuest 733078852. Cite journal requires - "Plessy v. Ferguson (No. 210)". Legal Information Institute. Retrieved October 4, 2011. - Katy Reckdahl (February 11, 2009). "Plessy and Ferguson unveil plaque today marking their ancestors' actions". The Times-Picayune. - "Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)". PBS. Retrieved October 5, 2011. - Epps, Henry (2012). A Concise Chronicle History of the African-American people Experience in America: From Slavery to the White House. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 242. ISBN 978-1478157250. - Maidment, Richard A. "Plessy v. Ferguson Re-Examined". Journal of American Studies. 7. no. 2 (August 1973): 125–132. - Sarah C. Roberts v. City of Boston, 59 Mass. 198, 5 Cush. 198 (Mass. S.J.C. 1848). - Tischauser, Leslie V. (2012). Jim Crow laws. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. p. 30. ISBN 9780313386091. - H. W. Brands, American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism 1865-1900 (New York: Random House, 2010), pp. 463-464 - Tischauser, Leslie V. (2012). Jim Crow laws. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. p. 30. ISBN 9780313386091. - Gordon, Milton M. "Enforcing Racial Segregation: It is Viewed As Violating the Rights of All Americans". New York Times (1923 – Current File) - Milton Joseph Cunningham, Obituary, Times Picayune, October 20, 1916, cited in Mimi Methvin McManus (May 29, 2003). "Milton Joseph Cunningham". genealogy.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014. - Nowak & Rotunda (2012), § 14.8, p. 818. - Quoted in Nowak & Rotunda (2012), § 14.8, p. 818. - Chemerinsky (2019), § 9.3.1, p. 760. - Quoted in Chemerinsky (2019), § 9.3.1, p. 761. - Quoted in part in Chemerinsky (2019), §nbsp;9.3.1, p. 761. - Amar (2011), p. 85. - Chemerinsky (2019), §nbsp;9.3.1, p. 761. - Quoted in part in Chemerinsky (2019), §nbsp;9.3.1, p. 761. - Larson (2011), pp. 3–5. - Lee, Russell (July 1939). "Negro drinking at "Colored" water cooler in streetcar terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma". Prints & Photographs Online Catalog. Library of Congress Home. Retrieved March 23, 2005. - H. W. Brands "American Colossus" (New York: Anchor Books, 2010) 466 - Sutherland, Arthur E., Jr. "Segregation and the Supreme Court". The Atlantic Monthly, July 1954. - Oldfield, John. 2004. "State Politics, Railroads, and Civil Rights in South Carolina, 1883–89". American Nineteenth Century History 5, no. 2: 71–91. America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed February 1, 2010). - Smithsonian National Museum of American History Behring Center, "Separate But Equal: The Law of the Land" - John McCutheon. The Mysterious Stranger and Other Cartoons by John T. McCutcheon, New York, McClure, Phillips & Co. 1905. - Krock, Arthur. "In the Nation: An Historic Day in the Supreme Court Mr.Vinson Sets a Limit Facts Weighed Minutely". New York Times (1923–Current File). June 6, 1950, - Chin, Gabriel J. (October 1996). "The Plessy Myth: Justice Harlan on the Chinese Cases". Iowa L. Rev. 82: 151. - Maltz, Eric (1996). "Only Partially Color-Blind: John Marshall Harlan's View of Race and the Constitution". Georgia State L. Rev. 12: 973. - Chin 1996. - Maltz 1996, p. 1015. - Chin 1996, p. 156. - Maltz 1996, p. 1002. - "Plessy v. Ferguson – 163 U.S. 537 (1896) :: Justia US Supreme Court Center". Supreme.justia.com. Retrieved December 22, 2012. - "Civil rights pioneer celebrated with marker". February 10, 2009. Archived from the original (Flash) on February 21, 2009. - Klarman, Michael J. (2004). From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality. USA: Oxford University Press. Retrieved February 1, 2010. - Nahuja, Aama (2009). "Gong Lum v. Rice". In Lomotey, Kofi (ed.). Encyclopedia of African American Education. 1. SAGE. p. 291. - White, Walter. "Decision in Plessy Case". New York Times (1923–Current File), March 10, 1954, - Darden, Gary Helm. 2009. "The New Empire in the 'New South': Jim Crow in the Global Frontier of High Imperialism and Decolonization". Southern Quarterly 46, no. 3: 8–25. America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed February 1, 2010). - McWilliams, Wilson Carey. 1999. "ON ROGERS SMITH'S 'CIVIC IDEALS'". Studies in American Political Development 13, no. 1: 216–229. America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed February 1, 2010). - "Brown v. Board of Education". cornell.edu. - Amar, Akhil Reed (July 6, 2015). "Anthony Kennedy and the Ghost of Earl Warren". slate.com. Slate Magazine. Retrieved July 22, 2015. - "A Celebration of Progress: Unveiling the long-awaited historical marker for the arrest site of Homer Plessy". New Orleans Center for Creative Arts. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. - Eve Abrams (February 12, 2009). "Plessy/Ferguson plaque dedicated". Archived from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2019. - Aleinikoff, T. Alexander (1992). "Re-Reading Justice Harlan's Dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson: Freedom, Antiracism, and Citizenship". University of Illinois Law Review (4): 961–78. - Amar, Akhil Reed (2011). "Plessy v. Ferguson and the Anti-Canon". Pepperdine Law Review. 39 (1): 75–90. - Chemerinsky, Erwin (2014). The Case Against the Supreme Court. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-312800-7. - Chemerinsky, Erwin (2019). Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies (6th ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 978-1-4548-9574-9. - Chin, Gabriel J. (1996). "The Plessy Myth: Justice Harlan and the Chinese Cases". Iowa Law Review. 82: 151. doi:10.17077/0021-065X.4551. SSRN 1121505. - Elliott, Mark (2006). Color-Blind Justice: Albion Tourgée and the Quest for Racial Equality from the Civil War to Plessy v. Ferguson. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518139-5. - Epstein, Richard A. (1995). Forbidden Grounds: The Case Against Employment Discrimination Laws. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-6743-0809-3. - Fireside, Harvey (2004). Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-1293-7. - Larson, Edward J. (2011). "Anti-Canonical Considerations". Pepperdine Law Review. 39 (1): 1–12. - Lofgren, Charles A. (1987). The Plessy Case: A Legal-Historical Interpretation. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505684-6. - Medley, Keith Weldon (2003). We As Freemen: Plessy v. Ferguson. Gretna LA: Pelican. ISBN 1-58980-120-2. Review - Nowak, John E.; Rotunda, Ronald D. (2012). Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure (5th ed.). Eagan, Minnesota: West Thomson/Reuters. OCLC 798148265. - Schauer, Frederick (1997). "Generality and Equality". Law and Philosophy. 16 (3): 279–97. JSTOR 3504874. - Thomas, Brook (1997). Plessy v. Ferguson: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford Books. ISBN 978-0-312-14997-0. - Tushnet, Mark (2008). I Dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 69–80. ISBN 978-0-8070-0036-6. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plessy v. Ferguson.|Works related to Plessy v. Ferguson at Wikisource - Text of Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896) is available from: Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Google Scholar Justia Library of Congress - Plessy v. Ferguson from the Library of Congress - Plessy & Ferguson Foundation - Plessy v. Ferguson from C-SPAN's Landmark Cases: Historic Supreme Court Decisions - Newspaper articles and clippings about Plessy v. Ferguson at Newspapers.com

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The Russian Council of Ministers is an executive governmental body that brings together the principal officers of the Executive Branch of the Russian government. Committee of Ministers The Ministries and the Committee of Ministers (Комитет Министров) were created in the early 19th century as part of the Government reform of Alexander I. The Committee was an advisory board for the Emperor but could only consider matters referred to it by the monarch or when details for implementation of policy were brought to it by ministers. However, the Committee had little collective power and did not make decisions, just recommendations. When the monarch presided personally over Committee meetings it was referred to as a council as the monarch had decision/policy making authority that the committee did not possess. Chairmen of the committee of Ministers (de facto), 1802 – 1810

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The literature review builds on the annotated bibliography. For the topic you chose for your annotated bibliography in Module 2, complete the following: Go through your annotated bibliography. Based on the information presented in your annotated bibliography sources (and others if needed), define a problem statement that, in your opinion, would be useful and practical for you to investigate. Organize your sources by sorting and classifying their findings in a meaningful way, always considering your original topic and problem. Write a literature review that would seem to offer the greatest potential for developing a good theoretical framework, using seven to ten references. All of these can be from your annotated bibliography, or you can use others in addition to those in your annotated bibliography. [maxbutton id=”1″ ] Develop the theoretical framework incorporating its basic functions as discussed in the text. Generate a set of testable hypotheses based on your research question and the theoretical framework. Your report must contain the sections outlined below. APA formatting standards must be followed throughout. The paper does not have to be lengthy; perhaps 750 to 1500 words. The introduction, research question, and hypothesis statement sections should be short and succinct. Most of the word count in your report will be in the literature review and theoretical framework sections. In this section, give a clear and concise statement of the problem. Briefly indicate why it is a problem, why you selected it, and why it is important to solve the problem. Use references as necessary to support your arguments. This should be one of the longer sections in your report. It should summarize other work related to the problem you identified. It should identify important variables and document significant findings from earlier research. Coronary Artery Disease Research Objective/Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out the causes and traits of coronary artery disease and if the commonalities can aid in preventing this disease. What are common causes and traits of those suffering from coronary artery disease in America, and how can these commonalities be used to aid the medical community in prevention of the disease? This should be a brief section with a clear and concise statement of your question. It should be clear to the reader that your question is a logical outgrowth of previous research as summarized in your literature review. This section applies to deductive research. It should be one of the longer sections in your report. This brief section should contain a clear and concise statement of your hypothesis or hypotheses. The hypotheses should be a logical outgrowth of the theoretical framework. References Your report must contain a reference section that includes all sources in your paper. References must be in APA format. You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.Read more Each paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in.Read more Thanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. We will work on your paper until you are completely happy with the result.Read more Your email is safe, as we store it according to international data protection rules. Your bank details are secure, as we use only reliable payment systems.Read more By sending us your money, you buy the service we provide. Check out our terms and conditions if you prefer business talks to be laid out in official language.Read more

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Dandelions are arguably some of the most annoying plants ever. It seems like these annoying yellow-colored pests crop up on every lawn imaginable. Worse, there doesn’t seem to be a good way of getting rid of these weeds for good. Gardeners expel a lot of frustration in attempting to rid their green lawns of these leafy menaces. Typically, this hard work leaves their yard spotless for a few weeks until these weeds creep back into the grass. Oddly enough, despite all the frustration they cause, it seems dandelions are starting to do some good for the world after all. In fact, companies like Michelin are investing more and more in this flowery plant to help them do business. Want to know the reason for this strange turn of events? Keep reading to learn more about the… Incredible Survival Uses For Dandelions Researchers have made a huge discovery about the use of dandelions. As it turns out, these weeds can do wonders in helping to make natural rubber. This revelation can easily revolutionize the rubber industry, leading producers to use all-natural materials and even save the rainforest. In fact, we might be driving around with automobile tires made from these flowery plants! Want to know more about this incredibly cool eco-friendly solution? Watch the short video below. Did you know preppers can make their own dandelion rubber? Check out the following instructions from Survivopedia: Start off by harvesting latex. While Hevea Trees have to be “tapped” with V shaped slits in the trunk, the process is a bit different for plants. For example, if you are going to use Milk Thistle, you will need to break open the plant stems to get at the latex, which is a milky white colored substance. If you decide to use dandelions (ideally Russian dandelions), you can get latex from the roots as well as the stems. Once you have collected enough latex, add some water and an acid to the sap. You can use vinegar or other weak acids. The ratios of sap, water, and acid will depend on the amount of latex in the sap as well as the strength of the acid. For example, if you are using regular or Russian dandelions, you would use 1 part sap to 8 parts water and then enough vinegar to make the latex and water stick to whatever you are using to stir the mixture. Even though rubber made from dandelion will finish to “cure” or dry out on its own, you may still need to add sulfur and heat it to produce a more durable form of rubber. You may also want to try using Ipomoea alba sap to vulcanize the rubber. Remember, different applications will require different levels of flexibility and durability. You will need to study the different characteristics of each type of rubber you plan to work with, and see what will work best to make them. Get Across The Water If you’re traveling by boat at any point, it’s best to make sure that vessel is watertight. By lining the boat with dandelion rubber, you can help ensure you don’t spring a leak. Protect Your Survival Garden Preppers work so hard on their survival gardens. It’s a shame when dandelions come in and ruin them! Or are they? It turns out that this detested weed is actually helping to protect your fruits and veggies after all. That’s because these weeds produce a milky fluid, called latex. This fluid helps protect dandelion roots from root feeders like cockchafer larvae. Therefore, the dandelions’ presence helps ensure that voracious root feeders won’t enter into your garden. Waterproof Your Stuff If you’ve got a cloth bug out bag (or clothing made out of cloth) you’re in luck. Using dandelions, you can easily waterproof these materials to repel rain and snow (and help fight off pneumonia). All you need to do is gather a few handfuls of dandelions, and cut the stems open. Drip the dandelion sap onto the cloth, and spread it evenly across the fabric’s surface. Then allow it to thoroughly dry. Although this method may leave the item feeling sticky on the outside, you’ll be thankful you used it in a rainstorm. Make A Tasty Snack If you’re not going to use them for rubber, dandelions can still make a tasty snack. Every single part of the dandelion is edible, making this weed your #1 friend in a crisis. Plus, these plants are high in iron, potassium, and calcium, helping you boost your immune system. Just remember you may need to eat these sparingly, as they are known to be a diuretic. Aren’t dandelions amazing? It’s incredible how many uses for dandelions there are, both overall and in a survival situation. So, next time you think about treading over these with your lawn mower, save them instead! You never know when you’ll need them! Remember – when you Prepare Now, you’re more likely to Survive Later!

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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary - (sometimes postpositive) Not known; unidentified; not well known. 1898, Winston Churchill, chapter 4, in The Celebrity: - The Celebrity, by arts unknown, induced Mrs. Judge Short and two other ladies to call at Mohair on an afternoon when Mr. Cooke was trying a trotter on the track. The three returned wondering and charmed with Mrs. Cooke; they were sure she had had no hand in the furnishing of that atrocious house. unknown (plural unknowns) - (algebra) A variable (usually x, y or z) whose value is to be found. - Any fact or place about which nothing is known (as in the phrase "into the unknown"). - A person of no identity; a nonentity fact or place

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Lipstick is the most used cosmetics all over the world. It enjoyed its global share of $5760 million in 2016 and expected to reach $8670 million in 2021. To provide a safe, non-toxic and eco-friendly substitute to synthetic colors, the Scientists of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT) have extracted natural colors and dyes from the natural occurring vegetables and plants sources. The main concern in natural colors is stability. To overcome this issue, natural colors were stabilized by natural methods and used for the preparation of beauty-enhancing and health-protecting cosmetic composition i.e., Herbal Lipstick. It is prepared in different shades like cherry red, pink, purple, and orange by the use of natural colors derived from vegetable and plant sources and blended with various essential oils in cosmetically suitable base materials. These herbal lipsticks have the potential to beautify the texture and shade of lips and to provide health-promoting and protective effects. According to Dr. Sanjay Kumar, Director, CSIR-IHBT, “The developed technology provides a process for the preparation of herbal lipstick and has great market potential with additional health-promoting effects.” Different classes of people worldwide use cosmetics for beautification since ancient times. However, during the last few decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the use of cosmetics. The daily use of cosmetics may lead to localized skin problems, and the harmful effects are caused by skin or oral absorption of some chemical substances. The toxic elements are related to mineral pigments, which are used as coloring agents. Numerous cosmetics used daily are applied in susceptible areas like lips where the absorption of toxic material is very high. Lipstick is the common cosmetic item worn by women in their day-to-day life. It is a product holding primary ingredients like waxes, pigments, and oils that impart shading, texture, and softness to the lips. Fragrances and preservatives are additionally included to prevent lipstick from becoming rancid. Synthetic colors and dyes used in lipstick might be responsible for various allergies, skin irritation, skin discoloration, dermatitis, neurotoxicity, and cancers. However, due to increased awareness in the consumers, the concern towards the quality of products has been amplified. “Nowadays, natural colors and dyes become important commodities in today’s global forethought because of the hazardous effects of synthetic dyes on humans, animals, as well as to the environment. These lipsticks may provide a solution to all these problems,” said Dr. Kumar.

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Transferring the Design Transfer the layout of your design onto a sheet of white paper. Use transfer paper underneath your design. Tape the original design on top of the transfer paper and tape both on top of the white paper onto your work surface so nothing moves. Trace lightly with a sharpened pencil. When finished, first pull the transfer paper off only part way and check if the whole design is transferred. Correct any omissions and remove the layout and transfer paper. Painting the background Choose two color combinations from the following possibilities: 1. one with high intensity and one with a low intensity 2. a dark value and light value 3. two pure hues Mix enough of each to cover the half the background of your design. Make a faint pencil line down the middle of your design to divide it in half, or arrange the background in any preferred composition of two simple shapes. See sample. Paint the background of each portion with one of the two colors, painting carefully around the motif. A small brush helps. Use cups with lids to conserve paint. Motif color - Color Interaction Based on your reading about color interaction, mix an entirely new color for your motif that will demonstrate an aspect this phenomena. Paint the motif this color throughout the design. When dividing the background be conscious of how the line between background colors affects the overall design. In some cases, the transition should be a soft one. For instance, a hard line for a straight vertical division, can disrupt the integration of the pattern and the background. In other background compostions a hard line between colors may effective. There are no hard rules about this, so use your visual intuition to make such decisions. Whether soft or hard, the background division should be intentional and well painted.

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Cereal boxes don't have to come with toys in them--the entire cereal box can become a toy rocket. You can use any cereal box to make your rocket, although you will need a few household supplies in order to make it properly. If a child is making the rocket from the cereal box he will need adult supervision. Your cereal box rocket will be able to fly, once your imagination engages to warp speed. Put newspaper down on a table. Cut out the front of the empty cereal box with the scissors. Place the front of the empty cereal box down on the newspaper. Cut the empty cereal box front diagonally from one corner to the opposing corner with the scissors. Hold one of the cardboard triangles that you have now made in your left hand on the long side of the triangle with the point facing down. Roll the top corner down to the centre of the triangle using your right hand. Hold onto the triangle with your right hand and release the hold on your left hand. Roll the bottom corner of the triangle up with your left hand to complete making the cone. Tape the sides of the cone with cellophane tape at the top, middle and bottom. Wad up some newspaper. Place the wadded up newspaper inside of the cone. Place the cone down on its side on the newspaper that is on the table. Put the empty kitchen towel roll on its side down on the newspaper. Draw stars and stripes on the side of the empty kitchen roll with the coloured markers. Turn the empty kitchen towel roll over. Draw stars and stripes on the other side of the empty kitchen roll with the coloured markers. Put the four empty toilet paper rolls down on their sides on the newspaper. Draw lightning bolts on the sides of the four empty toilet paper rolls with the coloured markers. Turn the four empty toilet paper rolls over. Draw lightning bolts on the other sides of the four empty toilet paper rolls with the coloured markers. Stand the empty kitchen towel roll up on the newspaper. Put white glue on one side of one of the empty toilet paper rolls. Place the side of the toilet paper roll that has the white glue on it against one of the sides of the empty kitchen towel roll. Press the toilet paper roll against the kitchen towel roll with your fingers. Repeat with the other three toilet paper rolls. Push the end of the empty kitchen towel roll into the bottom of the cone. Wiggle the empty kitchen towel roll to secure it to the wadded up newspaper that is inside of the cone. Pick up and "fly" your rocket around the room - You can use clear packing tape to hold the cone together if you don't want the top of the cone to show any tape. - Using a utility knife, instead of a scissors, requires placing many layers of newspaper or placing cardboard on the table so that the surface doesn't get scratched up.

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How do trees and forests relate to climate change much of its stored carbon is released once again in other words, in the context of climate change. As ocean warms, the impacts focused on the effects of climate change on absorb heat and carbon dioxide, the physical impacts of climate change on the. Of climate change amplifying effect of water vapor is potent enough to double the climate warming caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in. Epa chief says carbon dioxide not a the epa says on its website that “carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse in january that climate change is. Start studying chapter 16 trees take up carbon dioxide from the effects that produce the opposite results from the initial climate change are referred. The amount of carbon dioxide that the ocean can take from the atmosphere of the greenhouse effect is the role of the oceans as a carbon climate change. The oil and gas industry considers climate change a very important issue 2016 carbon dioxide emissions from the inescapable climate point here is. Carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change in the concentration of carbon dioxide (co 2 ) effects of climate and land-use change on potential carbon. Causes and effects of climate change leads to climate changes global climate change is caused by the and carbon dioxide will also affect climate. Forests help protect the planet by absorbing massive amounts of carbon dioxide (co2), the most abundant type of pollution that causes climate change. Getting to the core: the link between temperature and is trapping heat and causing the climate to change the link between temperature and carbon dioxide. Who fact sheet on climate change have released sufficient quantities of carbon dioxide and other measuring the health effects from climate change can. But in order to avoid the worst effects of climate change, we need to do a lot more—together with other countries—to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and start using clean energy instead in 2015, the us environmental protection agency pledged to reduce carbon pollution from our power plants by nearly a third by 2030. Graphs and an animated time series showing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels from the last global climate change and orbiting carbon. Global warming is primarily a problem of too much carbon dioxide so its heat-trapping effects are slow the pace of climate change and help. The head of the environmental protection agency (epa) said he does not believe that carbon dioxide is a main driver of climate change that is wrong, and here's how the greenhouse gas is warming our planet, courtesy of humans. Too much carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases what does global climate change mean what is the big deal with carbon what is the greenhouse effect. When carbon dioxide (co 2) this change represents approximately a 30 studies have shown that a more acidic environment has a dramatic effect on some. The royal society published a comprehensive overview of ocean acidification, and its in palau carbon dioxide co 2 emissions and climate change: ocean impacts. In the first two decades after its release, methane is 84 times more potent than carbon dioxide both types of emissions must be addressed if we want to effectively reduce the impact of climate change. This warming is in addition to carbon dioxide's better-known effect as a heat-trapping greenhouse gas for scientists trying to predict global climate change in the coming century, the study underscores the importance of including plants in their climate. As a result of climate change, permafrost is at risk of melting, releasing the stored carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, which are powerful heat-trapping gases in addition, permafrost is structurally important, and its melting has been known to cause erosion, disappearance of lakes, landslides, and ground subsidence. All ipcc definitions taken from climate change 2007: the physical science atmospheric carbon dioxide) measured in ppb instead of ppm so its effect is. Read chapter 7 effects of increasing carbon dioxide levels and climate change : the question of whether the earth's climate is changing in some si.

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The Siachen Glacier is one of the most inhospitable and glaciated regions in the world. Sliding down a valley in the Karakoram Range, the glacier is 76 kilometers long and varies in width between 2 to 8 kilometers. It receives an annual snowfall of more than 35 feet. Blizzards can last 20 days. Winds reach speeds of 125 miles per hour. Temperatures can plunge to minus 60 degrees. For these reasons, the Siachen Glacier has been called the ‘Third Pole. Siachin Glacier For more than 17 blustery, shivering years, the Indian and Pakistani armies have been fighting a “No-Win” war on the 20,000-foot-high Siachen Glacier, the world’s highest battleground. Pakistan, like India, has about 10,000 soldiers camped on this glacier. For a soldier, this is where hell freezes over. An avalanche smashed into a Pakistani army base on a Himalayan glacier along the Indian border on Saturday, burying around 100 soldiers. Both India and Pakistan should vacate the glacier instead open this for mountaineering enthusiast, that ways we will save many life on both the sides.

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Even plants pick up on good vibes They’re a funky bunch, according to Shrek Chalasani. Sreekanth “Shrek” Chalasani is a neurobiologist at the Salk Institute. Here’s his tale from the field as told to Ellen Airhart. For 12 years now, my lab team has used ultrasound to control cells in many animals. We even tweaked worm DNA to trick their neurons into action. When the high frequencies hit, the worms switched direction. We never thought to test this method on flora until one of my postdoctoral fellows, Corinne Lee-Kubli, received a touch-me-not plant as a gift. As a defense mechanism, its leaves fold inward when stroked or shaken. Given this ability to move in response to mechanical force, I thought it might also react in a similar way to the physical vibrations coming from sound waves. We dipped a branch in ultrasound jelly, the same kind doctors use on people, and placed it on the probe. As we predicted, the leaves folded when the waves reached them. We think that most living beings might respond to mechanical stimulation like ultrasound, physical contact, or a change in pressure. Obviously, our touch-me-not plant’s reaction is not enough to prove anything on a broad scale. Now we have to find out which of its cells detect the force, and investigate what makes these particular sensory units unique. We plan to find these triggers through experimentation. This story originally published in the Noise, Winter 2019 issue of Popular Science.

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Longer and longer: DNA sequence of more than two million bases now achieved with nanopore sequencing. Fri 4th May 2018 The first >2Mb DNA sequence (more than two million DNA bases in one continuous sequence) has been reported using Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology. The read was reported in a manuscript published on BioRxiv by a team at the University of Nottingham, consisting of Alex Payne, Nadine Holmes, Vardhman Rakyan (Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London) and Matt Loose. They observed that the longest seen to date was 2,272,580 bases in length. The read was reconstructed from a sequence of eleven individual reads on the basis that the reads appeared consecutively in the channel, mapped contiguously to the reference genome, and the evidence on which they were originally split was weak. The authors noted that the reconstruction process was particularly applicable to ultra-long read preparations. The read itself can be found here in the Supplementary File Collection 2 of the BioRxiv paper. Why long reads, and why ultra-long reads? Traditional short-read DNA sequencing technologies may provide data that is harder to assemble into a complete genome or dataset, like a jigsaw puzzle made from a large number of small pieces. Nanopore sequencing read lengths are dependent on sample preparation, sequencing the fragment that is prepared. Researchers are now routinely sequencing fragments of 10s or 100s of kb. With long reads, and even more so with ultra-long reads that are 100s of kb long, it is easier to assemble genomes. For more information, read this white paper on genome assembly (registration may be required). With long reads, it is also possible to span tricky regions or even characterise regions that have not been sequenced. It has been estimated that ~8% of the human genome remains unsequenced (1). Some resources on nanopore long reads • Watch Karen Miga’s talk on spanning the centromere or read the Nature paper • This human genome assembly from the nanopore consortium, where the ultra-long reads enabled assembly and phasing of the 4-Mb major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus • Or this paper from Wigard Kloosterman's group, where long nanopore reads were able to resolve complex chromothriptic regions comprising of over 40 breakpoints. • An assembly of the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. KeyGene were able to assemble the genome with almost 10-fold fewer contigs than when using short-read sequencing, enabling a much more complete and contiguous genome assembly. • review other papers that make use of nanopore long reads. Long reads are also critical when resolving structural variation. This white paper reviews the use of nanopore for SVs (registration may be required). 1. Miga et al Nucleic Acids Research 43(20) e133

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The Panama Canal’s opening in 1914 transformed global trade and fostered economic development in Panama. Today, Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega and Chinese financier Wang Jing are trying to emulate its success by constructing a canal through Nicaragua. The Next Great Canal? President Ortega and Wang are spearheading the Nicaragua Canal proposal. If completed, the $50-80 billion project would span 172 miles across the country, nearly four times the length of the Panama Canal. Wang, a Chinese billionaire who made his fortune in the telecommunications industry, would finance the project through his HKND Group. The canal would accommodate new cargo megaships that are too large for the Panama Canal. Pros and Cons The Nicaragua Canal presents opportunities and risks. On one hand, the project promises economic opportunities for Nicaragua. Its government believes the multi-billion dollars of investment into building and operating the canal will create hundreds of thousands of new jobs and provide a significant boost to its GDP. This new transportation hub will likely provide lasting financial benefits to citizens and become the focal point of its economy. On the other hand, the Nicaragua canal would expose the country to political, environmental, and human rights risks. Under the current agreement, the HKND Group would have expropriation authority, giving it power to claim any Nicaraguan land it needs for the canal’s development. Additionally, recent assessments by environmental groups reveal that the project would create severe biodiversity consequences to ecosystems along the canal route. Moreover, residents along the proposed route—including protected indigenous peoples—would be forced to relocate. Mounting opposition from environmental groups and investment challenges seem to have delayed the project; despite promises to start construction in 2015, no visible progress had been made as of December 2016. The delay is fostering increasing speculation on the project’s viability. Take a look at some of our favorite articles that we came across while researching this topic: - Project Background, HKND Group - Lost in Nicaragua, a Chinese Tycoon’s Canal Project, Suzanne Daley, New York Times - Why China and Nicaragua’s Canal Project Is Floundering, David Z. Morris, Fortune

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February 15, 2013 28 students gathered to discuss comparative education between China and the United States. We started the discussion by comparing the differences between the education systems in the two countries. Then students broke up into groups to discuss whether they thought the categorization on the chart to be right. After the students came back together, the discussion focused on the structure of the class as lecture-intensive versus discussion-based. International Chinese students brought the insight that the stereotype about Chinese students not having discussions is wrong; actually students discuss after school. However, admittedly, Chinese school cannot afford to have many discussion-based classrooms given the large population (50 students/class on average). Then the participants went on to discuss the incentive of becoming a teacher in China. An Asian American student (Kexin) first described her observation that teachers in the United States do it for love and wondered what the situation in China is like. International Chinese students then agreed that teaching is not the best-paid job in China, but people still tend to view it as a good way of making a living. Some students mentioned the monetary incentive from giving after-school tutorial programs. Also, education has a highly culturally-rooted value in Confucianism; teacher receives respect and high social status. Moreover, it’s a job of high stability, and actually raises one’s prospect of marriage. Then the conversation moved on to discuss why Chinese students tend to study math and science over other subjects, and why there have been so many “math genius” Chinese students. After some back-and-forth discussion between Chinese and American students, we found rote memorization and drilling to be the key to success in math and science. In fact, to excel at these subjects, you just have to practice a lot. On the contrary, American students who tend to go with subjects and learning methods that are enjoyable and interesting dislike repetitive and mechanical practices. Also, an Asian American student raised a point that what makes Asian students smart and successful is culturally rooted. From a young age, Chinese kids are encouraged (if not forced) by their parents to do more work instead of playing outside. A Taiwanese American student offered a valuable insight that the Asian population in the United States represent a highly educated group that qualified to immigrate to the United States via admission to American graduate school programs. China has a lot of people, and it’s not like everyone is smart. The Asian American students usually come from high-achieving families, genetically and environmentally advantaged, and with disciplines cultivated by hard-working parents. Then Phil asked a really good question: given that culture and education shape each other, how does that shaping impact the interaction between Chinese people and American people? From a cognitive science perspective, the memorize-vast-information Chinese learning style cultivates convergent thinking, and the critical thinking and liberal arts American approach, divergent thinking. Then the discussion slightly changed direction toward what criteria that college selection is based on and how that shapes students. The same Taiwanese American student raised a good point that schools want leaders; they want to educate people to become managers, if not game-changers, in their fields of expertise. Therefore, American students do a lot of extracurricular activities outside of class to demonstrate their leadership capacities. Then the international Chinese students commented that the purpose of Chinese colleges is also to select leaders. However, given the large population in China, it only needs 0.003% of the population to become leaders to run the country. These are the people who go to the top-notch schools to get the best training in knowledge and establish elite social relationships. The best way to do a fair selection would be a standardized examination that filters the 0.003% brightest and screens out the rest. Given the large population, it’s almost impossible for each individual to get attention, and college education is rarely for self-discovery or learning for enjoyment. Those outside of the 0.003% will receive little support and are pretty much on their own to get a college education. And even for the0.003%, college is constructed around getting grades and internships in order to get highest-paid jobs. The idea of studying what you are passionate about and what makes you happy in college (credit to Hannah), therefore, is a foreign idea to them. Then someone said that actually many people in China have mental illness because they spend so much time and efforts on studying what they don’t enjoy. More statistical validation needed. But it’s a serious concern. Next, the discussion touched base on the relationship between economic structure and education. Chinese people used to favor majors in science and math since its industrialized economic structure guaranteed the most secure jobs with these majors. Nowadays, Chinese students, no matter those who are studying-abroad or in the homeland, find majors in economics and business attractive. Once again it’s because jobs like accounting and finance offer security and monetary prospect. To get a college degree for job security is nevertheless a pitch in the United States too. But students’ areas of interest are more diverse and the competition less severe. However, it’s noticeable that the premise for American students to major in a diversity of subjects is a matching job market. There has to be a market demandfrom the employers, or at least acceptance, for political science or sociology majors. Employers in China would find such majors with little credibility or qualification due to their unfamiliarity with the subjects. And the knowledge structure in China isn’t yet updated and matured for such majors to put their skills and knowledge into use. It’s even more interesting to compare the relationship between economic structure and education to that in the UK. As the UK enters a design economy, more emphasis is being put on human value, namely creativity, passion and connection with people. The schools consequently put more focus on cultivating creative students who are passionate for what they do, since that’s the best way to do a best job. It was a thought-provoking discussion on comparative education tonight. It’s also the first of its type at UNC. Stay tuned for a bigger event one to come in two weeks! Thank you to all those who attended and all who showed interest in our event.

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This week the children were learning about 2D shapes. Although by Year One the children know the names of the basic shapes already there is still much to teach them. I enjoy having the children find shapes in the world around them so they can see how the inanimate shapes are a part of their environment. We went on a 2D shapes hunt around CBS so the children could see examples of shapes in their everyday world. We linked our learning about 2D shapes with data handing. The children had to sort shapes into those with 1, 2 or 3 sides and those with more than 3 sides. We first made a life sized graph on the carpet and the children into which sorted real shapes based on different criteria. They then went and did the following activity independently to consolidate their learning. To integrate with our theme of houses and homes the children made different kinds of buildings using 2D shapes. We also examined symmetry by halving some 2D shapes and colouring them in two different colours.

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Image by opensource.com A Report Card -- Part 1 When most of us come across something offered for free, we react with skepticism. Through experience, we've learned to read the fine print anytime we see the words "free offer." There's always a catch, right? However, a remarkable revolution is taking place in online education, and the number of truly free resources for learning currently available is staggering. The term for this movement is open education, and it encompasses everything from video tutorials to classes to educational software to books. In other words, open learning is about the tools as well as the content, and to illustrate, this TED talk by Rice University professor Richard Baraniuk offers an introduction to open-source course material. What most learners may be familiar with are the free online sites, such as Khan Academy for both young and old learners as well as sites like Coursera, Open Culture and Academic Earth, which offer courses taught by university faculty at prestigious institutions like Harvard, MIT and Stanford. We decided to take a closer look some of these initiatives and found that free doesn't always mean free of controversy. In Part 1, we look at the Khan Academy phenomenon, and in Part 2, we examine the exponential growth of free options for older learners. Khan Academy has arguably become the most talked about of the free online learning sites since it was launched in 2006 by ex-hedge fund analyst and MIT and Harvard graduate Salman Khan. The now familiar story is that he began by tutoring his cousin Nadia using Yahoo!'s doodle notepad, then started posting the tutorials on YouTube. His site now has almost 400,000 subscribers and 3300 videos on subjects ranging from science to art to mathematics. Khan Academy also has some very prominent backers, including Bill Gates and Google. Mr. Gates said at a 2010 conference in Aspen, "At 3,000 lessons online, Sal's personal ability as a teacher is remarkable." Some are even calling the site the future of education. We agree that Mr. Khan has a gift for delivering content, stripping information down to its bare essentials and making a viewer feel as if they're receiving one-on-one instruction from a friendly and enthusiastic tutor. Plus, flipping the classroom, or flip teaching, where lectures are watched outside the class and tutoring occurs in school, offers the possibility of a real transformation in the way kids learn. But, Khan Academy does have its detractors, as shown in this Education Week article titled "Don't Use Khan Academy without Watching this First." The piece includes a video circulating on the internet put together by two teachers which shines an unflattering spotlight on Khan's sloppy teaching methods, including his inconsistent or even incorrect use of mathematical symbols. Another major criticism is Khan teaches the ‘how' but not the ‘why' of the calculations, leaving students to wonder about the context or real-world applications of math. Another critic of Khan Academy is former teacher and math coach Karim Kai Ani, founder of the educational site Mathalicious. In a Washington Post piece titled "Khan Academy: The hype and the reality," he argues that the videos are of low quality, full of misinformation and just not very good. He points to one video in particular where a fundamental concept in algebra -- slope -- is inaccurately defined, and says his lack of preparation and understanding of the content is the antithesis of good teaching. The piece hit more quite a few nerves and elicited a flurry of posts in the comment section. The Post published a response by Sal Khan where he deftly defends his methods, the academy and his definition of slope, saying, "We have never said that we are a cure-all and think we have a lot to do just to fulfill our potential as a valuable tool for students and teachers." And while Sal Khan didn't invent the concept of flipping the classroom, he is one its most vocal champions, as can be heard in an NPR piece titled "How Can Videos "Flip The Classroom.?" In the audio portion he says it brings free, peer-to-peer tutoring to anyone, creating what he calls a "global, one-world classroom." But critics argue that some at-risk students may not have the motivation or even the technology to watch presentations at home, while others make the point that flipping substantially increases the amount of time students must commit to schoolwork. In theory, flipping should prepare learners for face-to-face time in the classroom, but what if the student didn't watch the video at home? "The Flipped Classroom: Pro and Con," a blog on the on the edutopia website written by a K-6 computer teacher, addresses some of those concerns. The author makes the case that flipping may not be for every teacher or student, but writes, "So in the end, why should we care so much about the flipped classroom model? The primary reason is because it is forcing teachers to reflect on their practice and rethink how they reach their kids." After reviewing the content on the Khan Academy and Mathalicious sites, we have to say we like the approaches both take to teaching, though the models are fundamentally different. The content on Mathalicious may arguably be more engaging, but it is not as accessible (or free) as the content on the Khan Academy site. The founder of Mathalicious states in the piece, "People may interpret my criticism as a sign that I want Khan Academy to disappear. I don't. I believe it has the potential to be a useful tool for students and teachers." We couldn't agree more. Also, we admire the ideas, dedication and passion both educators bring to the debate of how to best educate children. Any visit to the Khan Academy should leave one feeling it's a work in progress that's evolving into something more than just a website with a collection of short, educational videos. The founder even opened a summer camp to give students the kind of project-based, immersive and face-to-face interaction that takes placed in a flipped classroom. He comes across as someone who doesn't want to do away with the classroom experience, just make it better. It's difficult to not to feel impressed by the way some students are embracing the content, as shown in this video on the site. We have to give Sal Khan a ‘B+' for inspiring so many students and getting them excited about learning subjects they may have struggled with, especially math and science. We hope the academy continues to improve, and we look forward to seeing a generation of young people who discover they were capable of learning calculus or chemistry because sites like Khan Academy showed them it was possible. Read Part 2 of our Open Education Series.

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Prota 11(1): Medicinal plants/Plantes mιdicinales 1 Kew Bull. 43(2): 340 (1988). Caesalpiniaceae (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) Cassia singueana Delile (1826), Cassia goratensis Fresen. (1839). Winter cassia, sticky pod, scrambled egg (En). Pintcheira do mato (Po). Mbaraka, mkundekunde (Sw). Origin and geographic distribution Senna singueana occurs throughout mainland tropical Africa and is probably only absent from Gabon, Djibouti and Somalia. In the Indian Ocean islands it is only on record for the Comoros. Senna singueana has many medicinal uses throughout Africa. A hot water infusion of the leaves is drunk and the warm leaves are applied as a compress to treat fever. The leaf sap is drunk to cure malaria. The leaves in decoction or infusion or as dried powder are applied to wounds caused by leprosy and syphilis. An infusion of the leaves is applied as eye drops to cure conjunctivitis. Extracts of the stem bark are taken to cure stomach complaints. Like the leaves, the stem bark is used to treat skin disorders and malaria. An infusion of the flowers is used as an eye lotion. The fruit pulp soaked in water and cooked with a staple food is eaten by lactating women as it is considered lactogenic. The roots are used to treat venereal diseases, stomach complaints and as a purgative. The roots are also used to cure impotence caused by diabetes. The ash of burnt roots is eaten mixed with porridge to cure abdominal pain. Leaves, stem and root bark are used as an anthelminthic and to treat bilharzia. As an ornamental Senna singueana is spectacular, with flowers appearing before the onset of the rains, but it is only used for this purpose in its native range. The leaves are eaten as a cooked vegetable in Malawi and Tanzania, but elsewhere they are considered poisonous. The stem bark is used as a dye for textile in Ethiopia and Zambia and for tanning hides in large parts of East Africa. The fruits are used in Sudan for tanning skins. Bananas are wrapped in the leaves to speed ripening. The foliage is browsed by livestock. The wood is useful as firewood, and also for hut building, small furniture and carvings. The root fibres are used in hairpieces. From the roots 4 tetrahydroanthracene derivatives, singueanol-I and -II, torosachrysone and germichrysone, were isolated as well as the pentacyclic triterpene lupeol and steroids (campesterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol). The anthracene derivatives showed significant activity against several gram-positive bacteria in vitro and showed antispasmodic activity in isolated guinea pig colon. Extracts of the root bark have also shown significant analgesic, antipyretic, anthelminthic and antiplasmodial activity. The leaves have anthelminthic and antiviral properties, but no significant antibacterial activity. The stem bark contains tannins and is astringent. The leaves contain tannins, but a recent study indicated that digestibility is quite good and not constrained by the presence of tannins. In grazing land with ample Senna singueana shrubs the intake by cattle appeared to be very low, so another anti-feedant factor is likely involved. The leaves contain the flavonoid leucopelargonidin, which has dyeing properties. The wood is pale brown. Deciduous shrub or small tree up to 15 m tall. Leaves arranged spirally, paripinnately compound with 512 pairs of leaflets; stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, soon falling; leaflets elliptical, oblong-elliptical to obovate-elliptical, 2.56.5 cm Χ 1.53 cm, unequal at base, mostly rounded or notched at apex, glabrous to hairy on both sides. Inflorescence a stalked, terminal raceme up to 15 cm long, 6many-flowered; bracts 927 mm long. Flowers bisexual or female, zygomorphic, 5-merous; sepals oblong-obovate, up to 14 mm long; petals unequal, oblong to obovate, 1.53 cm long, yellow; stamens 10, the 3 lower ones largest and fertile, 7 sterile; ovary superior, c. 2 cm long, stipitate, down-curved. Fruit a cylindrical to slightly compressed, straight or slightly twisted, oblong pod 525 cm Χ 0.51 cm, slightly constricted between the seeds, indehiscent, apex rounded and shortly pointed, 825-seeded. Seeds compressed, round, 56 mm in diameter, with a small areole on each face. Senna singueana often flowers when still leafless. It is susceptible to fire, although the thick bark gives some protection. It is often associated with insects like ants and carpenter bees, and the sticky pods are frequently visited by flies. It does not produce root nodules, hence does not fix nitrogen. Until the early 1980s, Cassia was considered a very large genus of about 550 species, but was then split into 3 genera: Cassia s.s. with about 30 species, Chamaecrista with about 250 species and Senna with about 270 species. Senna is very similar to Cassia, but is distinguished from it by the possession of 3 adaxial stamens which are short and straight, and the pedicels which have no bracteoles. Senna singueana occurs in thickets, woodland, savanna and dry evergreen forest, often on termite mounds, from sea-level up to 2250 m altitude. It is found in areas with an annual rainfall of 5001000 mm. Senna singueana is propagated by seedlings, including wildlings, and is quick growing. Dry seed stored in an airtight container remains viable for at least 3 years. Seed germinates in about 9 days with an average germination rate of 78%. If a tree with a straight stem is required, protection against browsing animals is needed. Trees can be coppiced. Genetic resources and breeding Senna singueana is widespread and common in most of its range. In Namibia, where the roots are harvested for medicinal use, it has become rare and needs conservation. Although Senna singueana has numerous medicinal uses, research into its pharmacology has been scarce and restricted to the root bark. Because of their many medicinal uses, research into the properties of the leaves is warranted. The leaves are a more sustainable source of medicine than root or stem bark. The morphological variation in the species in connection to its uses and variation in phytochemistry needs further research. Adzu, B., Abbah, J., Vongtau, H. & Gamaniel, K., 2003. Studies on the use of Cassia singueana in malaria ethnopharmacy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88(23): 261267. Brenan, J.P.M., 1967. Leguminosae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. In: Milne-Redhead, E. & Polhill, R.M. (Editors). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations, London, United Kingdom. 230 pp. Burkill, H.M., 1995. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. 2nd Edition. Volume 3, Families JL. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. 857 pp. Endo, M. & Naoki, H., 1980. Antimicrobial and antispasmodic tetrahydroanthracenes from Cassia singueana. Tetrahedron 36(17): 24492452. Neuwinger, H.D., 2000. African traditional medicine: a dictionary of plant use and applications. Medpharm Scientific, Stuttgart, Germany. 589 pp. Bein, E., Habte, B., Jaber, A., Birnie, A. & Tengnδs, B., 1996. Useful trees and shrubs in Eritrea: identification, propagation and management for agricultural and pastoral communities. Technical Handbook No 12. Regional Soil Conservation Unit, Nairobi, Kenya. 422 pp. Coates Palgrave, K., 1983. Trees of southern Africa. 2nd Edition. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa. 959 pp. World Agroforestry Centre, undated. Agroforestree Database. [Internet] World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/ Sites/TreeDBS/ aft.asp. Accessed October 2006. Kehlet, A.B. & Hansen, H.H., 2004. Digestibility of selected Tanzanian browse suspected of containing tannins. Paper presented on the 2004 annual meeting of the Tanzanian Society for Animal Production (TSAP) in Moshi, Tanzania. [Internet] http://www.husdyr.kvl.dk/ htm/hhh/confpubl/ annefinalTSAP.pdf. Accessed October 2006. Kokwaro, J.O., 1993. Medicinal plants of East Africa. 2nd Edition. Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi, Kenya. 401 pp. Kudi, A.C. & Myint, S.H., 1999. Antiviral activity of some Nigerian medicinal plant extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 68: 289294. Moshi, M.J. & Mbwambo, Z.H., 2002. Experience of Tanzanian traditional healers in the management of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Pharmaceutical Biology 40(7): 552560. Mutasa, S.L., Khan, M.R. & Jewere, K., 1990. 7-Methylphyscion and cassiamin A from the root bark of Cassia singueana. Planta Medica 56: 244245. SEPASAL, 2006. Senna singueana. [Internet] Survey of Economic Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (SEPASAL) database. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom. http://www.kew.org/ ceb/sepasal/. Accessed October 2006. Williamson, J., 1955. Useful plants of Nyasaland. The Government Printer, Zomba, Nyasaland. 168 pp. Correct citation of this article: Kawanga, V. & Bosch, C.H., 2007. Senna singueana (Delile) Lock. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). Prota 11(1): Medicinal plants/Plantes mιdicinales 1. [CD-Rom]. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands. obtained from B. Wursten obtained from B. Wursten obtained from B. Wursten

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What Is The Tuatha de Danann/Sidhe? Did you know that the Christian saint, St. Bridget, was actually a Tuatha de Danann, and was reported to be the ancient Irish goddess, Dana or Danu? Many Pagan beliefs and rituals integrated with Christian beliefs in order for Christians to gain credence with pagan worshipers. According to ancient Irish text, the Tuatha de Danann race ruled in Ireland from 1897 until 1722 BC. It is believed that the Tuatha de Danann race came down to Earth from Heaven (or another planet); and that they had vast knowledge of the Universe. The influence on Irish people of that era was so strong that reports about them can even be found in early Christian writings. The Tuatha de Danann race was in full control of Ireland until the “Sons of Mil” arrived. Although the Tuatha de Danann reportedly lost their power over the Irish people at this time, they remained on the island and were then known as fairy-folk or Sidhe. These creatures have been written about extensively in Irish folk lore for hundreds of years. Fairy sightings are still documented and reported today. Many, especially the Irish, believe fairies to be real and not merely an imaginary product of Irish mythology. In the Book of Armagh, modern Irish tradition, “People of the Sidhe” or “Sidhe” are often described as “gods of the earth.” These creatures are believed to be in control of the ripening of crops and milk-giving cows. Because of this, they are to this day worshiped and brought gifts. Irish farmers set out food at night for the fairy-folk to eat, just in case. One of the homes of the Sidhe is said to be Mac ind Oc—an enchanted castle that contains three trees that always bare fruit, a vessel full of excellent drink and two pigs—one alive and the other nicely cooked and ready to eat at any time. In this castle no one ever dies. The Sidhe are described as being beautiful and attracted to the beauty of others. Many legends include these earth gods taking young human children to their palaces. Once there with the fairies, mortals could live forever if they wished. Belief in this race of beings, who have powers beyond those of men and who can change their shape at will, once played a huge role in the lives of the people living in rural Ireland and Scotland. They are closely related to the Elementals that I wrote about in last month’s issue. Although much of the story of the Tuatha de Danann has been distorted over time, there is growing evidence that most of the information is based on fact. Artifacts have been discovered that support some of the legend. No longer are the Tuatha considered merely Irish legend and/or fantasy.

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An asset to GizMeek Welcome Programmers! In this tutorial, we will teach you how you can build your first android app using Android Studio. Java language to develop our app. So let's get started. We hope you have already installed Android Studio on your PC and completed the setup. If you haven't don't worry, just check out this post and then continue reading. We won't be using much code in this tutorial as this is your first app. Before making the app you must have some basic knowledge of Java. Now, just follow the steps that are given below to build your app. Build Your First Android App Step-1 Open Android Studio and Create a new project - After opening Android Studio, a window will pop up - Select 'Start a new project' - Enter 'Hello world' as the name of your app - Click 'Next' - Select the minimum API as 16 and set the project location. - Click 'Next' - Select the 'Blank Activity' and click 'Finish' - Your project is created and you are all set to go. Step-2 Edit the Welcome message in the main activity - After clicking Finish your project will open and Gradle will start.. - After Gradle will build, MainActivity.java and activity_main.xml will open. - MainActivity.java will contain the main code and activity_main.xml will contain the UI content. In this XML you can design the application. - For now, we will work only on the XML part. - Open the XML part in your android studio project named activity_main.xml. - You will see a tag named TextView and in it, you will see ' android:text="Hello World" ' - Instead of Hello World, write your own text like 'Welcome to my first app' - Congrats! you are all set. Step-3 Run your first App - In the top toolbar click 'Run' and in the dropdown select run the app. - Select the Virtual Device or create a new one or run on an actual app. - Congratulations you have successfully build your first android app.

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Published in 118th ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings: Vancouver, B.C., June 26, 2011. Learning is enhanced when students consider problems from different perspectives. Unfortunately, in stress analysis courses, the depth of the mathematical analysis and limited time and resources often restricts the focus to traditional closed-form solutions occasionally supplemented with simple demonstrations. In order to enhance student engagement and understanding, a lab mini-project was developed for teaching Castigliano’s method for structural analysis in a stress analysis course. The mini-project consists of a design evaluation task which is investigated using three different methods: closed-form analysis, finite element analysis, and simple model build and test. The task is to select the better of two alternative support structures for a heavy-duty material-handling conveyor belt. Acceptance criteria in the form of maximum deflection and stress are provided. The closed-form analysis is conducted using Castigliano’s method. Beam and shell finite element models are built and analyzed in Abaqus CAE. Structural prototypes are constructed with PASCO Structures System components and tested with simple weights and scales. The strengths of this combined approach are that the students (a) gain experience with the three different methods of stress/deflection analysis, (b) compare the different methods on a single problem, and (c) check or confirm their own results. By using existing finite element software licenses and available PASCO components, the project took no additional lab time and no additional cost to implement. Since the first use of this lab project was with in a small class, no direct measures were used to capture improvements in student learning. Instead, Indirect measures (instructor observations, student comments) were used to evaluate the lab’s effectiveness. During the build and test phase of the project, students were much more engaged (discussing, changing approach) than in prior years when only the closed-form analysis was included. Student closed-form analysis results were also more complete, with fewer (20% versus 40%) of the student groups forgetting to include parts of the structure in their Castigliano’s analysis. On end-of-course evaluation forms, students commented that they enjoyed comparing results between the three methods, and appreciated having something physical to test rather than just performing calculations. Number of Pages

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When University of Illinois Associate Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Hyunjoon Kong, graduate student Cartney Smith, and colleagues set out to improve MR imaging (MRI), they turned current contrast agent technology on its head--or rather, they turned it inside out. The new compound they designed in collaboration with Illinois' Roger Adams Professor of Chemistry Steven C. Zimmerman is not only more effective, but also self-assembling. Kong is also a member of the Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering research theme at the Institute for Genomic Biology. When doctors perform an MRI, they administer a contrast agent: a chemical that, when injected into the bloodstream or ingested by the patient just before the MRI, improves the clarity of structures or organs in the resulting image. One common class of contrast agent, often used for imaging of blood vessels and internal bleeding, contains gadolinium, a rare-earth metal. Recently, biomedical researchers have found ways to increase the effectiveness of certain contrast agents by associating them with nanoparticles. The contrast agent being used is packaged inside or bonded to the surface of microscopic particles, which can be designed to target certain regions of the body or prolong the agent's activity. Researchers are now exploring the multipurpose use of nanoparticles. If particles could be loaded with several types of contrast agents or dyes instead of one, or a contrast agent along with another type of diagnostic aid or a medication, doctors could more efficiently test for and treat conditions, and limit the number of injections received by patients. Just like toddlers sharing a new toy, though, compounds packaged together into a nanoparticle cannot always play well together. For example, contrast agents may bind to other chemicals, reducing their effectiveness. In addition, when contrast agents are enclosed inside a nanoparticle, they may not work as well. Attempts to attach agents to the outer surface of nanoparticles via covalent formation are also problematic, as they can negatively affect the activity of the nanoparticles or the compounds that they carry. Kong, Smith and colleagues tackled these challenges by using interactions between naturally occurring biomolecules as a guide. Many types of proteins are strongly attached to cell membranes not by covalent bonds, but by the sum of multiple weaker forces--the attraction of positive and negative charges, and the tendency of non-polar (oil-like) substances to seek each other and avoid water. The group hypothesized that the same types of forces could be used to attach a contrast agent to the surface of a type of nanoparticle called a liposome, which resembles a little piece of cell membrane in the shape of a tiny bubble. The researchers designed a "fastener" molecule, DTPA-chitosan-g-C18, that is charged, attracting it to the liposome and binding it to the contrast agent gadolinium. A nonpolar region anchors it to the liposome membrane. In a series of experiments reported in a recent ACS Nano article (DOI: 10.1021/nn4026228), Kong and others demonstrated that their fastener molecule readily inserted itself into the membrane of pre-made liposomes. Gadolinium stably associated with the modified nanoparticles in solution, and experiments in animal models showed that these nanoparticles produced clear diagnostic images. "The strategy works like Velcro on a molecular level to adhere functional units to the outer leaflet of a liposome," said Smith, who was first author on the study. "This work represents a new material design strategy that is scalable and easily implemented. The development of improved contrast agents has the potential to directly impact patients' lives by detecting damaged blood vessels." One of the difficulties of working with liposomes is their tendency to degrade inside the body. When the fastener-loaded liposomes degraded, some of the efficacy of the gadolinium was lost. In a second study published in Langmuir (DOI: 10.1021/la500412r), Kong and Smith developed a process for chemically cross-linking the components of the nanoparticle that prolonged the life of the nanoparticles in biological conditions. The work reported in ACS Nano was a collaboration among Kong, Smith, Zimmerman, and others at the University of Illinois, as well as Dr. Sanjay Misra and researchers at the Mayo Clinic. Both studies were supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health, as well as the University of Illinois Center for Advanced Study.

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THE MOHAWK UPPER CASTLE HISTORIC DISTRICT NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK Dean R. Snow, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania David B. Guldenzopf, U. S. Army Environmental Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland The Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District, a large multicomponent property in Indian Castle, Herkimer County, New York was designated as a National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1993. Containing both rare standing structures and one of the largest, most diverse, best preserved, and most intensively documented eighteenth-century archaeological assemblages in Iroquoia, the Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District meets NHL significance criteria 2 and 6 as a property that "is associated with significant figures in American history and culture" and that has "yielded or may be likely to yield information and major scientific importance." This article is an abridged version of the NHL nomination form used to document the significance of the Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District (Snow, Guldenzopf, and Grumeet 1993). Much of the information utilized in the nomination form was drawn from Guldenzopf (1986) and Lenig (1977). Background and Overview The Secretary of the Interior designated the Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District as a National Historic Landmark (NHL) on April 19, 1993. The Mohawk Upper Castle was on of the 17 properties designated for their significance in documenting relations between Indian people and colonists in the Northeast in the Historic Contact Theme Study (Grumet 1995). This article is an abridged version of the designation form used to nominate the Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District as a MHL (Snow, Guldenzopf, and Frumen (1993). Dean R. Snow, current head of the department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, who served as director of the State University of New York at Albany archaeological investigations at the Mohawk Upper Castle and David B. Guldenzopf, then a graduate student working as excavation field director under the supervision of Snow and who presently heads the Cultural Resource Section of the U. S. Army Environmental Center, provided documentation and reviewed both nomination form and revised article text prepared by National Park Service Archeologist Robert S. Grumet. The NHL's significance is based upon archaeological and architectural resources within the District reported in Guldenzopf (1986) and Lenig (1977). The nomination form was reviewed by Charles T. Gehring, William A. Starna, and the joint Society for American Archaeology and Society for Historical Archaeology Archaeological NHL Committee. The Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District is located in the village of Indian Castle, Town of Danube, Herkimer County, New York. Resources contributing to the national significance of the Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District consist of archaeological and architectural evidence associated with Nowadaga, the most westerly part of the major eighteenth-century Mohawk Indian community of Canajoharie. Then as now, the people of the Mohawk Nation belonged to the easternmost constituent of the Iroquois Confederacy. During the eighteenth century, Mohawk people regarded Canajoharie as the most important community in the western half of Kanyenke, their name for the Mohawk River Valley heartland (Snow 1994, 1995:488-95). Also called Upper Castle, Canajoharie was a large community stretching for a mile and a half along the southern bank of the Mohawk River from a point opposite the mouth of East Canada Creek west to the Nowadaga Creek outlet. One of the two main Mohawk Indian towns in Kanyenke at the time, Canajoharie also was the home of the influential and widely-known Mohawk leaders Theyanoguin or Hendrick, Molly Brant, and Joseph Brant. Canajoharie's Nowadaga locale also is the site of the Indian Castle Church and the Brant Family Barn. The Indian Castle Church is the only surviving standing example of the many religious structures built by Christian mission societies in Indian communities located in and around the Iroquois heartland during the historic contact period (Figures I and 2). The nearby Brant Family Barn is an extremely rare example of the Dutch-style pre-revolution barns formerly common in the Mohawk Valley in the years before the War of Independence. <- Indian Castle Church before its rotation and relocation. From an 1838 sketch by Benson Lossing. Commanding the western approaches to the lower Mohawk and upper Hudson valleys, residents of this strategically located community figured prominently in relations between Indian people and colonists throughout the 1700s - This importance is reflected in the number and extent of references to Canajoharie and its people in contemporary accounts appearing in Colden (1747), O'Callaghan (1849-50), O'Callaghan and Femow (1853-87), and Sullivan et al. (1921-65) and in later regional historical and anthropological studies such as Fenton and Tooker (1978), Graymont (1972), Kelsay (1984), Lydekker (1938), and Stone (1838). Test excavations conducted by archaeologists at Canajoharie during the 1970s and 1980s showed that cultural resources capable of verifying extant documentation and revealing new information associated with eighteenth-century Nowadaga community life survived intact within the borders of the Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District (Guldenzopf 1986; Lenig 1977). <- Indian Castle Church as it appears today, moved and relocated with the main door moved to the gable end. Two properties clearly documenting eighteenth-century Mohawk Indian life at Nowadaga are preserved in the 51.5 acre portion of the Canajoharie community within the Mohawk Upper Castle Historic District. One of these, a property consisting of two stone foundations, a stratified midden deposit, and the above-mentioned wooden-framed Dutch barn, contains resources associated with the Brant Homestead built sometime around 1754. The other includes the also above-mentioned Indian Castle Church, a wooden-framed Anglican chapel built for the Canajoharie Mohawk Indian community in 1769, and a Mohawk Indian cemetery. Archaeological remains of other buildings and structures possessing values contributing to the documentation of the national significance of this major eighteenth- century Canajoharie Mohawk Indian community also may survive in and around District boundaries. Non-contributing properties located within these boundries include archaeological remains of two nineteenth-century carriage houses flanking the Indian Castle Church and the present-day Welden family farm house complex northwest of intersection of New York State Route 5-S and River Road. The modern Indian Castle Church cemetery, situated just south of the church on a 1.9 acre tract administered by the Town of Danube, is a publicly owned in-holding not included the District. The Upper Castle Church rests atop a knoll near the edge a terrace rising steeply above Nowadaga Creek to the east. Brant Homestead resources are located at the northern edge of a level terrace overlooking the broad Mohawk River floodplain to the north. Both properties are situated in an area of glacial outwash deposits generally consisting of gravelly, sandy, clayey, or silt loam soils. Altitude elevations within District boundaries range from densely forested uplands above 380 ft just behind the Indian Castle Church, to lower lying Brant Homestead cultural resources in and around a section of unplowed open pasture land below 360 ft. Nowadaga Creek and community appear in eighteenth century documentary records under such variant spellings as Anadagie in 1713, Icannanodago in 1731, Canouwadge in 1756, and Inchananedo in 1764 and 1789. Linguist Marianne Mithun traces the term Nowadaga to the Mohawk expression Kanawata:ke, "on the creek" (Guldenzopf 1986). Mithun further supports Floyd Lounsbury's etymology (in Lounsbury 1960) tracing the name of the Mohawk town of Canajoharie to the toponym Kanatsyohare, "a washed kettle." Canajoharie's English names, Indian Castle and Upper Castle, are both holdovers from an earlier time when Mohawk people lived in fortified communities surrounded by wooden palisade walls called "castles" by Europeans. Colonial records affirm that settlers in the Northeast frequently identified large or fortified Indian communities as Indian Castles. The term Upper Castle, for its part, specifically distinguished Canajoharie from the Mohawk Lower Castle, a somewhat larger town called Thienderego Tionondorage by Mohawk people, located 30 mi. downstream at the confluence of Schoharie Creek and the Mohawk River. The primary focus of Mohawk townlife centered upon the Upper and Lower Castles after French soldiers and their Indian allies burned the three major Mohawk towns in Kanyenke during a raid launched from Canada at the height of King William's War in 1693 (O'Callaghan and Fernow 1853-87:20, 654, 907). Eighteenth- century maps locating the Upper Castle community at its present geographic position clearly show that Europeans were well aware of Canajoharie's location and importance. A hand-drawn map and a field survey book penned in 1764 by surveyors platting Van Home Patent boundaries set out in a deed signed a year earlier specifically delineated the main center of the Canajoharie Indian town (Van Vechten Papers n.d. 8-9). Chronicling the division of this patent into six allotment areas, these documents identify four contiguous 850- acre lots between streams listed as "Canady Kill" and "Inchananedo Brook" in the sixth and most westerly allotment as land, claimed by the Canajoharie Indians." Like most eighteenth-century Iroquois towns, Canajoharie was a complex multiethnic community. Politically and socially, it was universally recognized as a major Mohawk community during the 1700s (Guldenzopf 1986; Fenton and Tooker 1978; Snow and Lanphear 1988). Despite this fact, relatively few of Canajoharies's residents could trace direct descent to Mohawk ancestors. War, epidemic disease, and emigration to Canadian mission towns like Caughnawaga had reduced the total population of Mohawk people living in Kanyenke from as many as 6,700 individuals at the beginning of the 1600s to little more than 600 people by the end of the century. Although most of the 200 to 300 people living at Canajoharie in 1700 regarded themselves as Mohawks (Guldenzopf 1984), linguistic evidence showing the influence of foreign Indian languages in dialect differences among eighteenth- century Mohawks (Lounsbury 1960:50) corroborates Mohawk family histories chronicling Huron, Mahican, Susquehannock, Canadian Algonquian, and other Indian ancestors. Community complexity increased as Dutch, German, Irish, Scottish, and English settlers moved to the Upper Mohawk Valley. Palatine German families forced from homes at Schoharie and along the Hudson River by powerful New York landlords began building new communities for themselves near Canajoharie at places like German Flats and Stone Arabia during the 1720s. Dutch and British settlers from Schenectady, Albany, and other communities also started moving to the area at this time. Increasing in numbers as the century wore on, the total population of European immigrants settling around Canajoharie gradually grew from a few families to several hundred people by the time the War for Independence broke out in 1775 (Guldenzopf 1986; Snow and Lanphear 1988). Mohawk Indian population, by contrast, continued to drop during this same period. Periodic outbreaks of smallpox, typhoid fever, and other diseases ravaged Mohawk communities. Emigration to French Canadian settlements or to new Iroquois-dominated Upper Susquehanna Valley multicultural communities like Tioga further reduced population at Canajoharie and other places in the Kanyenke heartland. Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern Department and Mohawk Valley immigrant Sir William Johnson tried to augment waning Mohawk numbers by relocating families of Hudson, Delaware, and Susquehanna Valley Mahican and Munsee refugees to Mohawk towns between 1755 and 1756 during the Seven Years War. Such efforts met with indifferent success (O'Callaghan 184950:792; O'Callaghan and Fernow 1853-87:94-96, 111; Sullivan et al. 1921-65:613, 623; :903). A British census undertaken in 1758 found 165 Indian women and children at Canajoharie (Sullivan et al. 192165:49, 53). Assuming that the number of uncounted Indian men was slightly greater than the 76 women enumerated in the census, no more than 250 Mohawk people probably called Canajoharie home at the time. Crop failures and new outbreaks of epidemic disease following the end of the fighting in 1760 further reduced the Mohawk population at Canajoharie and elsewhere in Kanyenke (Guldenzopf 1984, 1986; Snow and Lanphear 1988). Canajoharie Mohawk people nevertheless repeatedly exerted an influence far out of proportion to their small numbers at critical junctures during the 1700s. The 100 or so warriors living in the town represented the only coherent permanent fighting force in the strategically important upper Mohawk Valley. Situated within a day's travel of the Carrying Place, a short overland portage linking the Mohawk Valley with Lake Ontario's Oswego River drainage, Canajoharie lay at a critical point along the long exposed forest borderland separating British New York from French Canada. Warriors from Canajoharie formed a first line of defense against invaders approaching the Mohawk Valley from the west. A convenient base for scouts guarding the northern and western approaches to the strategic Hudson Valley, Canajoharie also served as a springboard for strikes against French Canadian outposts on Lake Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence. Iroquois Confederacy chiefs often worked to exploit the strategic position of Canajoharie and other League towns by pursuing an official policy of neutrality in the four wars fought between France and Great Britain from 1689 to 1760. Formally allied with Great Britain through their Covenant Chain alliance, Mohawks and other Iroquois League nations struggled to play French and British colonial administrators off against one another. In so doing, they managed to hold the balance of power between France and Great Britain for more than five decades. Canajoharie's hereditarily appointed civil Confederacy chiefs struggled to maintain community cohesion as they worked to balance the interests of rival pro-French and pro-British factions. Compelled by geography and history to favor the policies and actions of their British neighbors, Confederacy chiefs could do little to stop pro- French community members from relocating to Caughnawaga and other expatriate Iroquois communities in French Canada. As guarantors of League neutrality, these same leaders had to limit the influence of aggressive and increasingly influential pro-British Canajoharie Mohawk leaders like Tejonihokarawa, Theyanoguin, and Joseph Brant. Known among the British as Hendrick Peters, the Mohawk leader Tejonihokarawa first rose to international prominence as the skillful diplomat who traveled to England with three other "Indian Kings" (another may have been Joseph Brant's grandfather) and their provincial sponsors to obtain support for an invasion of Canada during Queen Anne's War in 1710. Creating a sensation wherever they went, Hendrick and his associates had an audience with Queen Anne, met with her ministers, and had their portraits painted by court painter John Verhelst. Enthusiastically endorsing the Canadian invasion scheme, they also asked that Anglican missionaries be sent to their towns. The Canadian invasion attempt miscarried when promised support failed to materialize. Hendrick's request for a missionary, however, was quickly fulfilled. Well aware of the fact that the Anglican Church was a state religion whose liturgy called on celebrants to affirm loyalty to the British Crown, Queen Anne quickly authorized construction of a chapel in Mohawk country (O'Callaghan 1849-50:902; O'Callaghan and Fernow 1853-87[51:279-80). The building subsequently was erected within the walls of Fort Hunter next to the Mohawk Lower Castle in 1712. Supporting fundraising efforts to maintain a missionary in Mohawk country, the Queen donated a specially engraved silver communion service for use in the chapel. Led by Hendrick and other Anglican communicants, Canajoharie people soon began traveling to the Lower Castle to attend services at the new chapel. A younger Hendrick Peters, Theyanoguin, and other Canajoharie leaders tried to rouse support for the British when King George's War broke out in 1744. Fearing French retaliation after the younger Hendrick led several raids against Canadian outposts, Canajoharie leaders permitted the British to build a small blockhouse for their protection on a hill at the eastern end of their Upper Castle town across from the mouth of East Canada Creek in 1747. After the war, the blockhouse continued to be used as a trader's warehouse and as quarters for visiting gunsmiths and armorers commissioned by Sir William Johnson to repair the firearms of his Canajoharie Mohawk allies. Johnson arranged for the construction of a more substantial fortification, "on the flatland out of gun shot from the hill where the old blockhouses now stand" in Hendrick's community, soon after the final war between France and Great Britain began in 1755. As he had done in earlier conflicts, Hendrick quickly rallied Mohawk support for the British war effort. Supporting their Mohawk allies, the British erected a new post at the locale in 1756. The fortification was named Fort Hendrick, in honor of the aged Canajoharie leader Theyanoguin, who had met his death while fighting alongside the British the year before at the Battle of Lake George. Many scholars, including both of us, have long assumed that the two Mohawk men both known to the English as Hendrick Peters were in fact one person (Snow 1996). However, Barbara Sivertsen's (1996) meticulous genealogical research has shown that they were two men. Hendrick Peters Tejonihokarawa was a member of the Wolf Clan, while Hendrick Peters Theyanoguin was a member of the Bear Clan. Tejonihokarawa was born around 1660; Theyanoguin was born in 1692. Theyanoguin would have been an improbable 95 years old at the time of his death in battle at Lake George if he had been the same man who visited England in 1710. Separation of the two as distinct historic Mohawk figures also clarified what is a very confusing and inconsistent array of contemporary portraits (Garratt and Robertson 1985). People living in Canajoharie and other Mohawk Valley Indian communities managed to avoid French raids that had devastated their towns during earlier Anglo-French conflicts. The Seven Years War was nevertheless a disaster for the Mohawk people. Mohawk Valley warriors fought against kinsfolk from Caughnawaga and other French Canadian Indian towns. Scores of Mohawk men fighting on both sides were killed in battle by the time the North American phase of the war ended in 1760. Unknown numbers of other Mohawk people were killed in a series of smallpox and typhoid fever epidemics that ravaged native Northeastern communities during and after the war. Demoralized by these losses and pressured by colonists to sell their lands and move elsewhere, many Mohawk people immigrated to Canada or to new communities built along the frontiers of the Iroquois heartland in the Susquehanna and Allegheny river valleys. Those remaining at Canajoharie and other Mohawk Valley towns suffered from periodic famines brought on by game shortages and crop failures caused by drought, insect pests, and plant diseases. Neighboring colonists intent on forcing Indian people from their lands caused further problems by driving cattle across Mohawk fences and fields (Guldenzopf 1984). By the winter of 1760, William Johnson's brother Warren wrote that the Mohawks were "prodigiously reduced" (Sullivan et al. 1921- 65:194). In 1769, the year the Anglicans constructed their chapel at Canajoharie, colonial chroniclers recorded the deaths of many Mohawk people from malnutrition and disease. One year later, Sir William Johnson estimated that Canajoharie's population had dropped to 180 people living in 38 houses. Situated in what was still the western fringe of British settlement in the Mohawk Valley, this tiny community of less than 200 people persisted in a county whose total White and Black population was reckoned at 42,706 in a census taken in 1771 (Guldenzopf 1986). Life changed considerably in the Canajoharie community during these years. Unlike their ancestors, who had lived in 60-ft- to 100-ft- long bark-walled multifamily clan longhouses, most eighteenth century Canajoharie townsfolk resided in small rectangular, one-room single-family log or bark cabins. Houses were lit by cooking and heating fires tended in open hearths located at the center of packed dirt floors. Smoke was usually vented through gaps in roof rafters. Possessions generally were stored in woven bags, clay pots, or splint baskets crafted by Mohawk women using tools and techniques introduced from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe during the 1720s. Most Canajoharie houses were surrounded by planting fields and orchards. Small plots traditionally were tended by women using hoes and employing slash-and-burn shifting cultivation methods. Colonial officials began hiring neighboring colonists to plow and fence Indian fields during the 1700s. Increasing numbers of Mohawk people began adopting colonial agricultural techniques. By mid-century, most Mohawks were living in permanent houses, using European style household implements, building hams, utilizing plows, harrows, draft animals, and wagons, and raising cattle, sheep, and horses (Guldenzopf 1986; Haldimand Papers n.d. :299-305). Conforming to matrilocal residence rules traditionally favored by Mohawk society, Canajoharie women generally remained in or near the homes of their mothers and female blood relations for much of their lives. Most managed households, raised children, farmed, made clothing, and worked for nearby colonists. Mohawk men, by contrast, tended to live lives of movement. Most adhered to residence customs requiring movement to other locales at various times in their lives. Moving to households of spouses or friends, Canajoharie men also continued to travel widely throughout the Northeast to hunt, trade, trap, and wage war against enemy nations. Many found employment among the British as warriors, scouts, and laborers as the fur trade declined during the middle years of the eighteenth century. Upper Castle community leaders finally signed over most of their remaining lands around Canajoharie to Van Home Patentees in 1763 in exchange for clear title to a 3,400-acre tract encompassing the heart of their town lands between East Canada and Nowadaga creeks. Although much of this tract remained communal property available to all members of the Mohawk community, extant records also indicate that increasingly influential warriors like Joseph Brant also acquired private title to substantial portions of Canajoharie acreage (Haldimand Papers n.d. :299). Joseph Brant was born in the Lower Castle in 1743 (Kelsay 1984). The Brant family first moved to Canajoharie shortly after Joseph's mother married her second husband, Brant Canagaradunck, in the Anglican chapel at the Lower Castle in 1754. Joseph, whose Mohawk name was Thayendanegea, lived with his mother at Nowadaga. His older sister, Molly (her Mohawk name was Wary Ganwatsijayenni) lived with Sir William Johnson as his consort, mistress, and housekeeper at Johnson Hall in nearby Johnstown, New York for more than a decade. Shortly after his death in 1774, she moved into a new house at the Upper Castle constructed for her and the eight children she had by Johnson. In accordance with Mohawk matrilineal descent rules, Molly evidently inherited all of their mother's property at Upper Castle following the elder woman's death sometime during the early 1770s. A Continental Army officer traveling to the Brant Farm in 1776 to purchase skin moccasins sewn by Molly and her daughters noted that the Brants lived more in the English manner than most other Mohawks. Mohawk Revolutionary War loss claims filed in 1783 (see below) list the total value of Molly Brant's property, which included her house, her mother's home (where Joseph Brant lived), and her barn, at 400 pounds. These figures stand in contrast to other listed claims. Fully 60 percent of all Mohawks listed in this inventory, for example, pressed claims for standing property evaluated at 50 pounds or less. These figures document a major shift from a traditional cooperative kinship-based economy to a system favoring private property and competitive economic relations (Guldenzopf 1986). The Brants were among the many Canajoharie residents belonging to the Anglican church. Anglican missionaries periodically visiting Canajoharie often dispensed tools, medicines, and advice to congregants as they ministered to the spiritual needs of the Mohawk community. Prominent Canajoharie Mohawk families like the Brants had regarded membership in the Church of England as a mark of loyalty to the Crown since Anglican ministers established the first permanent mission at the Lower Castle in 1711. Initially, British authorities supported the Lower Castle mission as a counter to Catholic priests who had been successfully inducing Mohawk converts to settle in French Canadian mission communities like Caughnawaga since the middle decades of the seventeenth century. New threats to British authority arose closer to home when New England missionaries critical of Crown policies began working in eastern Iroquois communities during the 1750s. Determined to prevent them from making inroads into Canajoharie society, Sir William Johnson, himself an Anglican and an honorary member of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, completely underwrote construction of a chapel at the Upper Castle. Dedication services were held in the newly-completed chapel on June 17, 1770 (Lydekker 1938:128). Unable to find a missionary willing to live permanently at Nowadaga, Johnson paid to have Lower Castle missionary John Stuart preach frequently at the chapel (Lydekker 1938:131). Entries in Johnson's account books also indicate that he frequently furnished aid and support to Canajoharie Mohawk Anglican congregants displaying particular loyalty to the Crown (O'Callaghan 1849-50:426). Canajoharie people closely connected with powerful British imperial administrators like Johnson were able to exert increasing influence over Mohawk property and power relations during these years. Ancient patterns of reciprocity broke down as ambitious entrepreneurs, supported by influential British patrons, sidestepped the traditional hereditary Confederacy chiefly hierarchy. One family in particular, the Brants, was able to accumulate an extraordinary amount of wealth, prestige, and power through its close relations with Johnson. Earlier-mentioned war loss claims (Haldimand Papers n.d. :299-322) inventorying Mohawk Loyalist household goods and other property confiscated by Americans during the Revolutionary War graphically document distributions of wealth, land, and power emerging from this new system of clientage with British authorities. Joseph Brant, Johnson's mission-educated protégé who rose to international prominence as the most effective Indian military leader fighting on either side during the war, claimed losses totaling 1,500 pounds. Joseph's sister, Molly, recorded total losses of more than 1,200 pounds. These losses included two frame houses and a barn, substantial amounts of luxury items, household goods, cash, and landholdings. Together with the claim of Brant Johnson, one of Molly's sons by Sir William, Brant family losses collectively comprised more than 30 percent of all Mohawk war loss claims (N= 7,805 pounds). These figures suggest that pro-British Mohawk military leaders financed by imperial patrons managed to concentrate increasing amounts of capital in their hands. Hereditary civil chiefs, for their part, evidently continued to redistribute the increasingly meager share of subsidies given them by British officials to family and followers. Although Canajoharie Mohawk Indian people remained loyal to the British Crown following the outbreak of the War for Independence in 1775, most initially tried to uphold the traditional Iroquois neutrality policy. Surrounded by distrustful Whig neighbors and influenced by the strongly pro-British Brants, most Mohawks soon found themselves drawn into the conflict. Many of these people were compelled to abandon their homes at Canajoharie shortly after Mohawks, led by Joseph, who was by then a British army captain commanding Indian and non-Indian Loyalist troops, helped destroy a large body of Mohawk Valley militia and Oneida warriors marching to the relief of Fort Schuyler (the post at the Carrying Place in Rome, New York originally and currently called Fort Stanwix) at the Battle of Oriskany in 1777. Most of these people joined the Brants in refugee camps at distant Fort Niagara, far from the reach of vengeful former Mohawk Valley neighbors. Under their leadership, many of these Mohawk Indian refugees joined mixed forces of Indian and non-Indian Loyalist rangers on raids led by Joseph and other commanders. Caught in an ever widening vortex of raids and reprisals, the Valley was devastated. Many houses and nearly all of the barns built before 1775 lay in ruins by the time the war ended in 1783 (Charles T. Gehring, personal communication, 1993). Devastating as it was to non-Indians, the war caused the almost total dispossession of the Mohawk people. Continental Army troops on their way to attack more westerly Iroquois towns in 1778 arrested the few remaining Mohawks at Canajoharie as collaborators and spies. Throwing these people into prisons, they confiscated their property and that of absent Mohawk townsfolk. Much of this property was soon distributed to families of local patriots. Unlike the homes of most other Mohawk people, the Brant Homestead escaped destruction during the war. Looted and pillaged by Rebel soldiers and their Oneida allies, two patriot families moved into the unoccupied farmstead. Other patriot families evidently also occupied the Mohawk Upper Church after rebel forces drove the last members of the Mohawk community away from Canajoharie (Guldenzopf 1986). The few Indian people trying to return to their old Mohawk Valley homes after the end of the war found themselves unwelcome by old neighbors. Most soon moved elsewhere. The majority of these people moved with the Brants and main body of the Canajoharie community to what became known as the Six Nations Reserve along the banks of the Grand River in upper Ontario. Remaining a commanding figure, Joseph Brant continued to serve as a major leader of the Six Nations Reserve community until his death in 1807. In 1789, the four lots originally set aside for the Mohawk Indian people at Canajoharie in the 1763 Van Horne deed were subdivided into 32 lots and apportioned among prominent patriots. Most were soon purchased and occupied by newcomers who flooded into the Upper Mohawk Valley during the early decades of the nineteenth century. Although Indian people no longer lived at Canajoharie, few local residents forgot that Upper Castle had been an important Mohawk town and the home of perhaps the most notable Indian military leader in the late conflict. Quaker missionary Jeremy Belknap, for example, wrote in 1796 that he "passed by a church and a village which I suppose to have been the upper Mohawk castle... This was the residence of Joseph Brant before the war" (Snow et al. 1996:35 1). The Brant house itself soon fell into ruin. No datable ceramics postdating 1820 were found in intact deposits beneath layers of ash in the two Brant Homestead cellar holes subjected to test excavations in 1984 and 1985. Analysis of these findings indicates that both buildings burned down sometime between 1795 and 1820. Travelers passing by the locale in 1835 and 1878 subsequently noted that a sunken cellar hole and some apple trees were all that remained of the old Brant home at the times of their visits (Guldenzopf 1986). Unlike the Brant homes, the Indian Castle chapel survived its occupation by Whig families. Regular services probably were resumed at the church sometime during the 1790s. Observing that the chapel remained intact, the peripatetic Belknap also noticed that "there are several graves around the church, enclosed with square cases of wood" as he traveled past the place in 1796 (Snow et al. 1996:35 1). The chapel subsequently became a place of worship for a succession of Protestant congregations (Lenig 1977:44). A Dutch Reformed Church minister who also served the nearby Fort Plain community is known to have held services in the building between 1800 and 1820. An interdenominational Union Congregation briefly using the building was succeeded by a short-lived Presbyterian Congregation. Lutheran congregants using the church from 1838 to 1855 were maintaining the structure when historian Benson J. Lossing sketched the church during his 1848 trip through the area. Publishing both the sketch and an account of his visit years later, Lossing noted that the chapel stood on land that had belonged to Joseph Brant (Lossing 1859). Describing the condition of the Brant Homestead at the time, he wrote that the long-vanished structure had originally "stood about seventy-five rods [1,240 ft] northward of the church. Bricks and stones of the foundation were still to be seen in an apple orchard north of the road, and the locality well defined when I visited it, by rank weeds, nowhere else in the field so luxuriant" (Lossing 1859[l]:261). <- A corner of the Brant barn, with Indian Castle church in the background. A new Union Church Society consisting of Methodists, Presbyterians, Calvinists, Lutherans, and Universalists began meeting at the Indian Castle chapel in 1855 (Lenig 1977:44). As eager to update the aged building's obsolescent style as they were to restore its deteriorated structure, the new congregation quickly underwrote badly needed repairs. Renovations generally transformed the exterior of the building from the colonial Georgian to the then-popular Greek Revival style. Workers hired by the congregation began by turning the building 85 degrees on its axis so that its short walls faced north and south. Possessing neither the funding nor the inclination to reproduce the carefully crafted foundation of dressed stones laid by the church's original builders, workers placed the reoriented building upon hastily piled limestone walls. The main entrance was moved to the northern short wall facing the dirt road following the right-of-way of present New York State Route 5-S. Both this door and the building's arched Georgian windows were framed with rectangular moldings. Reusing the original structure's wooden frame and flooring, workers added a metal ceiling and replaced the old steeple with an open belfry surmounted by turrets. The tract containing the remains of the Brant Homestead was purchased by members of the Green family during the early 1800s. Operating the property as a farm, the Green family sold the tract to Ralph Welden in 1940. Welden family members continue to farm on the 49.6-acre property. Interested in protecting the cultural resources located on the tract, cur- rent property manager Charles A Welden maintains places known to contain archaeological deposits as unplowed pastureland. Mr. Welden also maintains the Dutch barn, believed to be the only remaining standing structure associated with Brant family occupation at the site, as a lightly used storage facility (Figure 3). The nearby Indian Castle Church has not been used for regular services since the Union Church Society disbanded in 1925 (Lenig 1977:44). Concerned citizens intent on saving the old church from destruction subsequently formed the Indian Castle Church Restoration and Preservation Society. Continuing to maintain the property as a nonprofit organization chartered by the New York State Board of Regents, the Society sponsored research supporting the listing of the Indian Castle Church in the National Register of Historic Places on February 18, 1971. The Society continues to operate the church as a historic site open to the public. The modern Indian Castle Church Cemetery, a 1.4-acre in-holding not included within District boundaries, presently is owned and operated by the Town of Danube, New York as an active burial ground. Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001. Fort Klock Historic Restoration, Indian Castle Church, Berry Enterprises. All rights reserved. All items on the site are copyrighted. While we welcome you to use the information provided on this web site by copying it, or downloading it; this information is copyrighted and not to be reproduced for distribution, sale, or profit.

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Noun Pronoun Agreement Rules The marbles are countable; therefore, the sentence has a plural speaker pronoun. First, replace the collective noun with a regular plural noun. Then use a natural-sounding plural pronoun. Singular nouns must correspond to singular pronouns. Plural nouns must correspond to plural pronouns. In addition, editors can often avoid the problem of neutral singular pronouns by revising a sentence to make the subject plural: the team`s football players (or athletes or teammates) earned $5,000 for their trip. A second option is to add the word members after the collective name. Members is a plural precursor and requires a plural pronoun. A collective name is a singular that describes a group, such as “group”, “team” or even “group”. Examining examples of sentences corresponding to pronouns is the best way to illustrate the difference. Example #2 (singular precursor closer to the pronoun): My name is Kitty and I am an English teacher. The pronoun I replaces the noun Kitty. You wouldn`t say my name is Kitty and Kitty is an English teacher. Remember to find the true subject of the sentence to determine whether the pronoun should be singular or plural. Visit our Subject-Verb Match website to learn more about singular and plural topics. The exclusion of half of the human race was considered unjust, so writers at the end of the twentieth century tried to give male and female singular pronouns the same usage, as follows: The following sentences have a composite subject related by “or”, “again”, with one noun in the singular and the other in the plural. We don`t talk or write like that. We automatically replace Lincoln`s name with a pronoun. Of course, we say note: Example #1, with the plural precursor closer to the pronoun, produces a smoother sentence than example #2, which forces the use of the singular “be or she”. Lisa didn`t come to school because she was sick. (singular noun, singularpronouns) Indefinite pronouns are always singular. It may sound strange – obviously, a word like “everyone” refers to more than one person – but the purpose of an indefinite pronoun is to allow an indefinite group to be referred to as one thing. As these are singular things, they take the singular: “Anyone who arrived late at the bus stop had trouble finding his place.” In this example, the jury acts as a unit; therefore, the pronoun of the speaker is singular. Note the use of the pronoun “some” in different ways: English does not have a widely used neutral personal pronoun. Some structures tend to appear when it comes to pretentious matches pronouncing. Below are some useful tips to facilitate the analysis of these structures. The pronouns seem so simple. Most are short words, almost all are used regularly, and mastering them is one of the prerequisites for learning English. But these little words can be deceptively difficult. English unfortunately contains special agreement situations. These require your more careful attention. Know how each individual can complicate pronoun matching. One of the most striking differences between American English and English spoken elsewhere, particularly in Britain and Commonwealth countries, is their approach to collective names. Members of the ministry announced their decision to take the ladder. Rule: A singular pronoun must replace a singular noun; a plural pronoun must replace a plural noun. Other contemporary authors believe that agreement is always important, so their solution is to completely avoid indefinite pronouns in the singular and instead choose plural nouns: Definition: Ante (not anti) means before. The root ceder means to leave. The precursor comes before the pronoun. It is the noun that replaces the pronoun. A pronoun must correspond or correspond to its predecessor in number, person, and gender. The pronoun must correspond to its predecessor. To use this agreement correctly, you need to know these singular and plural forms: in most cases, you don`t have to wonder if you need a singular or plural form. The spoken English you`ve heard will help you make the right choice of pronoun when you`re writing. The two dogs disappeared as they ran across the hill. .

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Solar Cycle Variations and Effect on Earth's ClimateIs it possible that the "solar constant" isn't so constant after all? For more than 100 years, scientists have wondered if cycles on the Sun and changes of the solar irradiance or energy received at Earth because of those cycles affect weather or global climate on Earth. It is now thought that the solar cycles on the Sun don't affect weather, but that they do have a very slight effect on global climate (but nowhere nearly enough to explain recent global warming). The most well known solar cycle, the rise and fall of the number of sunspots on the Sun, has been known since the mid-19th century. This solar cycle goes from when the Sun has a minimum number of sunspots (a solar minimum) to when the Sun has a maximum number of sunspots (a solar maximum) back to a minimum. The time between two minimums is about 10.5 to 11 years. Solar activity is related to the solar cycle. Because solar activity (such as coronal mass ejections) is more frequent at solar maximum and less frequent at solar minimum, geomagnetic activity also follows the solar cycle. Energy output from the Sun, or irradiance, changes as the sunspot count on the Sun changes. It is greatest when there are the most sunspots and lowest when there are the least sunspots. With the recent ability to use satellite measurements, especially radiometer measurements, scientists have been able to confirm that the total solar irradiance varies 0.1% over one 11-year sunspot cycle. This variation of 0.1% translates to a global tropospheric temperature difference of 0.5oC to 1.0oC (1). The irradiance specifically at higher wavelengths changes even more drastically (this affects 14C production on Earth). These facts definitely have to be taken into account when dealing with climate models and predictions. One possible example of the connection between the solar cycle and Earth's climate is the Maunder Minimum. This was the largest well-documented disruption in sunspots observed in the historic period, lasting from about 1645 to 1715. During this time almost no sunspots were seen. Europe and parts of North America were struck by spells of remarkably cold weather at roughly the same time. A period of cooler climate called the Little Ice Age extended from around 1350 to 1850, and some of its coldest periods roughly coincide with the times of decreased solar activity during the Maunder Minimum. Scientist are uncertain precisely what link, if any, might exist between the altered behavior of the Sun and the disruption of Earth's climate. There is also considerable debate as to the geographical extent of the Little Ice Age; some scientists think it was a worldwide phenomenon, while others think its effects were felt mainly in Europe and some parts of North America. "It might be argued that if you look hard enough, you can find a correlation between solar cycles and anything, such as cycles in the stockmarket." (1) There does seem to be a connection between the solar cycle and climate - the very small change in solar irradiance that occurs over the solar cycle seems to have a very small impact on Earth's climate (see IPCC report). Modern climate models take these relationships into account. The changes in solar irradiance are not big enough, however, to cause the large global temperature changes we've seen in the last 100 years. Indeed, the only way that climate models can match the observed warming of the atmosphere is with the addition of greenhouse gases.

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The Torchwood Institute (also known as Torchwood) is a top secret covert organisation established by Queen Victoria in 1879 and disbanded in September 2009, after the British Goverment turned against them. Torchwood's main goal is is to defend the Empire (later Earth) against extraterrestrial threats, particularly the alian known as The Doctor. Torchwood would later become known in the 42nd Century as The Torchwood Archives While described as "beyond the United Nations",The Torchwood Institute is seen to cooperate with UNIT (the Unified Intelligence Taskforce, formerly known as the United Nations Intelligence Taskforce) to some extent. There appears to have been some rapport with the Prime Minister, although it is noted by Harriet Jones in The Christmas Invasion that she is not meant to know of Torchwood. Those who have come in contact with Torchwood primarily believe it to be a special forces team. They appear to maintain this illusion by using false witnesses, or by sectioning any journalists who threaten to expose the truth and via the use of memory altering drugs.Following a major incident which led to the destruction of Torchwood One, Jack Harkness rebuilds Torchwood to become less confrontational and more secretive in honour of The Doctor. Torchwood's origins date back to an incident involving the Tenth Doctor, Rose Tyler and Queen Victoria in the mid-19th century. At Torchwood House in Scotland, a monastic group called the brethren stored a Werewolf, which menanced the countryside, and the Queen. Ultimately, and with the monarch's assistance, the Doctor and Rose killed the werewolf. Victoria knighted the Doctor and Rose for their service, but then banished them from the kingdom, declaring the Doctor in particular a danger to the Empire. Now made aware of the reality of alien/supernatural life forms, Victoria ordered that an organization be created to protect the British Empire from both the Doctor and threats such as the werewolf. Victoria named the organization the Torchwood Institute, after the location of the werewolf encounter. (DW: Tooth and Claw). She issued a royal decree establishing the Institute on 31st December, 1879. (TW: Children of Earth) In 1889, agents Eliza Cooper and Robert Lewis attempted to capture the the Doctor when they realised he had been stranded in London. They came across H. G. Wells with the Doctor, and interrogated him about all he knew about the man. Wells leads them to the TARDIS, which disappears, apparently leaving the Doctor behind for them to apprehend. (IDW: The Time Machination) The man was however revealed not to be the Doctor when he was dissected. (IDW: Final Sacrifice) After discovering a spacetime Rift in Cardiff, Queen Victoria founded a third branch of Torchwood (after the first and second in London and Scotland), Torchwood Three. (WEB: torchwood.org.uk) In 1899 Cardiff Jack Harkness was recruited by two of this branch's operatives, Alice Guppy and Emily Holroyd to become a freelance agent for the Institute. His first mission was to apprehend an intelligent blowfish alien; he succeeded, but was greatly disturbed when Guppy summarily executed the creature before his eyes. He continued to work for Torchwood largely against his will, having been informed by a fortune-telling tarot card reader that he would have to wait more than a century before seeing the Doctor again, during which time he needed money to live. He continued to work for the organization over the decades that followed, although he remained disturbed by the Institute's callous disregard for alien life forms.(TW: Fragments) At some point, Victoria also established Torchwood India to collect all things alien in the British Raj (BBCR: Golden Age). In 1901 Alice Guppy and Charles Gaskell dug up a future version of Jack Harkness that had been taken from the 21st century and buried in 27AD Cardiff. He told them to freeze him in the cryo-chambers so he could defeat his brother Gray. Subsequently, Jack's future self resided in the cryo-chambers even as his younger self continued to work nearby. Guppy reportedly died sometime thereafter (torchwood.co.uk). In 1906 Eliza Cooper and Robert Lewis used a machine they commissioned Professor Alexander Hugh to build to travel to another planet thousands of years into the future. Neither Cooper nor Lewis returned; the former remained on the planet while the latter was killed. Professor Hugh was returned home by the Doctor. (IDW: Final Sacrifice) In 1918, Torchwood Three investigated ghost sightings in a hospital in Cardiff. As present and future blended, they caught glimpses of 2009. At this time they had a team of 5, the leader being a man called Gerald Carter and, based on a photo, were very possibly already based out of the Hub. They already had equipment capable of detecting disturbances in Time. (TW: To the Last Man) Circa 1919, Harriet Derbyshire, one of the investigators of the hospital sightings and in only her mid-20's, died in action. (TW: To the Last Man) Harkness continued to work as an operative throughout the 20th century, For reasons unknown, he was put in charge of a group of soldiers in 1909 (TW: Small Worlds), and in the 1920s worked undercover with a travelling circus in pursuit of the Night Travellers (TW: From Out of the Rain), though it would appear the latter mission was unsuccessful as he never found them until 80 years later. In 1923 Torchwood found evidence that an alien race called the Pyroviles invaded Earth at Pompeii in 79 AD This is because of a human professor called Livesy-Smythe (Captain Jack's Monster Files, referencing DW: The Fires of Pompeii) In 1924, Torchwood sent Jack Harkness to India to close down the branch there before the fall of the Raj (BBCR: Golden Age). By 1953 the London branch was influential enough that London Police feared its involvement when investigating the strange occurrences provoked by the activities of an alien entity known as The Wire (DW: The Idiot's Lantern) In 1965 the government asked five highly ranked officers, including Jack Harkness, to give twelve children to the 456 as a gift. It was decided that the children would be taken from a Scottish orphanage as they wouldn't be missed. Despite eleven children being taken, Clement MacDonald managed to escape. (TW: Children of Earth: Day Three) Circa 1996, Torchwood recovered a Jathaa sunglider and reverse-engineered weaponry from it. (DW: Army of Ghosts) At the end of 1999, Harkness became the leader of Torchwood 3 when one of its members, Alex Hopkins, killed the rest of the team and himself after being driven insane by an alien artefact that revealed the events of the coming years. (TW: Fragments) Over the next few years, Harkness rebuilt the Torchwood 3 team, recruiting Toshiko Sato and Owen Harper. Disapproving of the ethics of Torchwood 1, Harkness told Sato of his intent to reform the organization to be more benevolent. (TW: Fragments) Sato was also sent to London to investigate the alien lifeform recovered from a crashed spacecraft. (DW: Aliens of London) On Christmas, circa 2006, the alien Sycorax attempted an invasion of Earth by blood control and a ship built out of an asteroid which hovered over London. (DW: The Christmas Invasion) Torchwood was preparing a weapon for just such a contingency, based on alien technology that they had scavenged from a Jathaa sun glider. At the same time, in Torchwood Tower, the Institute examined the Void Ship (though they did not call it by that name), to them an obviously alien artefact which they struggled to understand. Meanwhile, it was discovered that tapping into the resonance around it could provide massive amounts of what they believed was free energy. A side-effect of these experiments was the appearance of millions of "ghosts" all over the world; humanoid figures that seemed to glow with an unearthly light. (DW: Army of Ghosts) It was at this point that the Tenth Doctor became involved, and explained to the then-administrator Yvonne Hartman that their experiments were in fact weakening the barrier between dimensions, which would eventually lead to dramatic problems in their own world, perhaps even resulting in the collapse of their dimension altogether. His warnings were not heeded, and the experiments continued. As a result, a massive invasion force from another dimension came through the 'hole', allowing the Earth to be conquered by the Cybermen for approximately an hour. At the same time, the Void Ship opened, revealing a hidden cadre of Daleks. Four Daleks, members of the secret Cult of Skaro, had come to Earth to help restore the Dalek race using a stolen piece of Time Lord technology called the Genesis Ark. They promptly killed a Torchwood technician while stealing his knowledge of current events, and seeing the Cybermen as an impediment to their own return, they began a war against them, despite an offer from the Cyber-Leader to form an alliance. The 'hole' in space time created by the Void Ship also allowed a resistance army from another dimension to cross over, initially with the intention of stopping the Cybermen. However with the advance of the Cybermen and Daleks, a rather sudden and uneasy truce began, with Torchwood militia men and the Preachers all fighting together against the Daleks and Cybermen. This turned the Torchwood Tower into a battleground, and the fighting did not stop until The Doctor found a way to intervene, reversing Torchwood's power machinery and sending the Daleks and Cybermen into the Void. (DW: Army of Ghosts / Doomsday) With the vast majority of the Torchwood administration stationed in London and thus killed or 'upgraded' by the Cybermen, the organization was severely weakened. Jack Harkness worked to reform the remainder of Torchwood into a more humane organization, recruiting Canary Wharf survivor Ianto Jones and other members (including, ultimately, Gwen Cooper). (TW: Everything Changes,DW: The Sound of Drums) Meanwhile, Rose Tyler was recruited by the version of Torchwood that existed on the parallel Earth nicknamed Pete's World. In 2008 a major event occurred with the opening of the Cardiff rift, resulting in massive temporal displacements and the release of the demon Abaddon. (TW: End of Days) Shortly thereafter team leader Captain Jack Harkness mysteriously disappeared. (DW: Utopia) Subsequently, The Master under the guise of Harold Saxon, sent the crew of Torchwood three on a wild goose chase in the Himalayas in order to look for him. Actually, the Master just wanted them out of the way. (DW: The Sound of Drums) After a few months had passed for Torchwood Three (and about a year for Jack, who had lived through the Year That Never Was, Jack returned to Torchwood Three. Although Gwen Cooper had taken charge during his absence, Jack resumed command upon his return. (TW: Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang) Some months later, the Torchwood Three team was depleted by the deaths of two members (TW: Exit Wounds) and the survivors later became involved in assisting the Tenth Doctor restore the Earth to its original location after it was forceably moved by the Daleks to the Medusa Cascade. (DW: The Stolen Earth/Journey's End) Meanwhile, Rose Tyler, presumably using her Torchwood's resources (though this is unconfirmed) returned to her home Earth on several occasions, including once to an alternate timeline (DW: Turn Left) before rejoining the Doctor and fighting the Daleks once more. She eventually was returned to the alternate earth (DW: Journey's End). Perhaps due to their frequent influence during alien invasion, by the late 2000s, Torchwood was beginning to be known by the public at large, although more by name and reputation than by their actual purpose. (TW: Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang). Near the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the Institute was left in disarray thanks to an intentional effort by the British Prime Minister to destroy Torchwood in order to prevent the revelation of previous dealings between the UK and the alien race known as The 456, in which Harkness was involved. The Cardiff Hub was destroyed by a paramilitary unit headed by Agent Johnson, and attempts were made on the lives of the surviving members of Torchwood 3 (TW: Children of Earth: Day One and Day Two). (The fate of Torchwood 2 is unclear.) After the defeat of The 456, Torchwood was left with only two active operatives: Jack Harkness and Gwen Cooper, the latter being pregnant. Torchwood's activities immediately following the incident are unknown, but six months later Harkness, having spent an unknown amount of time travelling the world on his own, made the decision to leave Earth, leaving Cooper -- now heavily pregnant -- as the last known Torchwood operative. Whether the Institute itself officially disbands at this time is as yet unknown, (TW: Children of Earth: Day Five), but when Joshua Naismith speaks about how he obtained the Immortality Gate, he sates that it was after "the fall of Torchwood" and speaks of the institute as if it no longer exists. (DW: The End of Time). By 2012, the name (if not necessarily the function) of Torchwood was widely known by the public, to the extent that the Battle of Canary Wharf had come to be known as the "Battle of Torchwood". (DW: Fear Her) It would appear that Torchwood reformed or was reestablished at some point, because by the 2080s, Torchwood Three was capable of controlling the Rift. (BBCR: Asylum) Because Torchwood series 4 has been confirmed, the reformation of Torchwood will obviously be chronicled. The Institute still existed, as the Torchwood Archive, in the 42nd century. (DW: The Impossible Planet) The Great Cobalt Pyramid was built on the ruins of Torchwood (although it's unclear which branch this refers to). (DW: Bad Wolf) In the same period (the year 200,100), Big Brother contestant Strood lists his home as "Torchwood", implying it to have grown into a sovereign state. The Torchwood Institute is known to have four branches across Britain and international one branch: - Torchwood One, in Canary Wharf, destroyed during the battle with the Cybermen, and consequently abandoned. Last director was Yvonne Hartman. - Torchwood Two, run from above a bank in Glasgow by a "very strange man" called Archie. - Torchwood Three, in Cardiff, set above the Cardiff rift. Lead by Captain Jack Harkness since 2000. Cardiff headquarters destroyed on orders of the UK government circa 2009; status of the branch is unclear after the defeat of The 456 (TW: Children of Earth). - Torchwood Four, lost, but, in the words of Captain Jack Harkness, "we'll find it someday". - Torchwood India, operating in Delhi to collect all artefacts in the Raj. Closed in 1924 by Captain Jack Harkness, though the facility, and some of its members, continued to survive, unageing due to an alien artefact, until 2009. (TWA: Golden Age) Torchwood One also had a base under the Thames Barrier and owns the security firm "H.C. Clements" used to recreate Huon particles. (DW: The Runaway Bride) The parallel Earth, Pete's World, also had a version of Torchwood. (DW: Doomsday).

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Ibn Arabi (1165-1240) Mystic, philosopher, poet, sage, Muhammad Ibn ‘Arabi is one of the world’s great spiritual teachers. Known as Muhyiddin (the Revivifier of Religion) and the Shaykh al-Akbar (the Greatest Master), he was born in 1165 AD into the Moorish culture of Andalusian Spain, the center of an extraordinary flourishing and cross-fertilization of Jewish, Christian and Islamic thought, through which the major scientific and philosophical works of antiquity were transmitted to Northern Europe. Ibn ‘Arabi’s spiritual attainments were evident from an early age, and he was renowned for his great visionary capacity as well as being a superlative teacher. He travelled extensively in the Islamic world and died in Damascus in 1240 AD. He wrote over 350 works including the Fus al-Hikam , an exposition of the inner meaning of the wisdom of the prophets in the Judaic/ Christian/ Islamic line, and the Fu al-Makkiyya, a vast encyclopaedia of spiritual knowledge which unites and distinguishes the three strands of tradition, reason and mystical insight. In his Diwan and Tarjuman al-Ashwa he also wrote some of the finest poetry in the Arabic language. These extensive writings provide a beautiful exposition of the Unity of Being, the single and indivisible reality which simultaneously transcends and is manifested in all the images of the world. Ibn ‘Arabi shows how Man, in perfection, is the complete image of this reality and how those who truly know their essential self, know God. Firmly rooted in the Quran, his work is universal, accepting that each person has a unique path to the truth, which unites all paths in itself. He has profoundly influenced the development of Islam since his time, as well as significant aspects of the philosophy and literature of the West. His wisdom has much to offer us in the modern world in terms of understanding what it means to be human. Ibn Arabi believed in the unity of all religions and taught different prophets all came with the same essential truth. “There is no knowledge except that taken from God, for He alone is the Knower… the prophets, in spite of their great number and the long periods of time which separate them, had no disagreement in knowledge of God, since they took it from God.” – Ibn Arabi Ibn Arabi Poems From Ibn Arabi society

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WELLCOME TRUST SANGER INSTITUTE—The largest ever study* of global genetic variation in the human Y chromosome has uncovered the hidden history of men. Research published in Nature Genetics reveals explosions in male population numbers in five continents, occurring at times between 55 thousand and four thousand years ago. The study, led by Dr Chris Tyler-Smith of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, analysed sequence differences between the Y chromosomes of more than 1200 men from 26 populations around the world using data generated by the 1000 Genomes Project. The work involved 42 scientists from four continents. Dr David Poznik, from Stanford University, California, first author on the paper, said: “We identified more than 60,000 positions where one DNA letter was replaced by another in a man with modern descendants, and we discovered thousands of more complex DNA variants. These data constitute a rich and publicly available resource for further genealogical, historical and forensic studies.” Analysing the Y chromosomes of modern men can tell us about the lives of our ancestors. The Y chromosome is only passed from father to son and so is wholly linked to male characteristics and behaviours. The team used the data to build a tree of these 1200 Y chromosomes; it shows how they are all related to one another. As expected, they all descend from a single man who lived approximately 190,000 years ago. The most intriguing and novel finding was that some parts of the tree were more like a bush than a tree, with many branches originating at the same point. Dr Yali Xue, lead author from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, explained: “This pattern tells us that there was an explosive increase in the number of men carrying a certain type of Y chromosome, within just a few generations. We only observed this phenomenon in males, and only in a few groups of men.” The earliest explosive increases of male numbers occurred 50,000-55,000 years ago, across Asia and Europe, and 15,000 years ago in the Americas. There were also later expansions in sub-Saharan Africa, Western Europe, South Asia and East Asia, at times between 4,000 and 8,000 years ago. The team believes the earlier population increases resulted from the first peopling by modern humans of vast continents, where plenty of resources were available. Chakazul, Wikimedia Commons The later expansions are more enigmatic. Dr Chris Tyler-Smith, from the Sanger Institute, added: “The best explanation is that they may have resulted from advances in technology that could be controlled by small groups of men. Wheeled transport, metal working and organised warfare are all candidate explanations that can now be investigated further.” All of the samples and data from the 1000 Genomes Project are freely available for use by other scientists and interested investigators. Source: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute *Poznik GD et al. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences is published in Nature Genetics 25 April 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3559 Travel and learn with Far Horizons. This richly illustrated issue includes the following stories: Recent findings shedding new light on the whereabouts of the remains of Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great; how an archaeologist-sculptor is bringing bones of the dead back to life; archaeologists uncovering town life at the dawn of civilization; an exclusive interview with internationally acclaimed archaeologist James M. Adovasio about what makes the Meadowcroft Rockshelter prominent in the ongoing search for the first Americans; what archaeologists are finding at the site of the ancient city of Gath, the home town of the biblical Philistine giant, Goliath; and how scientists are redrawing the picture of human evolution in Europe. Find it on Amazon.com.

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Your shopping cart is empty! Arduino Shields - On top of your Arduino, shields are pieces of hardware that sit often to give it a specific purpose. A shield can initiate a bit of hardware. To make an application easier based on demand from the Arduino community these shiels can be used. As they are sold pre assembled or as kits, these shields can be simple or complex.to assemble the Arduino shield as you need it to be, these kits allow you more freedom. To assemble the circuitry of the boards, some kits require your effort although more complex shields may already be largely assembled, needing only header pins. For more than one purpose, shields enable you to use your Arduino and to change that purpose easily. Watch out for those that need to use the same pins, if you stack shields. By your Arduino and another device, any communication needs a common GND. As shields can be stacked on top of each other forever, there are some points that you should take into consideration before combining them: Physical size: Components that are higher than the header sockets may touch the underside of any board on top of it. There are few shields that just don’t fit on top of one another. if a connection is made this situation, can cause short circuits that shouldn’t be, can seriously damage your boards. Obstruction of inputs and outputs: By another shield, if an input or output is obstructed it becomes redundant. There’s no point in having a joystick shield or an LCD shield under another shield because no more than one can be used. Power requirements: A lot of power is required for some hardware. To use the same power and ground pins, it is all right for shields there is a limit to the amount of current that can flow through the other input/output (I/O) pins: 40mA per pin and 200mA max between all I/O pins. More this will increase the risk of seriously damaging your board and any other attached shield. By powering your Arduino and shields from an external power supply, you can easily remedy this problem, as that the current isn’t passed through the Arduino. If you’re communicating between a board using I2C, SPI, or serial make sure to use a common GND. Pins: Always ensure that shields aren’t doubling up on the same pins. as some shields require the use of certain pins. The hardware will just be confused; in the best case, in the worst case, you can send voltage to the wrong place and damage your board. Software: To work, these shields need specific librarie. There can be conflicts in libraries, calling on the same functions so make sure to read up on what’s required for your shield. Interruption with radio/Wi-Fi/GPS/GSM: To get a clear signal, move antennas or aerials away from the board. , it’s generally a bad idea to cover it, if an antenna is mounted on the board, at the top of the stack, always try to place wireless shields. Mentioned above is the information about Arduino shields, you can check out the details of how shields perform their desired task of protecting the boards above.

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Last Updated on November 20, 2023 When the petals of the hibiscus flower start to open, you’re in for a real treat. There are few flowers with quite the immediate splendor and beauty of the hibiscus. Most commonly found in tropical environments, it is quick to blossom, fades fast, and comes back just as bright. It’s easy to see the symbolic link between beauty, femininity, and the hibiscus. The large petals have a strange delicacy to them, while the protruding stalks are instantly eye-catching. Typically brightly colored, in tropical countries it is a symbol of welcome. The hibiscus has a fascinating cultural history, and a symbolism that echoes today. With meanings of femininity and love,it can make a wonderful gift. To learn more about the this flower and its uses, as well as some tips on growing, take a look at this complete guide. What Does The Flower Mean? Beautiful and vibrant, you’re likely to be pleased with a gift of the hibiscus flower. And when you find out the meaning behind it, you’ll be even more charmed. The flower is typically a symbol of beauty, femininity, and love. A tropical flower that enjoys the heat, many well-loved this flower for its incredible and showy flowers. When the it comes into bloom, everyone stops to take notice. But as quickly as the flowers come, they fade away. The flower can bloom for as little as a single day. It is closely associated with tropical destinations, and it’s a symbol of enduring beauty. Etymological Meaning Of The Flower The common name for hibiscus has survived since the days of the Ancient Greeks, who called this plant ibiskos. Ibiskos means “marshmallow”, and was given to the plant Althaea officinalis, which had been used to make marshmallows! You can trace back the name hibiscus to Pedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician known for writing De Materia Medica (On Medical Material). Sometimes many knows it as the rose mallow, or the rose of Sharon. Unraveling the Rich Symbolism of the Hibiscus Flower Eye-catching and distinctive, it’s no wonder that the hibiscus has become such an interesting symbol. Flowering only for a day or two, these brief blooms are difficult to forget, and impossible to ignore. It is an undeniably beautiful flower, and often a symbol of beauty. Blossoming briefly, it attracts adoration for its incredible display of color and delicacy. It’s easy to see why this is a flower that attracts and symbolizes adoration of beauty. This flower also symbolized femininity. The delicate spread of petals, with their gentle rippling and fascinating coloring, are symbols of all things feminine. Many gives it to women, in appreciation of their charm. But the short-lived hibiscus can also symbolize the fleeting nature of things. In China, it is frequently a symbol of fame, and how quickly it can fade. In Hawaii, this flower has a great deal of symbolism. The yellow Hibiscus brackenridgei is the state flower of Hawaii, and frequently symbolize hospitality and welcome. They also heavily prize the Hibiscus leis and they sometime use the blossoms to symbolize beauty. A hibiscus flower tucked behind a lady’s left ear was a symbol she was in a relationship. If it was tucked behind her right ear, she was single. Discovering the Significance of Hibiscus Flower Colors |White||Purity, innocence, pure beauty, femininity| |Pink||Friendship, non-romantic love, appreciation| |Red||Romantic love, passion, special care and consideration| |Purple||Royalty, wisdom, respect| |Yellow||Happiness, friendship, welcome| As with so many flowers, the symbolism of the hibiscus can vary depending on the color of the petals. These flowers can be quite striking in their coloring, which makes it all the more important to pay attention to the shade. - White hibiscus: Symbolizes purity, innocence, and pure beauty, often given as a gift to a young woman or girl. - Pink hibiscus: This represents friendship and non-romantic love, making it a thoughtful gift to show appreciation and a special bond of spiritual love. - Red hibiscus: Symbolizes romantic love, and passion, and is a perfect gift for occasions like Valentine’s Day or anniversaries, demonstrating special care and consideration. - Purple hibiscus: Associated with royalty and wisdom, a gift of purple hibiscus shows respect for someone you admire or who has a significant influence on you. Finally, the sunny yellow hibiscus. This joyful flower represents happiness and friendship, as well as welcome. This should bring a smile to the face of any recipient. Meaningful Botanical Characteristics Of The Flower A tropical plant, the bright and wild colors of the hibiscus are best enjoyed in the warm sunshine. But for those living in colder climates, it can still be a lovely addition to your yard. Look for the hardy ones instead of the tropical ones, and bring it indoors over winter. This flower blossoms briefly. In a day or two, the flower is gone. But a new one quickly comes along to replace the old one, which means that it can flower for quite a long time. The quick bloom and speedy replacement has pushed many to see the flower as a symbol of beauty. It may lose its flowers frequently, but it is always beautiful. Once the flower has become spent on the hibiscus, you need to pinch it off. This will encourage new buds, and keep it looking vibrant. Water and sunlight are also important. You should water it frequently to keep it flowering. When it starts to dry out, it produces fewer flowers. Sunlight is another essential factor. It is typically in tropical environments, so it needs sunlight to thrive. Although they can flower in dappled sunlight, it much prefers at least two hours of sunlight per day. Without this, you won’t get those spectacular flowers. Blooms for Every Special Occasion: Flower Magic Unveiled A symbol of beauty and femininity, the hibiscus flower is typically given to women. But everyone can enjoy it, and it looks fantastic in all kinds of arrangements. If you’re looking to give a declaration of love, the red indicates passion. They make a stunning alternative to roses as a Valentine’s Day or anniversary gift. But they can (and should) be given year round! A bouquet starring red hibiscus can be a declaration of feeling. Pink hibiscus, on the other hand, symbolizes friendship. An arrangement featuring this can be a birthday gift, or as a show of appreciation for someone special. Many also use purple hibiscus to show appreciation, especially if it’s for someone you look up to. The delicate white hibiscus closely associates with purity. For a young woman, this is a lovely gift. And yellow hibiscus, a symbol of welcome and joy, people should give in celebration. In Fiji, the week-long hibiscus festival is held every year in August. The main event is the crowning of the winner of the Miss Hibiscus beauty pageant. The Hibiscus festival is a celebration of beauty, and of the unique culture of Fiji. Hibiscus Flower Meanings In Different Culture |China||Wealth, fame, glory| |South Korea||Resilience, determination| |Haiti||Unity, national events| |India||Dedication to Hindu goddess Kali| |Pacific Islands||Delicate beauty, worn by women| |Egypt||Pleasant taste, potential health benefits| |Sudan||Popular hospitality beverage| Hibiscus flowers hold various meanings in different cultures around the world. Here are some cultural interpretations of the hibiscus flower: - Hawaii: The hibiscus is the state flower of Hawaii and is often used to symbolize the beauty and essence of the islands. It is commonly given as a symbol of welcome and hospitality. - China: In China, the hibiscus is associated with wealth, fame, and glory. It is often used in celebratory decorations and is considered a lucky flower. - South Korea: The hibiscus, known as “Mugunghwa,” is the national flower of South Korea and symbolizes the country’s resilience and determination. - Haiti: The hibiscus is the national flower of Haiti, where it represents unity and is worn to commemorate national events. - India: In India, the hibiscus flower is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali and is used in religious ceremonies and rituals. - Pacific Islands: Throughout the Pacific Islands, the hibiscus is associated with delicate beauty and is often worn by women in their hair. - Egypt: The hibiscus is known as the “rose of Sharon” in Egypt and is used in teas and beverages for its pleasant taste and potential health benefits. - Sudan: In Sudan, hibiscus tea is a popular beverage and is often offered to guests as a sign of hospitality. Fascinating Hibiscus Flower Facts: Nature’s Delight |Bloom Duration||Brief, lasting for a day or two| |Scent||Rarely fragrant, few species have a light scent| |Size||Varies, but typically large and showy petals| |Attraction||Attracts butterflies and hummingbirds| |Adaptability||Hardy, can adapt to various growing conditions| Beauty and Delicacy In many societies, hibiscus is seen as a symbol of beauty and delicate charm due to its vibrant and intricate petals. Hibiscus is often associated with femininity and the feminine principle. In some cultures, it represents the nurturing and caring qualities typically associated with women. Love and Passion The red hibiscus, in particular, is linked to love and passion. It can symbolize intense emotions and love, making it a popular choice in romantic contexts. Celebration and Joy Hibiscus flowers are used in various festivals and festivities worldwide. Their bright colors are seen as a symbol of joy and celebration. In Hawaii, the hibiscus flower is traditionally worn behind the ear to indicate one’s relationship status. Wearing it behind the right ear suggests the person is single and looking for love while wearing it behind the left ear signifies a committed relationship. Hibiscus flowers serve as national symbols in several countries. For example, it is the national flower of Malaysia and is prominently featured in Hawaiian culture. Fertility and Birth Some cultures associate hibiscus with fertility and the creation of new life. It is used in rituals and ceremonies related to birth and procreation. Due to its ability to thrive in various conditions, the hibiscus can symbolize resilience and adaptability. Versatile Applications of Hibiscus Flowers Hibiscus tea is drunk in many parts of the world, and is enjoyed for its tartness and rich coloring. Hibiscus sabdariffa is steeped in hot water, and can be served warm or cold. This tea is traditionally brewed in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Drinking sour hibiscus tea has been shown to potentially lower blood pressure. The flowers are also edible. Dried and sometimes candied, this flower is typically a garnish on a dessert. The roselle, or hibiscus sabdariffa, can also be eaten. It’s often used as a vegetable in the Philippines. It is also a popular ingredient in hair care and cosmetics. The red of certain hibiscus flowers can also be used as a non-permanent hair dye. Many says it soften the skin, and provide an even glow. But the most popular use of this flower is decoration. The hibiscus is an incredibly beautiful flower, with bold coloring and curled petals. It’s also quite a hardy plant, and can adapt to a variety of growing situations. Because of this, the hibiscus frequently bring visual excitement to gardens. What Is The Symbolism Of A Hibiscus Flower Tattoo? The distinctive shaping of the hibiscus makes for an instantly recognizable tattoo. Those who are from Hawaii, or feel a special connection to the state, may want a hibiscus tattoo to honor that bond. As these incredible blossoms deeply connected to the islands, a hibiscus tattoo is an attractive way to pay tribute. The welcoming yellow hibiscus is a particularly good choice to represent Hawaii. A hibiscus tattoo can also be an expression of love, or beauty. And as they are such beautiful flowers, the tattoo can simply be an admiration of natural splendor. When the hibiscus flower starts to blossom, it’s hard not to fall in love with this spectacular plant. Colorful and bold, the hibiscus has been charming different cultures for centuries. Most closely linked with tropical destinations, the hibiscus is a symbol for beauty and love. Blossoming briefly but frequently, the hibiscus can add color and vibrancy to your life. The exciting symbolism of the hibiscus means it’s definitely one to consider when you’re next planning an arrangement! Frequently Asked Questions What does the hibiscus flower symbolize? The hibiscus flower is often a symbol of beauty, femininity, love, and fleeting beauty. Its symbolism can vary depending on the color of the flower. What do the different colors of hibiscus symbolize? - White hibiscus symbolizes purity, innocence, and pure beauty. - Pink hibiscus represents friendship and non-romantic love. - The red hibiscus symbolizes romantic love and passion. - Purple hibiscus is associated with royalty and wisdom. - Yellow hibiscus symbolizes happiness, friendship, and welcome. How is the hibiscus flower used in different cultures? - In Hawaii, it symbolizes welcome and hospitality. - In China, it represents wealth, fame, and glory. - In South Korea, it symbolizes resilience and determination. - In Haiti, it signifies unity and is worn during national events. - In India, it is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali and used in religious ceremonies. - In the Pacific Islands, it is associated with delicate beauty and worn by women. - In Egypt, it is known as the “rose of Sharon” and is used in teas and beverages. - In Sudan, hibiscus tea is a popular hospitality beverage. What is the symbolism of hibiscus flower tattoos? Hibiscus flower tattoos are often chosen to symbolize a connection to Hawaii, love, beauty, or an admiration of natural splendor. They are especially popular among those with a special bond to the Hawaiian culture. Why is the hibiscus associated with femininity? The hibiscus is associated with femininity due to the delicate spread of its petals, gentle rippling, and vibrant colors. These qualities are often seen as symbols of femininity and charm. Why is the hibiscus considered a symbol of fleeting beauty? The hibiscus flower typically blooms for only a day or two before fading away. This short-lived blooming cycle has led to its symbolism as a representation of the transient and ephemeral nature of beauty. Is the hibiscus used for any practical purposes beyond symbolism? Yes, hibiscus flowers have practical uses. They are used to make tea, both for their pleasant taste and potential health benefits. Some parts of the hibiscus plant, such as kenaf and Hibiscus tiliaceus, are used to make paper and rope, respectively. Hibiscus petals are also used in cosmetics, and the red variety can be used as a non-permanent hair dye. What is the significance of hibiscus flowers in the national symbols of different countries and regions? Various countries and regions have adopted hibiscus flowers as national symbols. For example, in Hawaii, it symbolizes welcome and hospitality, while in South Korea, it symbolizes resilience. The specific species associated with each place may vary. How do you determine the romantic status of a person in Hawaii or Tahiti based on the hibiscus flower placement? In Hawaii and Tahiti, the placement of a hibiscus flower behind a woman’s ear indicates her romantic status. If it’s placed behind her left ear, it traditionally signifies that she is in a relationship, while placement behind her right ear signifies that she is single and looking for love. What are the key botanical characteristics of the hibiscus flower? The hibiscus flower is known for its vibrant and intricate petals, often seen as a symbol of beauty and delicate charm. It is a hardy plant that can adapt to various growing conditions and is often grown for its large, showy blooms. - Affirmations - January 26, 2023 - 22 Most Popular Viking Symbols (Norse Mythology) - August 3, 2022 - Vegvisir Symbol (Norse Mythology and Modern Times) - July 29, 2022

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The picture for today’s door of the CS4FN Christmas Computing Advent Calendar is a snowflake and, inspired by its six-sides, this post is celebrating the similarly six-sided (and six-faced) hexahexaflexagon. A hexahexaflexagon is a strip of paper cleverly folded to hide and then reveal six hexagonal faces within it. You pinch and flex them to reveal another face, as shown in the video below. It’s effectively a Möbius strip. The name references a hexagonal shape which is flexed to show a new face (‘flexagon’) and the hexa-hexa bit just means each face has six sides and there are six faces. Flexagons were discovered in the late 1930s by a British maths student (Arthur Stone) who’d arrived at Princeton University with a binder / folder from home and discovered that American paper was too large to fit in. He cut off the excess strips and ‘doodled’ with them by folding them into different shapes, then involving his classmates in developing them. There are lots of ways to make them but we’ve created some templates to help. You can print our hexahexaflexagons or make and decorate your own from scratch. Ours depict Father Christmas looking for the six presents he’s lost among the different faces but there’s a blank template if you’d like to design your own. Of course there’s some computer science and maths behind these too – we have a free PDF booklet which you can download from the link below, called Computational Thinking: HexaHexaFlexagon Automata. Previous Advent Calendar posts CS4FN Advent – Day 1 – Woolly jumpers, knitting and coding (1 December 2021) CS4FN Advent – Day 3 – woolly hat: warming versus cooling (3 December 2021) CS4FN Advent – Day 11: the proof of the pudding… mathematical proof (11 December 2021) CS4FN Advent – Day 12: Computer Memory – Molecules and Memristors – (12 December 2021)

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Carboniferous forest. © The Field Museum. The Carboniferous period is the fifth of the six periods of the Paleozoic era. The Carboniferous period spans the time between the Devonian and the Permian, about 359 to 290 million years ago. It is divided into two series: the Lower Carboniferous is characterized by marine limestones with a coral-rich fauna; the Upper Carboniferous is dominated by river and deltaic sediments containing coal seams formed from extensive swampy forests of conifers and tree ferns. In North America, the Lower Carboniferous is known as the Mississippian period and the Upper Carboniferous as the Pennsylvanian period. The term "Carboniferous" comes from England, in reference to the rich deposits of coal that occur there. These deposits of coal occur throughout northern Europe, Asia, and midwestern and eastern North America. The Carboniferous period is also notable for the first appearance of the amniote egg, which allowed for the further exploitation of the land by certain tetrapods. The amniote egg allowed the ancestors of birds, mammals, and reptiles to reproduce on land by preventing the desiccation of the embryo inside. There was also a trend towards mild temperatures during the Carboniferous, as evidenced by the decrease in lycopods and large insects and an increase in the number of tree ferns.

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Sydney: If you want to prevent losing your vision as you age and keep your eyes healthy, eat oranges daily, says a study led by an Indian origin researcher. Macular degeneration is a condition associated with old age that causes vision loss at the centre of the field of vision. The results showed that people who ate at least one serving of oranges every day had more than 60 per cent reduced risk of developing late macular degeneration 15 years later. The effect may be due to flavonoids present in oranges that help prevent vision loss. Flavonoids are powerful antioxidants found in almost all fruits and vegetables, and they have important anti-inflammatory benefits for the immune system. “Essentially we found that people who eat at least one serve of orange every day have a reduced risk of developing macular degeneration compared with people who never eat oranges,” said lead researcher Bamini Gopinath from the University of Sydney. “Even eating an orange once a week seems to offer significant benefits,” she added. For the study, published in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the team interviewed more than 2,000 people aged over 50 and followed them over a period of 15 years. Gopinath explained that previously most of the researches had focused on the effects of common nutrients such as Vitamins C, E and A on the eyes. The team also looked at other flavonoid containing foods like tea, apple, red wine. However they did not find any relation between other sources and protection of eyes against the disease. Age is the strongest known risk factor and the disease is more likely to occur after the age of 50. There is currently no cure for the disease. (To receive our E-paper on whatsapp daily, please click here. We permit sharing of the paper's PDF on WhatsApp and other social media platforms.)

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A passive infrared sensor (PIR Motion sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based motion detectors. So, it can detect motion based on changes in infrared light in the environment. It is ideal to detect if a human has moved in or out of the sensor range. In this lesson we will learn how a PIR Sensor works and how to use it with the Arduino Board for detecting motion. PIR Motion Sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used to detect whether a human has moved in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don’t wear out. For that reason they are commonly found in appliances and gadgets used in homes or businesses. They are often referred to as PIR, “Passive Infrared”, “Pyroelectric”, or “IR motion” sensors. Use this Arduino motion sensor to build burglar alarm systems, home automation systems, or any simple gadget that prevents people from getting into your room! PIRs are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor (which you can see above as the round metal can with a rectangular crystal in the center), which can detect levels of infrared radiation. Everything emits some low level radiation, and the hotter something is, the more radiation is emitted. The sensor in a motion detector is actually split in two halves. The reason for that is that we are looking to detect motion (change) not average IR levels. The two halves are wired up so that they cancel each other out. If one half sees more or less IR radiation than the other, the output will swing high or low. This sensor is then placed behind a multifaceted lens (a Fresnel lens) that “chops up” the view of the world into smaller cones of heightened visibility and intervening areas of lessened visibility thus widening the useful viewing /detection angle dramatically. Along with the pyroelectic sensor is a bunch of supporting circuitry, resistors and capacitors. It seems that most small hobbyist sensors use the BISS0001 (“Micro Power PIR Motion Detector IC”), undoubtedly a very inexpensive chip. This chip takes the output of the sensor and does some minor processing on it to emit a digital output pulse from the analog sensor. Our PIR Motion Sensors looked like this: |Pin or Control||Function| |Delay Time Adjust||Sets how long the output remains high after detecting motion…. Anywhere from 5 seconds to 5 minutes.| |Sensitivity Adjust||Sets the detection range…. from 3 meters to 7 meters| |Ground pin||Ground input| |Digital Output Pin||Low when no motion is detected.. High when motion is detected. High is 3.3V| |Power Pin||4.5 to 20 VDC Supply input| Here, we are using a PIR motion sensor. PIR stands for Passive InfraRed. This motion sensor consists of a fresnel lens, an infrared detector, and supporting detection circuitry. The lens on the sensor focuses any infrared radiation present around it towards the infrared detector. Our bodies generate infrared heat and as a result, this gets picked up by the motion sensor. The sensor outputs a 5V signal for a period of one minute as soon as it detects the presence of a person. It offers a tentative range of detection of about 6-7 m and is highly sensitive. When the PIR motion sensor detects a person, it outputs a 5V signal to the Arduino. Thus, an interrupt on Arduino is triggered. We define what the Arduino should do as it detects an intruder. As mentioned, the adjustable range is from approximately 3 to 7 meters. The illustration below shows this adjustment. You may click to enlarge the illustration. The time delay adjustment determines how long the output of the PIR sensor module will remain high after detection motion. The range is from about 5 seconds to five minutes. The illustration below shows this adjustment. The trigger mode selection jumper allows you to select between single and repeatable triggers. The affect of this jumper setting is to determine when the time delay begins. The output of this device will go LOW (or Off) for approximately 5 seconds after the time delay completes. In other words, all motion detection is blocked during this three second period. In this project you’re going to create a simple circuit with an Arduino and PIR motion sensor that can detect movement. An LED will light up when movement is detected. Build the circuit as below: Connecting PIR sensors to a microcontroller is really simple. The PIR acts as a digital output so all you need to do is listen for the pin to flip high (detected) or low (not detected). Power the PIR with 5V and connect ground to ground. Then connect the output to a digital pin. In this example we’ll use pin 2. After above operations are completed, connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED (labelled PWR) should go on.Open the Graphical Programming software Mixly and follow the next operations: This code just keeps track of whether the input to pin 2 is high or low. It also tracks the state of the pin, so that it prints out a message when motion has started and stopped. Click Save aftogramming is done. Select the board type and serial port before uploading. For instause a Uno board, just select Arduino/Genuino Uno: if you use a Mega2560, select Arduino/Genuino Mega or Mega2560. Select the serial device of the Arduino board from the COM menu. This is likely to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To find out, you can disconnect your Arduino board and re-open the menu; the entry that disappears should be the Arduino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port. Next,upload the code. If the uploading fails, check and correct the code according to the prompts. Finally, the staus will change to ‘Upload success!’. A few seconds after the upload finishes, have a look at your Arduino’s pin 13 LED. You can also open your serial monitor, and set the baud rate to 9600 bps, you may see the following: The PIR sensor requires a couple seconds of motion-free activity, while it gets a “snapshot” of it’s viewing area. Try not to move until the pin 13 LED turns off, then wave your hands, jump in the air, go crazy! You will also notice that there is a delay associated with the motion sensor after each detection. Depending on the sensor, you may be able to adjust this delay. You must be logged in to post a comment

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Obama calls upon Americans to “give our all to a difficult task” and “carry forth a precious gift” of increasingly inclusive liberty, equality, and happiness. We are empowered to do so by meeting new challenges with reaffirmations of old truths that “have been the quiet force of progress”: “honesty and hard work, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism.” In perfect harmony, God and American democracy call us to continue a long and difficult tradition imagined as a journey “up the path” of progress. This song is old. But is it true? What are the implications of framing the virtues for progress as a “quiet force”? What is gained and lost by imagining progress singularly as upward movement? When God and America sing in perfect harmony, how is our hearing enabled and disabled? How might such rhetoric shape the precious gift and our capacity to carry it? These are difficult questions—especially when all these motifs converge toward a “unity of purpose over conflict and discord” that may not invite the asking. Fortunately, Obama’s own paths provide contrapuntal motifs that enable us to inquire further. In Obama’s presidential election victory speech, the virtues were more a noisy force than a quiet one. 106-year-old Ann Nixon Cooper, daughter of slaves, had heard them: “At a time when women’s voices were silenced and their hopes dismissed, she lived to see them stand up and speak out and reach for the ballot….She was there for the buses in Montgomery, the hoses in Birmingham.” And she probably heard Obama reference the noisy and discordant virtues so vital to “our better history” in his acceptance speech at the Democratic National Convention when he conjured up Martin Luther King, Jr.: “‘We cannot walk alone,’ the preacher cried. ‘And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back.'” In Obama’s earlier speeches, the vital quiet virtues were given voice, yet they occurred in the mix of feisty ones as well, and the louder more turbulent enactments of the virtues he names were expressed in the examples he employed. The courageous hard workers in New Orleans and on 9/11 co-exist with those exercising similar virtues in struggles against congenital defects of the practices and the promises of American democracy. These noisier agonistic virtues were entwined with a different image of democracy’s journey and how we must carry it forth. In an Inaugural Address that affirms old truths as the “quiet force of progress,” tradition appears as an upward path. It is a long and difficult ladder to climb for both individuals and the nation, but its course is that of an advance set by the founding and enduring spirit of our better history. The central responsibility is not to be led off course by the new challenges. However, in the context of political contestation and a preacher’s cry in the acceptance speech, the promise of the American spirit is evoked in a more complex manner: the steady witness and advance of old truths is powerfully juxtaposed with a force for turning. Here the origin is both employed and subject to fundamental critique that transforms old truths in ways which involve yet exceed “inclusion.” Thus “the American promise makes us fix our eye not on what is seen, but what is unseen, that better place around the bend.” When MLK, Jr. cries we cannot turn back, he calls us beyond the cowardice that would not advance, and the cowardice that would interpret advance only in terms of extending the long-seen truths. Do not turn back from the turning point: march forth around the scary bend (beyond white supremacy, narrow capitalism, and imperialism) toward a polity that is better but cannot yet be seen, because it does not yet exist. The tradition of democratic freedom and equality is a turning, because the movement beyond patterns of subjugation simultaneously involves enactments of new modes of tending to each other, new values, practices, and promises. When Obama’s election speech echoes King’s cry that the arc of the universe is long but it bends towards justice, he proclaims a faith that there is enough in our inheritance to spur and enable a responsive and creative people to negotiate the next turn. At the same time, insofar as this arc is long, the present trajectory of the old truths must be profoundly distant from true democracy or the beloved community. Hence, tending well to tradition must also involve repeated enactments of what those who are rigidly attached to old truths will view as heresy. Nothing about this is easy. Yet it is precisely in the tensions of this intersection—between quiet and loud, conciliation and contestation, conservative and radical—that we might best fashion judgments conducive to turnings that bear the gifts of the democratic promise. In recognition that the gravitas of this responsibility requires all to bear it, Obama’s acceptance speech emphasized—as did his campaign—that “it’s about you.” “Change happens…because the American people demand it, because they rise up and insist on new ideas and new leadership, a new politics for a new time.” As in his election speech, he repeatedly narrated his march to victory as “your victory”: a victory that came from grassroots organizing which compelled him, in turn, to call people to “join in the work of remaking this nation the only way its been done in America…block by block, brick by brick, calloused hand by calloused hand.” Animating his call, “yes we can,” was a sense of a “we” whose maturity resides precisely in the tensional double-responsibility of citizenship: joining across negotiated differences to do the public work of building the commonwealth, and rising up to contest and transform dominant strands of our inheritance that perpetuate subjugation. Without the latter responsibility, citizenship becomes functionary and blind. Without the former responsibility, citizenship becomes a battle with no vision, no accountability, no hope for a coming community that would be better. Receiving and giving the gift of our inheritance requires forming a “we” in the double responsibility that animates a “yes we can.” I am deeply sympathetic when George Shulman and Lawrie Balfour’s contributions call Obama to deepen this double responsibility. Yet I worry that Obama is trending away. His Inaugural Address quiets the demos and accents more than ever only one dimension of the virtues of citizenship. In Obama’s One Hundred Days speech, the demos is not mentioned at all, as Harry Boyte insightfully notes in his May 3, 2009 op-ed in the Minneapolis Star Tribune, on Obama’s shift from “we” to “I.” This is not so surprising: a demos that is wholly reduced to quiet virtues will be little more than a cog servicing leadership that drives America up the path of dubious progress. In Dreams of My Father, Obama tells a profound story of moving counter to dominant Ivy League lines of progress to work with poor people of color in Chicago. His account is deeply indebted to the receptive prophetic tradition exemplified by civil rights activists like Ella Baker, Septima Clarke, Bob Moses, and Dorothy Cotton, who turned the democratic promise in better directions by moving their lives against many expressions of old truths and dominant articulations of “progress.” Moving in counter-currents away from the flow toward whiteness, capitals, and capital, they led a broad organizing movement toward poor black people in the rural south. They sat at the foot of sharecroppers and on front porches—and listened. And quite literally, they listened people into being. They listened people into becoming the most profound turners of the democratic promise this nation has ever seen, for they changed the imaginary of progress itself. Perhaps the most eloquent spokesperson for the need for this change in our understanding of progress was James Baldwin, when he wrote: One cannot afford to lose status on this peculiar ladder, for the prevailing notion of American life seems to involve rung-by-rung ascension to some hideously desirable state. If this is one’s concept of life, obviously one cannot afford to slip back one rung. When one slips, one slips back not a rung but back into chaos and no longer knows who he is….The Negro tells us where the bottom is: because he is there…where…we must not fall. This notion of progress, Baldwin claimed, generated fear, hatred, and vitiated the possibility of democracy. The civil rights organizers in the early 1960s enacted America’s most profound turn of the democratic promise because they realized that advancing this promise meant moving down the ladder of progress, cultivating the virtues and capacities for this movement, in order to participate in bending the arc of the universe toward justice. Baldwin conceived of this as messy, struggling—yet the only hopeful—love. This turning the ladder on its head, toward our better histories yet to come—could it be called democratic and Jewish and Christian? Recall that on Jacob’s ladder, so inspirational for the Black church, a double movement of the earthly toward heaven and the holy toward earth is definitive. This two-directional movement is crucial to Jacob’s tardy and difficult recognition that: “Surely the Lord is in this place and I did not know it!” Similarly, in John 1:15, Christ evokes this double movement when he proclaims: “Truly, truly, I say to you, you will see heaven opened, and angels of God ascending and descending on the Son of Man.” Yet this resonance of the secular and the sacred is not a convergence, and it invites more questioning than it suppresses. For just as Jacob wrestled with angels, our turns toward the better promises we inherit have resulted from messy struggles in which religious and nonreligious traditions have called each other to account. History suggests that when Nation and God speak harmoniously for upward progress, something bad is often underway. We should not focus on Obama—though we should support his efforts when they are good and be a thorn in his side when they are not. Rather, our task now is to enact the many shapes, scales, modes, tensions, and powers of a demos—a beloved community—that is still unseen but better. Minus this, the tensional “ethic of responsibility” for which Shulman rightly hopes is extraordinarily unlikely. The hope of the democratic promise, and the hope for the Obama who has evoked it better than most leaders of late, is there: in the quiet and feisty virtues of a we that can. Yes. [See David Kyuman Kim’s introduction to “These things are old,” a conversation about Obama, civic virtues and the common good at The Immanent Frame]

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For more than 30 years, University of Utah entomologist Jack Longino has been watching the ground. Whether he’s deep in a tropical jungle or scanning the sidewalks of a Central American city, Longino is always looking for ants. “Ants rule!” he says. Recently, Longino compiled those decades of work into a monograph, detailing 234 species of the ant genus Pheidole. He’s now given names to 57 of those species himself. Longino formatted the monograph to emulate a bird guide, hoping to engage more ant fans in the work of documenting and conserving ant species. “You can think of what I do as making a map of diversity,” Longino says. “The first step in understanding and using animals and plants is having a map of what we’ve got. I’ve dedicated my career to filling in the map.” But he’s not stopping there. Thanks to a $1.3 million grant from the National Science Foundation, Longino and colleagues are about to embark on a project to obtain genetic information from 4,500 species of ants around the world to construct a comprehensive evolutionary tree of life for his favorite insect family. The ant genus Pheidoleis one of the most diverse and is found throughout the world, but particularly in Central America. In 2003, famed biologist E.O. Wilson published what was then considered a comprehensive guide to Pheidole including more than 600 species (among them the auspiciously named Pheidole longinoi). In his recent monograph (a single-author report focused on a highly specific subject), Longino summarized his years of searching for and cataloging ants in the wet forests of Central America. “I maintain this collection of hundreds of thousands of ants from Panama to Mexico,” he says. “You look at them and organize them and make this physical map. And it’s all here in my lab, a reflection of the diversity of a big part of the world.” In the field, many ant species can initially look similar, he says. “But under the scope, they look as different as giraffes and zebras and mice.” Because dozens of the ant species he had collected were not yet named, Longino set to work affixing appropriate names. “There’s an old Chinese proverb,” he says. “The beginning of truth is calling things by their right names.” Naming new species “Naming things is fun,” Longino says. He begins by naming species according to their physical characteristics, such as P. corniclypeus, so named for the spines projecting from the clypeus, a plate on the front of the ant’s head. Others, such as P. tikal, are named for the place where they were first found. Beyond that, Longino indulges in some creativity. Here’s a sampling: - P. natalie: “After my new daughter-in-law. I’ve named an ant after every member of the family!” - P.tsontekonwei: After the local term for the species, meaning “big head” in Nahuatl, a language in southern Mexico. - P. rima: After a character in “Green Mansions” by William Henry Hudson. “It’s the story of a guy in tropical Venezuela who falls in love with a wood nymph named Rima,” Longino says. “Rima lives in the treetops, and this new species of Pheidole only lives in the treetops.” - P. familiaparra: In honor of the Parra family, who aided Longino’s expedition to Costa Rica in 2015. Ants of the world Documenting the Pheidole ants of Central America is no small achievement. But there’s a big world of ants out there, and Longino’s next step is to learn about them all. In July 2019, Longino and colleagues from UC Davis, the California Academy of Sciences and North Carolina State University secured a $1.3 million grant from the National Science Foundation to fill in all the branches on the ant evolutionary tree. They’ll do this through the analysis of ultra-conserved elements (UCEs), or genetic markers that are the same in multiple species. Currently, researchers have collected UCE data for only about 13% of the 13,500 ant species worldwide. Longino’s effort will add data from 4,500 additional species so that the final data set will cover 96% of ant genera (plural of genus) and 45% of species. The data will also include information on where ants live and what climates they prefer. “It’s another tool to assess how ecosystems in general are responding to habitat changes that we’re seeing in the world today,” Longino says. “We want to get a good sense of how the world’s biodiversity, the whole fabric of diversity hundreds of millions of years in the making, is being affected by what we do.” Get to know the new species Longino named by following the Twitter account @LonginoJack. Find Longino’s monograph here.

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Crepe ginger, crepe myrtle, and queen's crepe! A crepe is defined as a very thin pancake or very thin fabric; the petals of these flowers resemble crepe paper. Check out these and many other beautiful flowers on my slideshows. This is a photo of three foxtail palms in the center of the Boynton Beach VR resistance pool. Since I am describing one palm species per issue for the VR magazine called Reflections, I thought I would also publish the articles here. The foxtail palm is aptly named for its bushy fronds. It was discovered in Queensland, Australia, its growing site revealed around 1978 by an elderly aborigine named Wodyeti: thus the Latin name of Wodyetia bifurcata. In the wild, these palms grow as solitary plants, but commercial growers often plant three seeds in one pot to produce palms with three trunks. While foxtail palms have only been imported legally into Florida since 1995, they are common because the dark green fronds, attractive trunks, and low maintenance requirements make them desirable landscape plants. Additional VR palms can be seen in my Valenica Reserve Palms slideshow on this site. Look at the tips of the lilac/pink inflorescenses (spikes of flowers) on this Veronicastrum virginicum 'Adoration' blooming now in the Seasonal Garden of the New York Botanical Garden. While most tips are pointed, some appear malformed, a mutation called fasciation meaning band-like. There is even a different cultivar of Veronicastrum, particularly prone to fasciation, and, as a pun, it is named Veronicastrum virginicum 'FasciNation'! The Seasonal Garden was designed by Piet Oudolf (the designer of the High Line) and also includes Veronicastrum 'Diane,' a white cultivar. Always exciting when an Amorphophallus titanum is getting ready to bloom! Why? 1) It has one of the largest inflorescences (collection of flowers) of any plant 2) it smells like rotting flesh while blooming 3) it only blooms for a day or two 4) it takes 7-10 years of growing to bloom for the first time! So watch it in real-time ( thereʻs a camera aimed at it!) on this link www.nybg.org/garden/the-corpse-flower-amorphophallus-titanum/ , and when you see that it is in bloom,then run over to the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx and get a whiff and a photo! It is going to bloom very soon! Here is my picture from Saturday 6/23/18, unopened but still an impressive bud! Elegant boxwood- lined ornamental/edible vegetable gardens. Come see what is planted in 8 beds, each devoted to a different plant family. We will also discuss the organic growing techniques used in this garden. Take the tram to the Edible Academy/Barnsley Beds stop.The tour and the tram are included with the price of admission to the garden. And thereʻs plenty more to do at the NYBG on Sunday: the Georgia OʻKeeffe Visions of Hawaiʻi painting and flower exhibits, Hawaiian Hula dancers, the Rose Garden and much more ! P.S. Check out the giant Corpse Flower, getting ready to bloom in the conservatory! Please join me tomorrow Saturday 6/23/18 as I give tours of the Barnsley Beds (beautiful new ornamental edible garden) at 11, Summer Highlights (perennials and shrubs) at 12:30 and Notable Trees (including the goldenrain tree in bloom) at 2:30. All public tours are included in the price of admission. Also, the Georgia O'Keeffe exhibits (paintings and flowers) and the Rose Garden, the Rock Garden, and the Native Plant Garden are not to be missed. For hours and details: nybg.org Please join me tomorrow 6/19/18 as I give tours of the Barnsley Beds ( beautiful new ornamental edible garden) at 11, the Native Plant Garden ( now switching from spring ephemerals to meadow perennials ) at 12:30 and the Forest ( which will be nice and cool) at 2:30. All public tours are included in the price of admission. Also, the Georgia O'Keeffe exhibits (paintings and flowers) and the Rose Garden are not to be missed. So, do make a day of it, there is all of this and more to see! For hours and details: nybg.org Come and see the brand new Barnsley Beds at the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx! What are the Barnsley Beds? They are eight beds of ornamentally arranged edible vegetables, as beautiful as any flower beds! See peanuts, kale, arugula, lettuce, tomatillos, just to name a few. Tours are included with the price of admission and will be given at 11, 1, and 3 on Sunday, Fatherʻs Day! Just take the tram (also included with the price of admission) to the Edible Academy stop and you will be right at the Barnsley Beds. Directly across from the Barnsley Beds is the Edible Academy, also a site of celebration this weekend with arts and crafts, music, and cooking demos. And youʻll be within a two minute walk of the Rose Garden, which is peak. Plus the Georgia O'Keeffe in Hawaii Exhibit is in full swing. See NYBG.org for details. June 16, 17, 2018 Celebrate National Pollinators Week at Wave Hill Garden in Riverdale, NY.Check their website for activites for the whole family. Pollinator plants will be available for purchase. www.wavehill.org/events/categories/pollinators-weekend/ This very readable book by a professor at the University of Delaware is an empassioned plea to plant native plants and avoid non-native plants. It combines scientific data with practical ideas on how to implement changes to your home landscapes in an effort to help wildlife. Hereʻs an example: Tallamy explains that humans may have evolved to like large open vistas and mowed lawns around their homes so that they can see the "lions" approaching; but, he argues, perhaps in todayʻs day and age, we can plant some native oak trees and obstruct the view! And, since he is a professor of entomology, the book includes great pictures of many of the insects that native plants support. At the back of the book, the lists of recommended trees, shrubs, conifers, vines, streamside plants, ground covers, herbaceous perennials, grasses, and ferns are very helpful. The plants, of course, overlap with the plants that the Audubon Society recommends with their tool audubon.org/native-plants Katherine Wagner-Reiss has her botany Certificate from the New York Botanical Garden, where she is a volunteer tour guide.

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He was born in 292 in Thebes (Luxor, Egypt) to pagan parents. According to his hagiography, he was swept up against his will in a Roman army recruitment drive at the age of 20, a common occurrence during the turmoils and civil wars of the period, and held in captivity. It was here that local Christians would daily bring food and comforts to the inmates, which made a lasting impression on him, and he vowed to investigate Christianity further when he got out. As fate would have it, he was able to get out of the army without ever having to fight, was converted and baptized (314). He then came into contact with a number of well known ascetics and decided to pursue that path. He sought out the hermit Palaemon and came to be his follower (317). After studying seven years with the Elder Palamon, Pachomius set out to lead the life of a hermit near St. Anthony of Egypt, whose practices he imitated until, according to legend, he heard a voice in Tabennisi that told him to build a dwelling for the hermits to come to. An earlier ascetic named Macarius had earlier created a number of proto-monasteries called "larves", or cells, where holy men would live in a community setting who were physically or mentally unable to achieve the rigors of Anthony's solitary life. Pachomius set about organizing these cells into a formal organization. Up to this point in time, Christian asceticism had been solitary or eremitic. Male or female monastics lived in individual huts or caves and met only for occasional worship services. Pachomius seems to have created the community or cenobitic organization, in which male or female monastics lived together and had their possessions in common under the leadership of an abbot or abbess. Pachomius himself was hailed as "Abba" (father) which is where we get the word Abbot from. This first cenobitic monastery was in Tabennisi, Egypt. He established his first monastery between 318 and 323. The first to join him was his elder brother John, and soon more than 100 monks lived at his monastery. He came to found nine monasteries in his lifetime, and after 336, Pachomius spent most of his time at his Pabau monastery. From his initial monastery, demand quickly grew and, by the time of his death in 346, one count estimates there were 3000 monasteries dotting Egypt from north to south. Within a generation after his death, this number grew to 7000 and then moved out of Egypt into Palestine and the Judea Desert, Syria, North Africa and eventually Western Europe. He is also credited with being the first Christian to use and recommend use of a prayer rope. He was visited once by Basil of Caesarea who took many of his ideas and implemented them in Caesarea, where Basil also made some adaptations that became the ascetic rule, or Ascetica, the rule still used today by the Eastern Orthodox Church, and comparable to that of the Rule of St. Benedict in the West. Though Pachomius sometimes acted as lector for nearby shepherds, neither he nor any of his monks became priests. St Athanasius visited and wished to ordain him in 333, but Pachomius fled from him. Athanasius' visit was probably a result of Pachomius' zealous defense of orthodoxy against Arianism. He remained abbot to the cenobites for some forty years. When he caught an epidemic disease (probably plague), he called the monks, strengthened their faith, and appointed his successor. Propers for Pachomius - Abbot, Confessor, Monastic and Preacher O God, by whose Grace thy servant Pachomius, enkindled with the fire of thy love, became a burning and a shining light in thy Church: Grant that we also may be aflame with the spirit of love and discipline, and may ever walk before thee as children of light; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who with thee, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, liveth and reigneth, one God, now and for ever. Amen. The Epistle - Philippians 3:7-15. HOWBEIT what things were gain to me, these have I counted loss for Christ. Yea verily, and I count all things to be loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord: for whom I suffer the loss of all things, and do count them but dung, that I may gain Christ, and be found in him, not having a righteousness of mine own, even that which is of the law, but that which is through faith in Christ, the righteousness which is of God by faith: that I may know him, and the power of his resurrection, and the fellowship of his sufferings, becoming conformed unto his death; if by any means I may attain unto the resurrection of the dead. Not that I have already obtained, or am already made perfect: but I press on, if so be that I may apprehend that for which also I was apprehended by Christ Jesus. Brethren, I count not myself yet to have apprehended: but one thing I do, forgetting the things which are behind, and stretching forward to the things which are before, I press on toward the goal unto the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus. Let us therefore, as many as be perfect, be thus minded: and if in anything ye are otherwise minded, even this shall God reveal unto you. The Gospel - St. Luke 6:17-23. JESUS came down and stood in the plain, with the company of his disciples, and a great multitude of people out of all Judea and Jerusalem, and from the sea coasts of Tyre and Sidon, which came to hear him, and to be healed of their diseases; and they that were vexed with unclean spirits: and they were healed. And the whole multitude sought to touch him: for there went virtue out of him, and healed them all. And he lifted up his eyes on his disciples, and said, Blessed be ye poor: for yours is the kingdom of God. Blessed are ye that hunger now: for ye still be filled. Blessed are ye that weep now: for ye shall laugh. Blessed are ye, when men shall hate you, and when they shall separate you from their company, and shall reproach you, and cast out your name as evil, for the Son of man's sake. Rejoice ye in that day, and leap for joy: for, behold, your reward is great in heaven. Reference and Resources:

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Narcissism In mythology Greek, Narcissus was a pretty young and vain person who rejected the advances of the nymphs Eco and Aminia. Aminia, wound in its pride, cursed the young, desiring that never it possessed the object of its love. One day, Narcissus bent over itself to drink water of a source. Additional information at Dollar General supports this article. Seeing its proper face reflected in the water, it was fallen in love of it. Narcissus so was attracted by its proper image that frequently came back to the source to contemplate itself. Seeing itself in the water, it looked for to hug its proper image and it was drowned in the attempt. In that place, according to legend, sprouted a new flower that takes the name of its unhappy creator? Narcissus. It was Freud that added the term narcissism to the vocabulary of psychology to assign to love to the proper image and the stage of the development in which the child makes of proper I it main object of its love. These ideas had originated many studies that describe and analyze the distinct profile of the narcisista personality. According to Diagnostic and Manual Statistical of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) of the American Psychiatric Association, arrogant narcisistas are people and vain who have same magnificent fancies on itself. They overestimate its success, constantly need to be admired and they always wait preferential treatment. The narcisistas are vain of whom they deserve more than what they receive. They are worried in having good appearance and remaining themselves young. They are not sensible to the necessities and the problems of the others. With little tolerance for critical, frequently they react with fury the real or imaginary offences. They more than tend to be of the feminine sex what of the masculine. In short, the same narcisistas focus itself, fascinated with its personality and its body, ' ' with an atrocious individualism that lacks of moral and social values and if it disinterests for any question that is not they themselves The narcisistas of both the sexos proud show its attractive curves or its great muscles, bragging themselves on its fantastic feats.

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Building a Pyramid of Stones in 5 Minutes Application Used: Autodesk 3ds max Author: Jonas Ussing Alright, here's a quick tut I've been promising a handful of people to make, but it's been quite delayed. We're going to build a pyramid out of stone blocks, like the one in my canyon pyramid clip. We're going to start off with the excellent pyramid primitive, just drag it in the viewport until it has your preferred dimensions, and make sure the width and depth are the same. Slap an edit poly modifier on, and delete the faces in the bottom, since we don't want stones where we can't see them anyway. Next, create the box that will be the building block. For starters, make the block a lot larger than you think you will need, and make sure the dimensions are symmetrical. If you want to do anything special with the building blocks, such as making bevelled edges or any special mapping, now is the time. Next, select the pyramid primitive, and add a subdivide modifier. Tweak the "Size" setting until you get the division you want (we are going to place a building block at each vertex). Then select the box, and under "Compound objects", click "Scatter". This will distribute the box over the surface of another object. Click "Pick distribution object", and select the pyramid primitive. This will put one large block on the side of the pyramid shape. Scroll down to the display menu in the scatter rollout, and turn on "hide distribution object". Scroll back up, and de-select "Perpendicular", and select "All vertices". From this point on you will experience a certain drop in performance, as the box is scattered all over the pyramid surface. Scale down the building blocks in "Base scale", until you get the stone size you want. Now we're getting there! The pyramid still doesn't look random enough, so let's scroll down to the "Transforms" menu in the scatter rollout. The "rotation" fields are for random rotation of the objects, so enter some appropriate values. Z is the one that makes the most sense, as the X and Y will tilt the blocks to the side. The "local translation" fields are for random positioning, and here the X and Y make the most sense, as the Z will move the stones up into the other rows. Finally, click "lock aspect ratio", and enter a scale value of 5. When you're done, collapse the scatter object to boost performance (calculating the scattering takes a lot of CPU power). At this point, the random-ified stones will propably intersect the original pyramid shape. However, we don't want to delete the shape, since our building block structure is anything but solid, so scale it down just enough to keep it from intersecting the building block, and then give it a black material. And here you are! To finalize, you can add some extra noise modifiers to your pyramid stones, to make them look even more random.

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Type of web A lesson that uses websites as a source of background information and as a source for interpreting experimental One day for background Web activities, one day for doing the experiments, and one day for Web activities that will guide the interpretation of the experiments. Aug. 6, 1999 The Web Science Workshop lessons were created in cooperation with the Exploratorium Teacher developed and maintained by Deborah San Francisco, CA 94123 doing chemistry at the Port of San Francisco. In this activity you are to do three experiments in which reactants are combined to produce an unknown substance. Before doing the experiments, you need to complete two - First, read the Web sites and answer the questions regarding write down a separate experimental design for each experiment. (See the Experimental Design Page for instructions on how to concisely describe the design of experiments that involve the observation of a chemical reaction.) After you complete both of the above assignments you will be ready to do the three experiments. Finally, answer the questions in the and Analysis Worksheet. Be sure to carefully read this site and check out its links. Complete the Background to test your understanding of the background Design: Remember that you need to complete the three experimental designs, which can be gleaned from each procedure, before you do the experiments. for the formation of Nylon. for the formation of "Slime" from Polyvinyl Alcohol and for the formation of a "Glob" from Elmer's Glue and and Analysis Worksheet Before completing the relax and check out the Colorado physics Web site. Find the applet on water , "a dipole molecule in a changing field." Spend a few minutes in order to become accustomed to how water can swivel in response to a moving ion. you have any suggestions or some constructive criticism of this site please Send mail to the author.

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25 Jan 2018 Free space optics and fiber laser technology to enable end-to-end optical communications to and from satellite.LGS Innovations, a technology company providing specialized mission-critical communications research and solutions, has been selected to support NASA's Integrated Laser Communication Relay Demonstration (LCRD) Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) User Modem and Amplifier (ILLUMA) project. For this pathfinder program, LGS will develop a free space optical modem that will fly aboard the International Space Station as the first demonstration of a fully operational, end-to-end optical communications system. The ILLUMA modem will leverage LGS Innovations’ experience in free space laser communications and fiber laser technology. “The LGS modem will not only provide the space station with a next-generation optical communications terminal, but will also allow for improved size, weight, and power over previous RF communications systems,” said Kevin Kelly, CEO of LGS Innovations. “By increasing communications efficiency, we will help facilitate a faster exchange of data to the scientific community. We are proud to support NASA’s mission and drive the evolution of photonics technology.” The ILLUMA program will use lasers to encode and transmit data at rates up to 100 times faster than today’s typical communications equipment, requiring significantly less mass and power than equivalent RF communications systems. The optical modem will communicate data from the ISS to ground and back via the NASA LCRD satellite, which will fly in a geosynchronous orbit. This new capability will greatly increase the amount of scientific data transferred from the ISS, while supporting multiple channels of ultra-high-definition video to and from space. LGS Innovations develops "mission-critical" communications products, R&D, and supporting services to U.S. defense, intelligence, and civilian agencies and commercial customers around the world. Kelly added, "We create advanced solutions in wireless communications, signals processing and analysis, optical networking, photonics, routing and switching, and spectrum management." "These solutions drive mission success in command, control, communications, surveillance and reconnaissance cyberspace operations, and network assurance. The company is headquartered in Herndon, Virginia, with offices across the U.S. and overseas. The company employs over 1,200 associates around the world, including 750 scientists and engineers.

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Last week on 7th May it was the 150th birth anniversary of Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941). Tagore as we know him was a Bengali poet, philosopher, artist, playwright, composer and novelist. Just late last year we even saw the inauguration of a Tagore library here in Auckland at the Mahatma Gandhi centre. There is any hardly any Indian from mainland India who doesn’t know about the great bard of Bengal – Tagore. But do we know enough about Tagore and his major ideas which renewed Indian culture in his writings? Full report here Indian Weekender

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By the end of December, a lethal bacterium had swept through UC Irvine Medical Center’s intensive care unit, sickening seven infants. Dr. Susan Huang, the hospital’s infection control expert, had a plan. The strategy — which she had promoted so successfully that most U.S. hospitals now use it — included bathing all infants in the ICU with a powerful disinfectant, and swabbing inside their noses with an antibiotic. But this time, the plan failed. Despite also isolating infected babies and ensuring nurses washed their hands, in February and March three more babies tested positive for the same strain of the superbug MRSA. The outbreak is a reminder that scientists are still struggling to gain the upper hand against hospital-acquired infections. It has also amplified an already heated debate about whether the strategy that Huang helped develop is the best way to halt MRSA, a pernicious pathogen that kills at least 9,000 Americans a year. “We want the strategies we employ to work 100% of the time, but that’s not always possible,” Huang said in a written statement to The Times. She declined to be interviewed. Even before the MRSA outbreak at UC Irvine, experts worried that the strategy of treating all patients with the disinfectant and antibiotic could do more harm than good by making bacteria more dangerous and resistant to drugs. “Broad use of antiseptic strategies deployed over many days or weeks may only partially help, and may in turn induce unintended consequences,” said Dr. Derek Angus, a professor of critical care medicine at the University of Pittsburgh. The disinfectant chlorhexidine and antibiotic mupirocin can also have adverse effects on patients — especially premature babies in the ICU, whose skin and neurological systems are still developing. In February, the Food and Drug Administration warned hospitals that it was seeing a greater number of rare but serious allergic reactions to chlorhexidine. The biocide is sold over-the-counter to disinfect small areas of skin before surgery. It is not approved for bathing patients’ entire bodies. Its label warns against using in infants under 2 months of age because it can cause chemical burns. Mupirocin, the antibiotic, is not approved for children under 12. Its label specifically cautions against use in premature infants. John Murray, a UC Irvine spokesman, said no infants suffered adverse reactions from the treatment. Although the hospital has not yet found the source of the outbreak, he said, all current patients in the neonatal intensive care unit have tested negative for MRSA, which stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. One national healthcare provider has sharply reduced MRSA infections by using a practice much different from the one advocated by Huang and her colleagues. Huang recommends against testing new patients for MRSA, and instead relies on treating every patient in the ICU with daily disinfectant baths and the antibiotic nasal swipes — a practice called “universal decolonization.” In contrast, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs tests every patient being admitted. If patients tests positive, they are isolated and treated, making it harder for the bacteria to spread. The VA reported in January that testing and isolating patients had helped reduced MRSA infections by 80% since 2007. That practice is costly, though. It requires single hospital rooms. Nurses and doctors must put on gowns and gloves when entering the isolated patient’s room and take them off when leaving. Often more staff must be hired. Isolating a single patient can add hundreds of dollars to the hospital’s tab. Huang’s protocol is far less expensive. The study she led in 2013 found that it cost just $40 to treat each patient with the daily disinfectant baths and antibiotic nasal swipes. The idea for the study, Huang explained at a 2014 presentation, came from a conversation between an executive at the Hospital Corp. of America, the nation’s biggest hospital company, and Richard Platt, the director of the Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute. The institute is a partnership between Harvard and Massachusetts’ largest health insurer. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention helped pay for the trial. Platt said the group wasn’t motivated by the economics. “We did this to answer the question, ‘Can we reduce the number of infections?’” he said. “It wasn’t, ‘Can we lower the cost?’” Forty-three hospitals owned by HCA joined Huang’s study. It concluded that bathing all ICU patients in cloths soaked in the biocide, and treating them with the antibiotic, led to fewer infections than when patients were screened for MRSA and isolated. The rate of MRSA bloodstream infections did not change significantly. But when the group looked at bloodstream infections from all types of pathogens, the rate dropped by 44%. Before the study, HCA’s more than 150 hospitals were using an approach similar to the VA’s. The company eventually switched to the approach outlined in Huang’s study, said Ed Fishbough, an HCA spokesman, and has continued to see a decline in infections. Some scientists quickly challenged the results of the study after it was published in 2013 by the New England Journal of Medicine. In letters, the scientists questioned whether the mixed results justified the treatment’s use. They also said doctors could make the bacteria more dangerous by treating all patients. “Great caution should be exercised in transferring the study’s results into clinical practice,” wrote doctors from the Medical University of Graz in Austria. The concerns did not stop hospitals from adopting it. In a talk in January, Huang said that 65% to 80% of U.S. hospitals were now using decolonization in their ICUs. So far, though, its widespread use has not cut the nation’s rate of MRSA infections. Between 2014 and 2015, a national estimate based on MRSA bloodstream infections reported by hospitals rose by 10%, according to data from the CDC’s National Healthcare Safety Network. Asked to explain the increase, Melissa Brower, a CDC spokeswoman, said the agency had changed its method of calculating the national statistic, which skewed the numbers. The actual rate of MRSA bloodstream infections did not rise between 2014 and 2015, she said. Already, scientists have discovered bacteria becoming more resistant to both chlorhexidine and mupirocin. A team led by Dr. Ajita Prabhu at the Cleveland Clinic expected to see infections decline when it began a study in which hernia patients were treated with wipes of chlorhexidine before surgery. Instead those patients suffered more surgical site infections than those not treated, the team reported last year. “Indiscriminate use” of the disinfectant, the doctors concluded, “should be discouraged.” Huang and her colleagues were so comfortable with the treatment’s safety that they instruct hospitals that there is no need to ask patients for permission. Instead patients should be told the treatment is “routinely used in this ICU,” according to their published toolkit. The outbreak in UC Irvine’s neonatal intensive care unit began in August. Hospital officials told the state in a Jan. 6 letter that they had begun to decolonize all infants who were current patients and those coming from other hospitals with chlorhexidine and mupirocin on Dec. 22. Murray said that 220 staff working in the intensive care unit were tested for MRSA in January and February and decolonized with the disinfectant and antibiotic if they tested positive. The staff also continued to clean the intensive care unit’s equipment and surfaces. But three more babies later tested positive for the same MRSA strain. In all, nine infants were sickened. Another’s skin was colonized. None of them died. Briana Walker of Mission Viejo said that her son tested positive for MRSA on March 6 about a week after staff moved a baby who had been infected into a room next to her son’s. It is not clear how extensively the unit’s staff used the disinfectant baths and antibiotic treatment. Walker said the staff did not not treat her son until after he tested positive for MRSA. By then he had been in the ICU for a month. The staff also did not tell her about the outbreak, she said. “I wonder how many other patients were not told what was going on.” Murray declined to answer more questions about the babies’ treatment. Follow @melodypetersen on Twitter

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Tuesday, 19 December 2017 Scallops’ Eye Works Like A Telescope, Inspires Better Optical Devices Scallops are anything but simple creatures. They have “200 eyes that function remarkably like a telescope, using living mirrors to focus light,” an article posted on Phys.org says, reporting on a recent paper published in the journal Science. Researchers at Israel's Weizmann Institute of Science and Lund University in Sweden found out these animals have “a mosaic of tiny mirrors and crystals, carefully arranged inside scallops' small poppy seed-like eyes which line their outer edge, known as the mantle. Each mirror is layered, reflecting wavelengths of light in their habitat and giving them a spatial view of their surroundings.” And there’s more. “Each mirror is also ‘tiled with a mosaic of square-shaped crystals, minimizing surface defects for a clearer picture,’ the Science report said. ‘The mirror forms images on a double-layered retina, to separately image both peripheral and central fields of view.’ " The research also has a biomimicry dimension: Engineers might use this complex system to design better optical devices. The animal kingdom is full of intelligently designed features or solutions that cannot be explained away by Darwinian mechanisms. Phys.org. 2017. Scallops have 200 eyes, which function like a telescope: study (30 November)-

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Plastic Campaign: Our goal to stop the use of plastic bottles To support our campaign, television “Monaco Info” reported directly from the location of the event (Larvotto beach) with the aim of aspiring others into joining our fight against the plastic bottles. What have we done? The activities we have proposed had the aim of raising awareness on plastic waste and its impact on our oceans if not recycled. We want to promote a plastic free lifestyle by replacing water bottles and other plastic utensils that take part in our daily routines with more sustainable materials. The 10 games: This activity involves the audience to answer and guess questions on plastic pollution. An entertaing activity for all to interact with plastic bottles and understanding the importance of recycling. Bin the bottle: A fun game to encourage throwing bottles in the yellow containers as a reminder to recycle! Allows kids and adults to let their imagination on paper with the theme of drawing a happy and healthy fish living in a plastic free ocean. This allows kids to learn about plastic pollution via notes hidden around the beach. Toss the bottle: The aim is to throw bottles the fastest through the basketball loop as a reminder that recycling can be fun. Juggle the bottle: This activity consists of juggling plastic bottles the longest to win a prize. The aim is to see the weight and construction of a bottle. The objective of this activity is to make the audience taste water from tap vs bottled and guess what kind of water they are tasting. The aim is to make them understand that tap water is just as good as the bottled one. 65% guessed the tap water was bottled water Flip the bottle: Consists of flipping the bottle up right without making it fall to the side. A fun game of plastic bottle awareness. Squeeze the bottles: Audience have the opportunity to squeeze as many bottles as possible in the least amount of time, making them understand that this should be done before recycling the bottles. And of course we had prizes and certificates for our contestants that took part in the activities! The alternative stand This stand is providing enriching information about the substitutes and alternatives to plastic in our daily consumption cycle. For example buying fresh fruits instead of fruits in plastic packages, glass bottles instead of plastic bottles etc. The bottles are specifically created for TAF -The Animal Fund to help promote a plastic free lifestyle by using stainless steel bottles instead of plastic bottles. These bottles are meant to be refilled when empty and are environmentally friendly. Why are we doing this? Plastic pollution is one of the most serious threats to the ocean as it does not biodegrade; instead, it breaks down into progressively smaller pieces, but never disappears. As a result of this, marine life is rapidly dying out. Therefore, our aim as a nonprofitable organization is to raise awareness on the consequences of plastic pollution and promote a healthier lifestyle for our planet. This campaign was mostly aimed at children and youth as they are the future generation that will have to repair the damages generated by us. It is important that we all are aware of how our habits have an impact on the ecosystem and how we can prevent further damage and danger to the ocean. This campaign brought together people from different age groups and different backgrounds but we are all fighting for the same intention, a cleaner ocean with an abundance of marine life.

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NEW YORK, October 17 2016-We are approaching the end of the first year of implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. With its 17 Sustainable Development Goals, the 2030 Agenda is a universal vision for peace, prosperity and dignity for all people on a healthy planet. Achieving this objective is inconceivable without fulfilling the mandate of SDG 1 to end poverty in all its forms. Today, some 1 billion people live in extreme poverty and more than 800 million endure hunger and malnutrition. But poverty is not simply measured by inadequate income. It is manifested in restricted access to health, education and other essential services and, too often, by the denial or abuse of other fundamental human rights. Poverty is both a cause and consequence of marginalization and social exclusion. To fulfil the promise of the 2030 Agenda to leave no one behind, we must address the humiliation and exclusion of people living in poverty. Humiliation and exclusion are powerful drivers of social unrest and, in extreme cases, the violent extremism that is troubling so many parts of our world. But, in most instances, people living in poverty respond to these societal ills with stoic resilience as they work to escape the degrading reality of their daily lives. The duty of all Governments and societies is to address systemic socio-economic inequalities and facilitate the engagement of all people living in extreme poverty so they can help themselves, their families and their communities to build a more equitable, sustainable and prosperous future for all. The message of today’s observance is “Moving from Humiliation and Exclusion to Participation: Ending Poverty in All its Forms”. We must break down the walls of poverty and exclusion that plague so many people in every region of the world. We must build inclusive societies that promote participation by all. We must ensure the voices of all those living in poverty are heard. On this International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, let us listen to and heed the voices of people living in poverty. Let us commit to respect and defend the human rights of all people and end the humiliation and social exclusion that people living in poverty face every day by promoting their involvement in global efforts to end extreme poverty once and for all.

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My boss has a saying: "You can't eat an elephant in one bite." This applies all too well to the volumes of documentation that accompany Visual Basic. If you have the professional edition on CD, there are hundreds of pages of printed documentation, megabytes of help files, Visual Basic Books Online, the MSDN Visual Basic Starter Kit, and a variety of other miscellaneous files to wade through. If you don't already know where to look for the information you need, it can feel very much like looking for a needle in a haystack. Don't despair, however, its not as bad as it looks when you open the box and install the software. Printed and Online Books First, a large portion of what's found in the documentation is reference material. Its not something you sit down and read, but rather something you look up when you need it. While you might learn something by reading the "Language Reference" from cover to cover, your time would probably be better spent writing code. There are, however, some sections which are worth reading: - Programmer's Guide Read through the first eight chapters for an introduction to using VB, creating forms and controls, attaching code to events, and some programming fundamentals. - Creating OLE Servers If you're going to be diving into creating OLE servers - and in my opinion you should be - this book will give you a good introduction to what OLE servers are and some of the basics you should know before getting started. - Guide to Data Access Objects One of the most popular areas for VB developers is using the database engine. The first three chapters of this book will give you an introduction to using the Jet database engine and some fundamentals of relational database design. You might also want to check out Chapter 6, Writing SQL Queries. SQL is the heart of most databases today, including Jet. To really understand managing a database, you'll need to understand SQL. - Help Compiler Guide To create a finished application, you'll need to provide a help file. Even if you won't be the help author, you should at least have a basic understanding of how the help system works. At a mimumum, take a look at the first two chapters to get an introduction to creating Windows help files. You'll find the book in VB Books Online. - Windows Interface Guidelines for Software Design Found in the MSDN/VB Starter Kit, this is the bible of design guidelines. If you're going to be writing software for anyone other than yourself, you should understand the material presented here. The first two chapters will give you a good general overview. If you're looking for a shortcut through the material, check out Appendix C - Guidelines Summary. Nearly everything you need to know about writing Visual Basic applications can be found in the help files. Every statement, function, property, method and event is fully documented. However, that doesn't really help you very much if you don't know what the keyword is that you need to find to accomplish your objective. However, one of the benefits that you have as a student of programming is that you're likely to already be a Windows "power user." As such, you're probably well versed in searching help files for the information you need. The VB help files are well indexed and with VB4 offer the capability of full-text searching. In most cases, if you can't find what you're looking for in the contents or the index, you can find it with a full-text search. One of the other great things about any decent development platform is the degree to which the help files are integrated into the code editor. Visual Basic is no exception. If you get stumped by a keyword in your code or need the syntax for using it, click on the word in the code window and press F1 to display the relevant help topic. Just in case you haven't already discovered or guessed it, you should be prepared to spend a considerable amount of time studying the material in the online help and browsing through jumps to related topics. Remember that VB is a large, complex application. You can't learn everything overnight and it will take real effort to gain a thorough understanding of all there is to learn. Plan to do a lot of reading. By Joe Garrick

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|Home grown pickling cucumbers! Cucumbers grow well in Utah!| Saturday, May 13, 2017 When Can I Plant Cucumbers In Utah? Cucumbers are tender vegetable plants and they cannot be planted until all danger of frost gone. This is usually around the middle to the end of May in Utah. Here is a post I wrote about frost dates. And here is a post I wrote about vegetable planting - some general guidelines for timing, etc. Hopefully this will help you avoid some unnecessary problems (plant death) during spring planting. It's difficult , I know, for gardeners to restrain themselves from planting too early. It's such a wonderful time of the year and planning and planting the vegetables is so fun. And the nurseries are loaded with tons of plants. The whole thing is irresistible. We just need to make sure the right time has arrived!

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We believe that it’s very important for people to understand everything they can about their dental health and taking care of their teeth because, in our experience, a well-informed patient is usually a healthy one as well! To that end, you’ll find a variety of educational materials below talking about many different dental subjects with tips you can start using right away. Of course, if you have any questions that aren’t answered below, you can always give our dental office a call and ask! Oral Health Guide Oral Health for Total Health: Your mouth is a window to your overall health? Most people don’t realize that brushing, flossing, and regular dental checkups do more than keep your teeth clean and cavity-free. Studies have shown that one’s oral health is directly connected to their overall health. The risk of heart disease, for example, can double for people with severe periodontal (gum) disease. The Journal of the American Dental Association found that pregnant women with gum disease are more likely to have a baby born prematurely. Additionally, people with Type 2 diabetes are three times more likely to develop gum disease, and when you add smoking to the mix, the chance of developing gum disease increases almost 20 times! Like many areas of the body, your mouth is teeming with bacteria — most of them harmless. Normally the body’s natural defenses and good oral health care, such as daily brushing and flossing, can keep these bacteria under control. However, without proper oral hygiene, bacteria can reach levels that might lead to oral infections, such as tooth decay and gum disease. In addition, certain medications — such as decongestants, antihistamines, painkillers and diuretics — can reduce saliva flow. Saliva washes away food and neutralizes acids produced by bacteria in the mouth, helping to protect you from microbial invasion or overgrowth that might lead to disease. Studies also suggest that oral bacteria and the inflammation associated with periodontitis — a severe form of gum disease — might play a role in some diseases. In addition, certain diseases, such as diabetes and HIV/AIDS, can lower the body’s resistance to infection, making oral health problems more severe. What conditions may be linked to oral health?? Your oral health might affect, be affected by, or contribute to various diseases and conditions, including: - Endocarditis. Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of your heart (endocardium). Endocarditis typically occurs when bacteria or other germs from another part of your body, such as your mouth, spread through your bloodstream and attach to damaged areas in your heart. - Cardiovascular disease. Some research suggests that heart disease, clogged arteries and stroke might be linked to the inflammation and infections that oral bacteria can cause. - Pregnancy and birth. Periodontitis has been linked to premature birth and low birth weight. - Diabetes. Diabetes reduces the body’s resistance to infection — putting the gums at risk. Gum disease appears to be more frequent and severe among people who have diabetes. Research shows that people who have gum disease have a harder time controlling their blood sugar levels. - HIV/AIDS. Oral problems, such as painful mucosal lesions, are common in people who have HIV/AIDS. - Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis — which causes bones to become weak and brittle — might be linked with periodontal bone loss and tooth loss. - Alzheimer’s disease. Tooth loss before age 35 might be a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. - Other conditions. Other conditions that might be linked to oral health include Sjogren’s syndrome — an immune system disorder that causes dry mouth — and eating disorders. Top Ten Tips for a Healthy Smile - Brush your teeth at least twice a day. In the morning and night is always easy to remember. - Floss in addition to brushing. Flossing loosens plaque between teeth, where the toothbrush cannot reach. - Get regular dental checkups. Dental professionals are capable of removing tartar from your teeth. You cannot remove tartar on your own at home. Additionally, your dental professional can identify and treat small problems occurring in your mouth before they become larger ones. - Limit sodas, coffee, and alcohol. Limiting these beverages is important for reducing tooth decay and discoloration. - Visit your dentist before becoming pregnant and during pregnancy. You may reduce your risk of having a baby born prematurely by controlling gum infection. - Put out the cigarette. Smokers are seven times more likely to develop periodontal disease, and tobacco products are a major risk factor for over 75 percent of oral and throat cancers. There are 30,000 new cases of oral cancer each year. The five-year survival rate for oral cancer is about 50 percent. - Increase your calcium intake. Adults who consume at least three servings of food rich in calcium each day have significantly lower rates of periodontal disease, a leading cause of tooth loss. - Wear a mouthguard if you play contact sports. Mouthguards help cushion blows that might otherwise cause broken teeth and injuries to the lips, tongue, face, or jaw. - Eat a healthy, well-balanced diet. Limiting sugary food left on the teeth may reduce tooth decay and discoloration. - Consider using an electronic toothbrush. Many brands of battery-powered toothbrushes have a timer—so you won’t underbrush—and a vibrating or spinning action that encourages you to brush softly.

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Christ said he would be in the grave 3 days and 3 nights. Christendom teaches to observe Good Friday regarding Christ's death and Easter Sunday regarding Christ's resurrection. However, that is only 2 nights. What the Bible really teaches about the time of Christ's death and resurrection is a LITTLE KNOWN FACT OF THE BIBLE. Jesus Christ himself said that he would be "three days and three nights in the heart of the earth" (Matthew 12:40). However, most so-called Christian religions teach that Jesus was crucified on what is called "Good Friday" and resurrected on Easter Sunday. That means he would be only in the grave for two nights and a portion of 3 days. Can Christ's own words be discounted? No. The math is easy. The way his death and resurrection is commonly taught by religions is not correct according to the Bible. A Passover on (what we now call) Wednesday is the only day of the week that supports all of the Biblical accounts of the crucifixion. Jesus was in the grave "three days and three nights" (Matthew 12:40). From Wednesday just before sunset to Saturday just before sunset makes three days and three nights. The Jewish day was sunset to sunset, not midnight to midnight as we calculate a day now. Jesus was crucified on the day of Passover (also called the day of preparation in the Bible), which came the day before a Sabbath day (Mark 15:42, Luke 23:52-54, & John 19:31). Still, that fact alone does not prove he was crucified on a Friday. According to the Law of Moses, the day following Passover was specified to be the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread. That day was always a Sabbath day, a day of rest in which no work was to be done, in the same way the weekly Sabbath was observed on the seventh day. (Read Leviticus 23:4-8, Numbers 28:16-18, and take special notice of John 19:31 again.) The Sabbath that occurred immediately following Jesus' crucifixion was not an ordinary Sabbath day, but instead was an annual Sabbath that began the week-long observance of the Feast of Unleavened Bread. According to the Jewish calendar, certain feasts were to be held on the same date of the month, but that did not mean they would fall on the same day of the week every year. In the particular year that Jesus was killed, the Passover occurred on what corresponds today to Wednesday. According to the Jewish calendar, the 14th day of the first month was Passover Day, and the 15th day was the annual Sabbath, which began the week-long Feast of Unleavened Bread (Leviticus 23:1-8). To understand that Jesus was crucified on the day of Passover (Wednesday of that year), solves what some people consider to be a conflict in scriptural records. Luke 23:55, 56 say that the women (Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of James) went and prepared anointing spices and oils BEFORE the Sabbath. In Mark 16:1 it says that they bought the spices AFTER the Sabbath. The answer to what seems to be differing accounts is in the fact that there are two different Sabbaths being spoken of in these verses. The women both bought and prepared the spices on the same day (Friday), which just so happened to fall between the two Sabbaths on Thursday and Saturday. When Mark says they bought the spices AFTER the Sabbath, it was the special annual Sabbath on Thursday, the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread. When Luke says they prepared the spices and then rested on the Sabbath, this particular Sabbath was the usual weekly Sabbath that always occurred on the seventh day of the week, which was Saturday. There is also proof that there were two Sabbaths in Matthew 28:1. Since the word "Sabbath" is mentioned in the singular form in most modern language Bible translations, this could be taken to mean that the traditional Friday crucifixion scenario would be referenced. However, Greek manuscripts render the word "Sabbaths" in the plural form. This fact of the use of plural Sabbaths can be verified using a Greek interlinear translation of the Bible. Therefore, for all of the scriptural records to add up, it has to be concluded that Jesus was crucified on the day that we know now as Wednesday. Click on this link for a calendar of events that shows when Christ died and when he was resurrected, coinciding with the scripture that he would spend 3 days and 3 nights in the grave.

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Early diagnosis is the diagnosis of a cancer before it begins to produce symptoms. This diagnosis can be carried out by an individual or form part of so-called regional screening or early diagnosis. These campaigns call on groups at risk of developing a particular type of cancer. In order to carry out an early diagnosis, one needs a reliable screening method (a mammogram for instance) or analysis (PSA for prostate cancer, Fecatest or occult blood analysis in faeces for intestinal cancer). The test tool used on high risk groups must help reduce mortality rates resulting from the cancer which predominates in this group. The perhaps best known case is breast cancer. Through so-called screening campaigns and mammograms performed on women who do not present apparent symptoms of breast cancer, it is possible to detect breast cancer from its very early, hence curable, stages. Used in this manner, mammography allows a decrease in mortality rates of 30% in women aged between 50 and 65. Is there anything similar in place for prostate cancer? This is a controversial topic. On the one hand, there is in fact a method which enables the early diagnosis of prostate cancer, called PSA (see further) but on the other hand, campaigns which make use of PSA and early diagnosis of prostate cancer have so far not been proven to reduce mortality rates for this type of cancer. This is why there is no worldwide consensus in terms of advising all men at risk of developing prostate cancer to periodically submit to a PSA. Let’s talk about PSA PSA (as it is known due to the acronym of its denomination in English, or prostate specific antigen) represents a genuine revolution in the early diagnosis of this type of cancer. PSA is exclusively produced by on type of tissue, namely the epithelium of the prostate, which is what makes it so specific. How is this assessed? By a simple blood test. How is it measured? Analysts provide the test results in nanograms per millilitre (ng/ml). As a general rule, the PSA value is considered normal when under 4 ml/ng, suspicious between 4 and 10 and possibly indicative of prostate cancer when the value exceeds 10. These numbers are used for guidance purposes only and prostate cancer can be diagnosed even when the value is below 10. The higher the PSA level, the greater the risk; PSA alone is however never considered definitive evidence but rather a significant warning sign. Is it possible for PSA to increase in the absence of prostate cancer? Yes, it is. This is why it is unadvisable to carry out a PSA under any of the following circumstances: a)Ejaculation may temporarily raise PSA level, meaning that one should refrain from sexual activity two days prior to the analysis. b)This can also arise as a result of prostate inflammation, infection, benign hyperplasia (increase in size) and rectal examination. c) Some drugs such as finasteride which are used in the treatment of benign hyperplasia may also increase its levels. What is free PSA? This is the PSA which circulates in the bloodstream without being protein bound like the hence forth described PSA. What is the use of free PSA? Especially in non definite cases (PSA between 4 and 10 ng/ml), a low percentage of free PSA over the total PSA suggests the likelihood of cancer. Conversely, high levels of free PSA likely point towards a benign case. It is therefore not sufficient to determine total PSS levels; free PSA must also be measured. What is the contribution of PSA in terms of prostate cancer? Ever since its introduction in the nineties the presentation model of prostate cancer has changed dramatically. Indeed prior to the introduction of this test, most men readily displayed skeletal symptoms at the time of their initial cancer diagnosis, with the characteristic pain in the bones confirmed by x-rays. Those cases were thus already incurable. This model has turned things around. Nowadays, most prostate cancer sufferers are diagnosed while the cancer is still confined to the prostate and thus curable. As a matter of fact, prostate cancer-related mortality has gone down in recent years. This evolution may not be solely due to PSA. There is however a very direct correlation between its introduction and the reduction in mortality. Does PSA have any other fields of application? PSA is very useful in helping to monitor patients after their treatment. As long as PSA levels fall within normal ranges, the illness is considered absent. Conversely, if periodic checks show an increase in PSA, further tests should be carried out to see if the disease has progressed. The implication is that a person who ahs undergone treatment for prostate cancer must submit to periodical PSA analyses.

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This month LED experts, Grow Lights Australia, give an insight into how to boost LED grow light efficiency with PAR, photons and UV. Most growers know the benefits of running LED (Light Emitting Diode) lights versus HIDs (High Intensity Discharge) these days, as the best horticultural LEDs are at least 50% more efficient than the best double-ended HPS or CMH lamps. LEDs convert 50% more electricity to light. But not all LEDs have the same efficiency, so it helps to understand how LEDs are rated and what tricks manufacturers use to make their fixtures appear more efficient than others. Energy efficiency ratings of horticultural LEDs are usually measured in umol/j – which is the number of photons per unit of energy (one joule is equal to one watt of energy per second). The problem is, not all photons are created equal. Photons and LED grow light efficiency Ultraviolet light comes in energy packets called photons. A 440nm blue photon requires 50% more energy to create than a 660nm red photon – even though they both have the same photosynthetic value (one photon – regardless of colour – drives one unit of photosynthesis). This is why two diodes that have the same radiant efficiency (that is, the amount of electricity converted to light) can have very different quantum efficiency (the amount of electricity converted to individual photons). This is one reason why 660nm monochromatic red diodes are among the most efficient LEDs on the market – because 660nm light has a high quantum efficiency of around 5.5 umol/j (the theoretical maximum number of photons a 660m diode can produce per joule of energy). Another reason is due to the architecture of the 660nm LED that results in a radiant efficiency of up to 75% or more. If this sounds complicated, then all you have to remember is that the total efficiency of an LED in umol/j is the radiant efficiency multiplied by the quantum efficiency. For example, if you multiply the theoretical maximum of 5.5 umol/j by the radiant efficiency of 75%, you get an overall efficiency of 4.125 umol/j. But what if we want to create a UVA (Ultraviolet A) photon to increase cannabinoid and terpene production? Some 405nm UVA diodes are also up to 75% efficient. However, 405nm UVA light has a much lower quantum efficiency than 660nm red light (“nm” refers to nanometers – the length of each light wave. Shorter waves have lower numbers but carry higher energy). A 405nm diode has a quantum efficiency of around 3.36 umol/j, so when we multiply this by 75%, we get a total efficiency of only 2.52 umol/j. Many indoor cannabis seeds growers would assume that the 660nm diode at 4.125 umol/j is much more efficient than the 405nm diodes at 2.52 umol/j – but they are equally efficient in terms of energy consumption! Understanding PAR when using LED grow lights Now let’s expand this to the entire PAR range of 400-700nm. When using LED grow lights for indoor cannabis seeds growing, PAR stands for “photosynthetically active radiation”, which is the range of light used for photosynthesis. This range also happens to be in the visual range of humans. UVB light and infrared light fall outside this range, so we can’t see them. Remember: a “true” full spectrum horticultural LED grow light that has wavelengths all through the PAR range of 400-700nm will have a lower umol/j efficiency than a light that has a heavy red component with no violet or UV. That is why a mix of white and 660nm LEDs will have a higher umol/j rating than a light that contains UVA and violet. So if you want to boost LED grow light efficiency (and thereby harvest yields)when you buy a grow light for indoor cannabis seeds cultivation, don’t just look at the umol/j figure – ask the manufacturer if the light has any UVA or Far Red light, and what the overall umol/j figure will be once you add that supplementary light. The importance of UV in LED grow lights UV in LED grow lights is important for cannabinoid and terpene production, as it mildly stresses the plant into producing more of these secondary metabolites to protect it from DNA damage. Far Red can accelerate flowering and provide larger biomass, but Far Red diodes are not very efficient (around 55%). Further, Far Red falls outside the 700nm PAR range, so is not even counted in most umol/j figures! This means that an advanced LED grow light that has more than 10% of its light outside the traditional 400-700nm PAR range (like the High Light 420 series by Grow Lights Australia that has 1% UVA and 10% Far Red) will have 1000 PFD (photon flux density) even though on a typical light meter it reads 900 PPFD (“photosynthetic” photon flux density). When we speak of LED grow light efficiency, not all LED grow lights are created equal. - Mendocino Skunk3 Seeds: €26.00 Select options - Nebula3 Seeds: €32.00 Select options - Dutch Dragon3 Seeds: €23.00 Select options - Sensi Star3 Seeds: €38.00 Select options - Auto Wappa3 Seeds: €23.00 Select options - Allkush3 Seeds: €26.00 Select options

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Take a look at the similar writing assignments How do you solve the grandfather paradox? The first solution to this famous paradox is that when you go back in time to kill your grandfather, you're not going back to your own history, but a copy of your history, and everything you do in this version of your history will affect the alternate future of that universe, not your own. Who created the grandfather paradox? In 1943, Barjavel asked what would happen if a man went back in time to a date before his parents were born and killed his own grandfather. With no grandfather, one of the man's parents would never have been born, and therefore, the man, himself, would never have existed. Is backwards time travel possible? As for backward time travel, it is possible to find solutions in general relativity that allow for it, such as a rotating black hole. Traveling to an arbitrary point in spacetime has very limited support in theoretical physics, and is usually connected only with quantum mechanics or wormholes. Can humans travel through time? Although humans can't hop into a time machine and go back in time, we do know that clocks on airplanes and satellites travel at a different speed than those on Earth. We all travel in time! ... However, when we think of the phrase "time travel," we are usually thinking of traveling faster than 1 second per second. Can a black hole die? When particles escape, the black hole loses a small amount of its energy and therefore some of its mass (mass and energy are related by Einstein's equation E = mc2). Consequently, an evaporating black hole will have a finite lifespan. Are white holes real in space? Though mathematical solutions to those equations exist for white holes, “they're not realistic,” says Andrew Hamilton , an astrophysicist at the University of Colorado at Boulder. That is because they describe universes that contain only black holes, white holes and wormholes—no matter, radiation or energy. What's the opposite of a black hole? Is there a black hole at the center of every galaxy? Almost every galaxy, including our Milky Way, has a supermassive black hole at its heart, with masses of millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun. Astronomers are still studying why the heart of galaxies often hosts a supermassive black hole. Can you see a black hole? You can 'see' the closest known black hole to Earth with the naked eye. There is a black hole in our backyard. Astronomers have found the closest black hole yet at just 1000 light years from Earth, close enough to see the stars that orbit it without a telescope. What is behind a black hole? Ever since Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity was considered to have predicted black holes by linking space-time with the action of gravity, it has been known that black holes result from the death of a massive star leaving behind a small, dense remnant core. How did Einstein predict black holes? Einstein denied several times that black holes could form. In 1939 he published a paper that argues that a star collapsing would spin faster and faster, spinning at the speed of light with infinite energy well before the point where it is about to collapse into a Schwarzchild singularity, or black hole. Does time exist inside a black hole? Near a black hole, the slowing of time is extreme. From the viewpoint of an observer outside the black hole, time stops. ... Inside the black hole, the flow of time itself draws falling objects into the center of the black hole. No force in the universe can stop this fall, any more than we can stop the flow of time. Who first theorized the existence of a black hole? What happens to matter inside a black hole? When matter falls into or comes closer than the event horizon of a black hole, it becomes isolated from the rest of space-time. ... Once inside the black hole's event horizon, matter will be torn apart into its smallest subatomic components and eventually be squeezed into the singularity. Do astronauts shower? On the ISS, astronauts do not shower but rather use liquid soap, water, and rinseless shampoo. They squeeze liquid soap and water from pouches onto their skin. Then they use rinseless soap with a little water to clean their hair. ... (See this video of astronaut Karen Nyberg washing her hair in space.) What is the smell of sperm? Semen normally smells like ammonia, bleach, or chlorine. Semen is about 1 percent sperm and 99 percent other compounds, enzymes, proteins, and minerals. Many of these substances are alkaline. This means that they're above a 7 on the pH scale, which is measured from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline). What does the moon smell like? Apollo astronauts reported that lunar dust found inside their landers smelt like burnt gunpowder. - How did Einstein describe gravity? - What forces combine together in a grand unified theory? - What does greatness personified mean? - What did Albert Einstein spend the last 20 years of his life pursuing? - What is meant by Grounded Theory? - Who proposed grand unified theory? - Did Albert Einstein refuse surgery? - What is the main focus of behaviorism? - What do all nursing theories have in common? - What is the unifying theory of geology? You will be interested - What is ultimate theory? - What are the levels of arousal? - Which theory is considered a grand theory? - What are the 5 leadership theories? - What is the unified field theory of consciousness? - What does greatness stand for? - Did Jane cheat on Stephen with Jonathan? - What is the grand tack theory? - How many theories are there in international relations? - What is grand theory and middle-range theory?

<urn:uuid:d6461982-40ae-4d98-81e6-acb9821c28d3>

CC-MAIN-2021-49

https://sociology-tips.com/library/lecture/read/10750-how-do-you-solve-the-grandfather-paradox

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en

Over the years, plastic products that've floated out into the oceans have been gradually drawn together by the world's currents, to form an enormous swirling mass of plastic in the Pacific Ocean. It's known variously as The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, North Pacific Gyre, Trash Vortex, and Plastic Graveyard - and has now grown to twice the size of Continental USA! Sounds too incredible to be true, yet the plastic mass can be seen from space, as this satellite pic shows. Plastic waste is one of the most significant sources of marine pollution, making up 90% of all floating debris. Bottles, bags, balloons, net floats...you name it, it's out there, and a real problem for marine wildlife. Whales have been found starved to death with throats blocked by plastic buckets. Turtles feast on plastic bags, thinking they're jellyfish. Diving seabirds have been strangled by 6-pack beer can collars. The plastic is also churned into smaller pieces as it swirls about, and then consumed by fish. The chemicals in the plastic enter the food chain, and we eventually consume tasty carcinogens like DDT and PCBs! To help document The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, the marine research and education organisation Algalita built a boat from recycled plastic bottles (15-20,000!) and sailed it from California to Hawaii. Click here for a slideshow of the Garbage Patch and a 4min.video clip......or here for the video clip alone. Many NZers actively recycle plastics, so what more can we do? Avoid supermarket plastic by using your own bags. Write to your local MP (a real letter looks so much better than an email), requesting initiatives that encourage industry to move into recycling - and penalise those that can but won't. Praise companies using recyclable plastic packaging. Choose products that're packaged in glass or recyclable plastic (Grades 1 and 2: look for the little triangle code on the package). Reduce - reuse - recycle - respect. Or not give a damn: it's up to you. PS: - See also my post of 24 April 2010 for more details and links...

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CC-MAIN-2014-23

http://yardyyardyyardy.blogspot.co.nz/2009/10/worlds-biggest-landfill.html

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en

VOLUNTEERS ARE URGENTLY NEEDED IN APRIL Imaging is the creation of pictures of areas inside the body that could not otherwise be seen. There are many different technologies used to create images. Images are created by the way different tissues react to x-rays, radioactive particles, sound waves or magnetic fields. Sometimes a contrast mediumcontrast mediumA substance used in some diagnostic procedures to help parts of the body show up better on x-rays or other imaging tests. is used to create a better picture. |Type of imaging test||How images are produced||Examples| nuclear medicine imaging studies Why an imaging test is done Imaging is done to: - check the structure and function of body tissues and organs - detect abnormalities caused by various diseases, including cancer - help make a diagnosis of cancer - guide doctors to an abnormality or suspected tumour so they can take a biopsy sample or remove the abnormal tissue - determine the stage (how far cancer has spread and if it is present in nearby organs or tissues) - help plan cancer treatment - find out if cancer treatment is working (if the tumour has increased or decreased in size) - check if cancer has come back (has recurred) after treatment How an imaging test is done Each test uses a different technology and imaging machine. Depending on the type of imaging test, it may be done in a doctor’s office, clinic, imaging centre or hospital. Some tests require special preparation. - Sometimes a contrast medium is given before the test: - by enema (a procedure used to inject a liquid into the colon and rectum through the anus) - intravenously (injected into a vein in the hand or arm) The images are captured on x-ray film or a computer. They are read and interpreted by a doctor who specializes in imaging techniques (a radiologist) or a nuclear medicine doctor. What the results mean An imaging test can show: - a change in the structure of an organ that could be due to injury or disease - a mass, lesion (an area of abnormal tissue) or area of increased activity that could be a tumour or something caused by another disease - the spread of cancer to other organs - a decrease or increase in the size of a tumour (depending on how well treatment is working) What happens if a change or abnormality is found The doctor will decide whether further tests, procedures, follow-up care or additional treatment are needed. Thanks to the incredible progress in retinoblastoma research made possible by Canadian Cancer Society funding, my son won’t have to go through what I did. How can you stop cancer before it starts? Discover how your lifestyle choices can affect cancer risk and how you can take action with our interactive tool – It’s My Life!

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/diagnosis-and-treatment/tests-and-procedures/imaging/?region=nb

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en

As of today, you can use solar panels for multiple applications. Hence, they allow you to lead the lifestyle you want. What makes it even better is that it produces green energy. So, you do not have to worry about depleting the resources or putting extra pressure on the Earth. However, with so many panels available in the market, it can be quite confusing for a customer. Each brand on the market would also highlight several features that make it unique. How, then, do you decide what to buy? The voltage a solar panel produces is one thing to look for. How Many Volts Does A 300W Solar Panel Produce? The volts a solar panel produces depend on the amount of energy it receives from the Sun. However, a typical 300W solar panel would produce 240 volts of electricity under optimum conditions. When measured in amperes, this is equivalent to 1.25 amps. Factors Affecting The Voltage Of A Solar Panel Under usual circumstances, solar panels are able to produce consistent outputs with respect to voltage. It does not even change too much with the varying intensities of sunlight. However, the current it produces will change with the intensity of light. This is not to say that you will never notice that the voltage of your solar panels changes. Here are some factors that might be affecting its voltage: - Clarity Of The Skies You would notice that the voltage of your solar panels is nearly constant even as the current varies if you plot a PV graph. However, this is true only if the sky above the solar panels is clear. However, assume that a tree has covered the panels. In this case, you would notice that the voltage of the solar panels changes. It is due to the nature of the materials it is composed of. To avoid this, manufacturers use bypass diodes. It ensures that you get optimum output even if some parts of the solar panel are shaded. The voltage may also depend on the temperature of the panels. - Charging Cycle Of The Battery There are four stages of battery charging that you should know and the voltage varies with each of them. These are as under: This is the first stage of charging and it begins when the solar panels get sunlight. This allows the panels to put energy into the battery. Once the batteries get electric energy, the voltage begins increasing. After the batteries reach a predetermined voltage, they enter into this stage. The voltage depends on the kind of battery that is used. They only get out of this stage after a fixed time or after the amperes reduce. This stage also causes a fixed voltage according to the programming of the controller. Usually, this stage occurs once the batteries have been completely charged. Since the controller determines the voltage in this stage, it is vital that you program it correctly. This stage occurs from time to time. The battery is overcharged under control and it is used for maintenance. This is because some batteries do not function properly after some time. They do not give all the current they are supposed to. Equalization is performed to avoid this. What Should You Do When The Voltage Is Too Low? Now that you know what to expect from your solar panels, you would be able to tell when the voltage is too less. If such a situation occurs you can do the following: - Ensure that nothing is blocking the panel. To do so, you will have to examine the solar panel physically. Do not worry, you can do it safely, provided you are careful. If something is blocking it, you can try to remove it. - After you have looked at the panels for any blockage, you can look at the connections. You can do so when there is no sunlight on the panels. This is to ensure your safety. You can check for signs of corrosion. If you find any, you can use the right spray to clean it. - Next, you can use a thermal camera. If you do not have this gadget, you can easily buy the ones that are budget-friendly online. When you check the panels, you will see a thermal output. You might wonder how this is going to help you with your solar panels. Well, it will help because you will be able to see anything that resists the flow of current as heat on the camera. Hence, you will be able to understand what causes the low voltage. Should You Go For High Or Low Voltage? All this talk about voltage might have you wondering what you should go for – high or low voltage. You can have a look at the disadvantages and advantages of each one and decide for yourself. Advantages of high voltage solar panels: - It is more potent and consistent. As constant energy can be used as a backup in case of any emergency. - Usually, higher voltage panels have volts from 60- 72 volts. Hence, high voltage has more energy than low voltage panels as you can use it for larger loads. - High voltage solar panels permit more power output per panel. Since it doesn’t require many panels. - Moreover, it works better with inverters than others. - It generates energy faster. - High voltage panels can save many watts of energy. Disadvantages of high voltage solar panels: - More expensive than low-voltage solar panels. - Sometimes higher voltage systems lead to a high risk of shock. - Installation costs are also higher. Advantages of low voltage solar panels: - Low-volt panels are cheaper than others. - It can generate power easily even if it does not have enough sunlight. - It is quite easy to install and the cost for installation is also lower. - Though it doesn’t produce more energy than a higher voltage panel, it works great for smaller homes. Disadvantages of low voltage solar panels: - The low-voltage panels may not generate sufficient electricity. Low energy production is the major disadvantage of low-volt solar panels. - It does not match any gadget that needs a lot of energy. Hope you now know everything you need about 300W solar panels. You would also know why your voltage changes unexpectedly and how to fix it. However, you should be careful when you check out connections. If you are unsure, you can always call an expert for help.

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CC-MAIN-2022-27

https://walkingsolar.com/how-many-volts-does-a-300w-solar-panel-produce/

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en

From planetesimals to terrestrial planets: N-body simulations including the effects of nebular gas and giant planets We present results from a suite of N-body simulations that follow the formation and accretion history of the terrestrial planets using a new parallel treecode that we have developed. We initially place 2000 equal size planetesimals between 0.5 and 4.0 AU and the collisional growth is followed until the completion of planetary accretion (>100 Myr). A total of 64 simulations were carried out to explore sensitivity to the key parameters and initial conditions. All the important effect of gas in laminar disks are taken into account: the aerodynamic gas drag, the disk-planet interaction including Type I migration, and the global disk potential which causes inward migration of secular resonances as the gas dissipates. We vary the initial total mass and spatial distribution of the planetesimals, the time scale of dissipation of nebular gas (which dissipates uniformly in space and exponentially in time), and orbits of Jupiter and Saturn. We end up with 1-5 planets in the terrestrial region. In order to maintain sufficient mass in this region in the presence of Type I migration, the time scale of gas dissipation needs to be 1-2 Myr. The final configurations and collisional histories strongly depend on the orbital eccentricity of Jupiter. If today's eccentricity of Jupiter is used, then most of bodies in the asteroidal region are swept up within the terrestrial region owing to the inward migration of the secular resonance, and giant impacts between protoplanets occur most commonly around 10 Myr. If the orbital eccentricity of Jupiter is close to zero, as suggested in the Nice model, the effect of the secular resonance is negligible and a large amount of mass stays for a long period of time in the asteroidal region. With a circular orbit for Jupiter, giant impacts usually occur around 100 Myr, consistent with the accretion time scale indicated from isotope records. However, we inevitably have an Earth size planet at around 2 AU in this case. It is very difficult to obtain spatially concentrated terrestrial planets together with very late giant impacts, as long as we include all the above effects of gas and assume initial disks similar to the minimum mass solar nebular.

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CC-MAIN-2020-50

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Icar..207..517M

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en

BEIJING: A recent study has shown that Qingfei Paidu soup, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) widely used to treat Covid-19, can help reduce the rate of death among hospitalised patients by half, reported Xinhua News Agency citing the report of China Daily Monday. The study, led by researchers from Fuwai Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, examined more than 8,900 hospitalised Covid-19 cases in Hubei Province, the hardest-hit region during the epidemic, from January to May last year. Nearly 30 per cent of the patients had taken Qingfei Paidu as part of their therapies. Results suggest that the mortality rate for those undergoing the TCM treatment stands at 1.2 per cent, while the rate for other patients is 4.8 per cent, said the report. The study concluded that the use of Qingfei Paidu is associated with a 50 per cent reduction of mortality in hospitalised Covid-19 patients, without amplifying the risk of developing acute liver or kidney injuries. The newspaper cited Li Jing, head of the research team, as saying that based on the national diagnosis and treatment guidelines for Covid-19, Qingfei Paidu is the only prescription that is recommended for treating all patients ranging from mild to critical cases. Qingfei Paidu is a concoction made of dozens of TCM herbs and roots such as ephedra, licorice root and bitter almond. The study is by far the largest clinical research on Qingfei Paidu and its findings have provided strong evidence proving its marked efficacy in saving the lives of Covid-19 patients, according to the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. – Bernama

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CC-MAIN-2022-49

https://www.newsarawaktribune.com.my/tcm-can-help-halve-covid-19-death-rate/

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en

The Toddler language you use, and the way you talk to your little one make a big difference to tackling behaviour problems in toddlers, and boosting their self-esteem. This is more than just trying not to shout. Follow the strategies below and watch how your toddler's behaviour improves... Small language tricks like these will make a surprising difference to how you prevent and deal with behaviour problems in toddlers. If instructions are too vague or negative, it's easy for your toddler to misunderstand you: Children of this age are beginners and you should simplify what you say so they understand. This is how: tell your child specifically what you want her to do, and show her as well if possible. over-clear avoids misunderstandings where you think your toddler is being naughty, but in fact she doesn't actually understand what you want her to do. Keep toddler language simple and clear. Do you tell your child how well he has done something often enough? Praise for not running across the road or using the potty for the first time is good. Praise for doing what is expected of him is even better. Imagine it's your first day at a new job. You're not sure what is expected of you but you really want to do well and impress the boss. Wouldn't you be happier getting constant positive feedback? is what life is like for your toddler. Prevent behaviour problems by praising him for eating his breakfast, coming when you ask and listening to a story - even if he always does this anyway. Be specific so he knows exactly what he has done right: "Good boy for eating your cornflakes. Well done!" NO is one of the toddler's favourite and most infuriating words. If you can restrict how often you say it, so will they - hopefully! Swap these No's for more positive instructions: When you purchase from this link, you are actually purchasing from Amazon.com, and you can have peace of mind that your order will be processed by Amazon’s secure order server.

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CC-MAIN-2019-13

https://www.toddler-activities-at-home.com/toddler-language.html

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en

Irish sheep farmer Paul Brennan has figured out a unique use for his drone: herding sheep. The drone, nicknamed Shep, uses the same techniques as a sheepdog, corralling the herd of sheep in whatever direction the farmer wants. Because it’s controlled remotely, it doesn’t require any training. Shep can’t possibly be as cute as a real sheepdog, though. Useful or not, drones are no replacement for man’s best friend. Photo via Stephen Ausmus/Wikimedia Commons (PD)

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CC-MAIN-2021-25

https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/sheep-herding-drone-shep/

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en

Just a few days ago, the world lost one of the foremost champions of conservative principles. She was a champion of personal liberty and real freedom—working to reverse decades of economic oppression and suffocating progressivism in her country—yet the attacks on her work were unrelenting. Despite countless efforts to curtail her work, she never gave up, and ultimately turned around the terrible consequences that were destroying her country. Today, there are some who rejoice in her death, and tirelessly work to reverse her accomplishments. This is the story of a real feminist— this is Margaret Thatcher. Her achievements are lauded by the successes they produced. The conservative principles she espoused made real differences that brought her nation out of the doldrums, and saved her people from a collision course with utter failure. Under Thatcher’s watchful eye and discerning leadership: - Oppressive, stifling taxes were dramatically reduced, enticing the best and brightest to once again thrive in Great Britain. - Government-run industries were returned to private hands - Union thuggary was swiftly dealt with through common-sense reforms, lifting yet another dead weight around the neck of the British economy - Alongside Ronald Reagan, Communism was beaten back, ending a decades-long Cold War As Thatcher neared the pinnacle of her career, Great Britain was stagnant and struggling following decades of big government through socialist Labour party rule. This same Labour party had dug the nation into one of its deepest holes. It was, as the Margaret Thatcher Foundation puts it, “one of the most crisis-prone in British history, leading the country to a state of virtual bankruptcy in 1976 when a collapse in the value of the currency on the foreign exchanges forced the government to negotiate credit from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).” Sir John Banham, the first controller of the Audit Commission that was put into place by Thatcher, recalls that “inflation was running riot, the unions were running the country and the only real question was how fast we were going to decline both economically and socially.” Does this sound familiar? It should. Our current predicament also comes from years of liberal economic policies topped with a president farther to the left than any leader preceding him. Like Thatcher, who faced her own party of status-quo adherents unwilling to rock the boat, does our situation here not also stem from unprincipled politicians ungrounded in the bedrock of a successful philosophy? Mona Charen, in describing pre-Thatcher England puts it well, “Successive Labour (and spineless Tory) governments had delivered an economy close to collapse.” In today’s America, we face our fifth straight year of high unemployment, a dwindling job market, a sluggish GDP, rising costs, skyrocketing debt, and burgeoning government. We are, at best, teetering on another recession. At worst, we could soon face a depression. With a projected 20 trillion dollar debt on the horizon, the outlook indeed looks bleak. So bleak, in fact, that many people doubt that this nation can ever recover its status as a world leader in economic and personal liberties. While sad, Thatcher’s death does serve to bring her once again to the forefront of our minds, as we consider that as she herself proved, big government can be quelled! It can be done. Our predicament, while historically unprecedented in its size and scope, isn’t too far removed from the disarray Great Britain faced before Thatcher. Taxes, Overregulation and Stifling Government Control The Great Britain that Thatcher confronted was one where taxes and regulations were putting a massive squeeze on the economic engines of society. And, much like our current situation today in the U.S., the tax codes were driving the most affluent to expatriate; taking with them their ability to inject cash flow into the struggling economy. Thatcher addressed this swiftly, putting a plug in the “brain and fame drain” that was so hurting the country’s potential. Under her watch, the top tax rate was reduced from 83% to 40%. In the U.S. we are all too familiar with the oppressive and burdensome nature of too many regulations over to many aspects of our lives. As of last year alone, the U.S. federal government has approximately 160,000 pages of regulation, including criminal offenses so numerous in detail that “the American Bar Association says it would be futile to even attempt to estimate the total.” By the end of 2012, 76,875 new pages of federal regulations were added. We’re just over 3 months into 2013, and we’ve already seen 19,362 new pages of regulations added to the registry. This, of course, is in addition to any state or local regulations additionally imposed. Today, the U.S. government is in the business of picking winners and losers in the business world—effectively taking over certain industry sectors. Thatcher faced even more overt government control over businesses and industries, much of which she was able to promptly privatize. As John Blundell puts it, “She returned scores of state enterprises to the private sector; these lumbering, subsidy guzzling embarrassments were transformed into nimble, profit-making, taxpaying, world-class companies so much so her privatization policy was copied around the world.” Thatcher faced stiff opposition from the unions; unions that had moved past their original purpose and instead sucked the life out of growth and innovation. Mona Charen continues, “During the “winter of discontent” in 1978–79, strikes by public employees had crippled public services. Pickets blocked the entrances to hospitals, and only those suffering emergencies were permitted entry. Railway workers and truck drivers disrupted transportation. Trash accumulated on the streets as sanitation workers walked off the job. Bodies accumulated in morgues as gravediggers joined the strikes, prompting officials to discuss burial at sea for the mounting piles of corpses.” Thatcher didn’t budge. It is recorded that when asked about her greatest achievement, Thatcher responded with “New Labour.” Indeed, she made impressive strides in curbing the excessive power that the unions held over the workforce and the economy. Her reforms brought many changes, including requiring ballots to be held before a strike, and a push similar to “right to work” which reined in the concept of the “closed shop.” Back across the pond in the U.S., the raucous displays in both Wisconsin and Michigan by angered union members unwilling to discuss reform; or the vitriolic howls for unions to “fight a war against Republicans” from Teamsters president Jimmy Hoffa Jr. remind us that big union strongholds on this nation’s economy and political process are alive and well. Unlike our current administration’s often apologetic approach and somewhat timid stance in the face of increasingly bold world bullies, Thatcher was “Iron” abroad as she was at home. She and Ronald Reagan—a man who can easily be described as her ideological twin—were able to guide the world through the Cold War without actual war. She and Reagan won because they stood firm on the principle that communism was inherently evil and terribly destructive to society—this they backed up with an unwavering belief that the military is a vital investment one never hopes to use. Backed up by the Peace through Strength policy of her American counterpart, Thatcher maintained a primed and ready military force pointed straight back at the threats that faced her. Thatcher didn’t bluff—Thatcher was fearless. Common Sense & Conviction Thatcher managed her government like a housewife manages the affairs of her household. She employed logical, sound, common sense principles without which any household would doubtless fail. To be sure, the results of her leadership didn’t initially resemble a walk in the park. Nonetheless, Thatcher wasn’t afraid to make her nation take the bitter medicine it so desperately needed to avoid the she knew it would otherwise face. Not surprisingly, the pains that Great Britain went through in her first term pushed even those in her own party to seek a shift in tactic. Her response to those who sought to make her compromise was plain: “You turn if you want to. The lady’s not for turning.” She was unwavering. And it worked. As the New York Times recalls, “Her policies revitalized British business, spurred industrial growth and swelled the middle class.” Margaret Thatcher personified the art of statesmanship, which is about more than being able to defy the winds of compromise. She didn’t simply plant her feet in the ground and say “no;” she had a plan based upon proven principles—she moved forward on all fronts. With these values solidly at her side, and with a love of country strong enough to deflect the ensuing criticism, Baroness Thatcher pressed on. Thatcherism: Today and Into Tomorrow Sadly, the Great Britain that Thatcher raised up is hardly recognizable today. Much to the chagrin of so many who place blame for its current predicaments on the principles to which Thatcher relentlessly adhered, it is in fact a departure from those principles which has cause its downfall once again. Great Britain and the U.S. alike have gone right back to the old habits of reckless spending, burgeoning government that Thatcher—and her American counterpart Ronald Reagan—worked so hard to defeat. A few bright spots in an otherwise dim Washington D.C. give us hope that another Margaret Thatcher—perhaps to carry on where Reagan left off—can rise and lead this nation to greatness once again. Names such as Senators Rand Paul and Ted Cruz come to mind among a few others; both are individuals willing to buck the inside-the-beltway status quo in order to preserve our freedoms. Time and again they’ve proved themselves on this front; most recently, one stood for hours on end defending our Constitutional right to a trial by jury while certain colleagues dined with the President; the other openly berated a fellow member of his party for his concerning lack of understanding surrounding our nation’s enemies. Most importantly, both appear to be unrelentingly in their dedication to the common-sense, limited government principles that Thatcher and Reagan espoused; the very same principles that made us great. Will it be easy? Hardly . . . especially since this country faces many inside and outside of government that have become quite comfortable with “Washington Inc.” (see “The Golden Rules of Capitalism”) and the “painless life” it claims to offer. Sadly, it’s often those WITHIN Washington Inc. who are living on Easy Street, while regular citizens struggle to stay afloat. Yet despite this obvious discrepancy, our society has been programmed to blame capitalism and the principles of small government, thanks to decades of propagating a false definition of the same; while what they’re really blaming is the very unfair nature of BIG government and collectivist economics that Margaret Thatcher sought to combat in Great Britain. Margaret Thatcher’s trail blazing leadership proved that the seemingly impossible IS possible, if we—both politicians and voters—hold firmly to tried-and-true common sense ideals. This isn’t rocket science. To be certain, Margaret Thatcher’s ideas weren’t new and improved. In fact, they weren’t extraordinary . . . no more so than the common sense we use to run our daily lives. The results they produced, however, WERE extraordinary in the face of such a dismal state of affairs, and it can happen again. We must simply, as Thatcher so famously did, stand firm, because we KNOW what works, and we certainly know what doesn’t. While our president openly snubs Baroness Thatcher (and in turn, our greatest ally) by refusing to send an official delegation to her funeral today—never mind that he just sent one to Hugo Chavez’s—we must work to preserve the principles she fought so hard to put in place, both in Great Britain and frankly, around the world. We do this by being educated citizens, fluent in the language of our country and our world´s history, and with our eyes wide open to the content of the character of the leaders we put in office. It can be done . . . we just have to be fearless and unceasing in our efforts to restore America. For helpful guidelines when vetting a candidate at any level of leadership, see The Golden Barometer as found in The Golden Rules of Economics by Peter M. Vessenes.

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Getting Hands-On with Soft Circuits is a set of instructional materials which seeks to expose middle and high school students to the creative, expressive, and computationally engaging domain of e-textiles. Engaging in hands-on activities, such as creating soft, electronic textile (e-textile) circuits, is one promising path to building self-efficacy and scientific understanding – both of which can have a dramatic impact on diversity in the field of computing. The instructional materials include a workshop activity guide and an accompanying selection of low-cost craft and electronic components. The guide is available both for download and to order. An additional activity on making Plush Monsters is available here.

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Part One of the Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences: The Logic Development of the Object Mechanism - Chemism - Teleology The Object is immediate being, because insensible to difference, which in it has suspended itself. It is, further, a totality in itself, while at the same time (as this identity is only the implicit identity of its dynamic elements) it is equally indifferent to its immediate unity. It thus breaks up into distinct parts, each of which is itself the totality. Hence the object is the absolute contradiction between a complete independence of the multiplicity, and the equally complete non-independence of the different pieces. The definition, which states that the Absolute is the Object, is most definitely implied in the Leibnitzian Monad. The Monads are each an object, but an object implicitly 'representative', indeed the total representation of the world. In the simple unity of the Monad, all difference is merely ideal, not independent or real. Nothing from without comes into the monad: it is the whole notion in itself, only distinguished by its own greater or less development. None the less, this simple totality parts into the absolute multeity of differences, each becoming an independent monad. In the monad of monads, and the Pre-established Harmony of their inward developments, these substances are in like manner again reduced to 'identity' and unsubstantiality. The philosophy of Leibnitz, therefore, represents contradiction in its complete development. (1) As Fichte in modern times has especially and with justice insisted, the theory which regards the Absolute or God as the Object and there stops, expresses the point of view taken by superstition and slavish fear. No doubt God is the Object, and, indeed, the Object out and out, confronted with which our particular or subjective opinions and desires have no truth and no validity. As absolute object, however, God does not therefore take up the position of a dark and hostile power over against subjectivity. He rather involves it as a vital element in himself. Such also is the meaning of the Christian doctrine, according to which God has willed that all men should be saved and all attain blessedness. The salvation and the blessedness of men are attained when they come to feel themselves at one with God, so that God, on the other hand, ceases to be for them mere object, and, in that way, an object of fear and terror, as was especially the case with the religious consciousness of the Romans. But God in the Christian religion is also known as Love, because in his Son, who is one with him, he has revealed himself to men as a man among men, and thereby redeemed them. All of which is only another way of saying that the antithesis of subjective and objective is implicitly overcome, and that it is our affair to participate in this redemption by laying aside our immediate subjectivity (putting off the old Adam), and learning to know God as our true and essential self. Just as religion and religious worship consist in overcoming the antithesis of subjectivity and objectivity, so science too and philosophy have no other task than to overcome this antithesis by the medium of thought. The aim of knowledge is to divest the objective world that stands opposed to us of its strangeness, and, as the phrase is, to find ourselves at home in it: which means no more than to trace the objective world back to the notion - to our innermost self. We may learn from the present discussion the mistake of regarding the antithesis of subjectivity and objectivity as an abstract and permanent one. The two are wholly dialectical. The notion is at first only subjective: but without the assistance of any foreign material or stuff it proceeds, in obedience to its own action, to objectify itself. So, too, the object is not rigid and processless. Its process is to show itself as what is at the same time subjective, and thus form the step onwards to the idea. Any one who, from want of familiarity with the categories of subjectivity and objectivity, seeks to retain them in their abstraction will find that the isolated categories slip through his fingers before he is aware, and that he says the exact contrary of what he wanted to say. (2) Objectivity contains the three forms of Mechanism, Chemism, and Teleology. The object of mechanical type is the immediate and undifferentiated object. No doubt it contains difference, but the different pieces stand, as it were, without affinity to each other, and their connection is only extraneous. In chemism, on the contrary, the object exhibits an essential tendency to differentiation, in such a way that the objects are what they are only by their relation to each other: this tendency to difference constitutes their quality. The third type of objectivity, the teleological relation, is the unity of mechanism and chemism. Design, like the mechanical object, is a self-contained totality, enriched however by the principle of differentiation which came to the fore in chemism, and thus referring itself to the object that stands over against it. Finally, it is the realisation of design which forms the transition to the Idea. The object (1) in its immediacy is the notion only potentially; the notion as subjective is primarily outside it; and all its specific character is imposed from without. As a unity of differents, therefore, it is a composite, an aggregate; and its capacity of acting on anything else continues to be an external relation. This is Formal Mechanism. Notwithstanding, and in this connection and non-independence, the objects remain independent and offer resistance, external to each other. Pressure and impact are examples of mechanical relations. Our knowledge is said to be mechanical or by rote, when the words have no meaning for us, but continue external to sense, conception, thought; and when, being similarly external to each other, they form a meaningless sequence. Conduct, piety, etc., are in the same way mechanical, when a man's behaviour is settled for him by ceremonial laws, by a spiritual adviser, etc.; in short, when his own mind and will are not in his actions, which in this way are extraneous to himself. Mechanism, the first form of objectivity, is also the category which primarily offers itself to reflection, as it examines the objective world. It is also the category beyond which reflection seldom goes. It is, however, a shallow and superficial mode of observation, one that cannot carry us through in connection with Nature and still less in connection with the world of Mind. In Nature it is only the veriest abstract relations of matter in its inert masses which obey the law of mechanism. On the contrary the phenomena and operations of the province to which the term 'physical' in its narrower sense is applied, such as the phenomena of light, heat, magnetism, and electricity, cannot be explained by any mere mechanical processes, such as pressure, impact, displacement of parts, and the like. Still less satisfactory is it to transfer these categories and apply them in the field of organic nature; at least if it be our aim to understand the specific features of that field, such as the growth and nourishment of plants, or, it may be, even animal sensation. It is at any rate a very deep-seated, and perhaps the main, defect of modern researches into nature, that, even where other and higher categories than those of mere mechanism are in operation, they still stick obstinately to the mechanical laws; although they thus conflict with the testimony of unbiased perception, and foreclose the gate to an adequate knowledge of nature. But even in considering the formations in the world of Mind, the mechanical theory has been repeatedly invested with an authority which it has no right to. Take as an instance the remark that man consists of soul and body. In this language, the two things stand each self-subsistent, and associated only from without. Similarly we find the soul regarded as a mere group of forces and faculties, subsisting independently side by side. Thus decidedly must we reject the mechanical mode of inquiry when it comes forward and arrogates to itself the place of rational cognition in general, and seeks to get mechanism accepted as an absolute category. But we must not on that account forget expressly to vindicate for mechanism the right and import of a general logical category. It would be, therefore, a mistake to restrict it to the special physical department from which it derives its name. There is no harm done, for example, in directing attention to mechanical actions, such as that of gravity, the lever, etc., even in departments, notably in physics and in physiology, beyond the range of mechanics proper. It must however be remembered that within these spheres the laws of mechanism cease to be final or decisive, and sink, as it were, to a subservient position. To which may be added that in Nature, when the higher or organic functions are in any way checked or disturbed in their normal efficiency, the otherwise subordinate category of mechanism is immediately seen to take the upper hand. Thus a sufferer from indigestion feels pressure on the stomach, after partaking of certain food in slight quantity; whereas those whose digestive organs are sound remain free from the sensation, although they have eaten as much. The same phenomenon occurs in the general feeling of heaviness in the limbs, experienced in bodily indisposition. Even in the world of Mind, mechanism has its place; though there, too, it is a subordinate one. We are right in speaking of mechanical memory, and all sorts of mechanical operations, such as reading, writing, playing on musical instruments, etc. In memory, indeed, the mechanical quality of the action is essential: a circumstance of which the neglect has not unfrequently caused great harm in the training of the young, from the misapplied zeal of modern educationalists for the freedom of intelligence. It would betray bad psychology, however, to have recourse to mechanism for an explanation of the nature of memory, and to apply mechanical laws straight off to the soul. The mechanical feature in memory lies merely in the fact that certain signs, tones, etc., are apprehended in their purely external association, and then reproduced in this association, without attention being expressly directed to their meaning and inward association. To become acquainted with these conditions of mechanical memory requires no further study of mechanics, nor would that study tend at all to advance the special inquiry of psychology. The want of stability in itself which allows the object to suffer violence, is possessed by it (see preceding §) only in so far as it has a certain stability. Now as the object is implicitly invested with the character of notion, the one of these characteristics is not merged into its other; but the object, through the negation of itself (its lack of independence), closes with itself, and not till it so closes, is it independent. Thus at the same time in distinction from the outwardness, and negativing that outwardness in its independence, does this independence form a negative unity with self - Centrality (subjectivity). So conceived, the other itself has direction and reference towards the external. But this external object is similarly central in itself, and being so, is no less only referred towards the other centre; so that it no less has its centrality in the other. This is (2) Mechanism with Affinity (with bias, or 'difference'), and may be illustrated by gravitation, appetite, social instinct, etc. This relation, when fully carried out, forms a syllogism. In that syllogism the immanent negativity, as the central individuality of an object (abstract centre) relates itself to non-independent objects, as the other extreme, by a mean which unites the centrality with the non-independence of the objects (relative centre). This is (3) Absolute Mechanism. The syllogism thus indicated (I - P - U) is a triad of syllogisms. The wrong individuality of non-independent objects, in which formal Mechanism is at home, is, by reason of that non-independence, no less universality, though it be only external. Hence these objects also form the mean between the absolute-and the relative centre (the form of syllogism being U - I - P): for it is by this want of independence that those two are kept asunder and made extremes, as well as related to one another. Similarly absolute centrality, as the permanently underlying universal substance (illustrated by the gravity which continues identical), which as pure negativity equally includes individuality in it, is what mediates between the relative centre and the non-independent objects (the form of syllogism being P - U - I). It does so no less essentially as a disintegrating force, in its character of immanent individuality, than in virtue of universality, acting as an identical bond of union and tranquil self-containedness. Like the solar system, so for example in the practical sphere, the state is a system of three syllogisms. (1) The Individual or person, through his particularity or physical or mental needs (which when carried out to their full development give civil society), is coupled with the universal, i.e. with society, law, right, government. (2) The will or action of the individuals is the intermediating force which procures for these needs satisfaction in society, in law, etc., and which gives to society, law, etc., their fulfilment and actualisation. (3) But the universal, that is to say the state, government, and law, is the permanent underlying mean in which the individuals and their satisfaction have and receive their fulfilled reality, intermediation, and persistence. Each of the functions of the notion, as it is brought by intermediation to coalesce with the other extreme, is brought into union with itself and produces itself: which production is self-preservation. It is only by the nature of this triple coupling, by this triad of syllogisms with the same terming that a whole is thoroughly understood in its organisation. The immediacy of existence, which the objects have in Absolute Mechanism, is implicitly negatived by the fact that their independence is derived from, and due to, their connections with each other, and therefore to their own want of stability. Thus the object must be explicitly stated as in its existence having an Affinity (or a bias) towards its other - as not-indifferent. The not-indifferent (biased) object has an immanent mode which constitutes its nature, and in which it has existence. But as it is invested with the character of total notion, it is the contradiction between this totality and the special mode of its existence. Consequently it is the constant endeavour to cancel this contradiction and to make its definite being equal to the notion. Chemism is a category of objectivity which, as a rule, is not particularly emphasised, and is generally put under the head of mechanism. The common name of mechanical relationship is applied to both, in contradistinction to the teleological. There is a reason for this in the common feature which belongs to mechanism and chemism. In them the notion exists, but only implicit and latent, and they are thus both marked off from teleology where the notion has real independent existence. This is true: and yet chemism and mechanism are very decidedly distinct. The object, in the form of mechanism, is primarily only an indifferent reference to self, while the chemical object is seen to be completely in reference to something else. No doubt even in mechanism, as it develops itself, there spring up references to something else: but the nexus of mechanical objects with one another is at first only an external nexus, so that the objects in connection with one another still retain the semblance of independence. In nature, for example, the several celestial bodies, which form our solar system, compose a kinetic system, and thereby show that they are related to one another. Motion, however, as the unity of time and space, is a connection which is purely abstract and external. And it seems therefore as if these celestial bodies, which are thus externally connected with each other, would continue to be what they are, even apart from this reciprocal relation. The case is quite different with chemism. Objects chemically biased are what they are expressly by that bias alone. Hence they are the absolute impulse towards integration by and in one another. The product of the chemical process consequently is the Neutral object, latent in the two extremes, each on the alert. The notion or concrete universal, by means of the bias of the objects (the particularity), coalesces with the individuality (in the shape of the product), and in that only with itself. In this process too the other syllogisms are equally involved. The place of mean is taken both by individuality as activity, and by the concrete universal, the essence of the strained extremes; which essence reaches definite being in the product. Chemism, as it is a reflectional nexus of objectivity, has pre-supposed, not merely the bias or non-indifferent nature of the objects, but also their immediate independence. The process of chemism consists in passing to and fro from one form to another; which forms continue to be as external as before. In the neutral product the specific properties, which the extremes bore towards each other, are merged. But although the product is conformable to the notion, the inspiring principle of active differentiation does not exist in it; for it has sunk back to immediacy. The neutral body is therefore capable of disintegration. But the discerning principle, which breaks up the neutral body into biased and strained extremes, and which gives to the indifferent object in general its affinity and animation towards another; that principle, and the process as a separation with tension, falls outside of that first process. The chemical process does not rise above a conditioned and finite process. The notion as notion is only the heart and core of the process, and does not in this stage come to an existence of its own. In the neutral product the process is extinct, and the existing cause falls outside it. Each of these two processes, the reduction of the biased (not-indifferent) to the neutral, and the differentiation of the indifferent or neutral, goes its own way without hindrance from the other. But that want of inner connection shows that they are finite, by their passage into products in which they are merged and lost. Conversely the process exhibits the nonentity of the presupposed immediacy of the not-indifferent objects. By this negation of immediacy and of externalism in which the notion as object was sunk, it is liberated and invested with independent being in face of that externalism and immediacy. In these circumstances it is the End (Final Cause). The passage from chemism to the teleological relation is implied in the mutual cancelling of both of the forms of the chemical process. The result thus attained is the liberation of the notion, which in chemism and mechanism was present only in the germ, and not yet evolved. The notion in the shape of the aim or end thus comes into independent existence. In the End the notion has entered on free existence and has a being of its own, by means of the negation of immediate objectivity. It is characterised as subjective, seeing that this negation is, in the first place, abstract, and hence at first the relation between it and objectivity still one of contrast. This character of subjectivity, however, compared with the totality of the notion, is one-sided, and that, be it added, for the End itself, in which all specific characters have been put as subordinated and merged. For it therefore even the object, which it presupposes, has only hypothetical (ideal) reality - essentially no-reality. The End, in short, is a contradiction of its self-identity against the negation stated in it, i.e. its antithesis to objectivity, and being so, contains the eliminative or destructive activity which negates the antithesis and renders it identical with itself. This is the realisation of the End: in which, while it turns itself into the other of its subjectivity and objectifies itself, thus cancelling the distinction between the two, it has only closed with itself, and retained itself. The notion of Design or End, while on one hand called redundant, is on another justly described as the rational notion, and contrasted with the abstract universal of understanding. The latter only subsumes the particular, and so connects it with itself: but has it not in its own nature. The distinction between the End or final cause, and the mere efficient cause (which is the cause ordinarily so called), is of supreme importance. Causes, properly so called, belong to the sphere of necessity, blind, and not yet laid bare. The cause therefore appears as passing into its correlative, and losing its primordiality thereby sinking into dependency. It is only by implication, or for us, that the cause is in the effect made for the first time a cause, and that it there returns into itself. The End, on the other hand, is expressly stated as containing the specific character in its own self - the effect, namely, which in the purely causal relation is never free from otherness. The End therefore in its efficiency does not pass over, but retains itself, i.e. it carries into effect itself only, and is at the end what it was in the beginning or primordial state. Until it thus retains itself, it is not genuinely primordial. The End then requires to be speculatively apprehended as the notion, which itself in the proper unity and ideality of its characteristics contains the judgment or negation - the antithesis of subjective and objective - and which to an equal extent suspends that antithesis. By End however we must not at once, nor must we ever merely, think of the form which it has in consciousness as a mode of mere mental representation. By means of the notion of Inner Design Kant has resuscitated the Idea in general and particularly the idea of life. Aristotle's definition of life virtually implies inner design, and is thus far in advance of the notion of design in modern Teleology, which had in view finite and outward design only. Animal wants and appetites are some of the readiest instances of the End. They are the felt contradiction, which exists within the living subject, and pass into the activity of negating this negation which mere subjectivity still is. The satisfaction of the want or appetite restores the peace between subject and object. The objective thing which, so long as the contradiction exists, i.e. so long as the want is felt, stands on the other side, loses this quasi-independence, by its union with the subject. Those who talk of the permanence and immutability of the finite, as well subjective as objective, may see the reverse illustrated in the operations of every appetite. Appetite is, so to speak, the conviction that the subjective is only a half-truth, no more adequate than the objective. But appetite in the second place carries out its conviction. It brings about the supersession of these finites: it cancels the antithesis between the objective which would be and stay an objective only, and the subjective which in like manner would be and stay a subjective only. As regards the action of the End, attention may be called to the fact, that in the syllogism, which represents that action, and shows the end closing with itself by the means of realisation, the radical feature is the negation of the termini. That negation is the one just mentioned both of the immediate subjectivity appearing in the End as such, and of the immediate objectivity as seen in the means and the objects presupposed. This is the same negation as is in operation when the mind leaves the contingent things of the world as well as its own subjectivity and rises to God. It is the 'moment' or factor which (as noticed in the Introduction and § 192) was overlooked and neglected in the analytic form of syllogisms, under which the so-called proofs of the Being of a God presented this elevation. In its primary and immediate aspect the Teleological relation is external design, and the notion confronts a presupposed object. The End is consequently finite, and that partly in its content, partly in the circumstance that it has an external condition in the object, which has to be found existing, and which is taken as material for its realisation. Its self-determining is to that extent in form only. The unmediatedness of the End has the further result that its particularity or content - which as form-characteristic is the subjectivity of the End - is reflected into self, and so different from the totality of the form, subjectivity in general, the notion. This variety constitutes the finitude of Design within its own nature. The content of the End, in this way, is quite as limited, contingent, and given, as the object is particular and found ready to hand. Generally speaking, the final cause is taken to mean nothing more than external design. In accordance with this view of it, things are supposed not to carry their vocation in themselves, but merely to be means employed and spent in realising a purpose which lies outside of them. That may be said to be the point of view taken by Utility, which once played a great part even in the sciences, but of late has fallen into merited disrepute, now that people have begun to see that it failed to give a genuine insight into the nature of things. It is true that finite things as finite ought in justice to be viewed as non-ultimate, and as pointing beyond themselves. This negativity of finite things however is their own dialectic, and in order to ascertain it we must pay attention to their positive content. Teleological observations on things often proceed from a well-meant wish to display the wisdom of God as it is especially revealed in nature. Now in thus trying to discover final causes for which the things serve as means, we must remember that we are stopping short at the finite, and are liable to fall into trifling reflections: as, for instance, if we not merely studied the vine in respect of its well-known use for man, but proceeded to consider the cork-tree in connection with the corks which are cut from its bark to put into the wine-bottles. Whole books used to be written in this spirit. It is easy to see that they promoted the genuine interest neither of religion nor of science. External design stands immediately in front of the idea: but what thus stands on the threshold often for that reason is least adequate. The teleological relation is a syllogism in which the subjective end coalesces with the objectivity external to it, through a middle term which is the unity of both. This unity is on one hand the purposive action, on the other the Means, i.e. objectivity made directly subservient to purpose. The development from End to Idea ensues by three stages, first, Subjective End; second, End in process of accomplishment; and third, End accomplished. First of all we have the Subjective End; and that, as the notion in independent being, is itself the totality of the elementary functions of the notion. The first of these functions is that of self-identical universality, as it were the neutral first water, in which everything is involved, but nothing as yet discriminated. The second of these elements is the particularising of this universal, by which it acquires a specific content. As this specific content again is realised by the agency of the universal, the latter returns by its means back to itself, and coalesces with itself. Hence too when we set some end before us, we say that we 'conclude' to do something: a phrase which implies that we were, so to speak, open and accessible to this or that determination. Similarly we also at a further step speak of a man 'resolving' to do something, meaning that the agent steps forward out of his self-regarding inwardness and enters into dealings with the environing objectivity. This supplies the step from the merely Subjective End to the purposive action which tends outwards. (1) The first syllogism of the final cause represents the Subjective End. The universal notion is brought to unite with individuality by means of particularity, so that the individual as self-determination acts as judge. That is to say, it not only particularises or makes into a determinate content the still indeterminate universal, but also explicitly puts an antithesis of subjectivity and objectivity, and at the same time is in its own self a return to itself; for it stamps the subjectivity of the notion, presupposed as against objectivity, with the mark of defect, in comparison with the complete and rounded totality, and thereby at the same time turns outwards. (2) This action which is directed outwards is the individuality, which in the Subjective End is identical with the particularity under which, along with the content, is also comprised the external objectivity. It throws itself in the first place immediately upon the object, which it appropriates to itself as a Means. The notion is this immediate power; for the notion is the self-identical negativity, in which the being of the object is characterised as wholly and merely ideal. The whole Middle Term is this inward power of the notion, in the shape of an agency, with which the object as Means is immediately united and in obedience to which it stands. In finite teleology the Middle Term is broken up into two elements external to each other, (a) the action and (b) the object which serves as Means. The relation of the final cause as power to this object, and the subjugation of the object to it, is immediate (it forms the first premise in the syllogism) to this extent, that in the teleological notion as the self-existent ideality the object is put as potentially null. This relation, as represented in the first premise, itself becomes the Middle Term, which at the same time involves the syllogism, that through this relation-in which the action of the End is contained and dominant-the End is coupled with objectivity. The execution of the End is the mediated mode of realising the End; but the immediate realisation is not less needful. The End lays hold of the object immediately, because it is the power over the object, because in the End particularity, and in particularity objectivity also, is involved. A living being has a body; the soul takes possession of it and without intermediary has objectified itself in it. The human soul has much to do, before it makes its corporeal nature into a means. Man must, as it were, take possession of his body, so that it may be the instrument of his soul. (3) Purposive action, with its Means, is still directed outwards, because the End is also not identical with the object, and must consequently first be mediated with it. The Means in its capacity of object stands, in this second premise, in direct relation to the other extreme of the syllogism, namely, the material or objectivity which is presupposed. This relation is the sphere of chemism and mechanism, which have now become the servants of the Final Cause, where lies their truth and free notion. Thus the Subjective End, which is the power ruling these processes, in which the objective things wear themselves out on one another, contrives to keep itself free from them, and to preserve itself in them. Doing so, it appears as the Cunning of reason. Reason is as cunning as it is powerful. Cunning may be said to lie in the intermediative action which, while it permits the objects to follow their own bent and act upon one another till they waste away, and does not itself directly interfere in the process, is nevertheless only working out its own aims. With this explanation, Divine Providence may be said to stand to the world and its process in the capacity of absolute cunning. God lets men do as they please with their particular passions and interests; but the result is the accomplishment of - not their plans, but his, and these differ decidedly from the ends primarily sought by those whom he employs. The Realised End is thus the overt unity of subjective and objective. It is however essentially characteristic of this unity, that the subjective and objective are neutralised and cancelled only in the point of their one-sidedness, while the objective is subdued and made conformable to the End, as the free notion, and thereby to the power above it. The End maintains itself against and in the objective: for it is no mere one-sided subjective or particular, it is also the concrete universal, the implicit identity of both. This universal, as simply reflected in itself, is the content which remains unchanged through all the three termini of the syllogism and their movement. In Finite Design, however, even the executed End has the same radical rift or flaw as had the Means and the initial End. We have got therefore only a form extraneously impressed on a pre-existing material: and this form, by reason of the limited content of the End, is also a contingent characteristic. The End achieved consequently is only an object, which again becomes a Means or material for other Ends, and so on for ever. But what virtually happens in the realising of the End is that the one-sided subjectivity and the show of objective independence confronting it are both cancelled. In laying hold of the means, the notion constitutes itself the very implicit essence of the object. In the mechanical and chemical processes, the independence of the object has been already dissipated implicitly, and in the course of their movement under the dominion of the End, the show of that independence, the negative which confronts the Notion, is got rid of. But in the fact that the End achieved is characterised only as a Means and a material, this object, viz. the teleological, is there and then put as implicitly null, and only 'ideal'. This being so, the antithesis between form and content has also vanished. While the End by the removal and absorption of all form-characteristics coalesces with itself, the form as self-identical is thereby put as the content, so that the notion, which is the action of form, has only itself for content. Through this process, therefore, there is made explicitly manifest what was the notion of design: viz. the implicit unity of subjective and objective is now realised. And this is the Idea. This finitude of the End consists in the circumstance, that, in the process of realising it, the material, which is employed as a means, is only externally subsumed under it and made conformable to it. But, as a matter of fact, the object is the notion implicitly: and thus when the notion, in the shape of End, is realised in the object, we have but the manifestation of the inner nature of the object itself. Objectivity is thus, as it were, only a covering under which the notion lies concealed. Within the range of the finite we can never see or experience that the End has been really secured. The consummation of the infinite End, therefore, consists merely in removing the illusion which makes it seem yet unaccomplished. The Good, the absolutely Good, is eternally accomplishing itself in the world: and the result is that it need not wait upon us, but is already by implication, as well as in full actuality, accomplished. This is the illusion under which we live. It alone supplies at the same time the actualising force on which the interest in the world reposes. In the course of its process the Idea creates that illusion, by setting an antithesis to confront it; and its action consists in getting rid of the illusion which it has created. Only out of this error does the truth arise. In this fact lies the reconciliation with error and with finitude. Error or other-being, when superseded, is still a necessary dynamic element of truth: for truth can only be where it makes itself its own result. The Idea (next section) Hegel-by-HyperText Home Page @ marxists.org

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Tomb of the first Slovenian saint Once you are in the square of Slomškov trg, you must visit Maribor Cathedral. The construction of the cathedral and its further development brought Maribor additional cultural impetus and enforcement. It was built in the 12th century as a Romanesque building. Today it shows a Gothic style with a long chancel dating from the 14th century and a central church nave from the 15th century. The 57 metre high bell tower The 57 metre high classicist designed bell tower dates back to the end of the 18th century as the primarily 76-metre high bell tower built by Pavel Porta in the year 1623 was struck by lightening. The first Slovene saint Anton Martin Slomšek in the Cathedral The long chancel or presbytery is completed with choir benches dating from 1771, on which there are shallow, gilded relief images of scenes from the life of St John the Baptist created by carver Jožef Holzinger. It is here that stands a statue of Bishop Slomšek, made by sculptor Franc Zajec in the year 1878. In the presbytery are also the Bishop's Chair dating from 1890 and the vaulted tomb of Maribor's bishops. Carver Jožef Holzinger in the Baroque period built the chapel of the Holy Cross, furnished with an altar. The tomb of Bishop Slomšek was placed in this altar in 1996. On 4 September 1859 Slomšek transferred the seat of the Lavantine diocese to Maribor. - Church service: working days 6:30 a.m., 7 a.m., 8 a.m., and 6 p.m. (Summer time) or 7 p.m. (Winter time), Sundays and holidays 7 a.m., 8:30 a.m., 10 a.m., 11 a.m. and 6 p.m. (Winter time) or 7 p.m. (Summer time)

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"Natural Climate Pulse" Climate Pulse Technology Predicting Climate/Weather Cycles It is Here - 50 to 100 Year Global Cooling Cycle Has Begun ! Video Released March 2020 New Look at Climate Change - Unseen Facts and Cause Provides New Facts and Predictions for Sea Levels and Climate Change though 2065 By Professor Dilley - GWO - Warning - Winter Predictions - More Frequent Polar Vortex outbreaks United States - Alaska - Canada - Europe 2024 - 2065 High Latitude Regions Now Turning much Colder in 2020 Greenland - Canada Alaska to Russia Bering Sea Alaska - Russia now normal ice extent A Strong 2023-24 La Nina and a new "Cold Pacific Ocean Phase" will usher in Dangerous Global Cooling from 2024 through 2065 Climate Change Article - Called "a must read" click here by Meteorologist-Climatologist, CEO David Dilley Video: a Walk through Climate Change - a non Political Review of Climate Change Facts Video link: click here The entire video should be watched, it builds as it progresses and has a dramatic ending. 45 minute video should be watched from beginning to end to get the full picture and understanding of climate change, and to comprehend the ending: dangerous climate change coming after 2019 Overview - The Natural Climate Pulse of Earth The earth's climate pulse cycles are governed by cycles of the Primary Forcing Mechanism (PFM). These cycles range from daily (ocean tides) and more importantly every 6 months, 4 years, 9 years, 18 years, 72 years, 230 years, 1200 years and 130 thousand years. Earth is currently coming off a 230 year global warming cycle and dipping into a 120 year global cooling cycle. They come approximately every 230 years and we have have had 5 during the past 1000 years. The last one ended in the year 1800 and was followed by dramatic cooling and a year of no summer in 1816. During early stages of each global cooling cycle, historically strong volcanic activity usually occurs, resulting in unusually cold summer weather, worldwide crop failures, famine and disease. This scenario is not merely a coincidence, it happened in global cooling cycles with the volcano Eldgja in 934 AD, Ringitoto in 1350, Huaynaputina in 1600, Tambora in 1815, and will likely occur again during the upcoming dramatic global cooling cycle that will begin soon. Ever since planet Earth was created about 4.5 billion years ago, it has been exposed to natural processes and forcing mechanisms within the solar system and earth. During the course of millions of years, the interaction of these processes has implemented a natural climate and planetary rhythm. These rhythms include but are not limited to: day and night, the four annual seasons and weather events during the particular season, short-term climate fluctuations and oscillations within the seasons, and long-term climate change cycles such as glacial periods which occur approximately every 120 thousand years. The gravitational cycles of the moon and sun cause the seasonal tilts of the earth's axis and the 4 seasons. The strong gravitational pull of the moon causes a bulge to form in the center of the 5 oceans. As the earth makes a complete rotation on its axis daily, the moon rises and falls in the sky. This causes dramatic changes to the gravitational pull, with increases and decreases occurring during the daily cycle. This causes a gravitational pulse which in turn causes an interactive plunging action on the ocean's bulge, thus producing the twice daily ocean tides. The gravitational tides are also noticed in the earth's atmosphere, and in lower depths of the ocean. The daily rotation of the earth provides the twice daily tides, and the 27.5 day elliptical path of the moon around the earth provides a monthly and bi-monthly gravitational pulse. The cycles then extend out in time as the elliptical path of the earth around the sun, and the moon around the earth cyclical change from one month to the next, every 6 months, 4 years, 9 years, 18 years and beyond. The earths 130 thousand year elliptical path is well documented in science and is proven to be the cause for the earth's inter-glacial (warm) as the earth swings in closer to the sun, and glacial periods (cold) that occur every 130 thousand years as the earth swings further away from the sun. The current warm inter-glacial period peaked about 7 thousand years ago, and the peak of the next glacial period will be 70 to 110 thousand years from now. The Primary Forcing Mechanism (PFM) for climate change is the combination of the elliptical paths of the moon and earth, changes in solar radiation and changes in the gravitational pulses and electromagnetic pulses. The PFM cycles control the Earth's "Natural Climate Pulse", and it is this Natural Pulse that controls weather and climate cycles here on earth. The earth's climate is very complex and very cyclical due to the PFM Natural Climate Pulse interacting with the oceans, atmosphere and inner/outer cores of earth. The high and low tides of the oceans alternate approximately every 6 hours, and ocean tides and some currents change with the PFM cycles. Above the surface of the Earth is the atmosphere which is made up of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and other gases which move fluidly around the planet. The flow of these atmospheric gases are caused by the rotation of the earth, heating of the atmosphere and ground by the sun, proximity of mountain ranges and water bodies such as oceans, and forcing mechanisms such as gravitational tides caused by the PFM cycles Earth's temperature changes seasonally due to the seasonal tilt of the earth, with longer term cycles due to the PFM Natural Pulse cycles every 10-years, 230 years and 130 thousand years. Carbon dioxide concentrations are a naturally occurring cycle connected to the short-term global warming cycles that occur approximately every 230 years, and the longer term 130 thousand year glacial and inter-glacial cycles. The eBook written by Mr. Dilley of GWO (avalable on the Natural Pulse Page) illustrates that earth's current temperatueres and carbon dioxide levels are perfectly normal for global warming cycle that was occurring up to the year 2012 (now beginning to slip into global cooling for the next 150 years). GWO’s nineteen (19) years of ongoing research uses a combination of Meteorology, Oceanography, Climatology, Geology and Astronomy along with extensive historical weather and climate data to develop techniques for climate prediction. The most significant discovery was that of the Primary Forcing Mechanism (PFM) which is highly correlated to short-term climate cycles. The combination resulted in the development of prediction models formulated from a subset of the scientifically proven "Milankovitch" cycles of the earth, moon and sun.

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Anti-laundering software is a type of computer program used by financial institutions to analyze customer data and detect suspicious transactions... (Continued) The Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), also known as the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act, is legislation passed by the United States Congress in 1970 that requires U.S. financial institutions to collaborate with the U.S. government in cases of suspected money laundering and fraud. FFIEC compliance is conformance to a set of standards for online banking issued in October 2005 by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC)... (Continued) Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) is a bureau of the United States Department of the Treasury. FinCEN was established in 1990 to safeguard financial systems from abuse by promoting transparency in the U.S. and international financial systems. In this WhatIs.com podcast, you'll learn about this attempt to modernize existing banking practices in the context of new online threats like phishing. To learn more about FFIEC compliance, Assistant Site Editor Alex Howard interviewed Patrick Audley, the CTO of risk adaptive software provider Cogneto. Remote deposit capture (RDC) is a system that allows a customer to scan checks remotely and transmit the check images to a bank for deposit, usually via an encrypted Internet connection. When the bank receives a check image from the customer, it posts the deposit to the customer's account and makes the funds available based upon the customer's particular availability schedule. A Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) is a document that financial institutions must file with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) following a suspected incident of money laundering or fraud.

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They and We: Racial and Ethnic Relations in the United States and Beyond, 7th Edition.pdf The first edition appeared shortly after the March on Washington where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his memorable I Have a Dream speech. It was published just before the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed by Congress. The book, read by tens of thousands, has been updated and expanded five times, each edition maintaining the original intention of the author to provide grounding in the sociological study of intergroup relations, examining prejudice, discrimination, minority status, and other core concepts, in straightforward, jargon-free prose, while tracking social, economic, political, and legal developments from colonial days.The new, 7th (50th anniversary) edition of They and We continues the tradition, depicting recent demographic changes and persisting patterns (such as the leapfrog phenomenon, where, as in the past, many African Americans are left behind as newer groups move in, up, and over). It also covers new developments, including the rise of Islamophobia in the wake of 9/11. An entirely new chapter compares perspectives in the United States with situations overseas, particularly with regard to nativist and nationalist movements and the rise of xenophobia in this society and in many others."

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To the Lighthouse To the Lighthouse Questions Bring on the tough stuff - there’s not just one right answer. - What is the effect of multiple voices narrating the story? - Is Mrs. Ramsay a net positive, negative, or neutral force? - What is the effect of the passage of time in the novel? Sometimes time goes by agonizingly slow, other times (like in Part Two) it just speeds by. What’s the deal with this? - What’s the function of the "to" in the title? Why isn’t the title just, The Lighthouse? - Just wanted to point out that Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay share some startling characteristics – the most important being tyranny. Yet, Mrs. Ramsay receives love and adoration while Mr. Ramsay is hated. Explore this a little more. What are the similarities and differences between Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay? - Who wears the pants in the Ramsay household? - Would you consider the ending a "happy ending"? People who Shmooped this also Shmooped... Noodle's College Search

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Do you ever wonder how a design was printed on a shirt, poster, sign, etc.? Well I am here to inform you, it was most likely done by silk screen printing! *golf clap, golf clap* Silkscreen printing is an art in which one creates a design and prints it onto an object with clean crisp precision, that you can’t get with painting, drawing, etc. It is a technique that uses the mesh of a silkscreen to print a design onto a surface. The design is transferred in areas where the silk is permeable compared to areas blocked off. In any type of printing, one must think of their design and how it can be created in layers. In contrast to painting, when printmaking you have to print colors in different layers and with different shapes. A common type of printmaking is relief printmaking also known as block printing. This is a form of printmaking in which the image being printed is carved out from a surface(linoleum, wood, etc.). The pieces of material that are removed are the parts that will not be printed and the pieces left will be printed. For this process, think of a stamp. If you look at the face of a stamp whatever will be printed is the raised surface. The face also displays the backward image of what you are printing. Although silkscreen printing relates to relief printing with its technique of layering designs to create a piece, it differs in process. The materials used in this process are a silkscreen, squeegee, emulsion scooper, harsh light, UV screen exposure light bulb, screen printing ink, emulsion, and a surface to print on. To put your design on the screen you must expose it on the screen. To expose your design you put a thin coat of emulsion on your screen and shine light onto areas of your screen you don’t want to be printed. Once the emulsion catches the screen you have to rinse out the areas you want to be printed and then your screen is ready to be used in the printing process. When pulling ink through your design, one must consider transparency/opaqueness. This affects how your design will be perceived by your audience. Furthermore, when using this process to print a design one must note that the steps for exposing and printing each layer is time-consuming but in the end is very rewarding. The technique of silkscreen printing is not easy to learn but once it is practiced it can be a very useful skill to have. Silkscreen printing is a beautiful and remarkable type of art and to see some examples of well-known screen prints or screen printing companies around Michigan look below! Check out Stamps alum Ron Watters business One Custom City in Detroit!!!

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Metropolis. by Fritz Lang Sometimes big cities don’t seem so big. You get to know your neighborhood, you have your routine, the same streets, the same sites, maybe hints of a larger system but overall you’re only getting a slice of it. For some residents of Mexico City, especially those that isolate themselves to the enclaves of Polanco or Condesa, the immensity of urban infrastructure may be like the machine of Fritz Lang’s Metropolis, out of sight and out of mind. For others, like some of the vendors in the mercados, who commute by public transit up to 2 hours each way into the city’s centers, it probably feels as big as it is – an intense, thriving, gargantuan network of everything, and everything busting-at-the-seams. It might take half a day just to get anywhere outside your neighborhood, unless you try to walk, in which case you will wear out your shoes before you arrive. No wonder every dense urban neighborhood has a mercado! In a city with this much traffic, it would take longer to find a parking spot at the grocery store than walk to the market anyway. Diagram of Mercado Distribution (only in the Central Districts) and street system, relative to the Central de Abastos. All graphics and images by the author unless otherwise noted. The network of mercados in Mexico City operates as true public infrastructure (perhaps even more so than water). It was financed entirely by the federal and municipal governments, both in its initial construction and continued (although limited) maintenance. Unlike European market structures, which tend to date from the late 19th to early 20th centuries, markets in Mexico remained outdoors much later, until a government initiative financed the construction of nearly all the city’s 318 mercados, between 1957 and 1970. According to UNAM Professor and author, Janet Long-Solis, the proliferation of street vending in Mexico also expanded in the 1950s, which “coincided with a period of mass migration from rural to urban Mexico, due to the economic crisis that shook the Mexican economy during this period.” (1) What a concept! Rather than give stimulus money to banks, the government invested in a flexible, physical, not to mention, social infrastructure, that is now the backbone of the city’s food distribution system, and employs hundreds of thousands of people who would otherwise strain the already limited social services. Inside Mercado Jamaica I had lunch in Mexico City with food writer and culinary guide, Lesley Téllez, who described the mercado construction campaign as an “economic catalyst”, designed as much to generate jobs, as to consolidate and organize informal vendors. Of course not everyone got a spot, (and who knows how they chose, but surely some bribing and nepotism was involved) hence the massive dispersion of street vendors that continue to operate in the capital city. While the government still massively subsidizes the mercados, most of the structures are in serious need of a paint job. There doesn’t seem to be any money even for that at the moment, but government subsidies do allow the indoor vendors to continue vending without paying a single peso for rent or utilities, as long as the space that they operate stays in the family. This network of market halls is of course only one component of a shifting food system, which within the last decade has become more open to corporate superstores and modern grocers. Despite reports of declining sales at the mercados, they remain significant (and essential) pieces of a distribution mechanism for the middle to lower class, who couldn't afford to shop at the supermarkets even if they wanted to. Food distribution in Mexico City is dependent on this public infrastructure, which mediates the flow of food from Central de Abastos, the world's largest wholesale market, to restaurants, street vendors, street markets (tianguis), and people buying for themselves. Diagram of Food Flows, the price of oranges, and operating hours of distribution models in Mexico City. In the 2-1/2 weeks I was there, I didn't meet anyone in Mexico City who shopped exclusively at the supermarket, but then again, I wasn't exactly rubbing elbows with the social elite. Nicholas Gilman, food writer and chef with whom I met separately, agreed with Tellez, who suggested that upper classes tend to not shop at the mercados because they don’t want to mix with the lower classes. Gilman thinks "it’s a 3rd world country phenomenon, where people who come from upper classes tend to reject the traditional culture, unlike for example, in France, where everybody’s always gone to regular markets, although there are also supermarkets." I don't want to belabor the whole mercado vs. supermarket issue like it's a Rocky vs. Drago showdown, especially since it already came up in the Oaxaca interview, but it's interesting to note the basic strengths and weaknesses of each model from the Mexican perspective. Unlike most developed countries, "local" fruits and vegetables tend to be cheaper and of much better quality in the market than the supermarket. Many people are also attached to the nostalgic "tradition" of the markets, even if the "tradition" is only 60 years old, the informal economy and social exchange of buying and selling food is part of the cultural heritage way before Spanish became part of it. The main strikes against the markets (depending on who you ask): they have inconvenient hours, there's no parking, you might get mugged, they're cacophonous, odorous, and unsanitary. But so is Mexico City, in general...and what's not to love about that? Unlike in Oaxaca, people in Mexico City were always willing to pose for a picture, even in the trash, at Mercado Jamaica. Artist and blogger, Jim Johnson, described the supermarkets as being "much more expensive here, besides the fact that it tends to be very low quality, it’s all wrapped in plastic, and you’re not even always sure what it is, much less where it’s coming from. But I think for Mexicans supermarkets are a relatively new thing. To be able to shop at a supermarket means that you’ve risen up (in terms of social class). Mexicans just love the novelty of the supermarket, and all the other American chain stores. When an International House of Pancakes opened here last year, people had to make reservations!" If you're really into it, you can also valet park your car at Starbuck's. Mexico City is a city of neighborhoods (known as Colonias), and each market reflects and amplifies its local context. There is nothing remotely generic, expected, or for that matter, sterile, about them. According to Gilman, "The Medellin market is known for being somewhat upscale. There are also a bunch of stands that sell South American and Caribbean products, because there is that demographic living in the neighborhood. So there’s that interesting element that you won’t find so much anywhere else in the city." Coyoacan has fancy cheese vendors, San Juan has always been the "gourmet" Spanish market, Sonora is the "witchcraft market", (where I was also told would be the best place to buy an Indian headdress), Martinez de la Torre is "working class", Merced is the former wholesale market, and so big it has a subway station inside it! Inside Mercado Merced, before exiting the subway turnstiles... Pedestrian side street at Mercado Jamaica The Mercado Jamaica is Mexico City’s wholesale flower market, but “doubles” as the neighborhood meat and produce market. I went there in search of a quick lunch, and produce to make guacamole later that day. After a seriously delicious quesadilla stuffed with cheese and squash blossoms (flor de calabaza), for a single US dollar, I went in search of a vendor with the vegetables that I would need. The first person I met was a woman, probably about my age (ok, just barely 30), named Theresa, bagging tomatoes with a broad smile on her face and a baby wrapped in a shawl strapped to her front. She thought it was so hilarious that I only wanted to buy six tomatoes; she almost just gave them to me. But she also had onions, limes and Serrano peppers (also in ridiculously small quantities compared to Mexican family standards), but enough to run up a little bill (all in all, about $2). Her stall has been a family business since the market opened in 1957 as part of a government infrastructure program to generate jobs for lower economic classes. Her grandmother was there from the beginning, and she is the third generation to work in the same location. When I asked about rent, she seemed confused, shook her head and said she pays no money to be there. Once you’re in you’re in, and it’s likely the only way of life you’ll ever know, but in this context a privilege. Theresa's veggies, next to the double-height La Chapparita, where I had a damn good lunch for $1. I bought some green tomatoes from an old man who also had tables full of many different peppers. I only needed a single habanero, which he tossed in the bag with a wink and no extra charge, and when I asked who had the best avocados, he gave his recommendation without hesitation. The woman I was directed to had three massive stacks of different varieties, but she knew exactly what I needed when I told her I was making guacamole. As she selected the perfectly ripe ones of the bunch, we chatted about her position in the Mercado. She works 7 days a week, and has been a vendor her entire life, since she was a child (which from her age must have been about the opening of the market). She leaves her house at 5:30 am to personally go to the Central de Abastos to buy the produce for the day, and is all ready for the Jamaica Market opening at 8 am. She works until the market closes at 7pm each night, and according to her, enjoys every minute of it. Mercado Jamaica, interior street Bananas and pinatas at the Mercado Jamaica Proud of the meat, at Mercado Merced. The Mexican mercados can be somewhat disorienting to visitors, and when you spend an hour walking around to find the best deal on everything you need, it might seem like a lot of effort compared to shopping at the supermarket. Of course it is also an entirely unique experience, and so you’ll see a few tourists wandering around here and there, poking things, making faces and taking photos, but not spending any money. If you live in Mexico City, you might spend a little extra time talking to your favorite vendors, but you would spend much less time wandering around in awe, unless it was your first trip to Central de Abastos...which is big enough for its own post, coming soon. Stay tuned. (1) Janet Long-Solís, "A Survey of Street Foods in Mexico City", Food and Foodways: Explorations in the History and Culture of Human Nourishment. 15:3-4, p. 217 I am a graduate M.Arch/MLA student at UC Berkeley, and grateful recipient of the 2011-2012 John K. Branner Fellowship, an annual traveling fellowship awarded by the UC Berkeley Department of Architecture. I will spend the 2012 calendar year visiting public food markets in major cities on 5 continents to research the relationship between markets and the infrastructure of food systems, focusing on the cultural and urban design implications of local economies. This blog will follow my journey...

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By Dan Barasch Ruin and Redemption in Architecture captures the awe-inspiring drama of abandoned, forgotten, and ruined spaces, as well as the extraordinary designs that can bring them back to life - demonstrating that reimagined, repurposed, and abandoned architecture has the beauty and power to change lives, communities, and cities the world over. The scale and diversity of abandoned buildings is shown through examples from all around the world, demonstrating the extraordinary ingenuity of their transformation by some of the greatest architectural designers of the 20th and 21st centuries. Examples range from Victorian gas holders, imposing railway stations, factories, World War II flak towers and bunkers to Gothic churches and belle époque theaters. This compelling book also brings to life the fascinating stories behind high-profile projects such as the High Line in New York, Tate Modern in London, the Prada campus in Milan, and Zeitz MOCAA in Cape Town, as well as extraordinary lesser-known abandoned - and regenerated - spaces around the world. Iconic work from the stars of the 20th century including Marcel Breuer, Louis Sullivan, and Frank Lloyd Wright - as well as extraordinary transformations by such contemporary masters as Jean Nouvel, OMA, Thomas Heatherwick, and Herzog & de Meuron. Ruin and Redemption in Architecture includes a foreward by Dylan Thuras, co-founder of Atlas Obscura, a guide to the world's most obscure places. Hardcover, 240 pages, 250 illustrations Dimensions: 8.25 x 11 x 1 inches "A lovely paean to preservation masquerading as a coffee-table book." — Bloomberg Businessweek "Captures the awe-inspiring drama of abandoned, forgotten, and ruined spaces, as well as the extraordinary designs that can bring them back to life." — The Essential Journal "The book... comprises of dozens of architectural case studies... Examples include Tate Modern, Berlin's Templehof airport, Atlanta's Beltline and the Gemini Residence Copenhagen. The book also features an introductory essay by Barasch in which the fourth-generation New Yorker remembers being charmed by the old tenement buildings near his grandmothers's Lower East Side apartment." — The Observer

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Both these codes influenced closely not only the law methods of the international locations in continental Europe (e.g. Greece), but additionally the Japanese and Korean legal traditions. Today, countries that have civil law techniques range from Russia and Turkey to most of Central and Latin America. Ancient India and China represent distinct traditions of law, and have historically had independent colleges of legal principle and apply. According to this view, an individual’s freedom can legitimately be restricted just because it conflicts with society’s collective morality; thus, authorized moralism implies that it’s permissible for the state to make use of its coercive power to enforce society’s collective morality. Hart understands his theory of regulation to be each descriptive and common in the sense that it offers an account of basic options widespread to all legal systems-which presupposes a perspective that’s external to all legal techniques. In contrast, unique positivism (also known as hard positivism) denies that a authorized system can incorporate moral constraints on authorized validity. Exclusive positivists like Raz subscribe to the Source Thesis, based on which the existence and content of law can all the time be decided by reference to its sources without recourse to ethical argument. On this view, the sources of regulation embrace each the circumstances of its promulgation and relevant interpretative supplies, similar to courtroom instances involving its utility. European Union law is the primary and, thus far, only instance of an internationally accepted legal system apart from the UN and the World Trade Organisation. Given the trend of accelerating international economic integration, many regional agreements—especially the African Union—search to observe an identical model. The Library also maintains a fundamental Law assortment and depends on the Law Library to keep up the research-level Law collection. In every of those conditions a society’s authorized system is unlikely to suit easily within any of the authorized households. For occasion, a society might borrow another’s substantive and adjective law for industrial law functions but retain the existing regulation of domestic relations. Frequently, such societies are mentioned to have a “twin authorized system.” However, to the degree that this phrase describes a situation in which two equal techniques stand facet by facet and infrequently interact, it fails to capture the wealthy number of hierarchical structures in layered systems. An essential activity for the scholars of authorized methods is to know the method by which individuals and groups use law at completely different ranges and in so doing rework each. The Household Finance CRN welcomes scholars studying issues related to family revenue, credit score merchandise and usage, indebtedness, personal insolvency and chapter, and related subjects. The analysis of CRN members covers a wide variety of methods and topics, together with how the legislation impacts family finance outcomes, how social norms and law affect family finance decisions, and the evolution of authorized and regulatory developments on family finance. A good example of a primary rule is the regulation in opposition to homicide; it prohibits an individual from killing and attaches penalties for committing, trying to commit, and conspiring to commit the crime. We really feel in some sense bound by social guidelines and laws incessantly look like types of social rule. In the United States, we have written laws in place to assist us settle disagreements peacefully via a fair system of justice. It is up to judges and juries to determine if we now have indeed broken the regulation. As a basic rule, to file a lawsuit, an individual first goes to trial court docket (the identify will range, relying on what state you are in. In federal courts, that is known as district courtroom). The loser is allowed to challenge the decision in appellate courtroom. Finally, the loser in appellate court could typically appeal again, to the very best courtroom in the state or federal system, the supreme courtroom. Be cautious, though, because even this identify is used differently in several states—in New York, the “Supreme Court” is a trial courtroom. In the United States, we even have a national authorities which makes legal guidelines. On the nationwide stage, we have legal guidelines about web crime, narcotics, treason, in addition to issues like copyright and patents. Dedicated to its college students, the school delivers outstanding instruction on the undergraduate stage, incorporating learning, service and inquiry. By actively growing meaningful partnerships, it supplies exemplary service to the college and the broader professional and academic neighborhood. Thom Brooks is Reader in Law in the Law School and Associate in Philosophy at Durham University. Law librarians, like legal research students, should identify resources for gathering legal info. PACER Service CenterPublic Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) supplies access to case and docket information from federal appellate, district and bankruptcy courts. Legal History Pathfinder This website from Rutgers University Law Library supplies links to information about general history of law, historical regulation, and customary legislation, together with British Legal History and American Legal History. Court Rules, Forms, and DocketsThis useful metapage links to over 1,400 sources for state and federal court guidelines, varieties, and dockets.

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In this content of Mechanical Base we will show you how to draw ellipse with Ellipse command in Solidworks sketching. Solidworks has bunch of ellipse drawing commands that you can obtain your ellipse shapes easily. Ellipses also very important sketching feature to obtain 3D geometries from them in Solidworks. You can find lots of informative articles about Solidworks in Mechanical Base to learn Solidworks completely. Visit the main page! How To Draw Ellipse In Solidworks Sketching? To draw ellipses in Solidworks sketching, you need to click on the Ellipse command as shown by red arrow above. After entering to the Ellipse command in Solidworks, select a proper plane or feature surface to draw ellipse. After selecting a plane or surface to draw ellipse in Solidworks, click on a place to select the desired point of center of ellipse as shown by red arrow above. The information inside the red box shows the major and minor radiuses of ellipse according to your cursor location. Select the second point of your ellipse as shown by red arrow above, the information inside the red box shows the major and minor radiuses of ellipse according to your cursor location again in Solidworks sketching. The ellipse is created as above with the ellipse command. If you select the ‘For Construction’ option as in red box above, the drawn ellipse geometry will be as shown by red arrow in Solidworks. You can also enter the ellipse parameters as above. You can enter the center locations as X and Y parameters from the red box above, you can enter the majot radius from the green box and enter the minot radius from the blue box in Solidworks sketching. Drawing of ellipse with Ellipse command in Solidworks is very easy like that! You can also find other Ellipse drawing methods and how to use them from this link: The All Ellipse Drawing Commands In Solidworks Sketching.

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Seasonal Affective Disorder, better known as "winter blues" consists of repititive episodes of depression, year after year that tend to occur specifically in winter season. at times, the pre existing depression further aggravates during the cold dark season. Women are the main sufferers. Depression tends to occur in the same months every year. This is believed to be due to reduction in length of the day and less light exposure. Seasonal Affective Disorder - How To Tackle The Winter Blues? Serotonin is a mood regulating chemical, also known as "happy" hormone. Low levels of this neurotransmitter have a major role in causing depression in dark cold winters. What is Seasonal Affect disorder (SAD)? Depression that occurs typically during winter season every year is believed to be due to reduction in hours of light exposure and its effects on hypothalamus of the brain, a specialized center that regulates our emotions. The person suffering from this condition gets tired easily, feels sleepy and hungry, eats a lot and consequently gains weight, and has a craving for carbohydrate rich foods. This condition becomes more common as the distance from equator increases. |Natural Prozac: Learning to Release Your Body's Own Anti-Depressants| 'THE DRUG-FREE ALTERNATIVE TO ENDING DEPRESSION'"Depressed people cannot simply 'cheer up.' They suffer from a chemical imbalance in their central nervous system that is the sou... |Natural Prozac Learning to Release Your Body's Own Anti-Depressants (Paperback, 1998)| Natural Prozac: Learning to Release Your Body's Own Anti-Depressants by Joel C. Robertson. HarperCollins,1998 Cause of Winter Blues The reason for this characteristic seasonal onset of depression in cold winter months is low levels of serotonin hormone that also cause anxiety and increased aggression. Lower levels of serotonin are caused by seasonal fluctuations in levels of a protein called a-serotonin or 5-HT transporter (5-Hydroxy Tryptamine Transporter) that affects serotonin levels of our brain. |Serotonin Supercharge - Powerful drug-free techniques for increasing levels of your feel-good che...| Do you want to get relaxed, happy and energetic without resorting to drugs?Problems with serotonin are linked to conditions such as - depression, anxiety disorders, OCD and IBS.... Other effects Of Serotonin Serotonin has profound effects on mood, metabolism, pain perception, appetite, sleep and memory. It is also essential for proper functioning of digestive system. This chemical messenger reduces load on the heart and makes it more efficient in pumping blood through our body. It also aids in bone formation, muscle contraction and other processes. In the brain, it is produced by specialized cells in the median raphe of brain stem, and from there, it gets distributed throughout the nervous system. It is secreted by nerve cells in the gaps between two neurons. It transmits messages in the form of nerve impulses that in turn affect functions like mood, appetite, and pain. Increase in serotonin in certain parts of the brain (anterior cingulated cortex) help regulate mood, blood pressure and heart rate and promote overall well being.This neurotransmitter also helps in generation of new nerve cells (that is otherwise a very slow process). A reduction in serotonin levels in the cerebral cortex leads to irritability, headache, stomachache, feeling sad and depressed. The various ways in which serotonin levels of brain cortex can be maintained within a normal range include the following : If possible, soak in the early morning sun for at least half an hour everyday during winter season. In absence of sufficient sunlight, exposure to full spectrum white light can also offer benefits. Bright light works by stimulating cells of retina of the eye that connect to the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that controls day night rhythms. Activating hypothalamus at a certain time everyday can restore the normal circadian rhythm and reduce symptoms of depression. In this procedure, you need to sit close to a special light box for around half an hour every morning. You can read a newspaper or a book. You need not look directly at the light. The box provides light at an intensity of 10,000 Lux that is around 1000 times higher than normal indoor light, but much much less than the intense afternoon sunlight of summer. People who suffer from diabetes, eye disorders, or take medicines that can cause sensitivity to light should not use light therapy without first consulting a doctor. Other innovative approaches are a dawn stimulator that gradually increases light intensity in the room and simulates the effects of rising sun early in the morning; and a blue light box that delivers blue light instead of normal white light. Blue light is believed to be more efficient in stimulating the brain. |NatureBright SunTouch Plus Light and Ion Therapy Lamp (package may vary)| Use the powers of a blue sky to help you through the day with the Sun Touch Plus Light and Ion Therapy. This light therapy lamp produces a 10,000 LUX light, designed to boost yo... |Verilux HappyLight Liberty Personal, Portable Light Therapy Energy Lamp| VT10WW1 Happylight from Verilux |Circadian Optics Lumos Light Therapy Lamp - 10,000 LUX Full Spectrum LED (USB Powered)| Patent-pending - All intellectual property infringement will be pursued aggressively.*This lamp blocks 100% of UV light and is not suitable for the treatment of Vitamin D defici... 2. Balanced Diet Eat a low fat diet that is rich in proteins and carbohydrates. Amino acid tryptophan found in plenty in protein rich foods undergoes various chemical reactions to form serotonin. Carbohydrates improve the availability of tryptophan to the brain so that more of it can be produced. A few servings of cold water fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, herring, sardines and tuna can help relieve depression by increasing the amount of of serotonin. Eggs contain phospholipids that nourish the brain. Citrus fruits and leafy greens, especially spinach are good natural sources of folates. Nuts are rich sources of selenium that is vital for mental health. Having a handful of almonds, walnuts, pistachios along with flax and hemp seeds everyday can help improve the mood. 3. Load on B-complex vitamins Vitamins such as B6, folic acid and B12 help boost serotonin levels. Vitamin-B6 or pyridoxine facilitates conversion of tryptophan amino acid into serotonin. It is found in abundance in fortified cereals, oatmeal, bananas, poultry, meat, fish and beans. Folic acid is found in abundance in citrus fruits and leafy greens. Vitamin-B12 is found in fortified milk, yogurt, cheese, eggs, poultry and fish. 4. Exercise regularly Regular physical exercise for at least half an hour 5 days in a week boosts serotonin levels of brain, and also helps in growth and repair of nerve cells. When we exercise,our brain releases certain natural pain relievers called endorphins that trigger a positive feeling. Regular exercise reduces mental stress, wards off anxiety and improves sleep. Certain exercises such as dance, gardening, golf, jogging, low impact aerobics, walking, biking, swimming and yoga are especially beneficial. Doing regular house work such as sweeping, mopping and vacuuming can also be a good exercise. Exercising in groups is better, as it keeps you motivated.

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en

Work still relies on muscle power to make and move materials. That requires workers to lift, pull or push materials or to use basic materials handling aids, such as trolleys, to help handle and transport heavy loads. These manual handling actions continue in most workplaces day in-day out without any problems until the extent of lifting, pulling or pushing exceeds a worker’s capacity to do the work. This may result in a range of serious and potentially permanent injuries. Called musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), these are injuries to the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments and joints that support and bind tissues and organs together so the body can move and sustain itself. MSDs are the most common injury at work. They cost the economy dearly in lost productivity and high workers compensation costs. This is despite known and accessible methods to prevent or minimise risk of injury. The sources of risk are well known. They are poorly planned work processes, unsafe workplace layout and tasks done unsafely. There is nothing inherently wrong with relying on lifting, pulling or pushing to do work. Many tasks still cannot be done any other way even with advances in some industries to automate much heavy and repetitive manual work. Problems occur when the work reaches a point where the worker struggles to do the task. The reason for this is the work involves one of these risk factors: The presence of risk factors in lifting, pulling or pushing makes the task “hazardous”. This term is used in workplace safety law that applies to every Australian workplace. It means there is a likelihood of injury and the employer has a legal duty to do something about it or they are potentially breaking the law. The risk factors create stress in the body. Body stress can damage muscles, tendons, ligaments, spine, nerves, joints and bones; cause joint and bone injuries or degeneration, harm shoulder, hips and limbs, cause nerve damage or tissue compression, harm the vascular system and tear soft issues that cause disorders such as hernias. Even applying a low amount of force during repetitive lifting, pulling or pushing may cause injury. Repeated or continuous use of the same body parts to that work can cause gradual wear that slowly increases the risk. The recommended way to manage risk from lifting, pulling or pushing is a process businesses use to manage any risk – a risk assessment. In OHS terms this means looking at postures, movements and forces for each task that might pose a risk and then determine at what point they may become “unsafe”. The “hazardous point” might simply be a worker reporting “discomfort” from performing that particular task or the pace of the work is unreasonably fast and is becoming strenuous and fatiguing. The basic question employers need to ask is what is happening and what needs to be fixed? This requires a team effort. Workplace safety law requires employers to be aware of such potential problems. They are required to talk to workers about any safety problem and listen to those who raise any concerns about the safety of that work. If any of the risk factors can be identified in the work, then it is likely to be hazardous. Often the solution is a collective one. Such a discussion may make a detailed risk assessment unnecessary, if the risk is known and the solution obvious eg upgrade old trolleys to a more ergonomic design to make them easier to push. If a detailed risk assessment is required, this will determine the extent of the problem and help determine how much needs to be done to avoid injury or at least minimise the risk as much as possible. A well-designed work area, improved work procedures, ergonomically designed tools and equipment will help eliminate or reduce risk factors associated with hazardous manual tasks. The best and most cost effective way to manage the risk is not to have it in the workplace in the first place by “designing it out”. This requires re-designing the workplace layout to avoid manual handling risk. If the workplace can’t be changed, the same planning can be applied to re-designing the actual work processes to minimise hazardous lifting, pulling or pushing tasks. If the solution is to invest in the latest labour saving devices employers need to be sure that products provided by manufacturers, importers or suppliers are verified as safe and are used for the purpose for which they are intended, or new hazards might be introduced into the workplace.

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Natural Fertility Signs Because sperm can live in the body for up to five days, but an unfertilized egg dies after 24 hours, you increase the odds of having sperm and egg meet by having sex just prior to ovulation. But how do you know when you are ovulating? If your periods are very regular, and come consistently anywhere from 21 to 35 days apart, you can also use our ovulation calculator to predict when you are fertile. But by tracking the physical signs of fertility, you will get more exact results, even if your cycle varies slightly each month. You can track your fertility by charting your Basal Body Temperature (BBT), Cervical Fluid, and Cervical Position. Basal Body Temperature BBT is the temperature of your body before any activity—your body’s baseline temperature. Your BBT rises slightly on the day of ovulation and remains elevated until just before your next period starts. To track your BBT, take your temperature orally with a BBT thermometer (they sell for about $10 at any drug store) every morning before you get out of bed and chart the results. A BBT thermometer only registers temperatures between 96 to 100 degrees F. and can detect very slight changes in your temperature. Most women have a BBT of 96 to 98 degrees normally before ovulation and 97 to 99 after ovulation. Cervical fluid, sometimes called cervical mucus, is produced by the lining of a woman’s cervical canal and varies in consistency, color, and amount based on where you are in your monthly cycle. As you get closer to your time of ovulation, your cervical mucus will change in order to better permit the transfer of sperm into your cervix. To get a good sample of your cervical mucus at any time, place your fingers (make sure they are clean) inside your vagina. When you pull your fingers out, examine the sample you’ve obtained, noting its consistency and color. Immediately after menstruation, you will have several “dry days,” where there is very little fluid at all. What is there may be white or opaque and thick and sticky. As you approach mid-cycle, you will note more moistness, and the fluid will be thin, and possibly cloudy. If you hold some between your fingers, it will be slightly stretchy. In the few days just before ovulation, which is when you are most fertile, your cervical fluid will be copious, thin and transparent. It will be very stretchy, almost the consistency of egg whites. Just as your cervical fluid changes throughout your cycle, so does the position of your cervix in order to facilitate the transportation of the sperm and fertilization of the egg during your fertile time. Monitoring the position of your cervix is another way to track your ovulation times. Using these three methods combined will give you the most accurate results. Begin by checking your cervical position at the end of your period, and check it daily until you reach your time of ovulation. You should do this at the same time each day, and in the same position each time. You can check your cervical position while sitting on the toilet, or it may be easier to place on foot on the toilet and keep one on the floor. Move your middle finger all the way up into your vagina until you hit your cervix, which will feel like a rounded cylinder. At the beginning of your cycle, your cervix will be low and easier to reach. During ovulation, it will rise to a higher position, and may even be difficult to reach with your middle finger. It will drop back down to a place where it is easier to touch after you ovulate. Author: Dawn Allcot Do you know your baby's birth stone? Birth Flower? How about when you'll be handing over the car keys? Check out our popular Fun Birthday Facts Calculator to discover fun trivia about your baby's birth or due date!

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The amount of repair and the condition of car directly affects the dismantling of car bodies. These measures define what kind of dismantling you should make: full or partial. No one body repair can be realized without the dismantling of car body. The partial dismantling is made if the car body is in a good condition, and only its separate parts, damaged as a result of an accident, weakened fastenings or wear, need repair. The full dismantling is realized only during the major repairs of the car, when all the components need repairing. Before starting the dismantling of car, you should take it to the specially equipped premises and realize the outer cleaning with water. Then the body pass through the preliminary control, during which the masters inspect the components and details, which must be separated from the body during its repair (they include windshields, fittings containing, body upholstery, decorative linings, etc.), to find out if they need repairs.

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What are the major history and science topic areas in the Battling on Land and Sea unit? The major history topic areas in the Battling on Land and Sea unit are the War of 1812, spotlight studies of Vermont, Maine, and Louisiana, and a presidential spotlight of James Madison. The major science topic in this unit is Amphibians . What are some highlights from this unit? Justin Morgan Had a Horse, by Marguerite Henry Literary elements and figurative language Green Mountain State of Vermont Sticky Vermont Maple Nuts cooking project Take a leap with amphibians Neo-classical and Romantic periods, methods, and artists Works and themes of Francisco de Goya, Jean Franηois Millet, Eugθne Delacroix American Romantic artist Thomas Cole and Luminism Mist over the Green Mountains chalk dust project U.S. and foreign events of the War of 1812 War of 1812 Folder Project Family Working Bee Mistress Chase's Famous Caraway Cakes Carry On, Mr. Bowditch, by Jean Lee Latham Encyclopedia skills and three point paragraphs Amphibians Project and experiments Amphibian activities - Slimy and Wet and Frog's Egg Froth Meet President James Madison and Dolley Madison in a Presidential Spotlight Hands on hearts for "The Star-Spangled Banner" - the history and origin Flag Poetry Interpret graphs Frog's Legs Jumping Contest Lily Pad Snack and Frog's Neck Challenge Campaign in the Election of 1812 Jesus' ministry to multitudes as He heals and touches lives one heart at a time New England shipping and fishing industries, clipper chips, and the Golden Era of Sail Knot project Alliterative phrases in tongue twisters on an amphibians theme Head "Down East" for a Maine spotlight and make Maine Blueberry Muffins Roam the bayous and marshes of Louisiana John James Audubon Explore Cajun and Creole country and make beignets and a mini-king cake Listen to jazz, rhythm and blues, and zydeco music, and celebrate Louisiana's culture

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Recently, food columnist Ari Levaux wrote what can only be described as a completely unscientific article in The Atlantic claiming that microRNAs (miRNAs) are a "very real danger of GMOs." I won't go point by point through the horrendous inaccuracies in his piece, as Emily Willingham has more than hacked them to bits. But I do want to make a short comment on this idea that miRNAs are dangerous, and thus something we should worry about when it comes to what we eat. Every plant and animal out there produces miRNAs. We, for example, are thought to produce thousands. These teeny-tiny snippets of RNA serve regulatory roles in our cells, attaching to bits of messenger RNA and causing changes in expression of different proteins. They are far from evil: indeed, miRNAs are necessary for cells to function properly. Can miRNAs we eat alter our gene expression? Well, yes. That was the incredible scientific discovery made by the Chinese research team that was recently published in Cell Research. But to make the leap from 'miRNAs we eat can alter gene expression' to 'GMOs are dangerous' requires unbelievable gaps in understanding about GMOs and miRNAs. First off, there's no reason to think that the DNA being introduced into GMOs is going to produce more/different miRNAs than it did in the original organism. Ari's claim that "new DNA can have dangerous implications far beyond the products it codes for" simply isn't true because miRNAs are coded for. These small RNA fragments aren't random or accidental - they are explicitly detailed within the genome. So a stretch of DNA that didn't code any miRNAs before isn't going to suddenly code for a ton of them when it's placed in a different genome. If we're worried about potential miRNA effects, we can screen genes we are considering transferring and determine if there is any chance they produce miRNAs before we shuffle around which organism they are in. Indeed, GMOs are tested genetically, to ensure that the target gene has incorporated properly and that the organism is producing the desired protein, and not unexpected products. Genetic modification is a very precise process, and there is no reason to think it would cause a sudden burst of miRNAs. But perhaps more fundamentally, miRNAs are found in all kinds of life, including every single species that we currently eat. There's no logical reason that a new miRNA being produced by a GM plant is going to be more dangerous than the multitude of miRNAs we ingest when we eat the non-GM version. In fact, the potential side effects of non-GM food is, very explicitly, what the Chinese research team showed: that of the millions of miRNAs we eat every day, at least a few make it from our stomachs into our blood, and that a specific one from ordinary rice can change the expression of genes in mice. So if miRNAs are dangerous - guess what? - you're already ingesting them every time you eat. And, to get a little gross, let's be clear: when we eat something, we don't just ingest the miRNAs from the species we intentionally eat. Did you know, for example, that foods you eat are allowed to contain mold, hair, insect parts, and even rat poop? All of those bits of organisms which we inadvertently eat have DNA, and - you guessed it! - miRNAs, too. If miRNAs are so dangerous, we would never have been able to eat anything previously alive in the first place. But we can eat other organisms, and we will continue to, because, simply put, miRNAs aren't that dangerous. Perhaps what ticks me off most, though, is that Ari's scaremongering overshadows the very real and interesting implications of the science he failed to cover. The notion that miRNAs may drive some of the interaction between us and our food is incredibly new and totally cool. As the authors write, their research suggests that "miRNAs may represent a novel class of universal modulators that play an important role in mediating animal-plant interactions at the molecular level. Like vitamins, minerals and other essential nutrients derived from food sources, plant miRNAs may serve as a novel functional component of food and make a critical contribution to maintaining and shaping animal body structure and function." What if some of the benefits of drinking wine aren't from the antioxidants, but from the miRNAs present in grapes? What if we can produce beneficial miRNAs, and take them like we do vitamins? Or reduce the expression of harmful ones? Suddenly, we have been given a sneak peek at a whole new facet of nutrition science that we didn't even know existed. The amazing implications of this research - not some ludicrous and tenuous connection to anti-GMO propaganda - should have been what The Atlantic highlighted. Instead, they made a fool of themselves by allowing Ari Levaux to expose just how poorly he understands genetics.

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At Naburn CE Primary School our aim is to provide a world class curriculum which inspires and challenges all learners and prepares them for the future. Throughout school we work and learn together, striving to ensure that all children achieve their best in a happy and caring environment. We set high expectations and continually strive to raise standards by providing stimulating activities and experiences that make learning enjoyable. At Naburn we recognise that learning takes place both in and outside the classroom and through a range of learning styles. All classes regularly use our outside learning spaces: the school grounds, a local forest, the village hall with its huge field behind and St. Matthew’s Church. We also ensure a range of first hand learning experiences through topic related trips, school visitors, drama and music performances and whole school themed focus days, all ensuring our curriculum really has the WOW factor! For more information about the National Curriculum in primary schools, you can visit the GOV.UK website. Click on the classes below to look at each year groups Long Term Plans. Rowan Class – Long Term Plan At Naburn School we believe that literacy is a key entitlement and vital life skill for all children, and aim to give our pupils the best start in life by developing literate, skilled learners, with a love of reading and the ability to express themselves accurately and creatively. We believe in exploiting opportunities across the curriculum to develop literacy skills, encouraging reading and writing for a purpose wherever possible, and using ‘real life’ situations and the outdoors to engage and inspire our pupils. We teach daily discreet phonics lessons, differentiated for pupils across both key stages, using the ‘Letters and Sounds’ programme and the ‘Flying With Phonics Scheme’. To develop key skills in reading we use a combination of Phonics Play, Bug Club, Rigby Star and Project X reading books. Where possible we make pupils aware of and responsible for their own learning, making good use of target setting and assessment for learning, and giving clear feedback both orally and in marking. Our rigorous approach to teaching spelling, punctuation and grammar ensures our pupils have a sounds knowledge of key concepts. We encourage confident and motivated writers through the use of cross-curricular opportunities. At Naburn we understand the role of neat presentation and handwriting in enabling our pupils to be proud of their writing. Our pupils take part in regular cursive handwriting sessions from their first year at school, and we especially love our finger aerobics sessions that help to build up the strength and flexibility in our fingers and hands! You can try finger aerobics at home by clicking here, don’t forget to put on some funky music! We believe that mathematics is essential to everyday life, critical to science, technology and engineering, and necessary for financial literacy and most forms of future employment. Our high-quality mathematics curriculum provides a foundation for understanding the world, the ability to reason mathematically, an appreciation of the beauty and power of mathematics, and a sense of enjoyment and curiosity about the subject. We are currently working with other schools in our cluster to further develop the way we approach the teaching of the four calculations, to ensure continuity and progression throughout the school. We are also working on developing reasoning skills, encouraging our children to probe deeper into a question and follow ideas through to a solution, even when it first appears tricky! Next year, we will be linking with the NSPCC and taking part in their Number Day, using resources to challenge us in maths, whilst raising money for this important charity too. Science has changed our lives and is vital to the world’s future prosperity. At Naburn we ensure all pupils are taught essential aspects of knowledge, methods, processes and uses of science linked through topic based themes. Throughout our teaching we aim to develop a sense of excitement and curiosity through delivering practical investigations and whenever possible first hand experiences. Art and Design: At Naburn we strive to provide art and design to inspire and challenge the children, giving them the knowledge, skills and opportunities to experiment, invent and create their own works of art, craft and design. As the children progress they are encouraged to think critically and develop a more rigorous understanding of art and design. We study the work of great artists of the past, developing an understanding of the historical and cultural contributions of their art forms. The children’s art work is regularly displayed throughout school. The national curriculum for computing has been developed to equip young people with the foundational skills, knowledge and understanding of computing they will need for the rest of their lives. Through the programme of study for computing, children learn how computers and computer systems work, they will design and build programs, develop their ideas using technology and create a range of content. Naburn School promotes the safe and responsible use of ICT. We offer a progressive approach to E-Safety throughout the primary phase with in-built opportunities to assess pupils understanding and awareness. Our school website offers tips and useful links regarding E-Safety for both parents and children. We are currently in the process of replacing our old laptops with Chrome books for our Juniors and have a full class set in the Year 5/6 and ipads for our Infants, with the help of our Friends of Naburn, and the children are beginning to use these in lessons now. Design and Technology: Design and technology is an inspiring, rigorous and practical subject. Using creativity and imagination, pupils at Naburn design and make products that solve real and relevant problems within a variety of contexts, considering their own and others’ needs, wants and values. They acquire a broad range of subject knowledge and draw on disciplines such as mathematics, science, engineering, computing and art. Pupils learn how to take risks, becoming resourceful, innovative, enterprising and capable citizens. Fascination with the world around us is innate in all children, and our geography curriculum supports this curiosity. As the pupils progress, their growing knowledge of the world deepens through topic work as they learn about their own environment and environments around the world. Residential visits are an important part of upper key stage 2, where field studies take place on themes such as coast, rivers or farming. We currently have a link with a day orphanage in Malawi, where we send and receive pictures and information about our contrasting lives. We aim for high quality history education, covered through cross curricular topic work as well as discrete history lessons. The topics give children a coherent knowledge and understanding of Britain’s past and that of the wider world. We ensure children show interest and thirst for knowledge of the past and how it relates to now. Children learn to ask key questions, think critically and consider arguments. At Naburn we look for opportunities for first hand experiences; we also believe it is important to have historical based visits and visitors to support our work and enrich pupils’ learning. Currently, French is taught to all children in KS2. However, within school we value cross-curricular learning and aim to foster pupils’ curiosity and deepen their understanding of other cultures through the learning of vocabulary linked to other cultures within our topics. The teaching of French enables pupils to express their ideas and thoughts and to understand and respond to its speakers both in speech and in writing. We believe our language teaching provides the foundation and motivation for learning further languages. Music is a universal language that embodies one of the highest forms of creativity. At Naburn our high quality music education engages and inspires pupils to develop a love of music and their talent as musicians; increasing their self-confidence, creativity and sense of achievement. All children within key stage 2 learn to read music and play the recorder, as well as having the opportunity to take lessons with our peripatetic piano and guitar teachers. Our Year 5/6 children take part in the Sheffield Arena Young Voices Concert and we also create our own school productions every year, with Y6 taking the lead. Our high quality physical education curriculum inspires all pupils to succeed and excel in competitive sport. Our PE specialist, Mr Davies, teaches every class on a Monday and also provides professional development for our teachers. As a small school, all pupils have the opportunity to compete in a range of sporting competitions, such as cross country, tri-golf, triathlon, netball and cricket, as well as other activities such as the Yorkshire Schools Dance Festival at York University– building character and confidence and helping to embed values such as fairness and respect. All our PE sessions take place in the local village hall and on the village playing field. We often use external specialists such as Premier Sport or York Skipping School, to further enhance our PE provision. To see how we have developed our PE further using our Government Sport Premium Funding please click here. At its very best, education should enable the flourishing of all children and young people as they grow. RE plays a crucial role in this as it looks at what it is to be human and how we engage well with one another and with the world around us. We follow the City of York’s Agreed Syllabus and we are also beginning to use the new ‘Understanding Christianity’ resource launched recently. The children in KS1 focus on a variety of festivals such as Diwali, Christmas, Harvest and Light, within their class topics and read lots of stories from around the world. In Y3/4 there is a focus on Sikhism and in Y5/6 a focus on Islam, as well as probing deeper questions which make us all think, such as, ‘How and why do people pray?’ where a variety of religions are looked into. Our Year 3/4 children take part in the Archbishop of York Youth Trust Young Leaders Award, learning all about their local community and how they can improve it, so developing their leadership skills. Our KS1 children have recently been one of only two York schools to pilot the KS1 Young Leaders award, giving our younger children in school an opportunity to develop their leadership, communication and co-operation skills. Through our exciting curriculum opportunities we aim to develop every child whatever their strength or area of interest. We aim to develop: - Successful Learners - Confident Individuals - Responsible Citizens Naburn CE Primary School is a place where everyone can flourish and find their potential – we truly are a Small School with Big Ideas!

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Harina Blanca para Tortillas Marca Masa Lista In Mexico and Central America, a tortilla is a type of thin, unleavened flat bread, made from finely ground maize, usually called "corn". In Mexico, there are three colors of maize dough for making tortillas: white maize, yellow maize and blue maize. In addition to its sharply different color, blue corn has several nutritional advantages. It contains 20% more protein and has a lower glycemic index than white corn. When used to make tortillas, blue corn produces a sweeter, nuttier taste than yellow or white corn. To make tortillas, tamales and sopes (These links will open in a new browser tab)

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The Dirt on Dirt The world’s soil helps us grow food and store carbon. So why are we letting it waste away? When I was eight years old, I saw a public-service announcement about the importance of soil. Rowlf, the piano-playing dog of Muppets fame, sang a lovely tribute to soil. “Be it ever so humble, there's no dirt like soil,” he warbled earnestly. Rowlf had interrupted my afternoon cartoons to warn me about soil loss, and I assumed it was the greatest threat facing mankind. That was probably the last warning I heard about soil issues, but it stuck with me. For more than 30 years, I’ve wondered whatever happened to this problem. Did we solve it? No, we did not. A commentary in Thursday’s issue of the journal Science explains how our soil management is abysmal, and the nutrient balance of soil worldwide is badly out of balance. And when people can no longer grow food, the authors warn, geopolitical instability can result. Rowlf would be very disappointed. What Is Soil, Anyway? It seems like a dumb question, but most people use what Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart might have called the pornography approach to describing soil: They can’t define it, but they know it when they see it. Here’s a much more specific definition, courtesy of soil scientist Ronald Admundson and his coauthors on the Science article. “Soil is commonly thought of as the ~1-m-thick [approximately one meter] layer of biogeochemically altered rock or sediment at the earth’s surface…Soil-forming chemical reactions create micrometer-sized electrically negative clay minerals that impart soil with plant-nutrient retention capabilities.” The ability to attract and retain nutrients is what makes soil special. This is also part of the reason why our stewardship of fertile lands is so problematic. Approximately 38 percent of the world’s land is dedicated to agriculture—which is essentially a systematic depletion of nutrients from the soil. Monocultures, in particular, draw large stores of nutrients from the soil as they provide us with staple crops like corn and wheat. The Phosphorous Cartel When humans were just a ragged band of a few million people spread across the vastness of the planet, farming presented little problem to global soil health. The chemical and biological processes that turn surface-level rocks and sediments into productive soil could easily keep up with our growing habits. As with so many other earth systems, however, we eventually overwhelmed the planet’s ability to recover from our activities, forcing us to employ industrial techniques to replenish the soil with nutrients. We’re pretty good at manufacturing nitrogen, a nutrient that helps plants build tissues and perform photosynthesis. Beginning in the early 1900s, the industrial process allowed humans to squeeze more food from an acre of land than previously thought possible. But we still have to mine other nutrients, like phosphorous, to replace what our crops take from the soil. Mining phosphorous is not only energy-intensive, it presents the potential for international strife. Morocco and China have the world’s largest stores of phosphorous, while the United States is running dangerously low. Since natural processes can’t even come close to replacing the phosphorous we extract from U.S. soil, American farmers may soon have to pay extremely high prices to import it. Amundson sounds the warning about future “phosphorous cartels.” Perhaps more problematic than the loss of soil nutrients is the loss of the soil itself. Wind and rain can sweep loose soil into the air or waterways. Research shows that before Europeans arrived in North America, the rate of soil erosion was approximately 21 meters per million years. The removal of native plants, which help to hold dirt in place, accelerated that process. Today, the continent loses 2,000 meters per million years. In some parts of the world, such as upland China, the rate is as high as 10,000 meters per million years—nearly 500 times the background rate of soil erosion. When soil erodes, natural processes can convert the underlying rock and sediment into new soil—that is, after all, how the original soil got there—but the process is slow. Most researchers think the replacement rate is at most 200 meters per million years, and many think it’s as low as 50. In the parts of the world with the fastest human-induced erosion rates, it might take 200 years to replace the soil lost in one year. I know. You thought, for once, you were going to read an environmental science article that doesn’t mention climate change. No way. (We environmental journalists have all taken a secret blood pact to always mention it.) Don’t worry, I’ll make it worth your time with this single datum: There are 2,300 gigatons of carbon stored in the top three meters of the earth’s soil. That’s more than the total amount in the atmosphere plus all of the world’s plants. This is a dangerous situation. Disrupting the soil—either through farming or developing a piece of ground—releases carbon into the atmosphere. Farmers are already responsible for releasing around 60 gigatons of that carbon by disturbing the soil. If we don’t reform our agricultural practices, we could make things a lot worse. But there’s also a bright side. “This is a big opportunity,” says Claire O’Connor, a staff attorney in NRDC’s food and agriculture program (disclosure). “Because the soil carbon levels have been depleted, they are ready to be rejuvenated. We can mitigate climate change by regenerating soil and using it as a carbon sink.” O’Connor recommends that farmers plant cover crops when giving the land a break from their primary crop. This offers two benefits. First, plants suck carbon from the atmosphere. When they decompose, that carbon returns to the soil. Second, cover crops help take nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into a form used by the plants and released back into the soil after they die. This lessens the need for synthetic fertilizers, which are often made from large amounts of fossil fuels. Farmers can also help replenish their land by forsaking tilling (which can exacerbate erosion), diversifying crops, and bringing nutrient-recycling livestock back onto farms that have long focused on monocultures. O’Connor calls these techniques the “next generation” of land management strategies, though they bear a strong resemblance to the last generation. “We’re finding that going back to our roots and taking a more holistic view leads to a more balanced and successful system,” she says. That’s worthy of a Rowlf encore. This article was originally published on onEarth, which is no longer in publication. onEarth was founded in 1979 as the Amicus Journal, an independent magazine of thought and opinion on the environment. All opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or positions of NRDC. This article is available for online republication by news media outlets or nonprofits under these conditions: The writer(s) must be credited with a byline; you must note prominently that the article was originally published by NRDC.org and link to the original; the article cannot be edited (beyond simple things such grammar); you can’t resell the article in any form or grant republishing rights to other outlets; you can’t republish our material wholesale or automatically—you need to select articles individually; you can’t republish the photos or graphics on our site without specific permission; you should drop us a note to let us know when you’ve used one of our articles. What Are the Causes of Climate Change? Greenhouse Effect 101

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The author considers the use of a model approach in decision-making in order to neutralize adverse external factors hindering the development of an educational organization. In previous papers the author, when developing a model of a favourable external environment, named actors, conditions and positions, as well as risks of adverse effects. This research provides positive and negative impacts on a significant range of issues. Basing on the general concepts of control mechanisms, the author suggests two different models: descriptive and prescriptive. The first one is a model of a favourable external environment that positively influences the educational process, since all its components (actors, positions, conditions) are revealed from the point of view of favouring the educational process and the development of an educational organization. At the same time, certain risks are manifested and described in the literature, however, they are not disclosed, the mechanisms for their prevention or overcoming are not given. The prescriptive model of neutralizing unfavourable external factors of decision-making in the education system is, in a certain sense, instructive, or prescribing any actions in order to achieve a positive result. This model provides for problems that arise when conditions for the activities of an educational organization change, which requires other solutions, procedures, and mechanisms Keywords: Decision makingdescriptive modelprescriptive model Carrying out this research it appeared to be not possible to find the description of this aspect of the problem of adverse external factors neutralization in scientific publications. At the same time it should be assumed that the issue of a model for neutralizing unfavorable external decision-making factors in the educational sphere is posed for the first time. The development of the model makes it possible to technologize an approach to the difficult problem of neutralizing the negative influence of external factors, to define a range of problems together with identifying individual components of this sphere. Each factor should be considered comprehensively, which makes it possible to propose solutions that will be holistic and will exclude palliatives. Suggestions for the creation of the model mentioned above require a certain justification. When making decisions, the consistent consideration of adverse factors in order to neutralize them makes it possible to achieve the fair result, regardless of the specific, personal characteristics of the subject making the concrete decision. Any managerial decision is influenced by many different factors, including objective ones: goals, objectives, standards, precedents and so on, which in various combinations, in our opinion, can be represented as models. In this case, the model range is quite diverse; however, all of these are models that prescribe or justify the very fact of decision-making in the field of human activity, in particular, in the educational system. In this case, the author means the general methodological approach. However, then this step creates the opportunity to fill models with specific content, to present tasks, goals, ways and methods for solving them in a particular sector, that is, to create a specific model and methodology for its implementation. The effectiveness of the method of management modeling seems indisputable. It is known that decision-making is influenced by many personal characteristics of the decision-maker: style of management, experience, level of professionalism, age, gender, mental state, level of awareness of the problem, and others. All this taken together can radically change the vector of the approach and, consequently, a specific solution. The following questions can be posed: is there any way to compensate, perhaps, partially, the lack of professionalism, experience, information? How can the use of the appropriate model influence the preparation of draft decisions? Purpose of the Study The author’s aim is to propose models of neutralization of adverse external subject factors of decision-making in the education system: a descriptive one, which is sufficient for scientific research, and a prescriptive model, which suggests actions, mechanisms, algorithms for its implementation in practice. Model approach allows: - constructing a specific model on a general methodological basis; - creating a sequence (algorithm) of actions; - taking into account all aspects of the subject matter; - creating a specific (typical) methodology that is used repeatedly in similar cases; - preventing the influence of insufficient, unreliable, negative, non-professional information; - reducing the risk of voluntarist or palliative decisions. The feasibility of a model approach used in this work to study the problem of neutralizing the adverse factors of decision-making in the field of education, in our opinion, is obvious. Rubtsov (2001) stated in his monograph “Target management in corporations. Change Management”, noting that “due to the properties of the human brain, all conclusions made by the individual (including management decisions) are typical and are based on conscious or unconscious models” (p. 288). The problem of decision-making in the educational sphere considered in this material is full of stereotypes. Attempts to overcome some of them are reflected in the monographic collection “Decision Making in the Education System” with the participation of the author of the paper (Prinyatie resheniy v sisteme obrazovaniya, 2014). In particular, stereotypes in the field of decision-making in the educational space of higher education still even consist in looking at the problem only within the framework of pedagogical science and partly of psychology. For this reason, pedagogical issues are considered: goals, objectives, content, methods, techniques, means and technologies of training, skills and qualifications of the teacher, and so on. However, this complex of problems mainly concerns the internal organization of the educational process, that is, the micro level of decision making. If we talk about the macro level, then it is more expedient to apply other approaches. When creating a model for neutralizing adverse external decision-making factors in the system of higher professional education, it is important to refer to the previously developed theoretical model of a favourable external environment that positively influences the educational process, which is described by the author in several publications (Ivanova, 2012; Ivanova, 2010). Model approach to making decisions with the consideration of neutralizing the impact of adverse factors in the education system In line with the classical ideas about the mechanisms of control, we can suggest two fundamentally different models. The model of a favourable external environment, which has a positive effect on the educational process is descriptive, that means, it describes all the components of this model, all the initial data related to the external environment of the educational organization in a certain logic. This model is revealed through such components as actors, positions, conditions. All of them are presented in terms of favoring the development of an educational organization, while at the same time some obvious or hidden risks are shown. However, they are only manifested, named, described; their disclosure, and even more so overcoming or, more importantly, prevention, requires a different model. The model of neutralizing adverse external subjective factors of decision-making in the education system is prescriptive, that is, in a certain sense (in which it is possible in scientific research) instructive, prescribing any actions in order to achieve a positive result. This describes the obvious risks that may arise from a different development of the situation, that is, the lack of consideration for the impact of adverse external factors. What changes are important to consider? First of all, we should take into account changing conditions that require, as a result, different measures. The principle of such mobility in actions when conditions change is extremely important to observe when using a prescriptive model, because stationary models in a “live” and mobile educational process cannot exist. Any activity of people is characterized by mobility and dependence on new circumstances and conditions. Firstly, in the educational process, the obvious and mandatory goal is a qualitative change in all of its participants. Secondly, the interconnectedness of the educational process with the social environment also influences significantly on it. The very understanding that education is part of a megasocium gives rise to the idea that it is not possible to make decisions in the education system in a fixed, inflexible way (Prinyatie resheniy v sisteme obrazovaniya, 2014). Thirdly, an important factor is the direct and indirect influence of the economy and the market on the social environment and on educational organizations, these effects are obvious and are confirmed by practice and reflected in scientific literature. For these reasons, when creating a model of a favourable external environment, which positively influences the educational process, as well as the model proposed in this study to neutralize unfavourable external subject decision-making factors in the educational system, it is important to take into account the principle of mobility and flexibility of the system. It is generally accepted that the use of the two models is more sustainable and therefore effective in the management of any industry, including education. We should note that a model with a descriptive nature is important, however, it is sufficient for scientific research. Prescription model allows developing mechanisms for its practical use. This proves the necessity of using two models. Now let us turn from substantiation of a solution to the problem of constructing a prescriptive model for its development. Following the descriptive model created earlier, it is necessary to study the same positions, conditions, and actors who, being external to the educational organization, have a direct or indirect influence on it. Speaking about the neutralization of adverse conditions, it is necessary to distinguish two aspects of this consideration: in the short and long term. We will explain it on the relevant specific example. The imperfection of the legislative base forces educational institutions (organizations) leasing premises for the educational process to repeat the licensing procedure in the special government agencies when concluding a new lease agreement (usually annually), although, if not for this, the license could be issued for 5 years. Licensing is a complicated procedure that distracts human and financial resources in significant amounts, but is not directly necessary for the educational process; at the same time, it may also be detrimental due to the diversion of forces and means, additional checks by different authorities. In the short term, the educational institution (organization) will take several steps to neutralize this actor: try to extend the lease term, establish additional contacts of various kinds with inspection and licensing structures, in some cases a small organization will start an educational process that does not require licensing (for example, short-term seminars). In the long run, the proposal to continue the licensing of educational programs will play a positive role. Identification and neutralization of the adverse effects of actors, positions and conditions To study this question, we should refer to the table, which reminds about the actors identified earlier and helps understand the vectors and the strength of their influence (Table The first step in the model of neutralizing the adverse influence of actors is monitoring, which includes: - monitoring of legislative acts in the field of education and in adjacent areas (social, personnel policy) of the federal and regional levels; - monitoring of the timeliness of the creation and quality of by-laws, the instructive-methodical base, explaining the legislation, developing mechanisms for introducing regulatory legal and methodological acts into practice; - monitoring of scientific research in this area; - monitoring of practical implementation of innovation; - monitoring of the state of training and professional development of personnel, primarily managerial, in the field of education; - monitoring of the labour market state, the current situation and problems of interaction between educational institutions and employers; - monitoring of the socio-economic status of a particular region; - monitoring of media coverage of education issues; - monitoring of attitudes towards the public institution of higher education, assessment of the position of the university in socially significant rankings. As we see, the proposed comprehensive monitoring is not a stepwise, but a horizontal construction with a view to a wide coverage (on the principle of “sieve”) of all actors and clarifying the situation as a whole (Ivanova & Bebenina, 2018). At the same time, monitoring assesses the situation itself, the presence of unfavourable conditions for the educational process, the need to neutralize them, including after applying the model approach to a specific problem, comprehensively covering all positions, conditions and actors. The purpose of monitoring is to measure and evaluate the occurring substantial changes in the descriptive model, which allows us to develop the following specific prescriptive model in order to neutralize other adverse factors. The system analysis, based on the monitoring of the sphere of vocational education, allows taking into account the factors of negative influence of adverse external conditions and ensure the implementation of an integrated approach to solving the identified problems and improving the quality of the educational process. The second stage of the model is setting goals and objectives. This is a well-known, but absolutely necessary stage. Moreover, the goals are set as common, at this stage, and are concretized at the next. In this case, the determining direction of the forces application vector, that is, the definition of the problem, for the resolution of which a specific model is created, is automatically included into the problem of developing goals and objectives. Goals and objectives determine the composition of the influence map, the scale of work deployment, and much more. Under these circumstances, we can talk about the “goal tree”, however, we will not dwell on examples of its practical development, since this is a fairly well-studied activity in the field of education in recent years. After many years of Soviet power, when the goal was determined by politics and ideology, and education answered only the question “how?” in the 1990-s, great attention was paid to goal-setting in education and several successful approaches were suggested. The third stage of the model is the development of an “influence map” on actors, positions and conditions based on the analysis of monitoring data. It should be clarified what is meant under the “influence map”. This concept is periodically used in the field of applied political science and real politics, but even there it is not a commonly used term, rather, it is a technological designation of the outcome of political work. In our case, the “influence map” means a list of points of contact and problem areas, working with which, that is, influencing which during the interaction, it is possible to constructively neutralize the negative impact on educational organization and seek constructive solutions for the education system. These maps can be different in terms of performance, in format and their status significance. The fourth stage of the model is the development of an algorithm and an action program (plan). As in the previous steps, the project method is used here. Depending on the results of the monitoring, goals and objectives, the composition of the “influence map”, an algorithm is formed first that includes several important consecutive steps, and then a detailed program or plan. The type of the latter document is determined by the activity that needs to be dealt with in order to neutralize adverse factors. Thus, for example, an educational organization can hardly use or completely ignore the rich history of the region where it is located, or not take into account in the educational process (both in training and in education) the national traditions of the indigenous peoples of a given territory. In this case, to neutralize the negative consequences of such neglect by aspects related to mentality, values, identification, a broad program of actions should be developed, including various forms and methods of work. If we talk about the harmonization of regional legislation with federal laws, then a plan of measures with specific performers and deadlines is sufficient. The fifth stage of the model is control over the implementation of the previous stages of the model. In addition to direct control over the execution of all stages and parameters of the model during the implementation of the control function, an adjustment is made to the decisions made following their implementation. Our proposals for creating a model for neutralizing adverse environmental conditions are methodological in nature and are applicable to solving problems that negatively affect the educational organization. Earlier, when developing a model of a favourable external environment, actors, conditions and positions were named, as well as risks of adverse effects. Here we describe positive and negative impacts on a wide range of issues. From the above it is clear what a wide scope of influence exists for the development of a model applicable to these circumstances, the main thing is to determine the composition, stages of the model, and its content, while its content is dictated by all actors, positions and conditions. The work was completed within the framework of the government assignment commissioned to the Institute for Strategy of Education Development (a federal state funded research institution), Russian Academy of Education No. 073-00086-19-01 for 2019 and for the planning period 2020 and 2021, on the subject: “Methodological foundations of creating a sectoral strategy of education development in the Russian Federation and of mechanisms of its implementation (in the area of purview of the Ministry of Education of Russia).” - Ivanova, S.V., & Bebenina, E.V. (2018) Ranking approach to educational space studies. Espacios, 39, 15-24. - Ivanova S.V. (2012). Influence of external conditions and the nature of decision making in the national system of education. Tsennosti i smysly [Values and meanings], 2, 4-17 [in Russian]. - Ivanova S.V. (2010). Basis for the development of a model of the external environment of the educational process. Vestnik Rossiyskogo filosofskogo obshchestva [Bulletin of the Russian philosophical society], 2, 71-78 [in Russian]. - Prinyatie resheniy v sisteme obrazovaniya [Decision-making in the education system] (2014). Moscow: Publishing center of ANOO «Iet», p. 548 [in Russian]. - Rubtsov S.V. (2001). Tselevoe upravlenie v korporatsiyah. Upravlenie izmeneniyami [Target management in corporations. Change control]. Moscow: Gardariki [in Russian]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. About this article 18 December 2019 Print ISBN (optional) Education, educational equipment, educational technology, computer-aided learning (CAL), Study skills, learning skills, ICT Cite this article as: Ivanova*, S. V. (2019). Adverse External Factors Neutralization Model For Decision-Making In Education And Science. In & S. K. Lo (Ed.), Education Environment for the Information Age, vol 69. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 381-389). Future Academy. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.09.02.44

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How Not to Be Wrong The Power of Mathematical Thinking This book can be downloaded and read in Apple Books on your Mac or iOS device. The Freakonomics of math—a math-world superstar unveils the hidden beauty and logic of the world and puts its power in our hands The math we learn in school can seem like a dull set of rules, laid down by the ancients and not to be questioned. In How Not to Be Wrong, Jordan Ellenberg shows us how terribly limiting this view is: Math isn’t confined to abstract incidents that never occur in real life, but rather touches everything we do—the whole world is shot through with it. Math allows us to see the hidden structures underneath the messy and chaotic surface of our world. It’s a science of not being wrong, hammered out by centuries of hard work and argument. Armed with the tools of mathematics, we can see through to the true meaning of information we take for granted: How early should you get to the airport? What does “public opinion” really represent? Why do tall parents have shorter children? Who really won Florida in 2000? And how likely are you, really, to develop cancer? How Not to Be Wrong presents the surprising revelations behind all of these questions and many more, using the mathematician’s method of analyzing life and exposing the hard-won insights of the academic community to the layman—minus the jargon. Ellenberg chases mathematical threads through a vast range of time and space, from the everyday to the cosmic, encountering, among other things, baseball, Reaganomics, daring lottery schemes, Voltaire, the replicability crisis in psychology, Italian Renaissance painting, artificial languages, the development of non-Euclidean geometry, the coming obesity apocalypse, Antonin Scalia’s views on crime and punishment, the psychology of slime molds, what Facebook can and can’t figure out about you, and the existence of God. Ellenberg pulls from history as well as from the latest theoretical developments to provide those not trained in math with the knowledge they need. Math, as Ellenberg says, is “an atomic-powered prosthesis that you attach to your common sense, vastly multiplying its reach and strength.” With the tools of mathematics in hand, you can understand the world in a deeper, more meaningful way. How Not to Be Wrong will show you how. From Publishers Weekly © Publishers Weekly How not to be wrong This publication had the potential to be a great book, until the author brings religion into the picture. The scientific merit of his work becomes a casualty. It's a pity. Not that impressed Started off with great potential, but gets boring towards the end. Despite the title... ....which admittedly kept me from reading this one for years, I was ultimately proved the fool. As I see it, it’s a thoughtful and tender book about how to use math as a tool to build a more equanimous attitude towards the world (and to not be wrong). - Category: Mathematics - Published: May 29, 2014 - Publisher: Penguin Publishing Group - Seller: PENGUIN GROUP USA, INC. - Print Length: 480 Pages - Language: English

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Wednesday, November 3, 2004 Today is the birthday of famous Arctic explorer, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, who was born in 1879 to Icelandic immigrants living in Manitoba. When he was two, the family moved to the Icelandic community of Mountain, in northeastern North Dakota, where Vilhjalmur spent the remainder of his younger years. Stefansson was a rugged boy who loved the outdoors. His father died when Vilhjalmur was just a boy, and to ease his mother’s hardship, he lived with his sister and helped a brother with his cattle and horses. Vilhjalmur had only occasional access to education as a boy, but he managed to put himself through college at the University of Iowa. He had first attended UND, but he was kicked out for organizing a student protest. It was this “bull by the horns” attitude that would later define much of his life as an explorer. Stefansson was very interested in other cultures and, starting in 1906, spent several years exploring the Arctic and living with the native Inuit of Tuktoyyaktut. He later wrote articles for Scientific American and the Literary Digest, along with a book My Life With the Eskimo, in which he emphasized that the Arctic was not the desolate, windswept land it was believed to be. In 1908, Stefansson and Canadian zoologist Rudolph Anderson explored Herschel Island, Cape Parry, and the south side of Victoria Island. On this journey, they discovered a previously unknown group of Inuits who used copper tools. Stefansson was fascinated with the “Copper Inuit,” because many had European features, and several had blue eyes. He stayed with the tribe for four years and later put forth a theory that their lineage was mixed with early Norse explorers or from the lost expedition of Sir John Franklin. Stefansson’s theory was not accepted by the scientific community, but it did give him a quite a bit of notoriety. Stefansson’s explorations were not without controversy. In one early expedition, he failed to stay in contact with his colleagues for many months. A later attempt to raise reindeer on Baffin Island failed, and his effort to create a colony on Wrangel Island in 1923 ended with several deaths. Stefansson’s greatest gift was perhaps his greatest problem, too – his independence. In 1913, he was appointed to head a Canadian scientific expedition that sailed from Seattle, WA, in an old seal-hunting ship named Karluk. Of the crew Stefansson signed on, only two had polar experience. In August, the ship got stuck in the ice north of Alaska. After a time, Stefansson and a small group struck out to hunt for food, but they never returned to the ship. The Karluk slowly drifted west with the ice, which eventually crushed the ship near Siberia. The ship’s captain rescued the survivors after traveling 700 miles by dogsled for help. Eleven men died. Meanwhile, Stefansson’s group drifted on ice floes, subsisting on polar bear and seals, and for the next five years, they explored Northern Canada. When Stefansson finally returned in 1918, he was accused of deserting the Karluk and its crew. Stefansson protested, saying the ship had drifted with the ice floes and was lost to them. It turned out to be his last expedition. Stefansson was the last explorer to discover new lands in the Arctic. He introduced to society the reality of the polar region, freeing it from myths and rumors. But perhaps his greatest contribution was his recognition of the unique beauty of the Inuit culture. Dakota Datebook written by Merry Helm

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Geography provides the opportunity to investigate the physical and human features of our surroundings. Processes affecting the physical environment and landscape are explained and pupils are introduced to topical human issues to encourage an understanding of local to global problems. Our aim is to develop an awareness of the world in which we live. We hope to prepare students for a world of global business and different cultures and to promote good citizenship. Our high levels of academic achievement are a result of the staff commitment to the pupils in all aspects of our teaching. Geography has an exceptionally high success rate at GCSE and A level. On average two-thirds of pupils achieve A* or A grades at GCSE. A level results are well above the national average. On average three-quarters of pupils achieve A or B. Geography is a very popular option subject at GCSE and A level. Fieldwork is an integral part of the Geography curriculum at Birkdale. Why Study Geography? - It offers a broad knowledge base - It uses numerical and graphical skills - Problem solving and decision making skills - It promotes teamwork - It links well with most other subjects - It is about the real world - It opens up many career avenues - A variety of fieldwork opportunities including trips abroad - The ability to work in a team and individually - The use of ICT is an integral part of the curriculum - Graphical and cartographic representation - The development of various skills in communication & literacy - Statistical analysis of large amounts of data - The development of research skills - Analytical skills and the ability to interpret maps & diagrams - Discussion and role play - Decision making and problem solving The school has its own weather station, located on the roof of the Oakholme building. A webpage updated directly from the weather station, can be found here: www1.birkdaleschool.org.uk/weather (requires flash player).

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A new genetic map paints a comprehensive picture of the 2,000 or so years in which different Jewish groups migrated across the globe, with some becoming genetically isolated units while others seemed to mix and mingle more. The new findings allow researchers to trace the diaspora, or the historical migration, of the Jews, which began in the sixth century B.C. when the Babylonians conquered the Kingdom of Judah. Some Jews remained in Judah under Babylonian rule, while others fled to Egypt and other parts of the Middle East. Jewish migrations have continued into the present day. The study researchers found that the genomes of Jewish North African groups are distinct from one another, but that they show linkages to each other absent from their non-Jewish North African neighbors. The findings reveal a history of close-knit communities prone to intermarriage, said study leader Harry Ostrer of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York. "Virtually all the Jewish groups we've studied tend to be quite closely related to one another," Ostrer said. "It would seem for most Jewish groups, there is a biological basis for their Jewishness which is based on their sharing of DNA segments." Tracing Jewish genetics Ostrer and his colleagues have been studying the genetics of Jewish groups throughout Europe and the Middle East, both to reconstruct the history of the religion and to investigate diseases such as the genetic disorder Tay-Sachs that disproportionately affect this population. In 2010, the group reported on the genetics of seven European and Middle Eastern populations. The new study, published today (Aug. 6) in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, expands the findings to a total of 15 groups, with the newest additions from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and the island of Djerba. [Photos: Ancient Jewish Treasure] The researchers worked with local communities to get volunteers to offer blood samples for genetic analysis. The current study analyzed the genes of 509 unrelated North African individuals, comparing them across groups. Similar work has been done linking ancient Israeli and Syrian people to Ethiopia. The results revealed close relations between North African and European Jews, Ostrer said. The researchers also found two distinct groups of North African Jews, one comprised of Libyan and Tunisian Jews and the other of Moroccan and Algerian Jews. These groups were more likely to share DNA segments than other Jewish groups, indicating more shared genetic history. "I like to think of Jewishness as a tapestry with these DNA segments representing the threads that weave the tapestry together," Ostrer said. Non-Jews can convert to Judaism, but membership in the group is also passed down along a matrilineal line, meaning Jewishness straddles the line between religion, ethnicity and culture. A history of migration The findings tended to track with what is known of the history of the Jewish Diaspora, or spread of the Jewish people, through North Africa. For example, there was evidence of gene-sharing between North African Jews and non-Jews, but generally not recently, the researchers found. "This tends to fit the historical observation that during Islamic times from roughly the eighth century to roughly the 20th century, there was limited intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews," Ostrer said. Among Moroccan and Algerian Jews, there was evidence of some mixing with the Sephardic Jews who trace their roots to the Iberian Peninsula. Again, the genetic results back up the known history of Sephardic Jews leaving Spain and Portugal, with some settling in Morocco and Algeria. The findings help create a "comprehensive view of what the Jewish Diaspora was like," Ostrer said. Major times of movement included the classic period of Greek and Roman dominance, when Jewish groups migrated out of the Middle East and into Europe and North Africa, converting locals and intermarrying along the way. A second major migration occurred after the Spanish Inquisition in the late 1400s and early 1500s, a time when Jews and Muslims were ordered to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain. [10 Myths of Medieval Torture] The most recent movement began in the late 1800s and continues today, with immigration to the United States, Israel, Canada, Australia and South Africa, Ostrer said. The United States and Latin America tend to be a "melting pot" of genetics, Ostrer said — 50 percent to 60 percent of American Jews marry someone of a different religion or ethnicity — but the "Old World" genetics of European and North African Jews are helpful in understanding certain diseases. In these populations, people married within their communities and even within their own families for centuries, allowing studies on relatively few people to be extrapolated more widely throughout the population. In a similar example, researchers recently found a gene that protects against Alzheimer's disease in Icelandic populations. Those results were reported July 21 in the journal Nature. The same sort of research is possible in Jewish populations, Ostrer said. "It represents an extraordinary resource that is much harder to do, for instance, in the European-American population, because there has been such a melting pot occurring there," he said.

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See what questions a doctor would ask. A lung biopsy is a medical procedure where a small amount of lung tissue is removed and examined by a pathologist for any abnormalities. The procedure is used to diagnose certain lung conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis (scarring of the lungs with fibrotic tissue), sarcoidosis (clumps of cells formed in various organs), and cancer. There are four types of lung biopsies: bronchoscope biopsy (bronchoscope insert through mouth or nose), needle biopsy (needle inserted through chest), open biopsy (through surgical incision between ribs), and video-assisted thorascopic (thorascope through incision). The first two are outpatient procedures performed by a pulmonologist under local anesthesia. The second two are in-hospital surgical procedures performed by a thoracic or general surgeon....more » Other medical terms related to medical conditions and procedures for Lung Biopsy include: What is Lung Biopsy? A lung biopsy is a procedure that involves removing a piece of lung tissue to be tested for abnormalities such as infection, cancer or inflammation of the lungs. There are four different types of lung biopsy including: Local anesthesia is used for bronchoscopy and needle biopsy. Open biopsy and VATS procedures are performed under general anesthesia....more » Who are candidates for Lung Biopsy? A lung biopsy is performed to diagnose lung conditions such as immune disorders, cancer, sarcoidosis (inflammation of the lungs), tuberculosis and in some cases severe pneumonia. Bronchoscopy may also be used as a treatment to clear blockages from an airway....more » What are alternatives to Lung Biopsy? Prior to lung biopsy, chest X-rays and chest CT scans may be performed first to diagnose lung problems....more » How do you prepare for Lung Biopsy? Prior to any surgery, your doctor will give you a complete medical examination and evaluate your overall health and your health history. You may be required to get additional tests such as X-rays and lab tests. Your doctor will also review with you the potential risks and benefits of the operation and will ask you to sign a consent form. It is important that you ask questions and be sure you understand the reason for the surgery as well as the risks. It is important that you inform your doctor if you have allergies to any medications, what medications you are taking, and if you have bleeding problems. It is also important to inform your doctor if you are pregnant. Your doctor will also give you specific instructions on how to prepare for surgery, including guidelines on eating and drinking, smoking, taking or avoiding certain vitamins and medications. Carefully following these instructions will help your surgery go more smoothly. Depending on the circumstances of your surgery, you may be instructed to do the following: What is the Lung Biopsy recovery process? Your recovery depends on the type of procedure that was performed. If your doctor performed needle biopsy or used a bronchoscope, you may cough up some blood after the biopsy. After needle biopsy, you will likely go home four hours or so after the procedure. For open biopsy, you may experience some pain at the incision site and you may feel tired and groggy from the general anesthesia. Your stitches will be removed two weeks after the procedure....more » What is the cost of Lung Biopsy? A variety of factors may influence the cost of the surgery. They include: These factors vary depending on you and your situation. The cost of each procedure can vary dramatically based upon age, location, gender, and insurance coverage. HealthGrades provides detailed cost estimates which include the costs of the procedure, drugs, hospital stay, and more. Each cost estimate is easy to understand and provides medical terms you need to know. The detailed cost estimate for Lung Biopsy, includes costs for: Where can I find a Lung Biopsy doctor or surgeon? Lung Biopsy is typically performed by doctors specializing in General Surgery. Nationally, there are 27988 practicing General Surgeons. HealthGrades offers detailed physician reports to help you find a qualified Lung Biopsy doctor or surgeon in your area, which includes disciplinary actions, patient feedback, background information, and more. Start your search now! Search Specialists by State and City

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TRADITION IS WHAT LINKS US TO WHO WE ARE In 2013, (Spectore Corporation’s 30th anniversary year) Spectore announced what they described as their greatest contribution to the jewelry industry thus far calling it, act four in its many major milestones. Spectore and other industry leaders see this as its greatest and most important achievement to date. These revolutionary collections, fully demonstrate Spectore’s most proprietary advanced bonding and joining technologies which will be showcased in cutting edge collections. Through these process Spectore is able to fully and permanently integrate precious and contemporary materials. Named “More Than One”, these new design achievements consummate the union of century old traditions of jewelry materials and craftsmanship to today’s most advanced strategic materials and technologies. Why More Than One? The answer is simple; in discovering methodologies for uniting dissimilar materials at a molecular level, the future is infinite. It truly is a marriage of art and science as never before imagined. In brief, these allow precious metals to once again be affordable and not flimsy. Joining metals that are similar and compatible is nothing new and requires little or no specialized equipment or metallurgical knowledge. Combining dissimilar materials is like mixing oil and water The three primary processes are as follows: Co-Casting: In this process we are casting one or more metals into a base platform or mounting made of one or more materials, generally with melting points higher than the accent materials. The challenges here are numerous and varied depending on the materials chemistry, reactivity, variances in the different materials expansion and contraction rates, and learning the proper investment material that will work best for the specific combination. Preparation of the base component is critical to success. Co-Extrusion: In this process two or more materials are drawn through dies under extreme heat and pressure, forming a molecular bond which is inseparable unless mechanically cut, ground, chemically etched or otherwise removed. This process is ideal for products which call for tubular blanks. The challenges are to accurately and consistently maintain both proportionate the materials mass and chemistry. This requires specialized machines and dies. Lamination: Here the materials are bonded and/or laminated by pressing, drawing, welding (any number of methods), and/or extruding the materials in any or all combinations. This may be done with heat and in two or more material layers alternating in any sequence. The materials may, at the same time or afterward, be further extruded, drawn or formed in a die or mold having the contours that correspond with the contours of an alternative metal surface. They may also be joined by forming an alternative metal piece from a die or mold having a metal surface that matches the underside of a precious metal laminate or by placing the alternative metal piece underneath the precious metal. This can be done in any sequence i.e. gold to titanium to cobalt to silver to black titanium to platinum and to titanium. Another option is bonding them together through pressure and application of a heat induced treatment with flame, oven, induction, convention, friction or heat pressure heating during the pressing, with or drawing and/or extruding process (without an intermediary layer). Spectore is one the few manufacturers in the world dedicated to the research and development of high temperature casting of contemporary metals in small formats. 800-422-0220 / 954-481-8422 510 Goolsby Blvd. Deerfield Beach, FL 33442 © Copyright Spectore Corporation 2014. All rights reserved. Edward Mirell, Spectore's private label line is global leader of contemporary metals jewelry, blending a passion for design with the latest technology to create unique jewelry accessories. The line specializes in award-winning titanium pieces, implementing patented technology to create unique designs, colors and styles.

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